title: Arctodus

text: Of the factors discussed, vegetation shifts in the latest Pleistocene may have been particularly unfavorable for "Arctodus simus," due to a reduction of quality foraging for subsistence. For example, on Vancouver Island (∼13,500 BP), vegetation changed rapidly from open woodlands with abundant lodgepole pine to increasingly closed forests with shade-tolerant spruce, mountain hemlock, and red alder. These changes, effective by ∼12,450 BP, point toward cool and moist conditions during the Younger Dryas stadial. Closed forests continued to expand in the early Holocene, with western hemlock becoming dominant. Even though "Arctodus simus" was not restricted to open areas and could occur in different environments, the timing of the regional shift from an open pine woodland habitat to a densely forested vegetation implies that these vegetation changes contributed to the local extirpation of "Arctodus simus", along with many other megafauna.


title: Arctodus

text: Loss and turnover of the diversity of mitochondrial DNA before the Last Glacial Maximum has been noted amongst Eurasian and American megafauna such as bison, lions, horses and mammoths. This is predicated by a decrease in population size from a previously genetically diverse population in the Late Pleistocene, followed by either a repopulation from a source population, or extinction at the start of the Holocene. Correspondingly, "Arctodus simus" had a very low level of genetic diversity from most sampled specimens, albeit a sample with a Beringian and temporal bias (<44,000 BP). A reduced ability to adapt to environmental conditions has been attributed to a lack of genetic diversity, and this combination has contributed to the endangerment of modern specialized carnivores such as lions and Tasmanian devils. That the individual from Sheriden Cave, Ohio was very closely related to Beringian specimens further may support this idea, as these populations had possibly been isolated from before the Last Glacial Maximum (tens of thousands of years). A similar level of genetic affinity between Beringian fauna and some southern populations has been found in contemporary camels and horses.


title: Arctodus

text: Small population sizes may also be characteristic of tremarctine bears- the spectacled bear, while having low levels of genetic diversity, has no signs of a recent genetic bottleneck. However, brown bears, along with many recently immigrated taxa, had diverse, sympatric source populations in Eurasia, allowing for repopulations/reinvasions into the Americas. If "Arctodus simus" experienced genetic bottlenecks or local extinctions prior to the Last Glacial Maximum, "Arctodus" would have been unable to supplement their reduced genetic diversity with new migrants like the brown bear could, making them vulnerable to extinction.


title: Arctodus

text: The youngest date for "Arctodus simus" is circa 12,700 BP from Friesenhahn Cave, Texas, calibrated from 10,814 ± 55 radiocarbon years (C BP). However, this date should be viewed with caution, as analyses suggest the collagen protein was degraded. A vertebra from Bonner Springs, Kansas, was dated to ca. 12,800 BP (based on 10,921 ± 50 radiocarbon years) from well preserved collagen. However, another radiocarbon date from a different laboratory on the same vertebra widens the possible age of the vertebra to between 9,510 and 11,021 C BP (at 2"σ"). Nevertheless, a specimen from Huntington Dam, Utah was also dated to ca. 12,800 BP from two radiocarbon dates (10,870 ± 75 & 10,976 ± 40 C BP) and is therefore considered reliable.


title: Arctodus

text: Below is a table collating radiocarbon dates directly sampled from "Arctodus simus" specimens (not including dates from associated remains nor stratigraphy).


title: Arctodus

text: This table collates the current DNA samples extracted from "Arctodus" specimens, with their associated haplogroups.


title: Arctodus

text: Below is a cladogram exploring the relationships between the mitochondrial haplogroups of "Arctodus simus". Other than the specimen from Chiquihuite cave, all specimens form a single clade.


title: Millarworld

text: Millarworld Limited is a comic book company that was founded in 2004 by Scottish comic book writer Mark Millar as a creator-owned line. The imprint is best known for publishing the books "Wanted", "Chosen", "The Unfunnies", "Kick-Ass" and "War Heroes".


title: Millarworld

text: "Wanted", published by Top Cow Productions, was loosely adapted into a feature film of the same name by Universal Pictures, released on 27 June 2008. "Chosen", published by Dark Horse Comics, was described by Millar as a sequel to the Bible, and has been optioned by Sony Pictures. "The Unfunnies" was an anthropomorphic animal horror story published by Avatar Press. "Kick-Ass", which was illustrated by John Romita Jr. and published by Marvel, was adapted into a film of the same name by Matthew Vaughn, and released in the United Kingdom on 26 March 2010 and the United States on 16 April.


title: Millarworld

text: In September 2008 it was announced that the yet unfinished "War Heroes" had been optioned by Sony Pictures Entertainment, with Michael De Luca as producer and Millar taking an executive producer role.


title: Millarworld

text: Millar has stated that whenever he sells the film adaptation rights to one of his creator-owned comics properties, he gives half of the money to the artist who illustrated the comics, despite his agent's reaction to this, saying, "Everything, all the money from the advance, the toys, the games, 50–50, so it's fair. I see it as a collaboration. If I drew, I could keep everything for myself, but I actually like the idea of having a talent that I'm not selling. One of my friends said, 'You could make even more money by drawing, too,' and I said, 'Yeah, and I suppose I could make even more money by lap dancing. It's nice to have something that's just for me."


title: Millarworld

text: In October 2014, following months of delays for "Jupiter's Legacy" #5, Millar stated that beginning in April 2015, all Millarworld series would be completely drawn before the publication of their debut issues, in order to maintain a monthly schedule.


title: Millarworld

text: The first comic book series that Millarworld published post acquisition was "The Magic Order." The first issue was published on 13 June 2018.


title: Millarworld

text: On 17 July 2018 it was announced that Netflix had started work on the first set of films to be adapted from comics. These are: "Empress", "Huck" and "Sharkey the Bounty Hunter". The comic book series "Jupiter's Legacy" and "American Jesus" will be adapted as television series.


title: Millarworld

text: On 6 December 2018, Millar provided an update to the progress of the Millarworld properties adapted for Netflix. "Jupiter's Legacy" is going to be first television series released, with Steven S. DeKnight as the show runner, with "American Jesus" as the second television series released, with Everardo Gout and Leopoldo Gout as the show runners. "Empress", "Sharkey the Bounty Hunter" and "Huck" are scheduled to be feature films in development. Under Netflix, Millar will exclusively adapt new Millarworld properties to the streaming service, with select properties having comic book tie-ins, starting with "Prodigy".


title: Millarworld

text: On 11 March 2019, Netflix announced that it will produce an anime series based on "Supercrooks". It will be produced by Bones, and is described as a "superpowered heist comic".


title: Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi

text: Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi (; born 2 July 1939) is the sovereign ruler of the Emirate of Sharjah and a member of the Federal Supreme Council of the United Arab Emirates.


title: Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi

text: He has ruled Sharjah continuously since January 1972, apart from a six-day period in June 1987, during an attempted coup led by his elder brother Sheikh Abdulaziz bin Mohammed Al-Qasimi.


title: Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi

text: Sultan's mother was Maryam bint Sheikh Ghanem Al Shamsi (1915–2010). He has four brothers and two sisters: Khalid, Sheikh Saqr, Abdul Aziz, Abdullah, Sheikha and Naema.


title: Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi

text: In 1948, at the age of nine years, he enrolled in Eslah As Qasimia School. After completing his elementary and secondary education between Sharjah, Kuwait City and Dubai, Al-Qasimi went on to study a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering at Cairo University, graduating in 1971. He completed a PhD in history at Exeter University in 1985, and another in the political geography of the Gulf at Durham University in 1999.


title: Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi

text: Sultan succeeded his brother, Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi, as emir after his assassination on 25 January 1972. He was previously the minister of education for the Emirates.


title: Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi

text: In addition to those offices, he holds several educational posts. He became president of both the American University of Sharjah and the University of Sharjah in 1997 and was named a visiting professor at Exeter University, his alma mater, in 1998. He became a professor of modern history of the Gulf at the University of Sharjah in 1999. In 2008 he also became a visiting professor at Cairo University.


title: Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi

text: Sultan celebrated the 50th anniversary of his accession to the throne on 25 January 2022. He is the longest reigning Arab ruler, beating Qaboos bin Said's record of 49 and a half years.


title: Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi

text: His eldest son from his first marriage, Mohammed bin Sultan Al Qasimi (1974–1999), was the crown prince of the emirate and died after a heroin overdose at the Emir's residence in Wych Cross Place, near Forest Row, East Grinstead, on 3 April 1999 at the age of 24 years. A state mourning period in Sharjah of seven days was observed and flags flew at half-mast. With reports of increasing drug abuse problems in the emirate, in May 2018 the emir announced the directive to establish the "Irada" drug addiction treatment and rehabilitation centre in Sharjah.


title: Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi

text: His younger son Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi (1980–2019), owner of British clothing chain Qasimi, died in London aged 39. His death was, according to the coroner, 'drug related' as 'toxicology tests revealed Khalid had high levels of GHB and "recreational" amounts of cocaine in his system'.


title: Ross Bagley

text: Ross Bagley is an American former actor and comedian. He is best known for his role as Nicky Banks in "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" as well as Dylan Dubrow in "Independence Day". He also played Buckwheat in "The Little Rascals".


title: Ross Bagley

text: Most popular as a child actor during the mid-1990s, Bagley is best known for his role as Nicholas “Nicky” Banks on the NBC sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air," between 1994 and 1996.


title: Ross Bagley

text: Bagley also portrayed Buckwheat in the feature film adaptation of 1994 of "The Little Rascals", and along with his "Fresh Prince" co star Will Smith he appeared in the film "Independence Day" (1996).


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: Baadshah () is a 1999 Indian Hindi-language action comedy film directed by Abbas–Mustan. The film stars Shah Rukh Khan and Twinkle Khanna in lead roles. It was released on 27 August 1999. Khan earned a Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role nomination for his performance in the film. The film's core plot is loosely based on the 1995 American film "Nick of Time"


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: Raj a.k.a. Baadshah is a young man living with his mother, who wishes to follow in his late father's footsteps (Babulal) by working as a detective named Baadshah. He runs a detective agency out of a Mumbai office full of cheesy detective gadgetry. In his employ are his loyal and helpful friends, and his chief assistant Ramlal. Though Baadshah tries hard to pass his agency off as highly sophisticated and constantly busy, he actually receives little business and is desperate for a big break. Suraj Singh Thapar is a business tycoon whose bio-chemical plant is due to be shut down following a preventable industrial accident.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: It will be shut down by the CM of Goa, Gayatri Bachchan. As a result, he resolves to have her killed. For the job, he has Rani, his young henchwoman, hire Shiva, Mumbai's notorious contract-killer. Meanwhile, a man by the name of K. Jhunjhunwala comes to Baadshah with a strange case. He claims he is dying of a brain tumor and wants to see his daughter married to the suitable bachelor accompanying him, Nitin before he dies. The young woman, Seema, refuses to marry Nitin, hence the need for Baadshah's help. Baadshah comes up with an elaborate plan for the job: he woos Seema with lies and has her fall in love with him, only to dump her later.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: Nitin comforts her, and Baadshah collects his payment. However, his feelings for her prove to be genuine. Unbeknownst to Baadshah, Jhunjhunwala and Nitin are actually a father-son team wanted by the CBI. The marriage of Nitin to Seema, who is actually the sister of CBI Secret Agent Deepak Malhotra, is meant to stop an investigation into their bank fraud case. The plan fails when Agent Malhotra arrests the Jhunjhunwalas before the marriage can take place. It is revealed by the CBI that Shiva's attempt on Gayatri Bachchan's life failed as a result of his death in a car accident.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: Fearing a second attempt, CBI headquarters tasks Agent Malhotra with providing further protection for the minister in Goa. Malhotra is assigned the codename "Baadshah" for the mission. Thapar becomes informed of this and speaks to Rani who plans with her boyfriend, Moti, to travel to the airport to eliminate Secret Agent "Baadshah" and have Moti assume his identity to gain access to Bachchan and carry out the assassination. At the same time, Baadshah the detective gets a job from Mahendra Seth. Manikchand and Saxena want to gain his diamonds and have kidnapped the businessman's child for ransom. Baadshah and his friend are given tickets to Goa, where the child is being held.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: Both "Baadshahs" are scheduled for the same flight. Agent Malhotra arrives at the ticket counter and Rani identifies him as Baadshah. This information is passed onto Moti, who quietly kills Malhotra. Baadshah comes up to the ticket counter and is mistakenly given Agent 420's ticket. Baadshah also finds Malhotra's fallen computer disk. At this point, Baadshah has functionally switched places with the deceased agent. Moti arrives at the ticket counter announcing himself as Baadshah and is given the real Baadshah's ticket. During the flight, Rani realizes Moti killed the wrong man. Seema and her partner Tom Uncle are at the Goa airport expecting Agent Malhotra but see Baadshah instead.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: Seema knows him as Raj and wonders what he is up to. Baadshah meets CBI Agent Adi Chopra and thinks he works for Mahendra Seth while Agent Chopra believes Baadshah is the secret CBI Agent. They leave the airport and go meet CBI Dr. Rusi Surti who gives Baadshah an assortment of top-secret gadgets and a James Bond-style car for assistance on his mission. They commend him about the way he solved the Jhunjhunwalas' case, which Baadshah is shocked to learn is regarding them being arrested for bank fraud. He realizes that Jhunjhunwala lied to him earlier and that he made a big mistake with Seema.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: Back at the airport, Baadshah's friends are picked up by a driver posing for Mahendra Seth but he's employed by Manikchand and Saxena the kidnappers. Seema, who had been following Baadshah, arranges to meet with him. They meet and he apologizes to her about what happened before. They reconcile temporarily but Seema wants to know what happened to Agent Malhotra. Moti interrupts their conversation and Seema flees while Baadshah and Moti fight. Baadshah remembers that he previously saw Moti back at the Mumbai airport pushing a man in the wheelchair, who Moti admits he had killed.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: Baadshah escapes and later receives a call from the kidnappers. He is told by the kidnappers to meet to exchange the diamonds for the child at Saint Paul school the next day. During the call, Baadshah notices in a reflection that Seema is secretly nearby. Seema searches Baadshah's hotel room and finds the computer disk and takes it, unaware that Baadshah is watching her. She checks the disk and finds out that Agent Malhotra and CBI highly suspect Thapar as the man behind the assassination attempt. Seema and Tom Uncle now suspect that Baadshah is a fraud who took her brother's place and is working with Thapar in his plan to kill Bachchan.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: She heads to Thapar's club to meet Thapar, where Baadshah also shows up after following Seema. Thapar thinks Baadshah is the substitute that Rani arranged for, while Baadshah thinks Thapar is the Chief for Mahendra Seth. Baadshah tells Thapar that the work will be done the next day at Saint Paul school. Thapar thinks Baadshah is talking about the murder of Bachchan, who coincidentally has a program planned at Saint Paul school the next day as well.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: The next day, Baadshah meets with the kidnappers to do the exchange. Finding the child and his friends, Baadshah saves them and captures the criminal duo. He sends Ramlal and the others to an address given by Thapar. Baadshah thinks his friends will meet Thapar to return the diamonds and the child while Thapar thinks they have kidnapped Bachchan and are bringing her to him. Baadshah drives the kidnappers towards town. Back at St. Paul's School, Seema tells security about the planned assassination.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: Khanna, the corrupt chief security officer is informed and sends his men after Seema to kill her for knowing their secret. Baadshah spots her being chased while driving back and saves her. They both discuss everything they know and come to realize their misunderstandings. Rani and Moti secretly listen to and witness everything as well and they too understand the confusion. Seema and Baadshah find themselves in dire straits; Seema learns that Agent Malhotra, who she reveals was her brother, is dead; Baadshah's friends and the child are now in the custody of Thapar, who isn't who Baadshah thought he was.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: Thapar meets with Baadshah's friends and the child and is confused. Rani shows up with Moti and explains all the misunderstanding. Thapar decides to use the situation to his advantage. He forces Baadshah to assassinate Bachchan himself or else Thapar will kill his friends and the child. The key players travel to the Holiday Inn, where Bachchan is to speak at 12:30 pm during a conference. The child is strapped to a bomb vest and held hostage in a van monitored by Moti and Baadshah's friends are held in a high-rise room monitored by Rani.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: Baadshah makes multiple attempts to have his gun taken away by security to get out of having to shoot Bachchan, but he realizes that the entire on-site security force is in cahoots with Thapar, keeping tabs on Baadshah. At one point during a conference by Bachchan, Baadshah quietly meets Sheetal clad in a pink skirt suit,who is Bachchan's Secretary, by dropping her document on the floor at gun point he informs her about the plan to assassinate her Boss and the desperate situation that he is in, asking her to save the life of her boss.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: After being told that the security team is corrupt and unable to convey the bad news personally to her boss the terrified Sheetal unaware to her that she is in peril decides to invite Baadshah up to meet the CM's husband, Tyagraj Bachchan whom she trusted the most, to tell him about the danger his wife is in. However unfortunately, he kills the poor Sheetal in cold blood and it is revealed that he is behind the plan to kill his wife. After killing Sheetal Thapar and Khanna tell Baadshah that he has another chance to kill Bachchan during a speech scheduled at 2 pm.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: Baadshah secretly writes a message in a note for Bachchan which Seema (under disguise as a hotel worker) places inside the CM's speech script folder while in her room. With Seema's assistance, Baadshah escapes the building via a washroom window to go rescue his friends and the child. He succeeds but Baadshah and his friends realize that they don't know how to defuse or remove the bomb strapped to the child, and so Baadshah must head back into the hotel. He returns to the washroom just before Khanna realizes he left.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: It's 2:00 pm and they now head to the speech hall. Baadshah is confident that Bachchan will not come down after reading his message but is shocked to see Bachchan arrive at the hall and knows he must make a move as Thapar still has control of the detonator. Baadshah slowly approaches Bachchan as she arrives at the podium and discovers the note written to her. She reads it and learns of the assassination plan and that the mastermind behind it is her husband, who lied to her about Sheetal's disappearance by exposing Sheetal's death. She learns that Baadshah will have to shoot her if she comes down for her speech. Bachchan notices Baadshah coming towards the front and knows what he is being compelled to do.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: In a climactic moment, Baadshah pulls out his gun and opens fire upon the security personnel, triggering a shootout. He manages to wipe them all out, including Khanna. Thapar realizes he has the chance to shoot Bachchan himself and fires at her. Her personal bodyguard tries to cover her and they both fall to the ground. She survives, much to the shock of her husband who tries to flee but is stopped by CBI officers. Thapar is also shocked when she sees Bachchan stand up and he tries to shoot her once again but Baadshah interferes and disarms him.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: Thapar then pulls out his bomb remote and intends on detonating it because Baadshah has ruined his plan. Just then, Thapar's van enters the room and he is shocked to see Baadshah's friends and CBI agents appear from it, along with the child and the bomb. They all dare Thapar to detonate the bomb now. Thapar flees and is pursued by Baadshah while Dr. Surti works on the bomb. He manages to remove it and they throw it out of the building. Thapar escapes and finds Rani and Moti outside and tells them to detonate the bomb once he is inside his car.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: However, Thapar is killed when the bomb detonates under his car. In the end, Baadshah is seen to have a booming business back at his detective agency. Ram Lal receives a call from President Bill Clinton, offering $1,000,000 for assistance with the "Monica Case". Baadshah announces his prioritization of "wife duty", refusing the case and travelling with Seema.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: The soundtrack has 6 songs composed by Anu Malik. Most of the songs are sung by Abhijeet. The artists are Alka Yagnik & Anu Malik. The soundtrack was well received.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: Writing for "Rediff.com", Syed Firdaus Ashraf mentioned that Khan had "performed well, so have Twinkle and her navel, which was in full view right through the film".


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: "Baadshah" grossed in India and $1.5 million (6.52 crore) in other countries, for a worldwide total of , against its budget. It had a worldwide opening weekend of , and grossed in its first week. It is the 8th-highest-grossing film of 1999 worldwide.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: It opened on Friday, 27 August 1999, across 280 screens, and earned nett on its opening day. It grossed nett in its opening weekend, and had a first week of nett. The film earned a total of nett, and was declared "Average" by "Box Office India". It is the 10th-highest-grossing film of 1999 in India.


title: Baadshah (1999 film)

text: It had an opening weekend of $550,000 (2.39 crore) and went on to gross $780,000 (3.39 crore) in its first week. The film earned a total of $1.5 million (6.52 crore) at the end of its theatrical run. Overseas, It is the 6th-highest-grossing film of 1999.


title: Glass harmonica

text: The glass harmonica, also known as the glass armonica, glass harmonium, bowl organ, hydrocrystalophone, or simply the armonica or harmonica (derived from , "harmonia", the Greek word for harmony), is a type of musical instrument that uses a series of glass bowls or goblets graduated in size to produce musical tones by means of friction (instruments of this type are known as friction idiophones). It was invented in 1761 by Benjamin Franklin.


title: Glass harmonica

text: The name "glass harmonica" (also "glass armonica", "glassharmonica"; "harmonica de verre", "harmonica de Franklin", "armonica de verre", or just "harmonica" in French; "Glasharmonika" in German; "harmonica" in Dutch) refers today to any instrument played by rubbing glass or crystal goblets or bowls. The alternative instrument consisting of a set of wine glasses (usually tuned with water) is generally known in English as "musical glasses" or the "glass harp".


title: Glass harmonica

text: When Benjamin Franklin invented his mechanical version of the instrument in 1761, he called it the armonica, based on the Italian word "armonia", which means "harmony".


title: Glass harmonica

text: The unrelated free-reed wind instrument aeolina, today called the "harmonica", was not invented until 1821, sixty years later.


title: Glass harmonica

text: The word "hydrodaktulopsychicharmonica" is also recorded, composed of Greek roots to mean something like "harmonica to produce music for the soul by fingers dipped in water" ("hydro-" for "water", "daktul-" for "finger", "psych-" for "soul"). The "Oxford Companion to Music" mentions that this word is "the longest section of the Greek language ever attached to any musical instrument, for a reader of "The Times" wrote to that paper in 1932 to say that in his youth he heard a performance of the instrument where it was called a "hydrodaktulopsychicharmonica"." The Museum of Music in Paris displays a hydrodaktulopsychicharmonica.


title: Glass harmonica

text: Because its sounding portion is made of glass, the glass harmonica is a type of crystallophone. The phenomenon of rubbing a wet finger around the rim of a wine goblet to produce tones is documented back to Renaissance times; Galileo considered the phenomenon (in his "Two New Sciences"), as did Athanasius Kircher.


title: Glass harmonica

text: The Irish musician Richard Pockrich is typically credited as the first to play an instrument composed of glass vessels (glass harp) by rubbing his fingers around the rims. Beginning in the 1740s, he performed in London on a set of upright goblets filled with varying amounts of water. His career was cut short by a fire in his room, which killed him and destroyed his apparatus.


title: Glass harmonica

text: Edward Delaval, a friend of Benjamin Franklin and a fellow of the Royal Society, extended the experiments of Pockrich, contriving a set of glasses better tuned and easier to play. During the same decade, Christoph Willibald Gluck also attracted attention playing a similar instrument in England.


title: Glass harmonica

text: Benjamin Franklin invented a radically new arrangement of the glasses in 1761 after seeing water-filled wine glasses played by Edward Delaval at Cambridge in England in May 1761. Franklin worked with London glassblower Charles James to build one, and it had its world premiere in early 1762, played by Marianne Davies.


title: Glass harmonica

text: Writing to his friend Giambatista Beccaria in Turin, Italy, Franklin wrote from London in 1762 about his musical instrument:


title: Glass harmonica

text: "The advantages of this instrument are, that its tones are incomparably sweet beyond those of any other; that they may be swelled and softened at pleasure by stronger or weaker pressures of the finger, and continued to any length; and that the instrument, being well tuned, never again wants tuning. In honour of your musical language, I have borrowed from it the name of this instrument, calling it the Armonica."


title: Glass harmonica

text: In Franklin's treadle-operated version, 37 bowls were mounted horizontally on an iron spindle. The whole spindle turned by means of a foot pedal. The sound was produced by touching the rims of the bowls with water-moistened fingers. Rims were painted different colors according to the pitch of the note: A (dark blue), B (purple), C (red), D (orange), E (yellow), F (green), G (blue), and accidentals were marked in white. With the Franklin design, it is possible to play ten glasses simultaneously if desired, a technique that is very difficult if not impossible to execute using upright goblets. Franklin also advocated the use of a small amount of powdered chalk on the fingers, which under some acidic water conditions helped produce a clear tone.


title: Glass harmonica

text: Some attempted improvements on the armonica included adding keyboards, placing pads between the bowls to reduce sympathetic vibrations, and using violin bows. Another supposed improvement, based upon later observations of non-playing instruments, was to have the glasses rotate into a trough of water. However, William Zeitler put this idea to the test by rotating an armonica cup into a basin of water; the water has the same effect as putting water in a wine glass – it changes the pitch. With several dozen glasses, each a different diameter and thus rotating with a different depth, the result would be musical cacophony. This modification also made it much harder to make the glass "speak", and muffled the sound.


title: Glass harmonica

text: In 1975, an original armonica was acquired by the Bakken Museum in Minneapolis and put on display, albeit without its original glass bowls (they were destroyed during shipment). It was purchased through a musical instrument dealer in France, from the descendants of Mme. Brillon de Jouy, a neighbor of Benjamin Franklin's from 1777 to 1785, when he lived in the Paris suburb of Passy. Some 18th- and 19th-century specimens of the armonica have survived into the 21st century. Franz Mesmer also played the armonica and used it as an integral part of his Mesmerism.


title: Glass harmonica

text: An original Franklin armonica is in the archives at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, having been donated in 1956 by Franklin's descendants after "the children took great delight in breaking the bowls with spoons" during family gatherings. It is only placed on display for special occasions, such as Franklin's birthday. The Franklin Institute is also the home of the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial.


title: Glass harmonica

text: A website has attempted to catalog publicly known Franklin-era glass armonicas. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston has an early 19th-century instrument on display, which is occasionally used for public performances and recordings.


title: Glass harmonica

text: Composers including J. G. Naumann, Padre Martini, Johann Adolph Hasse, Baldassare Galuppi, and Niccolò Jommelli, and more than 100 others composed works for the glass harmonica; some pieces survive in the repertoire through transcriptions for more conventional instruments. European monarchs indulged in playing it, and even Marie Antoinette took lessons as a child from Franz Anton Mesmer.


title: Glass harmonica

text: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote his 1791 K. 617 and K.356 (K.617a) for the glass harmonica. Ludwig van Beethoven used the instrument in an 1814 melodrama "Leonore Prohaska". Gaetano Donizetti used the instrument in the accompaniment to Amelia's aria "Par che mi dica ancora" in "Il castello di Kenilworth", premiered in 1829. He also originally specified the instrument in "Lucia di Lammermoor" (1835) as a haunting accompaniment to the heroine's "mad scene", though before the premiere he was required by the producers to rewrite the part for two flutes. Camille Saint-Saëns used this instrument in his 1886 "The Carnival of the Animals" (in movements 7 and 14). Richard Strauss used the instrument in his 1917 "Die Frau ohne Schatten".


title: Glass harmonica

text: For a while the instrument was "extraordinarily popular," its "'ethereal" qualities characteristic, along with instruments such as the nail violin and Aeolian harp, of "Empfindsamkeit", but "the instrument fell into oblivion," around 1830. Since the armonica's performance revival during the 1980s, composers have again written for it (solo, chamber music, opera, electronic music, popular music) including Jan Erik Mikalsen, Regis Campo, Etienne Rolin, Philippe Sarde, Damon Albarn, Tom Waits, Michel Redolfi, Cyril Morin, Stefano Giannotti, Thomas Bloch, Jörg Widmann ("Armonica" 2006), and Guillaume Connesson.


title: Glass harmonica

text: The music for the 1997 ballet "Othello" by American composer Elliot Goldenthal opens and closes with the glass harmonica. The ballet was performed at San Francisco Ballet, the American Ballet Theater, the Joffrey Ballet, and on tour in Europe including at the Opera Garnier with Dennis James performing with his historical replica instrument.


title: Glass harmonica

text: Joseph Schwantner's symphonic poem "Aftertones of Infinity", which was awarded the 1979 Pulitzer Prize for Music. employed individual wine glasses played by numerous members of the orchestra at key points during the work.


title: Glass harmonica

text: George Benjamin's opera "Written on Skin", which premiered at the 2012 Aix-en-Provence Festival, includes a prominent and elaborate part for the glass harmonica.


title: Glass harmonica

text: The instrument's popularity did not last far beyond the 18th century. This may have been due to the inability to amplify the volume so as not to be drowned out by other instruments.


title: Glass harmonica

text: Some claim this was due to strange rumors that using the instrument caused both musicians and their listeners to go mad. It is a matter of conjecture how pervasive that belief was; all the commonly cited examples of this rumor seem to be German, if not confined to Vienna. One example of alleged effects from playing the glass harmonica was noted by German musicologist Johann Friedrich Rochlitz in the "Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung":


title: Glass harmonica

text: Marianne Davies, who played flute and harpsichord – and was a young woman said to be related to Franklin – became proficient enough at playing the armonica to offer public performances. After touring for many years in duo performances with her celebrated vocalist sister, she was also said to have been afflicted with a melancholia attributed to the plaintive tones of the instrument. Marianne Kirchgessner was an armonica player; she died at the age of 39 of pneumonia or an illness much like it. However many others, including Franklin, lived long lives.


title: Glass harmonica

text: For a time the armonica achieved a genuine vogue, but like most fads, that for the armonica eventually passed. It has been claimed the sound-producing mechanism did not generate sufficient power to fill the large halls that were becoming home to modern stringed instruments, brass, woodwinds, and percussion. That the instrument was made with glass, and subject to easy breakage, perhaps did not help either. By 1820, the armonica had mostly disappeared from frequent public performance, perhaps because musical fashions were changing.


title: Glass harmonica

text: A modern version of the "purported dangers" claims that players suffered lead poisoning because armonicas were made of lead glass. However, there is no known scientific basis for the theory that merely touching lead glass can cause lead poisoning. Lead poisoning was common in the 18th and early 19th centuries for both armonica players and non-players alike; doctors prescribed lead compounds for a long list of ailments, and lead or lead oxide was used as a food preservative and in cookware and eating utensils. Trace amounts of lead that armonica players in Franklin's day received from their instruments would likely have been dwarfed by lead from other sources, such as the lead-content paint used to mark visual identification of the bowls to the players.


title: Glass harmonica

text: Historical replicas by Eisch use so-called "White Crystal" developed in the 18th c. replacing the lead with a higher potash content; many modern newly invented devices, such as those made by Finkenbeiner, are made from so-called Quartz "pure silica glass" - a glass formulation developed in the early 20th c. for scientific purposes.


title: Glass harmonica

text: The disorienting quality of the ethereal sound is due in part to the way that humans perceive and locate ranges of sounds. Above 4 kHz people primarily use the "loudness" of the sound to differentiate between left and right ears and thus triangulate, or locate the source. Below 1 kHz, they use the "phase differences" of sound waves arriving at their left and right ears to identify location. The predominant pitch of the armonica is in the range of 1–4 kHz, which coincides with the sound range where the brain is "not quite sure", and thus listeners have difficulty locating it in space (where it comes from), and discerning the source of the sound (the materials and techniques used to produce it).


title: Glass harmonica

text: Benjamin Franklin himself described the harmonica's tones as "incomparably sweet". The full quotation, written in a letter to Giambattista Beccaria, an Italian priest and electrician, is: "The advantages of this instrument are that its tones are incomparably sweet beyond those of any other; that they may be swelled and softened at pleasure by stronger or weaker pressures of the finger, and continued to any length; and that the instrument, once well tuned, never again wants tuning."


title: Glass harmonica

text: A music critic for the "Morning Chronicle", writing of a performance by Kirchgessner in 1794, said, "Her taste is chastened and the dulcet notes of the instrument would be delightful indeed, were they more powerful and articulate; but that we believe the most perfect execution cannot make them. In a smaller room and an audience less numerous, the effect must be enchanting. Though the accompaniments were kept very much under, they were still occasionally too loud."


title: Glass harmonica

text: Music for glass harmonica was rare from 1820 until the 1930s (although Gaetano Donizetti intended for the aria "Il dolce suono" from his 1835 opera "Lucia di Lammermoor" to be accompanied by a glass harmonica, and Richard Strauss specified use of the instrument in his 1919 opera "Die Frau ohne Schatten"), when German virtuoso Bruno Hoffmann began revitalizing interest in his individual goblet instrument version that he named the glass harp for his stunning performances. Playing his "glass harp" (with Eisch manufactured custom designed glasses mounted in a case designed with underlying resonance chamber) he transcribed or rearranged much of the literature written for the mechanized instrument, and commissioned contemporary composers to write new pieces for his goblet version.


title: Glass harmonica

text: Franklin's glass harmonica design was reworked yet again without patent credit by master glassblower and musician, Gerhard B. Finkenbeiner (1930–1999) in 1984. After thirty years of experimentation, Finkenbeiner's imitative prototype consisted of clear glasses and glasses later equipped with gold bands mimicking late 18th-century designs. The historical instruments with gold bands indicated the equivalent of the black keys on the piano, simplifying the multi-hued painted bowl rims with white accidentals as specified by Franklin. Finkenbeiner Inc., of Waltham, Massachusetts, continues to produce versions of these instruments commercially , featuring glass elements made of scientific formulated fused-silica quartz.


title: Glass harmonica

text: From 1989 on to now, Sascha Reckert, a German glass instrumentalist and glass instrument producer, restored and reproduced glass armonicas from the original using crystal glass with full bass range, required for the original compositions. He did the first performance with glass armonica of "Lucia die Lammermoor" (Munich state opera) and "Frau ohne Schatten" in a full scene production, and invented the Verrophon with glass tubes, with a more powerful sound. Reckert also produced the harmonicas of Dennis James, the Wiener Glasharmonikaduo, Martin Hilmer and others.


title: Glass harmonica

text: French instrument makers and artists Bernard and François Baschet invented a modern variation of the Chladni Euphone in 1952, the "crystal organ" or Cristal di Baschet, which consists of up to 52 chromatically tuned resonating metal rods that are set into motion by attached glass rods that are rubbed with wet fingers. The Cristal di Baschet differs mainly from the other glass instruments in that the identical length and thickness glass rods are set horizontally, and attach to the tuned metal stems that have added metal blocks for increasing resonance. The result is a fully acoustic instrument, and impressive amplification obtained using fiberglass or metal cones fixed on wood and by a tall cut-out multi-resonant metal part in the shape of a flame. Some thin added metallic wires resembling cat whiskers are placed under the instrument, supposedly to increase the sound power of high-pitched frequencies.


title: Glass harmonica

text: Dennis James recorded an album of all glass music, "Cristal: Glass Music Through the Ages" co-produced by Linda Ronstadt and Grammy Award-winning producer John Boylan. James plays the glass harmonica, the Cristal di Baschet, and the Seraphim on the CD in original historical compositions and new arrangements for glass by Mozart, Scarlatti, Schnaubelt, and Fauré and collaborates on the recording with the Emerson String Quartet, operatic soprano Ruth Ann Swenson, and Ronstadt. James played glass instruments on Marco Beltrami's film scores for "The Minus Man" (1999) and "The Faculty" (1998). "I first became aware of glass instruments at about the age of 6 while visiting the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia. I can still recall being mesmerized by the appearance of the original Benjamin Franklin harmonica then on display in its own showcase in the entry rotunda of the city's famed science museum." James Horner used a glass harmonica and pan flute for Spock's theme in the 1982 film "". On February 23, 2007, the armonica was used by nu-metal band Korn while filming their session with MTV Unplugged. It was stated that it was of Benjamin Franklin's design.


title: Glass harmonica

text: Another instrument that is also played with wet fingers is the hydraulophone. The hydraulophone sounds similar to a glass armonica but has a darker, heavier sound, that extends down into the subsonic range. The technique for playing the hydraulophone is similar to that used for playing the armonica.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: Jerome Robbins (born Jerome Wilson Rabinowitz; October 11, 1918 – July 29, 1998) was an American dancer, choreographer, film director, theatre director and producer who worked in classical ballet, on stage, film, and television.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: Among his numerous stage productions were "On the Town", "Peter Pan", "High Button Shoes", "The King and I", "The Pajama Game", "Bells Are Ringing", "West Side Story", "Gypsy", and "Fiddler on the Roof". Robbins was a five-time Tony Award-winner and a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors. He received two Academy Awards, including the 1961 Academy Award for Best Director with Robert Wise for "West Side Story" and a special Academy Honorary Award for his choreographic achievements on film.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: A documentary about Robbins's life and work, "Something to Dance About", featuring excerpts from his journals, archival performance and rehearsal footage, and interviews with Robbins and his colleagues, premiered on PBS in 2009 and won both an Emmy and a Peabody Award the same year.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: Robbins was born Jerome Wilson Rabinowitz in the Jewish Maternity Hospital at 270 East Broadway on Manhattan's Lower East Side – a neighborhood populated by many immigrants. He was the son of Lena Robbins (Rips) and Harry Rabinowitz (1887-1977). He had an older sister, Sonia (1912-2004).


title: Jerome Robbins

text: The Rabinowitz family lived in a large apartment house at 51 East 97th Street at the northeast corner of Madison Avenue. Known as "Jerry" to those close to him, Robbins was given the middle name Wilson reflecting his parents' patriotic enthusiasm for the then-president, Woodrow Wilson.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: In the early 1920s, the Rabinowitz family moved to Weehawken, New Jersey. His father and uncle opened the Comfort Corset Company in nearby Union City. He graduated in 1935 from Woodrow Wilson High School (since renamed as Weehawken High School). The family had many show business connections, including vaudeville performers and theater owners. In the 1940s, their name was legally changed to Robbins.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: Robbins began studying modern dance in high school with Alys [CK] Bentley, who encouraged her pupils to improvise steps to music. Said Robbins later: "What [she] gave me immediately was the absolute freedom to make up my own dances without inhibition or doubts." After graduation he went to study chemistry at New York University (NYU) but dropped out after a year for financial reasons, and to pursue dance full-time. He joined the company of Senya Gluck Sandor, a leading exponent of expressionistic modern dance; it was Sandor who recommended that he change his name to Robbins. Sandor also encouraged him to take ballet, which he did with Ella Daganova; in addition he studied Spanish dancing with Helen Veola; Asian dance with Yeichi Nimura; and dance composition with Bessie Schonberg. While a member of Sandor's company Robbins made his stage debut with the Yiddish Art Theater, in a small role in "The Brothers Ashkenazi".


title: Jerome Robbins

text: In 1937 Robbins made the first of many appearances as a dancer at Camp Tamiment, a resort in the Poconos known for its weekly Broadway-style revues; he also began dancing in the choruses of such Broadway shows as "Great Lady" and "Keep Off the Grass", both choreographed by George Balanchine. Robbins had also begun creating dances for Tamiment's Revues, some comic (featuring the talents of Imogene Coca and Carol Channing) and some dramatic, topical, and controversial. One such dance, later also performed in New York City at the 92nd Street Y, was "Strange Fruit", set to the song performed by Billie Holiday.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: In 1940, Robbins joined Ballet Theatre (later known as American Ballet Theatre). From 1941 through 1944, Robbins was a soloist with the company, gaining notice for his Hermes in "Helen of Troy", the title role in "Petrouchka", the Youth in Agnes de Mille's "Three Virgins and a Devil", and Benvolio in "Romeo and Juliet"; and coming under the influence of the choreographers Michel Fokine, Antony Tudor, and George Balanchine.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: Robbins created and performed in "Fancy Free", a ballet about sailors on liberty, at the Metropolitan Opera as part of the Ballet Theatre season in 1944. One of "Fancy Free" inspirations was Paul Cadmus's 1934 painting "The Fleet's In!" Robbins's scenario was more lighthearted than the painting, however. Robbins said in an interview with "The Christian Science Monitor": "After seeing ... "Fleet's In", which I inwardly rejected though it gave me the idea of doing the ballet, I watched sailors, and girls, too, all over town." Robbins commissioned a score for the ballet from the then-unknown Leonard Bernstein and enlisted Oliver Smith as set designer. With "Fancy Free", Robbins created a dance that integrated classic ballet, 1940s social dancing, and a screwball plotline.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: Later that year, Robbins conceived and choreographed "On the Town" (1944), a musical partly inspired by "Fancy Free", which effectively launched his Broadway career. Bernstein wrote the music and Smith designed the sets. The book and lyrics were by a team that Robbins would work with again, Betty Comden and Adolph Green, and the director was the Broadway legend George Abbott. Because Robbins, as choreographer, insisted that his chorus reflect the racial diversity of a New York City crowd, "On the Town" broke the color bar on Broadway for the first time. Robbins's next musical was the jazz age fable "Billion Dollar Baby" (1945), and during rehearsals for the show an incident happened that became a part of Robbins – and Broadway – lore: the choreographer, preoccupied giving directions to the dancers, backed up onstage until he fell into the orchestra pit. Two years later, he received plaudits for his humorous Mack Sennett ballet in "High Button Shoes" (1947), and won his first Tony Award for choreography. That same year, Robbins would become one of the first members of New York City's newly formed Actors Studio, attending classes held by founding member Robert Lewis three times a week, alongside classmates such as Marlon Brando, Maureen Stapleton, Montgomery Clift, Herbert Berghof, Sidney Lumet, and about 20 others. In 1948 he added another credit to his resume, becoming co-director as well as choreographer for "Look Ma, I'm Dancin'!"; and the year after that teamed with Irving Berlin to choreograph "Miss Liberty".


title: Jerome Robbins

text: While he was forging a career on Broadway, Robbins continued to work in ballet, creating a string of inventive and stylistically diverse works including "Interplay", to a score by Morton Gould, and "Facsimile", to music by Leonard Bernstein, a ballet that was banned in Boston [CK]. In 1949 Robbins left Ballet Theatre to join George Balanchine and Lincoln Kirstein's newly formed New York City Ballet as Associate Artistic Director. Soon after that he choreographed "The Guests," a ballet about intolerance.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: At New York City Ballet Robbins distinguished himself immediately as both dancer and choreographer. He was noted for his performances in Balanchine's 1929 "The Prodigal Son" (revived expressly for him), Til Eulenspiegel, and (with Tanaquil LeClercq) Bouree Fantasque, as well as for his own ballets, such as Age of Anxiety, The Cage, Afternoon of a Faun, and The Concert, in all of which LeClercq played leading roles. He continued working on Broadway, as well as, staging dances for Irving Berlin's "Call Me Madam", starring Ethel Merman, Rodgers and Hammerstein's "The King and I," in which he created the celebrated "Small House of Uncle Thomas" ballet in addition to other dances, and the revue Two's Company, starring Bette Davis.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: He also performed uncredited show doctoring on the musicals "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn" (1951), "Wish You Were Here" (1952), "Wonderful Town" (1953), and choreographed and directed several sketches for The Ford 50th Anniversary Show, starring Mary Martin and Ethel Merman on CBS.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: In 1954, Robbins collaborated with George Abbott on "The Pajama Game" (1954), which launched the career of Shirley MacLaine, and created, choreographed, and directed the Mary Martin vehicle, "Peter Pan" (which he re-staged for an Emmy Award-winning television special in 1955, earning himself a nomination for best choreography). He also directed and co-choreographed (with Bob Fosse) "Bells Are Ringing" (1956), starring Judy Holliday. Robbins recreated his stage dances for The King and I for the 1956 film version. In 1957, he conceived, choreographed, and directed "West Side Story".


title: Jerome Robbins

text: "West Side Story" is a contemporary version of "Romeo and Juliet", set on the Upper West Side. The show, with music by Leonard Bernstein, marked the first collaboration between Robbins and Stephen Sondheim, who wrote the lyrics, as well as Arthur Laurents, who wrote the book. Because book, music, and dance were envisioned as an organic whole, the cast, in a Broadway first, had to be equally skilled as actors, singers, and dancers. To help the young cast grow into their roles, Robbins did not allow those playing members of opposite gangs (Jets and Sharks) to mix during the rehearsal process. He also, according to dancer Linda Talcott Lee, "played psychological games" with the cast: "And he would plant rumors among one gang about the other, so they really hated each other." Although it opened to good reviews, it was overshadowed by Meredith Willson's "The Music Man" at that year's Tony Awards. "West Side Story" did, however, earn Robbins his second Tony Award for choreography.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: The streak of hits continued with "" (1959), starring Ethel Merman. Robbins re-teamed with Sondheim and Laurents, and the music was by Jule Styne. The musical is based (loosely) on the life of stripper Gypsy Rose Lee.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: In 1956 Robbins's muse, Tanaquil LeClercq, contracted polio and was paralyzed; for the next decade Robbins largely withdrew from his activities at New York City Ballet, but he established his own small dance company, Ballets USA, which premiered at the inaugural season of Gian Carlo Menotti's Festival of the Two Worlds in Spoleto, Italy in June 1958, toured Europe and the US under the auspices of the State Department, and appeared on television on The Ed Sullivan Show. Among the dances he created for Ballets USA were N.Y. Export: Opus Jazz and Moves.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: In 1950, Robbins was called to testify before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), suspected of Communist sympathies. Robbins, though willing to confess to past party membership, resisted naming names of others with similar political connections; he held out for three years until, according to two family members in whom he confided, he was threatened with public exposure of his homosexuality. Robbins named the names of persons he said were Communists, including actors Lloyd Gough and Elliot Sullivan, dance critic Edna Ocko, filmmaker Lionel Berman, playwright Jerome Chodorov, his brother Edward Chodorov, Madeline Lee Gilford and her husband Jack Gilford, who were blacklisted for their perceived political beliefs and had their careers suffer noticeably, to the point Gilford and his wife often had to borrow money from friends to make ends meet. Because he cooperated with HUAC, Robbins's career did not visibly suffer and he was not blacklisted.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: In 1960, Robbins co-directed, with Robert Wise, the film adaptation of "West Side Story". After about 45 days of shooting, he was fired when the production was considered 24 days behind schedule. However, when the film received 10 Academy Awards for the 1961 award year, Robbins won two, one for his Direction and one for "Brilliant Achievements in the Art of Choreography on Film".


title: Jerome Robbins

text: In 1962, Robbins directed Arthur Kopit's non-musical play "Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad". The production ran over a year off-Broadway and was transferred to Broadway for a short run in 1963, after which Robbins directed Anne Bancroft in a revival of Bertolt Brecht's "Mother Courage and Her Children".


title: Jerome Robbins

text: Robbins was still highly sought after as a show doctor. He took over the direction of two troubled productions during this period and helped turn them into successes. In 1962, he saved "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" (1962), a musical farce starring Zero Mostel, Jack Gilford, David Burns, and John Carradine. The production, with book by Burt Shevelove and Larry Gelbart, and score by Stephen Sondheim, was not working. Sondheim wrote and Robbins staged an entirely new opening number, "Comedy Tonight", which explained to the audience what was to follow, and the show played successfully from then on. In 1964, he took on a floundering "Funny Girl" and devised a show that ran 1348 performances. The musical helped turn lead Barbra Streisand into a superstar.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: That same year, Robbins won Tony Awards for his direction and choreography in "Fiddler on the Roof" (1964). The show starred Zero Mostel as Tevye and ran for 3242 performances, setting the record (since surpassed) for longest-running Broadway show. The plot, about Jews living in Russia near the beginning of the 20th century, allowed Robbins to return to his religious roots.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: He continued to choreograph and stage productions for both the Joffrey Ballet and the New York City Ballet into the 1970s. Robbins became ballet master of the New York City Ballet in 1972 and worked almost exclusively in classical dance throughout the next decade, pausing only to stage revivals of "West Side Story" (1980) and "Fiddler on the Roof" (1981). In 1981, his Chamber Dance Company toured the People's Republic of China.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: The 1980s saw an increased presence on TV as NBC aired "" with members of the New York City Ballet, and a retrospective of Robbins's choreography aired on PBS in a 1986 installment of "Dance in America". The latter led to his creating the anthology show "Jerome Robbins' Broadway" in 1989 which recreated the most successful production numbers from his 50-plus year career. Starring Jason Alexander as the narrator (a performance that would win Alexander a Tony), the show included stagings of cut numbers like Irving Berlin's "Mr. Monotony" and well-known ones like the "Tradition" number from "Fiddler on the Roof". He was awarded a fifth Tony Award for it.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: Following a bicycle accident in 1990 and heart-valve surgery in 1994, in 1996 he began showing signs of a form of Parkinson's disease, and his hearing was quickly deteriorating. He nevertheless staged "Les Noces" for City Ballet in 1998, his last project.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: Robbins suffered a stroke in July 1998, two months after the premiere of his re-staging of "Les Noces". He died at his home in New York on July 29, 1998. On the evening of his death, the lights of Broadway were dimmed for a moment in tribute. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered on the Atlantic Ocean.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: Robbins had relationships with a number of people, from Montgomery Clift and Nora Kaye to Buzz Miller and Jess Gerstein.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: As a former Communist Party member, he named 10 communists in his testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee. This was after years of pressure, and threat of revealing his sexuality. His naming names, however, led to resentment among some of his peers and collaborators, including blacklisted actors Jack Gilford and Zero Mostel, who, while working on "Fiddler on the Roof" "openly disdained Robbins". Leonard Bernstein and Arthur Laurents worked with him on "West Side Story" only a few years after they had been blacklisted."


title: Jerome Robbins

text: Robbins shared the Academy Award for Best Director with Robert Wise for the film version of "West Side Story" (1961). Robbins was only the second director to win the Academy Award for Best Director for a film debut (after Delbert Mann for "Marty"). That same year, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences honored him with a special Academy Honorary Award for his choreographic achievements on film.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: In all, he was awarded with five Tony Awards, two Academy Awards (including the special Academy Honorary Award), the Kennedy Center Honors (1981), the National Medal of Arts (1988), the French Legion of Honor, and an Honorary Membership in the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: He was awarded three honorary doctorates including an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters in 1980 from the City University of New York and an Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from New York University in 1985.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: Jerome Robbins was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1979. Robbins was inducted into the National Museum of Dance's Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame 10 years later, in 1989.


title: Jerome Robbins

text: In 1995, Jerome Robbins instructed the directors of his foundation to establish a prize for "some really greatly outstanding person or art institution. The prizes should "lean toward the arts of dance..." The first two Jerome Robbins Awards were bestowed in 2003 to New York City Ballet and to lighting designer Jennifer Tipton.


title: PlayStation Classic

text: The PlayStation Classic is a dedicated video game console by Sony Interactive Entertainment that emulates games originally released on its 1994 PlayStation console. It was announced in September 2018 at the Tokyo Game Show, and released on December 3, 2018, the 24th anniversary of the release of the original. The console has been compared to competitor Nintendo's prior releases of the NES Classic Edition and Super NES Classic Edition mini consoles. Despite this, the console received negative reviews from critics, with criticism for its weak game library, use of the original controller, use of PAL versions for certain games, and high price tag, though the console's design did attract praise.


title: PlayStation Classic

text: The PlayStation Classic ships with two replica PlayStation controllers (the original model without the analog sticks), an HDMI cable, and a USB Micro-A to standard USB-A cable. An AC adapter for the console is sold separately. The console weighs about and is about in size, approximately 80% smaller in volume than the original PlayStation and 45% smaller in width and length. It includes ports for both controllers, HDMI output, and power via USB. The controller's cords measure approximately long. It cannot use PlayStation memory cards. Internally, the console uses a MediaTek MT8167a Quad A35 system on a chip with four central processing cores clocked at @ 1.5 GHz and a Power VR GE8300 graphics processing unit. It includes 16 GB of eMMC flash storage and 1 GB of DDR3 memory.


title: PlayStation Classic

text: The PlayStation Classic comes preloaded with 20 games, running off the open source emulator, PCSX ReARMed. Five games were revealed when the console was announced, and the full roster was revealed a month later. Some games vary between regions. The device does not interface with the PlayStation Network, and games will not be added post-launch. Each game can be suspended in a save state by pressing the console's "reset" button. Nine games use the PAL release (favored in most European countries) regardless of the console's release platform, which means they run at a slower framerate of 50 Hz as opposed to the NTSC standard of 60 Hz (favored in North American, Japan, and additional Asian countries), and may respond slower than players from NTSC regions would expect.


title: PlayStation Classic

text: The North American version of the dedicated console received a Mature rating from the ESRB due to the inclusion of "Grand Theft Auto", "Metal Gear Solid" and "Resident Evil: Director's Cut". Likewise, the European version received an 18 rating from the PEGI group; European package also displays German USK 16 (PEGI ratings are not formally recognized in Germany) and Australian MA 15+ ratings as it is also sold in Australia (another PAL territory). The system box recommends the system for ages 6 and up, and some individual titles such as "Rayman" have suitable ratings for that age group, but the console provides access to all 20 games, with no parental controls or settings to restrict available games.


title: PlayStation Classic

text: The PlayStation Classic received generally negative reviews from critics overall, with criticism being directed at the game line up, lack of popular titles, the use of PAL versions for certain titles, the use of the original controller, which lacked analog sticks, and the $100 price tag, although its design received praise. Most reviewers criticized the exclusion of many popular PlayStation titles, such as "Wipeout", "Mortal Kombat 3", "Crash Bandicoot", "Spyro the Dragon", "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater", "Tomb Raider", "PaRappa the Rapper", "Gran Turismo", and "". Tristan Ogilive of IGN criticised the console's lack of popular titles, the basic user-interface and pointing out that "almost half of the games included in the PlayStation Classic's library are the PAL versions" which caused consistency problems in NTSC regions. Sam Loveridge of GamesRadar+ praised the look of the console, but criticized the selection of games, the weak presentation of the games due to the black bars on the side of the screen, and the short length of the controller cables.


title: PlayStation Classic

text: The lower frame rates during gameplay, poor emulation quality, and the user interface were also criticized. John Linneman of Eurogamer's Digital Foundry also gave it a similarly negative review, noting the console's subpar emulation, poor image quality, lack of enhancements and use of PAL game releases on North American units, though he did praise the user interface. Chris Carter of Destructoid shares a similar opinion, citing that the emulation on the classic console is at times, "worse than the original", but praised the instant-state recovery and the size of the internal storage. Joe Juba of Game Informer lamented on the lack of analog sticks on the controller, along with the lacking selection of titles and a barebones menu, which makes the system a good fit only for an "extremely specific audience". However, "Twisted Metal", "Jumping Flash!", "Tekken 3", "Final Fantasy VII", and "Metal Gear Solid" were hailed as the best of the genre.


title: PlayStation Classic

text: In response to the console's perceived weak game selection, many users have modded the console so any amount of game ROM's can be added to the console via external storage, essentially turning the console into a dedicated emulator, similar to software such as "Retropie".


title: PlayStation Classic

text: The PlayStation Classic had sold 120,000 units during its first week in Japan. Its sales were noticeably low in the U.S. (within the first four weeks over Christmas) with many retailers and websites, such as Amazon, giving discounts for the console as low as in several major U.S. retailers. Reasons for the price drop at this time suggested a combination of overproduction of the unit, over-pricing on the original cost of the unit, or disinterest in the unit, which had been panned by journalists. Just over two months after its release, the console was further discounted by Walmart to . Another price drop to , and in all U.S., European and U.K. retailers respectively followed in June 2019, as part of PlayStation's "Days of Play" sale events. In July 2019, Best Buy and Amazon began selling the console as low as .


title: Will Cain

text: Charles Williams Cain (born March 28, 1975) is an American columnist, political analyst, and sports commentator. He is currently the co-host of "Fox & Friends Weekend" on Fox News. Previously, Cain had been a contributor for ESPN, joining the network in March 2015, working with the features unit and "" and appearing on "First Take". He was the host of "The Will Cain Show" on ESPN Radio, which ran from January 2, 2018, to June 26, 2020. He has also been a contributor for "Blaze Media" and CNN, appearing frequently on Soledad O'Brien's morning program "Starting Point".


title: Will Cain

text: Cain was born and raised in Sherman, Texas, near Dallas. Attending Pepperdine University, Cain played one year on the water polo team and graduated cum laude with a bachelor's degree in telecommunications in 1997. On the Pepperdine water polo team, Cain was a walk-on who scored his only goal in 1996, in a game against UC Santa Barbara. Cain said of the experience in 2010, "Pepperdine water polo was extremely accommodating in its development of a walk-on such as me, and that's something positively unique about this program. I almost went to USC, and I'm sure that if I did have a water polo career there it would have been much shorter." In 2000, Cain completed his J.D. degree at the University of Texas School of Law. After law school, Cain moved to a ranch in Montana, where he worked as a ranch hand while trying to write a book.


title: Will Cain

text: Following the death of his father in 2001, Cain returned to the Dallas area to help care for his younger brother. While in Texas, Cain bought two community newspapers and started others before selling them to Stephens Media, publisher of the "Las Vegas Review-Journal". Around 2006, Cain founded Quince Media, which published a magazine, website, and expos about quinceañeras.


title: Will Cain

text: Cain previously worked as a fill-in host for CNN's "In the Arena", where he co-hosted the program with E. D. Hill from February 28, 2011, to August 5, 2011.


title: Will Cain

text: Cain began working at ESPN in 2015 as a radio personality, hosting the program "Will and Kate" with Kate Fagan and serving as a fill-in for other ESPN Radio anchors. He was a frequent contributor to "Outside the Lines" and eventually became a fill-in host and frequent guest on "First Take". Cain then was named co-host of "The Ryen Russillo Show" but Russillo soon left the show. Cain began hosting his own show, "The Will Cain Show", on ESPN Radio in 2018. "The Washington Post" observed about Cain's ESPN presence in 2018: "Cain's growing profile comes amid consistent charges of liberal bias at ESPN for its coverage of social and political issues in sports." By 2018, Michael McCarthy of "Sporting News" argued that Cain "provides a valuable balance to ESPN" and noted he "has become a virtual third debate partner with Stephen A. Smith, Max Kellerman and Molly Qerim on "First Take".


title: Will Cain

text: In 2020, Cain left ESPN to move to Fox News as co-host of "Fox & Friends Weekend" (along with Jedediah Bila and Pete Hegseth). Cain's last appearance on "First Take" was on June 24, 2020, and his final episode of "The Will Cain Show" aired two days later. His first appearance on "Fox & Friends Weekend" was in August 2020. On April 5, 2021, Cain launched "The Will Cain Podcast", combining his commentary in news, politics, and sports.


title: Will Cain

text: Cain was one of ESPN's most conservative voices, although his ESPN show focused mostly on sports. Cain told the "Washington Post" in 2018, "Has being conservative helped me since I've been here? Of course. ESPN doesn't have a voice like mine." Cain had been critical of Donald Trump; in 2011, while he was at CNN, Cain wrote an op-ed that criticized Trump, Sarah Palin, and populism from a conservative perspective. On a January 2017 episode of "First Take", Cain said that he did not vote for Trump in the 2016 election, which he later reiterated in a 2020 interview discussing his move from ESPN to Fox News. In January 2022, Cain criticized the first year of Joe Biden's presidency on his podcast, calling Biden "the worst president of my lifetime."


title: Will Cain

text: In March 2019, Cain likened Antonio Brown's contract requests during Brown's trade to the Oakland Raiders as being "like a suicide bomber" while discussing the trade on "First Take"; the remark prompted criticism.


title: Will Cain

text: In April 2019, after the New York Yankees and Philadelphia Flyers ceased using Kate Smith's recordings of "God Bless America" at games due to the deceased singer having sung songs with racist content about African Americans decades before her death, Cain’s take on the situation during "First Take" that day caused significant controversy among "First Take" viewers and co-host Stephen A. Smith, claiming it was a “fool’s errand” to apply “modern historical standards” to an event that happened in the 1930s and pointed out that under those standards, President Barack Obama’s statues should be removed due to Obama previously being opposed to LGBT rights before running for president. The New York radio show "The Breakfast Club" would later give their "Donkey of the Day" award to Cain the next day in response.


title: Will Cain

text: In 2021, after Colin Powell died from complications of COVID-19, Cain questioned the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine requirements. The 84-year-old Powell was vaccinated against COVID-19 but he was also battling multiple myeloma, a blood cancer that suppresses the immune system.


title: V8 (JavaScript engine)

text: V8 is a free and open-source JavaScript engine developed by the Chromium Project for Google Chrome and Chromium web browsers. The project’s creator is Lars Bak. The first version of the V8 engine was released at the same time as the first version of Chrome: 2 September 2008. It has also been used on the server side, for example in Couchbase and Node.js.


title: V8 (JavaScript engine)

text: The V8 assembler is based on the Strongtalk assembler. On 7 December 2010, a new compiling infrastructure named Crankshaft was released, with speed improvements. In version 41 of Chrome in 2015, project TurboFan was added to provide more performance improvements with previously challenging workloads such as asm.js. Much of V8's development is strongly inspired by the Java HotSpot Virtual Machine developed by Sun Microsystems, with the newer execution pipelines being very similar to those of HotSpot's.


title: V8 (JavaScript engine)

text: In 2016, the Ignition interpreter was added to V8 with the design goal of reducing the memory usage on small memory Android phones in comparison with TurboFan and Crankshaft. Ignition is a register based machine and shares a similar (albeit not the exact same) design to the templating interpreter utilized by HotSpot.


title: V8 (JavaScript engine)

text: In 2017, V8 shipped a brand-new compiler pipeline, consisting of Ignition (the interpreter) and TurboFan (the optimizing compiler). Starting with V8 version 5.9, Full-codegen (the early baseline compiler) and Crankshaft are no longer used in V8 for JavaScript execution, since the team believed they were no longer able to keep pace with new JavaScript language features and the optimizations those features required.


title: V8 (JavaScript engine)

text: In 2021, a new tiered compilation pipeline was introduced with the release of the SparkPlug compiler, which supplements the existing TurboFan compiler within V8, in a direct parallel to the profiling C1 Compiler used by HotSpot.


title: V8 (JavaScript engine)

text: V8 first generates an abstract syntax tree with its own parser. Then, Ignition generates bytecode from this syntax tree using the internal V8 bytecode format. TurboFan compiles this bytecode into machine code. In other words, V8 compiles ECMAScript directly to native machine code using just-in-time compilation before executing it. The compiled code is additionally optimized (and re-optimized) dynamically at runtime, based on heuristics of the code's execution profile. Optimization techniques used include inlining, elision of expensive runtime properties, and inline caching. The garbage collector is a generational incremental collector.


title: V8 (JavaScript engine)

text: V8 can compile to x86, ARM or MIPS instruction set architectures in both their 32-bit and 64-bit editions; it has additionally been ported to PowerPC and IBM s390 for use in servers.


title: V8 (JavaScript engine)

text: V8 can be used in a browser or integrated into independent projects. V8 is used in the following software:


title: LOL (2012 film)

text: LOL is a 2012 American teen romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Lisa Azuelos. A remake of the 2008 French film "LOL (Laughing Out Loud)" (also directed by Azuelos), the film stars Miley Cyrus, Demi Moore, Ashley Greene, and Adam Sevani. It received a limited release in the United States on May 4, 2012, by Lionsgate. The film received mostly negative reviews from film critics and it earned $10.4 million on an $11 million budget, making it a box office bomb.


title: LOL (2012 film)

text: Lola "Lol" Williams leads an ordinary life in Chicago, with her boyfriend Chad and best friends Emily, Janice, and Kyle. When they return to school, after the summer, Lol discovers that Chad has cheated on her, so they break up.


title: LOL (2012 film)

text: Lol and Kyle realize they have feelings for each other and pursue a relationship. This is difficult as Chad is his best friend, and Lol's nemesis, Ashley, is a flirt, especially with Kyle. His and Chad's band, No Shampoo, wants to compete in the battle of the bands, but Kyle's father does not support his passion for music and feels that it interferes with his schoolwork. Chad's jealousy towards Lol and Kyle's new relationship further complicates things.


title: LOL (2012 film)

text: Lol's mother, Anne, is a divorcée who frequently has sex with her ex-husband, Allen, until she discovers he has also been sleeping with another woman. Anne also begins to feel she and Lol are growing further apart. Lol throws a party and is caught by Anne who threatens to not allow her to go on her class trip to Paris. She is already grounded for the party.


title: LOL (2012 film)

text: Things finally start to change when Anne meets police officer James and they begin to date. He offers her advice on how to reconnect with Lol, which she takes up. After a presentation at school, Lol looks for Kyle in the bathroom and overhears two people having sex in the stall. She assumes it is Kyle and Ashley after seeing a purse similar to Ashley's peeking out from under the stall. It was actually Emily and Wen hooking up, but Emily does not tell Lol because she is embarrassed she hooked up with him. Afterwards, Lol confronts Ashley, who does not deny it because she likes Kyle and wants to get in between Lol and Kyle's relationship.


title: LOL (2012 film)

text: A huge argument ensues between Kyle and Lol, where Lol accuses Kyle of cheating, and they break up. When Kyle's father discovers Kyle has lied about his grades and smoked pot, he grounds him and destroys his guitar. After the break-up, Lol is determined to make Kyle jealous, and tries to do so by making out with her childhood friend Jeremy. Meanwhile, she and her mom reconnect, and Anne allows Lol to go on the class trip to Paris.


title: LOL (2012 film)

text: While on the Paris trip, Emily finally admits to Lol it was actually her and Wen in the bathroom, not Ashley and Kyle. After this realization, Lol and Kyle reconcile and Lol spends the night with Kyle and they have sex for the first time.


title: LOL (2012 film)

text: When they all return home, Chad and Kyle rekindle their friendship and he gives his blessing to Kyle and Lol. Lol sticks up for Ashley when Chad insults her, resulting in them become friends. Meanwhile, Anne finds Lol's diary and discovers that Lol has slept with Kyle and smoked pot. Confronting Lol, they have a huge falling-out, and Lol moves in with her father.


title: LOL (2012 film)

text: Eventually, Lol and Anne reconcile and Lol moves back in with her mother. Kyle's band wins the battle of the bands and his father finally begins to support his musical aspirations. Kyle and Lol stay together. Ashley and Chad begin to date and Emily and Wen are together as she is no longer embarrassed to be with him. The film ends with Anne and Lol laughing out loud while cuddling.


title: LOL (2012 film)

text: Principal photography began on July 16, 2010, in Dearborn, Michigan. "LOL" was primarily filmed at Grosse Pointe South High School in the city of Grosse Pointe, a suburb northeast of Detroit, Michigan. It was also shot in Chicago, Illinois. In September 2010, production moved to Paris. Post-production began on September 14, 2010, and required a year and two weeks before it was completed on November 1, 2011. The film was set to be released in 2011 but it was pushed to 2012. The film was initially supposed to be a television drama, but such plans were changed when the series ran into legal issues connected to the French film of the same name.


title: LOL (2012 film)

text: "LOL" was originally set to have a wide domestic release, but instead, it was rushed into a limited release with no significant marketing from the theatrical team. The film was released solely because of a technicality in the contract, which contributed to its underperformance at the box office.


title: LOL (2012 film)

text: On February 10, 2012, "LOL" was released for the first time in India, and on March 1, 2012, in Singapore. It later received a limited release in the United States on May 4, 2012, by Lionsgate. In its opening weekend in the US, the film grossed $46,500 from 105 theaters, with an average of $440 per theater.


title: LOL (2012 film)

text: "LOL" was panned by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 16% with an average score of 3.7/10, based on six reviews.


title: LOL (2012 film)

text: The film was made available on DVD, Blu-ray, digital download, and on-demand on July 31, 2012, in the United States from Lionsgate Home Entertainment.


title: Love Island (2015 TV series, series 4)

text: The fourth series of "Love Island", a British dating reality show, began on 4 June 2018 on ITV2, and concluded on 30 July 2018. It is the fourth from the current revived series, but sixth overall. Caroline Flack presented the series, while Iain Stirling narrated it. The series opener received the highest rating on a digital TV programme since the 2012 Summer Olympics were broadcast on BBC Three; it was also the most watched programme ever on ITV2.


title: Love Island (2015 TV series, series 4)

text: On 30 July 2018, the series was won by Dani Dyer and Jack Fincham having received 79.66% of the final vote, making this the biggest winning percentage since the show began. Laura Anderson and Paul Knops finished as runners-up. The average viewers for this series was 3.96 million, up 1.44 million on the previous series.


title: Love Island (2015 TV series, series 4)

text: During the final of the previous series on 24 July 2017, it was confirmed that "Love Island" would return for a fourth series due to air the following year. It becomes the fourth series from the current revived format, but sixth series overall. Caroline Flack and Iain Stirling were confirmed to continue their roles as presenter and narrator, respectively. The first 10-second teaser for the new series began airing on 21 April 2018 with a second teaser released on 29 April. A full-length trailer was released on 17 May, which Stephanie Chase of "Digital Spy" pointed out included "all our favourite lingo from the show". On 23 May, it was confirmed that the series would begin on 4 June on ITV2. On 27 May, it was announced that a new spin-off, ""Love Island: The Morning After"", had been commissioned for the series. It is hosted by Kem Cetinay and Arielle Free and is a daily podcast delivering the freshest gossip to the fans. First look pictures of the villa were released on 31 May. The sixteenth episode of the series, first broadcast on 21 June 2018, features a tribute to series 2 contestant Sophie Gradon, who died on 20 June.


title: Love Island (2015 TV series, series 4)

text: Some of the episodes in this series were aired outside of the usual 9pm timeslot due to the FIFA World Cup.


title: Love Island (2015 TV series, series 4)

text: Angela Jain, the managing director at ITV Studios Entertainment, wanted the series to feature "some surprising cast members", who the audience would not expect to see. She explained that she wanted "enough cast that feels like they are absolutely heart and soul "Love Island" – and then a certain percentage of people who feel genuinely new to telly and genuinely surprising." When asked whether a former contestant could appear in this series, executive producer Andy Cadman did not rule out anything, but said he struggled to imagine it. The first Islanders for the fourth series were released on 28 May 2018, just one week before the launch. However, throughout the series, more Islanders entered the villa to find love. Niall Aslam's decision to leave the series voluntarily for "personal reasons" marks the first time since the second series where an Islander voluntarily left the show. Niall later said he left because of "stress-induced psychosis." The series was won by Dani Dyer and Jack Fincham having received 79.66% of the final vote.


title: Love Island (2015 TV series, series 4)

text: The couples were chosen shortly after the contestants entered the villa. After all of the girls entered, the boys were asked to choose a girl to pair up with. Alex G was paired with Samira, Eyal with Hayley, Jack Fi and Dani paired up, Niall and Kendall coupled up, and Wes paired up with Laura A. Adam then entered the villa and was told he would be stealing one of the girls the following day.


title: Love Island (2015 TV series, series 4)

text: On 27 June 2017, it was confirmed that ‘Casa Amor’ would be reintroduced following its success during the previous series. It is a second villa featuring new Islanders in a twist designed to put the couples to the ultimate test. Twelve new Islanders were introduced during this twist. The villa was called ’Casa Amor’ which translates to ’Love House’, and is located not far from the main villa. The new Islanders for the twist included six girls; Charlie, Darylle, Ellie, Grace, Kazimir and Savanna, as well as six boys; Alex, Charlie, Dean, Frankie, Jack and Jordan.


title: Love Island (2015 TV series, series 4)

text: The twist came to its conclusion four days later when the original Islanders were given the choice of remaining with their current partner in the opposite villa or couple up with one of the new Islanders. However, as they were living in separate villas, they were not aware of each other's choice. If one decided to re-couple and the other did not, then the one that didn't would be single but still remain on the island. If both re-coupled then they would both remain in the villa with their new partner, and any remaining single new islanders would be dumped. At the end of this, Georgia and Wes became the only single original Islanders, and Charlie W, Dean, Jordan and Savanna were dumped.


title: Love Island (2015 TV series, series 4)

text: Official ratings are taken from BARB and include ITV2 +1. Because the Saturday episodes are weekly catch-up episodes rather than nightly highlights, these are not included in the overall averages. The series launch on 4 June 2018 was the most watched digital TV programme since the 2012 Summer Olympics were broadcast on BBC Three, and the most watched ever on ITV2, this was overtaken by the episode that aired on 8 July 2018 which had 4.46 million viewers.


title: Nicolaism

text: Nicolaism (also Nicholaism, Nicolaitism, Nicolationism, or Nicolaitanism) was an early Christian sect mentioned twice in the Book of Revelation of the New Testament. The adherents were called Nicolaitans, Nicolaitanes, or Nicolaites. They were considered heretical by the mainstream early Christian church. According to Revelation 2:6 and 15, they were known in the cities of Ephesus and Pergamum. In this chapter, the church at Ephesus is endorsed for "[hating] the works of the Nicolaites, which I also hate"; and the church in Pergamos is rebuked: "So thou hast also some [worshiping in their midst] who hold the teaching of the Nicolaites".


title: Nicolaism

text: Several of the early Church Fathers mentioned this group, including Irenaeus, Tertullian, Hippolytus, Epiphanius, and Theodoret, stating that Nicolas the Deacon, one of the Seven, was the author of the heresy and the sect.


title: Nicolaism

text: The last Western Church Father was Isidore of Seville, who finished the "Etymologies", in the year 636 AD. In Book VIII titled "The Church and sects (De ecclesia et secta)" he wrote, "The Nicolaites (Nicolaita) are so called from Nicolaus, deacon of the church of Jerusalem, who, along with Stephen and the others, was ordained by Peter. He abandoned his wife because of her beauty, so that whoever wanted to might enjoy her; the practice turned into debauchery, with partners being exchanged in turn. Jesus condemns them in the Apocalypse, saying (2:6): "But this thou hast, that thou hatest the deeds of the Nicolaites."


title: Nicolaism

text: John Henry Blunt points out that the Bible condemns the false teachings, and the use of a name to describe a group "shows that there was a distinct heretical party which held the doctrine." The letters which Jesus dictates for the churches in Revelation 2 "show that these heretics had neither formally separated themselves from the church nor had been excommunicated."


title: Nicolaism

text: A common view holds that the Nicolaitans held the antinomian heresy of 1 Corinthians 6, although this has not been proved. One scholar who espouses this interpretation, John Henry Blunt, maintains that the comparison between the Nicolaitans and Balaam "proves that the fornication spoken of is not that crime under ordinary circumstances, but fornication connected with religious rites". Blunt points out that the Hebrews had a long history of preaching against or alternatively using cult prostitutes (Genesis 38:21–22; Deuteronomy 23:17–8; 1 Kings 14:24, 15:12, 22:46; 2 Kings 23:7; Ezekiel 16:16; Hosea 4:14). He also points out that the early Christians lived in a pagan culture where the worship of Aphrodite included "hierodoule" who engaged in ritual prostitution in her shrines and temples, and that the Dionysian Mysteries used intoxicants and other trance-inducing techniques to remove inhibitions and social constraints of believers (regardless of class or gender) to enter into an animalistic state of mind.


title: Nicolaism

text: Blunt holds that the Nicolaitans either believed that the command against ritual sex was part of the Mosaic law (from which they had been freed by Jesus Christ) and it was licit for them, or that they went too far during Christian "love-feasts". Blunt sees echoes of this behavior in the admonitions which Paul gives the Corinthians, though he does not name them as such. Blunt also believes that similar echoes can be found in the admonitions of Jude 4-16 (which invokes both "Balaam's error" and "love feasts") and 2 Peter 2:2-21 (which repeats much of Jude's statements, including invoking Balaam).


title: Nicolaism

text: The trend began early in Christianity of applying the term "Nicolaitans" to describe other antinomian groups with no attachment to the historical Nicolaitans. Tertullian in his "Prescription Against Heretics", 33, is such an example: "John, however, in the Apocalypse is charged to chastise those 'who eat things sacrificed to idols,' and 'who commit sexual immorality.' There are even now another sort of Nicolaitans. Theirs is called the Gaian heresy."


title: Nicolaism

text: Irenaeus in "Adversus Haereses" III. xi. 1; I. xxvi. 3 holds that the Gospel of John was written to counter the teachings of Cerinthus, which he holds was influenced by the Nicolaitans. Later, Augustine of Hippo ascribed to them Cerinthian doctrines concerning the creation of the world (in his "De haeresibus ad Quodvultdeum", v).


title: Nicolaism

text: Victorinus of Pettau held that the error of the Nicolaitans was that they considered it necessary to exorcise things offered to idols before eating, and that there was no sin of fornication after seven days had passed.


title: Nicolaism

text: "But the works of the Nicolaitanes in that time were false and troublesome men, who, as ministers under the name of Nicolas, had made for themselves an heresy, to the effect that whatever had been offered to idols might be exorcised and eaten, and that whoever had committed fornication might receive peace on the eighth day."


title: Nicolaism

text: Bede states that Nicolas allowed other men to marry his wife. Thomas Aquinas believed that Nicolas supported either polygamy or the holding of wives in common. Eusebius claimed that the sect was short-lived.


title: Nicolaism

text: Several Church Fathers derive the term "Nicolaitans" from Nicolaus (Νικόλαος) a native of Antioch and one of the first Seven Deacons mentioned in . The nature of the link between Nicolaus and Nicolaitans was questionable.


title: Nicolaism

text: Some scholars believe that it was another Nicolas, rather than Nicolas the Deacon himself becoming an apostate.


title: Nicolaism

text: Hippolytus of Rome shared the opinion that Nicolas became a heresiarch (in "Refutation of All Heresies" vii. 24).


title: Nicolaism

text: In other writings of the early church this connection is disputed and the Nicolaitans are said to be "falsely so called" (ψευδώνυμοι). Clement of Alexandria put forward a defense of Nicolas (in "Stromata" ii. 20, iii. 4) which Eusebius accepts and repeats (in "Historia Ecclesiastica" iii. 29).


title: Nicolaism

text: The description of Nicolas as celibate was used by 16th century Protestant apologists to argue against the practice of mandatory clerical celibacy by suggesting it originated within Nicolaism first before spreading into Christianity.


title: Nicolaism

text: Epiphanius relates some details of the life of Nicolas the deacon, and describes him as gradually sinking into the grossest impurity, and becoming the originator of the Nicolaitans and other libertine Gnostic sects:


title: Nicolaism

text: Jerome believes the account of Nicolas succumbing to heresy, at least to some extent. This was also the opinion of the unknown Christian author (writing around 435) of "Praedestinatus" (in i. 4.), as well as other writers in the 4th century.


title: Nicolaism

text: This view of Nicolas is irreconcilable with the traditional account of his character given by Clement of Alexandria, an earlier writer than Epiphanius. He states that Nicolas led a chaste life and brought up his children in purity. He describes a certain occasion when Nicolas had been sharply reproved by the apostles as a jealous husband, and he repelled the charge by offering to allow his wife to become the wife of any other person. Clement also writes that Nicolas was in the habit of repeating a saying which is ascribed to the apostle Matthias, "that it is our duty to fight against the flesh and to abuse" (παραχρῆσθαι) "it". His words were perversely interpreted by the Nicolaitans as authority for their immoral practices. Theodoret repeats the foregoing statement of Clement in his account of the sect, and charges the Nicolaitans with false dealing in borrowing the name of the deacon.


title: Nicolaism

text: Clement (in "Stromata" 3, 2) does condemn heretics whose views on sex he sees as licentious, but he does not associate them with Nicolas: