title: Time Lord

text: In the revived series, there were instances in which evil alien species have stolen Time Lord technology for their own purposes but such is its complexity that they are unable to operate it, as illustrated in "Doomsday" when the Genesis Ark was stolen by the Daleks and even they could not open it. Furthermore, the Genesis Ark was just one Time Lord prison that held millions of Daleks, demonstrating "bigger on the inside than it is on the outside" Time Lord technology. The classic series also makes reference to the inability of other races to successfully use Time Lord technology, with "The Two Doctors" stating that even if a race managed to copy and build their own TARDISes, they would be ripped apart by the molecular stresses of time travel as all TARDISes have a fail-deadly approach to unauthorised use unless primed with a Rassilon Imprimatur, creating a symbiotic link to a specific Time Lord.


title: Time Lord

text: The great defence system of Gallifrey is a quantum forcefield known as the Transduction Barrier, a perfect defence shield preventing all matter and energy, even TARDISes, from passing through without authorisation. The Time Lords are further protected by phasing the entire region around Gallifrey into a temporal domain known as Inner Time, effectively separating the homeworld from interaction with the rest of the Universe. During the final hours of the Time War, the High Council of Gallifrey refer to defenses called 'Sky Trenches' which appear to be at least somewhat effective against invading Daleks and/or their ships, as seen in "The Day of the Doctor".


title: Time Lord

text: TARDISes are characterised not just by their ability to travel in time, but also their dimensionally transcendent nature. A TARDIS' interior spaces exist in a different dimension from its exterior, allowing it to appear to be bigger on the inside. The Doctor states that transdimensional engineering was a key Time Lord discovery in "The Robots of Death". In the Ninth and Tenth Doctors' episodes, the TARDIS has an organic look, and the Doctor states in "The Impossible Planet" that TARDISes are grown, not made. It is seen in "The Name of the Doctor" that as a TARDIS dies, its 'dimension dams' can break down causing a 'size leak' wherein the exterior dimensions of a TARDIS begin to expand to match its inner dimensions.


title: Time Lord

text: Fitting their generally defensive nature, Time Lord weapons technology is rarely seen, other than the staser hand weapons used by the Guard within the Capitol.


title: Time Lord

text: Standard TARDISes do not generally seem to use any on-board weaponry, although War or Battle TARDISes (armed with "time torpedoes" that freeze their target in time) have appeared in the spin-off media. In the novels, the Eighth Doctor's companion Compassion, a living TARDIS, has enough firepower to annihilate other TARDISes. In the serial "Castrovalva", the Master's TARDIS is equipped with an energy field that he uses to temporarily disable or stun several human security guards outside the vessel.


title: Time Lord

text: One exception to the Time Lords' defensive weaponry is the de-mat gun (or dematerialisation gun). The de-mat gun is a weapon of mass destruction that removes its target from space-time altogether, as seen in "The Invasion of Time". The de-mat gun was created in Rassilon's time and is a closely guarded secret; the knowledge to create one is kept in the Matrix and is available only to the President. To make sure this knowledge is not abused, the only way to arm a de-mat gun is by means of the Great Key of Rassilon, whose location is only known to the Chancellor. As a means of extreme sanction, the Time Lords have also been known to place whole planets into time-loops, isolating them from the universe in one repeating moment of time as well as hurling planets from one galaxy to another using a weapon referred only as a magnetron in "The Trial of a Time Lord".


title: Time Lord

text: In the Eighth Doctor Adventures novel "The Ancestor Cell" by Peter Anghelides and Stephen Cole, the Time Lords are shown to house other weapons of mass destruction in a stable time eddy known as the Slaughterhouse. In the "Doctor Who Annual 2006", a section by Russell T Davies says that during the Time War, the Time Lords used Bowships (used against the Great Vampires in an ancient war), Black Hole Carriers and N-Forms (war machines first mentioned in the Virgin New Adventures novel "Damaged Goods", written by Davies).


title: Time Lord

text: In "The End of Time", Rassilon is shown wearing a gauntlet with several powers, primarily the ability to disintegrate a target and the ability to reverse changes made to the human race by the Master. When Rassilon throws the white point star into the hologram of the Earth, the diamond is able to arrive at the planet by following the Master's signal, travelling through the time-locked war to the post-war universe.


title: Time Lord

text: Gallifreyan paintings were unique in that they were in 3D, as they acted as snapshots of a single moment in time by use of stasis cubes. This meant that they could be used as rudimentary time travel, by freezing a person inside a painting and then letting them out at the required point in time. An example of this is "Gallifrey Falls No More" as seen in "The Day of the Doctor".


title: Time Lord

text: Details of the Time Lords' history within the show are sketchy and are fraught with supposition and contradiction. The series 12 finale "The Timeless Children" (2020) reveals the Time Lords were originally members of the Shobogan race who were genetically altered with the genetic code of "The Timeless Child", a being that later came to be as the Doctor. The Time Lords became the masters of time travel when one of their number, the scientist Omega, created an energy source to power their experiments in time. To this end, Omega used a stellar manipulation device, the Hand of Omega, to rework a nearby star into a new form to serve that source. Unfortunately, the star flared, first into a supernova, and then collapsed into a black hole. Omega was thought killed in that explosion but unknown to everyone, had somehow survived in an anti-matter universe beyond the black hole's singularity. Rassilon, the ultimate founder of Time Lord society, then took a singularity (assumed by fans and the spin-off media to be the same one as Omega's) and placed it beneath the Time Lords' citadel on Gallifrey. This perfectly balanced Eye of Harmony then served as the power source for their civilisation as well as their time machines.


title: Time Lord

text: At some point in their history the Time Lords interacted with the civilisation of the planet Minyos, giving them advanced technology (including the ability to "regenerate" to a limited degree, by rejuvenating their bodies when they grow too old). This met with disastrous results, (which is said by some to be the reason the Time Lords adopted a philosophy of "non-interference"). The Minyans destroyed themselves in a series of nuclear wars.


title: Time Lord

text: In "Dalek" (2005), the Ninth Doctor explains that his people perished along with the Dalek race in the "Last Great Time War", leaving the Doctor the last of his race. In "The Satan Pit" (2006), the Beast identifies the Tenth Doctor as "[t]he killer of his own kind." In "The Sound of Drums" (2007), the Master reveals he escaped the war by turning himself into a human following the Dalek Emperor taking control of the Cruciform. In "The End of Time" (2009–10), the Time Lords, after attempting to break out the time lock of the Time War and become creatures of consciousness, are shown being sent back into the War on the last day through the Tenth Doctor's intervention. The Master also disappears along with them. Rassilon describes Time Lord history in this story as having lasted "a billion years" up until the end of the Time War.


title: Time Lord

text: In "The Day of the Doctor" (2013), thirteen incarnations of the Doctor are shown successfully attempting to freeze the Time Lords and their home world of Gallifrey in time, by transporting them to a "parallel pocket universe" using their TARDISes. Because the time streams are out of sync, the Doctor does not retain the memory of this until his eleventh incarnation. Indeed, earlier on in the episode, both the Tenth and the Eleventh Doctors mistakenly believe that the War Doctor killed all of the Time Lords on the last day of the Time War. While the plan is being outlined, the War Doctor notes that to the rest of the universe, it only appears as if the Time Lords and Daleks had mutually destroyed each other, when in fact, the Daleks had fired upon themselves in the crossfire after Gallifrey vanished, ending in the destruction of most of their own race, but not the Time Lords. In "Death in Heaven" (2014), the Master, now regenerated into a female form called "Missy", explains that when the Doctor saved Gallifrey, this caused the Doctor to save her as well. She bluffs the Twelfth Doctor into thinking that Gallifrey has returned to its original co-ordinates, but when the Doctor goes looking, he finds nothing there.


title: Time Lord

text: In "Face the Raven" (2015), the immortal Ashildr makes a deal to have the Doctor's TARDIS keys and confession dial taken and to teleport the Twelfth Doctor away in exchange for her trap street's safety. In "Heaven Sent" (2015), the Twelfth Doctor escapes his confession dial and finds himself near the Citadel on Gallifrey. He tells a young child to inform the Time Lords that he knows what they have done and that he has returned "the long way around". He then tells the Time Lords through his confession dial the hybrid they fear "is me". In "Hell Bent" (2015), Gallifrey is revealed to have come back from the pocket universe it was frozen in and exist at the end of the universe. Rassilon is revealed to have been the one who had the Doctor teleported into the confession dial.


title: Time Lord

text: In "Spyfall" (2020), the Master reveals that he returned to Gallifrey, slaughtered the population and devastated the planet in his rage over discovering the truth about the Time Lords’ origins and the identity of the Timeless Child. Later, in "The Timeless Children" (2020), the Master lures the Thirteenth Doctor back to Gallifrey, opening a path for the Cybermen to invade and convert the bodies of deceased Time Lords to create CyberMasters - a subrace of Cybermen capable of regeneration. The Doctor, after being shown the truth about their past, plants an explosive in the Citadel, seemingly destroying the CyberMasters and the Master while rendering Gallifrey devoid of any organic life.


title: Wellington boot

text: The Wellington boot was originally a type of leather boot adapted from Hessian boots, a style of military riding boot. They were worn and popularised by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. The "Wellington" boot became a staple of practical foot wear for the British aristocracy and middle class in the early 19th century. The name was subsequently given to waterproof boots made of rubber and they are no longer associated with a particular class. They are now commonly used for a range of agricultural and outdoors pursuits.


title: Wellington boot

text: Wellington boots in contemporary usage are waterproof and are most often made from rubber or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a halogenated polymer. They are usually worn when walking on wet or muddy ground, or to protect the wearer from heavy showers and puddles. They are generally just below knee-high although shorter boots are available.


title: Wellington boot

text: The "Wellington" is a common and necessary safety or hygiene shoe in diverse industrial settings: for heavy industry with an integrated reinforced toe; protection from mud and grime in mines, from chemical spills in chemical plants and from water, dirt, and mud in horticultural and agricultural work; and serving the high standard of hygiene required in food processing plants, operating theatres, and dust-free clean rooms for electronics manufacture.


title: Wellington boot

text: Sailing wear includes short and tall sailing wellingtons with non-marking, slip-resistant soles to avoid damage to a boat's deck. These boots require thermal socks to be worn underneath as the rubber does not provide enough warmth.


