title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: The armies coming from western Europe pushed on through Anatolia, where they were victorious at the Battle of Philomelium and defeated the Turks in the Battle of Iconium, eventually reaching as far as Cilician Armenia. The approach of Barbarossa's victorious German army greatly concerned Saladin, who was forced to weaken his force at the Siege of Acre and send troops to the north to block the arrival of the Germans.


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: Emperor Frederick Barbarossa opted on the local Armenians' advice to follow a shortcut along the Saleph river. Meanwhile, the army started to traverse the mountain path. On 10 June 1190, he drowned near Silifke Castle in the Saleph river. There are several conflicting accounts of the event:


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: Jacques de Vitry, a historian of the Crusades, outlined Frederick's endeavors and Saladin's dilemma, in which he reported:


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: Frederick's death caused several thousand German soldiers to leave the force and return home through the Cilician and Syrian ports. The German-Hungarian army was struck with an onset of disease near Antioch, weakening it further. Only 5,000 soldiers, a third of the original force, arrived in Acre. Barbarossa's son, Frederick VI of Swabia, carried on with the remnants of the German army, along with the Hungarian army under the command of Prince Géza, with the aim of burying the emperor in Jerusalem, but efforts to preserve his body in vinegar failed. Hence, his flesh was interred in the Church of Saint Peter in Antioch, his bones in the cathedral of Tyre, and his heart and inner organs in Saint Paul's Church, Tarsus.


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: The unexpected demise of Frederick left the Crusader army under the command of the rivals Philip II and Richard, who had traveled to Palestine separately by sea, and ultimately led to its dissolution. Richard continued to the East where he fought Saladin, winning territories along the shores of Palestine, but ultimately failed to win the war by conquering Jerusalem itself before he was forced to return to his own territories in north-western Europe, known as the Angevin Empire. He returned home after he signed the Treaty of Ramla agreeing that Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control while allowing unarmed Christian pilgrims and traders to visit the city. The treaty also reduced the Latin Kingdom to a geopolitical coastal strip extending from Tyre to Jaffa.


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: The increase in wealth of the trading cities of northern Italy led to a revival in the study of the Justinian Code, a Latin legal system that had become extinct centuries earlier. Legal scholars renewed its application. It is speculated that Pope Gregory VII personally encouraged the Justinian rule of law and had a copy of it. The historian Norman Cantor described Corpus Juris Civilis (Justinian Body of Civil Law) as "the greatest legal code ever devised". It envisaged the law of the state as a reflection of natural moral law, the principle of rationality in the universe. By the time Frederick assumed the throne, this legal system was well established on both sides of the Alps. He was the first to use the availability of the new professional class of lawyers. The Civil Law allowed Frederick to use these lawyers to administer his kingdom in a logical and consistent manner. It also provided a framework to legitimize his claim to the right to rule both Germany and northern Italy. In the old days of Henry IV and Henry V, the claim of divine right of kings had been severely undermined by the Investiture controversy. The Church had won that argument in the common man's mind. There was no divine right for the German king to also control the church by naming both bishops and popes. The institution of the Justinian code was used, perhaps unscrupulously, by Frederick to lay claim to divine powers.


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: In Germany, Frederick was a political realist, taking what he could and leaving the rest. In Italy, he tended to be a romantic reactionary, reveling in the antiquarian spirit of the age, exemplified by a revival of classical studies and Roman law. It was through the use of the restored Justinian code that Frederick came to view himself as a new Roman emperor. Roman law gave a rational purpose for the existence of Frederick and his imperial ambitions. It was a counterweight to the claims of the Church to have authority because of divine revelation. The Church was opposed to Frederick for ideological reasons, not the least of which was the humanist nature found in the revival of the old Roman legal system. When Pepin the Short sought to become king of the Franks in the 8th century, the church needed military protection, so Pepin found it convenient to make an ally of the pope. Frederick, however, desired to put the pope aside and claim the crown of old Rome simply because he was in the likeness of the great emperors of old, who tended to have a domineering role over the church, Caesaropapism. Pope Adrian IV was naturally opposed to this view and undertook a vigorous propaganda campaign designed to diminish Frederick and his ambition. To a large extent, this was successful.


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: Frederick did little to encourage economic development in Germany prior to the autumn of 1165. In that year he visited the lower Rhineland, the most economically advanced region in Germany. He had already travelled to northern Italy, the most economically advanced region in the Empire, three times. From 1165 on, Frederick pursued economic policies to encourage growth and trade. There is no question that his reign was a period of major economic growth in Germany, but it is impossible now to determine how much of that growth was owed to Frederick's policies.


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: The number of mints in Germany increased ninefold in the reign of Frederick and his son Henry, from about two dozen mints at the start of his reign to 215 mints in 1197 and from a mere two royal mints to 28. Frederick himself established at least twelve royal mints, including those of Aachen, Donauwörth, Ulm, Haguenau, Duisburg, Kaiserswerth, Frankfurt, Gelnhausen and Dortmund. He also granted privileges exempting the merchants of Aachen, Gelnhausen, Haguenau, Monza, Rome, Pisa and Venice from all tolls within the Empire.


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: Otto of Freising, Frederick's uncle, wrote an account of his reign entitled "Gesta Friderici I imperatoris" (Deeds of the Emperor Frederick), which is considered to be an accurate history of the king. Otto's other major work, the "Chronica sive Historia de duabus civitatibus" ("Chronicle or History of the Two Cities") had been an exposition of the "Civitas Dei" ("The City of God") of St. Augustine of Hippo, full of Augustinian negativity concerning the nature of the world and history. His work on Frederick is of opposite tone, being an optimistic portrayal of the glorious potentials of imperial authority. Otto died after finishing the first two books, leaving the last two to Rahewin, his provost. Rahewin's text is in places heavily dependent on classical precedent. For example, Rahewin's physical description of Frederick reproduces word-for-word (except for details of hair and beard) a description of another monarch, Theodoric II written nearly eight hundred years earlier by Sidonius Apollinaris:


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: Frederick's charisma led to a fantastic juggling act that, over a quarter of a century, restored the imperial authority in the German states. His formidable enemies defeated him on almost every side, yet in the end he emerged triumphant. When Frederick came to the throne, the prospects for the revival of German imperial power were extremely thin. The great German princes had increased their power and land holdings. The king had been left with only the traditional family domains and a vestige of power over the bishops and abbeys. The backwash of the Investiture controversy had left the German states in continuous turmoil. Rival states were in perpetual war. These conditions allowed Frederick to be both warrior and occasional peace-maker, both to his advantage.


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: Frederick is the subject of many legends, including that of a Kyffhäuser legend. Legend says he is not dead, but asleep with his knights in a cave in the Kyffhäuser mountains in Thuringia or Mount Untersberg at the border between Bavaria, Germany, and Salzburg, Austria, and that when the ravens cease to fly around the mountain he will awake and restore Germany to its ancient greatness. According to the story, his red beard has grown through the table at which he sits. His eyes are half closed in sleep, but now and then he raises his hand and sends a boy out to see if the ravens have stopped flying. A similar story, set in Sicily, was earlier attested about his grandson, Frederick II. To garner political support the German Empire built atop the Kyffhäuser the Kyffhäuser Monument, which declared Kaiser Wilhelm I the reincarnation of Frederick; the 1896 dedication occurred on 18 June, the day of Frederick's coronation.


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: In medieval Europe, the Golden Legend became refined by Jacopo da Voragine. This was a popularized interpretation of the Biblical end of the world. It consisted of three things: (1) terrible natural disasters; (2) the arrival of the Antichrist; (3) the establishment of a good king to combat the anti-Christ. These millennial fables were common and freely traded by the populations on Continental Europe. End-time accounts had been around for thousands of years, but entered the Christian tradition with the writings of the Apostle Peter. German propaganda played into the exaggerated fables believed by the common people by characterizing Frederick Barbarossa and Frederick II as personification of the "good king".


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: Another legend states that when Barbarossa was in the process of seizing Milan in 1158, his wife, the Empress Beatrice, was taken captive by the enraged Milanese and forced to ride through the city on a donkey in a humiliating manner. Some sources of this legend indicate that Barbarossa implemented his revenge for this insult by forcing the magistrates of the city to remove a fig from the anus of a donkey using only their teeth. Another source states that Barbarossa took his wrath upon every able-bodied man in the city, and that it was not a fig they were forced to hold in their mouth, but excrement from the donkey. To add to this debasement, they were made to announce, ""Ecco la fica"" (meaning "behold the fig"), with the feces still in their mouths. It used to be said that the insulting gesture (called fico), of holding one's fist with the thumb in between the middle and forefinger came by its origin from this event.


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: Frederick's legend was further reinforced in the early twentieth century, when Adolf Hitler named Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union after him.


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: Scholarly evaluations of Frederick began in the nineteenth century, but have been hampered by the unfortunate deaths of key researchers who did not have the chance to complete their works (such as Henry Simonsfeld who died in 1913, Wilhelm von Giesebrecht who died in 1889 and Johannes Laudage who died in an accident in 2008).


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: Nevertheless, the two volumes about Frederick (that focus on his relationship with the Welfs and the Papacy) in Wilhelm von Giesebrecht's "Geschichte der Deutschen Kaiserzeit" (1855–88), completed by his student Bernhard von Simson in 1895, later became the scholarly standard work on the emperor's life.


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: In 1975, Frederick's charters were published. This and the postwar abandonment of the Kyffhäuser myth have led to the publications of several new biographies. The notable recent authorities among German-speaking historians include Ferdinand Opll, Johannes Laudage, and Knut Görich.


