title: Joe Greene

text: Greene and middle linebacker Jack Lambert became the emotional leaders of Pittsburgh's defensive squad. Greene was described as a huge presence both on and off the field. Joe Gordon of the Steelers front office recalled an instance in which a teammate was loudly voicing his discontent over the long and cold practice they had just gone through as he yanked off his equipment. At a nearby locker, Greene lifted his head and silently glared at him. "Believe me, that's all Joe did, he never even said anything," said Gordon. "I don't think the other players saw Joe glare at him. I think the other player just felt it, and then he sat down and never said another word." A natural leader, Greene was named the captain of the defense in 1977. His leadership was also channeled to the offense; Lynn Swann, a wide receiver, considered Greene a mentor. "If you were giving less than 100 percent, he let you know one way or the other," said Swann.


title: Joe Greene

text: Greene appeared in a famous commercial for Coca-Cola that debuted on October 1, 1979, and was aired during Super Bowl XIV on January 20, 1980. The ad won a Clio Award in 1980 for being one of the best commercials of 1979. It is widely considered to be one of the best television commercials of all time. The commercial helped shift the public's perception of Greene as hostile and unapproachable, to a soft-hearted "nice guy".


title: Joe Greene

text: While most well known for the Coca-Cola commercial, Greene has acted in other roles. One of his first acting roles was in "The Black Six", a blaxploitation film starring other NFL players including fellow Hall of Famers Lem Barney, Willie Lanier, and Carl Eller. Greene also played himself in the movie "...All The Marbles", a TV movie on teammate Rocky Bleier, titled "", and in "Smokey and the Bandit II".


title: Joe Greene

text: After retiring from the NFL, Greene spent one year, 1982, as a color analyst for "NFL on CBS" before becoming an assistant coach under Steelers' head coach Chuck Noll in 1987. He spent the next 16 years as an assistant coach with the Pittsburgh Steelers (1987–1991), Miami Dolphins (1991–1995), and Arizona Cardinals (1996–2003). In 2004, he retired from coaching and was named the special assistant for player personnel for the Steelers. In this position, he earned his fifth Super Bowl ring after the Steelers won Super Bowl XL. When asked how it felt to finally win "one for the thumb", he replied, "That's all utter nonsense. It's one for the right hand. It's one for "this" group, for "this" team." He earned a sixth ring from Super Bowl XLIII. Greene is one of four people outside the Rooney family to have Super Bowl rings from the first six championship seasons. He retired from his position in the Steelers front office in 2013.


title: Joe Greene

text: In 2014, Greene was the subject of an episode of the NFL Network documentary series "A Football Life", which chronicled his life and career. As of 2016, he resides in Flower Mound, Texas. His wife of 47 years, Agnes, with whom he had three children, died in 2015. He has since remarried to Charlotte Greene. Greene is known as "Papa Joe" to his seven grandchildren. In 2017, Greene released an autobiography entitled "Mean Joe Greene: Built by Football".


title: Joe Greene

text: In 2018 Greene set up the Agnes Lucille Craft Greene Memorial Scholarship in honor of his late wife. The scholarships are presented annually to students from Texas, whose parents have battled cancer.


title: Joe Greene

text: Greene is recognized as one of the most dominant players to ever play in the NFL. He is widely considered one of the greatest defensive linemen in league history. His durability allowed him to play in 181 of a possible 190 games, including a streak of 91 straight to begin his career. The Steel Curtain defense is consistently ranked among the top defensive groups of all time. As of the death of L. C. Greenwood in September 2013, Greene is the last surviving member of the Steel Curtain.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: Rogue (also known as Rogue: Exploring the Dungeons of Doom) is a dungeon crawling video game by Michael Toy and Glenn Wichman with later contributions by Ken Arnold. "Rogue" was originally developed around 1980 for Unix-based mainframe systems as a freely distributed executable. It was later included in the official Berkeley Software Distribution 4.2 operating system (4.2BSD). Commercial ports of the game for a range of personal computers were made by Toy, Wichman, and Jon Lane under the company A.I. Design and financially supported by the Epyx software publishers. Additional ports to modern systems have been made since by other parties using the game's now-open source code.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: In "Rogue", players control a character as they explore several levels of a dungeon seeking the Amulet of Yendor located in the dungeon's lowest level. The player-character must fend off an array of monsters that roam the dungeons. Along the way, players can collect treasures that can help them offensively or defensively, such as weapons, armor, potions, scrolls, and other magical items. "Rogue" is turn-based, taking place on a square grid represented in ASCII or other fixed character set, allowing players to have time to determine the best move to survive. "Rogue" implements permadeath as a design choice to make each action by the player should one's player-character lose all his health via combat or other means, that player-character is simply dead. The player must then restart with a fresh character as the dead character cannot respawn, or be brought back by reloading from a saved state. Moreover, no game is the same as any previous one, as the dungeon levels, monster encounters, and treasures are procedurally generated for each playthrough.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: "Rogue" was inspired by text-based computer games such as the 1971 "Star Trek" game and "Colossal Cave Adventure" released in 1976, along with the high fantasy setting from "Dungeons & Dragons". Toy and Wichman, both students at University of California, Santa Cruz, worked together to create their own text-based game but looked to incorporate elements of procedural generation to create a new experience each time the user played the game. Toy later worked at University of California, Berkeley where he met Arnold, the lead developer of the "curses" programming library that "Rogue" was dependent on to mimic a graphical display. Arnold helped Toy to optimize the code and incorporate additional features to the game. The commercial ports were inspired when Toy met Lane while working for the Olivetti company, and Toy engaged with Wichman again to help with designing graphics and various ports.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: "Rogue" became popular in the 1980s among college students and other computer-savvy users in part due to its inclusion in 4.2BSD. It inspired programmers to develop a number of similar titles such as "Hack" (1982/1984) and "Moria" (1983), though as Toy, Wichman, and Arnold had not released the source code at this time, these new games introduced different variations atop "Rogue". A long lineage of games grew out from these titles. While "Rogue" was not the first dungeon-crawling game with procedural generation features, it introduced the subgenre of roguelike RPG procedurally generated dungeon crawlers with Dungeons-and-Dragons-like items (armor, weapons, potions, and magic scrolls) that also had permadeath (permanent death) and an overhead graphical albeit via ASCII drawings, as opposed to text descriptions in natural language such as in Adventure/Colossal Cave and the original Zork games.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: In "Rogue", the player assumes the typical role of an adventurer of early fantasy role-playing games. The game starts at the uppermost level of an unmapped dungeon with myriad monsters and treasures. The goal is to fight one's way to the bottom level, retrieve the Amulet of Yendor ("Rodney" spelled backwards), then ascend to the surface. Monsters in the levels become progressively more difficult to defeat. Until the Amulet is retrieved, the player cannot return to earlier levels.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: In the original text-based versions, all aspects of the game, including the dungeon, the player character, and monsters, are represented by letters and symbols within the ASCII character set. Monsters are represented by capital letters (such as codice_1 for zombie), and accordingly there are twenty-six varieties. This type of display makes it appropriate for a non-graphical terminal. Later ports of "Rogue" apply extended character sets to the text user interface or replace it with graphical tiles.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: The basic movement keys ("h", left; "j", down; "k", up; and "l", right) are the same as the cursor control keys in the vi editor. Other game actions also use single keystrokes—"q" to quaff a potion, "w" to wield a weapon, "e" to eat some food, etc. In the DOS version, the cursor keys specify movement, and the fast-move keys ("H", "J", "K", and "L") are supplanted by use of the scroll lock key.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: Each dungeon level consists of a grid of three rooms by three rooms (potentially); dead-end hallways sometimes appear where rooms would be expected. Lower levels can also include a maze in place of a room. Unlike most adventure games of the time of the original design, the dungeon layout and the placement of objects within are randomly generated.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: The concept of "Rogue" originated with Michael Toy and Glenn Wichman. Toy grew up in Livermore, California, where his father was a nuclear scientist. Once a year, his father's workplace allowed employees' families to visit, which included allowing them to use the facility's mainframe system to play games. Toy took interest in the text-based "Star Trek" game (1971), which represented space combat through characters on screen, and required players to make strategic decisions each turn. Toy took to learn programming and recreate this game on other computer systems that he could access, including the Processor Technology Sol-20 and the Atari 400.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: Toy subsequently enrolled in computer science at the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) in the late 1970s. Working first on UCSC's PDP-11 and then its VAX-11, Toy began exploring what games were available over ARPANET, the predecessor of the current Internet. One game that intrigued him was "Colossal Cave Adventure" (also known as "Adventure") (1976) by William Crowther and Don Woods. "Adventure", considered the first text-based adventure game, challenged the player to explore a cave system through descriptions given by the computer and commands issued by the player. Toy was impressed by the game and started writing his own.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: Toy soon met Wichman, another student at UCSC who was also writing his own adventure game. Wichman had created his own variations on traditional role-playing games such as "Dungeons & Dragons" while growing up. Wichman chose UCSC specifically to study game design to become a board-game developer, and this led him into the computer sciences to get the opportunity to play and develop games. The two became friends, shared an apartment, and challenged each other with their own adventure game creations. Of the two, Toy was more proficient at coding, while Wichman had a better sense of the design of these games. Toy and Wichman soon found that most adventure games suffered from a lack of replayability, in that the game did not change on separate playthroughs.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: Around this time, ca. 1980, BSD Unix had started to gain a foothold as the operating system for many of the University of California's campuses. One element of the BSD distribution at this point included the "curses" programming library by Ken Arnold. "curses" enabled a programmer to place characters at any point on a terminal, effectively allowing for "graphical" interfaces. When Toy saw this library, he and Wichman quickly realized the potential for it. After crafting a few games using "curses" to learn the library, they came up with the idea of an adventure game in the flavor of "Dungeons & Dragons", but, to address their concerns with the static nature of adventure games, wanted to include elements that would change every time the game was played. The two came up with a narrative, that of an adventurer setting out to explore and find treasures in the Dungeons of Doom, specifically the Amulet of Yendor (a renowned wizard in the game whose name is derived from "Rodney" spelled backwards). Wichman came up with the name "Rogue", based on the idea that unlike the party-based systems of "Dungeons & Dragons", the player's character was going at this alone. They also wanted to make sure the name was short to make it simple to type on command lines.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: As Toy was more proficient at programming, he led the development of the game in the C language, which generally produced fast, effective code. Wichman learned the language from Toy as they went along while providing significant input on the design of game. The first two major aspects of the game developed were the method of displaying the dungeon on-screen to the player, and how to generate the dungeon in a random manner. Limited by choices of what a terminal could display, they stuck to ASCII characters, such as codice_2 for empty floor space, codice_3 for doors, and codice_4 and codice_5 for walls of the dungeon. They also used the "at" symbol (codice_6) to represent the player, considering this showed the player "where they're at". For the dungeon, they found initial attempts at purely random generation to be weak, in some cases having a stairway ending up in a room inaccessible to players. They found a solution through procedural generation, where each level would start on the idea of a 3x3 tic tac toe grid, with each room of various size occupying one space in this grid, and then creating the hallways to connect the rooms. Once they could have their character move about these randomly created dungeons, they added equipment, magic items, and monsters. With magic items, they wanted the effects of these items to be a mystery on each run-through, and thus would initially present the items to the player only by a descriptor such as color, and only later in the game give the true name of the item once the player experimented or used another means to identify the item. For monsters, they wanted to have more advanced intelligence routines as the player got deeper in the dungeons, but had started running into memory limits on the VAX-11, and simply made the monsters stronger with more health to pose more of a challenge.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: The two started testing the game with other students at UCSC, finding that despite the limited graphics, players were filling the gaps with their own imagination. Playtester feedback helped them to improve the procedural generation routines to balance the game's challenge. One element that fell out from playtesting was the use of permadeath. Toy wanted to move away from the notion of simply learning the right sequence of steps to complete within adventure games, and instead make the player focus on finding the right moves to avoid the character's death at that moment; Wichman later called this idea "consequence persistence". Initially, a "Rogue" game had to be completed in one sitting, but by demand of playtesters, Toy and Wichman added the ability to save the state of the game, so that players could continue a game across sessions. They soon found players were "save scumming", reloading the game from the save file, an approach counter to their design goals. They changed this so that the save file was erased upon reloading the game, thus making a character's death effectively permanent. They subsequently added a scoreboard feature that let players rank their progress with others, rewarding players with more points for surviving as deep as possible into the dungeons and making the Amulet of Yendor a lucrative goal.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: Around 1982, Toy's attention to "Rogue" and computer games caused him to suffer poor academic performance, and he was kicked out of the school, shortly finding employment at University of California, Berkeley (UCB) in their computer lab. Toy took the "Rogue" code with him to continue its development. Wichman, still enrolled at UCSC, continued to help develop "Rogue" for a time, such as adding armor elements, but the logistics of working over the distance made it difficult for him to keep up, and he let Toy fully take over development.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: Prior to Toy's arrival at UCB, Ken Arnold had gotten to play "Rogue", which had been distributed as an executable across many of the UC campuses. Though impressed with the game, he expressed frustration at the inefficient means the game updated the screen via his "curses" library over a modem line. He had ideas for how to fix it, but at this point Toy and Wichman had opted not to release the code.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: When Toy arrived at UCB in 1982, he sought out Arnold to get insight into the nature of how the "curses" library worked. After the two got to know each other, Toy allowed him access to "Rogue"s source code. In addition to helping to improve the interface and rendering of the game, Arnold helped to improve the procedural generation aspects of the game.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: With its popularity on the UCB servers, "Rogue" was selected as one of the game titles included in the 1983 distribution of 4.2 BSD, which spread across ARPANET and quickly gained popularity among colleges and facilities with access to this hardware. Among its fans included UNIX's co-developer Ken Thompson working at Bell Labs; Dennis Ritchie had joked at the time that "Rogue" was "the biggest waste of CPU cycles in history". "Rogue"s distribution in 4.2 BSD did not include its source code, so after Toy and Arnold separately left UCB, they took the code with them, making it difficult for anyone to build off it. "Rogue" source was eventually added under a BSD software license within 4.3 BSD in 1986, putting it into the open source.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: Toy left UCB sometime before 1984 and took a consulting position with Olivetti, an Italian typewriter company that at the time were starting development of their own computer based on the IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) operating system. There, he met one of Olivetti's computer system administrators, Jon Lane. Lane had previously seen the popularity of "Rogue" among the United States location he managed and had played the game himself along with Ritchie's observations on "Rogue". Upon meeting Toy, Lane proposed the idea of porting "Rogue" to the IBM PC as a commercial product, which Toy agreed. They founded the company A.I. Design to port and market the game. Though Toy's source code was necessary for the porting, Lane had to redevelop many of the routines for the game's interface. Lane took advantage of the more graphical Code page 437 character set on PC to expand the number of symbols to represent the dungeon, such as using a happy-face codice_7 for the player-character. They also took steps to avoid potential copyright issues with TSR, the company that owned "Dungeons & Dragons" at that time, by changing the names of monsters like kobolds that were unique to that game.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: Toy and Lane initially funded the publishing, distribution, and promotion of the IBM PC version themselves, and though they continued to gain sales, they were only able to break even as they lacked the power of a larger distributor. Around 1984, Robert Borch, the vice president of publishing at Epyx discovered that "Rogue" had become popular by several of Epyx's employees and that they suggested that Epyx should help fund ports to other systems. Though Borch felt there was niche appeal to the game, he followed this advice and contracted A.I. Design to port the game to the Apple Macintosh and Commodore Amiga upon which Epyx would take over distribution and marketing.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: Toy obtained a Macintosh and took the lead in porting the game to that system. Both Toy and Lane recognized that they could implement improved graphics with the Macintosh version, but neither had art skills to make the icons. Toy reached out to Wichman to help with these graphics. Wichman was initially cautious due to the fact that his credit for "Rogue" in the PC version had been cast as a "contribution" equal to the UCSC playtesters rather than as equal to Toy, Arnold, or Lane. However, he agreed to help and joined A.I. Design. Much of the Macintosh version was developed in concert by Toy, Wichman, and Lane in a cabin at the Squaw Valley Ski Resort. Following this, Epyx requested that Wichman lead the development of the Atari ST version, with the company providing Wichman a system to work on. This work occurred alongside Toy's work on the Amiga version. Wichman enlisted help from an Epyx in-house artist, Michael Kosaka, to create the art on the Atari ST version. Epyx would also fund A.I. Design to port the game to other systems including the TRS-80 Color Computer.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: Borch recognized the difficulty in marketing "Rogue" through traditional methods compared to other games on the market at that time, and opted to push the title through software catalogs rather than retail channels. Though it sold well initially, "Rogue"s sales quickly declined, and it was considered a commercial flop. Besides the competition from more graphically interesting games, Wichman attributed the failure to the fact that the commercial version of "Rogue" was essentially the same game previously offered for free via BSD and did not pose a new challenge. Epyx eventually went bankrupt in 1989, and A.I. Design disbanded. None of Toy, Wichman, Arnold, or Lane profited greatly from "Rogue", though they became renowned in the industry for their participation on the game.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: In 1988, the budget software publisher Mastertronic released a commercial port of "Rogue" for the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, Atari 8-bit, and ZX Spectrum computers.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: Numerous clones exist for modern operating systems such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Palm OS, Linux, BSD OSs, and iOS. It is even included in the base distribution of NetBSD and DragonflyBSD.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: Because the input and output of the original game is over a terminal interface, it is relatively easy in Unix to redirect output to another program. One such program, Rog-O-Matic, was developed in 1981 to play and win the game, by four graduate students in the Computer Science Department at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh: Andrew Appel, Leonard Harney, Guy Jacobson and Michael Loren Mauldin.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: Ken Arnold said that he liked to make "sure that every subsequent version of rogue had a new feature in it that broke Rogue-O-Matic." Nevertheless, it remains a noted study in expert system design and led to the development of other game-playing programs, typically called "bots". Some of these bots target other roguelikes, in particular "Angband".


title: Rogue (video game)

text: In March 1984, Jerry Pournelle named the version of "Rogue" for the IBM PC his "game of the month", describing it as "a real time trap. I found myself thinking 'just one more try' far too often". The game was reviewed in 1986 in "Dragon" #112 by Hartley and Pattie Lesser in the "Role of Computers" column. In a subsequent column, the reviewers gave the IBM and Mac versions of the game 3½ out of 5 stars. "Compute!" favorably reviewed Epyx's Amiga version as improving on the text-based original, stating that "the game will give you many hours of gaming fun". In 2009, "Rogue" was named #6 on the "Ten Greatest PC Games Ever" list by "PC World".


title: Rogue (video game)

text: Because of "Rogue"s popularity at colleges in the early 1980s, other users sought to expand or create similar games. However, as neither Toy, Wichman, nor Arnold released the source code of the game, these efforts generally required the programmers to craft the core game elements from scratch to mimic "Rogue". Though there were multiple titles that tried this, the two most significant ones were "Moria" (1983) and "Hack" (1982). Both games spawned a family of improved versions and clones over the next several years, leading to a wide number of games in a similar flavor. These games, which generally feature turn-based exploration and combat in a high fantasy setting in a procedurally generated dungeon and employing permadeath, are named roguelike games in honor of "Rogue"s impact. Most of the graphical interface conventions used in "Rogue" were reused within these other roguelikes, such as the use of codice_6 to represent the player-character.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: Toy, Wichman, and Arnold reunited onstage for the first time in 30 years in an event called "Roguelike Celebration" at San Francisco in 2016.


title: Rogue (video game)

text: The gameplay mechanics of "Rogue" were influential in the creation of "", the first game in the "Mystery Dungeon" series by Chunsoft.


title: Champ Bailey

text: Roland "Champ" Bailey Jr. (born June 22, 1978) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Georgia Bulldogs, where he earned consensus All-American honors, and was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the first round of the 1999 NFL Draft.


title: Champ Bailey

text: In 2004, Bailey was traded to the Denver Broncos, where he played for ten seasons until he was released in early 2014, following the Broncos' Super Bowl XLVIII loss. Bailey signed by the New Orleans Saints shortly afterward but was released before the start of the regular season. In October 2014, Bailey announced his retirement from the NFL after 15 seasons. He was selected to 12 Pro Bowls in his career, the most ever for a cornerback. He holds the current NFL record for most passes defended, with 203. In 2019, he was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. Bailey is widely considered one of the greatest cornerbacks in NFL history and "the top cornerback of his era."


title: Champ Bailey

text: Bailey was born in Fort Campbell, Kentucky and grew up in Folkston, Georgia, where he was a three-sport athlete (football, basketball, track) at Charlton County High School. His two brothers, Ronald and Boss Bailey, also played football at Charlton County and the University of Georgia. Champ's first two seasons at Georgia overlapped with Ronald's last two seasons; Champ then played his final season alongside Boss. Ronald went on to sign with the NFL's Dallas Cowboys but suffered a career-ending injury. Boss played linebacker in the NFL for the Detroit Lions from 2003 to 2007, then joined Champ on the Denver Broncos in 2008.


title: Champ Bailey

text: Notable statistics from Bailey's Charlton County Indians High School career: Total rushing yards 3573, 58 rushing touchdowns, with 13 100-yard games. He passed for 1,211 yards on 74 completions. On defense/special teams he caught 8 interceptions, had 26 KR for 731 yards, 22 PR for 318 yards. His total offensive yardage was 5,855 with 394 points scored. He still holds school records for season rushing yards with 1,858, season rushing TDs with 28, season scoring with 180, single-game rushing with 417 yards, and tied the record for single-game rushing TDs which has stood since 1953 (He is also tied with the same person from 1953 for 3rd with 5).


title: Champ Bailey

text: Bailey received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Georgia, where he played for the Georgia Bulldogs football team from 1996 to 1998. He was regarded as one of college football's greatest multiple threats (offense, defense, and special teams) in his three seasons as a Bulldog. In his final year at Georgia, he registered 52 tackles (four for losses), three interceptions, seven passes deflected, 47 catches for 744 yards (15.8 avg.), five touchdowns, 84 yards rushing on 16 carries, 12 kickoff returns for 261 yards and four punt returns for 49 yards. He averaged 103.5 all-purpose yards per game and logged 957 plays (547 defense, 301 offense, and 109 special teams) on the way to earning consensus first-team All-America and first-team All-Southeastern Conference honors and claiming the Bronko Nagurski Trophy as the nation's top defensive player. Against the Virginia Cavaliers in the Peach Bowl, he caught 3 passes for 73 yards, including a 14-yard touchdown, rushed 3 times for 9 yards, returned 5 kickoffs for 104 yards, returned a punt 12 yards, and posted 2 tackles and 1 pass defended at cornerback. In 3 years at Georgia, he played 33 games (24 starts) and recorded 147 total tackles, two fumble recoveries, one forced fumble, eight interceptions and 27 passes defended. He was an All-SEC first-team selection as a sophomore, starting every game at left cornerback and one game at wide receiver.


title: Champ Bailey

text: Bailey was also a standout track and field athlete at Georgia; he ran the 55 meters and 60 meters, recording personal bests of 6.35 seconds and 6.85 seconds, respectively. He also competed in long jump and triple jump.


title: Champ Bailey

text: Bailey set a school indoor long jump record in 1998 of to finish third at the SEC Indoor Track and Field Championships.


title: Champ Bailey

text: Bailey was drafted with the seventh overall pick in the first round of the 1999 NFL Draft by the Redskins. He was the first ever drafted player to come from his hometown of Folkston, Georgia.


title: Champ Bailey

text: On July 24, 1999, Bailey signed a 5-year, $12 million contract including a $2 million signing bonus. Bailey quickly established a reputation as one of the league's best defensive backs. He was a large presence on the Redskins defense and benefited from time spent with eventual Hall of Fame cornerback teammates Deion Sanders and Darrell Green. After the 2003 season, Bailey's contract with the Redskins expired and he threatened to boycott training camp if the club exercised the franchise tag. In a surprising move, the Redskins gave Bailey permission to seek a trade.


title: Champ Bailey

text: Prior to the 2004 season, Bailey was traded to Denver along with a second-round draft pick for Clinton Portis.


title: Champ Bailey

text: On September 12, 2004, during the NFL's opening Sunday Night Football game of the season, Bailey intercepted his first pass as a Denver Bronco.


title: Champ Bailey

text: On January 14, 2006, in a divisional playoff game against the New England Patriots, he broke the record for the longest non-scoring play in NFL history at the time. With the Patriots near the goal line, he intercepted a pass from quarterback Tom Brady in the end zone and returned it 100 yards to the New England one-yard line before he was tackled by New England's Benjamin Watson.


title: Champ Bailey

text: In 2006, Bailey had 10 interceptions (tied for best in the NFL with Patriots cornerback Asante Samuel) and did not give up a touchdown during the season. Bailey, San Diego Chargers running back LaDainian Tomlinson and Miami Dolphins defensive end Jason Taylor were unanimous choices for the NFL All-Pro team. Following the season's conclusion, Bailey finished second in voting for NFL Defensive Player of the Year.


title: Champ Bailey

text: In 2009, Bailey did not allow a touchdown in 80 passes thrown his way that year, played on 98% of the snaps and remained one of the best-tackling cornerbacks in the game.


title: Champ Bailey

text: On September 15, 2009, Bailey was chosen for the Broncos 50th Anniversary team by the Denver community. This team was honored during the halftime show of the Legacy game versus the Patriots on October 11.


title: Champ Bailey

text: In 2010, Bailey matched up against some of the NFL's best wideouts. He held Dwayne Bowe to no catches on 2 targets. The Arizona Cardinals only completed 3 passes on him for 19 yards in a game where he matched up with Larry Fitzgerald. Bailey was selected to play in his record-breaking 10th Pro Bowl. No cornerback in NFL history has been to more.


title: Champ Bailey

text: It was announced on February 22, 2011 by the Broncos vice president of football operations, John Elway, that Bailey was re-signed to a 4-year contract.


title: Champ Bailey

text: During the 2012 offseason, Bailey was named the 46th-best player in the NFL by the league's network, NFL Network.


title: Champ Bailey

text: In 2012, Bailey was named an All-Pro for the 7th time of his career and was selected to the 2013 Pro Bowl. The Pro Bowl selection was his 12th, extending the record he set for trips by a cornerback, and tied the record for most Pro Bowls played, along with Randall McDaniel and Will Shields.


title: Champ Bailey

text: During the 2013 offseason, Bailey was named the 53rd-best player in the NFL by his peers on the league's network, NFL Network.


title: Champ Bailey

text: During the course of the 2013 season, Bailey was limited to a career-low 5 games with a foot injury; however, Bailey returned in time for the playoffs and held his own when fellow cornerback, Chris Harris, was ruled out for the remainder of the season after a torn ACL. Bailey played in his first Super Bowl at Super Bowl XLVIII in which he had 4 tackles in a 43–8 loss to the Seattle Seahawks.


title: Champ Bailey

text: On April 4, 2014, Champ Bailey signed a two-year, $7 million contract with the New Orleans Saints. Bailey failed to make the final roster and was released by the team on August 30, 2014.


title: Champ Bailey

text: On November 14, 2014, it was announced that Bailey would sign a one-day contract with Denver to allow him to officially retire as a Bronco.


title: Champ Bailey

text: On February 2, 2019, Bailey was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. He was enshrined on August 3, 2019, during a ceremony in Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: Ice Station Zebra is a 1968 American espionage thriller film directed by John Sturges and starring Rock Hudson, Patrick McGoohan, Ernest Borgnine, and Jim Brown. The screenplay is by Alistair MacLean, Douglas Heyes, Harry Julian Fink, and W. R. Burnett, loosely based on MacLean's 1963 novel. Both have parallels to real-life events that took place in 1959. The film was photographed in Super Panavision 70 and presented in 70 mm Cinerama in premiere engagements. The original music score is by Michel Legrand.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: A satellite re-enters the atmosphere and ejects a capsule, which parachutes to the Arctic, near a British scientific weather station moving with the ice pack named "Drift Ice Station Zebra", approximately northwest of Station Nord, Greenland in the Arctic Ocean ice pack. A person approaches, guided by a homing beacon, while a second person secretly watches from nearby.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: Little can be wrung from them beyond that there was a fire and casualties in some sort of disaster. Commander James Ferraday, captain of the American nuclear attack submarine USS "Tigerfish" stationed at Holy Loch, Scotland, is ordered by Admiral Garvey of Naval Intelligence to rescue the survivors, outside the normal chain of command, with confirming orders through regular channels to follow. He is told only about the ice station incident. An imperious British intelligence agent, "Mr. Jones", and a U.S. Marine platoon join the "Tigerfish" while in dock. After setting sail, a helicopter delivers Captain Anders, a strict officer who takes command of the Marines, and an old comrade of Jones, Boris Vaslov, a Russian defector and spy.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: The submarine sails beneath the thick Arctic pack ice but is unable to break through with its conning tower. Ferraday instead orders a torpedo shot to fracture the ice. When the inner torpedo hatch is opened to load it, sea water rushes in, flooding the compartment. The extra weight forward causes the submarine to nose dive, which is only arrested before the boat reaches crushing depth. Jones asserts it was no accident and Ferraday discovers evidence of sabotage. Ferraday suspects Vaslov, while Jones points to Anders. After an area of thin ice is detected, the "Tigerfish" breaks through to the surface. Ferraday, Vaslov, Jones, and the marine platoon set out for the weather station in a blizzard. On arrival, they find the base almost completely destroyed. Jones and Vaslov start questioning a few hypothermic survivors about what happened.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: Jones reveals to Ferraday that he's looking for a canister of film with immense Cold War implications. It was shot by an advanced experimental camera designed by the British, which uses special film developed by the Americans, both of which technologies were stolen by the Soviets and sent into orbit to photograph locations of American missile silos. However, the satellite also recorded all the Soviet missile sites as well. Due to a malfunction, it ejected its film delivery capsule near "Ice Station Zebra" in the Arctic. Both Soviet and British agents were deployed to recover the capsule. Jones concludes the Soviet agent slew the British, with some scientists dying by gunfire before the fire was set to cover the agent's tracks.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: After being summoned by Ferraday through a hole in the ice, the "Tigerfish" erupts immediately adjacent to the camp. Ferraday sets his crew to search for the capsule. Jones discovers a tracking device but is knocked out by Vaslov, a Soviet double-agent and the saboteur. Anders confronts Vaslov and the two men fight before the dazed Jones shoots and kills the Captain Anders. Ferraday enters the hut and is alarmed at discovering Jones bloodied and unconscious, Anders riddled with half a dozen gunshots, and Vaslov unharmed. He appears to accept the Russian's story that Anders had attacked Jones, who in turn shot him.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: "Tigerfish" detects approaching Soviet aircraft. Ferraday has Vaslov use the tracker to locate the capsule, which is discovered buried in half a foot of ice. They conclude the capsule is armed with an explosive booby trap that will go off if tampered with, but Vaslov successfully disarms it and removes the film, and replaces it with an empty container. A large force of Soviet paratroopers arrive and demand the film. Its commander, Colonel Ostrovsky produces a detonator, and tells Ferraday he can explode the capsule, film and all, even inside the submarine, if the Americans try to leave with it. Ferraday hands over the capsule, but Ostrovsky discovers the film is missing and orders his troops to open fire on the Americans and a brief firefight ensues. In the confusion, Vaslov tries to take the film but is wounded by Jones. Ferraday orders him to give the film to the Soviets. The canister is sent aloft by weather balloon for recovery by aircraft. Moments before it is taken, Ferraday activates a detonator he had found that had been cached with the tracking device, destroying the film and denying either side the locations of the other's missile silos. The Soviet colonel concedes that crucial parts of both his and Ferraday's missions are effectively accomplished, with no more of either yet attainable, and leaves.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: "Tigerfish" completes the rescue of the civilians. A teletype machine reveals media headlines claiming that a joint US-Soviet rescue in the Arctic has been successful, and that the "humanitarian mission" stands as a sterling example of peaceful cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: The film rights to the 1963 Alistair McLean novel were acquired the following year by producer Martin Ransohoff, who hoped to capitalize on the success of 1961's blockbuster adaptation of a 1957 McLean novel into "The Guns of Navarone", Hollywood's #2 grossing picture that year. He expected the film to cost around $5 million.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: "Our aim is to produce films that are both interesting and commercial," said Ransohoff. "We are looking for stories that have something unique to say." Ransohoff's company, Filmways, had a deal with MGM to provide financing.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: Paddy Chayefsky, who had just written "The Americanization of Emily" for Ransohoff, was hired to write the script.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: "Navarone" stars Gregory Peck and David Niven were initially attached to this film, with Peck as the sub commander and Niven as the British spy, plus Edmond O'Brien and George Segal in the other key roles. John Sturges was borrowed from The Mirisch Company to direct.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: Filming was set to begin in April 1965, but scheduling conflicts and United States Department of Defense objections over Paddy Chayefsky's screenplay, because they felt it showed "an unfair distortion of military life" that would "damage the reputation of the Navy and its personnel" delayed the start. A new script was commissioned.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: Due to scheduling conflicts, the original cast was no longer available when filming began in the spring of 1967. Rock Hudson had replaced Gregory Peck by February. After making four flop comedies in a row, Hudson had been keen to change his image; he had just made "Seconds" and "Tobruk", and "Ice Station Zebra" was an attempt to continue this. In June 1967, Laurence Harvey and Patrick McGoohan joined the cast as the Russian agent and British agent, respectively. In July, Ernest Borgnine replaced Harvey. Other key roles were played by Jim Brown and Tony Bill, who signed a five-picture contract with Ransohoff.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: Filming began in June 1967. The film was budgeted at $8 million. Principal photography lasted 19 weeks, ending in October 1967. By the time it was finished the cost had risen to $10 million.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: "Ice Station Zebra" was photographed in Super Panavision 70 by Daniel L. Fapp. The fictional nuclear-powered submarine "Tigerfish" (SSN-509) was portrayed in the movie by the diesel-electric Guppy IIA class sub when seen on the surface. For submerging and surfacing scenes, the diesel-electric Guppy IA (SS-322) was used, near Pearl Harbor. The underwater scenes used a model of a nuclear submarine. George Davis, head of the art department at MGM, spent two years researching interior designs for the submarine.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: Second unit cameraman John M. Stephens developed an innovative underwater camera system that successfully filmed the first continuous dive of a submarine, which became the subject of a documentary featurette, "The Man Who Makes a Difference".


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: During filming, Patrick McGoohan had to be rescued from a flooded chamber by a diver who freed his trapped foot, saving his life. As he was making his television series "The Prisoner" during principal photography in "Ice Station Zebra", McGoohan had the episode "Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling" re-written to have the mind of his character transferred into the body of another character.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: "Ice Station Zebra" was not popular with audiences, losing substantial money. It premiered at the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles on October 23, 1968 and opened to the public the following day. The film earned theatrical rentals of $4.6 million domestically.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: The escalating production costs of this film, along with the poorly-received "The Shoes of the Fisherman" at the same time, led to the transfer of MGM President Robert O'Brien to chairman of the board, though he resigned that position in early 1969, after both films were released and failed to recoup their costs.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: On December 21, 1968, Renata Adler reviewed the film for "The New York Times": "a fairly tight, exciting, Saturday night adventure story that suddenly goes all muddy in its crises... It doesn't make much difference, though... The special effects, of deep water, submarine and ice, are convincing enough—a special Super Panavision, Metrocolor, Cinerama claustrophobia... (The cast) are all stock types, but the absolute end of the movie—when the press version of what happened at a Russian-American polar confrontation goes out to the world—has a solid, non-stock irony that makes this another good, man's action movie, (there are no women in it) to eat popcorn by."


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: In the March 1969 issue of "Harper's Magazine", Robert Kotlowitz wrote: "... a huge production, one of those massive jobs that swallow us alive... For action it has crash dives, paratroopers, Russian spies, off-course satellites, and a troop of Marines, the average age of whom seems to be fourteen. It also has Rock Hudson...Patrick McGoohan...Ernest Borgnine, Jim Brown, and enough others to field maybe three football teams. And best of all there is also some nice suspense and pacing for at least two-thirds of the movie's three-hour length. It comes apart a bit only when the mystery starts to unravel; but that is the nature of mysteries..." Kotlowitz's review suggests that seeing the film in theaters equipped for Super Panavision 70 played a significant role in a viewer's experience: What really got me was the kind of details that the immense, curving Cinerama screen was able to offer... Every single glistening drop of bow spray can be seen as it comes pouring over the submarine's surface, caught by a camera strapped to the conning tower. There are beautiful abstract patterns made by the sub as it cuts its way through the North Sea, all the gleaming, meticulous, finely wrought, intricate machinery inside the sub, and huge chunks of mountainous ice hanging down from the roof of the ice cap like molars. Nothing could distract me from that screen, not even several minutes of confused story-telling at the end of the film... Buy some popcorn and see the movie.At the time of the film's release "Variety"'s brief review praised it, highlighting the performances: "Film’s biggest acting asset is McGoohan, who gives his scenes that elusive ‘star’ magnetism. He is a most accomplished actor with a three-dimensional presence all his own. Hudson comes across quite well as a man of muted strength. Borgnine's characterization is a nicely restrained one. Brown, isolated by script to a suspicious personality, makes the most of it."


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: In April 1969, Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" described it as "so flat and conventional that its three moments of interest are an embarrassment" and called it "a dull, stupid movie". He expressed disappointment that the special effects did not, in his opinion, live up to advance claims, comparing them unfavorably to the effects in "". (MGM pulled the hugely successful "2001: A Space Odyssey" from Cinerama venues in order to make way for "Ice Station Zebra".)


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: Writing for TCM, Lang Thompson calls the film "a nifty thriller of spies, submarines and saboteurs that captivated no less a personage than Howard Hughes, who reportedly watched it hundreds of times. You certainly won't regret watching it once." Thompson is referring to the fact that "In the era before VCRs, Howard Hughes would call the Las Vegas TV station he owned and order them to run a particular movie. Hughes so loved "Ice Station Zebra" that it aired in Las Vegas over 100 times."


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: In the September/October 1996 issue of "Film Comment", Director John Carpenter contributed to the magazine's long-running Guilty Pleasures feature. He included "Ice Station Zebra" on his list, asking "Why do I love this movie so much?"


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: As of August 2020, "Ice Station Zebra" holds a 47% "Rotten" rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: "Ice Station Zebra" was nominated in two categories at the 41st Academy Awards, for Best Special Visual Effects (nominees: Hal Millar and Joseph McMillan Johnson, won by "") and Best Cinematography (nominee: Daniel L. Fapp, won by "Romeo and Juliet").


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: The plot has parallels to events from April 1959 concerning Discoverer 2, a missing experimental US Corona satellite capsule that inadvertently landed near Spitsbergen, Norway, in the Arctic Ocean on April 13. It was believed to have been recovered by Soviet agents. In 2006, the US National Reconnaissance Office declassified information stating that "an individual formerly possessing Corona access was the technical adviser to the movie" and admitted "the resemblance of the loss of the Discoverer II capsule, and its probable recovery by the Soviets" on Spitsbergen Island. The story has parallels with the CIA's Project , which took place in May–June 1962. In this operation, two American officers parachuted from a CIA-operated Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress to an abandoned Soviet ice station. They were picked up three days later by the B-17 using the Fulton surface-to-air recovery system.


title: Ice Station Zebra

text: The sabotage aboard the submarine that nearly resulted in its sinking is based on the loss of the Royal Navy's in Liverpool Bay in 1939. In its case, however, the drip cock was accidentally blocked on the newly built craft by fresh paint, which led to the rear cap being opened while the bow cap was already open to the sea. Water entered at the rate of one ton per second and "Thetis" sank with the loss of 98 lives. In the movie, the drip cock was intentionally blocked with epoxy glue.


title: Cybill

text: Cybill is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre, which aired on CBS from January 2, 1995, to July 13, 1998. Starring Cybill Shepherd, the show revolves around the life of Cybill Sheridan, a twice-divorced single mother of two and struggling actress in her 40s who has never gotten her big break in show business. Alicia Witt and Dedee Pfeiffer co-starred as Sheridan's daughters, with Alan Rosenberg and Tom Wopat playing their respective fathers, while Christine Baranski appeared as Cybill's hard-drinking friend Maryann.


title: Cybill

text: The sitcom was produced by Carsey-Werner Productions and YBYL Productions, with Shepherd, Lorre, Howard M. Gould, Jay Daniel, Caryn Mandabach, Marcy Carsey, and Tom Werner serving as the show's original executive producers. Broadcast to critical praise, "Cybill" was nominated for 12 Emmy Awards throughout its run and awarded the 1996 Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy. Shepherd won a third Golden Globe Award for her performance, while Baranski received an Emmy, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and an American Comedy Award. "Cybill" has been in syndication on the comedy-centric digital subchannel LAFF since April 2016, along with other Carsey-Werner Productions series shown on the network.


title: Cybill

text: "Cybill" takes place in Los Angeles and focuses on the character of a somewhat faded actress, Cybill Sheridan (played by Cybill Shepherd), who, because of her age, had been relegated to playing character roles, bit parts, and TV commercials. Also featured are her daughters: headstrong Zoey (Witt) and uptight Rachel (Pfeiffer), two ex-husbands: Ira (Rosenberg) and Jeff (Wopat), and her hard-drinking best friend Maryann (Baranski). Due to the show's premise, many episodes featured a show-within-a-show format, showing Cybill Sheridan playing a variety of other characters in her various film and TV acting roles.


title: Cybill

text: In her autobiography, "Cybill Disobedience", Shepherd stated that the Cybill character was based on herself—or at least what her life as an actress could have been without the successes of "The Last Picture Show" and "Moonlighting". Many of the show's details and situations were mined from her own family, marriages, and experiences.


title: Cybill

text: "Cybill" was nominated for twelve Emmy Awards throughout its entire run, winning three. Nominated for her performance in each season, Baranski was the only cast member to win an Emmy. Baranski also received an American Comedy Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award and a Viewers for Quality Television Award for her portrayal, while Shepherd was awarded the 1996 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy. The same year, the sitcom also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy, its only win for both the crew and the cast.


title: Cybill

text: The series got respectable (though never spectacular) ratings throughout most of its run, but was abruptly canceled by CBS at the end of the 1997–98 season after a noticeable ratings decline. The show was actually pulled from the CBS schedule after the April 8, 1998 episode had aired; the remaining new episodes that had already been produced were aired over the summer. Shepherd much later alleged that the cancellation occurred because the network was uncomfortable with "Cybill"'s feminist leanings and frank depiction of female sexuality. The cancellation was not expected by the show's staff, as the series ends with a cliffhanger and the words "To Be Continued..." on the screen. At the time of its cancellation, the show's ratings were higher than "Nash Bridges" (1996-2001) and "Chicago Hope" (1994-2000); those shows continued to air on CBS.


title: Cybill

text: In 2018, Shepherd claimed that Les Moonves hit on her during a dinner date, but she refused him. As a result, he soon interfered with the series' concepts and later canceled it.


title: Cybill

text: On September 16, 2008, First Look Studios released "Cybill: The Collector's Edition, Vol. 1", a 2-disc best of DVD.


title: Hichki

text: Hichki (; ) is a 2018 Indian Hindi-language comedy drama film co-written and directed by Siddharth P. Malhotra and produced by Aditya Chopra and Maneesh Sharma under the former's banner of Yash Raj Films. Based on American motivational speaker Brad Cohen's autobiography "Front of the Class", it stars Rani Mukerji in her comeback appearance as Naina Mathur, an aspiring teacher who was rejected by many schools because of her Tourette syndrome until she is accepted at the St. Notker's School, her alma mater. She is assigned to teach students from a nearby slum in the class 9F, which was created by the Government of India to fill a quota for the underprivileged.


title: Hichki

text: Malhotra struggled to find a studio to finance "Hichki", since the film, which had begun scripting in 2013 after he acquired the rights to "Front of the Class", was felt to lack potential for the box office. Chopra and Sharma later insisted on producing "Hichki" with Malhotra as director. Principal photography was handled by Avinash Arun and took place in Mumbai between April and June 2017, with Meenal Agarwal as the art director and Vaibhavi Merchant providing the choreography. The film was edited by Shweta Venkat Matthew. Jasleen Royal and Hitesh Sonik composed the soundtrack and background score, respectively.


title: Hichki

text: "Hichki" was released on 23 March 2018. Made on a production cost of , the film was a commercial success with a total gross of , most of the revenues came from China. It received mixed reviews, with praise mostly directed towards Mukerji's performance but criticism towards the plot's predictability. She received nominations for Best Actress at the Filmfare Awards, International Indian Film Academy Awards, Screen Awards, and Zee Cine Awards, and won an award of the same category at the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne, where it was screened. The film was also shown at the International Film Festival of India, the Shanghai International Film Festival, and the Giffoni Film Festival.


title: Hichki

text: Naina Mathur, a Bachelor of Education and Master of Science, wants to be a teacher, but is repeatedly rejected as she suffers from Tourette syndrome, which causes her to make uncontrollable sounds likened to hiccups. Despite failing for five years, she is supported by her mother Sudha and her younger brother Vinay, while her father Prabhakar sees little potential in the idea and wants her to take a banking job. Naina eventually receives an offer at the St. Notker's School to teach the class 9F. Once she is inducted as a teacher, however, she realizes that the school was desperate to find a new teacher for 9F, as all other teachers had failed to control the class. Naina finds that the students are unruly, misbehaved, and visibly different. Shyamlal, the school's peon, tells her that the 9F students come from a nearby slum and were admitted to fill the government-prescribed quota for the underprivileged after a previous municipality school on the St. Notker's football ground was closed due to mounting maintenance costs.


title: Hichki

text: On her first day, Naina's students imitate and mock her. She decides to teach them interactively, determined to show resilience. The students prank her with liquid nitrogen which explodes, shattering the windows. Naina prevents a mass expulsion by saying that the prank required planning, and if that can be guided, the class has potential. Wadia, the teacher of 9A, dislikes the 9F students. He tells her that his class comprises academically excellent prefects, but she asserts that her students will earn prefect badges as well. The school's annual science fair project is assigned to 9A. Meanwhile, Naina teaches her students to be brave in pursuing knowledge and to realise their individual strengths. Aatish, the sole student who remains cold towards Naina, sabotages 9A's project. This is discovered by Wadia, and the principal decides to expel 9F. Again, Naina prevents it by promising that they will pass their exams, but is unable to prevent their suspension from attending school until then. Dejected, she tells them they have shattered her attempt to help them.


title: Hichki

text: Aatish faces ridicule from the rest of 9F and decides to apologize to Naina, and all of the 9F students study diligently. Shyamlal then supplies Aatish copies of the question paper so they would cheat. When he presents them to his classmates, they refuse and he gives up on the idea as well. After the exam days, they pass but are accused of cheating when Shyamlal confesses to the plan, and the principal decides to expel them during the prefect-pinning ceremony. Akshay reveals to Wadia that it was he who had bribed Shyamlal to supply 9F copies of the wrong question paper, and Wadia realises that 9F did not cheat. At the ceremony, Wadia announces that he wrongfully tried to fail the students and applauds Naina's teaching, asking her to pin the prefect badges to her students who ranked first. The film ends with Naina's last day at the school after serving for 25 years, retiring as the school principal, as her former 9F students, who are all now successful, reunite with her.


title: Hichki

text: In 2013, Siddharth P. Malhotra acquired the rights to Brad Cohen's 2005 autobiography "Front of the Class" and started writing the screenplay along with Ambar Hadap and Ganesh Pandit, with Ankur Chaudhry and Raaj Mehta joining them later. The film was titled "Hichki", which Malhotra felt was a suitable word for describing prejudice and social stigma against Tourette disorder. His second directorial venture after "We Are Family" (2010), Malhotra had several failed attempts to find a production house over four years. According to him, the production houses believed that the film lacked commercial viability, telling him: "Who would watch the story of a teacher suffering from Tourette syndrome?" His wife, Sapna, suggested Yash Raj Films to him, although he was initially reluctant as he had faced many rejections. He met the company's owner Aditya Chopra to narrate the screenplay, and the latter liked it. Chopra, however, was busy with his project "Befikre" (2016) and asked Maneesh Sharma, who would co-produce "Hichki" with him, to listen to the rest.


title: Hichki

text: While Malhotra had conceived of the film as a male-led film when writing the screenplay, Sharma suggested casting an actress as the lead. Rani Mukerji was chosen, marking her first acting role since "Mardaani" in 2014. She revealed that she accepted the film because she found the role to be more challenging than those in her previous films. Furthermore, Mukerji has said that it was Chopra who conceived her to portray the part as he saw Mukerji becoming obsessed with her family life and that her fans were desperately waiting for her comeback. She waited until her daughter Adira was four months old before accepting the role. In preparation, she interacted with Cohen (who was happy knowing the film would address Tourette syndrome and the character is based on him) on the social media platform Skype, asking him for training to make her character's motor and vocal tics appear spontaneous and not rehearsed. Shanoo Sharma subsequently completed the casting.


title: Hichki

text: "Hichki" was produced on a budget of . Principal photography started in Mumbai on 4 April 2017. Avinash Arun worked as the cinematographer, with Vaibhavi Merchant doing the choreography and Meenal Agarwal finishing the production design. Shilpa Makhija and Varsha Chandanani designed the costumes. Because this was her first on-screen project since her daughter's birth, Mukerji confessed that she was worried about leaving her daughter for the first time. Mukerji added, "... she had not spent even one day without me. Also, I was wondering whether I would be able to act or not as I was facing the camera after two years. I wondered if I still have it in me." The shooting finished on 5 June 2017, and the film was then edited by Shweta Venkat Matthew at Mehboob Studio. Hitesh Sonik composed the background score, and Pritam Das served as the sound designer along with Ganesh Gangadharan.


title: Hichki

text: The soundtrack to "Hichki" was composed by Jasleen Royal and the lyrics were written by Raj Shekhar, Jaideep Sahni, Neeraj Rajawat, Aditya Sharma, and David Klyton. Abhishek Kurme, Arijit Singh, Benny Dayal, David Klyton, Harshdeep Kaur, Jasleen Royal, Naina Kundu, Nigel Rajaratnam, Rhiya Jauhari, Shilpa Rao, Siddesh Jammi, and Yogesh Kurme performed the vocals. The album was released by Yash Raj Films' subsidiary YRF Music on 19 February 2018.


title: Hichki

text: The album received a mixed reception. Devansh Sharma from "Firstpost" wrote that Royal has delivered a good performance by composing it with "due care and translates into seamless fun by the time it reaches the audience". Debarati S. Sen of "The Times of India" concluded that the album is "a fun, light and breezy album, that sounds promising and is worth a hear". In a review published by Scroll.in, Devarsi Ghosh felt that the album was mediocre, likening it to a hot mug of coffee with milk and sugar in it that is "never too bland or too out-there". Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama was ambivalent of the album, rating it two stars, and said that he expected "Hichki" to be a songless film. "The Indian Express" Suanshu Khurana believed many of its bits are repetitive.


title: Hichki

text: "Hichki" was one of the most anticipated Bollywood films of 2018 as the film marked the acting comeback of Mukerji after four years. She promoted it on television in five languages: Bengali, Bhojpuri, Hindi, Marathi, and Punjabi. According to her, the film has inspired her by its moral message and relevancy, saying that she wanted more people in the country to hear it as well. The trailer was released on 19 December 2017. The first poster for the film was released by the critic and trade analyst Taran Adarsh on his Twitter account on 26 December, showing a release date of 23 February 2018; Ritika Handoo from Zee News thought that Mukerji's pose on it was impressive. However, another poster came out on 1 February 2018 and the release date was postponed to 23 March. Sharma said that it was delayed because Indian student exams were starting around the first date.


title: Hichki

text: The promotion of "Hichki" started on 14 January 2018, during the celebration of Makar Sankranti. Mukerji went to Ahmedabad to interact with school students and her fans, and later to eight other cities. She also did promotion on several television shows, including "Bigg Boss 11", "Dadagiri Unlimited", and "Dance India Dance". Mukerji continued it by interacting with the spiritual teacher Ravi Shankar at the inaugural session of the International Women's Conference. She spoke of her experience, "It will be amazing to be part of this session and hear him speak. "Hichki" is all about harnessing your positivity and inner peace to bring out the best in you and I'm going to speak about this in his presence. I look forward to this interactive session." In October, Mukerji visited five cities in China (Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenzhen) to promote the film there.


title: Hichki

text: "Hichki" premiered on 23 March 2018 with the tagline, "What is life without a few hiccups". It was released on DVD in the NTSC widescreen format on 8 May, and premiered on television on 26 May. The film was screened at the Shanghai International Film Festival on 15 June, the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne on 11 August, the International Film Festival of India in November, and the Giffoni Film Festival in July 2019. Malhotra told the Press Trust of India that the festival screenings were an honour for him and an opportunity to boost his career. The film was released in theatres in China on 12 October with the title "Teacher with Hiccup". It was released in Taiwan as "My Teacher with Hiccups" on 2 November. "Hichki" is available for streaming on Amazon Prime Video and Apple TV+.


title: Hichki

text: The film was met with generally average reviews from critics; most of the praise focused on Mukerji, while the plot faced the greatest criticism. It received a rating of on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews, with an average rating of . The entertainment portal Bollywood Hungama said that Mukerji had delivered an effervescent performance and made "Hichki" a good film despite a predictable story, believing she would make the audience empathise with her character and that the actress portrayed it zestfully. In her two-and-a-half-star review, Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com panned the melodramatic screenplay but appreciated Mukerji and described the film as an "out-and-out" show for her. Mayank Shekhar, writing for "Mid-Day", was critical of the film, calling it the desi version of the American coming-of-age drama "Dead Poets Society" (1989). "Filmfare" critic Devesh Sharma thought Mukerji looked as if she had not taken a sabbatical from full-time acting, lauding her dramatic confrontational scenes with Neeraj Kabi, and Bhawana Somaaya expressed appreciation of her for playing against type.


title: Hichki

text: Reviewing for "The Times of India", Rachit Gupta said that she hoped the film focused not only on Naina's classroom struggle but also on her personal life, especially her conflict with her father. She, however, commended the performances of Mukerji and the actors who played her students, particularly that from Harsh Mayar. Rajeev Masand of News18 found "Hichki" to be inconsistent and unoriginal; however, he praised the film's moral message. In the words of NDTV's Saibal Chatterjee, "Rani Mukerji's energetic, engaging performance apart, "Hichki" is a huff-and-puff show marked by too much mush and fuss. But it has just enough to keep tearjerker junkies interested." From the "Hindustan Times", Rohit Vats rated the film two-and-a-half stars, complimenting Mukerji's straightforward, confident performance and those of Kabi and the student actors. However, Vats was disappointed that the film only revolves on the relationship between a teacher and students.


title: Hichki

text: Richard James Havis of "South China Morning Post" found Mukerji's spirited performance enhancing an otherwise predictable story. Udita Jhunjhunwala of Scroll.in appreciated Malhotra for putting the narrative focus on Naina only without disruptive subplots, and Samrudhi Ghosh of "India Today" observed that Malhotra "had a tough task at hand—to stay away from emotional manipulation, even in the dramatic moments. He succeeds, for the most part; although some portions of the film, such as the climax, feel a little contrived." Another review in News18, written by Kriti Tulsiani, commented that the film is a remake of Peter Werner's 2008 film "Front of the Class", which was based on the same book as "Hichki", and criticised it for the inability to provide an original story and undramatic ending. In the "Deccan Chronicle", Rohit Bhatnagar, who gave the film three out of five stars, wrote that Mukerji drives the film with her effortless performance; although the latter aspect make the film mediocre, he added that "Hichki" is as good as Malhotra's "We Are Family". From the "Daily News and Analysis", Chaya Unnikrishnan termed "Hichki" a slice-of-life film with inspiring themes and was impressed by Mukerji's acting.


title: Hichki

text: Namrata Joshi praised her tics used in the right measure and time, but noted the actors cast as her parents (Sachin and Supriya Pilgaonkar) did not get enough scope. Raja Sen and Aditya Shrikrishna from "The New Indian Express" said Mukerji was successful at making her tics look natural, and Anna M. M. Vetticad described the actress as one of the "biggest strengths" of "Hichki". Billing it as a comeback vehicle for Mukerji, "The Indian Express" Shalini Langer acclaimed Malhotra for not adding romantic songs or sequences. The Tamil magazine "Ananda Vikatan" named it as the best example of what teachers should teach to their students, with Anupama Chopra summarising, "[It] is a genuinely earnest film made with heart. But it doesn't take enough risks and consequently doesn't touch a raw nerve in the way that "Taare Zameen Par" did. But it's always nice to see a talented actress with all guns blazing." Swetha Ramakrishnan of "Firstpost" claimed "Hichki" would be not complete if Kabi did not feature in it.


title: Hichki

text: The film was a commercial success in India and abroad, with the trade analyst Girish Johar telling "The Indian Express" that its business largely relied on the audience's word-of-mouth. However, he added that the issue of Tourette syndrome that is addressed in it may limit the audience. Released in more than 900 theatres, the film had a below average opening in India, grossing . After earning in only five days, however, it was declared a commercial success, and Sharma expressed his appreciation by saying that he was motivated to produce more films with "universally-appealing" themes. "Hichki" collected over its theatrical run in India. Globally, the film collected , most of which came from Chinese markets, where it grossed ¥120 million. According to "Firstpost", "Hichki" was India's highest-grossing female-led film of the year and the sixth film to gross more than in China.


title: Karen Wetterhahn

text: Karen Elizabeth Wetterhahn (October 16, 1948 – June 8, 1997), also known as Karen Wetterhahn Jennette, was an American professor of chemistry at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, who specialized in toxic metal exposure. She died of mercury poisoning at the age of 48 due to accidental exposure to the extremely toxic organic mercury compound dimethylmercury (). Protective gloves in use at the time of the incident provided insufficient protection, and exposure to only a few drops of the chemical absorbed through the gloves proved to be fatal after less than a year.


title: Karen Wetterhahn

text: Wetterhahn was born in Plattsburgh, New York. She earned her bachelor's degree from St. Lawrence University in 1970 and her doctorate from Columbia University in 1975. Her doctoral work was supervised by Stephen J. Lippard. She joined Dartmouth's faculty in 1976 and published more than 85 research papers. In 1990, Wetterhahn helped establish Dartmouth College's Women in Science Project (WISP), which helped to raise the share of women science majors from 13 to 25 percent at Dartmouth College and has become a national model.


title: Karen Wetterhahn

text: On August 14, 1996, Wetterhahn, a specialist in toxic metal exposure, was studying the way mercury ions interact with DNA repair proteins, and she was investigating the toxic properties of another highly toxic heavy metal, cadmium. She was using dimethylmercury, at the time the standard internal reference for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements.


title: Karen Wetterhahn

text: Wetterhahn would recall that she had spilled several drops of dimethylmercury from the tip of a pipette onto her latex-gloved hand. Not believing herself in any immediate danger, as she was taking all recommended precautions, she proceeded to clean up the area prior to removing her protective clothing. However, tests later revealed that dimethylmercury can, in fact, rapidly permeate different kinds of latex gloves and enter the skin within about 15 seconds. The exposure was later confirmed by hair testing, which showed a dramatic jump in mercury levels 17 days after the initial accident, peaking at 39 days, followed by a gradual decline.


title: Karen Wetterhahn

text: Approximately three months after the initial accident Wetterhahn began experiencing brief episodes of abdominal discomfort and noted significant weight loss. The more distinctive neurological symptoms of mercury poisoning, including loss of balance and slurred speech, appeared in January 1997, five months after the accident. At this point, tests proved that she had a debilitating mercury intoxication. Her blood and urinary mercury content were measured at 4,000 µg L and 234 µg L, respectively – both are well above their respective toxic thresholds of 200 µg L and 50 µg L (blood and urine reference ranges are 1 to 8 µg L and 1 to 5 µg L).


title: Karen Wetterhahn

text: Despite aggressive chelation therapy, her condition rapidly deteriorated. Three weeks after the first neurological symptoms appeared, Wetterhahn lapsed into what appeared to be a vegetative state punctuated by periods of extreme agitation. One of her former students said that "Her husband saw tears rolling down her face. I asked if she was in pain. The doctors said it didn't appear that her brain could even register pain." Wetterhahn was removed from life support and died on June 8, 1997, less than a year after her initial exposure.


title: Karen Wetterhahn

text: The case proved that the standard precautions at the time, all of which Wetterhahn had carefully followed, were inadequate for a "super-toxic" chemical like dimethylmercury. In response, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration recommended that the use of dimethylmercury be avoided unless absolutely necessary and mandated the use of plastic-laminate gloves (SilverShield) when handling this compound. Her death prompted consideration of using an alternative reference material for mercury NMR spectroscopy experiments.


title: Karen Wetterhahn

text: Wetterhahn's death shocked not only the entire chemistry department at Dartmouth, but also regulatory agencies, as the accidental exposure occurred despite her having taken all measures required at that time. These included the use of latex gloves, a fume hood, and adherence to standard safety procedures. After Wetterhahn's mercury poisoning was discovered, her colleagues tested various safety gloves against dimethylmercury and found that the small, apolar molecule diffuses through most of them in seconds, much more quickly than expected. As a result, it is now recommended to wear plastic laminate gloves when handling dimethylmercury.


title: Karen Wetterhahn

text: At the time, dimethylmercury was the common calibration standard for NMR spectroscopy because it has certain advantages over the alternatives that exist. As a consequence of Wetterhahn's accident, safety recommendations have been revised, and the use of dimethylmercury for any purpose has been highly discouraged. Wetterhahn's legacy includes a significant and lasting improvement in laboratory safety.


title: Karen Wetterhahn

text: Dartmouth College has since established an award in Wetterhahn's name (The Karen E. Wetterhahn Graduate Fellowship in Chemistry, created in 1998 and funded by the Karen E. Wetterhahn Memorial Fund) to encourage other women to pursue careers in science. It is a one-year fellowship given to an exceptionally good chemistry graduate student who will receive their PhD within two years. Whenever possible, a woman is preferred for the award. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences also maintains an annual award, for a graduate student or post-doctoral researcher, in honor of Karen Wetterhahn (the Karen Wetterhahn Memorial Award).


title: Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan

text: Charles de Batz de Castelmore (), also known as d'Artagnan and later Count d'Artagnan ( 1611 – 25 June 1673), was a French Musketeer who served Louis XIV as captain of the Musketeers of the Guard. He died at the siege of Maastricht in the Franco-Dutch War. A fictionalised account of his life by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras formed the basis for the d'Artagnan Romances of Alexandre Dumas, "père", most famously including "The Three Musketeers" (1844). The heavily fictionalised version of d'Artagnan featured in Dumas' works and their subsequent screen adaptations is now far more widely known than the real historical figure.


text: D'Artagnan was born at the Château de Castelmore near Lupiac in south-western France. His father, Bertrand de Batz lord of Castelmore, was the son of a newly ennobled merchant, Arnaud de Batz, who purchased the Château de Castelmore. Charles de Batz went to Paris in the 1630s, using the name of his mother Françoise de Montesquiou d'Artagnan. D'Artagnan found a way to enter into the Musketeers in 1632 through the support of his uncle, Henri de Montesquiou d'Artagnan or perhaps thanks to the influence of Henri's friend, Monsieur de Tréville (Jean-Armand du Peyrer, Comte de Troisville). D’Artagnan joined the guards in the mid-1630s and served under Captain des Essarts. The regiment saw much action in the early 1640s, taking part in sieges at Arras, Aire-sur-la-Lys, la Bassée and Bapaume in 1640–41 and Collioure and Perpignan in 1642. Whether or not d’Artagnan was personally involved is unclear, but it is likely he took part in some, if not all, of these sieges. While in the Musketeers, d'Artagnan sought the protection of the influential Cardinal Mazarin, France's principal minister since 1643. In 1646, the Musketeers company was dissolved, but d'Artagnan continued to serve his protector Mazarin.


text: D'Artagnan had a career in espionage for Cardinal Mazarin, in the years after the first Fronde. Due to d'Artagnan's faithful service during this period, Louis XIV entrusted him with many secret and delicate situations that required complete discretion. He followed Mazarin during his exile in 1651 in the face of the hostility of the aristocracy. In 1652, d'Artagnan was promoted to lieutenant in the Gardes Françaises, and fought at the Battle of Stenay in 1654, as well as in sieges at Landrecies and Saint-Ghislaine, then to captain in 1655. In 1658, he became a second lieutenant in the newly reformed Musketeers. This was a promotion, as the Musketeers were far more prestigious than the Gardes-Françaises.


text: D'Artagnan was famous for his connection with the arrest of Nicolas Fouquet. Fouquet was Louis XIV's finance commissioner and aspired to take the place of Mazarin as the king's advisor. Fouquet was also a lover of grand architecture and employed the greatest architects and artisans in the building of his Chateau Vaux-le-Vicomte. He celebrated the completion with a most extravagant feast, at which every guest was given a horse. The king, however, felt upstaged by the grandeur of the home and event and, suspecting that such magnificence could only be explained through Fouquet's pilfering the royal treasury, three weeks later had d'Artagnan arrest Fouquet. To prevent his escape by bribery, d'Artagnan was assigned to guard him for four years until Fouquet was sentenced to life imprisonment.


text: In 1667, d'Artagnan was promoted to captain-lieutenant of the Musketeers, the effective commander as the nominal captain was the king. As befitted his rank and position, he could be identified by his striking burgundy, white, and black livery—the colours of the commanding officer of the Musketeers. Another of d'Artagnan's assignments was the governorship of Lille, which was won in battle by France in 1667. D'Artagnan was an unpopular governor and longed to return to battle. He found his chance when Louis XIV went to war with the Dutch Republic in the Franco-Dutch War. After being recalled to service, d'Artagnan was subsequently killed in battle on 25 June 1673, when a musket ball tore into his throat at the siege of Maastricht.


text: The French historian Odile Bordaz believes that he was buried in Saint Peter and Paul Church in Wolder, the Netherlands. In contrast, the archaeologist Wim Dijkman, curator of Maastricht, of which Wolder is a district, says that there is no historical or archeological evidence of the claim.


text: On 5 March 1659 D'Artagnan married Anne-Charlotte Boyer de Chanlecy (1624-1683), lady of Sainte-Croix, and widow of Jean-Elenor de Damas. She was the daughter of Charles Boyer, lord of Chanlecy and Sainte-Croix, and Claude de Rymon, lady of la Rochette. The couple soon separated, D'Artagnan pursuing his military career while his wife left Paris to live on her lands at Sainte-Croix, where she died on 31 December, 1683.


text: The real d'Artagnan's life was used as the basis for Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras' novel "Les mémoires de M. d'Artagnan". Alexandre Dumas in turn used Sandras' novel as the main source for his d'Artagnan Romances ("The Three Musketeers", "Twenty Years After" and "The Vicomte de Bragelonne"), which cover d'Artagnan's career from his humble beginnings in Gascony to his death at Maastricht. Although Dumas knew that Sandras's version was heavily fictionalised, in the preface to "The Three Musketeers" he affected to believe that the memoirs were real, in order to make his novel more believable.


text: D'Artagnan is initially portrayed by Dumas as a hotheaded youth, who tries to engage the Comte de Rochefort and the three musketeers, Athos, Porthos, and Aramis in single combat. He quickly becomes friends with the musketeers, and has a series of adventures which put him at odds with Cardinal Richelieu, then First Minister of France. In the end, Richelieu is impressed by d'Artagnan, and makes him a lieutenant of the musketeers. This begins his long career of military service, as detailed in the sequels.


text: D'Artagnan's role among the musketeers is one of leadership (his skills and brains impress the musketeers greatly), but he is also regarded as a sort of protégé given his youth and inexperience. Athos sees him not only as a best friend and fellow musketeer but nearly as a son. At the end of the series, his death at the siege of Maastricht is given an extra tragic twist – he is mortally wounded while reading the notice of his promotion to the highest military rank.


text: Aleksandr Bushkov published a novel "D'Artagnan – a Guard of a Cardinal" ("Д′Артаньан – гвардеец кардинала"), I–II, Krasnoyarsk, Moskva, S-Peterburg 2002.


text: Some scholars believe aspects of D'Artagnan are drawn from the life and character of Dumas's mixed-race father, General Thomas-Alexandre Dumas. The incident when D'Artagnan challenges Porthos, Athos, and Aramis to duels on the same afternoon might be based on an incident in General Dumas's youth when he was insulted; and their subsequent friendship on General Dumas's youthful companionship with fellow soldiers in the Queen's Dragoons.


text: Note: Cornel Wilde, in addition to his role listed above, played the same-named son of d'Artagnan as the main hero in "At Sword's Point" (1952); Tobias Mehler was similarly cast in the "Young Blades" series, while the indicated performance there by Shaughnessy was a single guest appearance as his famous father. Andrew Rannells voiced d'Artagnan in the Japanese manga series Dinosaur King.


title: Meet the Beatles!

text: Meet the Beatles! is a studio album by the English rock band the Beatles, released as their second album in the United States. It was the group's first American album to be issued by Capitol Records, on 20 January 1964 in both mono and stereo formats. It topped the popular album chart on 15 February 1964 and remained at number one for eleven weeks before being replaced by "The Beatles' Second Album". The cover featured Robert Freeman's iconic portrait of the Beatles used in the United Kingdom for "With the Beatles", with a blue tint added to the original stark black-and-white photograph.


title: Meet the Beatles!

text: After EMI's subsidiary Capitol Records constantly rejected requests by both Brian Epstein and George Martin to release Beatles records in the United States, EMI label head Sir Joseph Lockwood sent a deputy to Los Angeles in November 1963 ordering Capitol Records to commence promoting and releasing Beatles records in the United States. Despite the "first album" claim on the "Meet the Beatles!" cover, ten days prior to its release, Vee-Jay Records of Chicago beat Capitol to the punch with the release on 10 January 1964 of the Beatles' American debut album "Introducing... The Beatles," which had been delayed for release for various reasons since the previous summer. Perhaps as a result of the Vee-Jay release, Liberty Music Shops advertised in the "New York Times" of 12 January 1964 that "Meet the Beatles!" was available for purchase, an ad not authorised by Capitol.


title: Meet the Beatles!

text: In 2004, the album was released for the first time on compact disc in both stereo and mono as part of "The Capitol Albums, Volume 1" box set, containing the original US stereo and mono mixes. In 2014, "Meet the Beatles!" was reissued on CD, individually and included in the Beatles boxed set "The U.S. Albums", wherein, although following the running order for "Meet the Beatles!", are featured the UK mono and stereo mixes.


title: Meet the Beatles!

text: By November 1963, the Beatles had already recorded over 35 songs for EMI's UK Parlophone label, while Capitol Records in the US planned to release an album and a single, and more at a later date. The US rights to the Beatles' first 14 tracks were held by Vee Jay Records along with a few others. "She Loves You" had been issued in America on the Swan label and also sold poorly. In Britain, Parlophone was already releasing their second Beatles album "With the Beatles" and had issued several singles which were not included on any UK albums with the exception of the first two ("Please Please Me"/"Ask Me Why" and "Love Me Do"/"PS I Love You"). While the Beatles' first two British albums each contained 14 tracks, in the American market albums were typically limited to 12 tracks and it was expected for albums to include the current hit single.


title: Meet the Beatles!

text: The first three tracks on the album include the December 1963 Capitol single "I Want to Hold Your Hand" along with the record's B-sides both in the United States, "I Saw Her Standing There," and in the UK with "This Boy" from the original November 1963 release. Neither "I Want to Hold Your Hand" nor "This Boy" had appeared on album at the time in the UK, while "I Saw Her Standing There" had been the lead-off track to the band's debut album. The other nine tracks on "Meet the Beatles!" are duplicated from its nearest UK counterpart album "With the Beatles". Those were Beatles original songs and not cover versions of songs done by other artists with exception of "Till There Was You". The remaining five tracks from "With the Beatles" were songs originally recorded by other artists. Capitol determined that for their first album they would only include original and fresh material. There was fear that the remakes would turn Americans off of the Beatles. The other five songs would appear on Capitol's next American LP, "The Beatles' Second Album", released in April 1964. The songs "I Want to Hold Your Hand" and "This Boy" are in a duophonic [fake] stereo, as Capitol had not been provided proper stereo mixes.


title: Meet the Beatles!

text: The album was included in Robert Christgau's "Basic Record Library" of 1950s and 1960s recordings, published in "" (1981). In 2003, the album was ranked at number 59 on "Rolling Stone"s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list, re-ranked at number 53 on the 2012 list, and re-ranked at number 197 in 2020.


title: Meet the Beatles!

text: In the U.S., the album debuted at No. 92 on the album chart for the week ending 1 February 1964. Two weeks later, it peaked at #1 where it remained eleven consecutive weeks, eventually replaced by "The Beatles' Second Album". It sold 4,045,174 copies by 31 December 1964, and 4,699,348 copies by the end of the decade. It was certified Gold by the RIAA on 3 February 1964, and 5× Platinum on 26 December 1991.


title: Particle in a box

text: In quantum mechanics, the particle in a box model (also known as the infinite potential well or the infinite square well) describes a particle free to move in a small space surrounded by impenetrable barriers. The model is mainly used as a hypothetical example to illustrate the differences between classical and quantum systems. In classical systems, for example, a particle trapped inside a large box can move at any speed within the box and it is no more likely to be found at one position than another. However, when the well becomes very narrow (on the scale of a few nanometers), quantum effects become important. The particle may only occupy certain positive energy levels. Likewise, it can never have zero energy, meaning that the particle can never "sit still". Additionally, it is more likely to be found at certain positions than at others, depending on its energy level. The particle may never be detected at certain positions, known as spatial nodes.


title: Particle in a box

text: The particle in a box model is one of the very few problems in quantum mechanics which can be solved analytically, without approximations. Due to its simplicity, the model allows insight into quantum effects without the need for complicated mathematics. It serves as a simple illustration of how energy quantizations (energy levels), which are found in more complicated quantum systems such as atoms and molecules, come about. It is one of the first quantum mechanics problems taught in undergraduate physics courses, and it is commonly used as an approximation for more complicated quantum systems.


title: Particle in a box

text: The simplest form of the particle in a box model considers a one-dimensional system. Here, the particle may only move backwards and forwards along a straight line with impenetrable barriers at either end.


title: Particle in a box

text: The walls of a one-dimensional box may be seen as regions of space with an infinitely large potential energy. Conversely, the interior of the box has a constant, zero potential energy. This means that no forces act upon the particle inside the box and it can move freely in that region. However, infinitely large forces repel the particle if it touches the walls of the box, preventing it from escaping. The potential energy in this model is given as


title: Particle in a box

text: where "L" is the length of the box, "x" is the location of the center of the box and "x" is the position of the particle within the box. Simple cases include the centered box ("x" = 0) and the shifted box ("x" = "L"/2) (pictured).


title: Particle in a box

text: In quantum mechanics, the wavefunction gives the most fundamental description of the behavior of a particle; the measurable properties of the particle (such as its position, momentum and energy) may all be derived from the wavefunction.


title: Particle in a box

text: where formula_4 is the reduced Planck constant, formula_5 is the mass of the particle, formula_6 is the imaginary unit and formula_7 is time.


title: Particle in a box

text: Inside the box, no forces act upon the particle, which means that the part of the wavefunction inside the box oscillates through space and time with the same form as a free particle:


title: Particle in a box

text: which is known as the dispersion relation for a free particle. Here one must notice that now, since the particle is not entirely free but under the influence of a potential (the potential "V" described above), the energy of the particle given above is not the same thing as formula_13 where "p" is the momentum of the particle, and thus the wavenumber "k" above actually describes the energy states of the particle, not the momentum states (i.e. it turns out that the momentum of the particle is not given by formula_14). In this sense, it is quite dangerous to call the number "k" a wavenumber, since it is not related to momentum like "wavenumber" usually is. The rationale for calling "k" the wavenumber is that it enumerates the number of crests that the wavefunction has inside the box, and in this sense it is a wavenumber. This discrepancy can be seen more clearly below, when we find out that the energy spectrum of the particle is discrete (only discrete values of energy are allowed) but the momentum spectrum is continuous (momentum can vary continuously) and in particular, the relation formula_15 for the energy and momentum of the particle does not hold. As said above, the reason this relation between energy and momentum does not hold is that the particle is not free, but there is a potential "V" in the system, and the energy of the particle is formula_16, where "T" is the kinetic and "V" the potential energy.


title: Particle in a box

text: The size (or amplitude) of the wavefunction at a given position is related to the probability of finding a particle there by formula_17. The wavefunction must therefore vanish everywhere beyond the edges of the box. Also, the amplitude of the wavefunction may not "jump" abruptly from one point to the next. These two conditions are only satisfied by wavefunctions with the form


title: Particle in a box

text: where "n" is a positive integer (1, 2, 3, 4, ...). For a shifted box ("x" = "L"/2), the solution is particularly simple. The simplest solutions, formula_21 or formula_22 both yield the trivial wavefunction formula_23, which describes a particle that does not exist anywhere in the system. Negative values of formula_24 are neglected, since they give wavefunctions identical to the positive formula_24 solutions except for a physically unimportant sign change. Here one sees that only a discrete set of energy values and wavenumbers "k" are allowed for the particle. Usually in quantum mechanics it is also demanded that the derivative of the wavefunction in addition to the wavefunction itself be continuous; here this demand would lead to the only solution being the constant zero function, which is not what we desire, so we give up this demand (as this system with infinite potential can be regarded as a nonphysical abstract limiting case, we can treat it as such and "bend the rules"). Note that giving up this demand means that the wavefunction is not a differentiable function at the boundary of the box, and thus it can be said that the wavefunction does not solve the Schrödinger equation at the boundary points formula_26 and formula_27 (but does solve it everywhere else).


title: Particle in a box

text: Finally, the unknown constant formula_8 may be found by normalizing the wavefunction so that the total probability density of finding the particle in the system is 1.


title: Particle in a box

text: Thus, "A" may be any complex number with absolute value ; these different values of "A" yield the same physical state, so "A" = can be selected to simplify.


title: Particle in a box

text: It is expected that the "eigenvalues", i.e., the energy formula_31 of the box should be the same regardless of its position in space, but formula_32 changes. Notice that formula_33 represents a phase shift in the wave function. This phase shift has no effect when solving the Schrödinger equation, and therefore does not affect the "eigenvalue".


title: Particle in a box

text: If we set the origin of coordinates to the center of the box, we can rewrite the spacial part of the wave function succinctly as:


title: Particle in a box

text: The momentum wavefunction is proportional to the Fourier transform of the position wavefunction. With formula_35 (note that the parameter describing the momentum wavefunction below is not exactly the special above, linked to the energy eigenvalues), the momentum wavefunction is given by


title: Particle in a box

text: where sinc is the cardinal sine sinc function, . For the centered box (), the solution is real and particularly simple, since the phase factor on the right reduces to unity. (With care, it can be written as an even function of .)


title: Particle in a box

text: It can be seen that the momentum spectrum in this wave packet is continuous, and one may conclude that for the energy state described by the wavenumber , the momentum can, when measured, also attain "other values" beyond formula_37.


title: Particle in a box

text: Hence, it also appears that, since the energy is formula_38 for the "n"th eigenstate, the relation formula_39 does not strictly hold for the measured momentum ; the energy eigenstate formula_40 is not a momentum eigenstate, and, in fact, not even a superposition of two momentum eigenstates, as one might be tempted to imagine from equation () above: peculiarly, it has no well-defined momentum before measurement!


title: Particle in a box

text: In classic physics, the particle can be detected anywhere in the box with equal probability. In quantum mechanics, however, the probability density for finding a particle at a given position is derived from the wavefunction as formula_41 For the particle in a box, the probability density for finding the particle at a given position depends upon its state, and is given by


title: Particle in a box

text: Thus, for any value of "n" greater than one, there are regions within the box for which formula_43, indicating that "spatial nodes" exist at which the particle cannot be found.


title: Particle in a box

text: For the steady state particle in a box, it can be shown that the average position is always formula_45, regardless of the state of the particle. For a superposition of states, the expectation value of the position will change based on the cross term which is proportional to formula_46.