title: Wellington boot

text: The Duke of Wellington instructed his shoemaker, Hoby of St. James's Street, London, to modify the 18th-century Hessian boot. The resulting new boot was fabricated in soft calfskin leather, had the trim removed and was cut to fit more closely around the leg. The heels were low cut, stacked around an inch (2.5 centimetres), and the boot stopped at mid-calf. It was suitably hard-wearing for riding, yet smart enough for informal evening wear. The boot was dubbed the "Wellington" and the name has stuck in English ever since. In the 1815 portrait by James Lonsdale, the Duke can be seen wearing the more formal Hessian style boots, which are tasselled.


title: Wellington boot

text: Wellington's utilitarian new boots quickly caught on with patriotic British gentlemen eager to emulate their war hero. Considered fashionable and foppish in the best circles and worn by dandies, such as Beau Brummell, they remained the main fashion for men through the 1840s. In the 1850s they were more commonly made in the calf-high version, and in the 1860s they were both superseded by the ankle boot, except for riding. Wellington is one of the two British Prime Ministers to have given his name to an item of clothing, the other being Sir Anthony Eden (see Anthony Eden hat) whilst Sir Winston Churchill gave his name to a cigar, and William Gladstone (four times prime minister between 1868 and 1894) gave his to the Gladstone Bag, the classic doctor's portmanteau.


title: Wellington boot

text: Wellington boots were at first made of leather. However, in 1852 Hiram Hutchinson met Charles Goodyear, who had just invented the sulfur vulcanisation process for natural rubber. Hutchinson bought the patent to manufacture footwear and moved to France to establish "À l'Aigle" ("At the Eagle") in 1853, to honour his home country. Today the company is simply called Aigle. In a country where 95% of the population were working on fields with wooden clogs as they had been for generations, the introduction of the wholly waterproof, Wellington-type rubber boot became an instant success: farmers would be able to come back home with clean, dry feet.


title: Wellington boot

text: Production of the Wellington boot was dramatically boosted with the advent of World War I and a requirement for footwear suitable for the conditions in Europe's flooded and muddy trenches. The North British Rubber Company (now Hunter Boot Ltd) was asked by the War Office to construct a boot suitable for such conditions. The mills ran day and night to produce immense quantities of these trench boots. In total, 1,185,036 pairs were made to meet the British Army's demands.


title: Wellington boot

text: In World War II, Hunter Boot was again requested to supply vast quantities of Wellington and thigh boots. 80% of production was of war materials – from (rubber) ground sheets to life belts and gas masks. In the Netherlands, the British forces were working in flooded conditions which demanded Wellingtons and thigh boots in vast supplies.


title: Wellington boot

text: By the end of the war in 1945, the Wellington had become popular among men, women and children for wet weather wear. The boot had developed to become far roomier with a thick sole and rounded toe. Also, with the rationing of that time, labourers began to use them for daily work.


title: Wellington boot

text: The lower cost and ease of rubber "Wellington" boot manufacture, and being entirely waterproof, lent itself immediately to being the preferred protective material to leather in all forms of industry. Increased attention to occupational health and safety requirements led to the steel toe or steel-capped Wellington: a protective (commonly internal) toe-capping to protect the foot from crush and puncture injuries. Although traditionally made of steel, the reinforcement may be a composite or a plastic material such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Such steel-toe Wellingtons are nearly indispensable in an enormous range of industry and are often mandatory wear to meet local occupational health and safety legislation or insurance requirements.


title: Wellington boot

text: In July 1956, the Monopolies and Restrictive Practices Commission published its "Report on the Supply of Certain Rubber Footwear", which covered rubber boots of all kinds including wellingtons and overboots. This 107-page official publication addressed contemporary concerns about unfair pricing of rubber footwear manufactured in the UK or imported from overseas. The appendices include lists of rubber footwear manufacturers and price-lists of each company's range of wellington boots available in the mid-1950s.


title: Wellington boot

text: Green Wellington boots, introduced by Hunter Boot Ltd in 1955, gradually became a shorthand for "country life" in the UK. In 1980, sales of their boots skyrocketed after Lady Diana Spencer (future Princess Diana) was pictured wearing a pair on the Balmoral estate during her courtship with Prince Charles.


title: Wellington boot

text: Though most commonly called "gumboots", an alternative name, "Blucher Boot", is occasionally used by some older Australians. Blücher was Wellington's colleague at the Battle of Waterloo and there is speculation that some early emigrants to Australia, remembering the battle, may have confused a different design the Blucher shoe developed by Blucher. The Australian poet Henry Lawson wrote a poem to a pair of Blucher Boots in 1890.


title: Wellington boot

text: While usually called rubber boots, but sometimes galoshes, mud boots, rain boots, mucking boots, or billy boots, in the United States, the terms "gumboots", "wellies", "wellingtons", and "rainboots" are preferred in Canada. Gumboots are popular in Canada during spring, when melting snows leave wet and muddy ground. Young people can be seen wearing them to school or university and taking them to summer camps. They are an essential item for farmers, and many fishermen, often being accompanied by hip waders.


title: Wellington boot

text: While green is popular in Britain, red-soled black rubber boots are often seen in the United States, in addition to Canadian styles. Rubber boots specifically made for cold weather, lined with warm insulating material, are especially popular practical footwear for Canadian winters. This same style of lined boot is also popular among those who work in or near the ocean as one can wade in and out of shallow, but cold, ocean water, while staying dry and warm.


title: Wellington boot

text: In the US white mid-calf rubber boots are worn by workers on shrimp boats and construction workers pouring concrete.


title: Wellington boot

text: Leather boots similar to Wellington's original Hessian boots have been marketed in North America as "Ranch Wellingtons" or "Western Wellingtons". These boots have more rounded toes, lower heels, and less radically scalloped tops than typical "cowboy boots".


title: Wellington boot

text: In New Zealand, Wellingtons are called "gumboots", "wellies", or "Redbands" (after a popular Skellerup brand) and are considered essential footwear for farmers. Gumboots are often referred to in New Zealand popular culture such as the rurally-based "Footrot Flats" comic strip. The farming town of Taihape in the North Island proclaims itself "Gumboot capital of the World" and has annual competitions and events such as Gumboot Day, where gumboots are thrown. Most gumboots are black, but those worn by abattoir workers, butchers, fishermen and by hospital operating theatre staff and surgeons are white, and children's sizes come in multiple colours.


title: Wellington boot

text: The term "gum boot" in New Zealand is thought to derive from the 19th-century kauri-gum diggers, who wore this footwear, or perhaps because the boots were made from gum rubber. The term is often abbreviated to "gummies". New Zealand comedy character Fred Dagg paid tribute to this iconic footwear in his song "Gumboots", a modified version of Billy Connolly's "If It Wisnae Fur Yer Wellies".


title: Wellington boot

text: The boots are very popular in Scandinavian countries, with conditions and climate similar to Canada. In fact, before its entry into the mobile phone business, rubber boots were among the best-known products of Nokia. Both the Finnish Defence Forces and the Swedish Armed Forces issue rubber boots to all soldiers for use in wet conditions and during the winter with felt liners.


title: Wellington boot

text: In Russia rubber boots were first introduced in the 1920s. Immediately, they became extremely popular because of Russian weather conditions. During the rule of Joseph Stalin, 17 rubber-boot factories were built in different parts of the Soviet Union. Along with valenki in winter, rubber boots became "the" traditional footwear in springs and autumns.


title: Wellington boot

text: When Nikita Khrushchev came to power, the boot became charged politically in the context of the "Battle for Modesty" campaign, where rubber footwear was proclaimed as "socialism style" (thus fashionable), while leather, which was obviously more expensive, was derided as "capitalism style" (thus unfashionable). During the period 1961–1964, leather footwear disappeared from Soviet shops. When Leonid Brezhnev came to power in 1964, the usual leather footwear returned to shops, and rubber boots quickly lost their popularity, returning to their original role of utility footwear.


title: Wellington boot

text: The most commonly used terms are "botas de pocero" (digger's boots) and "botas de agua" (water boots).


title: Wellington boot

text: Wellington boots are a commonly used form of waterproof footwear in the UK and are usually referred to as "wellies".