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: Opll's "Friedrich Barbarossa" (1990) presents the emperor as a pragmatic leader with a capacity of adaptation and recovery after defeat. Laudage investigates the important role of the concept of honour in Frederick's decisions while explaining the far-reaching visions of the emperor and his advisers, while Görich (who also emphasizes the honour, or "honor imperii" factor) questions whether traditional researchers have overemphasized the intentional side of Frederick's politics and instead highlights his flexibility and consensus-building capability as a leader.


title: Frederick Barbarossa

text: In Italy, the scholarly attention towards Frederick's person and his reign is also considerable, with notable contributions including Franco Cardini's sympathetic 1985 biography or the 1982 work "Federico Barbarossa nel dibattito storiografico in Italia e in Germania", edited by Manselli and Riedmann, considered by Schumann to be a definite synthesis of non-nationally oriented historiography approaches (combining German and Italian research results) of the last forty years.


title: Holter monitor

text: In medicine, a Holter monitor (often simply Holter) is a type of ambulatory electrocardiography device, a portable device for cardiac monitoring (the monitoring of the electrical activity of the cardiovascular system) for at least 24 hours.


title: Holter monitor

text: The Holter's most common use is for monitoring ECG heart activity (electrocardiography or ECG). Its extended recording period is sometimes useful for observing occasional cardiac arrhythmias which would be difficult to identify in a shorter period. For patients having more transient symptoms, a cardiac event monitor which can be worn for a month or more can be used.


title: Holter monitor

text: The Holter monitor was developed at the Holter Research Laboratory in Helena, Montana, US by experimental physicists Norman J. Holter and Bill Glasscock, who started work on radio telemetry in 1949. Inspired by a suggestion from cardiologist Paul Dudley White in the early 1950s, they redirected their efforts toward development of a wearable cardiac monitoring device. The Holter monitor was released for commercial production in 1962.


title: Holter monitor

text: When used to study the heart, much like standard electrocardiography, the Holter monitor records electrical signals from the heart via a series of electrodes attached to the chest. Electrodes are placed over bones to minimize artifacts from muscular activity. The number and position of electrodes varies by model, but most Holter monitors employ between three and eight. These electrodes are connected to a small piece of equipment that is attached to the patient's belt or hung around the neck, keeping a log of the heart's electrical activity throughout the recording period. A 12-lead Holter system is used when precise ECG information is required to analyse the exact origin of the abnormal signals.


title: Holter monitor

text: Older devices used reel-to-reel tapes or a standard C90 or C120 audio cassette and ran at a 1.7 mm/s or 2 mm/s speed to record the data. Once a recording was made, it could be played back and analyzed at 60x speed, so 24 hours of recording could be analyzed in 24 minutes. More modern units record an EDF-file onto digital flash memory devices. The data is uploaded into a computer which then automatically analyzes the input, counting ECG complexes, calculating summary statistics such as average, minimum and maximum heart rate, and finding candidate areas in the recording worthy of further study by the technician.


title: Holter monitor

text: Each Holter system has hardware (called monitor or recorder) for recording the signal, and software for review and analysis of the record. There may be a "patient button" on the front that the patient can press at specific instants such as on sickness, going to bed, taking pills, etc.; this records a mark that identifies the time of the action on the recording. Advanced Holter recorders are able to display the signal, useful for checking the signal quality.


title: Holter monitor

text: The size of the recorder differs depending on the manufacturer of the device. The average dimensions of today's Holter monitors are about 110x70x30 mm, but some are only 61x46x20 mm and weigh 99 g. Most of the devices operate with two AA batteries.


title: Holter monitor

text: Most of the Holters monitor the ECG via only two or three channels. Depending on manufacturer, different lead systems and numbers of leads are used; the number of leads may be minimised for patient comfort. Two or three channel recording has been used for a long time in the Holter monitoring history; 12-channel Holters were introduced later, using either the standard 12-lead electrocardiograph or the modified (Mason-Likar) exercise lead system. These Holters can occasionally provide information similar to that of an ECG stress test examination. They are also suitable when analyzing patients after myocardial infarction. Recordings from these 12-lead monitors are of a significantly lower resolution than those from a standard 12-lead ECG, and in some cases have been shown to provide misleading ST segment representation, even though some devices allow setting the sampling frequency up to 1000 Hz for special-purpose examinations such as detection of "late potential".


title: Holter monitor

text: Another innovation is the inclusion of a triaxial movement sensor, which records the patient's physical activity and, on examination and software processing, extracts three movement statuses: sleeping, standing, or walking. Some modern devices can record spoken patient diary entries that can be listened to.


title: Holter monitor

text: After the recording of ECG signal for typically 24 hours, the signal must be analysed. A person would have to listen for the full 24 hours; instead integrated automatic analysis determines different sorts of heart beats, rhythms, etc. The success of the analysis is closely associated with the signal quality, which mainly depends upon the attachment of the electrodes to the patient's body. Incorrect attachment allows electromagnetic disturbance to add noise to the record, particularly with rapid patient movement, impeding processing. Other factors can also affect signal quality, such as muscle tremors, sampling rate and resolution of the digitized signal (high quality devices offer higher sampling frequency).


title: Holter monitor

text: The automatic analysis commonly provides the physician with information about heart beat morphology, beat interval measurement, heart rate variability, rhythm overview and patient diary (moments when the patient pressed the patient button). Advanced systems also perform spectral analysis, ischemic burden evaluation, graph of patient's activity or PQ segment analysis. Also possible is the ability to monitor and analyse pacemaker impulse detection, useful for checking pacemaker function.


title: Holter monitor

text: The cardiac event monitor has been used for many years. The first devices were not portable; over time they became smaller. Then portable monitors were developed, weighing at first thirty pounds, over the years reducing to a fraction of a pound. Modern holter monitors can have no wires at all but simply a sticky patch attached to patients chest, most widely known are developed by iRhythm (Zio XT), TZ Medical (Trident), Philips BioTel Heart (ePatch) and BardyDx (CAM) among many others.


title: Chams

text: The Cham (Cham: "Čaṃ") or Champa people (Cham: , "Urang Campa"; or ; , ) are an Austronesian ethnic group. From the 2nd century to 1832 the Cham populated Champa, a contiguous territory of independent principalities in central and southern Vietnam. They spoke the Cham language and the Tsat language (the former is still spoken by the Cham, and the latter is spoken by their Utsul descendants, on China’s Hainan Island), two Chamic languages from the Malayo-Polynesian group of the Austronesian family. Chams and Malays are the only sizable Austronesian peoples that settled in Iron Age mainland Southeast Asia among the more ancient Austroasiatic inhabitants.


title: Chams

text: For a long time, researchers believed that the Chams had arrived by sea in the first millennium BC from Sumatra, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, eventually settling in central modern Vietnam.


title: Chams

text: The original Cham are therefore the likely heirs of Austronesian navigators from Taiwan and Borneo, whose main activities are commerce, transport and perhaps also piracy. Austronesian Chamic peoples might have migrated into present-day Central Vietnam around 3 kya to 2.5 kya (1,000 to 500 BC). With having formed a thalassocracy leaving traces in written sources, they invested the ports at the start of important trade routes linking India, China and Indonesian islands. Historians are now no longer disputing in associating the Sa Huynh culture (1000 BC–200 AD) with the ancestors of the Cham people and other Chamic-speaking groups.


title: Chams

text: Patterns, chronology of migration remain debated and it is assumed, that the Cham people, the only Austronesian ethnic group originated from South Asia, arrived later in peninsular Southeast Asia via Borneo. Mainland Southeast Asia had been populated on land routes by members of the Austroasiatic language family, such as the Mon people and the Khmer people around 5,000 years ago. The Cham were accomplished Austronesian seafarers, that from centuries populated and soon dominated maritime Southeast Asia. Earliest known records of Cham presence in Indochina date back to the second century CE. Population centers were located on the river outlets along the coast. As they controlled the import/export trade of continental Southeast Asia, they enjoyed a prosperous maritime economy.


title: Chams

text: Cham folklore includes a creation myth in which the founder of the Cham people was a certain Lady Po Nagar. According to Cham mythology Lady Po Nagar was born out of sea foam and clouds in the sky. However in Vietnamese mythology which adopted the goddess after taking over the Champa kingdom her name is Thiên Y A Na and she instead came from a humble peasant home somewhere in the Dai An Mountains, Khánh Hòa Province, spirits assisted her as she traveled to China on a floating log of sandalwood where she married a man of royalty and had two children. She eventually returned to Champa "did many good deeds in helping the sick and the poor" and "a temple was erected in her honor".


title: Chams

text: Like countless other political entities of Southeast Asia, the Champa principalities underwent the process of Indianization since the early common era as a result of centuries of socio-economic interaction adopted and introduced cultural and institutional elements of India. From the 8th century onward Muslims from such regions as Gujarat began to increasingly appear in trade and shipping of India. Islamic ideas became a part of the vast tide of exchange, treading the same path as Hinduism and Buddhism centuries before. Cham people picked up these ideas by the 11th century. This can be seen in the architecture of Cham temples, which shares similarities with the one of the Angkor Temples. Ad-Dimashqi writes in 1325, "the country of Champa... is inhabited by Muslims and idolaters. The Muslim religion came there during the time of Caliph Uthman... and Ali, many Muslims who were expelled by the Umayyads and by Hajjaj, fled there".


title: Chams

text: The "Daoyi Zhilüe" records that at Cham ports, Cham women were often married to Chinese merchants, who frequently came back to them after trading voyages. A Chinese merchant from Quanzhou, Wang Yuanmao, traded extensively with Champa and married a Cham princess.


title: Chams

text: In the 12th century, the Cham fought a series of wars with the Khmer Empire to the west. In 1177, the Cham and their allies launched an attack from the lake Tonlé Sap and managed to sack the Khmer capital of Angkor. In 1181, however, they were defeated by the Khmer King Jayavarman VII.


title: Chams

text: Islam first arrived in Champa around the ninth century; however, it did not become significant among the Cham people until after the eleventh century.


title: Chams

text: Cham who migrated to Sulu were Orang Dampuan. Champa and Sulu engaged in commerce with each other which resulted in merchant Chams settling in Sulu where they were known as Orang Dampuan from the 10th-13th centuries. The Orang Dampuan were slaughtered by envious native Sulu Buranuns due to the wealth of the Orang Dampuan. The Buranun were then subjected to retaliatory slaughter by the Orang Dampuan. Harmonious commerce between Sulu and the Orang Dampuan was later restored. The Yakans were descendants of the Taguima-based Orang Dampuan who came to Sulu from Champa. Sulu received civilization in its Indic form from the Orang Dampuan.


title: Chams

text: A number of Cham also fled across the sea to the Malay Peninsula and as early as the 15th century, a Cham colony was established in Malacca. The Chams encountered Sunni Islam there as the Malacca Sultanate was officially Muslim since 1414. The King of Champa then became an ally of the Johor Sultanate; in 1594, Champa sent its military forces to fight alongside Johor against the Portuguese occupation of Malacca. Between 1607 and 1676, one of the Champa kings converted to Islam and it became a dominant feature of Cham society. The Chams also adopted the Jawi alphabet.


title: Chams

text: Historical records in Indonesia showed the influence of Queen Dwarawati, a Muslim princess from the kingdom of Champa, toward her husband, Kertawijaya, the Seventh King of Majapahit Empire, so that the royal family of the Majapahit Empire eventually converted to Islam, which finally led to the conversion to Islam of the entire region. Chams Princess tomb can be found in Trowulan, the site of the capital of the Majapahit Empire. In Babad Tanah Jawi, it is said that the king of Brawijaya V has a wife named Dewi Anarawati (or Dewi Dwarawati), a Muslim daughter of the King of Champa (Chams). Chams had trade and close cultural ties with the maritime kingdom of Srivijaya, and Majapahit then in the Malay Archipelago.


title: Chams

text: Another significant figure from Champa in the history of Islam in Indonesia is Raden Rakhmat (Prince Rahmat) who's also known as Sunan Ampel, one of Wali Sanga (Nine Saints), who spread Islam in Java. He is considered as a focal point of the Wali Sanga, because several of them were actually his descendants and/or his students. His father is Maulana Malik Ibrahim also known as Ibrahim as-Samarkandy ("Ibrahim Asmarakandi" to Javanese ears), and his mother is Dewi Candrawulan, a princess of Champa (Chams) who's also the sister of Queen Dwarawati. Sunan Ampel was born in Champa in 1401 CE. He came to Java in 1443 CE, in order to visit his aunt Queen Dwarawati, a princess of Champa who married to Kertawijaya (Brawijaya V), the King of Majapahit Empire. Local legend says that he built the Great Mosque of Demak (Masjid Agung Demak) in 1479 CE, but other legends attribute that work to Sunan Kalijaga. Sunan Ampel died in Demak in 1481 CE, but is buried in Ampel Mosque at Surabaya, East Java.


title: Chams

text: Between the rise of the Khmer Empire around 800 and the Vietnamese's territorial push south from Jiaozhi and, later, Đại Việt, Champa began to shrink. At a disadvantage against Dai Viet's army of 300,000 troops, the Cham army of 100,000 were overwhelmed. In the Cham–Vietnamese War (1471), Champa suffered serious defeats at the hands of the Vietnamese, in which 120,000 people were either captured or killed, and the kingdom was reduced to a small enclave near Nha Trang with many Chams fleeing to Cambodia. Champa was no longer a threat to Vietnam, and some were even enslaved by their victors.


title: Chams

text: The Cham were matrilineal and inheritance passed through the mother. Because of this, in 1499 the Vietnamese enacted a law banning marriage between Cham women and Vietnamese men, regardless of class. The Vietnamese also issued instructions in the capital to kill all Chams within the vicinity. More attacks by the Vietnamese continued and in 1693 the Champa Kingdom's territory was integrated as part of Vietnamese territory.


title: Chams

text: The trade in Vietnamese ceramics was damaged due to the plummet in trade by Cham merchants after the Vietnamese invasion. Vietnam's export of ceramics was also damaged by its internal civil war, the Portuguese and Spanish entry into the region and the Portuguese conquest of Malacca which caused an upset in the trading system, while the carracks ships in the Malacca to Macao trade run by the Portuguese docked at Brunei due to good relations between the Portuguese and Brunei after the Chinese permitted Macao to be leased to the Portuguese.


title: Chams

text: When the Ming dynasty in China fell, several thousand Chinese refugees fled south and extensively settled on Cham lands and in Cambodia. Most of these Chinese were young males, and they took Cham women as wives. Their children identified more with Chinese culture. This migration occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries.


title: Chams

text: Chams participated in defeating the Spanish invasion of Cambodia. Cambodian king Cau Bana Cand Ramadhipati, also known als 'Sultan Ibrahim', launched the Cambodian–Dutch War to expel the Dutch. The Vietnamese Nguyen Lords toppled Ibrahim from power to restore Buddhist rule.


title: Chams

text: Further expansion by the Vietnamese in 1692 resulted in the total annexation of the Champa kingdom Panduranga and dissolution by the 19th century Vietnamese Emperor, Minh Mạng. In response, the last Cham Muslim king, Pô Chien, gathered his people in the hinterland and fled south to Cambodia, while those along the coast migrated to Trengganu (Malaysia). A small group fled northward to the Chinese island of Hainan where they are known today as the Utsuls. The king and his people who took refuge in Cambodia were scattered in communities across the Mekong Basin. Those who remained in the Nha Trang, Phan Rang, Phan Rí, and Phan Thiết provinces of central Vietnam were absorbed into the Vietnamese polity. Cham provinces were seized by the Nguyen Lords.


title: Chams

text: After Vietnam invaded and conquered Champa, Cambodia granted refuge to Cham Muslims escaping from Vietnamese conquest.


title: Chams

text: In 1832, the Vietnamese Emperor Minh Mang annexed the last Champa Kingdom. This resulted in the Cham Muslim leader Katip Sumat, who was educated in Kelantan, declaring a Jihad against the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese coercively fed lizard and pig meat to Cham Muslims and cow meat to Cham Hindus against their will to punish them and assimilate them to Vietnamese culture. The second revolt led by Ja Thak Wa, a Bani cleric, resulting in the establishment of a Cham resistance which lasted from 1834 to 1835 until it was bloody crushed by Minh Mang's forces in July 1835. Only 40,000 Cham remained in the old Panduranga territory in 1885.


title: Chams

text: In the 1960s various movements emerged calling for the creation of a separate Cham state in Vietnam. The Front for the Liberation of Champa (FLC – ) and the dominated. The latter group sought greater alliance with other hill tribe minorities. Initially known as "" from 1946 to 1960, the group later took the designation "" and joined, with the FLC, the "" (FULRO) at some point in the 1960s. Since the late 1970s, there has been no serious Cham secessionist movement or political activity in Vietnam or Cambodia.


title: Chams

text: During the Vietnam War, a sizable number of Chams migrated to Peninsular Malaysia, where they were granted sanctuary by the Malaysian government out of sympathy for fellow Muslims; most of them have now assimilated with Malay cultures.


title: Chams

text: The Cham community suffered a major blow during the Cambodian genocide perpetrated by Democratic Kampuchea. The Khmer Rouge targeted ethnic minorities like Chinese, Thai, Lao, Vietnamese and Cham people, though the Cham suffered the largest death toll in proportion to their population. Around 80,000 to 100,000 Cham out of a total Cham population of 250,000 people in 1975, died in the genocide.


title: Chams

text: The Cham in Vietnam are officially recognized by the Vietnamese government as one of 54 ethnic groups. There has also been wide-reaching recognition of the historical Champa Kingdom.


title: Chams

text: An attempt at Salafist expansion among the Cham in Vietnam has been halted by Vietnamese government controls; however, the loss of the Salafis among Chams has been to the benefit of Tablighi Jamaat.


title: Chams

text: The Muslim Acehnese people of Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia, are the descendants of Cham refugees who fled after defeat by the Vietnamese polity in the 15th century.


title: Chams

text: Cham people represent the core of the Muslim communities in both Cambodia and Vietnam. Their contemporary population is concentrated between the Kampong Cham Province in Cambodia and Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm, Phan Thiết, Ho Chi Minh City and An Giang Province in Southern Vietnam. Including the diaspora, their total is about 400,000. An additional 4,000 Chams live in Bangkok, Thailand, whose ancestors migrated there during Rama I's reign. Recent immigrants to Thailand are mainly students and workers, who preferably seek work and education in the southern Islamic Pattani, Narathiwat, Yala and Songkhla provinces.


title: Chams

text: After the fall of Saigon in Vietnam and Phnom Penh in Cambodia in 1975, 9,704 Cham refugees made their way to Malaysia and were allowed to stay, unlike 250,000 other refugees that fled to Malaysia. Most of the Cham refugees came from Cambodia and were Muslims, known as "Melayu Kemboja" and "Melayu Champa" in Malay. Many of these Cham refugees chose to settle in Malaysia, as they preferred to live in an Islamic country and had family ties in the Malaysian states of Kelantan and Terengganu. Kelantan served as a center of Islamic teachings for Chams in Cambodia for three to four centuries and many Cambodian Chams had relatives living there, subsequently many Chams chose to settle in Kelantan. By 1985, around 50,000 or more Chams were living in Malaysia. As of 2013, many have been integrated into Malaysian society.


title: Chams

text: While historically complicated, the modern Chams of Cambodia and Vietnam have had friendly relationships with the Khmer and Vietnamese majority. Despite ethnic and religious differences, the majority people of Cambodia and Vietnam have accepted the Cham as closer to them than other minorities. Some Muslim Cham report a friendly attitude of both Cambodians and Vietnamese toward the Chams and little harassment against them from locals. However, between government and people, it is difficult to categorize. According to Cham human rights activists, the Vietnamese regime, the fears of historical influence has evolved into suppression of Islam among Muslims Chams. For example, there is an unofficial ban on distributing the Quran and other Islamic scripture. Meanwhile, due to Vietnam's growing relations with Muslim states like Indonesia, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey and Egypt, the regime discourages growth of Islam because the Vietnamese government distrusts the Cham Muslims.


title: Chams

text: "Relations between the Hanoi government and ethnic minorities are sensitive. In 2001 and 2004 massive human rights protests by hill tribes resulted in deaths and mass imprisonments. For some time after that, the Central Highlands were sealed off to foreigners."


title: Chams

text: The Vietnamese Muslim Association is the official association representing Muslim interests, including the Chams, in the country. The Cambodian Islamic Association is the official representation of Cambodian Muslims of Cham ethnicity. The Hindus are also represented from various Cham and Indian organizations across both countries.


title: Chams

text: The Cham culture is diverse and rich because of the combination of indigenous cultural elements (plains culture, maritime culture, and mountain culture) and foreign cultural features (Indian cultures and religions such as Buddhism; early Han Chinese influences; Islam) (Phan Xuan Bien et al. 1991:376). The blend of indigenous and foreign elements in Cham culture is a result of ecological, social, and historical conditions. The influences of various Indian cultures produced similarities among many groups in Southeast Asia such as the Cham, who traded or communicated with polities on the Indian subcontinent. However, the indigenous elements also allow for cultural distinctions. As an example, Brahmanism became the Ahier religion, while other aspects of influence were changed, to adapt to local Ahier characteristics and environment. The blending of various cultures has produced its own unique form through the prolific production of sculptures and architecture only seen at the Champa temple tower sites. The Champa temples provide a wealth of information about Cham history, art, and construction techniques, through analysis and interpretation of architecture, styles, and inscriptions.


title: Chams

text: The Cham shielded and always observed their girls attentively, placing great importance on their virginity. A Cham saying said "As well leave a man alone with a girl, as an elephant in a field of sugarcane."


title: Chams

text: The Cham Muslims view the karoeh (also spelled karoh) ceremony for girls as very significant. This symbolic ceremony marks the passage of a girl from infancy to puberty (the marriageable age), and usually takes place when the girl is aged fifteen and has completed her development. If it has not taken place, the girl cannot marry since she is "tabung". After the ceremony is done the girl can marry. Circumcision to the Cham was less significant than karoeh. It is not practiced, only symbolic and performed with a toy wooden knife.


title: Chams

text: Important festivals include Kate, celebrated mainly by the Cham of central Vietnam. The festival venerates ancient Cham royalty gods. Among Cham Muslims, Ramadan, El Fitri, and the Hajj are important celebrations. However, the Cham (regardless of faith) all have a very rich tradition of dance, arts, music, costumes, poetry, and more.


title: Chams

text: The Cham language is part of the Austronesian language family. Cham is very rich with many loan words and terminology influenced by many other languages it came into contact with. Most Cham speak the language though many also speak the dominant language of the nation they reside in like Vietnamese, Khmer, Malay and others. Some Cham can also speak and write Arabic.


title: Chams

text: Cham is written in Eastern Cham script in Central Vietnam while the language is predominantly written in Jawi Arabic script around the Mekong Delta. Western Cham script, used in Cambodia, is different enough from Eastern Cham's to be under review by the Unicode Consortium for inclusion as its own block — as of 2022, the character set is still being revised.


title: Chams

text: The Kan Imam San sect, accounting for about 10% of the Cambodian Cham minority and mainly centered around a few villages in the Tralach District of Kampong Chhnang Province and their historic mosque atop Phnom Oudong, have kept the use of the Western Cham script, akhar srak, alive — with grants from the US embassy for about a decade starting in 2007, the written form of Western Cham has moved from the preserve of a few elders to being taught in close to 20 classrooms with thousands of students exposed to some degree, albeit limited.


title: Chams

text: Almost all of the existing texts are housed at two Kan Imam San mosques in Kampong Tralach, primarily at the Au Russey mosque.


title: Chams

text: The first recorded religion of the Champa was a form of Shaiva Hinduism, brought by sea from India. Hinduism was the predominant religion among the Cham people until the sixteenth century. Numerous temples dedicated to Shiva were constructed in the central part of what is now Vietnam. The jewel of such temple is Mỹ Sơn. It is often compared with other historical temple complexes in Southeast Asia, such as Borobudur of Java in Indonesia, Angkor Wat of Cambodia, Bagan of Myanmar and Ayutthaya of Thailand. As of 1999, Mỹ Sơn has been recognised by UNESCO as a world heritage site.


title: Chams

text: Religiously and culturally, the Chams were grouped into two major religio-cultural groups; the Balamon Chams that adhere to an indigenized form of Hinduism, and Cham Bani that adhere to an indigenized form of Shi'a Islam. The term "Balamon" derived from "Brahman" or "Brahmin", one of Hindu caste of religious elite. The term "Bani" on the other hand is derived from Arabic term "bani" (بني) which means "people". Balamon Chams adhere to the old religion of their ancestor, an indigenized form of Hinduism that thrived since the ancient era of Kingdom of Champa in 5th century AD, whereas Cham Bani are adherents of a localized version of Shi'a Islam, including a minor element of Sufism, endured with Hindu-Chamic customs as early as around the 11th–13th century. However, it was not until 17th century that Islam began to attract large numbers of Chams, when some members of the Cham royalty converted to Islam. These two groups mostly live in separate villages. Intermarriage was prohibited in former times, and remains rare even nowadays. Both groups are matrilineal and conform to matrilocal residence practice.


title: Chams

text: As Muslim merchants of Arab and of Persian origin stopped along the Vietnam coast en route to China, Islam began to influence Cham civilization. The exact date that Islam came to Champa is unknown; however, the religion first arrived around the ninth century. It is generally assumed that Islam came to mainland Southeast Asia much later than its arrival in China during the Tang dynasty (618–907) and that Arab traders in the region came into direct contact only with the Cham and not others. Islam began making headway among the Chams beginning in the eleventh century. The version of Islam practiced by the Vietnamese Chams in Central Vietnam is often called Bani which contains many pre-Islamic beliefs and rituals such as magic, spirit worship, and propitiation of the souls of former kings, something mistaken to Hinduism. Cambodian and Southern Vietnamese Cham Muslims practice Sunni Islam though it has many indigenous, magical and Buddhist elements to it; while some practice a more centralized form of Sunni Islam and some reformist movements like Salafism can also be found.


title: Chams

text: Bani Islam is the syncretic form of Shi'a Islam (including minor influences from Sunni and Sufism teaching) that blends indigenous cultural beliefs that ate practiced by the Cham Bani, who predominantly live in Vietnam's Bình Thuận and Ninh Thuận Provinces, and is considered unorthodox from mainstream Islam.


title: Chams

text: The Cham Bani worship in mosques which are where the main communal setting for prayers and religious rituals take place among the Bani Cham They also celebrate the month of Ramuwan (Ramadan), during which they pray to Allah for their deceased ancestors in the hereafter and pray for good fortune in the lives, and the "acar" (Imams) stay at the thang magik (Mosques) for one month and pray to God the practice is known as Iʿtikāf. In general, the Bani Muslims are not willing to identify themselves as Shi'a or even Muslims, but as Bani Muslims instead.


title: Chams

text: However, a small band of Chams, who called themselves Kaum Jumaat, follow a localized adaptation of Islamic theology, according to which they pray only on Fridays and celebrate Ramadan for only three days. Some members of this group have joined the larger Muslim Cham community in their practices of Islam in recent years. One of the factors for this change is the influence by members of their family who have gone abroad to study Islam.


title: Chams

text: The number of Balamon Cham Hindus in Vietnam were declared at 64,547 (36%) out of a total Cham population of 178,948 according to the 2019 population census.<Ref>


title: Joey Tempest

text: Rolf Magnus Joakim Larsson (born 19 August 1963), known professionally as Joey Tempest, is a Swedish singer best known as the lead vocalist of the rock band Europe. He has written the band's great hits such as "The Final Countdown", "Rock the Night", "Cherokee", and "Carrie". He started performing in 1979.


title: Joey Tempest

text: Rolf Magnus Joakim Larsson was born in Stockholm, Sweden on 19 August 1963. When he was eight years old, he would sit in front of the television or radio with a tape recorder and try to capture songs from the UK or US that he liked and listen to them over and over again. He learned how to play the piano and a friend of his father's taught him three chords (A, D, and E) on his sister's acoustic guitar.


title: Joey Tempest

text: Larsson played football and ice hockey and competed in go-cart racing; he once came in fourth place in the Junior Cart Race, a Swedish championship. Like many of the other Europe members, Larsson grew up in Stockholm suburb Upplands Väsby. His biggest influences were Thin Lizzy and Led Zeppelin. During his teens, Larsson played in a number of bands such as Jet, Blazer, Made in Hong Kong, and Roxanne. At that time, Larsson alternated between playing rhythm guitar and bass, in addition to lead vocals.


title: Joey Tempest

text: In 1979, Larsson settled in with a self-created stage name, "Joey Tempest", inspired by William Shakespeare's tragicomedy "The Tempest" as well as the song "Sparks of the Tempest" by US prog rock band Kansas. He formed the band Force with guitarist John Norum, bassist Peter Olsson, and drummer Tony Reno. Force immediately began building a reputation and a fanbase in the suburbs of Stockholm. In 1982, they changed their name to Europe and won the music competition Rock-SM. The first prize was a record deal with Hot Records. With Tempest as the frontman, Europe released its self-titled debut studio album in 1983 and "Wings of Tomorrow" in 1984.


title: Joey Tempest

text: During the years with Europe, Tempest wrote numerous international big hits. "The Final Countdown" was the biggest; it topped the sales chart in 26 countries, sold 15 million copies, was played at the closing ceremony of the 1987 EuroBasket and 1988 Summer Olympics, became the musical theme of the millennium celebrations and a ringtone in hundreds of thousands of mobile phones across the world. After "The Final Countdown", Europe released two more studio albums, namely "Out of This World" (1988), and "Prisoners in Paradise" (1991), before their final concert in March 1992. Europe ended their final tour in Portsmouth and did not perform together again until New Year's Eve, 1999 to 2000.


title: Joey Tempest

text: In 1995, Tempest's solo debut album, "A Place to Call Home", was released. He recalled it his "singer/songwriter album". The album, which was produced by Dan Sundquist, was recorded in Stockholm and London using Swedish musicians. Europe bandmate John Norum guest-starred on one of the tracks. Tempest also played guitar on the album. "A Place to Call Home" sold platinum in Sweden, and it was a big success internationally.


title: Joey Tempest

text: Later the same year, he commenced his first European tour as a solo artist. The following year, he was nominated for a "Best Swedish Artist" Grammy. Four singles were taken from the album, "A Place to Call Home", "Under the Influence", "We Come Alive" and "Don't Go Changing On Me".


title: Joey Tempest

text: Tempest's second solo album, "Azalea Place", was released in 1997. The next solo album was recorded in Nashville by producer Richard Dodd, known for producing artists such as The Travelling Wilburys and Tom Petty. Where "A Place To Call Home" had Tempest writing all the material, the new album was written together with others. Among these were Chris Difford from Squeeze and Will Jennings. ""Azalea Place" was mostly written in the studio and was therefore more improvised and experimental", Tempest commented on the production. "The Match", "The One In The Glass" and "If I'd Only Known" were released as singles. "The Match" became one of the most played songs on Swedish radio and the album achieved gold status.


title: Joey Tempest

text: In the autumn of 2002, Tempest released his third solo album named after himself. The production team behind the album was "DeadMono", consisting of Malcolm Pardon and Fredrik Rinman. The team also worked with Eskobar, Lisa Miskovsky, and Stakka Bo. Also collaborating on the album were Chris Difford, former Europe member Mic Michaeli, and guitarist Adam Lamprell. The first session took place in Konk Studios, The Kinks old London studio, where Tempest jammed with English musicians, who had formerly played with Massive Attack. This session produced "Magnificent", "Kill For A Girl Like You" (B-side of the first single "Forgiven") and "Sometimes". Work continued in Stockholm, this time with Swedish musicians, including Mic Michaeli. "Superhuman" originated from this session. After that, Tempest kept on working with Adam Lamprell in a temporary studio in London.


title: Joey Tempest

text: Of his songwriting Tempest has said, "Dreamless and Magnificent have a lot of London in them. Losers is influenced by both London and Dublin. Living there can be very intense, almost chaotic. They're tough cities and I'd never have written the lyrics I did without living there." Some lyrics can also be related to his homeland, reflections on living abroad, and learning to live with new people.


title: Joey Tempest

text: Nearly 12 years after disbanding, Europe announced that they would start making a comeback with the same lineup since "The Final Countdown" was released. In 2004, Europe released their sixth studio album, titled "Start from the Dark". The follow-up, "Secret Society", was released in 2006, with the subsequent albums "Last Look at Eden" in 2009, "Bag of Bones" in 2012, "War of Kings" in 2015, and "Walk the Earth" in 2017.


title: Joey Tempest

text: Tempest played the keyboards on the first two Europe albums before the band decided to recruit keyboardist Mic Michaeli in April 1984. A couple of years earlier, Tempest had borrowed a keyboard from Michaeli and used it to compose the main keyboard hook of the song "The Final Countdown". After a jam session in 1985, Michaeli and Tempest co-wrote the ballad "Carrie". Later that year, Tempest wrote the soundtrack for the Swedish film "On the Loose", as well as the song "Give a Helping Hand" for the benefit project "Swedish Metal Aid", in the spirit of Band Aid. The song was produced by future Europe bandmate Kee Marcello. In 1986 Tempest wrote and produced the album "One of a Kind" for Tone Norum, John Norum's younger sister. Tempest also collaborated with John Norum on the single "We Will Be Strong" from Norum's album "Face the Truth" in 1992. This was Tempest and Norum's first collaboration since Norum left Europe in November 1986.


title: Joey Tempest

text: After Europe went on hiatus in 1992, Tempest released three solo albums. The first album, "A Place to Call Home" featured a guest appearance from John Norum on the song "Right to Respect". Several songs on the third album, "Joey Tempest", were co-written by Mic Michaeli.


title: Joey Tempest

text: Tempest lives in London with his wife Lisa Worthington and sons James Joakim and Jack Johnston Larsson. Tempest talked to Bruce Dickinson about his decision to live in London on the latter's BBC 6 Music radio show in 2009. He does not have any social media pages apart from the official ones for Europe listed on their website.


title: Joey Tempest

text: Asked in 2009, by BBC's Liam Allen, "Are you ever embarrassed by some of the hairstyles and clothes you wore back in the day?", Tempest replied, "Not really, we were very young, we were MTV generation – we were one of the biggest bands on MTV. I just wanted to look like Robert Plant, to be honest."


title: Lew Ayres

text: Lewis Frederick Ayres III (December 28, 1908 – December 30, 1996) was an American actor whose film and television career spanned 65 years. He is best known for starring as German soldier Paul Bäumer in the film "All Quiet on the Western Front" (1930) and for playing Dr. Kildare in nine films. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in "Johnny Belinda" (1948).


title: Lew Ayres

text: Ayres was born in Minneapolis to Irma Bevernick and Louis Ayres, who divorced when he was four. Louis, an amateur musician and court reporter, remarried soon afterwards.


title: Lew Ayres

text: As a teen, he and his mother moved with his step-father, William Gilmore, and half brother and sister to San Diego, California.


title: Lew Ayres

text: Leaving high school before graduating, he started a small band which traveled to Mexico. He returned months later to pursue an acting career, but continued working full-time as a musician. He played banjo and guitar for big bands, including the Henry Halstead Orchestra. He recorded one of the earliest Vitaphone movie shorts called "Carnival Night in Paris" (Warner Brothers, 1927).


title: Lew Ayres

text: Ayres wrote, "I was a member of Henry Halstead's orchestra in 1927 at the Mission Beach Ballroom in San Diego, California for the summer. My instruments were tenor banjo, long-neck banjo and guitar. After a hiatus, I rejoined Mr. Halstead with a new group, including Phil Harris, on New Year's Eve the same year for the opening night of the Beverly Wilshire Hotel, a memorable occasion."


title: Lew Ayres

text: Ayres was discovered at a night club by talent agent Ivan Kahn. He was cast to play opposite Greta Garbo in "The Kiss" (1929), but it was his leading role in the original version of "All Quiet on the Western Front" (1930) that made him a star, secured him a contract with Universal—and made him a conscientious objector to World War II.


title: Lew Ayres

text: He made a number of mostly forgotten B movies for Universal, with the exception of "Iron Man" (1931), with Jean Harlow. His most successful movies at this time were those he made on loan to other studios, including "The Doorway to Hell" (1930) with James Cagney in a supporting role, and as Janet Gaynor's leading man in both "State Fair" (1933) and "Servants' Entrance" (1934), which featured a combination of live action and Walt Disney animation in a musical dream sequence, both for Fox Films.


title: Lew Ayres

text: Ayres left Universal to sign with Fox Films. In 1934, Fox listed him as one of its second tier stars.


title: Lew Ayres

text: He moved to poverty row studio Republic Pictures to pursue a second career as a director, including the film "Hearts in Bondage" (1936), starring James Dunn and Mae Clarke. He moved to Paramount Pictures before finally being signed to MGM in 1938. At this time, he was loaned from Paramount to play the role of Ned in "Holiday" (1938).


title: Lew Ayres

text: The role earned him considerable critical attention, including interest from MGM to put him under contract specifically for the role of Dr. James Kildare in an upcoming film series. Ayres played the role in nine films from 1938 to 1942 (and again in a 1950s radio series) while also appearing in light comedies for MGM, including "Spring Madness" and "Rich Man, Poor Girl" (both 1938), "The Ice Follies of 1939" (1939), and "Fingers at the Window" (1942). His final film as Dr. Kildare, "Born to Be Bad", was re-edited after he was drafted and declared himself a conscientious objector in March 1942.


title: Lew Ayres

text: He returned to acting in the films "The Dark Mirror" (1946) with Olivia de Havilland and "The Unfaithful" (1947) with Ann Sheridan. For his role in "Johnny Belinda" (1948) he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor, while co-star Jane Wyman won Best Actress.


title: Lew Ayres

text: Ayres gradually moved to television, appearing in several anthology series in guest roles. In the summer of 1958, he hosted eleven original episodes of a CBS Western anthology television series called "Frontier Justice", a production of Dick Powell's Four Star Television. He was offered the part of Dr. Kildare in an NBC series but his prescient request that the show have no cigarette advertising led to the offer being withdrawn, and the part going, in 1961, to Richard Chamberlain. He appeared as the vice-president in "Advise & Consent" (1962), and in "The Carpetbaggers" (1964), but he was by then primarily a television actor, with only occasional film work.


title: Lew Ayres

text: His documentary film "Altars of the World" (1976), based on a series of documentaries he made titled "Altars of the East" (1956), brought his Eastern philosophical beliefs to the screen and earned him critical acclaim and a Golden Globe Award for best documentary in 1977.


title: Lew Ayres

text: Ayres guest-starred in an episode of "The Bionic Woman" ("Doomsday is Tomorrow", 1977) as Dr. Elijah Cooper, an elderly nuclear scientist who attempts to blackmail the world into peace.


title: Lew Ayres

text: In 1985, he was cast in his first series as a regular cast member, as the father of Robert Wagner in the short-lived series "Lime Street." His last role was in the made-for-TV film "Hart to Hart: Crimes of the Heart" (1994), also starring Wagner.


title: Lew Ayres

text: In March 1942, Ayres was identified as a 4E conscientious objector and sent to a CO camp. As expected, the announcement that a Hollywood actor objected to the war was a major source of public outcry and debate.


title: Lew Ayres

text: Within a month it was determined that he had initially requested to be A-O-1, so that he could serve as a non-combat medic. However, the military's policy that servicemen cannot request, or be guaranteed, where they will serve, forced him to request a 4E status. The U.S. military confirmed that they would place him as a medic and in April 1942, his status was changed. He enlisted in the United States Army on May 18, 1942.


title: Lew Ayres

text: He served as a first aid instructor in the United States Army before requesting a drop in rank in order to serve as a medic and chaplain's assistant in the Pacific. He was one of 16 medics who arrived under fire during the invasion of Leyte to set up evacuation hospitals, and there he provided care to soldiers and civilians in the Philippines and New Guinea. He donated all the money he had earned as a serviceman to the American Red Cross.


title: Lew Ayres

text: Serving for three and a half years in the Medical Corps, he was awarded three battle stars. After the war, he resumed his career and made scores of movies, but never reached the peak of his early Hollywood stardom, except when he was nominated for an Oscar.


title: Lew Ayres

text: Ayres was married three times. First to actress Lola Lane from 1931 until 1933, although they were separated much of that period. He met actress Ginger Rogers while starring in the film "Don't Bet on Love" in 1933 and they wed 1934. They separated in 1936 and divorced in March 1940. His third marriage, to Diana Hall, lasted from 1964 until his death in 1996. Their son Justin was born in 1968.


title: Lew Ayres

text: In 1960, Lew Ayres was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with two stars. His motion pictures star is located at 6385 Hollywood Boulevard while his radio star is located at 1724 Vine Street.


title: Lew Ayres

text: Ayres died on December 30, 1996. His body was buried under a simple headstone at Westwood Memorial Park in Westwood, Los Angeles.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: Abraham Isaac Quintanilla Jr. (born February 20, 1939) is an American singer, songwriter, and producer. He is the father of Tejano singer Selena and was her manager throughout her life.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: Quintanilla was born to a Mexican-American family in Corpus Christi, Texas. He began his music career as a member of the singing group the "Dinos" in 1956. He left the group in the late 1960s and initially retired from music to raise a family. After discovering Selena's singing talent, he created the band Selena y Los Dinos composed of Selena and her two older siblings to develop her talent. Under his management, the group became a major success in Tejano music by the late 1980s, allowing Selena to begin a solo career and become one of the most celebrated Latin music artists of all time. Following Selena's murder in 1995, Quintanilla became an executive producer of a biographical film about her life, in which he was portrayed by actor Edward James Olmos.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: Quintanilla was born on February 20, 1939, in Corpus Christi, Texas, the middle child of six siblings, to Abraham Gonzalez Quintanilla Sr. and Maria Tereza Calderon. Quintanilla's parents worked along the Rio Grande in Texas, gleaning vegetables, cotton and fruits. When he was fourteen, his parents left the Catholic Church and converted to Jehovah's Witnesses. Quintanilla's father later worked as an autobody repairman.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: Quintanilla attended Roy Miller High School and soon joined with two of his friends to form a high school choir called the "Gumdrops". Abraham dropped out of Roy Miller High School when he was a senior to pursue his career. Maria strongly disapproved of her son's desire to become a professional singer.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: In 1956, Quintanilla encountered his alumni classmates performing at a high school dance. He immediately recognized their voices and was hooked. While learning that one of their lead vocalists was quitting the band: Abraham immediately approached the "Dinos" and asked if he could be part of their singing group. The group decided to give Abraham a chance by inviting him to practice with them. Quintanilla's request was granted when the Dinos crowned him as the "third voice". During the beginning stages of the group, the Dinos were paid thirty US dollars in booked venues. Los Dinos cited their musical inspirations as having originated from the musical ensembles The Four Aces and Mills Brothers. In 1959, Los Dinos released their first single "So Hard to Tell" on the J.W. Fox label that was owned by Johnny Herrera. The single became a classic hit on "KEYS" and helped the band to obtain bookings at sock hops in Corpus, Kingsville and Woodsboro, Texas.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: The Dinos' second single "Give Me One Chance", which was composed by Teddy Randazzo who had written songs for Little Anthony and the Imperials, sold 150,000 copies. The single began getting extensive airplay throughout south Texas and on KILT-FM. Los Dinos' popularity prospered after the record sales of "Give Me One Chance". The band recorded ten English-language revolutions per minutes and covered songs of The Beatles, Ray Stevens, Johnny Tillotson, Tommy Roe, Sam & Dave and the Five Americans.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: The band experienced racism and discrimination due to being of Mexican descent. A club owner, who thought the band was Italian, was surprised to learn that Los Dinos were Mexican Americans, and refused to pay them. Los Dinos were also turned down for motel rooms and other venues in predominantly white neighborhoods.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: The band's next singles "Twistin' Irene", "Ride Your Pony", and "Lover's Holiday" sold poorly. In October 1961, Quintanilla was drafted into the United States Air Force. After boot camp, he was stationed at McChord Air Force Base in Tacoma, Washington. While there, he met the half-Mexican American and half-Cherokee Indian Marcella Samora. Samora's father originated from Amarillo, while her mother was from Colorado. Quintanilla and Samora married on June 8, 1963.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: After Quintanilla's discharge from active duty in November 1963, his wife gave birth to their first child, Abraham "A.B." Quintanilla III on December 13 of the same year. Within a month after their son's birth, the family moved out of Washington to Corpus Christi, Texas. Following the return to his hometown, Quintanilla re-joined Los Dinos and began singing American pop and Rock and roll music. While performing to a crowd of concertgoers of Mexican descent, Los Dinos were chided to play Spanish-language Mexican music. When they continued playing their planned pop and rock music lineup, they were heckled and called "queers". The people at the club were refunded their money after the band confessed to not knowing any Mexican music. This angered people who wanted to dance and they chased the band out of the building. Local Corpus Christi police had to be called in to escort the band out. The band changed their musical genre to Chicano rock due to costs in creating English-language popular music and the popularity of the band. Los Dinos recorded their first record "Con Esta Copa" ("With This Cup") in 1964 on Arnoldo Ramirez label Falcon Records. The single "Con esta copa" became an instant hit in Texas and had heavy airplay at the time of its release on Epitome. The single was also played in neighboring states.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: The band released three more records with Falcon until they moved on to Bernal records. On June 29, 1967, Marcella gave birth to their second child and first daughter, Suzette Michelle Quintanilla. By 1969, Los Dinos' popularity had faded and their record sales began to decline. Quintanilla later quit the band while the rest of the group went on without him.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: Los Dinos continued to record music and by 1974, the band had recorded twenty 45s and six LP records. The band members then officially ended their careers.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: Quintanilla moved to Lake Jackson, Texas in the early 1970s and began working full-time to support his wife and children. He worked for Dow Chemical, putting his passion for music aside. They were settling into life in Lake Jackson when Marcella was told by doctors that she had a tumor that needed to be removed immediately. Marcella and Quintanilla decided to get a second opinion before they agreed to surgery. The second doctor informed them that there was no tumor; Marcella was pregnant. They were told this baby was a boy and began planning for a son. They picked the name Marc Antony (Quintanilla), but Marcella instead delivered a daughter on April 16, 1971, at Freeport Community Hospital. A woman who shared Marcella's semi-private hospital room suggested the name "Selena".


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: Quintanilla was teaching his oldest child, A.B., to play a guitar when Selena entered and began singing along with her father. Quintanilla noticed Selena's fine voice, and, believing she was truly gifted, wasted no time working to develop her vocal talent. Quintanilla formed a new group and based its name on his childhood band, Selena y Los Dinos ("Selena And The Guys"). Quintanilla, with the help of his former recording studio manager and friend, began recording songs with Selena and building a foundation for a music career for his children.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: In 1979, Quintanilla opened up a Mexican restaurant called PapaGayo's ("Parrots") and built a stage platform so his children could perform for the restaurant's patrons as they enjoyed their meal. The restaurant suffered from the recession of 1981 and was forced to close. This economy had severe impact on the Quintanillas and other South Texas families. Abraham took his musical aspirations and relocated to Corpus Christi after his family was forced to sell their home to avoid bankruptcy. Selena y Los Dinos and their father performed at street corners, parties, weddings, and any other social function that provided income for the family.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: In 1984, Selena y Los Dinos were signed to Freddie Records. They recorded and released their début album entitled "Selena Y Los Dinos". Selena was criticized by Freddie Martinez (CEO of Freddie Records) for being a young female in a male-dominated genre. Quintanilla transferred his children to Cara Records and released their second album, "The New Girl in Town". This album led to Selena y Los Dinos' appearance as musical guests on the "Johnny Canales Show".


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: By 1989 Selena had released eight long plays on Manny Guerra's independent labels, GP Productions and Record Producer Productions. These albums launched Selena's domination of the Tejano Music Awards, beginning in 1986. Selena's performance at the TMAs caught the eye of Jose Behar, the former head of Sony Music Latin. Behar signed Selena with Capitol/EMI. He later said that he signed Selena because he thought he had discovered the next Gloria Estefan.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: Selena's 1994 album "Amor Prohibido" became the biggest-selling Latin album of all time. Amor Prohibido was certified 20× Platinum (Latin type) by the RIAA for selling over two million copies, and eventually sold over five million worldwide. Selena's sales and fan base increased and paved the way to achieve her dream of recording an English crossover album in prospective.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: On March 31, 1995, Quintanilla's youngest child, Selena, was murdered by the president of the Selena Fan Club, manager of Selena's boutiques, Selena Etc. and friend, Yolanda Saldívar.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: After Selena's death, Quintanilla has been involved in every development of albums, documentaries, and other productions that involves or talks about Selena. Soon after Selena's death, Abraham Quintanilla and his family started The Selena Foundation, a charitable organization which assists children in crisis. Abraham Quintanilla has appeared in numerous television specials about Selena. Quintanilla continues to produce new acts in the music and film industries with his record company, Q-Productions.


title: Abraham Quintanilla

text: In the 1997 biopic-film, "Selena", Quintanilla was portrayed by Edward James Olmos while Quintanilla himself served as co-producer. In the 2020 Netflix miniseries "", he was portrayed by Ricardo Chavira. In 2021, Quintanilla released his memoir "A Father's Dream: My Family's Journey in Music ."


title: The Voice of Germany

text: The Voice of Germany is a German reality talent show created by John de Mol, based on the concept "The Voice of Holland" and its international series. It began airing on ProSieben and Sat.1 on 24 November 2011.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: There are five different stages to the show: producers' auditions, blind auditions, battle rounds, sign offs, and live shows. There have been twelve winners to date: Ivy Quainoo, Nick Howard, Andreas Kümmert, Charley Ann Schmutzler, Jamie-Lee Kriewitz, Tay Schmedtmann, Natia Todua, Samuel Rösch, Claudia Emmanuela Santoso, Paula Dalla Corte, Sebastian Krenz, and the latest Anny Ogrezeanu.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: The show was originally presented by Stefan Gödde. Since 2012, Thore Schölermann has presented the show. From 2015 until 2021, Schölermann together with Lena Gercke hosted the show. In the tenth season, Annemarie Carpendale replaced Gercke as the new host, for the first stages. In the eleventh season, Melissa Khalaj in the semi-final and Steven Gätjen in the final, replaced Schölermann. Since 2022, Schölermann together with Melissa Khalaj hosted the show. The coaches for the most recent season were Mark Forster, Rea Garvey, Stefanie Kloß and Peter Maffay. Other coaches from previous seasons include Nena, The BossHoss, Xavier Naidoo, Max Herre, Michi Beck & Smudo, Andreas Bourani, Michael Patrick Kelly, Alice Merton, Sido, Yvonne Catterfeld, Samu Haber, Nico Santos, Johannes Oerding and Sarah Connor. In the ninth season, Nico Santos was featured as an off-screen fifth coach for "Comeback Stage" contestants. Michael Schulte took over as the "Comeback Stage" coach for the tenth season and Elif Demirezer was in the eleventh season as the "Comeback Stage" coach. There was no "Comeback Stage" in the twelfth season.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: On 5 April 2013, the kids version of the show premiered on Sat.1 and has since continued for ten seasons. The "eleventh season" has been announced and will begin airing in 2023. On 23 December 2018, a seniors version of the show premiered on Sat.1. Two seasons aired before the show was canceled.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: The Voice is a reality television series that features four coaches looking for a talented new artist, who could become a global superstar. As the title indicates the coaches judge their vocal ability and not their looks, personalities or stage presence. There are four different stages: producers' auditions, Blind auditions, Battle phase and live shows.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: The first stage of the show is not broadcast. The producers of the show audition all the artists that submitted their selves through the form on the website. The selected by the producers artists proceed to the blind auditions where they have to perform for the coaches. Each coach has the length of the auditioner's performance (about one minute) to decide if he or she wants that singer on his or her team; if two or more judges want the same singer (as happens frequently), the singer has the final choice of coach. However, if no coach turns around then the artist is sent home.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: Each team of singers is mentored and developed by its respective coach. In the second stage, called the battle phase, coaches have two of their team members battle against each other directly by singing the same song together, with the coach choosing which team member to advance from each of four individual "battles" into the first live round. Within that first live round, the surviving four acts from each team again compete head-to-head, with public votes determining one of two acts from each team that will advance to the final eight, while the coach chooses which of the remaining three acts comprises the other performer remaining on the team.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: In the final phase, the remaining contestants (Final 32) compete against each other in live broadcasts. The television audience and the coaches have equal say 50/50 in deciding who moves on to the final 4 phase. With one team member remaining for each coach, the (final 4) contestants compete against each other in the finale with the outcome decided solely by public vote.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: In Season 2, the battle format was extended into the live shows. The eight contestants in one team competed in battles until one finalist is left. The winner of these battle was selected by a 50%-mixture of a coach and televoting.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: In Season 3, the live show battle format was abolished after it was criticized that popular contestants had to compete against each other. The number of live shows was reduced from six to four. The knockout round where contestants who succeeded from battle rounds compete for live shows was introduced in this season. It was first seen in the third season of the American "The Voice". The Cross-battle was also introduced in season 3 and was extended to season 4. In season 5, four contestants received the highest vote from the public advanced to the Live Finals regardless of what team they are from. But from the sixth season onwards, only one contestant from each team who received the highest vote out of their teams' top 3 was sent to the finals.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: In the earlier seasons up to Season 8, artists that are not selected by any of the coaches leave the stage immediately after their song and do not talk with the coaches. However, in Season 9, the show added a brand new phase of competition called "The Voice: Comeback Stage by SEAT" that was exclusive to thevoiceofgermany.de. It was shown for the first time in the fifteenth season of the American version. After failing to turn a chair in the blind auditions or eliminated from battles and sing offs, artists had the chance to be selected by fifth online-coach to become a member of his person team. The two winners will compete in the live shows against the talents of the main coaches live on TV and so they can "The Voice of Germany" win.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: In early April 2011, it was announced that ProSieben and Sat.1 bought the rights for the show. Devised by John de Mol, the creator of "Big Brother", "The Voice" is based on the Dutch TV programme "The Voice of Holland" and is part of "The Voice" franchise, being based on the similar British and American format. In July 2011, ProSieben and Sat.1 began announcements of the coaches for the series. The first season aired in 2011-12 network television schedule. After a successful Season 1, Prosieben and Sat.1 decided to run another season in 2012. After the successful ratings in the blind auditions in Season 2, Prosieben and Sat.1 announced a third season in 2013. In December 2013, it was announced a fourth season, which began airing in October 2014. In June 2015, Prosieben and Sat.1 announced the fifth season for the 2015-16 network television schedule.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: In the final of the fifth season, it was announced the sixth season for 2017. During the seventh season, it was announced that there would be an eighth season in 2018. In the final of season 8, it was announced by the presenter the ninth season. On 3 November 2019, it was announced the tenth season or the anniversary season which will premiere on 2020. On 16 June 2020, Sat.1 announced that the anniversary series of the casting show "The Voice of Germany" will have more episodes than before.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: On 11 July 2011, ProSieben and Sat.1 announced that Nena and Xavier Naidoo are the first two coaches for the first season. On 25 August 2011, Rea Garvey and the duo "Boss Burns" (Alec Völkel) & "Hoss Power" (Sascha Vollmer) from the band The BossHoss were announced as the remaining two coaches. All four coaches returned for the second season. Naidoo and Garvey did not return for season three and were replaced by Samu Haber and Max Herre. On 18 March 2014, Völkel and Vollmer from the band The BossHoss announced that they would no longer be coaches for the fourth season. Five days later, Nena also announced her exit from the show. On 27 March 2014, Michi Beck & Smudo from the band Die Fantastischen Vier were announced as The BossHoss replacement. On 3 April 2014, Haber announced on Facebook that he would coach in the fourth season. On 6 May 2014, it was announced that Herre had left the show, but Garvey returned after one season hiatus. On 3 July, Silbermond frontwoman Stefanie Kloss announced that she would replace Nena. In early May 2015, Haber announced that he would not be a coach on the fifth season. He was replaced by Andreas Bourani. The other three coaches remained on the show.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: On 30 April 2016, it was announced that Garvey would leave the show and Haber would return for the sixth season, after one season hiatus. On 14 June 2016, it was announced that Michi & Smudo and Bourani would continue as coaches, whereas Kloss was replaced by Yvonne Catterfeld. For the seventh season, Bourani was replaced by "The Voice Kids" coach Mark Forster. Catterfeld, Haber and Michi & Smudo all returned. In May 2018, Haber's managementconfirmed that he would not be a coach for the eighth season. He was replaced by Michael Patrick Kelly. Catterfeld, Forster and Michi & Smudo all returned as coaches. On 7 April 2019, Michi & Smudo announced their departure from "The Voice of Germany" after five seasons. In May, Catterfeld and Kelly also announced their exits. On 26 May 2019, it was announced that Forster would remain as coach, Garvey would return as coach after a three-season hiatus, whereas Alice Merton and Sido would be joining the show for the first time. On 21 August 2019, it was announced that Nico Santos would also join season nine as the fifth coach for the Comeback Stage of the competition. This would increase the number of finalists from 4 to 5.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: In June 2020, it was announced that Sido and Merton would not be in the anniversary series of "The Voice of Germany". On 17 July 2020, it was announced that the anniversary season will include six coaches: 2 solo coaches and 2 duo coaches. The two solos were Forster and Santos and the two duos were Catterfeld & Kloss and Haber & Garvey. On 21 July 2020, it was announced that Michael Schulte would be the new "Comeback Stage" coach. On 9 June 2021, ProSieben and Sat.1 announced that Garvey, Haber, Kloss and Catterfeld would not be returning for the eleventh season. On 25 June 2021, ProSieben and Sat.1 announced that Johannes Oerding and Sarah Connor as new coaches of the eleventh season, with Forster and Santos returning, and Elif Demirezer as the new "Comeback Stage" coach. On 13 April 2022, it was announced that Santos, Connor and Oerding would not be returning for the twelfth season, whereas Forster would be continuing. On 12 May 2022, it was announced that Garvey and Kloss would be returning as coaches for the twelfth series, and Peter Maffay was confirmed as the new coach. In addition, after 3 seasons, it was confirmed that there would be no "Comeback Stage" coach. Hence, the number of finalists would be down to 4 once again.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: Stefan Gödde was announced as the host of the program in July 2011. Since season two, actor Thore Schölermann hosts the show. From the fifth season until the eleventh season, Schölermann and model Lena Gercke hosted together the show. Since season 12, Schölermann and Melissa Khalaj will host together the show.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: From season one until season four, Doris Golpashin was as the show's social media correspondent during the live shows.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: In the tenth season TV presenter Annemarie Carpendale hosted the show, only for the "blind auditions", "battle rounds" and "sing offs", replacing Gercke, who was pregnant. Gercke returned in the "live shows". In the eleventh season, Schölermann could not be in the semi-final and final, because his wife Jana Schölermann was pregnant. Melissa Khalaj represented him in the "semi-final", and Steven Gätjen in the "final".


title: The Voice of Germany

text: From the first season until the fourth the coaches' advisors was in the Battle rounds and from season six until season twelve were in the Sing Offs.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: The first season of the show was aired from 24 November 2011 to 10 February 2012. The first season was moderated by Stefan Gödde and backstage by Doris Golpashin. The coaches were pop musician Nena, soul singer Xavier Naidoo, singer and guitarist Rea Garvey, and duo Alec Völkel and Sascha Vollmer from the band The BossHoss. The winner was Ivy Quainoo from Team BossHoss.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: Ivy Quainoo debuted at No. 2 on the German Media Control charts with her debut single "Do You Like What You See", while the other three finalists also made it into the top 20.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: The second season of "The Voice of Germany" aired from 18 October to 14 December 2012. The second season was moderated by Thore Schölermann. The four coaches and the backstage presenter remained the same as in season one. The winner of the second season was Nick Howard with his song "Unbreakable".


title: The Voice of Germany

text: The third season of "The Voice of Germany" was aired from 17 October to 20 December 2013. In addition to the previous coaches Nena and the duo from The BossHoss, the coaches included rapper and music producer Max Herre and songwriter, singer and guitarist Samu Haber. The third season was moderated again by Thore Schölermann and backstage by Doris Golpashin. The winner was Andreas Kümmert with his song Simple Man.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: The fourth season was aired from 9 October to 12 December 2014. Samu Haber returned as coach and with Rea Garvey, who was also in the first two seasons a coach, Stefanie Kloß and Michi Beck & Smudo. This season was again hosted by Thore Schölermann and the backstage presenter was Doris Golpashin. The winner of the fourth season was Charley Ann Schmutzler from team Michi & Smudo with her song "Blue Heart".


title: The Voice of Germany

text: The fifth season was aired from 15 October to 17 December 2015. Rea Garvey, Stefanie Kloß, and Michi & Smudo returned as coaches and with Andreas Bourani as the new coach. This season had two main presenters Thore Schölermann and Lena Gercke. The winner of the fifth season was Jamie-Lee Kriewitz from team Michi & Smudo with her song "Ghost", which was also the German contribution to the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 a few months later. There Kriewitz reached the last place with 11 points.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: The sixth season began airing on 20 October and ended on 18 December 2016. From the previous season, Michi & Smudo, and Andreas Bourani returned as coaches. Samu Haber and Yvonne Catterfeld replaced Rea Garvey and Stefanie Kloss. Thore Schölermann and Lena Gercke both returned as the hosts. On 15 September 2016, it was announced that the show would be broadcast on ProSieben on Thursdays and on Sat.1 on Sundays. The winner of the sixth season was Tay Schmedtmann from team Andreas.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: The seventh season started on 19 October and ended on 17 December 2017. Yvonne Catterfeld, Samu Haber as well as Michi & Smudo returned as coaches. Andreas Bourani was replaced by Mark Forster. Also hosts Thore Schölermann and Lena Gercke remained on the show. The winner was Natia Todua from team Samu. None of the finalists sang their original song this year.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: The eighth season of the show was aired from 18 October to 16 December 2018. Yvonne Catterfeld, Mark Forster, and Michi & Smudo were joined by Michael Patrick Kelly, who replaced Samu Haber. Host Lena Gercke and Thore Schölermann remained. The Winner was Samuel Rösch from Michael Patrick Kelly's Team.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: The ninth season began on 12 September and ended on 10 November 2019. Returning coach Mark Forster, was joined by Rea Garvey, who returned after a 3-year hiatus, and new coaches Alice Merton and Sido. For the first time in the show's history, the season featured a fifth coach, Nico Santos, who selected contestants who did not turn a chair in the Blind Auditions or was eliminated from later rounds of the competition, to participate in "Comeback Stage by SEAT". Thore Schölermann and Lena Gercke remained as the presenters. The winner was Claudia Emmanuela Santoso from Team Alice.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: The ten-year anniversary season began airing on 8 October 2020. Mark Forster returned as a coach, while Yvonne Catterfeld & Stefanie Kloß returned to the show, this time as a duo. Samu Haber & Rea Garvey also coached as a duo. Nico Santos moved from the online-coach to a full-time coach. Finally, Michael Schulte joined the show as the online-coach, replacing Santos. Thore Schölermann and Lena Gercke continued hosting. Gercke this season hosted only the "live shows", due to pregnancy. In the other stages of the show, Schölermann was joined by Annemarie Carpendale. The winner was Paula Dalla Corte from Team Samu & Rea.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: The eleventh season began airing on 7 October 2021 and concluded on 19 December 2021. Mark Forster and Nico Santos returned as coaches and were joined by new coaches Johannes Oerding and Sarah Connor. Elif Demirezer was the fifth coach, who selected contestants who were eliminated from the competition, to participate in the "Comeback Stage by SEAT". Thore Schölermann and Lena Gercke returned as the presenters. The winner was Sebastian Krenz from Team Johannes.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: The twelfth season began airing on 18 August 2022 and concluded on 4 November 2022. On 12 May 2022, it was announced that Rea Garvey, Mark Forster, & Stefanie Kloß would all return for their seventh, sixth, and fourth season, respectively. They were joined by a new coach, Peter Maffay. The winner was Anny Ogrezeanu from Team Mark.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: In the media, the casting show met some critical voices. In the selection of candidates is prefiltered, so that conspicuously many candidates look attractive or bring along moving stories.


title: The Voice of Germany

text: The contracts of the participants were also criticized. During the TV show, the candidates are usually prescribed which songs they have to sing. Even after the end of the show, they are bound to the Universal Music Group. The financial terms up to and including the third album by the TV show were not negotiable.


title: Television licensing in the United Kingdom

text: In the British Islands, any household watching or recording television transmissions at the same time they are being broadcast is required by law to hold a television licence. This applies regardless of transmission method, including terrestrial, satellite, cable, or for BBC iPlayer internet streaming. The television licence is the instrument used to raise revenue to fund the BBC; it is considered to be a form of hypothecated taxation


text: Businesses, hospitals, schools and a range of other organisations are also required by law to hold television licences to watch and record live TV broadcasts. The licence, originally a radio licence, was introduced in November 1923 by the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1923 and cost 10 shillings per annum. The licence was extended to televisions at a cost of £2 in June 1946. The radio part was abolished in February 1971. A television licence is also required to receive video on demand programme services provided by the BBC via its iPlayer service.


text: Since April 2021, the annual cost has been £159.00 for a colour licence and £53.50 for a black and white licence. Income from the licence is primarily used to fund the television, radio and online services of the BBC. The total income from licence fees was £3.83 billion in 2017–18, of which £655.3 million or 17.1% was provided by the government through concessions for those over the age of 75 (this subsidy has now been phased out). Thus, the licence fee made up the bulk (75.7%) of the BBC's total income of £5.0627 billion in 2017–2018.


text: In May 2016, the government's white paper announced that the licence fee would rise with inflation for the first five years of the Charter period, from 1 April 2017.


text: The TV licence fee is collected by the BBC and primarily used to fund the radio, television and online services of the BBC itself. Licence fee collection is the responsibility of the BBC's Finance and Business division.


text: Although the money is raised for its own use and collected by the BBC itself, the BBC does not directly use the collected fees. The money received is first paid into the government's Consolidated Fund. It is subsequently included in the 'vote' for the Department of Culture, Media and Sport in that year's Appropriation Act, and passed back to the BBC for the running of the BBC's own services (free from commercial advertisements). The money also finances programming for S4C and the BBC World Service, and included the running costs of BBC Monitoring at Caversham until it was relocated to London and the property sold in May 2018.


text: In 1991, the BBC assumed the role of TV Licensing Authority with responsibility for the collection and enforcement of the licence fee.


text: The BBC is authorised by the Communications Act 2003 to collect and enforce the TV licence fee. Section 363 of the Act makes it against the law to install or use a television receiver to watch or record any television programmes as they are being broadcast without a TV Licence. Section 365 of the same Act requires the payment of the TV licence fee to the BBC.


text: The licence fee is formally set by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport by the use of statutory instruments. The relevant statutory instruments are the Communications (Television Licensing) Regulations 2004 and amendments since that time such as the Communications (Television Licensing) (Amendment) Regulations 2010. As well as prescribing the fees, the regulations also define "television receiver" for the purposes of the law.


text: For people living in the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, TV licensing law is extended to their areas by Orders in Council made by agreement with their own governments.


text: As part of its enforcement regime, the BBC is authorised to carry out surveillance using powers defined by the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers (British Broadcasting Corporation) Order 2001. The BBC is permitted by the order to use surveillance equipment to detect unlicensed use of television receivers.


text: As the public body responsible for issuing TV licences, licensing information held by the BBC and on the BBC's behalf by TV licensing contractors is subject to the Freedom of Information Act 2000. The BBC withholds some information on licence enforcement using exemptions under the Act; in particular, under section 31, which permits the withholding of information on crime prevention grounds and under section 43(2), which allows the BBC to retain information judged commercially sensitive.


text: In January 2006, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) changed the classification of the licence fee from a service charge to a tax. Explaining the change, the ONS said: "in line with the definition of a tax, the licence fee is a compulsory payment which is not paid solely for access to


text: BBC services. A licence is required to receive ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, satellite, or cable". A briefing paper from the House of Commons Library described the licence fee as a hypothecated tax (i.e. one raised for a particular defined purpose).


text: The TV Licence Management Team, which is part of the Finance and Business division of the BBC, oversees the TV Licensing system. The TV Licence Management Team is based in the BBC buildings at White City Place in London. The majority of TV licensing administration and enforcement activities are carried out under contract by private companies. The TV Licence Management Team oversees the performance of the contractors.


text: The BBC pursues its licence fee collection and enforcement under the trading name "TV Licensing", but contracts much of the task to commercial organisations. "TV Licensing" is a trademark of the BBC used under licence by companies contracted by the BBC that administer the television licensing system. Concerning the relationship of the BBC brand with the TV Licensing brand, the BBC's position is stated as: "The TV Licensing brand is separate from the BBC brand. No link between the two brands should be made in customer facing communications, in particular, use of the BBC name and logo". However, it also states that the rules for internal communications and communications with suppliers are different: "the name BBC TV Licensing may also be used within department names or job titles for BBC employees".


text: A major contractor is Capita. Capita is responsible for the administration and enforcement of the TV licence fee.


text: It is expected that Capita will earn £1.10bn – £1.55bn from its contract with the BBC if it runs its maximum 15 years from July 2012.


text: The services carried out by Capita on behalf of the BBC include dealing with TV licence queries, processing TV licence applications and payments and the


text: maintenance of the licence database. Enforcement tasks include visiting addresses, identifying people watching TV without a licence, taking statements, and achieving prosecutions of TV licence evaders. TV Licensing debt collection is carried out by Akinika, which is a debt collection agency owned by Capita.


text: Capita's TV Licensing headquarters is at India Mill, in Darwen, Lancashire. Capita employs a number of subcontractors for part of its TV Licensing operations – one important one being Computer Sciences Corporation which provides and modernises the required IT infrastructure. Since 2004, Capita has undertaken a proportion of TV licensing administration at locations outside of the UK and "has progressively increased the amount of work processed overseas each year". However, as of 2013, Capita has not set up any overseas call centres to carry out TV Licensing work and it would need the BBC's permission to do so in the future. Some of Capita's TV Licensing work is carried out in Mumbai, India but after reportage in "Panorama" about scammers from India, the Indian office of Capita was closed permanently.


text: Marketing and printing services, including reminder letters and licence distribution, are carried out by Proximity London Limited.


text: Other contractors involved in TV Licensing include PayPoint which provides over-the-counter services in the UK, and the post offices which provide the same services in the Isle of Man and Channel Islands. Also involved are: AMV BBDO which provides advertising services, and Fishburn Communications which carries out public relations.


text: A TV licence, once issued, is normally valid for a maximum of 12 months. The period of its validity depends on the exact day of the month it is purchased; this is because TV licences always expire at the end of a calendar month. If a licence were to be obtained in September 2014, for example, it would expire on 31 August 2015. Thus the period of validity would vary between 11 and 12 months depending how early in the month it was bought. If an existing licence is renewed on time, the new licence will last the full 12 months.


text: The BBC sometimes issues 'short dated' licences in situations when a licence is renewed after the expiry date of the previous licence. The BBC does this as it assumes that TV was being watched in the interim period between expiry and renewal. Short dated licences are set to expire 12 months after the previous expiry date.


text: If a UK resident aged 74 years wishes to purchase a TV Licence, they can apply for a short-term TV Licence to cover the time until they reach 75 when they become eligible for a free licence in the UK. Short-term licences for 74-year-olds are also available on the Isle of Man and Guernsey.


text: If a TV licence is no longer needed for an address it is possible to cancel a licence and apply for a partial refund. The amount refunded will depend on the time left to the expiry date. Normally only full quarters (that is three consecutive calendar months) of unexpired licence period are refunded.