title: John McAleese

text: After leaving the British Army McAleese worked for a short while as the landlord of a Hereford public house, was employed as a security contractor in conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, and became an advisor/interviewee on several British television programmes examining the working practices of British Special Forces soldiering. He sold his British Army service medals for an undisclosed sum to the Lord Ashcroft Collection. He appeared in the BBC produced television documentary series "SAS Survival Secrets" (2003), detailing the organizational structure of the Special Air Service Regiment and the nature of the military and security roles in which it is used. He also found employment in the corporate sphere of airsoft gaming, and as a spokesman for the corporate development of the martial art 'Goshinkwai'. He was the co-founder and first director for training and operations of private security company NNK Special Services Group (NNK Group) until his death.


title: John McAleese

text: McAleese married twice. On 20 August 2009 his elder son, Sergeant Paul McAleese of 2nd Battalion The Rifles, was killed on active service in Afghanistan by a roadside bomb during a foot patrol in Helmand Province.


title: John McAleese

text: McAleese died on 26 August 2011 of a heart attack in his sleep at the age of 62 in Thessaloniki, Greece, where he was living. His funeral was held at Hereford Cathedral. He was survived by his second wife, a daughter by his first marriage, and two children by his second marriage. His second wife died by suicide in November 2018.


title: Derrick White (basketball)

text: Derrick White (born July 2, 1994) is an American professional basketball player for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played three years of college basketball in Division II for the Colorado–Colorado Springs Mountain Lions before transferring to the Division I Colorado Buffaloes for his final season.


title: Derrick White (basketball)

text: White was drafted 29th overall by the 2017 NBA draft by the San Antonio Spurs. In February 2022, he was traded to the Celtics, with whom he reached the NBA Finals.


title: Derrick White (basketball)

text: White was the first graduating class of his high school, as it was brand new. As a result, there were no upper classmen on the basketball team when he was a freshman.A 2012 graduate of Legend High School in Parker, Colorado, White was a six-foot combo guard at the time of his graduation.


title: Derrick White (basketball)

text: White was lightly recruited out of high school, receiving no scholarship offers from any four-year institutions. At the time of his high school graduation, which fell about two months before his 18th birthday, he was barely 6 feet tall—after growing two inches during his senior year. The only head coach at a four-year school who showed sustained interest in White was Jeff Culver, then the head coach at the Denver campus of Johnson & Wales University, a non-scholarship NAIA member better known for its culinary program. By the time White was preparing to make his college decision, Culver was hired as head coach at NCAA Division II Colorado–Colorado Springs, and offered White a room and board stipend for his freshman season. Culver was only expecting White to become a starter late in his college career. He was aware that White's father had a late growth spurt in college, and also knew that doctors had projected White to potentially reach 6'5". As it turned out, White reached that potential height by the time he enrolled at Colorado–Colorado Springs. With his newfound size and athleticism, White became a star at UCCS, starting every game of his three-year career and left as the school's career leader in points (1,912) and assists (343). In his junior season, he averaged 25.8 points, 7.3 rebounds and 5.2 assists for the Mountain Lions, leading the team to the 2015 NCAA tournament. He was named an All-American.


title: Derrick White (basketball)

text: Following this season, White opted to transfer to Division I Colorado to play for Tad Boyle and to test his skills in the Pac-12 Conference, one of the top college leagues in the country. After sitting out the 2015–16 season per NCAA rules, White excelled in his lone season with the Buffaloes, averaging 18.1 points, 4.1 rebounds and 4.4 assists per game. He was named first-team All-Pac-12 and a member of the five-man All-Defensive team.


title: Derrick White (basketball)

text: White was one of 60 NBA prospects invited to the 2017 NBA Draft Combine. He was one of only 15 combine invitees who had not been Rivals top-150 prospects in high school, and one of only three who did not sign with Division I programs out of high school. In addition, according to Yahoo! Sports writer Jeff Eisenberg, he was also "the only one who will use part of his first NBA contract to pay off student loans he accumulated paying for tuition at UCCS as a freshman."


title: Derrick White (basketball)

text: The San Antonio Spurs drafted White with the 29th pick of the 2017 NBA draft. White was later included in the Spurs' 2017 NBA Summer League roster. On July 6, White signed with the Spurs.


title: Derrick White (basketball)

text: On October 18, 2017, White made his NBA debut, coming off the bench in a 107–99 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. On October 31, 2017, he was sent along with Dāvis Bertāns to the Austin Spurs of the NBA G League. White suffered a fractured right wrist during a G League game against the Texas Legends. He was then recalled to San Antonio several days later. On March 12, 2018, White scored a career-high 14 points along with four rebounds, one assist, and a block in a 93-109 loss to the Houston Rockets.


title: Derrick White (basketball)

text: On April 14, 2018, White made his NBA playoffs debut, coming off the bench with seven points, an assist, a steal, and a block in a 92–113 loss to the Golden State Warriors in game 1 of the series.


title: Derrick White (basketball)

text: On October 12, 2018, White was revealed to have a left plantar fascia tear. On November 7, White made his season debut recording one rebound and three assists in a 95–88 loss to the Miami Heat. On December 31, White scored his career-high 22 points with three rebounds, three assists, two blocks and a steal in a 120–111 win over the Boston Celtics. On January 10, 2019, White scored another career-high 23 points with eight assists, five rebounds, two steals and a block in a double-overtime 154–147 win over the Oklahoma City Thunder. On January 30, 2019 against the Brooklyn Nets, White then recorded a then career-high 26 points. On April 18, 2019 against the Denver Nuggets, White recorded another career-high of 36 points to give San Antonio a 2–1 lead in the first round of the 2019 playoffs.


title: Derrick White (basketball)

text: On December 21, 2020, the Spurs announced that they had signed White to a reported four-year, $73 million rookie scale extension. On April 1, 2021, White hit a career-high 7 three-pointers in a 129–134 double overtime loss to the Atlanta Hawks.


title: Derrick White (basketball)

text: On February 10, 2022, White was traded to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Josh Richardson, Romeo Langford, a 2022 first-round pick and the rights to swap 2028 first-round picks. White played his first game with the Celtics a day later and finished with 15 points, 6 rebounds and 2 assists.


title: Derrick White (basketball)

text: In May 2022, during Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Miami Heat, White scored 22 points on 7-for-14 shooting, alongside 5 assists and 3 steals, in a 111–103 loss. The Celtics would go on to eliminate the Heat, earning White his first Finals appearance in his career. In Game 1 of the Finals, he logged 21 points and three assists in a 120–108 win over the Golden State Warriors. The Celtics went on to lose the series in 6 games.


title: Derrick White (basketball)

text: On August 24, 2019, White was included in the US national team's final roster for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.


title: Pia Lindström

text: Friedel Pia Lindström (born 20 September 1938) is a Swedish-American television journalist, and the first child of actress Ingrid Bergman.


title: Pia Lindström

text: Lindström is the only child born to Ingrid Bergman and her first husband, Swedish neurosurgeon Petter Lindström. She was greatly affected when her mother left her father for Italian director Roberto Rossellini. Petter Lindström sued for desertion and waged a custody battle with Bergman for their daughter, and Pia did not reunite with her mother until 1957. Her half-brother, Roberto Ingmar Rossellini, was born on 7 February 1950, and her mother married Roberto Rossellini on 24 May 1950. On 18 June 1952, Lindström's twin half-sisters Isabella Rossellini and Isotta Rossellini were born.


title: Pia Lindström

text: Lindström began her broadcasting career as a reporter at KGO-TV in San Francisco in 1966 and in 1971 went to WCBS-TV in New York City.


title: Pia Lindström

text: From 1973 to 1997, she was a news anchorwoman and also a theater and arts critic for WNBC-TV in New York City, and made television appearances and did some acting (in mostly Italian films) before she became a news correspondent. Her Italian films include "Marriage Italian Style" (1964), "The Possessed" (1965) and "The Queens" (1966). She received two Emmy Awards for news coverage and on-screen performance, as well as the Associated Press Broadcaster's Award. She is now retired.


title: Pia Lindström

text: Married three times, Lindström has two sons, Justin and Nicholas Daly, from her second marriage, to Joseph Daly. They married on December 28, 1971. She is currently married to attorney Jack H. Carley.


title: Ruairi O'Connor

text: Ruairí O’Connor is an Irish actor. He is known for his role as Henry Tudor, the future Henry VIII, in Starz series "The Spanish Princess". He has also starred in "Handsome Devil" and "".


title: Ruairi O'Connor

text: O'Connor grew up in Howth, County Dublin, Ireland, until his three younger sisters, Melanie, Ella and Nicola were born. His family then moved to the countryside when he was 14 to live on a stud farm. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in acting from The Lir Academy at Trinity College Dublin in 2015.


title: Ruairi O'Connor

text: In 2016, he had a guest role in the RTÉ2 series "Can't Cope, Won't Cope" and a recurring role in the BBC Northern Ireland series "My Mother and Other Strangers". He landed his first major television role as Michael Vincent in the Sky One series "Delicious" from 2016 to 2018. That same year, he starred as the school-bully and chief antagonist Weasel in the teen coming of age film "Handsome Devil".


title: Ruairi O'Connor

text: O'Connor starred alongside Elle Fanning in the 2018 film "Teen Spirit". In May 2018, it was announced that O’Connor would play Prince Harry Tudor (later Henry VIII) in the 2019 STARZ mini-series "The Spanish Princess". A second run of eight episodes was ordered by Starz and began filming in September, 2019.


title: Ruairi O'Connor

text: O’Connor played the role of Arne Cheyenne Johnson in the 2021 release of "". The film depicts the real life case of Johnson; the first murder defendant in American legal history to plead not guilty by reason of demonic possession.


title: Hardy Krüger

text: Hardy Krüger (; born Eberhard August Franz Ewald Krüger; 12 April 1928 – 19 January 2022) was a German actor and author, who appeared in more than 60 films from 1944 onwards. After becoming a film star in Germany in the 1950s, Krüger increasingly turned to roles in international films such as "Hatari!", "The Flight of the Phoenix", "The Wild Geese", "Sundays and Cybele", "A Bridge Too Far", "The Battle of Neretva", "The Secret of Santa Vittoria", "The Red Tent", "The One That Got Away", and "Barry Lyndon".


title: Hardy Krüger

text: Hardy Krüger was born in Wedding, Berlin, in 1928, the son of Max and Auguste (Meier) Krüger. Krüger's parents were ardent Nazis and he stated in a 2016 interview that he was "raised to love Hitler." From 1941, he attended an elite Adolf Hitler School at the Ordensburg Sonthofen. At the age of 15, Hardy made his film début in Alfred Weidenmann's "The Young Eagles". It was here that he met the eminent actor Hans Söhnker, who became a friend for life. Söhnker was a covert anti-Nazi, who gave refuge to those fleeing the regime. He made a point of educating Krüger, who assisted his friend with delivering messages to fugitives.


title: Hardy Krüger

text: In March 1945, Krüger was assigned to the 38th SS Division Nibelungen and was drawn into heavy combat. The 16-year-old Krüger was ordered to shoot at an American squad. When he refused, he was sentenced to death for cowardice, but another SS officer countermanded the order. Krüger described this experience as his break with Nazism. He afterwards served as a messenger for the SS, but later escaped and hid out in Tyrol until the end of the war. He was a member of the Amadeu Antonio Foundation and frequently spoke publicly against extremism and for democracy, citing his own experiences.


title: Hardy Krüger

text: Krüger continued his acting career after the Second World War with small stage roles. He could not afford to attend an acting school. He established himself as a German film star during the 1950s, appearing in "Die Jungfrau auf dem Dach" (1953), the German version of "The Moon is Blue", directed by Otto Preminger. Krüger sought international roles because he found the German "Heimatfilm" cinema of the 1950s rather shallow. He first came to the attention of English language audiences in the 1957 British war film "The One That Got Away", the story of Franz von Werra, the only German prisoner of war to escape from Allied custody and return to Germany.


title: Hardy Krüger

text: In 1960, Krüger bought Ngorongoro, a farm in the Tanganyika Territory (now part of Tanzania), which he owned for 13 years. Ngorongoro and the area around it served as the setting for the film "Hatari!" (1962), directed by Howard Hawks, in which Krüger appeared with John Wayne. He fell in love with the area so much during filming that he decided he wanted to live there.


title: Hardy Krüger

text: Fluent in German, English, and French, Kruger worked in numerous European and American films. He had the leading role in the Oscar-winning "Sundays and Cybele" (1962), and a key role as the German model aircraft designer in the original version of "The Flight of the Phoenix" (1965). Other films he acted in include the comedy-drama "The Secret of Santa Vittoria" (1969), in which he played a German officer during the Second World War trying to find hidden wine in a small Italian town; Stanley Kubrick's "Barry Lyndon" with Ryan O'Neal (1975); Richard Attenborough's "A Bridge Too Far", sharing a scene with Laurence Olivier, 1977; and "The Wild Geese" with Richard Burton (1978). Because of his stereotypical "Teutonic" look (blond hair and blue eyes), Krüger often played German soldiers. This was somewhat ironic, as he thought that "war films were boring and should not be made". Indeed, his own experiences with the war provided enough trauma for him to be against the glorification of it.


title: Hardy Krüger

text: In the late 1980s, Krüger largely retired from acting and became a writer, including novels, travel books and memoirs. He published 16 books from 1970 onwards. Four of them have been translated into English. He also directed a number of European television documentaries showing his travels around the world.


title: Hardy Krüger

text: Krüger met his first wife, Renate Densow (1918–2006), in a hotel lobby when he was just 16 years old. He had been billeted there with the army, while she was celebrating an acting success. They spent the night together and talked about the future together, though the war pulled them apart. He tracked her down again after the war had ended, and found that he had fathered a child Christiane Krüger (born 1945). They married afterwards, although the marriage broke down in 1964.


title: Hardy Krüger

text: His second marriage, to the Italian painter Francesca Marazzi, lasted from 1964 to 1977. He and Marazzi had two children, Malaika Krüger (born 1967) and Hardy Krüger Jr. (born 1968). In the 1960s and 1970s, Krüger lived at the ranch "Hatari Lodge" (where the film "Hatari!" was filmed) at the foot of Mount Meru, Tanzania.


title: Hardy Krüger

text: Krüger married his third wife, Anita Park, in 1978. They lived in California and Hamburg. This marriage lasted, as it was around this time that he also retired from acting and was able to spend more time at home.


title: CATOBAR

text: CATOBAR ("Catapult Assisted Take-Off But Arrested Recovery" or "Catapult Assisted Take-Off Barrier Arrested Recovery") is a system used for the launch and recovery of aircraft from the deck of an aircraft carrier. Under this technique, aircraft launch using a catapult-assisted take-off and land on the ship (the recovery phase) using arrestor wires.


title: CATOBAR

text: Although this system is costlier than alternative methods, it provides greater flexibility in carrier operations, since it imposes less onerous design elements on fixed wing aircraft than alternative methods of launch and recovery such as STOVL or STOBAR, allowing for a greater payload for more ordnance and/or fuel. CATOBAR can launch aircraft that lack a high thrust to weight ratio, including heavier non-fighter aircraft such as the E-2 Hawkeye and Grumman C-2 Greyhound.


title: CATOBAR

text: The catapult system in use in modern CATOBAR carriers is the steam catapult. Its primary advantage is the amount of power and control it can provide. During World War II the US Navy used a hydraulic catapult.


title: CATOBAR

text: The United States Navy is developing a system to launch carrier-based aircraft from catapults using a linear motor drive instead of steam, called the EMALS.


title: CATOBAR

text: Only two states currently operate carriers that use the CATOBAR system following the decommissioning of Brazil's "NAe São Paulo" in February 2017; the U.S. with its "Nimitz"-class and "Gerald R. Ford"-class and France with its "Charles De Gaulle".


title: CATOBAR

text: U.S. Navy "Gerald R. Ford"-class carriers will use the EMALS electromagnetic aircraft launch system in place of steam catapults.


title: CATOBAR

text: The Chinese Fujian (Type 003), currently under construction at the Jiangnan Shipyard, will feature an integrated electric propulsion system that will allow the operation of electromagnetic catapults, similar to the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) used by the United States Navy.


title: CATOBAR

text: INS Vishal, India's second indigenous aircraft carrier of the "Vikrant"-class, is planned to be of 65,000 ton displacement and to utilize the EMALS catapults developed by General Atomics, as it supports heavier fighters, AEW aircraft and UCAVs that cannot launch using a STOBAR ski jump ramps.


title: Cramp

text: A cramp is a sudden, involuntary, painful skeletal muscle contraction or overshortening associated with electrical activity; while generally temporary and non-damaging, they can cause significant pain and a paralysis-like immobility of the affected muscle. A cramp usually goes away on its own over a period of several seconds, or minutes. Cramps are common and tend to occur at rest, usually at night (nocturnal leg cramps). They are also often associated with pregnancy, physical exercise or overexertion, age (common in older adults), in such cases, cramps are called idiopathic, because there is no underlying pathology. In addition to those benign conditions cramps are also associated with many pathologic conditions.


title: Cramp

text: Skeletal muscle cramps may be caused by muscle fatigue or a lack of electrolytes such as sodium (a condition called hyponatremia), potassium (called hypokalemia), or magnesium (called hypomagnesemia). Some skeletal muscle cramps do not have a known cause. Motor neuron disorders (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), metabolic disorders (e.g., liver failure), some medications (e.g., diuretics and inhaled beta‐agonists), and haemodialysis may also cause muscle cramps.


title: Cramp

text: Cramp definition is narrower than the definition of muscle spasm: spasms include any involuntary abnormal muscle contractions, while cramps are sustained and painful. True cramps can be distinguished from other cramp-like conditions. Cramps are different from muscle contracture, which is also painful and involuntary, but which is electrically silent. The main distinguishing features of cramps from dystonia are suddenness with acute onset of pain, involvement of only one muscle and spontaneous resolution of cramps or their resolution after stretching the affected muscle. Restless leg syndrome is not considered the same as muscle cramps and should not be confused with rest cramps.


title: Cramp

text: Causes of cramping include hyperflexion, hypoxia, exposure to large changes in temperature, dehydration, or low blood salt. Muscle cramps can also be a symptom or complication of pregnancy; kidney disease; thyroid disease; hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, or hypocalcaemia (as conditions); restless legs syndrome; varicose veins; and multiple sclerosis.


title: Cramp

text: As early as 1965, researchers observed that leg cramps and restless legs syndrome can result from excess insulin, sometimes called hyperinsulinemia.


title: Cramp

text: Under normal circumstances, skeletal muscles can be voluntarily controlled. Skeletal muscles that cramp the most often are the calves, thighs, and arches of the foot, and are sometimes called a "Charley horse" or a "corky". Such cramping is associated with strenuous physical activity and can be intensely painful; however, they can even occur while inactive and relaxed. Around 40% of people who experience skeletal cramps are likely to endure extreme muscle pain, and may be unable to use the entire limb that contains the "locked-up" muscle group. It may take up to a week for the muscle to return to a pain-free state, depending on the person's fitness level, age, and several other factors.


title: Cramp

text: Nocturnal leg cramps are involuntary muscle contractions that occur in the calves, soles of the feet, or other muscles in the body during the night or (less commonly) while resting. The duration of nocturnal leg cramps is variable, with cramps lasting anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes. Muscle soreness may remain after the cramp itself ends. These cramps are more common in older people. They happen quite frequently in teenagers and in some people while exercising at night. Besides being painful, a nocturnal leg cramp can cause much distress and anxiety. The precise cause of these cramps is unclear. Potential contributing factors include dehydration, low levels of certain minerals (magnesium, potassium, calcium, and sodium, although the evidence has been mixed), and reduced blood flow through muscles attendant in prolonged sitting or lying down. Nocturnal leg cramps (almost exclusively calf cramps) are considered "normal" during the late stages of pregnancy. They can, however, vary in intensity from mild to extremely painful.


title: Cramp

text: A lactic acid buildup around muscles can trigger cramps; however, they happen during anaerobic respiration when a person is exercising or engaging in an activity where the heartbeat rises. Medical conditions associated with leg cramps are cardiovascular disease, hemodialysis, cirrhosis, pregnancy, and lumbar canal stenosis. Differential diagnoses include restless legs syndrome, claudication, myositis, and peripheral neuropathy. All of them can be differentiated through careful history and physical examination.


title: Cramp

text: Gentle stretching and massage, putting some pressure on the affected leg by walking or standing, or taking a warm bath or shower may help to end the cramp. If the cramp is in the calf muscle, dorsiflexing the foot (lifting the toes back toward the shins) will stretch the muscle and provide almost immediate relief. There is limited evidence supporting the use of magnesium, calcium channel blockers, carisoprodol, and vitamin B12.


title: Cramp

text: Quinine is no longer recommended for treatment of nocturnal leg cramps due to potential fatal hypersensitivity reactions and thrombocytopenia. Arrhythmias, cinchonism, and hemolytic uremic syndrome can also occur at higher dosages.


title: Cramp

text: Statins may sometimes cause myalgia and cramps among other possible side effects. Raloxifene (Evista) is a medication associated with a high incidence of leg cramps. Additional factors, which increase the probability for these side effects, are physical exercise, age, history of cramps, and hypothyroidism. Up to 80% of athletes using statins experience significant adverse muscular effects, including cramps; the rate appears to be approximately 10–25% in a typical statin-using population. In some cases, adverse effects disappear after switching to a different statin; however, they should not be ignored if they persist, as they can, in rare cases, develop into more serious problems. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation can be helpful to avoid some statin-related adverse effects, but currently there is not enough evidence to prove the effectiveness in avoiding myopathy or myalgia.


title: Cramp

text: The antimalarial drug quinine is a traditional treatment that may be slightly effective for reducing the number of cramps, the intensity of cramps, and the number of days a person experiences cramps. Quinine has not been shown to reduce the duration (length) of a muscle cramp. Quinine treatment may lead to haematologic and cardiac toxicity. Due to its low effectiveness and negative side effects, its use as a medication for treating muscle cramps is not recommended by the FDA.


title: Cramp

text: Magnesium is commonly used to treat muscle cramps. Moderate quality evidence indicates that magnesium is not effective for treating or preventing cramps in older adults. It is not known if magnesium helps cramps due to pregnancy, liver cirrhosis, other medical conditions, or exercising. Oral magnesium treatment does not appear to have significant major side effects, however, it may be associated with diarrhea and nausea in 11-37% of people who use this medicine.


title: Cramp

text: With exertional heat cramps due to electrolyte abnormalities (primarily potassium loss and not calcium, magnesium, and sodium), appropriate fluids and sufficient potassium improves symptoms. Vitamin B complex, naftidrofuryl, lidocaine, and calcium channel blockers may be effective for muscle cramps.


title: Cramp

text: Adequate conditioning, stretching, mental preparation, hydration, and electrolyte balance are likely helpful in preventing muscle cramps.


title: Paramilitary forces of India

text: From 1986 to 2011 the Central Armed Police Forces were considered as Central Police Forces (CPF). However, as per their respective acts they all are Armed Police Forces.


title: Itzy discography

text: South Korean girl group Itzy have released one studio album, one compilation album, six extended plays, and two single albums. On February 12, 2019, the group released their debut single album, "It'z Different", led by the single "Dalla Dalla", which peaked at number two on the Circle Digital Chart and was the best-performing girl group song of 2019 in South Korea. They scored one of the biggest "Billboard" debuts for a new K-pop act in years, with "Dalla Dalla" peaking at number two on the World Digital Song Sales chart. In November 2019, the song surpassed 100 million streams and earned Itzy their first Platinum certification from the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA)—it was the first debut song by a K-pop group to earn a platinum certification since the introduction of certifications in April 2018. Itzy's first extended play, "It'z Icy", was released on July 29, and peaked at number three on the Circle Album Chart in South Korea, while its lead single "Icy" peaked at number ten on the Circle Digital Chart.


title: Itzy discography

text: Itzy released their second EP, "It'z Me", which contained the lead single "Wannabe", on March 9, 2020. The EP debuted at number one on the Circle Album Chart, making it the group's first number-one album in the country, and at number five on the "Billboard" World Albums chart. "Wannabe" peaked at number six on the Circle Digital Chart, becoming Itzy's third top-ten single. On August 17, the group released their third EP, "Not Shy", featuring the lead single of the same name. The EP debuted at number one on the Gaon Album Chart, marking the group's second release to top the chart, while its lead single peaked at number nine on the Gaon Digital Chart. Both "Wannabe" and "Not Shy" were certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for surpassing 50 million streams in Japan. On January 22, 2021, Itzy released an English version of their EP "Not Shy", with English versions of "Dalla Dalla", "Icy", "Wannabe" and "Not Shy".


title: Itzy discography

text: On April 30, 2021, Itzy released their fourth EP "Guess Who" and its lead single "In the Morning". The EP debuted at number two on the Circle Album Chart and was certified Platinum in May by the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA) for surpassing 250,000 units sold, their first album to receive a certification. It also charted on the US "Billboard" 200 at number 148, marking the group's first appearance on the album ranking. "In the Morning" peaked at number ten on the Circle Digital Chart, marking Itzy's fifth top-ten single in the country. An English version of the song was released in May. The group's first studio album, "Crazy in Love", was released on September 24, with "Loco" as its lead single. The album became Itzy's third number-one album on the Circle Album Chart and was certified 2× Platinum in February 2022 by the Korea Music Content Association for achieving 500,000 units sold, becoming their first album to reach this mark. It also debuted at number 11 on the US "Billboard" 200 as Itzy's second and highest-charting entry on the chart.


title: Itzy discography

text: Itzy's fifth EP "Checkmate" was released on July 15, 2022. It debuted at number one on the Circle Album Chart and was certified Million by the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA) for surpassing 1,000,000 copies sold, the group's first million-seller album. It also debuted at number eight on the "Billboard" 200 to become Itzy's first top-ten album in the United States. The EP's lead single "Sneakers" peaked at number five on the Circle Digital Chart and was the group's second top-five single domestically. Itzy released two Japanese singles "Voltage" and "Blah Blah Blah" which both peaked at number three on the Oricon Singles Chart. The group's sixth EP "Cheshire" was released on November 30, 2022 and became their fifth number-one album on the Circle Album Chart.


title: Ann Druyan

text: Ann Druyan ( ; born June 13, 1949) is an Emmy and Peabody Award-winning American documentary producer and director specializing in the communication of science. She co-wrote the 1980 PBS documentary series "", hosted by Carl Sagan, whom she married in 1981. She is the creator, producer, and writer of the 2014 sequel, "" and its sequel series, "", as well as the book of the same name. She directed episodes of both series.


title: Ann Druyan

text: In the late 1970s, she became the Creative Director of NASA's Voyager Interstellar Message Project, which produced the golden discs affixed to both the "Voyager 1" and "Voyager 2" spacecraft. She also published a novel, "A Famous Broken Heart", in 1977, and later co-wrote several best selling non-fiction books with Sagan.


title: Ann Druyan

text: Druyan was born in Queens, New York, the daughter of Pearl A. () and Harry Druyan, who co-owned a knitwear firm. Druyan's early interest in math and science was, in her word, "derailed" when a junior high-school teacher ridiculed a question she asked about the universality of . "I raised my hand and said, 'You mean this applies to every circle in the universe?', and the teacher told me not to ask stupid questions. And there I was having this religious experience, and she made me feel like such a fool. I was completely flummoxed from then on until after college." Druyan characterized her three years at New York University as "disastrous", and it was only after she left school without graduating that she discovered the pre-Socratic philosophers and began educating herself, thus leading to a renewed interest in science.


title: Ann Druyan

text: In the late 1970s, Druyan became the Creative Director of NASA's Voyager Interstellar Message Project. As creative director, Druyan worked with a team to design a complex message, including music and images, for possible alien civilizations. These golden phonograph records affixed to the "Voyager 1" and "Voyager 2" spacecraft are now beyond the outermost planets of the solar system, and "Voyager 1" has entered interstellar space. Both records have a projected shelf life of one billion years.


title: Ann Druyan

text: Druyan's role on the project was discussed on the July 8, 2018, 60 Minutes segment "The Little Spacecraft That Could". In the segment, Druyan explained her insistence that Chuck Berry's "Johnny B. Goode" be included on the Golden Record, saying: "..."Johnny B. Goode", rock and roll, was the music of motion, of moving, getting to someplace you've never been before, and the odds are against you, but you want to go. That was Voyager." The segment also discussed Sagan's suggestion, in 1990, that Voyager 1 turn its cameras back towards Earth to take a series of photographs showing the planets of our solar system. The shots, showing Earth from a distance of 3.7 billion miles as a small point of bluish light, became the basis for Sagan's famous "Pale Blue Dot" passage, first published in "" (1994).


title: Ann Druyan

text: During that time, Druyan also co-wrote (with Carl Sagan and Steven Soter) the 1980 PBS documentary series "", hosted by Carl Sagan. The thirteen-part series covered a wide range of scientific subjects, including the origin of life and a perspective of our place in the universe. It was highly acclaimed, and became the most widely watched series in the history of American public television at that time. The series won two Emmys and a Peabody Award, and has since been broadcast in more than 60 countries and seen by over 500 million people. A book was also published to accompany the series. , it is still the most widely watched PBS series in the world. Several revised versions of the series were later broadcast; one version, telecast after Sagan's death, opens with Druyan paying tribute to her late husband and the impact of "Cosmos" over the years.


title: Ann Druyan

text: Druyan wrote and produced the 1987 PBS "NOVA" episode "Confessions of a Weaponeer" on the life of President Eisenhower's Science Advisor George Kistiakowsky.


title: Ann Druyan

text: In 2000, Druyan, together with Steve Soter, co-wrote "Passport to the Universe", the inaugural planetarium show for the Rose Center for Earth and Space at the American Natural History Museum's Hayden Planetarium. The attraction is narrated by Tom Hanks. Druyan and Soter also co-wrote "The Search for Life: Are We Alone", narrated by Harrison Ford, which also debuted at the Hayden's Rose Center.


title: Ann Druyan

text: In 2000, Druyan co-founded Cosmos Studios, Inc, with Joseph Firmage. As CEO of Cosmos Studios, Druyan produces science-based entertainment for all media. In addition to "", Cosmos Studios has produced "Cosmic Africa", "Lost Dinosaurs of Egypt", and the Emmy-nominated documentary "Cosmic Journey: The Voyager Interstellar Mission and Message". In 2009, she distributed a series of podcasts called "At Home in the Cosmos with Annie Druyan", in which she described her works, the life of her husband, Carl Sagan, and their marriage.


title: Ann Druyan

text: Druyan is credited, with Carl Sagan, as the co-creator and co-producer of the 1997 feature film "Contact".


title: Ann Druyan

text: In 2011, it was announced that Druyan would executive produce, co-write, and be one of the episodic directors for a sequel to "", to be called "", which began airing in March 2014. Episodes premiered on Fox and also aired on National Geographic Channel on the following night. At the time of its release, Fox gave the series the largest global rollout of a television series ever, debuting it in 180 countries. The premiere episode was shown across nine of Fox's cable properties in addition to the broadcast network in a "roadblock" style premiere. The series went on to become the most-watched series ever for National Geographic Channel International, with at least some part of the 13-episode series watched by 135 million people, including 45 million in the U.S.


title: Ann Druyan

text: In March 2020, a third season of "Cosmos", named "", for which Druyan was executive producer, writer, and director, premiered on National Geographic. Druyan also said: "I very much have season four in mind, and I know what it's going to be. And I even know some of the stories that I want to tell in it."


title: Ann Druyan

text: Druyan co-wrote six "New York Times" bestsellers with Carl Sagan, including: "Comet", "Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors", and "The Demon-Haunted World". She is co-author, along with Carl Sagan, F. D. Drake, Timothy Ferris, Jon Lomberg and Linda Salzman Sagan, of "Murmurs Of Earth: The Voyager Interstellar Record". She also wrote the updated introduction to Sagan's book "The Cosmic Connection" and the epilogue of "Billions and Billions". She wrote the introduction to, and edited "The Varieties of Scientific Experience", published from Sagan's 1985 Gifford lectures.


title: Ann Druyan

text: In February 2020, Druyan published "Cosmos: Possible Worlds", a companion volume to , which premiered in March 2020.


title: Ann Druyan

text: Druyan is a fellow of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims for the Paranormal (CSICOP).


title: Ann Druyan

text: Druyan served as program director of the first solar-sail deep-space mission, Cosmos 1, launched on a Russian ICBM in 2005.


title: Ann Druyan

text: Druyan is involved in multiple Breakthrough Initiatives. With Frank Drake, Druyan is the co-chair of Breakthrough Message and also a member of Breakthrough Starshot.


title: Ann Druyan

text: Druyan has for many years been a vocal advocate for nuclear disarmament. She was arrested three times at the Mercury, Nevada nuclear test site during Mikhail Gorbachev's unilateral moratorium on underground nuclear testing, with which President Ronald Reagan did not cooperate. This included an arrest in June 1986, when she crossed a white painted line indicating the test site's boundary. Sagan, who attended the same protest with Druyan, was not arrested.


title: Ann Druyan

text: In the early 1990s, Druyan worked with Sagan and then-Senator Al Gore, Jr. and a host of religious and scientific leaders to bring the scientific and religious worlds together in a unified effort to preserve the environment, resulting in the "Declaration of the 'Mission to Washington".


title: Ann Druyan

text: She was a founding director of the Children's Health Fund until the spring of 2004, a project that provides mobile pediatric care to homeless and disadvantaged children in more than half a dozen cities. She is currently a member of their advisory board.


title: Ann Druyan

text: She has been on the board of directors of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) for over 10 years and was its president from 2006 to 2010.


title: Ann Druyan

text: An asteroid discovered in 1988 was named in Druyan's honor by its discoverer Eleanor F. Helin. In a 2020 interview with "Skeptical Inquirer", Druyan discussed 4970 Druyan and the asteroid named after her late husband, saying that 4970 Druyan is in a "wedding ring orbit" around the Sun with 2709 Sagan. Druyan was presented with a plaque on Sagan's sixtieth birthday, which is inscribed: "Asteroid 2709 Sagan in eternal companion orbit with asteroid 4970 Druyan, symbolic of their love and admiration for each other."


title: Ann Druyan

text: In January 2007, she was a juror at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival, responsible for selecting the winner of the Alfred P. Sloan Prize for films about science and technology.


title: Ann Druyan

text: In November 2007, Druyan was awarded the title of "Humanist Laureate" by the International Academy of Humanism.


title: Ann Druyan

text: In October 2019, the Center for Inquiry West opened the Carl Sagan–Ann Druyan Theater in Los Angeles.


title: Ann Druyan

text: In an interview with Joel Achenbach of "The Washington Post", Druyan said that her early interest in science stemmed from a fascination with Karl Marx. Achenbach commented that "She had, at the time, rather vaporous standards of evidence", a reference to her belief in the ancient astronauts of Erich von Däniken and the theories of Immanuel Velikovsky pertaining to the solar system.


title: Ann Druyan

text: When my husband died, because he was so famous and known for not being a believer, many people would come up to me—it still sometimes happens—and ask me if Carl changed at the end and converted to a belief in an afterlife. They also frequently ask me if I think I will see him again. Carl faced his death with unflagging courage and never sought refuge in illusions. The tragedy was that we knew we would never see each other again. I don't ever expect to be reunited with Carl.


title: Ann Druyan

text: Druyan and Sagan's working and resulting romantic relationship has been the subject of numerous treatments in popular culture, including the Radiolab episode "Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan's Ultimate Mix Tape" and a segment of the Comedy Central program "Drunk History"s episode "Space". The asteroid 4970 Druyan, which is in a companion orbit with asteroid 2709 Sagan named after Druyan's late husband, is named after Druyan. In 2015, it was announced that Warner Brothers was in development on a drama about Sagan and Druyan's relationship, to be produced by producer Lynda Obst and Druyan.


title: Ann Druyan

text: In 2020, Sagan and Druyan's daughter Sasha Sagan released a book "For Small Creatures Such As We: Rituals for Finding Meaning in our Unlikely World", which discusses life with her parents and her father's death when she was fourteen years old.


title: Ann Druyan

text: Druyan also gave Sasha a recurring role in "", where she played her own grandmother, including in the episode "Man of a Trillion Worlds", which featured the life of Carl Sagan.


title: Clojure

text: Clojure (, like "closure")<ref name="interview/a-z"></ref> is a dynamic and functional dialect of the Lisp programming language on the Java platform.<ref name="platform/android"></ref> Like other Lisp dialects, Clojure treats code as data and has a Lisp macro system.<ref name="reference/lisps"></ref> The current development process is community-driven,<ref name="dev/dev"></ref> overseen by Rich Hickey as its benevolent dictator for life (BDFL).


title: Clojure

text: Clojure advocates immutability and immutable data structures and encourages programmers to be explicit about managing identity and its states.<ref name="about/state"></ref> This focus on programming with immutable values and explicit progression-of-time constructs is intended to facilitate developing more robust, especially concurrent, programs that are simple and fast.<ref name="about/rationale"></ref><ref name="msdn/inside-clojure"></ref> While its type system is entirely dynamic, recent efforts have also sought the implementation of a dependent type system.


title: Clojure

text: Rich Hickey is the creator of the Clojure language. Before Clojure, he developed dotLisp, a similar project based on the .NET platform, and three earlier attempts to provide interoperability between Lisp and Java: a "Java foreign language interface for Common Lisp" (jfli), A "Foreign Object Interface for Lisp" (FOIL), and a "Lisp-friendly interface to Java Servlets" (Lisplets).


title: Clojure

text: Hickey spent about two and a half years working on Clojure before releasing it publicly in October 2007, much of that time working exclusively on Clojure with no outside funding. At the end of this time, Hickey sent an email announcing the language to some friends in the Common Lisp community.


title: Clojure

text: The development process is community-driven and is managed at the Clojure JIRA project page. General development discussion occurs at the Clojure Google Group. Anyone can submit issues and ideas at ask.clojure.org, but to contribute patches, one must sign the Clojure Contributor agreement. JIRA issues are processed by a team of screeners and finally Rich Hickey approves the changes.


title: Clojure

text: Clojure's name, according to Hickey, is a word play on the programming concept "closure" incorporating the letters C, L, and J for C#, Lisp, and Java respectively—three languages which had a major influence on Clojure's design.


title: Clojure

text: Rich Hickey developed Clojure because he wanted a modern Lisp for functional programming, symbiotic with the established Java platform, and designed for concurrency.


title: Clojure

text: Clojure's approach to state is characterized by the concept of identities, which are represented as a series of immutable states over time. Since states are immutable values, any number of workers can operate on them in parallel, and concurrency becomes a question of managing changes from one state to another. For this purpose, Clojure provides several mutable reference types, each having well-defined semantics for the transition between states.


title: Clojure

text: Clojure runs on the Java platform and as a result, integrates with Java and fully supports calling Java code from Clojure,<ref name="about/jvm_hosted"></ref> and Clojure code can be called from Java, too. The community uses tools like Leiningen for project automation, providing support for Maven integration. Leiningen handles project package management and dependencies and is configured using Clojure syntax.


title: Clojure

text: Like most other Lisps, Clojure's syntax is built on S-expressions that are first parsed into data structures by a reader before being compiled.<ref name="reference/reader"></ref> Clojure's reader supports literal syntax for maps, sets and vectors in addition to lists, and these are compiled to the mentioned structures directly. Clojure is a Lisp-1 and is not intended to be code-compatible with other dialects of Lisp, since it uses its own set of data structures incompatible with other Lisps.


title: Clojure

text: As a Lisp dialect, Clojure supports functions as first-class objects, a read–eval–print loop (REPL), and a macro system. Clojure's Lisp macro system is very similar to that of Common Lisp with the exception that Clojure's version of the backquote (termed "syntax quote") qualifies symbols with their namespace. This helps prevent unintended name capture, as binding to namespace-qualified names is forbidden. It is possible to force a capturing macro expansion, but it must be done explicitly. Clojure does not allow user-defined reader macros, but the reader supports a more constrained form of syntactic extension. Clojure supports multimethods and for interface-like abstractions has a protocol based polymorphism and data type system using records, providing high-performance and dynamic polymorphism designed to avoid the expression problem.


title: Clojure

text: Clojure has support for lazy sequences and encourages the principle of immutability and persistent data structures. As a functional language, emphasis is placed on recursion and higher-order functions instead of side-effect-based looping. Automatic tail call optimization is not supported as the JVM does not support it natively; it is possible to do so explicitly by using the codice_1 keyword. For parallel and concurrent programming Clojure provides software transactional memory, a reactive agent system, and channel-based concurrent programming.


title: Clojure

text: Clojure 1.7 introduced reader conditionals by allowing the embedding of Clojure and ClojureScript code in the same namespace. Transducers were added as a method for composing transformations. Transducers enable higher-order functions such as map and fold to generalize over any source of input data. While traditionally these functions operate on sequences, transducers allow them to work on channels and let the user define their own models for transduction.


title: Clojure

text: Extensible Data Notation, or edn, is a subset of the Clojure language intended as a data transfer format. It can be used to serialize and deserialize Clojure data structures, and Clojure itself uses a superset of edn to represent programs.


title: Clojure

text: edn is used in a similar way to JSON or XML, but has a relatively large list of built-in elements, shown here with examples:


title: Clojure

text: In addition to those elements, it supports extensibility through the use of "tags", which consist of the character codice_16 followed by a symbol. When encountering a tag, the reader passes the value of the next element to the corresponding handler, which returns a data value. For example, this could be a tagged element: codice_17, whose interpretation will depend on the appropriate handler of the reader.


title: Clojure

text: This definition of extension elements in terms of the others avoids relying on either convention or context to convey elements not included in the base set.


title: Clojure

text: The primary platform of Clojure is Java, but other target implementations exist. The most notable of these is ClojureScript, which compiles to ECMAScript 3, and ClojureCLR, a full port on the .NET platform, interoperable with its ecosystem. A survey of the Clojure community with 1,060 respondents conducted in 2013 found that 47% of respondents used both Clojure and ClojureScript when working with Clojure. In 2014 this number had increased to 55%, in 2015, based on 2,445 respondents, to 66%. Popular ClojureScript projects include implementations of the React library such as Reagent, re-frame, Rum, and Om.


title: Clojure

text: With continued interest in functional programming, Clojure's adoption by software developers using the Java platform has continued to increase. The language has also been recommended by software developers such as Brian Goetz, Eric Evans, James Gosling, Paul Graham, and Robert C. Martin. ThoughtWorks, while assessing functional programming languages for their Technology Radar, described Clojure as "a simple, elegant implementation of Lisp on the JVM" in 2010 and promoted its status to "ADOPT" in 2012.


title: Clojure

text: In the "JVM Ecosystem Report 2018" (which was claimed to be "the largest survey ever of Java developers"), that was prepared in collaboration by Snyk and Java Magazine, ranked Clojure as the 2nd most used programming language on the JVM for "main applications". Clojure is used in industry by firms such as Apple, Atlassian, Funding Circle, Netflix, Nubank, Puppet, and Walmart as well as government agencies such as NASA. It has also been used for creative computing, including visual art, music, games, and poetry.


title: Clojure

text: Tooling for Clojure development has seen significant improvement over the years. The following is a list of some popular IDEs and text editors with plug-ins that add support for programming in Clojure:


title: Clojure

text: In addition to the tools provided by the community, the official Clojure CLI tools<ref name="guides/deps_and_cli"></ref> have also become available on Linux, macOS, and Windows since Clojure 1.9.


title: Clojure

text: The following examples can be run in a Clojure REPL such as one started with the Clojure CLI tools or an online REPL such as one available on REPL.it.


title: Clojure

text: Because of its strong emphasis on simplicity, Clojure programs typically consist of mostly functions and simple data structures (i.e., lists, vectors, maps, and sets):


title: Clojure

text: Like other Lisps, one of Clojure's iconic features is interactive programming at the REPL. Note that, in the following examples, codice_18 starts a line comment and codice_19 indicates the expected output:


title: Clojure

text: Unlike other runtime environments where names get compiled away, Clojure's runtime environment is easily introspectable using normal Clojure data structures:


title: Clojure

text: Similar to other Lisps, Clojure is homoiconic (also known as "code as data"). In the example below, we can see how to write code that modifies code itself:


title: Clojure

text: The threading macros (codice_20, codice_21, and friends) can syntactically express the abstraction of piping a collection of data through a series of transformations:


title: Clojure

text: A thread-safe generator of unique serial numbers (though, like many other Lisp dialects, Clojure has a built-in codice_22 function that it uses internally):


title: Clojure

text: An anonymous subclass of codice_23 that doesn't write to anything, and a macro using it to silence all prints within it:


title: Clojure

text: Clojure was created from the ground up to embrace its host platforms as one of its design goals and thus provides excellent language interoperability with Java:


title: Clojure

text: 10 threads manipulating one shared data structure, which consists of 100 vectors each one containing 10 (initially sequential) unique numbers. Each thread then repeatedly selects two random positions in two random vectors and swaps them. All changes to the vectors occur in transactions by making use of Clojure's software transactional memory system:


title: William Hale (cattleman)

text: William King Hale (December 24, 1874 – August 15, 1962) was an American cattleman and convicted murderer. Hale was a prominent figure on the Osage Indian Reservation, in what was then the Indian Territory, where he built the noted Hale Ranch and made a fortune raising cattle. When Oklahoma gained statehood in 1907, the land occupied by the reservation became contiguous with Osage County, Oklahoma.


title: William Hale (cattleman)

text: A power player on the Osage reservation, Hale rose to local prominence through years of bribery, extortion, and intimidation. In 1921, he ordered the murders of his nephew's wife and mother-in-law, followed by her cousin, sister and brother-in-law two years later, to gain control of their oil rights.


title: William Hale (cattleman)

text: Little seems to have been written about William Hale's early life, other than that he was born in Greenville, Texas. He apparently came to the Osage Indian Reservation just before the turn of the 20th century.


title: William Hale (cattleman)

text: Thomas B. White, special agent in charge, wrote in a 1932 memo to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover: "Eventually (Hale) became a millionaire, who dominated local politics and seemingly could not be punished for any of the many crimes which were laid at his door...His method of building up power and prestige was to put various individuals under obligation to him by means of gifts and favors shown to them. Consequently, he had a tremendous following in the vicinity composed not only of the riffraff element which had drifted in, but of many good and substantial citizens."


title: William Hale (cattleman)

text: Hale and his nephews, Ernest and Bryan Burkhart, conspired to kill several Osage Native Americans for their oil headrights. Ernest married Mollie Kile (or Kyle), a native Osage. Through various permutations, Hale had Mollie's sister Anna Brown killed in 1921. Anna's headrights were inherited by her mother Lizzie Q and Mollie. The death of Lizzie Q and several cousins left Mollie and therefore Ernest as heirs to the headrights, which were worth several hundred thousand dollars in the 1920s. Mollie fell ill and was later discovered to have been poisoned, but recovered when she moved away. She divorced Ernest afterward, and their children inherited Mollie's estate.


title: William Hale (cattleman)

text: The Osage Tribal Council suspected Hale in the murders early on, but could not elicit any testimony from the townspeople, many of whom he had bribed or threatened into silence. The council turned to the Bureau of Investigation (BOI) later renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), who sent four undercover agents to the Reservation. Over the next few years, these agents gained the townspeople's trust enough that they began speaking out against Hale. Hale's nephew, whom he had coerced into helping with the scheme, eventually confessed. Charges were finally brought against Hale, as well as the contract killer he had hired to perform the murders and Hale's corrupt attorney. In 1929, Hale was convicted of ordering the murders and imprisoned.


title: William Hale (cattleman)

text: After four trials, Hale was convicted before a Federal District Court in 29 October 1929 for only one killing - that of the shooting death of Anna Brown's cousin, Henry Roan, and sent to the Leavenworth prison in Kansas. Hale had attempted to cash in a $25,000 insurance policy on Roan's life only a week after the man's death; obligingly, Hale had also served as one of Roan's pallbearers. He was sentenced to life but was paroled on July 31, 1947. He spent some of his life in Montana, working as a ranch hand for Benny Binion. He died in Arizona in 1962 and was buried in Wichita, Kansas.


title: William Hale (cattleman)

text: Bryan Burkhart turned state's evidence and never served time. His brother Ernest was sentenced in state court to life in prison and was sent to Oklahoma State Penitentiary in McAlester. He was released in 1959 and received a pardon in 1966 from Governor Henry Bellmon.


title: Bremen (state)

text: Bremen (), officially the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (; ), is the smallest and least populous of Germany's 16 states. It is informally called ("State of Bremen"), although the term is sometimes used in official contexts. The state consists of the city of Bremen and its seaport exclave, Bremerhaven, surrounded by the larger state of Lower Saxony in northern Germany.


title: Bremen (state)

text: The state of Bremen consists of two non-contiguous territories. These enclaves contain Bremen, officially the 'City' ("Stadtgemeinde Bremen") which is the state capital, and the city of Bremerhaven ("Stadt Bremerhaven"). Both are located on the River Weser; Bremerhaven ("Bremen's harbour") is further downstream on the mouth of the Weser with open access to the North Sea. Both enclaves are completely surrounded by the neighbouring State of Lower Saxony ("Niedersachsen"). The highest point in the state is in Friedehorst Park (32.5m).


title: Bremen (state)

text: When the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806, the Free Imperial City of Bremen (as of 1646, after earlier privileges of autonomy of 1186) was not mediatised (incorporated into the enlarged territory of one of the surrounding monarchies) but became a sovereign state officially titled the "Free Hanseatic City of Bremen". Her currency was the Bremen thaler (until 1873). In 1811, the First French Empire annexed the city-state in an effort to enforce Napoleon's Berlin Decree, closing the European continent to British trade.


title: Bremen (state)

text: At the Congress of Vienna of 1815, Bremen's emissary, and later burgomaster, Johann Smidt, lobbied successfully to have the city's independence confirmed as one of the 39 sovereign states within the new German Confederation.


title: Bremen (state)

text: In 1827, Bremen bought land at the mouth of the Weser from the Kingdom of Hanover, in order to build a new seaport, Bremerhaven. This ensured that Bremen remained Germany's main port of embarkation for emigrants to the Americas, and later that it developed as an entrepôt for Germany's late developing colonial trade.


title: Bremen (state)

text: In 1867, the year following Prussia's defeat of Austria and its annexation of Hanover, Bremen joined the North German Confederation that became the German Empire in 1871, as one of its 26 constituent states.


title: Bremen (state)

text: As an international port and industrial centre, Bremen had a strong left and liberal tradition. in January 1913, at the last elections to the Imperial Reichstag in Berlin, the Social Democrats (SPD) secured over half the vote, or 53.4%. Left Liberals (Linksliberale) took another 41.4%. Only 5.1% went to the Conservatives. In November 1932, at the last broadly free election of the Weimar Republic, the Social Democrats won 31.2% of the vote, and the Communists (KPD) 16.8%, compared to 20.8% for the Nazis.


title: Bremen (state)

text: When, after the heavily compromised national elections of March 1933, the Nazis still achieved only a third of the popular vote in Bremen (32.7%), the regime dissolved the state parliament, the "Bürgerschaft" and its executive Senate. Bremen remained for the next twelve years under the direct authority of a party Gauleiter. During these years, Bremen's small Jewish community (1,438 people registered at the beginning of 1933) was destroyed through coerced emigration and deportation to death camps in the occupied east.


title: Bremen (state)

text: Allied bombing destroyed the majority of the historical Hanseatic city as well as 60% of the built-up area of Bremen during World War II. The British 3rd Infantry Division under General Lashmer Whistler captured Bremen in late April 1945. The British handed it over to the Americans; Bremen became an American-controlled port for the supply of the US zones of occupation in west Berlin and southern Germany.


title: Bremen (state)

text: Bremen was reestablished as a state in 1947 and, from 1949, was again known as the "Free Hanseatic City of Bremen", becoming a Land or state of the new Federal Republic of Germany, informally referred to as "West Germany" until 1990.


title: Bremen (state)

text: The legislature of the state of Bremen is the 83-member Bürgerschaft (citizens' assembly), elected by the citizens in the two cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven.


title: Bremen (state)

text: The executive is constituted by the Senate of Bremen, elected by the Bürgerschaft. The Senate is chaired by the President of the senate ("Senatspräsident"), who is also one of the mayors of the city of Bremen ("Bürgermeister") and is elected directly by the Bürgerschaft. The Senate selects of its members as a second mayor who serves as deputy of the president. In contrast to the Federal Chancellor of Germany or other German states, the President of the Senate has no authority to override senators on policy, which is decided upon by the senate collectively. Since 1945, the Senate has continuously been dominated by the Social Democratic Party.


title: Bremen (state)

text: In post-war Bremen, the port, shipyards and related industries sustained a large and unionised working class. As before 1933, this translated into support for the Social Democrats, considered Bremen's natural governing party. However, in the 1980s mechanisation of the port and closure of the city's leading shipbuilder induced an employment crisis and shook the confidence of the party's traditional voter base. The SPD, which had still polled 51% in 1987, lost its effective majority. The once dominant left-liberal vote split, and coalition government became the norm.


title: Bremen (state)

text: The 2019 Bremen state election was held on 26 May 2019 to elect the members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen, as well as the city councils of Bremen and Bremerhaven. The election took place on the same day as the 2019 European Parliament election. The Christian Democratic Union (CDU), for the first time, became the largest party in the Bürgerschaft, while the Social Democratic Party (SPD) fell to second place. The Greens and The Left made small gains. After the election, the SPD, Greens, and Left agreed to form a coalition government. Carsten Sieling resigned as mayor and was replaced by fellow SPD member Andreas Bovenschulte.


title: Bremen (state)

text: Bremen's post-World War II economy boomed in line with the West German "Wirtschaftswunder" of the 1950s and 60s. This saw the growth, and permanent settlement, in Bremen of a large migrant worker population, drawn largely from Turkey and southern Europe.


title: Bremen (state)

text: Some of the city's heavier industries failed to recover from the oil-price-shock recession of the early 1970s. Specialist construction yards, ship outfitters and parts suppliers remain, but AG Weser (which employed 16,000 workers at its peak) and Bremer Vulcan, Bremen's major shipbuilders, closed in 1983 and 1997 respectively. Further job losses were caused by the restructuring and increasing mechanisation of harbour-related activities and other industrial sectors. Semi and unskilled harbour workers found it very difficult to re-enter the labour market, and unemployment—for a period in the 1980s almost double the West German average—remained comparatively high.


title: Bremen (state)

text: At a time when structural change in the economy has forced Bremen to spend more on social services. Suburbanisation has reduced population and tax revenue. Incorporating surrounding suburban municipalities, is not an option for Bremen as these belong to the state of Lower Saxony.


title: Bremen (state)

text: With financial assistance from the European Union, and from the Federal Government, economic policy has focussed on supporting those established economic sectors that are based on advanced technology, such as aerospace and aircraft production, automobile production, maritime and logistics services, and on developing the education and business-park infrastructure for new science-based and digital enterprises. In this an important tole is accorded to the growing university sector. Further investment went into the revitalisation of the city centre but a culture-driven regeneration around entertainment and tourism was not very successful. Several experts described Bremen’s service sector as underdeveloped, due to a lack of major company headquarters.


title: Bremen (state)

text: At the turn of the new century, unemployment In Bremen stood at 13%, a rate matched in the Federal Republic only by the "new states" in former East Germany.


title: Bremen (state)

text: The University of Bremen is the largest university in Bremen. It is one of 11 institutions classed as an "Elite university" in Germany, and teaches approximately 23,500 people from 126 countries. Bremen also has a University of the Arts Bremen, a University of Applied Sciences with campuses in both Bremen city and Bremerhaven, and more recently the Jacobs University Bremen, an international research university located in Vegesack.


title: Tavon Austin

text: Tavon Wesley Austin (born March 15, 1990) is an American football wide receiver who is a free agent. He played college football at West Virginia where he received All-American honors twice. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the first round of the 2013 NFL Draft.


title: Tavon Austin

text: Austin was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He attended Dunbar High School in Baltimore, Maryland, where he played football, basketball, and ran track.


title: Tavon Austin

text: In football, he played running back, leading Dunbar High to three consecutive Class 1A state titles. As a senior, he had 2,660 yards rushing on 218 carries with 34 touchdowns, while also returning 12 punts for 446 yards and two scores.


title: Tavon Austin

text: He was a Two-time Maryland Consensus Offensive Player of the Year and Consensus first team All-state. He set state records for career points (790), touchdowns (123), total offensive yards (9,258) and rushing yards (7,962). In track & field, Austin competed as a sprinter and jumper. He ran a career-best time of 11.47 seconds in the 100 meters at the 2009 1A North Region Meet. He was also a member of the Dunbar 400m relay squad.


title: Tavon Austin

text: Austin accepted a football scholarship from West Virginia University, where he played for the West Virginia Mountaineers football team from 2009 to 2012. His primary position was changed to wide receiver as a freshman in 2009, but he still occasionally was used as a running back. During his freshman season, he had 15 receptions for 151 yards with a touchdown and also rushed for 47 yards on six carries with a touchdown and scored a touchdown on a kick return.


title: Tavon Austin

text: As a sophomore in 2010, he had 58 receptions for 787 yards and a team leading eight touchdowns. He also had 15 rushing attempts for 159 yards and a touchdown.


title: Tavon Austin

text: As a junior in 2011, Austin had 100 receptions for 1,180 yards and eight touchdowns. He added 189 rushing yards on 18 carries and another touchdown. He also returned two kicks for touchdowns. He was named a first team All-American by CBS Sports. During the Mountaineers 70–33 win in the 2012 Orange Bowl, he set an Orange Bowl record with four touchdown receptions.


title: Tavon Austin

text: As a senior in 2012, he finished with 114 receptions for 1,289 receiving yards and 12 receiving touchdowns to go along with 643 rushing yards and three rushing touchdowns. In addition, he had 32 kick returns for 813 net return yards and a kick return touchdown and 15 punt returns for 165 net return yards and a punt return touchdown. He was the 2012 All-Purpose Performer of the Year as announced by the College Football Performance Awards association.


title: Tavon Austin

text: Austin was selected by the St. Louis Rams in the first round (8th overall) of the 2013 NFL Draft. The Rams traded up from pick 16 with the Buffalo Bills in order to select Austin. The Rams also selected former West Virginia wide receiver Stedman Bailey later in the third round of the draft with the 92nd overall pick, reuniting the teammates in the National Football League (NFL).


title: Tavon Austin

text: On June 13, 2013, Austin signed a four-year, $12.751 million rookie contract. The deal included a $7.653 million signing bonus. During his first year in the NFL, Austin played 13 games with 151 rushing yards (on nine carries), 418 receiving yards, and 678 return yards on 51 combined return opportunities during kick and punt returns.


title: Tavon Austin

text: In Week 10, against the Indianapolis Colts, Austin had a breakout performance that ended up being the best of his rookie campaign. In a 38–8 rout, Austin only had two receptions, but they totaled 138 receiving yards and were both touchdowns. He also ran the ball once for four yards. Austin also returned five kicks and punts for a total of 172 yards, including a 98-yard punt return touchdown. Austin was named NFC Special Teams Player of the Week, and eventually became the NFC's Special Teams Player of the Month as well.


title: Tavon Austin

text: Austin's receiving yards in the 2014 season dropped down to 242 yards from his 418 yards in 2013. Austin continued to excel as a returner as he was named a Pro Bowl alternate as a returner behind Devin Hester and Darren Sproles. His 391 punt return yards ranked 3rd in the NFL in 2014—only behind DeAnthony Thomas of the Kansas City Chiefs and Sproles.


title: Tavon Austin

text: Similarly to his 98-yard punt return during his rookie season, Austin was part of another huge special teams play during the 2014 season as well. During the second quarter of a Week 7 game against the division rival Seattle Seahawks, a game in which the Rams were already up 14–3, Austin was the designated punt return man on a play. He acted as if he was calling for a fair catch, but the ball had actually been punted to the opposite side of the field, where teammate Stedman Bailey was preparing to return the punt. With the entire Seattle coverage team focused on Austin, Bailey was left with a wide-open field and returned the punt 90 yards for a touchdown. The Rams went on defeat their NFC West rivals 28–26. Austin earned NFC Special Teams Player of the Week for his Week 14 game against Washington. He had a 78-yard punt return for a touchdown in the game.


title: Tavon Austin

text: Austin was named NFC Special Teams Player of the Week 1 for his game against the Seattle Seahawks. He had a 75-yard punt return for a touchdown in the game. Austin had arguably his best season in 2015. He posted career highs in receptions (52), receiving yards (473), and receiving touchdowns (five). Austin further proved to be a dynamic player on offense as he ran the ball 52 times for 434 yards and four touchdowns. After a "Thursday Night Football" game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Austin became the first player to score at least five receiving touchdowns, four rushing touchdowns, and a punt return touchdown in a single season since Gale Sayers did so for the Chicago Bears in 1965.


title: Tavon Austin

text: On May 12, 2016, the Los Angeles Rams picked up Austin's fifth-year option along with fellow Rams teammate and linebacker Alec Ogletree. On August 27, 2016, the Rams and Austin agreed to a four-year, $42 million contract extension. Austin finished a 4–12 season with 58 catches for 509 yards and three touchdowns, but on 107 targets (8.8 yards per catch, 4.8 yards per target).


title: Tavon Austin

text: Despite having his first year with over 500 receiving yards, Austin's rushing total of 159 yards and one touchdown on 28 rushes (5.7 yards per carry, at the time a career low for Austin) signaled a drop in his overall production from the previous season. He also failed to return a punt for a touchdown, something he had accomplished every year prior, and tied a career-high for fumbles with five.


title: Tavon Austin

text: Austin's production took a dramatic drop off in 2017, including numerous statistical career lows. Under new head coach Sean McVay the Rams reached the playoffs for the first time since 2004, but Austin's contributions to the team during the 16 games he played in were almost nonexistent. Austin was targeted mostly with short passes, or was phased out of the passing game altogether, failing to catch a pass in 10 games, and not being targeted for a pass in six of those. Austin predominantly became used as a runner on jet sweeps or during garbage time, and was also removed from his special teams duties after Week 5 due to fumbling issues, as well as his career low 4.4 average return per punt on 12 attempts.


title: Tavon Austin

text: Austin caught 13 passes for 47 yards and rushed a career high 59 runs, but the 270 rushing yards meant a new career low average of 4.6 yards per rush on the year. His 317 total yards from scrimmage was also a new career low. As in 2016, Austin tied his career high for fumbles with five, and set a new career high in lost fumbles, with four. His lone touchdown, from a 27-yard run, marked a low in scoring for Austin; 2017 was the second year of Austin's career without a receiving touchdown, as well as his second consecutive year without a returning score. Through five years as a Ram, Austin had only one game of at least 100 yards receiving, and only five games with at least 100 yards from scrimmage.


title: Tavon Austin

text: During the 2018 off-season, there were reports that the Rams would be interested in trading or releasing Austin. However on March 15, 2018, Austin agreed to a restructured contract that voided the final three years of his contract while paying him his $5 million in guarantees and an additional $3 million in incentives.


title: Tavon Austin

text: On April 28, 2018, Austin was traded to the Dallas Cowboys in exchange for a 2018 sixth-round draft pick (#192-Jamil Demby), to help replace Cole Beasley as the team's slot wide receiver. In Week 2 of the 2018 season, against the New York Giants, Austin recorded a 64-yard touchdown reception for his first with the Cowboys, and his first since 2017.


title: Tavon Austin

text: Austin suffered a groin injury in the sixth game against the Jacksonville Jaguars, forcing him to miss the last nine contests of the season, which contributed to his third consecutive year with lower output in terms of yards from scrimmage. However in seven games played, Austin's effectiveness as a receiver increased with two receiving touchdowns, as well as the first year since his rookie season averaging at least 10 yards per reception, setting a new career high.


title: Tavon Austin

text: In limited touches as a rusher, Austin failed to score for the first time in his career, but had his highest average per carry since his rookie season. 2018 was the first year of Austin's career without a kickoff return, but his punt returning was slightly improved from the previous season, and for the first time in Austin's career, he did not have a single fumble.


title: Tavon Austin

text: He was able to return for the playoffs, where he caught two passes for five yards, and rushed once for a loss of three yards in two games. In the against the Seattle Seahawks, he made a 51-yard punt return and had a 75-yard punt return called back because of a holding penalty.


title: Tavon Austin

text: In Week 15 against his former team, the Los Angeles Rams, Austin caught one pass for a 59-yard touchdown during the 44–21 win. With the addition of Randall Cobb to be the team's slot wide receiver, although Austin was the number 4 wide receiver, he never had a clear role in the offense during the season. He appeared in 14 games and missed two contests with a concussion he suffered in the season opener. He collected 13 receptions for 177 yards, one receiving touchdown, six carries for 47 yards and one rushing touchdown.


title: Tavon Austin

text: Austin was signed by the San Francisco 49ers on August 15, 2020. He was placed on injured reserve on September 3, 2020. He was released from injured reserve with an injury settlement on October 27.


title: Tavon Austin

text: On December 1, 2020, Austin signed with the Green Bay Packers, reuniting with head coach Matt LaFleur, who was his offensive coordinator with the Los Angeles Rams. He appeared in four games as a backup wide receiver and was declared inactive for one contest. He had five receptions for 20 yards.


title: Tavon Austin

text: Austin signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars on August 6, 2021. He was placed on injured reserve on September 2, 2021. He was activated on September 30. In the 2021 season, Austin appeared in 13 games and recorded 24 receptions for 213 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown.


title: Tavon Austin

text: Austin signed with the Buffalo Bills on June 2, 2022. He was released on August 22, 2022. He was re-signed to the practice squad on August 31. He was released on October 5, 2022.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: Jewish eschatology is the area of Jewish theology concerned with events that will happen in the end of days and related concepts. This includes the ingathering of the exiled diaspora, the coming of a Jewish Messiah, afterlife, and the revival of the dead. In Judaism, the end times are usually called the "end of days" ("aḥarit ha-yamim", אחרית הימים), a phrase that appears several times in the Tanakh.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: These beliefs have evolved over time, and there is no evidence before 200 BCE of Jewish belief in personal afterlife with reward or punishment.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: In Judaism, the main textual source for the belief in the end of days and accompanying events is the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible. The roots of Jewish eschatology are to be found in the pre-exile prophets, including Isaiah and Jeremiah, and the exilic prophets Ezekiel and Deutero-Isaiah. The main tenets of Jewish eschatology are the following, in no particular order, elaborated in the Book of Isaiah, the Book of Jeremiah and the Book of Ezekiel.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: According to Ezekiel chapter 38, the "war of Gog and Magog", a climactic war, will take place at the end of the Jewish exile. According to biblical commentator and rabbi David Kimhi, this war will take place in Jerusalem. However, a Hasidic tradition holds that the war will not in fact occur as the sufferings of exile have already made up for it.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: The afterlife is known as "olam ha-ba" the "world to come", עולם הבא in Hebrew, and related to concepts of "Gan Eden", the Heavenly "Garden in Eden", or paradise, and "Gehinnom". The phrase "olam ha-ba" does not occur in the Hebrew Bible. The accepted halakha is that it is impossible for living human beings to know what the world to come is like.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: In the late Second Temple period, beliefs about the ultimate fate of the individual were diverse. The Pharisees and Essenes believed in the immortality of the soul, but the Sadducees did not. The Dead Sea Scrolls, Jewish pseudepigrapha and Jewish magical papyri, reflect this diversity.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: While all classical rabbinic sources discuss the afterlife, the classic Medieval scholars dispute the nature of existence in the "End of Days" after the messianic period. While Maimonides describes an entirely spiritual existence for souls, which he calls "disembodied intellects," Nachmanides discusses an intensely spiritual existence on Earth, where spirituality and physicality are merged. Both agree that life after death is as Maimonides describes the "End of Days." This existence entails an extremely heightened understanding of and connection to the Divine Presence. This view is shared by all classic rabbinic scholars.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: According to Maimonides, any non-Jew who lives according to the Seven Laws of Noah is regarded as a righteous gentile, and is assured of a place in the world to come, the final reward of the righteous.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: There is a great deal of surviving rabbinic material concerning the fate of the soul after death: its experiences, and where it goes. At various points in the afterlife journey, the soul may encounter: "Hibbut ha-kever", the pains and experiences of the physico-spiritual dissolution or reconfiguration within the grave; "Dumah", the angel in charge of funerary matters; Satan as the angel of death or other equally grim figure; the "Kaf ha-Kela", the ensnarement or confinement of the stripped-down soul within various ghostly material reallocations (devised for the purpose of the purgatorial cleansing of the soul incurred for contamination not severe enough to warrant Gehinnom (See Tanya Chapter 8)); "Gehinnom" (pure purgatory); and "Gan Eden" (heavenly respite or paradise, purified state). All classic rabbinic scholars agree that these concepts are beyond typical human understanding. Therefore, these ideas are expressed throughout rabbinic literature through many varied parables and analogies.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: "Gehinnom" is fairly well defined in rabbinic literature. It is sometimes translated as "hell", but is much more similar to the Nicene Christianity view of Purgatory than to the Christian view of Hell. Rabbinic thought maintains that souls are not tortured in Gehinnom forever; the longest that one can be there is said to be eleven months, with the exception of heretics, and extremely sinful Jews. This is the reason that even when in mourning for near relatives, Jews will not recite mourner's kaddish for longer than an eleven-month period. "Gehinnom" is considered a spiritual forge where the soul is purified for its eventual ascent to "Gan Eden" ("Garden of Eden").


title: Jewish eschatology

text: Rabbinic literature includes many legends about the World to Come and the two Gardens of Eden. As compiled by Louis Ginzberg in the book "Legends of the Jews" these include:


title: Jewish eschatology

text: The world to come is called Paradise, and it is said to have a double gate made of carbuncle that is guarded by 600,000 shining angels. Seven clouds of glory overshadow Paradise, and under them, in the center of Paradise, stands the tree of life. The tree of life overshadows Paradise too, and it has fifteen thousand different tastes and aromas that winds blow all across Paradise. Under the tree of life are many pairs of canopies, one of stars and the other of sun and moon, while a cloud of glory separates the two. In each pair of canopies sits a rabbinic scholar who explains the Torah to one. When one enters Paradise one is proffered by Michael (archangel) to God on the altar of the temple of the heavenly Jerusalem, whereupon one is transfigured into an angel (the ugliest person becomes as beautiful and shining as "the grains of a silver pomegranate upon which fall the rays of the sun"). The angels that guard Paradise's gate adorn one in seven clouds of glory, crown one with gems and pearls and gold, place eight myrtles in one's hand, and praise one for being righteous while leading one to a garden of eight hundred roses and myrtles that is watered by many rivers. In the garden is one's canopy, its beauty according to one's merit, but each canopy has four rivers – milk, honey, wine, and balsam – flowing out from it, and has a golden vine and thirty shining pearls hanging from it. Under each canopy is a table of gems and pearls attended to by sixty angels. The light of Paradise is the light of the righteous people therein. Each day in Paradise one wakes up a child and goes to bed an elder to enjoy the pleasures of childhood, youth, adulthood, and old age. In each corner of Paradise is a forest of 800,000 trees, the least among the trees greater than the best herbs and spices, attended to by 800,000 sweetly singing angels. Paradise is divided into seven paradises, each one 120,000 miles long and wide. Depending on one's merit, one joins one of the paradises: the first is made of glass and cedar and is for converts to Judaism; the second is of silver and cedar and is for penitents; the third is of silver and gold, gems and pearls, and is for the patriarchs, Moses and Aaron, the Israelites that left Egypt and lived in the wilderness, and the kings of Israel; the fourth is of rubies and olive wood and is for the holy and steadfast in faith; the fifth is like the third, except a river flows through it and its bed was woven by Eve and angels, and it is for the Messiah and Elijah; and the sixth and seventh divisions are not described, except that they are respectively for those who died doing a pious act and for those who died from an illness in expiation for Israel's sins.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: Beyond Paradise is the higher Gan Eden, where God is enthroned and explains the Torah to its inhabitants. The higher Gan Eden contains 310 worlds and is divided into seven compartments. The compartments are not described, though it is implied that each compartment is greater than the previous one and is joined based on one's merit. The first compartment is for Jewish martyrs, the second for those who drowned, the third for "Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai and his disciples," the fourth for those whom the cloud of glory carried off, the fifth for penitents, the sixth for youths who have never sinned; and the seventh for the poor who lived decently and studied the Torah.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: An early explicit mention of resurrection in Hebrew texts is the Vision of the Valley of Dry Bones in the Book of Ezekiel dated somewhere around 539 BCE. Alan Segal argues that this narrative was intended as a metaphor for national rebirth, promising the Jews return to Israel and reconstruction of the Temple, not as a description of personal resurrection.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: The Book of Daniel promised literal resurrection to the Jews, in concrete detail. Alan Segal interprets Daniel as writing that with the coming of the Archangel Michael, misery would beset the world, and only those whose names were in a divine book would be resurrected. Moreover, Daniel's promise of resurrection was intended only for the most righteous and the most sinful because the afterlife was a place for the virtuous individuals to be rewarded and the sinful individuals to receive eternal punishment.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: Greek and Persian culture influenced Jewish sects to believe in an afterlife between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE as well.<ref name="Segal 2004 https://archive.org/details/lifeafterdeathhi00sega_1/page/281 281"></ref>


title: Jewish eschatology

text: The Hebrew Bible, at least as seen through interpretation of Bavli Sanhedrin, contains frequent reference to resurrection of the dead. The Mishnah (c. 200) lists belief in the resurrection of the dead as one of three essential beliefs necessary for a Jew to participate in it:


title: Jewish eschatology

text: In the late Second Temple period, the Pharisees believed in resurrection, while Essenes and Sadducees did not. During the Rabbinic period, beginning in the late first century and carrying on to the present, the works of Daniel were included into the Hebrew Bible, signaling the adoption of Jewish resurrection into the officially sacred texts.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: Jewish liturgy, most notably the "Amidah", contains references to the tenet of the bodily resurrection of the dead. In contemporary Judaism, both Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism maintain the traditional references to it in their liturgy. However, many Conservative Jews interpret the tenet metaphorically rather than literally. Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism have altered traditional references to the resurrection of the dead in the liturgy ("who gives life to the dead") to refer to "who gives life to all."


title: Jewish eschatology

text: In Judaism, the day of judgment happens every year on Rosh Hashanah; therefore, the belief in a last day of judgment for all mankind is disputed. Some rabbis hold that there will be such a day following the resurrection of the dead. Others hold that there is no need for that because of Rosh Hashanah. Yet others hold that this accounting and judgment happens when one dies. Other rabbis hold that the last judgment only applies to the gentile nations and not the Jewish people.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: Irving Greenberg, representing an Open Orthodox viewpoint, describes the afterlife as a central Jewish teaching, deriving from the belief in reward and punishment. According to Greenberg, suffering Medieval Jews emphasized the World to Come as a counterpoint to the difficulties of this life, while early Jewish modernizers portrayed Judaism as interested only in this world as a counterpoint to "otherworldly" Christianity. Greenberg sees each of these views as leading to an undesired extreme – overemphasizing the afterlife leads to asceticism, while devaluing the afterlife deprives Jews of the consolation of eternal life and justice – and calls for a synthesis, in which Jews can work to perfect this world, while also recognizing the immortality of the soul.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: Conservative Judaism both affirms belief in the world beyond (as referenced in the "Amidah" and Maimonides' Thirteen Precepts of Faith) while recognizing that human understanding is limited and we cannot know exactly what the world beyond consists of. Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism affirm belief in the afterlife, though they downplay the theological implications in favor of emphasizing the importance of the "here and now," as opposed to reward and punishment.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: The Hebrew word "mashiach" (or "moshiach") refers to the Jewish idea of the messiah. In biblical times the title "mashiach" was awarded to someone in a high position of nobility and greatness. For example, "Cohen ha-Mašíaḥ" means High Priest. While the name of the Jewish Messiah is considered to be one of the things that precede creation, he is not considered divine, in contrast to Christianity where Jesus is both divine and the Messiah.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: In the Talmudic era the title "Mashiach" or מלך המשיח, "Méleḵ ha-Mašíaḥ" literally means "the anointed King". The Messiah is to be a human leader, physically descended from the Davidic line, who will rule and unite the people of Israel and will usher in the Messianic Age of global and universal peace.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: Early in the Second Temple period hopes for a better future are described in the Jewish scriptures. After the return from the Babylonian exile, Cyrus the Great was called "messiah" in Isaiah, due to his role in the return of the Jews exiles.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: A number of messianic ideas developed during the later Second Temple Period, ranging from this-worldy, political expectations, to apocalyptic expectations of an endtime in which the dead would be resurrected and the Kingdom of Heaven would be established on earth. The Messiah might be a kingly "son of David" or a more heavenly "son of man", but "Messianism became increasingly eschatological, and eschatology was decisively influenced by apocalypticism," while "messianic expectations became increasingly focused on the figure of an individual savior. According to Zwi Werblowsky, "the Messiah no longer symbolized the coming of the new age, but he was somehow supposed to bring it about. The "Lord's anointed" thus became the "savior and redeemer" and the focus of more intense expectations and doctrines." Messianic ideas developed both by new interpretations ("pesher", "midrash") of the Jewish scriptures, but also by visionary revelations.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: The Babylonian Talmud (200–500 CE), tractate Sanhedrin, contains a long discussion of the events leading to the coming of the Messiah. Throughout their history Jews have compared these passages (and others) to contemporary events in search of signs of the Messiah's imminent arrival, continuing into present times.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: The Talmud tells many stories about the Messiah, some of which represent famous Talmudic rabbis as receiving personal visitations from Elijah the Prophet and the Messiah.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: In rabbinic literature, the rabbis elaborated and explained the prophecies that were found in the Hebrew Bible along with the oral law and rabbinic traditions about its meaning.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: Maimonides' commentary to tractate Sanhedrin stresses a relatively naturalistic interpretation of the Messiah, de-emphasizing miraculous elements. His commentary became widely (although not universally) accepted in the non- or less-mystical branches of Orthodox Judaism.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: The belief in a human Messiah of the Davidic line is a universal tenet of faith among Orthodox Jews and one of Maimonides' thirteen principles of faith.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: Some authorities in Orthodox Judaism believe that this era will lead to supernatural events culminating in a bodily resurrection of the dead. Maimonides, on the other hand, holds that the events of the Messianic Era are not specifically connected with the resurrection.


title: Jewish eschatology

text: Conservative Judaism varies in its teachings. While it retains traditional references to a personal redeemer and prayers for the restoration of the Davidic line in the liturgy, Conservative Jews are more inclined to accept the idea of a Messianic Era:


title: Jewish eschatology

text: Reform Judaism generally concurs with the more liberal Conservative perspective of a future Messianic Era rather than a human Messiah.


title: Graça Machel

text: Graça Machel (; née Simbine; , born 17 October 1945) is a Mozambican politician and humanitarian. She is the widow of former President of Mozambique Samora Machel (1975–1986) and former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela (1998–2013). Machel is an international advocate for women's and children's rights and was made an honorary British Dame by Queen Elizabeth II in 1997 for her humanitarian work. She is the only woman in modern history to have served as First Lady of two countries, South Africa and Mozambique.


title: Graça Machel

text: Graça Machel is a member of the Africa Progress Panel (APP), a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa. As a panel member she facilitates coalition building to leverage and broker knowledge, and convenes decision-makers to influence policy for lasting change in Africa.


title: Graça Machel

text: Graça Simbine was born 17 days after her father's death, the youngest of six children, in rural Incadine, Gaza Province, Portuguese East Africa (modern-day Mozambique). She attended Methodist mission schools before gaining a scholarship to the University of Lisbon in Portugal, where she studied German and first became involved in independence issues.


title: Graça Machel

text: Machel also speaks French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and English, as well as her native Xitsonga language.


title: Graça Machel

text: Simbine returned to Portuguese East Africa in 1973, joining the Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO) and working as a schoolteacher. Following Mozambique's independence in 1975, Simbine was appointed Mozambican first Minister of Education and Culture on 25 June 1975.


title: Graça Machel

text: During her tenure, the number of students enrolled in primary and secondary schools rose from about 40 percent of all school-aged children to over 90 percent for males and 75 percent for females.


title: Graça Machel

text: Graça Machel received the 1992 Africa Prize, awarded annually to an individual who has contributed to the goal of eliminating hunger in Africa by the year 2000. Machel received the 1995 Nansen Medal from the United Nations in recognition of her longstanding humanitarian work, particularly on behalf of refugee children.


title: Graça Machel

text: In 1997, Machel was honored with the Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II for her contributions and services in the field of human rights protection. In the same year, she received the Global Citizen Award of the New England Circle. 1998, Machel was one of the two winners of the North–South Prize awarded by the North-South Centre of the Council of Europe.


title: Graça Machel

text: Machel was chancellor of the University of Cape Town from 1999 to 2019. In 2009, Machel was appointed to the Commonwealth of Nations' Eminent Persons Group. She was named president of the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London in 2012. In 2016, Machel was named chancellor of the African Leadership University, a role that she still holds today.


title: Graça Machel

text: In July 2017, Machel was elected an Honorary Fellow of the British Academy (HonFBA), the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and social sciences.


title: Graça Machel

text: In 2018, she was awarded by the World Health Organization for her contributions to the health and wellbeing of women, children and adolescents.