title: Battle of Siffin

text: The Battle of Siffin was fought in 657 CE (37 AH) between Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth of the Rashidun Caliphs and the first Shia Imam, and Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the rebellious governor of Syria. The battle is named after its location Siffin on the banks of the Euphrates. The fighting stopped after the Syrians called for arbitration to escape defeat, to which Ali agreed under pressure from some of his troops. The arbitration process ended inconclusively in 658 though it strengthened the Syrians' support for Mu'awiya and weakened the position of Ali. The battle is considered part of the First Fitna and a step towards the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: The battlefield was at Siffin, a ruined Byzantine-era village situated a few hundred yards from the right bank of the Euphrates in the vicinity of Raqqa in present-day Syria. It has been identified with the modern village of Abu Hureyra in the Raqqa Governorate.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Ali and other senior companions frequently accused the third caliph Uthman () of deviating from the Quran and Sunna (prophetic precedence). Uthman was also widely accused of nepotism and corruption, and Ali is known to have protested Uthman's nepotism and his lavish gifts for his kinsmen. Ali also often protected outspoken and upright companions against the caliph's wrath. These included Abu Dharr and Ammar.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Among those actively opposing Uthman were some supporters of Ali, who might have wanted to see Ali as the next caliph, though there is no evidence that he communicated or coordinated with them. Notable among them was Malik al-Ashtar, a leader of the religiously-learned (). Ali is said to have rejected the requests to lead the rebels, though he likely sympathized with their grievances about injustice.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: As their grievances mounted, discontented groups from provinces began arriving in Medina in 35/656. On their first attempt, the Egyptian opposition sought the advice of Ali, who urged them to send a delegation to negotiate with Uthman, unlike companions Talha and Ammar who are said to have encouraged the Egyptians to advance on the town. Ali similarly asked the Iraqi opposition to avoid violence, which was heeded.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Ali also acted as a mediator between Uthman and the provincial dissidents on more than one occasion to address their economical and political grievances. In particular, he was a guarantor for Uthman's promises to the opposition though he later declined to intervene further when the Egyptians intercepted an official letter ordering their punishment upon their return to Egypt. Uthman was assassinated shortly afterward in 656 by the Egyptian rebels in a raid on his residence in Medina.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Ali played no role in the fatal attack, and his son Hasan was injured while standing guard at Uthman's besieged residence at the request of Ali. He also convinced the rebels not to prevent the delivery of water to Uthman's residence during the siege.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Beyond this, historians seem to disagree about Ali's measures to protect the third caliph. Jafri and Madelung highlight Ali's multiple attempts for reconciliation during the two sieges, and Hinds believes that Ali could not have done anything more for Uthman, supporting whom would have meant supporting the infamous Umayyads. Donner and Gleave suggest that Ali was the immediate beneficiary of Uthman's death, though this is challenged by Madelung, who observes that Aisha would have not actively undermined Uthman's regime if Ali had been the prime mover of the rebellion and its future beneficiary. He and others note the deep-seated enmity of Aisha for Ali, which resurfaced immediately after his accession.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: On the other extreme, Veccia Vaglieri believes that Ali did not defend the caliph, and Caetani goes further, labeling Ali as the chief culprit in Uthman's assassination, even though the evidence suggests otherwise.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: After Uthman's assassination, his tribesmen (the Umayyads) fled Medina, and the rebels and their Medinan allies controlled the city. While Talha enjoyed some support among the Egyptian rebels, Ali was preferred by most of the Ansar (early Medinan Muslims) and the Iraqi dissidents, who had earlier heeded Ali's opposition to the use of violence. Some historians add the (prominent) Muhajirun (early Meccan Muslims) to the above list of Ali's supporters.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: The caliphate was thus offered by these groups to Ali, who was initially reluctant to accept it, possibly wary of implicating himself in Uthman's regicide by becoming the next caliph. Ali eventually accepted the role, and some authors suggest that he did so to prevent further chaos and compelled by popular pressure. For others, that Ali allowed himself to be nominated by the rebels was an error because it left him exposed to accusations of complicity in Uthman's assassination.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: At the time of Uthman's assassination, the key governorships were all in the hands of his tribesmen, the late conversion of most of whom to Islam smacked of expediency to Ali and the Ansar. Ali was nevertheless advised to initially confirm these governors, some of whom were unpopular, to consolidate his caliphate. He rejected this and replaced nearly all those who had served Uthman, saying that the likes of those men should not be appointed to any office. In this and other decisions, Ali was driven by his sense of religious mission, writes Madelung, while Poonawala suggests that Ali changed the governors to please the rebels. Donner has a similar view to Madelung and Shah-Kazemi maintains that justice was the key principle that molded Ali's policies in all domains.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Among these governors was Uthman's cousin Mu'awiya, who had been appointed as the governor of Syria by the second caliph Umar and then reconfirmed by Uthman. Having ruled Syria for almost twenty years without interruption almost since its conquest, Mu'awiya had a power base in Syria which made his removal difficult.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: While there are some reports of early correspondence, Madelung suggests that Ali only contacted Mu'awiya after arriving in Kufa following his victory in the Battle of the Camel. He waited possibly to have the upper hand after his victory and because Mu'awiya was not a serious contender for the caliphate anyway, considering that he was a (those pardoned by Muhammad when Mecca fell), the son of Abu Sufyan, who had led the confederates against Muslims, and Hind, who was responsible for mutilating the body of Muhammad's uncle Hamza.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: In Kufa, Ali dispatched Jarir ibn Abd Allah al-Bajali with a letter to Mu'awiya that demanded his pledge of allegiance and made it clear that Mu'awiya would be dismissed from his post afterward. The caliph argued in his letter that his election in Medina was binding on Mu'awiya in Syria because he was elected by the same people who had pledged to his predecessors. According to "Waq'at Siffin", the letter added that the election of the caliph was the right of the Muhajiran and the Ansar, thus explicitly excluding Mu'awiya as a late convert (). The letter also urged Mu'awiya to leave justice for Uthman to Ali, promising that he would deal with the issue in due course. By this point, Mu'awiya had already publicly charged Ali with Uthman's murder and forged a letter from Ali's governor of Egypt to himself in which the governor supported Mu'awiya's right for revenge.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: In response, Mu'awiya asked Jarir for time to "explore the view of the people of Syria." He then addressed the congregation at the next prayer, appealed to their Syrian patriotism, and received their pledge as to revenge Uthman. He soon launched a propaganda campaign in Syria, charging Ali with Uthman's murder and calling for revenge.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Mu'awiya also immediately wrote to Amr ibn al-As to join him in Damascus, possibly to draw on his political and military expertise or perhaps hoping that he would bring the neighboring Egypt under Mu'awiya's rule after failing to intimidate Ali's governor of Egypt to switch sides. Amr was believed to be an illegitimate child of Abu Sufyan, who had conquered and governed Egypt but was later removed by Uthman. He incited rebellion against the caliph after his dismissal and later publicly took some credit for Uthman's murder by the Egyptian rebels. However, Amr soon changed his tone and pinned the murder on Ali, possibly fearing the Umayyad's wrath or because he could have not hoped for a post in Ali's government.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: After arriving in Damascus, Amr publicly swore allegiance to Mu'awiya in 657 and promised to back the Umayyads against Ali in return for the life-long governorship of Egypt. This pact thus turned a prime suspect in Uthman's murder into his public prosecutor and also later gave rise to the stories recorded by al-Baladhuri (), al-Ya'qubi (), and others in which Amr privately confesses to selling his religion for worldly gain.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Mu'awiya also brought into his camp the influential Syrian Shurahbil ibn Simt, whom he convinced with false witnesses and reports that Ali was guilty of Uthman's murder. Moreover, Mu'awiya reached out to the "religious aristocracy" in Mecca and Medina, though al-Miswar ibn Makhrama refused to support him on behalf of the people of the holy cities, asking Mu'awiya in a letter what a whose father had led the confederate armies against Muslims had to do with the caliphate. Mu'awiya did, however, win to his side Ubayd Allah, son of the second caliph Umar and a triple murderer, who had fled after learning that Ali would apply the "lex talionis" to him.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Mu'awiya soon visited Ali's messenger Jarir privately and proposed that he would recognize Ali as the caliph in return for Syria and Egypt and their revenues during the caliphates of Ali and his successor. The major historical accounts are unaware of this proposal, which is nevertheless mentioned in a poem by al-Walid ibn Uqba, who was close to Mu'awiya. The latter kept this proposal secret evidently because it contradicted the public statements that his goal was to revenge Uthman. Jarir conveyed this proposal to Ali in a letter, who rejected it, possibly perceiving the proposal as a stratagem for Mu'awiya to take over the caliphate step by step. Alternatively, had Ali accepted Mu'awiya's proposal, the Islamic territory might have been irreversibly divided into two parts, suggests McHugo.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Mu'awiya now sent Jarir back to Kufa with a formal declaration of war, which charged Ali with Uthman's murder and stated that the Syrians would fight Ali until he surrendered Uthman's murderers. Then there would be a Syrian council () to elect the next caliph, the declaration continued. Ali replied to this letter, saying that he was innocent and that Mu'awiya's accusations lacked any evidence. He also challenged Mu'awiya to name any Syrian who would qualify to vote in a . As for handing Uthman's killers to Mu'awiya, Ali asked the latter to pledge allegiance and then present his case before Ali's court.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Contemporary authors hold that Mu'awiya either defied Ali after he deposed him or conditioned his pledge to Ali on Uthman's revenge, knowing that Ali would dismiss him after giving his oath. With the exception of Kennedy, who believes that Mu'awiya was sincerely seeking justice for Uthman, modern authors also tend to view Mu'awiya's claim of revenge as a pretext for initially maintaining his rule over Syria or for seizing the caliphate later. For McHugo, this view is corroborated by Mu'awiya's secret offer to recognize Ali's caliphate in return for Syria and Egypt.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Some authors regard the call for revenge as a pious cloak for broader issues: Hinds and Poonawala trace back Mu'awiya's revolt to his demands to rule over an autonomous Syria, which was kept free (unlike Iraq) from uncontrolled immigration to check the Byzantine threats. In contrast, after the Byzantines' defeats, Ali might have expected all provinces to equally share the burden of immigration. Shaban has a similar view. Verse 17:33 of the Quran was cited by Mu'awiya to justify Uthman's revenge, "If anyone is killed wrongfully, We give his next-of-kin authority, but let him not be extravagant in killing, surely he is being helped," though Madelung suggests that the clause "let him not be extravagant in killing" was later ignored in the "frenzy of patriotic self-righteousness" created by Mu'awiya.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Mu'awiya's other justification for revolting against Ali was that he had not participated in the election of Ali or that the rebels were involved in the election. At the same time, the emphasis of Mu'awiya on a Syrian for Ali's successor was likely to ensure his own caliphate. Madelung adds here that Mu'awiya designated his son Yazid as his successor without any altogether.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Ali was openly critical of Uthman's conduct, though he generally neither justified his violent death nor condemned the killers. Ali likely held Uthman responsible through his injustice for the protests which led to his death in an act of war. Madelung sides with Ali's judgement from a judicial point of view. Still, Ali insisted (in his letters to Mu'awiya and elsewhere) that he would bring the murderers to justice in due course. In particular, closely associated with Ali was Malik al-Ashtar, a leader of the (), who supported Ali. Al-Ashtar had led the Kufan delegation against Uthman, though they heeded Ali's call for nonviolence and did not participate in the siege of Uthman's residence. Some others among the were similarly implicated by Mu'awiya in Uthman's murder. As such, some authors suggest that Ali was unwilling or unable to punish these individuals.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Other authors have instead implicated Mu'awiya or his close associates in Uthman's murder. Madelung writes that Mu'awiya's close ally Amr ibn al-As had earlier publicly taken some credit for Uthman's murder. It is also commonly believed that Marwan was responsible for the intercepted instructions to punish the rebels that set off the second siege, but Hazleton and Abbas further suggest that Marwan did so at the instigation of Mu'awiya. Abbas and the Shia Tabatabai also allege that Mu'awiya deliberately withheld the reinforcements requested by the besieged Uthman shortly before his murder. Lastly, Tabatabai writes that Mu'awiya did not pursue Uthman's vengeance during his caliphate.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: In Iraq, Ali called a council of the Muhajirun and the Ansar who unanimously urged him to fight Mu'awiya after the latter declared war. The Kufans were less united in supporting the war, either simply because of its expected toll, or because they were reluctant to shed other Muslims' blood, or perhaps because the Syrians had never pledged allegiance to Ali in the first place, even though similar cases had been interpreted as apostasy by Abu Bakr. Ali also barred his followers from cursing the Syrians, saying that it might jeopardize any remaining hopes to avoid war.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: In Syria, Uthman's bloody shirt was taken from town to town to incite the people to revenge, though the support for the war was also not unanimous there. Mua'wiya secured the Byzantine borders by agreeing to a truce at the cost of a "humiliating" tribute to them. He also left the protection of his western borders to three local Palestinian commanders, probably because Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr faced internal problems as Ali's new governor of Egypt.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Siffin is described in Arabic sources as a conflict between the people of Iraq and Syria, in which most tribes were represented on both sides. The number of troops is uncertain. For instance, both armies numbered around 150,000 by one report, whereas another put the numbers at 100,000 and 130,000 for Ali and Mu'awiya, respectively. As for their Islamic credentials, a considerable number of Muhammad's companions are said to have been present in Ali's army, whereas Mu'awiya could only boast a handful of companions.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: As for the recruitments, Lecker considers Mua'wiya's "fierce and at times cynical" propaganda more successful than Ali's. Mu'awiya also promised better material benefits to the tribal leaders compared to Ali, who applied strict measures to governors who embezzled money, and this in turn led to their defection to Mu'awiya's side. As such, Lecker describes Mu'awiya's or well-considered opportunism as more successful at Siffin than Ali's piety, and some Arabic sources further contrast Mu'awiya's or opportunism with the Islamic chivalry () of Ali. Shia sources also describe Siffin as a confrontation of Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law with the son of Muhammad's arch-enemy Abu Sufyan, who had led the confederate armies against Muslims in the Battle of the Trench.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Early in the summer of 657, Ali's army reached Siffin, west of the Euphrates, where Mu'awiya's forces had been waiting for them. The Syrian forces prevented Ail's army from accessing the watering place. A messenger of Ali now told Mu'awiya that they did not wish to fight the Syrians without proper warning, to which Mu'awiya responded by fortifying the forces who were guarding the water. Ali's troops were, however, able to drive off the Syrians and seize control of the watering place, though Ali allowed the enemies to freely access the water.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: The two sides at Siffin engaged in desultory skirmishes and fruitless negotiations for some three months. This idle period reflects the troops' reluctance for battle, possibly because they were averse to shedding other Muslims' blood, or because most tribes were represented on both sides. Donner adds that neither of the two leaders enjoyed strong support among their armies. At any rate, the negotiations failed on 18 July 657 and the two side readied for the battle. Per Arab customs, prominent figures fought with small retinues prior to the main battle, which took place a week later.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Historical materials are abundant about the Battle of Siffin, though they mostly describe disconnected episodes of the war. Lecker and Wellhausen have thus found it impossible to establish the course of the battle. Nevertheless, the battle began on Wednesday, 26 July 657, and continued to Friday or Saturday morning. Ali fought with his men on the frontline while Mu'awiya led from his pavilion. At the end of the first day, having pushed back Ali's right-wing, Mu'awiya had fared better overall.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: On the second day, Mu'awiya concentrated his assault on Ali's left wing but the tide turned and the Syrians were pushed back. Mu'awiya fled his pavilion and took shelter in an army tent. On this day, Ubayd Allah ibn Umar was killed fighting for Mu'awiya. He had fled to Syria earlier when Ali decided to punish him for murdering some Persians who were innocent of Umar's assassination. On the other side, Ammar ibn Yasir, an octogenarian companion of Muhammad, was killed fighting for Ali. In the canonical Sunni sources "Sahih al-Bukhari" and "Sahih Muslim", a prophetic hadith () predicts Ammar's death at the hands of () who invite to hellfire.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: On the third day, Mu'awiya turned down the proposal to settle the matters in a personal duel with Ali, proposed separately by Ali and some of Mu'awiya's followers. Urwa ibn Dawud al-Dimashqi volunteered to fight instead of Mu'awiya and was promptly "cleft in two" by Ali. After another indecisive day, the battle continued throughout (). Unlike Ali, Mu'awiya did not allow the enemy to recover and bury their dead when he advanced.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: By the next morning, the balance had moved in Ali's favor. Before noon, however, some of the Syrians raised pages of the Quran on their lances, shouting, "Let the Book of God be the judge between us." The fighting stopped at once. By this point, Ali is estimated to have lost 25,000 men, while Mu'awiya is said to have lost 45,000.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: It was consistently Mu'awiya's position that battle was the only option acceptable to the Syrians. The Syrians' call for arbitration thus indicates that Mu'awiya had sensed imminent defeat, argue Madelung and McHugo. This is often the view of contemporary authors, some of whom add that Mu'awiya was advised to do so by Amr ibn al-As.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: The Syrians' call to arbitration on the basis of the Quran has thus been interpreted as an offer to surrender. Still, Ali's army stopped fighting possibly because devout Muslims in Ali's army had been fighting to enforce the rule of the Quran all along, or simply because both armies were exhausted and a truce must have appealed to them, or because some in Ali's army saw the ceasefire as an opportunity to regain their influence over Ali.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: For his part, Ali is said to have exhorted his men to continue fighting, warning them to no avail that raising the Quran was for deception. Nevertheless, the majority of the () and those troops whose support for war was only lukewarm are reported to have insisted on accepting the call to arbitration. In the former group, Mis'ar ibn Fadaki and Zayd ibn Hisn al-Ta'i, both of whom later became Kharijite leaders, threatened to kill Ali if he did not answer the Syrians' call. The latter group included the tribesmen of Kufa and all newcomers from their clans, forming the largest bloc in Ali's army. These followed al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, who told Ali that his clan would not fight for him if he refused the Syrians' call, as reported in "Waq'at Siffin" and "Moruj."


