title: Genetically modified crops

text: There is a scientific consensus that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction. Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe. The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation.


title: Genetically modified crops

text: No reports of ill effects from GM food have been documented in the human population. GM crop labeling is required in many countries, although the United States Food and Drug Administration does not, nor does it distinguish between approved GM and non-GM foods. The United States enacted a law that requires labeling regulations to be issued by July 2018. It allows indirect disclosure such as with a phone number, bar code, or web site.


title: Genetically modified crops

text: Advocacy groups such as Center for Food Safety, Union of Concerned Scientists, Greenpeace and the World Wildlife Fund claim that risks related to GM food have not been adequately examined and managed, that GM crops are not sufficiently tested and should be labelled, and that regulatory authorities and scientific bodies are too closely tied to industry. Some studies have claimed that genetically modified crops can cause harm; a 2016 review that reanalyzed the data from six of these studies found that their statistical methodologies were flawed and did not demonstrate harm, and said that conclusions about GM crop safety should be drawn from "the totality of the evidence ... instead of far-fetched evidence from single studies".


title: Peter Sagan

text: Peter Sagan (; born 26 January 1990) is a Slovak professional road bicycle racer who currently rides for UCI ProTeam . Sagan had a successful junior cyclo-cross and mountain bike racing career, winning the junior cross-country race at the 2008 UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships, before moving to road racing.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan is considered one of cycling's greatest talents, having earned many prestigious victories, including three consecutive World Championships, one European Championship, two Paris–Nice stages, seven Tirreno–Adriatico stages, one in the Tour de Romandie, three and the overall classification in the Tour de Pologne, a record seventeen stages and the overall in the Tour of California, and another fifteen in the Tour de Suisse.


title: Peter Sagan

text: He has won a number of classics, including the Monument races Paris-Roubaix and Tour of Flanders, three Gent–Wevelgem races and E3 Harelbeke, together with eighteen stages in Grand Tours: twelve at the Tour de France, four at the Vuelta a España, and two at the Giro d'Italia. After having become the first rider to win the points classification of the Tour de France on his first five attempts, he went on to win it a record seven times, in 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Following his win at the 2017 UCI World Road Race Championships, Sagan wore the rainbow jersey for the duration of 2018 for an unprecedented third consecutive season.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Born in Žilina, Peter Sagan is the youngest child among three brothers and a sister. He was brought up by his sister as his parents spent most of the day taking care of a small grocery shop they own in his hometown. His older brother Juraj Sagan is also a professional cyclist, and is also a member of the TotalEnergies team.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan started to ride bikes at the age of nine when he joined Cyklistický spolok Žilina, a small local club in his home town. Throughout his junior years Sagan rode both mountain bikes and road bikes, and was well known for his unconventional style of riding in tennis shoes and T-shirts and drinking just pure water. Sagan drew a significant amount of attention when he appeared at the Slovak Cup with a bicycle borrowed from his sister. Sagan had mistakenly sold his own and had not received a spare from the Velosprint sponsor in time. He won the race despite riding a supermarket bike with poor brakes and limited gearing.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan's first professional cycling opportunity came along when he was hired by the team, a Slovak outfit in the Continental (third) division. In 2008, he won the Mountain Bike Junior World Championship in Val di Sole. That same year he also finished second in the junior race at the UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships in Treviso and Paris–Roubaix Juniors. Sagan was focused on continuing his career as a mountain bike rider, but his management company Optimus Agency approached several professional road cycling teams. They received four answers to bring young Sagan for testing. The first three-day test was performed in but Sagan failed to secure a contract. His frustration was so deep that he decided to quit road cycling, however pressed by his family he gave it a try with and succeeded.


title: Peter Sagan

text: In November 2009, Liquigas' Stefano Zanatta, Paolo Slongo and Enrico Zanardo offered Sagan, who spoke neither Italian or English, a ten-month contract valued at €1,000 per month. The agreement was later replaced by a two-year contract for 2010 and 2011 with an option to ride mountain bikes for Cannondale. Liquigas doctors and managers were stunned by results of Sagan's medical tests, saying that they had never seen a 19-year-old rider as physically strong and capable. During the training camp Sagan destroyed more mountain bikes than any other rider due to his ability to put a bike through its paces. This earned him the nickname "Terminator".


title: Peter Sagan

text: Liquigas selected Sagan for his first UCI ProTour road race, the Tour Down Under in January at the age of 19. He was involved in a crash during the second stage but kept riding with 17 stitches in his arm and left thigh. In the queen stage to Willunga he joined an attack over the last climb with Cadel Evans, Alejandro Valverde and Luis León Sánchez. The four fought to hold off the sprinters' group over the next , with Sánchez taking the win. Sagan won his two ProTour stages during Paris–Nice, a race he was not initially nominated for, but joined the team after his teammate Maciej Bodnar broke his collarbone. His first stage win was gained on the third stage, when Sagan joined a move initiated by Nicolas Roche on the final climb and out-sprinted Roche and Joaquim Rodríguez for the stage win in Aurillac. The result also gave Sagan the lead in the points classification, giving him the green jersey. Sagan's second win came from a solo attack on the fifth stage into Aix-en-Provence. Attacking three kilometres from the finish, on a steep climb, Sagan was able to hold off the peloton to claim the win. Alongside his two stage wins, Sagan also finished second in stage two into Limoges and third in stage six into Tourrettes-sur-Loup. The combination of high stage placings and intermediate sprint points meant Sagan won the points classification, and he finished 17th overall, three minutes and twenty one seconds behind race winner Alberto Contador, who praised him and predicted he would be a rival to watch in future races. In April 2010 his contract was extended to 2012.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Following a stage win at the Tour de Romandie, Sagan next raced at the Tour of California, where he won the fifth and sixth stages, coming in with the overall contenders each time. Lying third overall in the general classification, Sagan lost more than a minute in the individual time trial on the penultimate day, and ultimately finished eighth overall; he won the young rider and sprints classifications. Sagan finished fourth in the opening prologue of the Tour de Suisse, only three seconds behind Fabian Cancellara, but finished almost 11 minutes down in the second stage and did not take the start the following day alleging severe fatigue. After taking a break during July, he returned to form later in the season, securing high placings in a number of European races as well as second place in the inaugural Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal. He rode the World Championships in Geelong, Australia for Slovakia, but failed to make an impact in the race. He planned to ride several late season races including Paris–Tours and the Giro di Lombardia but an intestinal issue forced him out of the former and weakened him in the latter.


title: Peter Sagan

text: became the renamed for the 2011 season, and at a team training camp in December 2010, Sagan said that his first goal for the season was Milan–San Remo. After beginning his season with some solid placings in a couple of Italian one-day races, Sagan won three of the five stages at the Giro di Sardegna, and won both the overall and the points classification, narrowly hanging on to beat José Serpa by three seconds in the general classification. During the Tour of California, he won stage 5 as he ultimately won the sprints classification for the second straight year. In June he took part in the Tour de Suisse starting off with a third place in the opening prologue. He then won the third stage, a mountain stage, showing his versatility when he caught Damiano Cunego on the descent of the Grosse Scheidegg and then outsprinted him in the dash to the finish line. Sagan managed two other podium placings in the flat stages with an uphill sprint finish before winning stage 8 in another bunch sprint; he won the points classification at the race as well.


title: Peter Sagan

text: He rode the Tour de Pologne as a preparation for the Vuelta a España, his first Grand Tour appearance. He took the leader's jersey after winning stage 4 and then he also won stage 5. Although he lost the lead to Dan Martin after a difficult finish of stage 6, he managed to regain it on the final day of the race thanks to bonus seconds earned on the stage. He also claimed the points classification. Sagan then won three stages at the Vuelta a España; on stage 6, he caused a split in the small lead group by leading them down the final descent crouched on his bike to increase speed. Only three teammates and Pablo Lastras () were able to keep up, and Sagan went on to win the sprint. After winning stage 12 in a sprint finish, his next objective was the final stage in Madrid, which he won by a narrow margin ahead of Daniele Bennati and Alessandro Petacchi.


title: Peter Sagan

text: He began the season in good form, winning a stage and the points classification in the Tour of Oman. Sagan won Stage 4 of Tirreno–Adriatico, and also played a key role in helping Vincenzo Nibali win the event overall. Sagan's good form continued into the classics season, with fourth place in Milan–San Remo, second in Gent–Wevelgem, a stage victory in the Three Days of De Panne, fifth in the Tour of Flanders, and third in the Amstel Gold Race. On the first stage of the Tour of California, Sagan had a puncture with to go. He worked his way back to the bunch and avoided a crash that occurred with left. His teammate Daniel Oss piloted him in the last few kilometres, and Sagan out sprinted his rivals, taking the stage win. On Stage 2, Sagan crashed on the Empire Grade climb, but he was able to return to the peloton for the sprint finish; he was first out of the final corner and accelerated to the finish, taking his second victory in a row. On the third stage, Sagan took his third consecutive victory ahead of Heinrich Haussler (), before doing the same on the fourth stage. Sagan took his fifth stage win on the final day in Los Angeles, to win the sprints classification. In doing so, he took the record for most stage wins at the race, with eight.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan demonstrated good form once again in the World Tour classified Tour de Suisse by winning four stages and the points classification. He kicked things off with a win in the opening prologue, besting local favourite and time trial specialist Fabian Cancellara () by 4 seconds over the course. His next win came on a rainy stage 3, where the peloton caught the final two escapees inside the final kilometre. Sagan's foot came out of his pedal in one of the last bends, but he managed to stay upright and pass 's Baden Cooke before the line for the victory. With about to go on the fourth stage, Marcus Burghardt of launched a sprint for the finish line in rainy conditions. Sagan jumped out of his teammate's wheel to get into Burghardt's slipstream and sailed past him to take the win. He thanked his team for their efforts afterward, especially Moreno Moser. The next win came on stage 6, the last stage of the Tour which was suited to the sprinters. The final kilometres in Bischofszell were filled with urban obstacles such as roundabouts and sharp bends, and Sagan stayed towards the head of the bunch. With to go, Sagan took a left bend with a small patch of cobbles in it at full speed. He scraped the barriers as he came out of the corner but sprinted his way to victory. When asked about the seemingly close call he had, Sagan stated that "you need to invent something to find some space [...]".


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan started the Tour de France by finishing in 53rd place on the prologue after losing some time in the corners. He won the first stage in Seraing atop a small climb after breaking away with a little more than a kilometre to go with Fabian Cancellara () and out sprinting him and Edvald Boasson Hagen (). According to Sagan's SRM file, in the final when Cancellara initiated the move, Sagan ramped up his cadence to over 120 rpm to stay with him and averaged 493 watts of power in the last 2 minutes 20 seconds of the race. His power output maximum in the finale was 1,236 watts, and he averaged 970 watts in the last 200 metres. On Stage 3, he went clear on the final Category 4 climb in Boulogne-sur-Mer sprinting away and leaving the field behind. As Sagan crossed the finish line, he performed a "running man" salute akin to the eponymous character portrayed by Tom Hanks in 1994 film "Forrest Gump". He won again on Stage 6, which had a course suited for a bunch sprint; he beat pure sprinters André Greipel of and Matthew Goss of the squad by around a bike length in Metz. He finished the Tour with three stage wins and as winner of the points classification, also earning the "most combative" rider award on the mountainous Stage 14. He won a Porsche since he made a bet with the Liquigas management that he could win two stages and the points classification.


title: Peter Sagan

text: In 2013, Sagan's team changed its name to , since Liquigas ended its cycling sponsorship after eight years. Sagan started his season at the Tour de San Luis, finishing second to Mattia Gavazzi on the final stage. He took his first victory of the season on the second stage of the Tour of Oman, as he broke away from a chasing group in the final kilometres, joined and dropped three escapees before soloing to the win. He won again the following day, on the same parcours as the second stage of the 2012 Tour of Oman, which he had also won. Before the start of stage 5, he withdrew due to bronchitis. He won his comeback race, the Gran Premio Città di Camaiore, by out sprinting a group of twelve riders. He finished second at Strade Bianche, behind his teammate Moreno Moser; Sagan covered the late break attempts to help Moser's bid for victory, then attacked himself to complete a one-two for . He went on to win stages 3 and 6 of Tirreno–Adriatico; on stage 3, he out sprinted Mark Cavendish and André Greipel in the pouring rain after his team accelerated the race's speed on a small climb nearing the finish. On stage 6, Sagan survived a climb featuring a section at a 30% incline, and formed a breakaway with former teammate Vincenzo Nibali and Joaquim Rodríguez, beating both in the sprint.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan's form meant he entered Milan–San Remo as the favourite for victory, however, he was beaten into second place in the sprint by 's Gerald Ciolek. He won Gent–Wevelgem, which had been shortened by due to extremely cold weather. Sagan broke away from a group of ten riders with remaining and won solo, performing a series of wheelies after crossing the line. Two days later, Sagan carried his form to the Three Days of De Panne, where he won a close sprint on the first stage ahead of Arnaud Démare of . Démare complained to the race officials that Sagan had swerved slightly in the final metres, but the race result was not altered. Sagan finished second at the Tour of Flanders after breaking away with Fabian Cancellara and joining Jürgen Roelandts. Cancellara attacked on the last climb, the Paterberg, dropped Sagan and went on to win solo. Sagan caused some controversy on the podium by pinching the bottom of podium girl Maja Leye, and after a media backlash, he apologised the next day. Prior to the Brabantse Pijl, Sagan apologised in person to Leye and gave her a flower bouquet. He then went on to win the race, where he chased an attack by Greg Van Avermaet in the final kilometres. Only Philippe Gilbert could follow, and Sagan was faster in the final sprint. His next win came in May on stage 3 of the Tour of California, when he beat Michael Matthews in the sprint finish, finding a passage on the right side of the road. He concluded the race by winning the last stage in Santa Rosa, securing the sprints classification jersey for the fourth year in a row.


title: Peter Sagan

text: On stage 3 of the Tour de Suisse, Sagan made the selection on the first-category Hasliberg climb along with Rui Costa, Roman Kreuziger and Mathias Frank, and took the stage victory from the quartet. Sagan cemented his victory in the points classification by taking the eighth stage, which was flatter and more suited to the sprinters, ahead of Daniele Bennati and Gilbert. He then went on to win the Slovak National Road Race Championships for the third time, taking the national champion's jersey to the Tour de France. At the Tour de France, Sagan scored three second-place finishes before winning stage 7 to Albi, after his team worked to shed the pure sprinters on the Category 2 Col de la Croix de Mounis. He outsprinted the select group he was part of, crossing the line before John Degenkolb. Sagan retained the green jersey as leader of the points classification to Paris and dyed his beard green to underline that victory. He then went on to win the sprints classification and numerous stages in the USA Pro Cycling Challenge (4 stage wins) and the Tour of Alberta (2 stage wins). Sagan fell short of success in the Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec where he accelerated on one of the final climbs but faded in sight of the finishing line. Two days later, he took victory in the Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal, escaping the leading group on a climb with to go and winning solo.


title: Peter Sagan

text: His successful year was also acknowledged in Slovakia, where he became the Athlete of the Year, for the first time.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan started the 2014 season at the Tour de San Luis, where he finished second on the final stage. Then he competed at Dubai Tour, where he took second and third place stage finishes; he lost out to Marcel Kittel on both occasions. He finished second at Strade Bianche again, this time he was defeated by Michał Kwiatkowski. The two riders attacked with to go, but Kwiatkowski was stronger on the final climb towards the Piazza del Campo. At Tirreno–Adriatico Sagan won a stage and the points classification, before he finished tenth in Milan–San Remo, despite being considered one of pre-race favourites. He then went on to win E3 Harelbeke and finished third in Gent–Wevelgem. Sagan's next attempt to win his first monument was at the Tour of Flanders, but he finished 16th. A week later Sagan competed at Paris–Roubaix, where he finished 6th.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan won the penultimate stage of the Tour of California, and also won the sprints classification, for the fifth successive year. In the first week of the Tour de France, Sagan scored seven consecutive top-5 stage finishes without registering a victory, a feat that had not been recorded since Charles Pélissier had eight successive top-5 stage finishes in 1914. The seventh of those results came in a sprint with Matteo Trentin, where Sagan had to settle for second by a few millimetres in the photo finish. Sagan went on to compete in the Clásica de San Sebastián but withdrew. He then headed to the Vuelta a España and had a difficult first week, his first notable result coming with a third place on Stage 8. He later withdrew from the race on Stage 14. He made his return at the Coppa Bernocchi, where he acted as a lead-out man for teammate Elia Viviani, who won.


title: Peter Sagan

text: In early August 2014, Sagan and his older brother Juraj Sagan signed a three-year contract with starting in 2015. The team's owner Oleg Tinkov confirmed Sagan's salary reached €4.5 million a year. In November 2014, Sagan climbed Mount Kilimanjaro with his new team as a team-building experience.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan started his season at the Tour of Qatar, taking his first podium spots with second-place finishes on stages four, and five, and won the young rider classification. After a winless Tour of Oman, Sagan finished second on the first two road stages of Tirreno–Adriatico. On Stage 6, Sagan took his first win in colours in a rainy, flat stage. He finished the race as winner of the points classification. He sprinted to fourth place at Milan–San Remo, while at E3 Harelbeke, Sagan got clear of the main group with Geraint Thomas and Zdeněk Štybar on the Oude Kwaremont with left, but faded to 30th following Thomas' attack with to go. He finished tenth at an attritional Gent–Wevelgem, before a fourth-place finish at the Tour of Flanders, after he faded in the closing kilometres. At Paris–Roubaix, he was in a group chasing the leaders, but lost time following a mechanical and subsequent bike change, ultimately finishing 23rd.


title: Peter Sagan

text: After a break from competition, Sagan returned at May's Tour of California. On the first two stages, he finished second to Mark Cavendish. On stage 3, Sagan led the peloton across the line behind breakaway winner Toms Skujiņš, maintaining his second-place overall standing. Sagan won the fourth stage ahead of Wouter Wippert and Cavendish; as he crossed the finish, Sagan banged his front wheel twice on the tarmac and celebrated with a no-footed wheelie. Third on stage five, Sagan took the race lead with victory on the sixth stage, a individual time trial starting and finishing at the Six Flags Magic Mountain theme park. After losing the overall lead to Julian Alaphilippe the next day on a mountainous finish to Mount Baldy Ski Lifts, Sagan usurped Alaphilippe by taking five bonus seconds during the final stage to Pasadena, taking a three-second victory in the general classification.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan returned to racing at the Tour de Suisse. He finished fourth on the opening time trial, before taking victory on the third stage; his teammate Rafał Majka nullified several attacks in the closing kilometres, before Sagan outsprinted the reduced group to the finish line. Second the following day, Sagan won the sixth stage in a bunch sprint for his eleventh stage victory at the race, equalling the record of Hugo Koblet and Ferdinand Kübler. With a further second-place finish on the seventh stage, Sagan won the race's points classification. He then won both the Slovak National Time Trial Championships, and the Slovak National Road Race Championships in his hometown of Žilina.


title: Peter Sagan

text: In the Tour de France, after he suffered a flat tyre and caught back up to the 25-rider lead group, Sagan took second position on Stage 2 behind André Greipel. On the fourth stage, Sagan sprinted to third position after protecting his leader Alberto Contador on the cobbles during the stage. On the fifth stage, he again came second to Greipel, and was also second on the sixth stage, after Štybar went solo on the last small climb before the finish. He was third to Cavendish and Greipel on the seventh stage, and second to Greg Van Avermaet on the thirteenth stage. On the next stage, Sagan was part of the breakaway, amassing maximum points at the intermediate sprint and finishing fifth. On Stage 15, Sagan featured again in the breakaway and took fourth position in the final sprint; he won the day's combativity award for his efforts. On Stage 16, Rubén Plaza () escaped the leading group on the Col de Manse, and Sagan attempted to chase him down on the descent into Gap, but to no avail as Plaza soloed to victory. Sagan came in second and was awarded 'most combative' of the day again. Sagan amassed five second places during the Tour de France, and won the points classification by a margin of 66 points over Greipel.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan broke his Grand Tour victory drought at the Vuelta a España by outsprinting Nacer Bouhanni and John Degenkolb on the third stage. On the next stage he finished second to Alejandro Valverde in a punchy finish. On the eighth stage, a race organisation motorcycle, which was overtaking the peloton, caused Sagan to crash. Although Sagan finished the stage, he was forced to retire from the race while leading the points classification. The following month, he won the road race at the UCI Road World Championships after attacking on a short cobbled climb around from the finish line. He finished the season at the Abu Dhabi Tour, where he recorded two second-place finishes.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan started his season at the Tour de San Luis, taking his first podium place of the year on Stage 2 by finishing second. In February, after a three-week training camp in Spain's Sierra Nevada, he competed in the opening races of the Belgian classics season, finishing second in Omloop Het Nieuwsblad and seventh in Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne. He then came in fourth at the Strade Bianche, being part of the four-man decisive move, but was dropped on the final climb to Siena. He took part in Tirreno–Adriatico, where he finished second overall, one second behind Greg Van Avermaet, and also won the points classification. Sagan claimed his eighth second-place finish following his World Championship win at E3 Harelbeke, before taking his first win as world champion at Gent-Wevelgem, becoming the first reigning world champion to win the race since Rik Van Looy in 1962. Upon his win at Gent–Wevelgem, Sagan became the number one-ranked rider in the UCI Men's road racing world ranking.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan continued his successes by taking his first Monument victory at the Tour of Flanders, dropping his last opponent Sep Vanmarcke on the Paterberg and soloing the last of the race solo. He dedicated the win to Antoine Demoitié and Daan Myngheer, two cyclists that had died in the weeks prior to the race. A week later, he took part in Paris–Roubaix, finishing eleventh after a split in the peloton occurred. During the race, he avoided a crash by Fabian Cancellara directly in front of him, by bunny hopping over his bike, despite having only one foot clipped into his pedals at the time. In the Tour of California, Sagan won on stages one – a bunch sprint finish – and four, where the finish was contested at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca. On stage 7, he was part of the breakaway, went solo from remaining to cover and was caught with to go; he ultimately finished second to Alexander Kristoff. He clinched the sprints classification with another second-place finish on the final stage. At the Tour de Suisse, Sagan took his record twelfth stage victory with a win on the second stage around Baar. He also won the next day, joining the late breakaway after attacking the reduced peloton at the end of a climb, and outsprinted Michael Albasini and Silvan Dillier.


title: Peter Sagan

text: In the first stage of the Tour de France, Sagan came in third. He then won the second stage, which featured a finish on a category 3 climb, to claim his first yellow jersey as leader of the general classification; he was unaware he had won upon reaching the finish line, thinking more riders from the breakaway had crossed the line before him. Sagan was part of the breakaway on stage 10; he finished second to Michael Matthews and won the most combative award for his efforts. On the next stage, Sagan broke away with teammate Maciej Bodnar, yellow jersey wearer Chris Froome and his teammate Geraint Thomas in the final kilometres. He outsprinted Froome to foil the sprinters' plans. After the stage, asked why he undertook such a daring move, he said: "We are artists". Sagan claimed his third stage victory by winning stage 16 in Bern, beating Kristoff in the sprint by few centimetres. He finished second to Greipel on the last stage, finishing on the Champs-Élysées, securing his green jersey. He also won the combativity award for the race.


title: Peter Sagan

text: At the Rio Olympics, Sagan did not contest the road race, instead competing in the cross-country mountain biking event. He suffered a puncture on the second lap while he was in third position on the trail, and finished a lapped 35th. After abandoning the Bretagne Classic Ouest–France due to a virus, he went on to win the Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec, finished second in the Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal, and won the first elite men's road race at the European Road Championships. In October, Sagan won the road race at the UCI Road World Championships for the second consecutive year in Doha, Qatar. He came into the finish with the other 24 breakaway riders, and won the subsequent bunch sprint ahead of Great Britain's Mark Cavendish and Tom Boonen of Belgium, respectively. In December, he was awarded the prestigious Vélo d'Or award for the best rider of the year.


title: Peter Sagan

text: After it was announced that was to disband at the end of the 2016 season, Sagan's agent Giovanni Lombardi negotiated a new contract with . According to Oleg Tinkov, Sagan was expected to earn €6 million a year.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan began the 2017 season at the Tour Down Under, where he finished in second place on stages 3, 4 and 6. After training for the next few weeks, Sagan finished in second place at Omloop Het Nieuwsblad to Olympic Road Race Champion Greg Van Avermaet. The following day, Sagan attacked the breakaway in the final few hundred metres to take his first victory of the season at Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne. This also marked the first victory for the renamed team, and was Sagan's 90th career win. Sagan entered Strade Bianche as a race favourite, but following a crash roughly into the race, he abandoned later citing illness. Sagan claimed he possibly needed stitches to his hand following that crash and would hope to be ready for the start of his next race later in the week. Sagan achieved his second victory of the season by sprinting to the line ahead of the pack in Stage 3 of Tirreno–Adriatico. Sagan sprinted to another victory on the fifth stage, and ultimately won the points classification despite an incident during the final time trial stage of the race, when a woman and her dog abruptly crossed his path and he had to swerve in avoidance.


title: Peter Sagan

text: At Milan–San Remo, Sagan initiated a move on the slope of the Poggio di San Remo near the finish, with only Michał Kwiatkowski and Julian Alaphilippe able to follow. Kwiatkowski had the better of him in the end after a close sprint on the Via Roma, and Sagan finished in second place. Sagan entered the Tour of Flanders in hopes of defending his title. With to go, Philippe Gilbert attacked the peloton in a solo breakaway. In an attempt to close that gap, Sagan began to chase with rival Van Avermaet. With to go and 59 seconds down, Sagan's handlebar was caught on a jacket draped over the spectator barrier on the Oude Kwaremont causing him to crash, and ruining his chances of victory. In the Tour de Suisse, Sagan took another two stage victories on stages 5 and 8, and won the points classification for the sixth time.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan won the third stage of the Tour de France from an uphill sprint in Vittel. After the bunch sprint finish of stage four, in which Sagan placed second, he was disqualified after race officials judged that he caused Mark Cavendish to crash, with the jury president Philippe Marien saying that he "endangered some of his colleagues seriously". Before the crash, Cavendish tried to squeeze through a space that he saw was closing. Opinions have been largely negative on whether Sagan should be disqualified from the race. The opinion of many commentators and former riders was that a disqualification is not justified and even senseless. Months after the Tour de France, Sagan was officially exonerated by the UCI. Cavendish withdrew from the race later that day due to his injuries. Following his disqualification from the Tour de France, Sagan turned his focus to the Tour de Pologne, where he won Stage 1. He also stated he would skip the Vuelta a España, opting to train for an unprecedented third consecutive victory at the UCI Road World Championships in Norway. In September, Sagan sprinted to his 100th career victory at the Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec. Two weeks later, Sagan won the road race at the UCI Road World Championships in a bunch sprint, ahead of Norway's Alexander Kristoff and Australia's Michael Matthews, to become the first male rider to win three consecutive world road race titles.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan kicked off the 2018 season by winning the Down Under Classic, the prelude criterium to the Tour Down Under. In the Tour Down Under itself, he finished third on the first stage and won the fourth stage. Following the race, Sagan visited the Vatican and offered a custom race bike to Pope Francis, which was later auctioned for charity in 2020. He skipped the Belgian season openers to prepare at an altitude camp in the Sierra Nevada before starting his European campaign in Italy. He finished eighth in Strade Bianche, 43rd overall in Tirreno–Adriatico, and sixth in Milan–San Remo. Moving on to the cobbled classics, he was 26th in E3 Harelbeke before winning a record-equalling third Gent–Wevelgem.


title: Peter Sagan

text: One week later he finished sixth in the Tour of Flanders. On 8 April, Sagan won Paris–Roubaix with an attack at from the finish to join an earlier break. Only Silvan Dillier could keep up and Sagan beat Dillier in a two-up sprint on the Roubaix Velodrome. He closed his classics campaign with fourth place in the Amstel Gold Race. In the Tour de France, Sagan finished 2nd on the opening stage behind Fernando Gaviria. In Stage 2, Sagan won the stage and earned the green jersey and wore it for the rest of the tour. Sagan also won Stages 5 and 13, before he crashed on a descent during stage 17, but ultimately won the points classification for a record-equalling sixth time.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan's first victory of the 2019 season came on the third stage of the Tour Down Under, as he won in Uraidla for the second successive year. He did not podium in any of the spring classics, with best results of fourth at Milan–San Remo and fifth at Paris–Roubaix. He won stages at the Tour California and the Tour de Suisse, prior to the Tour de France. He won the fifth stage at the Tour de France, and took eight other top-five stage finishes as he surpassed Erik Zabel with his seventh points classification victory.


title: Peter Sagan

text: In 2020, Sagan started his season at the Vuelta a San Juan in Argentina, where he finished second to Fernando Gaviria on the final stage. He then went on to race Paris–Nice, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic-enforced suspension of racing. When racing resumed in August, Sagan took fourth-place finishes at Milano–Torino and Milan–San Remo. At the Tour de France, Sagan failed to win a stage and finished second to Sam Bennett in the points classification. During stage 11, he was relegated after he was adjudged to have used his head to barge Wout van Aert during the sprint finish. Sagan's final race of the season was the Giro d'Italia, where he won the tenth stage – his only win of the season – and finished second to Arnaud Démare in the points classification.


title: Peter Sagan

text: As he did in 2019 and 2020, Sagan finished fourth in the 2021 Milan–San Remo, his fifth such result at the race. Prior to the Giro d'Italia, Sagan won stages at the Volta a Catalunya and the Tour de Romandie. At the Giro d'Italia, he won the tenth stage for the second year in a row, and moved into the lead of the points classification ahead of Tim Merlier; he held the lead for the remainder of the race. After winning the Slovak National Road Race Championships for the seventh time, he contested the Tour de France, but he withdrew midway through the race due to bursitis, having recorded a best stage finish of fifth on two occasions. In September, he contested the Okolo Slovenska for the first time, winning the race overall.


title: Peter Sagan

text: In August 2021, Sagan signed a two-year contract with , a UCI ProTeam, from the 2022 season onwards. He was joined at the team by his teammates Maciej Bodnar, Daniel Oss and his brother Juraj Sagan. He was due to make his first start with the team at the Vuelta a San Juan in late January, but the international event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina. Sagan took his first win for the team at the Tour de Suisse in June, winning the third stage into Grenchen. He later had to withdraw from the race, following a positive test (his third) for COVID-19. He won his eighth Slovak National Road Race Championships the following week, finishing nearly two minutes clear of his closest competitor, Lukáš Kubiš. At the Tour de France, Sagan failed to record any top-three stage finishes for the second year in a row, and he finished the season with a seventh-place finish in the road race at the UCI Road World Championships in Australia.


title: Peter Sagan

text: Sagan is a practising Catholic and met Pope Francis in Vatican City in January 2018. Sagan was formerly married to Katarína Smolková. They married on 11 November 2015 in Slovakia and resided in Monaco. Their first child, Marlon, was born on 25 October 2017. On 18 July 2018, Sagan announced their separation.


title: Peter Sagan

text: In April 2021, Sagan was drunk, riding as a passenger with his older brother Juraj Sagan in Monaco when the pair were stopped by the police as they were in violation of a curfew due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Monaco. The younger Sagan "struggled like a madman" during the incident giving a policeman a minor injury. The pair were arrested for violating curfew. He later apologised for the incident and was fined €6,600; he stated that he feared he was going to be taken to the hospital against his will and forcibly vaccinated. In an interview with Spanish sports publication "Marca", Sagan commented on the state of the sport during the COVID-19 pandemic, stating that "without people, cycling is different and worse".


title: Art Howe

text: Arthur Henry Howe Jr. (born December 15, 1946) is an American former professional baseball infielder, coach, scout, and manager, who appeared as a player in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates (–), Houston Astros (–), and St. Louis Cardinals (–). Howe managed the Astros (–), Oakland Athletics (–), and New York Mets (–), compiling a career managerial record of 1,129 wins and 1,137 losses.


title: Art Howe

text: Howe was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and attended Shaler Area High School. After graduating he attended the University of Wyoming on a college football scholarship, but played baseball after injuries ended his football career. and signed his first playing contract at age 24, with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1971. He came to the major leagues as a part-time player with Pittsburgh in 1974–75, before a trade to the Astros for infielder Tommy Helms on January 6, 1976. He played all four infield positions, mostly as a third baseman and second baseman, for Houston from 1976 to 1982. While playing in only 125 games in 1977, and alternating among 2B, SS and 3B, Howe committed just 8 errors. On May 7, 1980, he suffered a fractured jaw when hit by a pitch from Expos pitcher Scott Sanderson.


title: Art Howe

text: In May 1981 he won the Player of the Month Award, the only Astros third baseman to win it until it was also won by Alex Bregman in June 2018. After missing the entire 1983 season with an injury, he finished his playing career with the St. Louis Cardinals (1984–85). The right-handed hitter appeared in 891 games over all or parts of 11 seasons, compiling a lifetime batting average of .260 with 43 home runs.


title: Art Howe

text: In 1986, Howe began his coaching career as an aide to Bobby Valentine with the Texas Rangers. After three seasons, he was hired by his old team, the Astros, as manager for 1989, succeeding Hal Lanier. Howe enjoyed a successful first season in Houston, but the team was rebuilding with young players such as Jeff Bagwell and Craig Biggio, and suffered losing years in 1990–91. In 1992 and 1993 the Astros improved to .500 and then a winning record, but Howe was fired in favor of Terry Collins at the close of the '93 campaign. During the 1994–95 Dominican Winter League season, Howe led the Azucareros del Este to their first championship.


title: Art Howe

text: After a year as a Major League scout for the Los Angeles Dodgers, and spending 1995 as bench coach for the Colorado Rockies, Howe was selected to replace the high-profile Tony La Russa as manager of the Athletics for 1996. The A's suffered through three losing seasons under Howe before, in 1999, they returned to contention. In 2000, 2001 and 2002, the A's won 91, 102 and 103 games respectively and made the American League playoffs in each season. But they did not win a playoff series, losing each time in the Division Series in five games. This included losing Game 5 at home in 2000 and 2002 and blowing a 2–0 lead in the 2001 series. Gradually, Howe and general manager Billy Beane grew estranged. At the end of 2002, despite a seven-year mark of 600–533 (.530), Howe was released from his Oakland contract to become the manager of the New York Mets.


title: Art Howe

text: Oscar-winning actor Philip Seymour Hoffman portrayed Howe in the film "Moneyball", which dramatized Billy Beane's tactics of using sabermetrics to select players. Howe stated that he was unhappy with his portrayal in both the film and the Michael Lewis book it was based on, in which Howe was portrayed as a stubborn traditionalist who refused to follow Beane's plans and a figurehead who submitted while Beane ran the A's from the clubhouse, which differed from the real tanglements of Howe and Beane being more about the former being a team player in utilizing the methods of the latter despite his lingering doubts, with Howe being described in the press as a "good company man". Howe said it was unfortunate that Beane's lack of regard for him was that obvious.


title: Art Howe

text: Howe's two years in New York proved highly unsuccessful. The Mets won only 42 percent of their games, the front office went through three general managers, and attendance at Shea Stadium fell. Likely the only bright spot was Howe winning his 1000th game as manager on April 20, 2003, winning 7–4 against the Florida Marlins. In September 2004, word of Howe's impending firing was leaked to the media two weeks before the season ended, but he was allowed to finish the year. Ultimately, the general manager of the club, Omar Minaya, replaced Howe with Willie Randolph, bench coach for the New York Yankees.


title: Art Howe

text: On October 16, 2006, Howe was hired as the third base coach and an infield instructor by the Philadelphia Phillies. After the Texas Rangers hired Ron Washington – a former coach under Howe in Oakland – as their manager, the Phillies gave Howe permission to speak with the Rangers about any openings in the organization. On November 7, 2006, Howe was hired by the Rangers as Washington's bench coach. He served two years in that role (2007–08) but his contract was not renewed at the end of the Rangers' disappointing 2008 season.


title: Art Howe

text: Howe is married to his high school sweetheart, Betty. They have three children and six grandchildren. On May 14, 2020, Howe confirmed that he was in an ICU suffering from Covid-19. On May 17, 2020, he was released from the hospital, and sent home, reportedly "weak, but on the mend".


title: Husband stitch

text: The husband stitch or husband's stitch, also known as the daddy stitch, husband's knot and vaginal tuck, is a surgical procedure in which one or more additional sutures than necessary are used to repair a woman's perineum after it has been torn or cut during childbirth. The claimed purpose is to tighten the opening of the vagina and thereby enhance the pleasure of her male sex partner during penetrative intercourse. Evidence for the benefit of the woman is lacking.


title: Husband stitch

text: While repair of the perineum may be medically necessary, an extra stitch is not, and may cause discomfort or pain. Use of the term in the medical literature can be traced to "Transactions of the Texas State Medical Association" in 1885. The term is also referenced in "What Women Want to Know" (1958).


title: Husband stitch

text: Few studies exist to determine whether the procedure occurs often and how many women have been affected beyond anecdotal evidence. Many medical practitioners assert that the procedure is mostly an urban legend, and that much of any truth about the procedure is prone to misunderstanding and false attribution by the public. Some suggest that it might be a joke made by men to relieve tension after their partners have given birth. However, there are several accounts of women who claim to have undergone this procedure without their consent.


title: Husband stitch

text: A short story by Carmen Maria Machado, "The Husband Stitch", first published in 2014 by "Granta" and later published in the collection "Her Body and Other Parties", describes a woman undergoing the procedure.


title: Husband stitch

text: In "Doom Patrol"s season 2 premiere Cliff's misogynist father tells him, "When that baby doctor asks if you want the husband stitch, you tell him, "I'll take two."


title: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Charles VII (6 August 1697 – 20 January 1745) was the prince-elector of Bavaria from 1726 and Holy Roman Emperor from 24 January 1742 to his death. He was a member of the House of Wittelsbach, and his reign as Holy Roman Emperor thus marked the end of three centuries of uninterrupted Habsburg imperial rule although he was related to the Habsburgs by both blood and marriage. After the death of emperor Charles VI in 1740, he claimed the Archduchy of Austria by his marriage to Maria Amalia of Austria, the niece of Charles VI, and was briefly, from 1741 to 1743, as Charles III King of Bohemia. In 1742, he was elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire as Charles VII and ruled until his death three years later.


title: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Charles (Albert) () was born in Brussels and the son of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, and Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska, daughter of King John III Sobieski of Poland.


title: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: His family was politically divided during the War of the Spanish Succession, and he spent many years under house arrest in Austria. The royal family had left Brussels and returned to Munich in 1701. His father, Maximilian Emanuel, fled to the Spanish Netherlands after he had been defeated at the Battle of Blenheim in August 1704, and Charles and his siblings stayed with their mother, the acting Regent, in Munich. In May 1705, after a stay in Venice, the Austrian authorities refused to allow the electress to return to Bavaria and forced her into exile, which lasted ten years. Maximilian Emanuel went also into exile to Compiègne after on April 29, 1706, an Imperial ban was imposed on him, as he again had been defeated at the Battle of Ramillies a few days earlier. Only in 1715 was the family reconciled. After attaining the majority age in August 1715, Charles undertook an educational tour to Italy from 3 December 1715 to 24 August 1716. In 1717, he served among Bavarian auxiliaries in the Austro-Turkish War.


title: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: On 5 October 1722, Charles married Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria, whom he had met at the imperial court in Vienna. She was the youngest daughter of the late Emperor Joseph I and his wife, Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Bavaria had renounced all claims to the throne via the marriage, but it provided the legal basis to the inheritance of certain Austrian possessions.


title: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: In 1725, Charles visited Versailles during the wedding celebrations of Louis XV of France and established a personal contact with the French court.


title: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: In 1726, after his father had died, Charles became Duke of Bavaria and thus one of the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire, and he also inherited a debt of 26 million guilders. He maintained good relations with both his Habsburg relatives and France, continuing his father's policies.


title: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: In 1729, he instituted the knightly Order of St George and ordered the beginning of the construction of the Rothenberg Fortress.


title: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: In continuance of the policy of his father, Charles aspired to an even higher rank. As son-in-law of Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles rejected the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and claimed the German territories of the Habsburg dynasty after the death of emperor Charles VI in 1740. By the Treaty of Nymphenburg, which was concluded in July 1741, Charles became allied with France and Spain against Austria.


title: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: During the War of the Austrian Succession, Charles invaded Upper Austria in 1741 and planned to conquer Vienna, but his allied French troops under the Duc de Belle-Isle were instead redirected to Bohemia, and Prague was conquered in November 1741. That meant that Charles was crowned King of Bohemia in Prague on 19 December 1741, when the Habsburgs had not yet been defeated. He was unanimously elected "King of the Romans" on 24 January 1742 and became Holy Roman Emperor upon his coronation on 12 February 1742. His brother Klemens August of Bavaria, the archbishop and elector ("Kurfürst") of Cologne, generally sided with the Austria Habsburg-Lorraine faction in the disputes over the Habsburg succession but cast his vote for him and personally crowned him emperor at Frankfurt. George II of Great Britain, who was also Elector of Hanover, also voted to install Charles as Emperor even though both Britain and Hanover were allied with Austria in the ongoing war. Charles VII was the second Wittelsbach emperor after Louis IV and the first Wittelsbach king of Germany since the reign of Rupert.


title: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Shortly after his coronation, most of Charles's territories were overrun by the Austrians, and Bavaria was occupied by the troops of Maria Theresa. The emperor fled Munich and resided for almost three years in the "Palais Barckhaus" in Frankfurt. Most of Bohemia was lost in December 1742, when the Austrians allowed the French under the Duc de Belle-Isle and the Duc de Broglie an honourable capitulation. Charles was mocked as an emperor who neither controlled his own realm nor was in effective control of the empire itself, but the institution of the Holy Roman Emperor had largely become symbolic in nature and powerless by then. A popular Latin saying about him was "et Caesar et nihil", meaning "both Emperor and nothing", a word play on "aut Caesar aut nihil", meaning "either Emperor or nothing". General Ignaz Felix, Count of Törring-Jettenbach was compared to a drum, as people "heard about him only when he was beaten".


title: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Charles VII tried to emphasise his government in Frankfurt with numerous acts of law, such as the grant of imperial privilege to the University of Erlangen in 1743 and the creation of several new imperial nobles. Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg, was declared early to be of full age in 1744. Alexander Ferdinand, 3rd Prince of Thurn and Taxis served as Principal Commissioner for Charles VII at the Perpetual Imperial Diet in Frankfurt am Main and in 1744 the Thurn und Taxis dynasty were appointed the hereditary Postmasters General of the Imperial Reichspost.


title: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: The new commander of the Bavarian army, Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff, fought Austria in a series of battles in 1743 and 1744. In 1743, his troops and their allies took Bavaria, and Charles was able to return to Munich in April for some time. After the allied French had to retreat after defeats to the Rhine, he lost Bavaria again. The new campaign of Frederick II of Prussia during the Second Silesian War finally forced the Austrian army to leave Bavaria and to retreat into Bohemia. In October 1744, Charles regained Munich and returned. Under the mediation of former Vice-Chancellor Friedrich Karl von Schönborn, the emperor then sought a balance with Vienna but also negotiated unsuccessfully with France for new military support.


title: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Suffering severely from gout, Charles died at Nymphenburg Palace in January 1745. His brother Klemens August then again leaned towards Austria, and his son and successor Maximilian III Joseph made peace with Austria. With the Treaty of Füssen, Austria recognized the legitimacy of Charles's election as Holy Roman Emperor.


title: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: He is buried in the crypt of the Theatinerkirche in Munich. His heart was separately buried in the Shrine of Our Lady of Altötting. Georg Philipp Telemann composed his requiem "I was Hoping for Light". King Frederick the Great of Prussia wrote in 1746, "This death robbed me of the emperor, who was my friend".


title: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Charles VII's reign represented the height of the Bavarian Rococo era. The Nymphenburg Palace was completed during his reign. The Grand Circle ("Schlossrondell"), which is flanked by a string of elaborate Baroque mansions was initially planned as a basic blueprint for a new city ("Carlstadt"), but that was not achieved. Charles VII resided in Nymphenburg, and the palace became the favorite summer residence of the future lords of Bavaria. Charles effected the building of the Ancestral Gallery and the Ornate Rooms at the Munich Residenz. He purchased the Palais Porcia in 1731 and had the mansion restored in Rococo style in 1736 for one of his mistresses, Countess Topor-Morawitzka. The mansion was named after her husband, Prince Porcia. He also ordered François de Cuvilliés, chief architect of the court, to build the Palais Holnstein for another one of his mistresses, Sophie Caroline von Ingenheim, Countess Holnstein, between 1733 and 1737. Cuvilliés constructed the Amalienburg as well for Charles and his wife, Maria Amalia, an elaborate hunting lodge designed in the Rococo style between 1734 and 1739 in the Nymphenburg Palace Park.


title: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Before and during Charles's reign, numerous accomplished, Italian, French and Bavarian and other German architects, sculptors, painters and artisans were employed in royal service, often for many years. Among them were Agostino Barelli, Dominique Girard, François de Cuvilliés, Leo von Klenze, Roman Anton Boos, Friedrich Ludwig Sckell, Joseph Effner, Konrad Eberhard, Joseph Baader, Ignaz Günther, Johann Michael Fischer, Cosmas Damian Asam and Egid Quirin Asam, Johann Michael Feuchtmayer, Matthäus Günther, Johann Baptist Straub and Johann Baptist Zimmermann.


title: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: "Charles VII, by the grace of God elected Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King in Germany and of Bohemia, Duke in the Upper and Lower Bavaria as well as the Upper Palatinate, Count-Palatine of the Rhine, Archduke of Austria, Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg, etc. etc."


title: Pennines

text: The Pennines (), also known as the Pennine Chain or Pennine Hills, are a range of uplands running between three regions of Northern England: North West England on the west, North East England and Yorkshire and the Humber on the east. Commonly described as the "backbone of England", the range stretches northwards from the Peak District at the southern end, through the South Pennines, Yorkshire Dales and North Pennines to the Tyne Gap, which separates the range from the Border Moors and Cheviot Hills across the Anglo-Scottish border, although some definitions include them. South of the Aire Gap is a western spur into east Lancashire, comprising the Rossendale Fells, West Pennine Moors and the Bowland Fells in North Lancashire. The Howgill Fells and Orton Fells in Cumbria are sometimes considered to be Pennine spurs to the west of the range. The Pennines are an important water catchment area with numerous reservoirs in the head streams of the river valleys.


title: Pennines

text: The North Pennines and Nidderdale are designated Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), as are Bowland and Pendle Hill. Parts of the Pennines are incorporated into the Peak District National Park and Yorkshire Dales National Park. Britain's oldest long-distance footpath, the 268-mile (429 km) Pennine Way, runs along most of the Pennine Chain.


title: Pennines

text: Various etymologies have proposed treating "Pennine" as a native Brittonic/Modern Welsh name related to "pen-" ("head"). It did not become a common name until the 18th century and almost certainly derives from modern comparisons with the Apennine Mountains, which run down the middle of Italy in a similar fashion.


title: Pennines

text: Following an 1853 article by Arthur Hussey, it has become a common belief that the name derives from a passage in "The Description of Britain" (), an infamous historical forgery concocted by Charles Bertram in the 1740s and accepted as genuine until the 1840s. In 2004, George Redmonds reassessed this, finding that numerous respected writers passed over the origin of the mountains' name in silence even in works dedicated to the topological etymology of Derbyshire and Lancashire. He found that the derivation from Bertram was widely believed and considered uncomfortable. In fact, Redmonds found repeated comparisons with the Italian Apennines going back at least as early as William Camden (1551–1623), many of whose placenames and ideas Bertram incorporated into his work. Bertram was responsible (at most) with popularizing the name against other contenders such as Daniel Defoe's "English Andes". His own form of the name was the "Pennine Alps" (""), which today is used for a western section of the continental Alps. Those mountains (the area around the St. Bernard Pass) derive their name from the Latin "Alpes Pœninæ" whose name has been variously derived from the Carthaginians, a local god, and Celtic "peninus". The St. Bernard Pass was the pass used in the invasions of Italy by the Gallic Boii and Lingones in 390 BC. The etymology of the Apennines themselves—whose name first referred to their northern extremity and then later spread southward—is also disputed but is usually taken to derive from some form of Celtic "pen" or "ben" ("mountain, head").


title: Pennines

text: Various towns and geographical features have names of Celtic origin, including Penrith, Pen-y-ghent, the River Eden, and Cumbria. More commonly, local names result from Anglo-Saxon and Norse settlements. In Yorkshire and Cumbria, many words of Norse origin, not commonly used in standard English, are part of everyday speech: for example, "gill/ghyll" (narrow steep valley), "beck" (brook or stream), "fell" (hill), and "dale" (valley).


title: Pennines

text: The northern Pennine range is bordered by the foothills of the Lake District, and uplands of the Howgill Fells, Orton Fells, Border Moors and Cheviot Hills. The West Pennine Moors, Rossendale Valley and Forest of Bowland are western spurs, the former two are in the South Pennines. The Howgill Fells and Orton Fells are sometimes considered to be part of the Pennines, both inside the Yorkshire Dales National Park. The Pennines are fringed by extensive lowlands including the Eden Valley, West Lancashire Coastal Plain, Cheshire Plain, Vale of York, Humberhead Levels and the Midland Plains.


title: Pennines

text: The Pennines start from the Tyne Gap in the north, separating the range from the Border Moors and Cheviot Hills across the Anglo-Scottish border, and continue southwards across the North Pennines to the Stainmore Gap where the range adjoins the Yorkshire Dales. The range then continues further south across the Yorkshire Dales to the Aire Gap which separates the Yorkshire Dales from the Forest of Bowland to the southwest and the South Pennines to the south. The main range of the Pennines carries on southwards from the Aire Gap across the South Pennines, separated from the Forest of Bowland by the Ribble Valley, and includes the Rossendale Valley and West Pennine Moors in the west, before adjoining the northern Peak District approximately around the Tame Valley, Standedge and Holme Valley. The range then continues into its southern end at the Peak District, while the southern foothills merge into the lowlands and basin of the Trent Valley, separating the range from the Midland Plains to the south.


title: Pennines

text: Although the Pennines cover the area between the Tyne Gap and the Peak District, the Pennine Way affects perceptions of the northern and southern extents of the defined area. The Border Moors and Cheviot Hills, separated by the Tyne Gap and Whin Sill, along which run the A69 and Hadrian's Wall, are not part of the Pennines but, perhaps because the Pennine Way crosses them, they are treated as such. The southern end of the Pennines is said to be in the High Peak of Derbyshire at Edale, the start of the Pennine Way but the range of hills continues south across the Peak District to the Trent Valley, encompassing northern and eastern Staffordshire, and southern Derbyshire.


title: Pennines

text: Most of the Pennine landscape is characterised by upland areas of high moorland indented by more fertile river valleys, although the landscape varies in different areas. The Peak District consists of hills, plateaus and valleys, divided into the Dark Peak with moorlands and gritstone edges, and the White Peak with limestone gorges. The South Pennines is an area of hills and moorlands with narrow valleys between the Peak District and Yorkshire Dales. Bowland is dominated by a central upland landform of deeply incised gritstone fells covered with tracts of heather-covered peat moorland, blanket bog and steep-sided wooded valleys linking the upland and lowland landscapes. The landscape is higher and more mountainous in the Yorkshire Dales and North Pennines. The Yorkshire Dales are characterised by valleys, moorlands and fells while the North Pennines consist of plateaus, moorlands, fells, edges and valleys, with most of the higher peaks in the west.


title: Pennines

text: Rising less than , the Pennines are fells, with most of the mountainous terrain in the north. The highest point is Cross Fell in eastern Cumbria, at and other principal peaks in the North Pennines are Great Dun Fell , Mickle Fell , and Burnhope Seat . Principal peaks in the Yorkshire Dales include Whernside , Ingleborough , High Seat , Wild Boar Fell and Pen-y-ghent . Principal peaks in the Forest of Bowland include Ward's Stone , Fair Snape Fell , and Hawthornthwaite Fell . Terrain is lower towards the south and the only peaks which exceed are Kinder Scout and Bleaklow in the Peak District. Other principal peaks in the South Pennines and Peak District include Black Hill , Shining Tor , Black Chew Head , Rombalds Moor and Winter Hill .


title: Pennines

text: For much of their length the Pennine hills are the main watershed in northern England, dividing east and west. The rivers Eden, Ribble, Dane and tributaries of the Mersey (including the Irwell, Tame and Goyt) flow westwards towards the Irish Sea.


title: Pennines

text: On the eastern side of the Pennines, the rivers Tyne, Wear, and Tees all drain directly to the North Sea. The Swale, Ure, Nidd, Wharfe, Aire, Calder and Don all flow into the Yorkshire Ouse, and reach the sea through the Humber Estuary.


title: Pennines

text: The River Trent flows around the southern end of the Pennines and northwards on the eastern side taking water from tributaries, principally the Dove and Derwent. The Trent drains the east and west sides of the southern Pennines, also reaching the North Sea through the Humber Estuary. The Trent and Ouse meet and enter the Humber at Trent Falls. Maximum discharge through the Humber can reach 1,500 m/s (53,000 cu ft/s).


title: Pennines

text: The Pennine climate is generally temperate like that of the rest of England, but the hills have more precipitation, stronger winds and colder weather than the surrounding areas. Higher elevations have a tundra climate.


title: Pennines

text: More snow falls on the Pennines than on surrounding lowland areas due to the elevation and distance from the coast; unlike lowland areas of England, the Pennines can have quite severe winters.


title: Pennines

text: The northwest is amongst the wettest regions of England and much of the rain falls on the Pennines. The eastern side is drier than the west—the rain shadow shields northeast England from rainfall that would otherwise fall there.


title: Pennines

text: Precipitation is important for the area's biodiversity and human population. Many towns and cities are located along rivers flowing from the hills and in northwest England the lack of natural aquifers is compensated for by reservoirs.


title: Pennines

text: Water has carved out gorges, caves and limestone landscapes in the Yorkshire Dales and Peak District. In some areas precipitation has contributed to poor soils, resulting in part in moorland landscapes that characterize much of the range. In other areas where the soil has not been degraded, it has resulted in lush vegetation.


title: Pennines

text: For the purpose of growing plants, the Pennines are in hardiness zones 7 and 8, as defined by the USDA. Zone 8 is common throughout most of the UK, and zone 7 is the UK's coldest hardiness zone. The Pennines, Scottish Highlands, Southern Uplands and Snowdonia are the only areas of the UK in zone 7.


title: Pennines

text: The Pennines have been carved from a series of geological structures whose overall form is a broad anticline whose axis extends in a north–south direction. The North Pennines are coincident with the Alston Block and the Yorkshire Dales are coincident with the Askrigg Block. In the south the Peak District is essentially a flat-topped dome.


title: Pennines

text: Each of the structures consists of Carboniferous limestone overlain with Millstone Grit. The limestone is exposed at the surface in the North Pennines, Yorkshire Dales and the Peak District. In the Dales and the White Peak, limestone exposure has caused the formation of large cave systems and watercourses. In the Dales the caves or potholes are known as "pots" in the Yorkshire dialect. They include some of the largest caves in England at Gaping Gill, more than deep and Rowten Pot, deep. Titan in the Peak District, the deepest shaft known in Britain, is connected to Peak Cavern in Castleton, Derbyshire, the largest cave entrance in the country. Erosion of the limestone has led to geological formations, such as the limestone pavements at Malham Cove.


title: Pennines

text: Between the northern and southern areas of exposed limestone between Skipton and the Dark Peak is a belt of exposed gritstone. Here the shales and sandstones of the Millstone Grit form high hills occupied by moorland covered with bracken, peat, heather and coarse grasses; the higher ground is uncultivable and barely fit for pasture.


title: Pennines

text: The Pennine uplands contained Bronze Age settlements, and evidence remains of Neolithic settlement including many stone circles and henges, such as Long Meg and Her Daughters.


title: Pennines

text: The Pennine hills were controlled by the tribal federation of the Brigantes, made up of small tribes who inhabited the area and cooperated on defence and external affairs. They evolved an early form of kingdom. During Roman times, the Brigantes were dominated by the Romans who exploited the Pennines for their natural resources including the wild animals found there.


title: Pennines

text: The Pennines were an obstacle for Anglo-Saxon expansion westwards, although it appears the Anglo-Saxons travelled through the valleys. During the Dark Ages the Pennines were controlled by Celtic and Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. It is believed that the north Pennines were under the control of the kingdom of Rheged.


title: Pennines

text: During Norse times the Pennines were settled by Viking Danes in the east and Norwegian Vikings in the west. The Vikings influenced place names, culture and genetics. When England was unified the Pennines were incorporated. The mix of Celtic, Anglo-Saxon and Viking heritage resembled much of the rest of northern England and its culture developed alongside its lowland neighbours in northwest and northeast England. The Pennines were not a distinct political polity, but were divided between neighbouring counties in northeast and northwest England; a major part was in the West Riding of Yorkshire.


title: Pennines

text: The Pennine region is sparsely populated by English standards. Larger population centres are in the foothills and lowlands fringing the southern Pennine range, such as Barnsley, Chesterfield, Halifax, Huddersfield, Macclesfield, Oldham, Bury, Rochdale, Middleton, and Stockport but most of the northern Pennine range is thinly populated. The cities of Bradford, Derby, Leeds, Manchester, Sheffield, Stoke-on-Trent and Wakefield are also in the surrounding foothills and lowlands.


title: Pennines

text: The main economic activities in the Pennines include sheep farming, quarrying, finance and tourism. In the Peak District, tourism is the major local employment for park residents (24%), with manufacturing industries (19%) and quarrying (12%) also being important while 12% are employed in agriculture. Limestone is the most important mineral quarried, mainly for roads and cement, while other extracted materials include shale for cement and gritstone for building stone. The springs at Buxton and Ashbourne are exploited to produce bottled mineral water and there are approximately 2,700 farms in the National Park. The South Pennines are predominantly industrial, with the main industries including textiles, quarrying and mining, while other economic activities within the South Pennines include tourism and farming.


title: Pennines

text: Although the Forest of Bowland is mostly rural, the main economic activities in the area include farming and tourism. In the Yorkshire Dales, tourism accounts for £350 million of expenditure every year while employment is mostly dominated by farming, accommodation and food sectors. There are also significant challenges for managing tourism, farming and other developments within the National Park. The main economic activities in the North Pennines include tourism, farming, timber and small-scale quarrying, due to the rural landscape.


title: Pennines

text: Gaps that allow west–east communication across the Pennines include the Tyne Gap between the Pennines and the Cheviots, through which the A69 road and Tyne Valley railway link Carlisle and Newcastle upon Tyne. The A66 road, its summit at , follows the course of a Roman road from Scotch Corner to Penrith through the Stainmore Gap between the Eden Valley in Cumbria and Teesdale in County Durham. The Aire Gap links Lancashire and Yorkshire via the valleys of the Aire and Ribble. Other high-level roads include Buttertubs Pass, named from limestone potholes near its summit, between Hawes in Wensleydale and Swaledale and the A684 road from Sedbergh to Hawes via Garsdale Head which reaches .


title: Pennines

text: Further south the A58 road traverses the Calder Valley between West Yorkshire and Greater Manchester reaching between Littleborough and Ripponden, while the A646 road along the Calder Valley between Burnley and Halifax reaches following valley floors. In the Peak District the A628 Woodhead road links the M67 motorway in Greater Manchester with the M1 motorway in South Yorkshire and Holme Moss is crossed by the A6024 road, whose highest point is near Holme Moss transmitting station between Longdendale and Holmfirth.


title: Pennines

text: The Pennines are traversed by the M62 motorway, the highest motorway in England at on Windy Hill near Junction 23.


title: Pennines

text: The first of three Woodhead Tunnels was completed by the Sheffield, Ashton-Under-Lyne and Manchester Railway in 1845, engineered by Charles Vignoles and Joseph Locke. At the time of its completion in 1845, Woodhead 1 was one of the world's longest railway tunnels at a length of 3 miles 13 yards (4,840 m); it was the first of several trans-Pennine tunnels including the Standedge and Totley tunnels, which are only slightly longer. The first two tunnels were replaced by Woodhead 3, which was longer at 3 miles 66 yards (4860m). It was bored for the overhead electrification of the route and completed in 1953. The tunnel was opened by the transport minister Alan Lennox-Boyd on 3 June 1954. It was designed by Sir William Halcrow & Partners. The line was closed in 1981.


title: Pennines

text: The London and North Western Railway acquired the Huddersfield and Manchester Railway in 1847 and built a single-line tunnel parallel to the canal tunnel at Standedge with a length of 3 miles, 57 yards (4803 m). Today rail services along the Huddersfield line between Huddersfield and Victoria and Piccadilly stations in Manchester are operated by TransPennine Express and Northern. Between 1869 and 1876 the Midland Railway built the Settle-Carlisle Line through remote, scenic regions of the Pennines from near Settle to Carlisle passing Appleby-in-Westmorland and other settlements, some a distance from their stations. The line has survived, despite difficult times


title: Pennines

text: The Trans Pennine Trail, a long-distance route for cyclists, horse riders and walkers, runs west–east alongside rivers and canals, along disused railway tracks and through historic towns and cities from Southport to Hornsea (). It crosses the north–south Pennine Way () at Crowden-in-Longdendale.


title: Pennines

text: Considerable areas of the Pennines are protected as UK national parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs). Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty are afforded much the same protection as national parks. The national parks within the Pennines are the Yorkshire Dales National Park (7) and the Peak District National Park (1).


title: Pennines

text: The North Pennines AONB just north of the Yorkshire Dales rivals the national park in size and includes some of the Pennines' highest peaks and its most isolated and sparsely populated areas. Other AONBs are Nidderdale east of the Yorkshire Dales, and the Bowland Fells, including Pendle Hill, west of the Yorkshire Dales.


title: Pennines

text: The language used in pre-Roman and Roman times was Common Brittonic. During the Early Middle Ages, the Cumbric language developed. Little evidence of Cumbric remains, so it is difficult to ascertain whether or not it was distinct from Old Welsh. The extent of the region in which Cumbric was spoken is also unknown.


title: Pennines

text: During Anglo-Saxon times the area was settled by Anglian peoples of Mercia and Northumbria, rather than the Saxon people of Southern England. Celtic speech remained in most areas of the Pennines longer than it did in the surrounding areas of England. Eventually, the Celtic tongue of the Pennines was replaced by early English as Anglo-Saxons and Vikings settled the area and assimilated the Celts.


title: Pennines

text: During the Viking Age Scandinavian settlers brought their language, Old Norse. The fusion of Norse and Old English was important in the formation of Middle English and hence Modern English, and many individual words of Norse descent remain in use in local dialects, such as that of Yorkshire, and in local place names.


title: Pennines

text: The folklore and customs are mostly based on Celtic, Anglo-Saxon and Viking customs and folklore. Many customs and stories have their origin in Christianised pagan traditions. In the Peak District, a notable custom is well dressing, which has its origin in pagan traditions that became Christianised.


title: Pennines

text: Flora in the higher Pennines is adapted to moorland and subarctic landscapes and climates. The flora found there can be found in other areas of moorland in Northern Europe and some species are also found in areas of tundra. In the Pennine millstone grit areas above an altitude of the topsoil is so acidic, pH 2 to 4, that it can grow only bracken, heather, sphagnum, and coarse grasses such as cottongrass, purple moor grass and heath rush. As the Ice age glacial sheets retreated c. 11,500 BC trees returned and archaeological palynology can identify their species. The first trees to settle were willow, birch and juniper, followed later by alder and pine. By 6500 BC temperatures were warmer and woodlands covered 90% of the dales with mostly pine, elm, lime and oak. On the limestone soils the oak was slower to colonize and pine and birch predominated. Around 3000 BC a noticeable decline in tree pollen indicates that neolithic farmers were clearing woodland to increase grazing for domestic livestock, and studies at Linton Mires and Eshton Tarn find an increase in grassland species. On poorly drained impermeable areas of millstone grit, shale or clays the topsoil gets waterlogged in winter and spring. Here tree suppression combined with the heavier rainfall results in blanket bog up to thick. The erosion of peat still exposes stumps of ancient trees.


title: Pennines

text: Limestone areas of the Pennines in the White Peak, Yorkshire Dales and Upper Teesdale have been designated as nature reserves or Important Plant Areas by the botanical conservation charity Plantlife, and are nationally important for their wildflowers.


title: Pennines

text: Fauna in the Pennines is similar to the rest of England and Wales, but the area hosts some specialised species. Deer are found throughout the Pennines and some species of animals that are rare elsewhere in England can be found here. Arctic hares, which were common in Britain during the Ice Age and retreated to the cooler, more tundra-like uplands once the climate warmed up, were introduced to the Dark Peak area of the Peak District in the 19th century.


title: Pennines

text: Large areas of heather moorland in the Pennines are managed for driven shooting of wild red grouse. The related and declining black grouse is still found in northern parts of the Pennines. Other birds whose English breeding strongholds are in the Pennines include golden plover, snipe, curlew, dunlin, merlin, short-eared owl, ring ouzel and twite, though many of these are at the southern limit of their distributions and are more common in Scotland.


title: Vimana

text: Vimāna are mythological flying palaces or chariots described in Hindu texts and Sanskrit epics. The "Pushpaka Vimana" of Ravana (who took it from Kubera; Rama returned it to Kubera) is the most quoted example of a vimana. Vimanas are also mentioned in Jain texts.


title: Vimana

text: The Sanskrit word "vimāna" (विमान) literally means "measuring out, traversing" or "having been measured out". Monier Monier-Williams defines "vimāna" as "a car or a chariot of the gods, any self-moving aerial car sometimes serving as a seat or throne, sometimes self-moving and carrying its occupant through the air; other descriptions make the Vimana more like a house or palace, and one kind is said to be seven stories high", and quotes the Pushpaka Vimana of Ravana as an example. It may denote any car or vehicle, especially a bier or a ship as well as a palace of an emperor, especially with seven stories. Nowadays, "vimāna, vimān" or "biman" means "aircraft" in Indian languages. For example in the town name Vimanapura (a suburb of Bangalore) and Vimannagar, a town in Pune. In another context, Vimana is a feature in Hindu temple architecture.


title: Vimana

text: The predecessors of the flying "vimanas" of the Sanskrit epics are the flying chariots employed by various gods in the Vedas: the Sun (see Sun chariot) and Indra and several other Vedic deities are transported by flying wheeled chariots pulled by animals, usually horses.


title: Vimana

text: The existing "Rigveda" versions do not mention vimanas, but verses from, RV 1.164.47-48, also known as The Riddle Hymn, were taken as evidence for a spacecraft by Indian philosopher and social leader Dayananda Saraswati who believed in the infallible authority of the Vedas.


title: Vimana

text: Others may interpret it merely as a flowery way of saying the year is made of 12 months or 3 seasons or about 360 days.


title: Vimana

text: It is the first flying vimana mentioned in existing Hindu texts (as distinct from the gods' flying horse-drawn chariots).


title: Vimana

text: Pushpaka was originally made by Vishwakarma for Brahma, the Hindu god of creation; later Brahma gave it to Kubera, the God of wealth; but it was later stolen, along with Lanka, by his half-brother, king Ravana.


title: Vimana

text: Vimāna-vāsin ('dweller in vimāna') is a class of deities who served the . These Vaimānika deities dwell in the Ūrdhva Loka heavens.


title: Vimana

text: According to the "Kalpa Sūtra" of Bhadra-bāhu, the 24th himself emerged from the great ; whereas the 22nd emerged from the great vimāna Aparijita.


title: Vimana

text: The (4th) and Sumati-nātha (5th) both traveled through the sky in the "Jayanta-vimāna", namely the great vimāna Sarva-artha-siddhi, which was owned by the Jayanta deities; whereas the (15th) traveled through the sky in the "Vijaya-vimāna". A vimāna may be seen in a dream, such as the nalinī-gulma.


title: Vimana

text: Ashoka mentions vimana (an "aerial chariot") as part of the festivities or procession which were organised during his reign.


title: Vimana

text: The "Vaimānika Shāstra" is an early 20th-century Sanskrit text on aeronautics, obtained allegedly by mental channeling, about the construction of "vimāna"s, the "chariots of the Gods". The existence of the text was revealed in 1952 by G. R. Josyer, according to whom it was written by one Pandit Subbaraya Shastry, who dictated it in 1918–1923. A Hindi translation was published in 1959, the Sanskrit text with an English translation in 1973. It has 3000 shlokas in 8 chapters. Subbaraya Shastry allegedly stated that the content was dictated to him by Maharishi Bharadvaja. A study by aeronautical and mechanical engineering at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 1974 concluded that the aircraft described in the text were "poor concoctions" and that the author showed a complete lack of understanding of aeronautics.


title: Vimana

text: Pushpak Vimana, meaning "an aeroplane with flowers", is a mythical aeroplane found in Ayyavazhi mythology. Akilattirattu Ammanai, the religious book of Ayyavazhi, says that the Pushpak Vimana was sent to carry Ayya Vaikundar to Vaikundam.


title: Vimana

text: A similar reference is found in regards of Saint Tukaram, Maharashtra, India. Lord Vishnu was so impressed by the devotion and singing of Saint Tukaram that when his time came, a Pushpak Viman (a heavenly aircraft shaped as an eagle) came to take him to heaven. Though it is believed that every other human being can go to Heaven without body, Saint Tukaram went to heaven with body (Sadeha Swarga Prapti).


title: Multicast address

text: A multicast address is a logical identifier for a group of hosts in a computer network that are available to process datagrams or frames intended to be multicast for a designated network service. Multicast addressing can be used in the link layer (layer 2 in the OSI model), such as Ethernet multicast, and at the internet layer (layer 3 for OSI) for Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) or Version 6 (IPv6) multicast.


title: Multicast address

text: IPv4 multicast addresses are defined by the most-significant bit pattern of "1110". This originates from the classful network design of the early Internet when this group of addresses was designated as "Class D". The CIDR notation for this group is . The group includes the addresses from to . Address assignments from within this range are specified in , an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) "Best Current Practice" document (BCP 51).


title: Multicast address

text: The following table is a list of notable well-known IPv4 addresses that are reserved for IP multicasting and that are registered with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).


title: Multicast address

text: Multicast addresses in IPv6 use the prefix . IPv6 multicast addresses can be structured using the old format () or the new format (, updated by ).


title: Multicast address

text: Currently, 3 of the 4 flag bits in the "flags" field ("ff1") are defined; the most-significant flag bit is reserved for future use. The other three flags are known as "R", "P" and "T". All 4 bits in the additional flags field ("ff2") are reserved for future use and must hold the value 0.


title: Multicast address

text: Similar to a unicast address, the "prefix" of an IPv6 multicast address specifies its scope, however, the set of possible scopes for a multicast address is different. The 4-bit "sc" (or scope) field (bits 12 to 15) is used to indicate where the address is valid and unique.


title: Multicast address

text: The service is identified in the "group ID" field. For example, if refers to all Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers on the local network segment, then refers to all NTP servers in an organization's networks. The "group ID" field may be further divided for special multicast address types.


title: Multicast address

text: Ethernet frames with a value of 1 in the least-significant bit of the first octet of the destination MAC address are treated as multicast frames and are flooded to all points on the network. While frames with ones in all bits of the destination address () are sometimes referred to as broadcasts, Ethernet generally does not distinguish between multicast and broadcast frames. Modern Ethernet controllers filter received packets to reduce CPU load, by looking up the hash of a multicast destination address in a table, initialized by software, which controls whether a multicast packet is dropped or fully received.


title: Multicast address

text: The IEEE has allocated the address block to for group addresses for use by standard protocols. Of these, the MAC group addresses in the range of to are not forwarded by 802.1D-conformant MAC bridges.


title: The First Cut Is the Deepest

text: "The First Cut Is the Deepest" is a 1967 song written by British singer-songwriter Cat Stevens, originally released by P. P. Arnold in May 1967. Stevens's own version originally appeared on his album "New Masters" in December 1967.


title: The First Cut Is the Deepest

text: The song has been widely recorded and has become a hit single for seven different artists: P. P. Arnold (1967), Keith Hampshire (1973), Rod Stewart (1977), Dawn Penn (1994), Papa Dee (1995) and Sheryl Crow (2003).


title: The First Cut Is the Deepest

text: The lyrics describe a person wondering if and how it is possible to love again after their first love was lost. "The first cut" of the title refers to one's first love disappointment.


title: The First Cut Is the Deepest

text: Stevens made a demo recording of "The First Cut Is the Deepest" in 1965, while hoping to become a songwriter. He wrote the song earlier to promote his songs to other artists, but did not record it as his own performance until early October 1967 with guitarist Big Jim Sullivan, and it did not appear until his second album, "New Masters", was released in December 1967. He sold the song for £30 to P. P. Arnold, and it became a huge hit for her. Over decades, it also became an international hit for Keith Hampshire, Rod Stewart, and Sheryl Crow. The song has won Stevens songwriting awards, including two consecutive ASCAP songwriting awards for "Songwriter of the Year" in 2005 and 2006.


title: The First Cut Is the Deepest

text: American expatriate singer P. P. Arnold had the first hit with the song, reaching No. 18 on the UK Singles Chart with her version in May 1967, well ahead of the song appearing on Stevens' album. The Arnold hit featured an up-tempo, soulful vocal set against harpsichord, horns, and strings. It also appeared in the 2012 feature film "Seven Psychopaths".


title: The First Cut Is the Deepest

text: Jamaican singer Norma Fraser covered the song in 1967 on a Studio One recording released as the A side of the Coxsone label 45 rpm disc CS 7017. Fraser's version was subsequently released on various Studio One compilation LPs and CDs.


title: The First Cut Is the Deepest

text: Keith Hampshire had the first chart-topping hit of the song when his recording of it became a number-one hit in Canada in 1973, reaching the top of the "RPM 100" national singles chart on 12 May of that year. It also topped the Canadian Adult Contemporary chart and charted in the United States, albeit outside the top 40.


title: The First Cut Is the Deepest

text: Stewart recorded the song at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Sheffield, Alabama, United States, and it appeared on his 1976 album "A Night on the Town". It was released as a double A-side single with "I Don't Want to Talk About It". It was a huge success, and spent four weeks at No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart in May 1977, No. 11 in April in Canada, and also reached No. 21 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the U.S. In a departure from the original, Stewart excludes the concluding "But when it comes to being loved, she's first" from the refrain. In 1993, he recorded a live version during a session of "MTV Unplugged". This was included on the album "Unplugged...and Seated".


title: The First Cut Is the Deepest

text: Swedish musician Papa Dee released a reggae cover of "The First Cut Is the Deepest" in 1995. It was released as the first single from his fourth album, "The Journey" (1996), and remains his most commercially successful track. Scoring chart success in Europe, it peaked at No. 5 in Sweden, No. 9 in Denmark and Norway, No. 20 in Austria, and No. 38 in Iceland.


title: The First Cut Is the Deepest

text: Pan-European magazine "Music & Media" wrote, "Dee-lightfully our Swedish Papa tackles the old Cat Stevens hit in a pop dance-infused reggae style with a snappy ragga interlude. Radio, club and dub edits are available too."


title: The First Cut Is the Deepest

text: Sheryl Crow's version of "The First Cut Is the Deepest" is the first single released from her 2003 compilation album "The Very Best of Sheryl Crow". It became one of Crow's biggest radio hits, peaking at No. 14 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and becoming her first solo top-40 country hit following the success of her duet with Kid Rock, "Picture". The song stayed on the Hot 100 for 36 weeks and became a gold seller, also reaching No. 1 on the "Billboard" Adult Contemporary and Adult Top 40 charts. Internationally, the song was a top-twenty success in Hungary, Ireland and New Zealand.


title: The First Cut Is the Deepest

text: The Sheryl Crow music video for "The First Cut Is the Deepest" was directed by Wayne Isham with art direction by Andrew Elias. Filmed in southern Utah, the video features Sheryl in a rocky desert singing with her guitar, riding horses and interacting in a cowboy environment. Sheryl's single was nominated for a Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the Grammy Awards, losing to "Sunrise" by Norah Jones.


title: Mattie Blaylock

text: Celia Ann "Mattie" Blaylock (January 1850 – July 3, 1888) was a prostitute who became the romantic companion and common-law wife of Old West lawman and gambler Wyatt Earp for about six years. Knowledge of her place in Wyatt's life was concealed by Josephine Earp, his later common-law wife, who worked ceaselessly to protect her and Wyatt's reputation in their later years. Blaylock's relationship with Earp was rediscovered by Earp researcher John Gilchriese and author Frank Waters in the 1950s, when they uncovered a coroner's report for "Mattie Earp," and a deathbed conversation in which she told someone, "Wyatt Earp had ruined my life."


title: Mattie Blaylock

text: Mattie was born Celia Ann Blaylock in Monroe Township, Johnson County, Iowa, near Fairfax, Iowa, to Henry Blaylock and Elizabeth "Betsy" Vance. She was their third child and second daughter. The family lived on a small farm that Henry had obtained in 1846. Henry and his wife were stern parents and adhered to the principle, "spare the rod and spoil the child," and "children should be seen and not heard."


title: Mattie Blaylock

text: Celia, or "Celie" as she was known as a child, attended Sunday school, learned Biblical parables, and was taught to live by the Ten Commandments. When her older sister Martha Jane was 17 she married Charles Probst on July 1, 1870. Celia had no desire to live on a farm the rest of her life.


title: Mattie Blaylock

text: In mid-1868, Celia ran away with her younger sister Sarah to avoid farm life. Celia was a reasonably skilled seamstress and may have sought work in that field, but both girls found life on their own very difficult. There were few employment possibilities for young girls. They likely headed west to one of the growing towns along the Kansas-Iowa-Missouri border area. Sarah returned home less than a year later, chagrined and shamed by her experience. Her parents greeted her cheerlessly and took her back in disgrace.


title: Mattie Blaylock

text: At some point after leaving home, Celia chose the alias "Mattie", probably in an effort to conceal her identity and remain as anonymous as possible. However, court records indicate that she continued to call herself by her childhood nickname of "Celie", which was often phonetically spelled by court clerks as "Sally"; no court records have been found throughout her life using the name "Mattie". The first known record of Mattie's presence is a picture taken in Fort Scott in 1871. It's not known where she and Sarah spent the intervening time. Court records show that she became a prostitute beginning in 1872 in Fort Scott, then later in Dodge City.


title: Mattie Blaylock

text: Mattie Blaylock began a relationship with Earp after April 1876 in Dodge City, following his departure from Wichita, Kansas and the end of his relationship with Sally Heckell, who called herself Sally Earp. Earp was appointed assistant marshal in Dodge City under Marshal Lawrence Deger around May 1876. Blaylock continued to work as a prostitute. Earp resigned from the Dodge City police force on September 9, 1879, and traveled to Las Vegas, New Mexico Territory with Blaylock, his brother Jim, and Jim's wife Bessie. There they reunited with Holliday and Big Nose Kate. The six friends traveled to Prescott, Arizona. Then Blaylock and Earp stopped in the booming silver town of Pinal City, Arizona Territory, for two months in 1879. Wyatt, Virgil, and James Earp with their wives arrived in Tombstone on December 1, 1879. In the 1880 United States Census of Tombstone, Blaylock is listed as Wyatt's wife though there is no record of a legal marriage.


title: Mattie Blaylock

text: Blaylock suffered from severe headaches and while in Tombstone, Arizona she became addicted to laudanum, a then-common opiate and pain killer. It is not known exactly when Earp and Blaylock ended their relationship. Tombstone diarist George W. Parsons never mentioned seeing Earp and his next common-law wife, Josephine "Sadie" Marcus, together and neither did John Clum in his memoirs. Frank Waters wrote in "The Earp Brothers of Tombstone" of public fights between Sadie Marcus and Blaylock and how the affair was a public scandal. However, Waters' book has been criticized as biased for its negative portrayal of Wyatt Earp and for including details not mentioned in the original manuscript by Allie Earp (the common-law wife of Wyatt Earp's brother Virgil).


title: Mattie Blaylock

text: After the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and the March 18, 1882, assassination of Morgan Earp, Wyatt Earp, his youngest brother Warren, and a posse of other deputies began a vendetta. They hunted down some of the outlaw Cowboys they believed responsible for maiming Virgil Earp and killing Morgan. In early April, Wyatt left Arizona for New Mexico and then Colorado.


title: Mattie Blaylock

text: Blaylock left Tombstone with other Earp family members for Colton, California. She apparently expected to receive a telegram from Earp telling her where to meet him, but it never arrived. Instead, Earp left Colorado in late 1882 and arrived in San Francisco where Virgil was seeking treatment for his arm. Wyatt began a relationship with Josephine "Sadie" Marcus, who had during 1880-81 been in a relationship with Johnny Behan in Tombstone. Blaylock left Colton and returned to Pinal City, but the silver boom had died out and the bulk of the town's population had moved on. Blaylock planned to return to sex work in Pinal City, but with most of the prospective clientele gone with the silver, making a living there proved difficult.


title: Mattie Blaylock

text: On July 3, 1888, Blaylock took a lethal dose of laudanum and alcohol. Her death was ruled as "suicide by opium poisoning". She had been using laudanum and alcohol to excess for some time. It is possible she overdosed by accident and died of respiratory depression. The coroner's report of her death was brief. She is buried in the cemetery at Pinal City, now a ghost town, located just west of the former mining town of Superior, Arizona.