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Ali might have thus faced a mutiny and was forced to recall al-Ashtar, who had advanced far towards the Syrian camp. Al-Ashtar initially refused to stop fighting, perhaps sensing imminent victory.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: As for al-Ash'ath's motives, Kennedy notes that Ali had earlier supported Hujr ibn Adi, al-Ash'ath's rival within the Kinda tribe. While al-Ash'ath is known to have expressed concern about Iran's insecurity and the Byzantines' threat, Kennedy suggests he also did not want to see Ali's power increased. Jafri similarly suggests that al-Ash'ath and other Kufan tribal leaders benefited from a deadlock between Ali and Mu'awiya: On the one hand, they would have lost their tribal power under a victorious Ali, who likely intended to restore the Islamic leadership in Kufa at the cost of its tribal aristocracy that had emerged under Uthman. On the other hand, Mu'awiya's victory would have meant the subjugation and loss of Iraq as the base of their power. As such, they reluctantly participated in Siffin and readily accepted the later arbitration offers. Hinds has a similar view, while Shaban writes that the Kufan tribes had benefited from Uthman's policies and were not enthusiastic about the war with Mu'awiya. Jafri adds that the Kufan tribal leaders probably resented Ali's egalitarian policies, as he divided the treasury funds equally among Arabs and non-Arabs, and among late- and new-comers to Kufa.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Mu'awiya then conveyed his proposal that representatives from both sides should together reach a binding solution on the basis of the Quran. Crucially, he was silent at this point on Uthman's revenge and a for a new caliph. Mu'awiya's proposal was accepted by the majority of Ali's army, reports al-Tabari (). Soon, however, a sizeable minority in Ali's army objected to the arbitration, possibly realizing the political motivations of Mu'awiya. This minority wanted Ali to resume the fighting. While Ali is reported to have favored their proposal, he declined it, saying that they would be crushed by the majority and the Syrians who all demanded arbitration. Some of these dissidents left for Kufa, while others stayed, perhaps hoping that Ali might later change his mind. Facing strong peace sentiments in his army, Ali thus accepted the arbitration proposal, most likely against his own judgment.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: The majority in Ali's army now pressed for the reportedly neutral Abu Musa al-Ashari as their representative, despite Ali's concerns about Abu Musa's political naivety or neutrality. Abu Musa was the former governor of Kufa, installed by the Iraqi rebels and later (reluctantly) confirmed by Ali, though he was soon dismissed after hampering Ali's preparations for the Battle of the Camel. Veccia Vaglieri and Rahman write that the Iraqis were so convinced of the legitimacy of their cause that they insisted on the neutral Abu Musa, whereas others suggest that they were impressed by his piety and his beautiful recitations of the Quran or that he stood for provincial autonomy in Kufans' view.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: The arbitration agreement was written and signed by both parties on 2 August 657. Abu Musa represented Ali's army while Mu'awiya's top general Amr ibn al-As represented Mu'awiya's forces. The latter was far from neutral and acted solely for the benefit of Mu'awiya. The two representatives committed to meet on neutral territory, to adhere to the Quran and Sunna and save the community from war and division, a clause added evidently to appease the peace party. Two days after this agreement the two armies left the battlefield.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: As Ali returned to Kufa, some of his men seceded and gathered outside of Kufa in protest of the arbitration agreement. Ali visited them and reminded them that they had opted for the arbitration despite his warnings. They agreed and told Ali that they had repented for their sins and demanded that Ali do the same. Ali is reported to have responded with the general declaration, "I repent to God and ask for his forgiveness for every sin." Ali also ensured them that the judgment of the arbitrators would not be binding if they deviated from the Quran and Sunna. He thus largely regained their support.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: When the seceders returned to Kufa, however, they claimed that Ali had nullified the arbitration agreement, which Ali denied, reiterating that he observed the formal agreement with Mu'awiya. Many of the dissidents are said to have accepted Ali's position while the rest formed the Kharijites (), who later took up arms against Ali in the Battle of Nahrawan. They soon labeled Ali and his followers as nonbelievers who had to be fought, thus becoming the forerunners of Islamic extremism.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Donner suggests that the seceders, among them many of the , may have feared being held accountable for their role in Uthman's murder, while Hinds and Poonawala hold that the seceders were disillusioned with the arbitration process, particularly by the removal of Ali's title in the final agreement and by its reference to Sunna in addition to the Quran, as noted also in "Waq'at Sifin". After being silent about it initially, the Syrians now revealed that they also wanted the arbitrators to judge whether the killing of Uthman was justified, about which the had no doubts. As such, Hinds and Poonawala regard the arbitration as a skilfully planned manoeuvre to disintegrate Ali's coalition.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: The seceders adopted the slogan, "No judgment but that of God," highlighting their rejection of the arbitration (by men) possibly based on verse 49:9, "If two parties of the Believers fight with one another, make peace between them; but if one rebels against the other, then fight against the one that rebels, until they return to obedience to God." When they interrupted Ali's sermon with this slogan, he commented that it was a word of truth by which the seceders sought falsehood. He added that they were repudiating government while a ruler was indispensable in the conduct of religion. Ali nevertheless did not bar their entry to mosques or deprive them of their shares in the treasury, saying that they should be fought only if they initiate the hostilities.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: After several months of preparation, the two arbitrators met together, first at Dumat al-Jandal and then at Udhruh. This is the understanding of Madelung, Veccia Vaglieri, and Caetani, though some other historians have insisted that the two met only once.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: At Dumat al-Jandal, the proceedings lasted for (possibly three) weeks, likely extending to mid-April 658. There, the arbitrators reached the verdict that Uthman had been killed wrongfully and that Mu'awiya had the right to seek revenge. Madelung views this as a political verdict, a judicial misjudgment, and a blunder of the naive Abu Musa, who might have hoped that Amr would later reciprocate his concession. The verdict was not made public though both parties learned about it anyway. Ali then denounced the conduct of the two arbitrators as contrary to the Quran and began organizing a new expedition to Syria.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: Evidently not endorsed by Ali, the second meeting was convened at Udhruh in January 659, possibly to discuss the next caliph. Not part of the arbitration, this second meeting was solely an initiative of Mu'awiya, and it broke up in disarray as the two arbitrators could not agree on the next caliph: Amr supported Mu'awiya while Abu Musa nominated his son-in-law Abd Allah ibn Umar, who stood down reportedly in the interest of unity. After this meeting, one account is that Abu Musa deposed both Ali and Mu'awiya and called for a council to appoint the new caliph per his earlier agreement with Amr. When Amr took the stage, however, he deposed Ali but confirmed Mu'awiya as the new caliph, thus violating his agreement with Abu Musa. The Kufan delegation reacted furiously to Abu Musa's concessions. He was disgraced and fled to Mecca, whereas Amr was received triumphantly by Mu'awiya on his return to Syria. The arbitration thus failed or was inconclusive. This is summed up by an early source in one sentence, "The arbiters agreed on nothing." The arbitration nevertheless strengthened the Syrians' support for Mu'awiya and weakened the position of Ali.


title: Battle of Siffin

text: After the conclusion of the arbitration, Syrians pledged their allegiance to Mu'awiya as the next caliph in 659. Upon learning that Mu'awiya had declared himself caliph, Ali broke off all communications with him and introduced a curse on him, following the precedent of Muhammad. Mu'awiya reciprocated by introducing a curse on Ali, his sons, and his top general. With the news of their violence against civilians, Ali had to postpone his new Syria campaign to subdue the Kharijites in the Battle of Nahrawan in 658. Just before embarking on his second campaign to Syria in 661, Ali was assassinated by a Kharijite during the morning prayers at the Mosque of Kufa.


title: Agronomy

text: Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants by agriculture for food, fuel, fiber, chemicals, recreation, or land conservation. Agronomy has come to include research of plant genetics, plant physiology, meteorology, and soil science. It is the application of a combination of sciences such as biology, chemistry, economics, ecology, earth science, and genetics. Professionals of agronomy are termed agronomists.


title: Agronomy

text: This topic of agronomy involves selective breeding of plants to produce the best crops for various conditions. Plant breeding has increased crop yields and has improved the nutritional value of numerous crops, including corn, soybeans, and wheat. It has also resulted in the development of new types of plants. For example, a hybrid grain named triticale was produced by crossbreeding rye and wheat. Triticale contains more usable protein than does either rye or wheat. Agronomy has also been instrumental for fruit and vegetable production research. Additionally, for development turfgrass, the use of plant breeding has resulted in reduction of the need for fertilizer and water inputs (requirements) as well as turf-types which show increased resistance to diseases.


title: Agronomy

text: Agronomists use biotechnology to extend and expedite the development of desired characteristics. Biotechnology is often a laboratory activity requiring field testing of new crop varieties that are developed.


title: Agronomy

text: In addition to increasing crop yields agronomic biotechnology is being applied increasingly for novel uses other than food. For example, oilseed is at present used mainly for margarine and other food oils, but it can be modified to produce fatty acids for detergents, substitute fuels and petrochemicals.


title: Agronomy

text: Agronomists study sustainable ways to make soils more productive and profitable. They classify soils and analyze them to determine whether they contain nutrients vital for plant growth. Common macronutrients analyzed include compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Soil is also assessed for several micronutrients, like zinc and boron. The percentage of organic matter, soil pH, and nutrient holding capacity (cation exchange capacity) are tested in a regional laboratory. Agronomists will interpret these laboratory reports and make recommendations to modify soil nutrients for optimal plant growth.


title: Agronomy

text: Additionally, agronomists develop methods to preserve soil and decrease the effects of [erosion] by wind and water. For example, a technique known as contour plowing may be used to prevent soil erosion and conserve rainfall. Researchers of agronomy also seek ways to use the soil more effectively for solving other problems. Such problems include the disposal of human and animal manure, water pollution, and pesticide accumulation in the soil, as well as preserving the soil for future generations such as the burning of paddocks after crop production. Pasture management techniques include no-till farming, planting of soil-binding grasses along contours on steep slopes, and using contour drains of depths as much as 1 metre.


title: Agronomy

text: Agroecology is the management of agricultural systems with an emphasis on ecological and environmental applications. This topic is associated closely with work for sustainable agriculture, organic farming, and alternative food systems and the development of alternative cropping systems.


title: Agronomy

text: Theoretical production ecology is the quantitative study of the growth of crops. The plant is treated as a kind of biological factory, which processes light, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients into harvestable products. The main parameters considered are temperature, sunlight, standing crop biomass, plant production distribution, and nutrient and water supply.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: HMS "Sheffield" was a Type 42 guided missile destroyer and the second Royal Navy ship to be named after the city of Sheffield in Yorkshire. Commissioned on 16 February 1975 the "Sheffield" was part of the Task Force 317 sent to the Falkland Islands during the Falklands War. She was struck and heavily damaged by an Exocet air-launched anti-ship missile from an Argentine Super Étendard aircraft on 4 May 1982 and foundered while under tow on 10 May 1982.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: The first of the Type 42 class, "Sheffield", was initially fitted with the odd-looking "Mickey Mouse" ears on her funnel tops which were in fact exhaust deflectors - "Loxton bends" - for the Rolls Royce Olympus TM3B gas turbines, to guide the high-temperature exhaust efflux sidewards and minimise damage to overhead aerials. As this provided a prominent target for then-new infrared homing missiles, only "Sheffield" and the next two in the class, the Argentinian "Hércules" and "Santísima Trinidad", had these 'ears'. "Sheffield" was the only one of her class to not be fitted with STWS II triple anti-submarine torpedo tubes.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: Ordered in 1968 "Sheffield" was laid down on 15 January 1970 and built by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering at Barrow-in-Furness. An explosion during construction killed two dockyard workers and damaged a section of hull which was replaced with a section from an identical ship, , being built for the Argentine Navy. "Sheffield" was launched on 10 June 1971 by Queen Elizabeth II and was estimated to have cost £23,200,000 to build.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: As the first of her class of Royal Navy destroyers, "Sheffield" spent her first years trying out the new systems and the Sea Dart missile system, particularly as the intended Sea Dart trials ship, , suffered serious fires and problems with its steam systems restricting its use in the late 1970s. It was not until 1980 that "Sheffield" became effective, with Sea Dart and partial installation of electronic warfare Abbey Hill systems. Following a refit in the early 1980s, significant design issues with the ship's Type 909 radar (which was responsible for control and targeting of the Sea Dart missiles) were identified. The ship lacked an electronic countermeasures (ECM) jammer.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: In June 1981 she participated in Exercise Roebuck, following which she fired five Sea Dart missiles. Following participation in Exercise Ocean Safari she sailed in November 1981 to undertake patrols in the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: She was undergoing maintenance at Mombasa when Captain James Salt took over command on 26 January 1982. Both Salt (whose most recent service had been in submarines) and his second in command (who had been an anti-submarine helicopter observer) had little or no relevant experience in surface ships and little experience in air defence.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: In March 1982 the ship transited north through the Suez Canal to participate in Exercise Spring Train, which was held in the Atlantic Ocean.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: In response to the Argentine invasion of the Falklands Islands, "Sheffield" was ordered on 2 April 1982 to join the task force being assembled to retake the islands. Ammunition and supplies were loaded, loose fittings stowed, and unnecessary memorabilia disembarked. All carpets were removed except for those on Deck 1 and above (which subsequently caught fire when she was hit). To avoid her being mistaken for the Argentine "Hércules" and "Santísima Trinidad", a vertical black marking was painted on the funnel and down to the side to her waterline to aid recognition.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: Departing for the South Atlantic on 10 April, Sheffield reached Ascension Island on 14 April, accompanied by , , , to be later joined by . They joined other vessels of the Task Force 317 and commenced operations in the Total Exclusion Zone around the Falklands on 1 May 1982.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: It was British policy that any Royal Navy vessel that suspected itself to be under missile attack turn toward the threat, accelerate to maximum speed and fire chaff to prevent the ship being caught defenceless. The codeword used to start this procedure was 'handbrake', which had to be broadcast once the signal of the Super E Agave radar of Super Étendard aircraft was picked up. Within the task force, the threat from the Type 209 submarine was seen as a higher priority than the threat from the air. Following the sinking of , Captain Salt had ordered the ship to change course every 90 seconds to counter any potential Argentine submarine threat.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: "Sheffield" was first detected by an Argentine Naval Aviation Lockheed SP-2H Neptune (2-P-112) patrol aircraft at 07:50 on 4 May 1982. The Neptune kept the British ships under surveillance, verifying "Sheffield"s position again at 08:14 and 08:43. Two Argentine Navy Super Étendards, both armed with AM39 Exocets, took off from Río Grande naval air base at 09:45 and met with an Argentine Air Force KC-130H Hercules tanker to refuel at 10:00. The two aircraft were 3-A-202, piloted by mission commander "Capitán de Fragata" (Commander) Augusto Bedacarratz, and 3-A-203, piloted by "Teniente" (Lieutenant) Armando Mayora.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: In the two weeks leading up to the attack, Argentinian pilots had been practising tactics against their own ships, including Type 42 destroyers of the same class as "Sheffield", and therefore knew the radar horizon, detection distances, and reaction times of the ship radar, as well as the optimal procedure to programme the Exocet missile for a successful attack profile. The technique they used is known colloquially as "Pecking the Lobes", in reference to the aircraft probing the side lobes of the emitting radar using the radar warning receiver. The aircraft could avoid detection by avoiding the main lobe of the emitting radar.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: At 10:35, the Neptune climbed to and detected one large and two medium-sized contacts. A few minutes later, the Neptune updated the Super Étendards with the positions. Flying at very low altitude, at approximately 10:50 both Super Étendards climbed to to verify these contacts, but failed to locate them and returned to low altitude. They later climbed again and after a few seconds of scanning, the targets appeared on their radar screens.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: Both pilots loaded the coordinates into their weapons systems, returned to low level, and after last minute checks, each launched an AM39 Exocet missile at 11:04 while away from their targets. The Super Étendards did not need to refuel again from the KC-130, which had been waiting, and landed at Río Grande at 12:04.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: Supporting the mission were an Argentine Air Force Learjet 35 as a decoy and two IAI Daggers as the KC-130 escorts.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: At approximately 10:00 on 4 May, "Sheffield" was at defence watches (second degree readiness), the southernmost of three Type 42 destroyers (the others being and ) operating as a forward anti-aircraft picket to the west of the main task force which were south-east of the Falklands. The weather was fair and the sea calm with a 2-metre swell. , which was with the main task force, was responsible for Anti-Air Warfare Coordination (AAWC). "Sheffield" had relieved her sister ship "Coventry" as the latter was having technical trouble with her Type 965 radar.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: Prior to the attack, "Sheffield"s radar operators had been experiencing difficulty distinguishing Mirage and Super Étendard aircraft, and the destroyer may have lacked effective IFF or radar jamming. Despite intelligence briefings that identified an Exocet attack by Super Étendards as possible, "Sheffield" had assessed the Exocet threat as overrated for the previous two days, and disregarded another as a false alarm.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: As the Type 965 could not detect low-flying aircraft, the two incoming enemy aircraft were not detected flying at . The two planes were detected at a distance of only by the UAA1, a radar warning receiver. This was then confirmed by the 965M long range aircraft warning radar of "Glasgow" when the aircraft popped up to above sea-level for a radar check at . The "Glasgow" immediately went to action stations, and communicated the warning codeword 'Handbrake' by UHF and HF to all task force ships. The radar contacts were also seen by "Invincible", which directed Sea Harriers on combat patrol to investigate, but they detected nothing. The AAWC on "Invincible" declared the radar contacts as false and left the Air Warning at yellow, instead of raising it to red.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: In response to "Glasgow"s warning, an order to stand to was issued to the crews of the 4.5 inch gun, Sea Dart and 20 mm guns. The aircraft were detected on the forward Type 909 radar but not on the aft set. "Sheffield"s UAA1 sensor was then blocked by an unauthorised transmission by the ship's satellite communications systems (SCOT). No information was received via data link from "Glasgow". Seven seconds later, the first Exocet missile was fired, in response to which "Glasgow" fired its chaff. Onboard "Sheffield", it was not until smoke from the missile was sighted by lookouts that the crew realised they were under attack. The bridge officers did not call the captain to the bridge, made no call to action stations, made no evasive measures, and made no effort to prepare the 4.5-inch gun, the Sea Dart missiles, or order chaff to be fired. The antiair warfare officer was called to the operations room by the principal warfare officer, arriving just before the first missile hit.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: Two Exocets had been launched, the second missile being sighted by "Yarmouth" and missing "Sheffield", splashing into the sea off her port beam. The Exocet that struck "Sheffield" hit her on the starboard side at deck level 2, travelling through the junior ratings' scullery and breaching the Forward Auxiliary Machinery Room/Forward Engine Room bulkhead above the waterline, creating a hole in the hull roughly by . Contemporary accounts suggested that the missile failed to explode, despite disabling the ship's electrical distribution systems and breaching the pressurised sea water fire main. The damage to the fire system severely hampered any firefighting response and eventually doomed the ship to be consumed by the fire.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: At the time of the hit, the captain was off duty in his cabin after having previously visited the operations room, while "Sheffield"s anti-air warfare officer (AAWO) was in the wardroom chatting to the stewards and his assistant was in the heads. "Sheffield" and "Coventry" were chatting over UHF and communications ceased until an unidentified message was heard flatly stating, "Sheffield is hit."


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: The flagship, , dispatched the escorts and to investigate, and a helicopter was launched. Confusion reigned until "Sheffield"s Lynx helicopter unexpectedly landed aboard "Hermes" carrying the air operations officer and operations officer, confirming the strike.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: With the principal fire fighting systems out of action due to the loss of the fire main, the crew were reduced to fighting the fire using portable electrically powered pumps and buckets. The control of firefighting lacked cohesion and was uncoordinated with no emergency HQ being established, while crew members were unclear as to where Command was located. "Arrow" and "Yarmouth" assisted in fighting the fire from the outside (to little effect) by stationing themselves to port and starboard respectively.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: The crew of "Sheffield" fought for almost four hours to save the ship before Captain Salt made the decision to abandon ship due to the risk of fires igniting the Sea Dart magazine, the loss of the combat capability of the destroyer, and the exposed position to air attack of "Arrow" and "Yarmouth". Most of the "Sheffield's" crew climbed over onto "Arrow", a few transferred by Gemini RHIB to "Yarmouth", while some were taken by helicopter to "Hermes". As "Sheffield's" crew departed in "Arrow", Sub-lieutenant Carrington-Wood led the crew in singing "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" from "Monty Python's Life of Brian".


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: Over the next six days from 4 May 1982, as the ship drifted, five inspections were made to see if any equipment was worth salvaging. Orders were issued to shore up the hole in "Sheffield"s starboard side and tow the ship to South Georgia. Before these orders were issued, the burnt-out hulk had already been taken under tow by "Yarmouth". The high seas that the ship was towed through caused slow flooding through the hole in the ship's side, causing a list to starboard and which eventually caused "Sheffield" to roll over and sink on the edge of the Total Exclusion Zone in of water at on 10 May 1982, the first Royal Navy vessel sunk in action since World War II.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: Of the 281 crew members, 20 (mainly on duty in the galley area and computer room) died in the attack with another 26 injured, mostly from burns, smoke inhalation or shock. Only one body was recovered. The survivors were taken to Ascension Island on the tanker "British Esk". The wreck is a war grave and designated as a "protected place" under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: In response to the loss of the ship, a Ministry of Defence (MOD) Board of Inquiry was convened in HMS Nelson on 7 June 1982. They reported their findings on 28 June 1982. The board's report severely criticized the ship's fire-fighting equipment, training and procedures identifying that the critical factors leading to loss of "Sheffield" were:


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: Captain Salt's handling of the ship following the impact of the missile, and his later decision to abandon the ship, were not faulted. The board, however, found that the principal warfare officer and the anti-air warfare officer (AAWO) were guilty of negligence. Admiral John Fieldhouse, the commander in chief of the navy, decided not to court-martial them, undertake any other disciplinary action or any form of formal administrative proceedings.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: It was not until 2006, following an extensive campaign by ex-RN personnel, that a heavily censored summary of the board's findings that concealed all of the board's key conclusions and criticisms, including the findings of negligence was released by the Ministry of Defence under UK Freedom of Information laws.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: In 2015, a MOD re-assessment of the attack concluded that the Exocet warhead did indeed detonate inside "Sheffield", with the results supported by analysis using modern damage analysis tools not available in 1982 and evidence from weapon hits and trials conducted since the end of the Falklands campaign.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: In 2017, a complete copy of the report was issued, revealing information that according to "The Guardian" had been "suppressed" from the summary of the board's findings in the 2006 release. "The Guardian" explained the missing information as being due to the British Government's attempts to sell off the remaining Type 42 destroyers at the same time. In the "uncensored" report, multiple issues that left the ship unprepared for the attack were identified, including findings of negligence against two officers, who according to "The Guardian" "escaped court martial and did not face disciplinary action, apparently in order to avoid undermining the euphoria that gripped much of the UK at the end of the war". Among other findings, the "uncensored" report showed that the ship was not sufficiently prepared to ward off an attack, during the attack the anti-air warfare officer was not in the operations room, while his assistant had gone to the toilet. The anti-air warfare officer did not believe "Sheffield" was within the range of attack of the Argentinian Air Force.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: The sinking of "Sheffield" is sometimes blamed on a superstructure made wholly or partially from magnesium-aluminium alloy, the melting point and ignition temperature of which are significantly lower than those of steel. However, this is incorrect as "Sheffield"s superstructure was made entirely of mild steel. The confusion is related to the US and British navies abandoning aluminium alloys after several fires in the 1970s involving and and other ships that had aluminium alloy superstructures. The sinking of the Type 21 frigates and , both of which had aluminium alloy superstructures, probably also had an effect on this belief, though these cases are again incorrect and the presence of aluminium alloy had nothing to do with their loss.


title: HMS Sheffield (D80)

text: The fires in "Sheffield" and other ships damaged by fire caused a later shift by the Royal Navy from the nylon and synthetic fabrics then worn by British sailors. The synthetics had a tendency to melt onto the skin, causing more severe burns than if the crew had been wearing non-synthetic clothing.


title: The Flash (1990 TV series)

text: The Flash is an American television series developed by the writing team of Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo that aired on CBS from September 20, 1990 to May 18, 1991. It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash, a costumed superhero crime-fighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds. "The Flash" starred John Wesley Shipp as Allen, along with Amanda Pays, and Alex Désert.


title: The Flash (1990 TV series)

text: Multiple references to the series have been made on the 2014 "Flash" television series, including Shipp portraying multiple characters. Shipp also reprised his role as Barry Allen from this series in the crossover "Elseworlds", which established "The Flash" as existing on a parallel Earth to the Arrowverse series called Earth-90.


title: The Flash (1990 TV series)

text: Barry Allen, a forensic scientist working for the Central City police, is struck by lightning and doused in chemicals in his lab. He develops superspeed and creates a superhero identity for himself to fight crime: The Flash. Research scientist Dr. Tina McGee works at S.T.A.R. Labs and helps Barry fight crime while trying to understand how his powers are developing. As well as his superheroics, Barry tries to maintain a private life, and tries to keep his superhero identity from his colleagues, his boss Lt. Garfield, and his best friend, Julio Mendez.


title: The Flash (1990 TV series)

text: Other guest stars in minor roles include Jonathan Brandis as Terry Cohan, Bryan Cranston as Phillip Moses, Mark Dacascos as Osako, Robert O'Reilly as Victor Kelso, and Sven-Ole Thorsen as the android assassin Omega.


title: The Flash (1990 TV series)

text: Development for the series began in 1988 when Warner Bros. Television tried to develop television films based on some DC Comics characters for CBS. Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo conceived one that featured several superheroes, including the Flash, though their project was not made. In January 1990, new CBS Entertainment president Jeff Sagansky expressed interest in creating a series featuring the Flash, and "The Flash" was announced a few months after.


title: The Flash (1990 TV series)

text: Bilson and De Meo were tapped to write the pilot episode, which they completed in January 1990. Filming for the episode took six weeks, from May through June 1990. The final effects for the pilot were completed a week before airing in September 1990. Bilson said, "There are 125 special effects. It's done on a grand scale." The 2-hour pilot cost $6 million, and each subsequent episode of "The Flash" cost around $1.6 million to produce.


title: The Flash (1990 TV series)

text: The four Flash suits made for the series for John Wesley Shipp cost a total of $100,000. On the suit, De Meo said, "John had to have his entire body cast. The suit is made out of latex. It was quite a process getting it." Bilson added, "The suit was critical. You can't, after "Batman", have a guy running around in tights." The Flash's costume was designed by Dave Stevens, who removed the yellow boots, muted the redness, changed the yellow trim to gold and added refined art deco bolts on the temples. Robert Short was tasked with supervising its fabrication and they were built by Stan Winston Studios. Short said the latex suits were specially treated to disguise their rubber surface so they would look like basic stretch unitards, and Shipp wore a water-cooled undergarment to combat the heat of the suits. Bob Miller, costumer on the series, gave Amanda Pays "unaggressive clothing" though she is "an aggressive career woman," with retro 1930s and '40s long tapered skirts, pleated slacks and vests.


title: The Flash (1990 TV series)

text: Danny Elfman composed the series' title theme, and Shirley Walker composed each episode score for a full orchestra. In 2010, a limited-edition two-disc soundtrack was released by La-La Land Records, featuring Elfman's theme and the scores by Walker for the pilot and the episodes "Captain Cold", "The Trickster", "Watching the Detectives", "Ghost in the Machine", "Done With Mirrors", "Fast Forward" and "Trial of the Trickster".


title: The Flash (1990 TV series)

text: "The Flash" was originally scheduled to debut on CBS in the 8pm (EST) slot on Thursday, to go against "The Cosby Show" on NBC, in an attempt to attract younger viewers, before Fox moved "The Simpsons" from Sunday to the Thursday 8 pm slot for the same reason. After debuting on September 20, 1990, at 8 pm, CBS moved the series to 8:30pm with its second episode, in an attempt to broadcast opposite less formidable competition in Fox's "Babes", NBC's "A Different World" and the second half-hour of ABC's "Father Dowling Mysteries". The move was done because this was part of CBS' programming realignment that also involves placing "Lenny" on hiatus, the delay of "Sons and Daughters", and the cancellation of another sci-fi show "E.A.R.T.H. Force". Eventually, CBS moved the series off Thursdays entirely, moving the show to Saturday nights. Had the show continued, it was revealed the second season would have opened with the Flash's rogues teaming up to take down the hero.


title: The Flash (1990 TV series)

text: Warner Bros. Television and CBS began its promotion of the series in July 1990 during the 1990 NBA All-Star Game. It also had ad campaigns on radio and cable television during "wrestling matches on USA Cable and during ["Batman" airings] on the Family Channel", as well as ads in "The Flash" comic book and posters for the series in malls and Kmarts across the country. Four-minute promos of the series aired at all Six Flags amusement parks and a few weeks before the pilot's debut, Warner Bros. flew banners over beaches on both coasts. Describing the marketing, George Schweitzer, senior vice president of communications at the CBS Broadcast Group said, "It's not being sold as a comic book. It's being sold like "Batman" [the 1989 film] – dark and mysterious and exciting. The promos have a theatrical quality." The pilot debuted on July 15, 1990 at a "big bash" at the Warner Bros. Burbank lot.


title: The Flash (1990 TV series)

text: A comic book tie-in special based on the TV series was published by DC Comics in 1991 titled "The Flash TV Special" #1, running at 76 pages. It features two stories, one written by John Byrne with art by Javier Saltares, and the second written by then-writer of the ongoing "Flash" (vol. 2) title, Mark Waid featuring a thief Kid Flash; plus a behind-the-scenes look on the making of the TV series with photos.


title: The Flash (1990 TV series)

text: A video game was released for Game Boy in 1991 by THQ, and was based on the TV series. It was released in the US and had a password system. A second game was programmed by Probe Entertainment and released only in Europe for the Master System in 1993.


title: The Flash (1990 TV series)

text: The 2014 television series, "The Flash", features several references to the 1990 series. John Wesley Shipp plays the recurring role of Barry Allen's father, Henry Allen, and Amanda Pays once again portrays a character named Dr. Tina McGee. Shipp eventually portrays the Earth-3 version of Henry Allen, Jay Garrick / Flash. Regarding the difference in his portrayal of Garrick over Allen, Shipp "figured Jay is my version of Barry" from the 1990 series, adding, "I went back and I watched a couple of episodes of the 1990/91 version to kind of remind myself what I did. [Jay] is much more reminiscent of my Barry Allen from 25 years ago than my Henry Allen. I went back and I was amazed how much attitude my Barry Allen had in some situations. I went back and I picked up that thread and I brought it forward 25 years, and tried to weave it in." In "Welcome to Earth-2", as Barry, Cisco Ramon and Harry Wells are traveling to Earth-2, glimpses of the multiverse are seen, including an image of Shipp as the Flash from the 1990 series, implying that the series was retroactively being added to the Arrowverse-multiverse.


title: The Flash (1990 TV series)

text: In the episode "Tricksters", Mark Hamill returns as James Jesse / Trickster, with images of Hamill as Trickster from the 1990 TV series being used in a police report, and Vito D'Ambrosio plays Mayor Anthony Bellows; a variation of a police officer character he played in 1991, though a later episode revealed Mayor Bellows was formerly an officer. 2014 series composer Blake Neely incorporated Walker's theme for the Trickster into the episode. Alex Désert reprises the role of Julio Mendez in the series' third-season episode, "Flashpoint", where he is the captain of the Central City Police Department in the Flashpoint timeline. Corinne Bohrer reprises her role as Zoey Clark / Prank in the fourth season episode, "The Elongated Knight Rises," which also featured stills of her from the 1990 show in her police file.


title: The Flash (1990 TV series)

text: Shipp reprises his role as Barry Allen from this series in the 2018 Arrowverse crossover, "Elseworlds". The crossover also links the 1990 series to the Arrowverse, designating its world as Earth-90. Danny Elfman's theme accompanied the Earth-90 Flash's appearance into the episodes. He attempts to warn the heroes of Earth-1 about Mar Novu / The Monitor to prevent a similar devastation that his own world suffered before Novu breaches him away. The character reappears in the following year's crossover, "Crisis on Infinite Earths", having been captured by the Anti-Monitor and forced to power his anti-matter cannon to destroy the multiverse. Despite being freed by Earth-1 Flash and his allies, he ultimately sacrifices himself to destroy the machine, seeing his life with Tina (whom he had married at some point) flash before his eyes in the form of a clip from the original series' pilot episode. After the filming of the scene, Shipp told "The Flash" showrunner Eric Wallace, "Thank you for giving me this opportunity to close a chapter."


title: Timeline of HIV/AIDS

text: Researchers estimate that some time in the early 20th century, a form of Simian immunodeficiency virus found in chimpanzees (SIVcpz) first entered humans in Central Africa and began circulating in Léopoldville (modern-day Kinshasa) by the 1920s. This gave rise to the pandemic form of HIV (HIV-1 group M); other zoonotic transmissions led to the other, less prevalent, subtypes of HIV.


title: Dominik Szoboszlai

text: Dominik Szoboszlai (; born 25 October 2000) is a Hungarian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club RB Leipzig and the Hungary national team.


title: Dominik Szoboszlai

text: Coming through the youth system, Szoboszlai made his senior debut in 2017 with Austrian club FC Liefering, the reserve team of Red Bull Salzburg. In January 2018, Szoboszlai debuted with the parent club, becoming a starter from the 2018–19 season. Following three seasons, where he helped his club win three league titles and two domestic cups, in January 2021, Szoboszlai moved to Germany at RB Leipzig, a club associated with Red Bull Salzburg, for a reported of €20 million, making him the most expensive Hungarian footballer of all time.


title: Dominik Szoboszlai

text: Szoboszlai represented Hungary internationally, both at youth and senior levels. He made his senior debut at the Euro 2020 qualifiers, helping his country qualify to the finals by scoring in the last minute in the play-offs against Iceland.


title: Dominik Szoboszlai

text: Szoboszlai made his professional debut in the 2017–18 campaign, with the Liefering in the second division against Kapfenberg on 21 July 2017. He scored his first professional goal against FC Blau-Weiß Linz on 4 August 2017.


title: Dominik Szoboszlai

text: During the 2017–18 season, he made his debut against Austria Wien on 27 May 2018. He entered the pitch in the 57th minute as a substitute for Enock Mwepu. He scored his first goal for the club in 6–0 Austrian Cup win against SC Eglo Schwarz. He scored his first league goal against Wacker Innsbruck on 17 March 2019. On 17 September 2019, he made his Champions League debut and scored his first goal in this competition against Genk in a 6–2 victory.


title: Dominik Szoboszlai

text: He scored a hat-trick as Salzburg won 5–1 against Sturm Graz on 10 June 2020. He finished the season with 9 goals and 14 assists in 27 league matches, and was voted player of the season for 2019–20 in Austrian football's top tier, the Bundesliga.


title: Dominik Szoboszlai

text: On 17 December 2020, RB Leipzig announced the signing of Szoboszlai on a four-and-a-half-year contract, until June 2025. He became eligible to play in January 2021. With a reported price of €20 million, Szoboszlai became the most expensive Hungarian player in history. However, Szoboszlai could not feature in any match for RB Leipzig in the 2020–21 season due to a long-term injury. He finally debuted on 7 August 2021 in a German Cup game against SV Sandhausen where he entered the pitch in the 78th minute and scored three minutes later. On 20 August, he scored his first two goals in Bundesliga in a 4–0 win over VfB Stuttgart. On 17 April 2022, he scored the only goal of the match between Bayer 04 Leverkusen and Leipzig on the 30th game week of the 2021–22 Bundesliga season.


title: Dominik Szoboszlai

text: Szoboszlai was the captain of Hungary U17 team during the 2017 UEFA European Under-17 Championship in Croatia, he scored two goals and his team finished 6th in this tournament. He also was the captain of Hungary U19 team during the 2019 UEFA European Under-19 Championship campaign. He made his debut for U-21 team against Germany U21 on 1 September 2017.


title: Dominik Szoboszlai

text: He received his first call up to the senior Hungary squad for the friendly match against Russia and 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification against Andorra in June 2017. He made his debut for the senior squad on 21 March 2019 in a Euro 2020 qualifier against Slovakia as a 54th-minute substitute for László Kleinheisler. He scored his first international goal against the same opponent, Slovakia, in the same UEFA Euro 2020 run in a free kick at home.


title: Dominik Szoboszlai

text: He scored in yet another free kick in the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League B against Turkey, where Hungary emerged victoriously 1–0 away against Turkey in Sivas.


title: Dominik Szoboszlai

text: In the UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs game against Iceland, he scored a last minute winner to send Hungary into Euro 2020. Despite being initially selected to play in the latter, Szoboszlai withdrew injured on 1 June 2021. On 4 June 2022, Szoboszlai scored a penalty in a 1–0 win over England in the 2022–23 UEFA Nations League A, which was Hungary's first win against England since 31 May 1962, during the 1962 FIFA World Cup.


title: Dominik Szoboszlai

text: After the resignation of Ádám Szalai and long-term injury of Péter Gulácsi, the team mates of the national team and Marco Rossi appointed Szoboszlai as the new captain of the national team. Right after the friendly match against Luxembourg, Rossi said in an interview with M4 that Szoboszlai could become a top player soon, that is why he was elected as the captain of the national team.


title: Dominik Szoboszlai

text: In an interview with Nemzeti Sport, Bendegúz Bolla said that Szoboszlai's father often made Dominik practice with golf balls in his childhood.


title: Dominik Szoboszlai

text: Szoboszlai spends his free time playing FIFA and watching anime. On 26 October 2022, 50 Cent was wearing Szoboszlai's t-shirt during his concert in László Papp Budapest Sports Arena.


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: The Bible usually uses the name of God in the singular (e.g. Ex. 20:7 or Ps. 8:1), generally using the terms in a very general sense rather than referring to any special designation of God. However, general references to the name of God may branch to other special forms which express his multifaceted attributes. The Old Testament reveals YHWH (often vocalized with vowels as "Yahweh" or "Jehovah") as the personal name of God, along with certain titles including El Elyon and El Shaddai. Jah or Yah is an abbreviation of Jahweh/Yahweh, and often sees usage by Christians in the interjection "Hallelujah", meaning "Praise Jah", which is used to give God glory. In the New Testament the terms Theos, Kyrios and Patēr (πατήρ i.e. Father in Greek) are additionally used to reference God.


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: Respect for the name of God is one of the Ten Commandments, which some Christian teachings interpret to be not only a command to avoid the improper use of God's name, but a directive to exalt it through both pious deeds and praise. This is reflected in the first petition in the Lord's Prayer addressed to God the Father: "Hallowed be Thy Name".


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: Going back to the Church Fathers, the name of God has been seen as a representation of the entire system of "divine truth" revealed to the faithful "that believe on his name" as in or "walk in the name of Jehovah our God" in . In those who bear the name of God are destined for the New Jerusalem; which will come down (to earth) from heaven. presents the teachings of Jesus as the manifestation of the name of God to his disciples.


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: The simplest form by which God is referred to in the Old Testament is El (see proper names of earlier Canaanite gods). Elohim (singular Eloah) is likely derived from the same root and points to God as being strong and mighty, able to judge and to strike fear. Elyon refers to elevation and being exalted. These are, however, not proper names for God, but epithets also used for rulers and judges. Adonai has a similar context and refers to God as a powerful ruler. Similarly, El Shaddai, derived from "shad" i.e. Lord, also points to the power of God.


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: Yahweh is the principal name in the Old Testament by which God reveals himself and is the most sacred, distinctive and incommunicable name of God. Based on Lev, 24:16: "He that blasphemes the name of Yahweh shall surely be put to death", Jews generally avoided the use of Yahweh and substituted Adonai or Elohim for it when reading Scripture.


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: The pronunciation of YHWH in the Old Testament can never be certain, given that the original Hebrew text only used consonants. The English form Jehovah (, ) was formed during the Middle Ages by combining the Latinization of the four consonants YHWH with the vowel points that Masoretes used to indicate that the reader should say Adonai when YHWH was encountered. Thus Jehovah was obtained by adding the vowels of Adonai to the consonants of YHWH. Jehovah appears in Tyndale's Bible, the King James Version, and other translations from that time period and later. In Christianity, certain hymns dedicated to God invoke the divine name using the vocalization Jehovah, such as "Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah". The Jehovah's Witnesses, a Restorationist denomination, make consistent use of "Jehovah".


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: Jah or Yah is an abbreviation of Jahweh/Yahweh/Jehovah, and often sees usage by Christians in the interjection Hallelujah, meaning "Praise Jah", which is used to give God glory.


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: Many English translations of the Bible translate the Tetragrammaton as "", following the Jewish practice of substituting Adonai for it.


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: In the same sense as the substitution of Adonai, the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible to Greek mainly used the word "Kyrios" (, meaning 'lord') for YHWH. Apostle Paul was likely familiar with the use of the term Kyrios in the Septuagint and used it in his letters to refer to Jesus, thus signifying his divinity.


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: The pronouncement "I Am that I Am" in , in rabbinical scholarship taken as a gloss on the meaning of the Tetragrammaton, was in Hellenistic Judaism rendered as . In the iconographic tradition of Eastern Christianity, it is common to depict Christ with a cruciform halo inscribed with the letters Ο, Ω, Ν for "He Who Is".


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: In , God does give his name as Jealous. "...for you shall worship no other god, because the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God." (NRSV)


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: While the Old Testament has a wide variety of names and epithets that refer to God in Hebrew, the Greek text of the New Testament uses far fewer variants.


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: The essential uses of the name of God the Father in the New Testament are "Theos" (θεός the Greek term for God), "Kyrios" (i.e. Lord in Greek) and "Patēr" (πατήρ i.e. Father in Greek). The Aramaic word "Abba" (אבא), meaning "Father" is used by Jesus in and also appears in and .


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: In the New Testament the two names Jesus and Emmanuel that refer to Jesus have salvific attributes. The name Jesus is given in and and in both cases the name is not selected by humans but is received by angelic messages with theological significance, e.g. the statement in Matthew 1:21 "you shall call His name Jesus, for He will save his people from their sins" associates salvific attributes to the name Jesus. Emmanuel, which appears in , may refer to , and does not appear elsewhere in the New Testament, but in the context of ("I am with you always, even unto the end of the world") indicates that Jesus will be with the faithful to the end of the age. According to Ulrich Luz, the Emmanuel motif brackets the entire Gospel of Matthew between 1:23 and 28:20, appearing explicitly and implicitly in several other passages, setting the tone for the salvific theme of Matthew.


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: The names of the Father, Son and the Holy Spirit are inherently related in the New Testament, e.g. with Jesus' instruction to His disciples at the end of the Gospel of Matthew ():"make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit". The Greek word "pneuma", generally translated "spirit", is found around 385 times in the New Testament. The English terms "Holy Spirit" and "Holy Ghost" have identical meanings, with the former having become the usual term in the 20th century. Three separate terms, namely "Holy Spirit", "Spirit of Truth" and "Paraclete" are used in the Johannine writings. The "Spirit of Truth" in used in , and . The First Epistle of John then contrasts this with the "spirit of error" in .


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: Although in some modern cultures names are simply labels and designators that distinguish one item from another, in Christian theology the names of God have always had much deeper meaning and significance. In the religious sense, the names of God are not human inventions, but have divine origin and are based on divine revelation.


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: Veneration of the name of God goes back to the Old Testament, and as in , the Ten Commandments state: "You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the L your God". Christian teachings view this commandment as not simply an avoidance of the use of the name of God, but as a directive to exalt it, through both pious deeds and praise.


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: In Christian teachings, the name of God is not simply a label, but involves divine mysteries that require and preempt respect and praise. Louis Berkhof states that the issue surrounding the use and interpretation of the names of God provide a theological puzzle in that given that God is "infinite and incomprehensible", His names transcend human thought, yet they allow Him to be revealed to humans as he descends to what is finite and comprehensible. Thus the name of God has always been revered in the Christian tradition, and has been associated with His presence.


title: Names of God in Christianity

text: The traditions and the hymnody of Christian liturgy have for long emphasized the importance of acting in the name of God, e.g. the Sanctus (which may go) states: "Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord".