title: Hannah Baker

text: The character of Hannah Baker received polarized responses from television critics and mental health analysts, but was more well received by the readers and audiences. Katherine Langford, however, garnered unanimous acclaim for her performance in the television series and was variously called "a revelation", "believable and raw" and "magnetic". In order to analyze the symptoms and mental health issues that Hannah Baker presents in the series, psychological tests have been evaluated through the perspective of the character to assess her emotional and mental state. Jesse Schedeen of IGN praised her performance stating, "Langford shines in the lead role [and] embodies that optimism and that profound sadness [of Hannah's] as well". Daniel Feinberg of "The Hollywood Reporter" praised Langford's "dynamic" performance and wrote, "Langford's heartbreaking openness makes you root for a fate you know isn't possible". Matthew Gilbert of "The Boston Globe" praised the chemistry of Langford and Minnette, saying, "watching these two young actors together is pure pleasure". Schedeen of IGN agreed, saying the lead actors are "often at their best together, channeling just the right sort of warm but awkward chemistry you'd expect from two teens who can't quite admit to their feelings for one another".


title: Hannah Baker

text: The show has contained sensitive subject matter surrounding the hardships that Hannah Baker endures and lack of support from her school and school counselor before the polarizing bathtub scene where she takes her own life. Mental health professionals such as clinical psychologists, therapists, and academics have expressed major concerns about the series such as romanticizing suicide, Netflix not providing adequate resources at the conclusion of each episode, targeting a young vulnerable audience, and painting mental health professionals as unhelpful and not worth seeing. Mental health experts are also educating the general public on what to do in the situations Hannah Baker goes through and also disseminating accurate information surrounding teen suicide, depression, and youth that experience traumatic events.


title: Benny Medina

text: Benny Medina (born January 24, 1958) is an American record executive, talent manager, and television producer.


title: Benny Medina

text: Medina was born in East Los Angeles, California, of Dominican parents into a poor family. The death of his mother and abandonment by his father resulted in him being placed into a number of foster homes, which he repeatedly ran away from before he and his siblings were taken in by his aunt. In his early teenage years, Medina dealt cannabis and amphetamines.


title: Benny Medina

text: He befriended a wealthy white teenager, whose family in Beverly Hills allowed him to live in a refurbished garage behind their property. Medina then attended Beverly Hills High where he met Kerry Gordy and was a successful student. Medina's experiences of transferring to this wealthy environment is the loose basis for "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air".


title: Benny Medina

text: Medina started his career with the group Apollo, who released their self-titled debut on Gordy/Motown in 1979. He was the lead singer. Other members included Kerry Gordy (keyboards), Cliff Liles (bass), Lenny Greene (drums) and Larry Robinson (guitar). Medina co-wrote three of the seven tracks, including “Astro Disco,” their best known track. The album was produced by Ray Singleton, former wife of Motown founder Berry Gordy.


title: Benny Medina

text: At age 24, Medina became the head of A&R for Motown, working as a protégé to Berry Gordy. Under Gordy, Medina wrote and produced for legendary Motown acts such as The Temptations, Smokey Robinson, Billy Preston, Rick James and Teena Marie.


title: Benny Medina

text: Medina then moved on to Warner Bros. Records, where executive Mo Ostin tasked him to build and cultivate the careers of the company's urban artists as VP/GM of its urban-music division. While there, Medina collaborated with artists such as Ray Charles, Babyface, Prince, Chaka Khan, Madonna, Paul Simon and Fleetwood Mac. He also worked with Naughty by Nature, Queen Latifah, De La Soul, Biz Markie, Kool G. Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Roxanne Shanté, and Monie Love.


title: Benny Medina

text: After leaving Warner Bros., Medina and longtime friend Jeff Pollack formed Medina/Pollack Entertainment, which grew into a full service management and production company. Among their projects were "Booty Call", "Above the Rim", and "Maid in Manhattan".


title: Benny Medina

text: Medina managed Jennifer Lopez, and along with then-head of Sony Music, Tommy Mottola, Medina launched Lopez's pop music career in 1999, after which, in 2003, at the height of her popularity, Lopez fired Medina and filed a complaint against him with California's labor commission. As of 2008, Medina officially resumed his role as Lopez's manager, and is also a godparent to her twin children.


title: Benny Medina

text: Other clients were also managed by Medina, including Tyra Banks, P. Diddy, Medina also managed singer-songwriter Vanessa Daou from 1996 to 1998 while the artist was signed to Krasnow Entertainment/MCA Records. When Daou chose to leave with label head


title: Benny Medina

text: In November 2017, actor Jason Dottley accused Medina of attempting to rape him in December 2008. Dottley stated the event happened at Medina's Los Angeles mansion after Medina gave Dottley and fellow actor T. Ashanti Mozelle a tour of the home. Dottley stated in an interview with "The Advocate" that Anthony Rapp's recent sexual assault allegations against Kevin Spacey inspired him to come out with his "shameful secret." Through his attorneys Howard Weitzman and Shawn Holley, Medina said in a statement, "Benny Medina categorically denies the allegation of attempted rape."


title: Battle of Cable Street

text: The Battle of Cable Street was a series of clashes that took place at several locations in the inner East End, most notably Cable Street, on Sunday 4 October 1936. It was a clash between the Metropolitan Police, sent to protect a march by members of the British Union of Fascists led by Oswald Mosley, and various "de jure" and "de facto" anti-fascist demonstrators, including local trade unionists, communists, anarchists, British Jews and socialist groups. The anti-fascist counter-demonstration included both organised and unaffiliated participants.


title: Battle of Cable Street

text: The British Union of Fascists (BUF) had advertised a march to take place on Sunday 4 October 1936, the fourth anniversary of their organisation. Thousands of BUF followers, dressed in their Blackshirt uniform, intended to march through the heart of the East End (an area which then had a large Jewish population).


title: Battle of Cable Street

text: The BUF would march from Tower Hill and divide into four columns, each heading for one of four open air public meetings where Mosley and others would address gatherings of BUF supporters:


title: Battle of Cable Street

text: The Jewish People's Council organised a petition, calling for the march to be banned, which gathered the signature of 100,000 East Londoners, including the Mayors of the five East London Boroughs (Hackney, Shoreditch, Stepney, Bethnal Green and Poplar) in two days. Home Secretary John Simon denied the request to outlaw the march.


title: Battle of Cable Street

text: Very large numbers of people took part in the events, in part due to the good weather, but estimates of the numbers of participants vary enormously:


title: Battle of Cable Street

text: The fascists began to gather at Tower Hill from approximately 2:00 p.m., there were clashes between fascists and anti-fascists at Tower Hill and Mansell Street as they did so, while the anti-fascists also temporarily occupied the Minories. The BUF set up a casualty dressing station in the Tower Hill area, as did their Independent Labour Party and Communist opponents who each had a dressing station.


title: Battle of Cable Street

text: Protesters built a number of barricades on narrow "Cable Street" and its side streets. The main barricade was by the junction with "Christian Street", about 300 metres along "Cable Street" in the St George in the East area of Wapping. The Police attempts to take and remove the barricades were resisted in hand-to-hand fighting and also by missiles, including rubbish, rotten vegetables and the contents of chamber pots were thrown at the police by women in houses along the street.


title: Battle of Cable Street

text: Mosley arrived in an open topped black sports car, escorted by Blackshirt motorcyclists, just before 3:30. By this time, his force had formed up in Royal Mint Street and neighbouring streets into a column nearly half a mile long, and was ready to proceed.


title: Battle of Cable Street

text: However, the Police, fearing more severe disorder if the march and meetings went ahead, instructed Mosley to leave the East End, though the BUF were permitted to march in the West End instead. The BUF event finished in Hyde Park.


title: Battle of Cable Street

text: About 150 demonstrators were arrested, although some escaped with the help of other demonstrators. Around 175 people were injured including police, women and children.


title: Battle of Cable Street

text: The anti-fascists were delighted by their success in preventing the march, and by the unity of the community response, in which very large numbers of East-Enders of all backgrounds resisted Mosley. The event is frequently cited by modern Antifa movements as "...the moment at which British fascism was decisively defeated". The Fascists presented themselves as the law-abiding party who were denied free speech by a weak government and police force in the face of mob violence. After the event the BUF experienced an increase in membership, although their activity in Britain was severely limited.


title: Battle of Cable Street

text: Following the battle, the Public Order Act 1936 outlawed the wearing of political uniforms and forced organisers of large meetings and demonstrations to obtain police permission. Many of the arrested demonstrators reported harsh treatment at the hands of the police.


title: Battle of Cable Street

text: Many leading British communists were present at the Battle of Cable Street, some of whom partially credited the battle for shaping their political beliefs. Some examples include:


title: Battle of Cable Street

text: Between 1979 and 1983, a large mural depicting the battle was painted on the side of St George's Town Hall. It stands in Cable Street, about west of Shadwell overground station. A red plaque in Dock Street commemorates the incident.


title: Battle of Cable Street

text: Numerous events were planned in East London for the battle's 75th anniversary in October 2011, including music and a march, and the mural was once again restored. In 2016, to mark the battle's 80th anniversary, a march took place from Altab Ali Park to Cable Street. The march was attended by some of those who were originally involved.


title: Timeline of Roman history

text: This is a timeline of Roman history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in the Roman Kingdom and Republic and the Roman and Byzantine Empires. To read about the background of these events, see Ancient Rome and History of the Byzantine Empire.


title: Timeline of Roman history

text: Following tradition, this timeline marks the deposition of Romulus Augustulus and the Fall of Constantinople as the end of Rome in the west and east, respectively. See Third Rome for a discussion of claimants to the succession of Rome.


title: Easy listening

text: Easy listening (including mood music) is a popular music genre and radio format that was most popular during the 1950s to 1970s. It is related to middle-of-the-road (MOR) music and encompasses instrumental recordings of standards, hit songs, non-rock vocals and instrumental covers of selected popular rock songs. It mostly concentrates on music that pre-dates the rock and roll era, characteristically on music from the 1940s and 1950s. It was differentiated from the mostly instrumental beautiful music format by its variety of styles, including a percentage of vocals, arrangements and tempos to fit various parts of the broadcast day.


title: Easy listening

text: Easy listening music is often confused with lounge music, but while it was popular in some of the same venues it was meant to be listened to for enjoyment rather than as background sound.


title: Easy listening

text: The style has been synonymous with the tag "with strings". String instruments had been used in sweet bands in the 1930s and was the dominant sound track to movies of Hollywood's Golden Age. In the 1940s and 1950s strings had been used in jazz and popular music contexts. As examples in the jazz genre, there are recordings of Frank Sinatra. Another example of a practitioner in the popular context was Dinah Washington's "What a Difference a Day Makes". In the 1950s the use of strings quickly became a main feature of the developing easy listening genre.


title: Easy listening

text: Jackie Gleason, a master at this genre, whose first ten albums went gold, expressed the goal of producing "musical wallpaper that should never be intrusive, but conducive".


title: Easy listening

text: Similarly, in 1956 John Serry Sr. sought to utilize the accordion within the context of a jazz sextet in order to create a soothing mood ideally suited for "low pressure" listening on his album "Squeeze Play". Jerry Murad also contributed to the music, including a variety of types of harmonica.


title: Easy listening

text: The magazines "Billboard" and "Record World" featured easy listening singles in independently audited record charts. Generally 40 positions in length, they charted airplay on stations such as WNEW-FM, New York City, WWEZ, Cincinnati, and KMPC, Los Angeles. "Record World" began their listings January 29, 1967 and ended these charts in the early 1970s. "Billboard"s Easy Listening chart morphed into the Adult Contemporary chart in 1979, and continues to this day.


title: Easy listening

text: During the format's heyday in the 1960s, it was not at all uncommon for easy listening instrumental singles to reach the top of the charts on the "Billboard" Hot 100 (and stay there for several weeks).


title: Easy listening

text: Beautiful music, which grew up alongside easy listening music, had rigid standards for instrumentation, e.g., few or no saxophones (at the time, the saxophone was associated with less refined styles such as jazz and rock and roll, although Billy Vaughn was an exception to the rule), and restrictions on how many vocal pieces could be played in an hour. The easy listening radio format has been generally, but not completely, superseded by the soft adult contemporary format.


title: Easy listening

text: According to the "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World", "The public prominence and profitability of easy listening [in the postwar years] led to its close association with the so-called 'Establishment' that would eventually be demonized by the rock counterculture." In "" (1981), rock critic Robert Christgau said "semiclassical music is a systematic dilution of highbrow preferences".


title: Easy listening

text: Easy listening/lounge singers have a lengthy history stretching back to the decades of the early twentieth century. Easy listening music featured popular vocalists such as Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, Patti Page, Tony Bennett, Nat King Cole, Rosemary Clooney, Doris Day, Perry Como, The Carpenters and many others. The somewhat derisive term lounge lizard was coined then, and less well known lounge singers have often been ridiculed as dinosaurs of past eras and parodied for their smarmy delivery of standards.


title: Easy listening

text: In the early 1990s the lounge revival was in full swing and included such groups as Combustible Edison, Love Jones, The Cocktails, Pink Martini and Nightcaps. Alternative band Stereolab demonstrated the influence of lounge with releases such as "Space Age Bachelor Pad Music" and the Ultra-Lounge series of lounge music albums. The lounge style was a direct contradiction to the grunge music that dominated the period.


title: Safety razor

text: A safety razor is a shaving implement with a protective device positioned between the edge of the blade and the skin. The initial purpose of these protective devices was to reduce the level of skill needed for injury-free shaving, thereby reducing the reliance on professional barbers.


title: Safety razor

text: Protective devices for razors have existed since at least the 1700s: a circa 1762 invention by French cutler Jean-Jacques Perret added a protective guard to a regular straight razor. The first known occurrence of the term "safety razor" is found in a patent from 1880 for a razor in the basic contemporary configuration with a handle in which a removable blade is placed (although this form predated the patent).


title: Safety razor

text: Safety razors were popularized in the 1900s by King Camp Gillette's invention, the double-edge safety razor. While other safety razors of the time used blades that required stropping before use and after a time had to be honed by a cutler, Gillette's razor used a disposable blade with two sharpened edges. Gillette's invention became the predominant style of razor during and after the First World War, when the U.S. Army began issuing Gillette shaving kits to its servicemen.


title: Safety razor

text: Since their introduction in the 1970s, cartridge razors and disposable razors – where the blades are embedded in plastic – have become the predominant types of safety razors.


title: Safety razor

text: The first step towards a safer-to-use razor was the guard razor – also called a straight safety razor – which added a protective guard to a regular straight razor. The first such razor was most likely invented by French cutler Jean-Jacques Perret circa 1762. The invention was inspired by the joiner's plane and was essentially a straight razor with its blade surrounded by a wooden sleeve. The earliest razor guards had comb-like teeth and could only be attached to one side of a razor; a reversible guard was one of the first improvements made to guard razors.


title: Safety razor

text: The basic form of a razor, "the cutting blade of which is at right angles with the handle, and resembles somewhat the form of a common hoe", was first described in a patent application in 1847 by William S. Henson. This also covered a "comb tooth guard or protector" which could be attached both to the hoe form and to a conventional straight razor.


title: Safety razor

text: The first attested use of the term "safety razor" is in a patent application for "new and useful improvements in Safety-Razors", filed in May 1880 by Frederic and Otto Kampfe of Brooklyn, New York, and issued the following month. This differed from the Henson design in distancing the blade from the handle by interposing "a hollow metallic blade-holder having a preferably removable handle and a flat plate in front, to which the blade is attached by clips and a pivoted catch, said plate having bars or teeth at its lower edge, and the lower plate having an opening, for the purpose set forth", which is to "insure a smooth bearing for the plate upon the skin, while the teeth or bars will yield sufficiently to allow the razor to sever the hair without danger of cutting the skin." The Kampfe Brothers produced razors under their own name following the 1880 patent and improved the design in a series of subsequent patents. These models were manufactured under the "Star Safety Razor" brand.


title: Safety razor

text: A third pivotal innovation was a safety razor using a disposable double-edge blade for which King Camp Gillette submitted a patent application in 1901 and was granted in 1904. Gillette was awarded a contract to supply the American troops in World War I with double-edge safety razors as part of their standard field kits (delivering a total of 3.5 million razors and 32 million blades for them). The returning soldiers were permitted to keep that part of their equipment and therefore retained their new shaving habits. The subsequent consumer demand for replacement blades put the shaving industry on course toward its present form with Gillette as a dominant force. Prior to the introduction of the disposable blade, users of safety razors still needed to strop and hone the edges of their blades. These are not trivial skills (honing frequently being left to a professional) and remained a barrier to the ubiquitous adopting of the "be your own barber" ideal.


title: Safety razor

text: The first safety razors used a single-edge blade that was essentially a 4 cm long segment of a straight razor. A flat blade that could be used alternately with this "wedge" was first illustrated in a patent issued in 1878, serving as a close prototype for the single-edge blade in its present form. New single-edge razors were developed and used side by side with double-edge razors for decades. The largest manufacturers were the American Safety Razor Company with its "Ever-Ready" series, and the Gem Cutlery Company with its "Gem" models. Although these brands of single-edge razors are no longer in production, they are readily available in antique trade, and compatible modern designs are being made. Blades for them are still being manufactured both for shaving and technical purposes.


title: Safety razor

text: A second popular single-edge design is the "Injector" razor developed and placed on the market by Schick Razors in the 1920s. This uses narrow blades stored in an injector device with which they are inserted directly into the razor, so that the user never needs to handle the blade. The injector blade was the first to depart from the rectangular dimensions shared by the wedge, standard single-edge, and double-edge blades. The injector, itself, was also the first device intended to reduce the risk of injury from handling blades. The Gillette blade dispenser released in 1947 had the same purpose. The narrow injector blade, as well as the form of the injector razor, also strongly influenced the corresponding details of the subsequently developed cartridge razors. Both injector blades and injector safety razors are still available on the market, from antique stock as well as modern manufacture. The injector blades have also inspired a variety of specialised blades for professional barber use, some of which have been re-adopted for shaving by modern designs.


title: Safety razor

text: Until the 1960s, razor blades were made of carbon steel. These were extremely prone to rusting and forced users to change blades frequently. In 1962, the British company Wilkinson Sword began to sell blades made of stainless steel, whose edge did not corrode nearly so quickly and could be used far longer. Wilkinson quickly captured U.S., British and European markets. As a result, American Safety Razor, Gillette and Schick were driven to produce stainless steel blades to compete. Today, almost all razor blades are stainless steel, although carbon steel blades remain in limited production for lower income markets. Because Gillette held a patent on stainless blades but had not acted on it, the company was accused of exploiting customers by forcing them to buy the rust-prone blade.


title: Safety razor

text: The risk of injury from handling razor blades was further reduced in 1970 when Wilkinson released its "Bonded Shaving System", which embedded a single blade in a disposable polymer plastic cartridge. A flurry of competing models soon followed with everything from one to six blades, with many cartridge blade razors also having disposable handles. Cartridge blade razors are sometimes considered to be a generic category of their own and not a variety of safety razor. The similarities between single-edge cartridge blade razors and the classic injector razor do, however, provide equal justification for treating both categories contiguously.


title: Safety razor

text: In 1974 Bic introduced the disposable razor. Instead of being a razor with a disposable blade, the entire razor was manufactured to be disposable. Gillette's response was the Good News disposable razor which was launched on the US market in 1976 before the Bic disposable was made available on that market. Shortly thereafter, Gillette modified the Good News construction to add an aloe strip above the razor, resulting in the Good News Plus. The purported benefit of the aloe strip is to ease any discomfort felt on the face while shaving.


title: Safety razor

text: In direct response to Wilkinson's Bonded cartridge, during the following year Gillette introduced the twin-blade Trac II. They claimed that research showed the tandem action of the two blades to give a closer shave than a single blade, because of a "hysteresis" effect. In addition to the cutting action of the first blade, it is also supposed to pull the hair out of the follicle into which it does not fully retract before the second blade cuts it further. The extent to which this is of practical consequence has, however, been questioned.


title: Safety razor

text: Gillette introduced the first triple-blade cartridge razor, the Mach3, in 1998, and later upgraded the Sensor cartridge to the Sensor3 by adding a third blade. Schick/Wilkinson responded to the Mach3 with the Quattro, the first four-blade cartridge razor. These innovations are marketed with the message that they help consumers achieve the best shave as easily as possible. Another impetus for the sale of multiple-blade cartridges is that they have high profit margins. With manufacturers frequently updating their shaving systems, consumers can become locked into buying their proprietary cartridges, for as long as the manufacturer continues to make them. Subsequent to introducing the higher-priced Mach3 in 1998, Gillette's blade sales realized a 50% increase, and profits increased in an otherwise mature market.


title: Safety razor

text: The marketing of increasing numbers of blades in a cartridge has been parodied since the 1970s. The debut episode of "Saturday Night Live" in 1975 included a parody advertisement for the Triple Trac Razor, shortly after the first two-blade cartridge for men's razors was advertised. "Mad" magazine announced the "Trac 76", arranged as a chain of cartridges with a handle on each end. In the early 1990s, the (Australian) Late Show skitted a "Gillette 3000" with 16 blades and 75 lubricating strips as arrived at by working in conjunction with the help of NASA scientists - "The first blade distracts the hair...". The 16 January 1999 episode of "Mad TV" ran a parody commercial advertising the "Spishak Mach 20" with blades that variously "cut(s) away that pesky second layer of skin" and "gently smooth(s) out the jawbone" culminating in a blade that "destroys the part of the brain responsible for hair growth." In 2004, a satirical article in "The Onion" entitled "Fuck Everything, We're Doing Five Blades" predicted the release of five-blade cartridges, two years before their commercial introduction. South Korean manufacturer Dorco released their own six-blade cartridge in 2012, and later released a seven-blade cartridge.


title: Safety razor

text: Gillette has also produced powered variants of the Mach3 (M3Power, M3Power Nitro) and Fusion (Fusion Power and Fusion Power Phantom) razors. These razors accept a single AAA battery which is used to produce vibration in the razor; this action was purported to raise hair up and away from the skin prior to being cut. These claims were ruled in an American court as "unsubstantiated and inaccurate".


title: Safety razor

text: Safety razors originally had an edge protected by a comb patterned on various types of protective guards that had been affixed to open-blade straight razors during the preceding decades.


title: Safety razor

text: Safety razor blades are usually made of razor steel which is a low chromium stainless steel which can be made extremely sharp, but corrodes relatively easily. Safety razor blade life may be extended by drying the blades after use. Salts from human skin also tend to corrode the blades, but washing and carefully drying them can greatly extend their life.


title: Safety razor

text: Disposable safety razor blades can be sharpened using various methods. There are commercial devices intended for this duty (Razormate, RazorPit, Blade Buddy, etc.).


title: Safety razor

text: Double-edge (DE) safety razors remain a popular alternative to proprietary cartridge razors, and usually offer significantly lower total cost of ownership since they are not marketed under the "razor and blades business model". DE razors are still designed and produced in many countries. Better known manufacturers include Edwin Jagger, Feather, iKon, Lord, Mühle, Merkur, Weishi with several of them producing razors that are marketed under other brands. Often different models of razors within a brand share the same razor-head designs, differing primarily in the color, length, texture, material(s), and weight of the handles. Three-piece razors generally have interchangeable handles, and some companies specialize in manufacturing custom or high-end replacement handles. The butterfly safety razor utilizes a twist-to-open mechanism head to make changing the blade easy and convenient. Variations in razor head designs include straight safety bar (SB), open comb (OC)(toothed) bar, adjustable razors, and slant bar razors. The slant bar was a common design in Germany in which the blade is slightly angled and curved along its length to make for a slicing action and a more rigid cutting edge.


title: Safety razor

text: A primary functional difference between double-edge razors and modern cartridge razors is that DE razor heads come in a wide array of aggression levels (where aggression is commonly defined as being less protection from the blade).


title: Yemin (2019 TV series)

text: Yemin is a Turkish drama series produced by Kanal 7. The leading roles are played by Özge Yağız and Gökberk Demirci. Ayhan Özen was the director of the "Yemin" series from season 1-2. From season 3 the serial is directed by Hakan Arslan and Reyhan Pekar. This serial was shot in Istanbul, Turkey.


title: Yemin (2019 TV series)

text: Hikmet brought Reyhan, his niece to Istanbul to marry his spoiled son, Emir. Reyhan did not want to marry a stranger but her Uncle requests her by telling her about his disease. She reluctantly agrees for her uncle's sake. Emir did not want to marry too because he loves his freedom too much. But after being forced by his father he agreed. But he swore to treat Reyhan badly so that she herself will divorce him. Reyhan was treated badly by Emir and his mother, Cavidan but found comfort in her uncle and her sister-in-law, Suna. Things change . Reyhan and Emir fell in love with each other. But at the end of the season, Reyhan is deciding whether or not to leave Emir.


title: Yemin (2019 TV series)

text: At the beginning of the next season, Reyhan decided not to leave Emir and both are upset with each other. Cemre sets the house where Emir and Reyhan are staying on fire. The next morning Reyhan confess her love to Emir. As days were passing Cemre created a fake video against Emir and threatened Reyhan to divorce Emir for his well. Reyhan considered Emir's well she decided to give divorce, but Emir is still fighting for his love. Emir's mother said to Reyhan that she pays for whatever Reyhan and other members eat or use so Reyhan start a job as a cleanser because she is a pride girl and doesn't want to be a burden on anyone, Cemre's mother, Suheyla learns Cemre and Cavidan's evil plans against Emir and Reyhan and decides to tell Emir everything, but she is hit and killed by a car. Days later, Emir finally watches the fake video and Cemre is arrested. Thinking that she has lost everything, Cemre tries to commit suicide by throwing herself in front of a car, but she survives, escapes from the hospital and tries to burn to death Emir and Reyhan once again by kidnapping Suna. This time Suna manages to walk and saves them from leading their life to death. Cemre ends up in the mental hospital and exposes Cavidan to the police.


title: Yemin (2019 TV series)

text: However, nobody believes in Cemre because she has gone crazy and in order to save herself, Cavidan hires a man to give an electric shock to Cemre so that everything is erased from her memory. Cavidan plays a new game against Reyhan: she hires a girl who pretends to be her lost sister Gulsum and together they make plans against her. However, once Reyhan sacrifices herself and goes to jail in the place of her fake sister, Gulsum starts helping her. She sets her out of prison and later when Reyhan gets pregnant, Cavidan tries to kill her baby with poison, but Gulsum prevents this by making Cavidan taking these pills and making her sick. When Cavidan learns this she asks Talaz to help her get rid of her and one of his guys tries to kill both Gulsum and Reyhan. Gulsum dies to save Reyhan and before closing her eyes she tells her that she is not her real sister. Meanwhile, Cemre escapes once again from the mental hospital and returns with regained memory determined to kill Cavidan. While Cavidan is planning to close Reyhan in a poisonous warehouse, but she falls into her own trap because of Cemre who has heard her plan. Talaz saves her. Meanwhile, Reyhan is in danger because of her pregnancy: the doctors tell her that either she or her baby will die and that she won't be able to become pregnant again. Emir agrees to childbirth for Reyhan.


title: Yemin (2019 TV series)

text: Narin hears about the complications of Reyhan's pregnancy and takes her to another patient, who had the same complications as Reyhan but she has given birth safely. The patient asks Emir and Reyhan to bring back her husband who has left her due to complications. Emir and Reyhan inform Ahmet(the patient's husband) about his child and wife. But he doesn't agree to come.


title: Yemin (2019 TV series)

text: In the season finale episode Some ruffians come and attack Ahamet. While Emir fights them, one of them shoots the pistol. They didn't show who was hurt by the bullet. The series of events from season 1 and 2 are shown in the end.


title: Yemin (2019 TV series)

text: Reyhan is dead in season 3. Her baby is born but emir does not want him, he abandons both him and buries all the memories of reyhan. Hikmet is fine now, he is doing all he could so that emir loves his son. Cavidan is in prison and she has regretted very much for all her evil actions. Here she meets Feride to whom he asks to look after her grandson. When Cavidan tells her about Reyhan's death and that there is no mother for his grandson she asks Feride to take be a mother for him but she denies saying she can't. Feride needs money for her brother's treatment, so Cavidan gives her money to which Feride swears to her that she will be a mother to her grandson, but when she arrives in the mansion she is treated bad by Emir. Soon both start to fall in love with each other. Feride's sister-in-law Songul keeps Cavidan's money for herself and lets her husband die. Later, she goes to the mansion with the intention of staying here forever. A guy obsessed in love with Feride, Resit kidnaps Emir's son and after his rescue he starts to love him. Songul marries Hikmet. Resit tells Emir about Feride's connection with Cavidan, but he lies that Feride is a money hunter. So, Emir plans to revenge her. Songul brings Feride's father to the mansion in order to spoil Feride's good image and she makes her a thief in Emir's eyes with a plan. The wedding day of Emir and Feride arrives and Feride writes a letter to Emir where she confesses everything about her connection with Cavidan, but Songul changes this letter. Emir betrays Feride instead of carrying our their wedding by exposing the facts about her together with some lies he misunderstood in front of everyone. After this, Feride leaves the mansion and Cemre, who has changed too, takes her to stay at her house. Emir finally finds Feride's real letter, but Songul's real face is still not revealed since she points Oya as the person who changed the letter. Emir tries so hard to make Feride forgive him, but without result. Meanwhile, Songul starts collaborating with Talaz. Cavidan learns this thanks to Cemre and threatens her that she will be the old Cavidan if she hurts the family. Songul asks Talaz to frighten Cavidan, but things don't turn out as planned since she is hit by an unknown car while Talaz drives against her. After the accident, she loses her memory and she remembers only Emir as a kid so they take her back to the mansion. Cemre learns about Talaz's involvement in Cavidan's accident, reports him to the police and goes far away to start over. Feride understands that Emir is regretful and that he fights to show that so she finally forgives him. Feride's aunt, Emine comes from Germany and she wants Feride to get married and be happy after all these. She introduces her to a guy, Umit and they get married. At the beginning he seems to be a very nice man, but turns out to be very dangerous and ruthless. Feride has to tolerate his violent behaviour in order to protect her love ones. Hikmet finally sees Songul's real face and decides to divorce her, but he suffers a heart attack after a quarrel and is taken to hospital. Here, Songul is going to kill him by pulling his oxygen plug, but she doesn't have the courage to do it. Hikmet gets killed by Umit because he understood that Feride is unhappy with this marriage and told Emir. The whole Tarhun family is destroyed with his death. Songul takes over the company. Feride finally manages to defeat Umit with the help of his sister Ozlem, Emir and his old wives who were also tortured by him. He is sentenced to life imprisonment, but he fakes his suicide, manages to escape and shoots Emir who has visited Reyhan's grave for the first time. Feride says goodbye to the Tarhun family and goes away.


title: Yemin (2019 TV series)

text: It's four years later in season 4. Emir was saved by an old man, Hasan. The Tarhun family has moved to a new mansion to start a new life. Yigit is a kid now. Melike's evil niece, Tulay comes with the intention of being with Emir. Yigit sees a girl named Gulperi running in the forest, finds her beautiful and tells Emir about her. Meanwhile, Gulperi is Hasan's neighbour and he tells Emir that she has been tortured by her uncle, Kasim since childhood. Emir is determined to protect her and takes her to the mansion. While the engagement between him and Tulay is being carried out, Kasim's men invade the mansion and start shooting. The engagement is postponed. Emir marries Gulperi in order to save her from this men. Tulay makes plan to separate them and even collaborates with Kasim. Cavidan has her doubts about this marriage since it was carried out because of need and not real love. She supports Tulay, whose real face is unknown to everyone. Tulay, being unable to send Gulperi away with her plans, thinks that the only possible way is to kill her. So, she buys a gun, points her and while Gulperi tries to take the gun from her, is being shot. Tulay's fingertips are found on the gun and is sent to jail until Gulperi lies to the police about the incident in order to save her. Emir also finds out that it was Tulay who was collaborating with Kasim and dismisses her from the mansion, but Gulperi saves her once again by telling Emir that she will leave too. After all these, Tulay plays a new game against Gulperi. She hires a man, Ahmet who pretends to be her ex-boyfriend, takes photos of them and sends these photos to Emir. As a result, he loses his trust on Gulperi and starts to ignore her. Tulay also makes Cavidan see these photos, knowing that Cavidan is more than anyone on her side. Tulay orders Ahmet to kidnap Gulperi, but Emir saves her and understands that she is innocent. Both Emir and Cavidan apologise to Gulperi for misjudging her. However, the fact that Tulay was the one who brought Ahmet doesn't come out since her brother, Ercan is pointed as guilty of Gulperi's kidnapping because of a fake farewell letter he wrote under Tulay's orders. Ahmet falls for Gulperi for real and attacks her and Emir. Emir injures him while trying to protect her and is sent to jail for a while. Ahmet is arrested. Kasim comes to the mansion to take Gulperi with him, but she is shot once again while trying to protect Emir. Kasim is arrested and is killed by Ahmet in prison, who threatens Gulperi that he will say that Emir killed him and she should divorce him, until it's revealed that it was Ahmet's work. Emir's aunt, Kadriye comes to the mansion in order to see them because she knows that she will die soon because of heart issues. She misunderstands Gulperi because of the fake marriage and Tulay's lies and she asks Emir to divorce her and marry Tulay. She doesn't want to die without seeing Emir doing the right thing for his life. After a few days, she faints and is transferred to hospital where she asks her maid Fidan to set a recording where she will tell her tastement. Tulay enters the room and tells her brother Ercan in phone that she is happy because Kadriye will help her marry Emir before she dies and says bad things about Gulperi, not knowing about the recording and that Kadriye heard everything. Kadriye changes her mind in the last moment, asks Gulperi to swear that she won't divorce Emir and dies. Meanwhile, Kasim's son also dies in prison committing suicide. His wife and her son, Beyhan and Savas come to the mansion to take revenge on Gulperi for their deaths.


title: Primality test

text: A primality test is an algorithm for determining whether an input number is prime. Among other fields of mathematics, it is used for cryptography. Unlike integer factorization, primality tests do not generally give prime factors, only stating whether the input number is prime or not. Factorization is thought to be a computationally difficult problem, whereas primality testing is comparatively easy (its running time is polynomial in the size of the input). Some primality tests prove that a number is prime, while others like Miller–Rabin prove that a number is composite. Therefore, the latter might more accurately be called "compositeness tests" instead of primality tests.


title: Primality test

text: check whether it is evenly divisible by any prime number between 2 and (i.e. that the division leaves no remainder). If so, then "n" is composite. Otherwise, it is prime.


title: Primality test

text: Note that the largest factor, 50, is half of 100. This holds true for all "n": all divisors are less than or equal to "n"/2.


title: Primality test

text: Actually, when we test all possible divisors up to "n"/2, we will discover some factors "twice". To observe this, rewrite the list of divisors as a list of products, each equal to 100:


title: Primality test

text: Notice that products past 10 × 10 merely repeat numbers which appeared in earlier products. For example, 5 × 20 and 20 × 5 consist of the same numbers. This holds true for all "n": all unique divisors of "n" are numbers less than or equal to , so we need not search past that. (In this example, = = 10.)


title: Primality test

text: Let's use trial division to test the primality of 17. We need only test for divisors up to , i.e. integers less than or equal to formula_1, namely 2, 3, and 4. We can skip 4 because it is an even number: if 4 could evenly divide 17, 2 would too, and 2 is already in the list. That leaves 2 and 3. We divide 17 with each of these numbers, and we find that neither divides 17 evenly—both divisions leave a remainder. So, 17 is prime.


title: Primality test

text: We can improve this method further. Observe that all primes greater than 3 are of the form , where "k" is any integer greater than 0. This is because all integers can be expressed as , where "i" = −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. Note that 2 divides and 3 divides . So, a more efficient method is to test whether "n" is divisible by 2 or 3, then to check through all numbers of the form formula_2. This is 3 times faster than testing all numbers up to .


title: Primality test

text: Generalising further, all primes greater than "c"# (c primorial) are of the form "c"# · "k" + "i", for "i" < "c"#, where "c" and "k" are integers and "i" represents the numbers that are coprime to c#. For example, let . Then . All integers are of the form for i in and "k" an integer. However, 2 divides 0, 2, 4..., 28; 3 divides 0, 3, 6, ..., 27; and 5 divides 0, 5, 10, ..., 25. So all prime numbers greater than 30 are of the form for (i.e. for such that ). Note that if "i" and 30 were not coprime, then would be divisible by a prime divisor of 30, namely 2, 3, or 5, and would therefore not be prime. In order to match the previous method of allowing for negative i, instead of checking each i from 1 to "c"#-1 (because 0 and "c"# are always even), check each i from 1 to , which will be the list of values "i" such that all integers are of the form . In this example, for . Note that this list will always include 1 and the set of primes greater than "c" but smaller than . Not all numbers which meet the aforementioned conditions are prime. For example, 437 is of the form of "c"#"k" + "i" for "c" = 7, "c"#=210, "k"=2, "i"=17. However, 437 is a composite number equal to 19*23. That is why the numbers of the given form still need to be tested for primality.


title: Primality test

text: As , the number of values that can take over a certain range decreases, and so the time to test "n" decreases. For this method, it is also necessary to check for divisibility by all primes that are less than "c". Observations analogous to the preceding can be applied recursively, giving the Sieve of Eratosthenes.


title: Primality test

text: A good way to speed up these methods (and all the others mentioned below) is to pre-compute and store a list of all primes up to a certain bound, such as all primes up to 200. (Such a list can be computed with the Sieve of Eratosthenes or by an algorithm that tests each incremental "m" against all known primes < ). Then, before testing "n" for primality with a serious method, "n" can first be checked for divisibility by any prime from the list. If it is divisible by any of those numbers then it is composite, and any further tests can be skipped.


title: Primality test

text: A simple but very inefficient primality test uses Wilson's theorem, which states that "p" is prime if and only if:


title: Primality test

text: Although this method requires about "p" modular multiplications, rendering it impractical, theorems about primes and modular residues form the basis of many more practical methods.


title: Primality test

text: The following is a simple primality test in Python using the simple optimization mentioned earlier. More sophisticated methods described below are much faster for large "n".


title: Primality test

text: The following is a primality test in Dart (programming_language) using the same optimization as above.


title: Primality test

text: These are tests that seem to work well in practice, but are unproven and therefore are not, technically speaking, algorithms at all.


title: Primality test

text: The Fermat test and the Fibonacci test are simple examples, and they are "very" effective when combined. John Selfridge has conjectured that if "p" is an odd number, and "p" ≡ ±2 (mod 5), then "p" will be prime if both of the following hold:


title: Primality test

text: where "f" is the "k"-th Fibonacci number. The first condition is the Fermat primality test using base 2.


title: Primality test

text: In general, if "p" ≡ a (mod "x"+4), where "a" is a quadratic non-residue (mod "x"+4) then "p" should be prime if the following conditions hold:


title: Primality test

text: Selfridge, Carl Pomerance, and Samuel Wagstaff together offer $620 for a counterexample. The problem is still open as of September 11, 2015.


title: Primality test

text: Probabilistic tests are more rigorous than heuristics in that they provide provable bounds on the probability of being fooled by a composite number.


title: Primality test

text: Many popular primality tests are probabilistic tests. These tests use, apart from the tested number "n", some other numbers "a" which are chosen at random from some sample space; the usual randomized primality tests never report a prime number as composite, but it is possible for a composite number to be reported as prime. The probability of error can be reduced by repeating the test with several independently chosen values of "a"; for two commonly used tests, for "any" composite "n" at least half the "a"s detect "n"s compositeness, so "k" repetitions reduce the error probability to at most 2, which can be made arbitrarily small by increasing "k".


title: Primality test

text: After one or more iterations, if "n" is not found to be a composite number, then it can be declared probably prime.


title: Primality test

text: The simplest probabilistic primality test is the Fermat primality test (actually a compositeness test). It works as follows:


title: Primality test

text: even though 341 = 11·31 is composite. In fact, 341 is the smallest pseudoprime base 2 (see Figure 1 of


title: Primality test

text: There are only 21853 pseudoprimes base 2 that are less than 2.5 (see page 1005 of ). This means that, for "n" up to 2.5, if "2" (modulo "n") equals 1, then "n" is prime, unless "n" is one of these 21853 pseudoprimes.


title: Primality test

text: Some composite numbers (Carmichael numbers) have the property that "a" is 1 (modulo "n") for every "a" that is coprime to "n". The smallest example is "n" = 561 = 3·11·17, for which "a" is 1 (modulo 561) for all "a" coprime to 561. Nevertheless, the Fermat test is often used if a rapid screening of numbers is needed, for instance in the key generation phase of the RSA public key cryptographic algorithm.


title: Primality test

text: The Miller–Rabin primality test and Solovay–Strassen primality test are more sophisticated variants, which detect all composites (once again, this means: for "every" composite number "n", at least 3/4 (Miller–Rabin) or 1/2 (Solovay–Strassen) of numbers "a" are witnesses of compositeness of "n"). These are also compositeness tests.


title: Primality test

text: Given an integer "n", choose some positive integer "a" < "n". Let 2"d" = "n" − 1, where "d" is odd. If


title: Primality test

text: then "n" is composite and "a" is a witness for the compositeness. Otherwise, "n" may or may not be prime.


title: Primality test

text: The Solovay–Strassen primality test uses another equality: Given an odd number "n", choose some integer "a" < "n", if


title: Primality test

text: For each individual value of "a", the Solovay–Strassen test is weaker than the Miller–Rabin test. For example, if "n" = 1905 and "a" = 2, then the Miller-Rabin test shows that "n" is composite, but the Solovay–Strassen test does not. This is because 1905 is an Euler


title: Primality test

text: The Miller–Rabin and the Solovay–Strassen primality tests are simple and are much faster than other general primality tests. One method of improving efficiency further in some cases is the Frobenius pseudoprimality test; a round of this test takes about three times as long as a round of Miller–Rabin, but achieves a probability bound comparable to seven rounds of Miller–Rabin.


title: Primality test

text: The Baillie–PSW primality test is a probabilistic primality test that combines a Fermat or Miller–Rabin test with a Lucas probable prime test to get a primality test that has no known counterexamples. That is, there are no known composite "n" for which this test reports that "n" is probably prime. It has been shown that there are no counterexamples for "n" formula_10.


title: Primality test

text: Leonard Adleman and Ming-Deh Huang presented an errorless (but expected polynomial-time) variant of the elliptic curve primality test. Unlike the other probabilistic tests, this algorithm produces a primality certificate, and thus can be used to prove that a number is prime. The algorithm is prohibitively slow in practice.


title: Primality test

text: If quantum computers were available, primality could be tested asymptotically faster than by using classical computers. A combination of Shor's algorithm, an integer factorization method, with the Pocklington primality test could solve the problem in formula_11.


title: Primality test

text: Near the beginning of the 20th century, it was shown that a corollary of Fermat's little theorem could be used to test for primality. This resulted in the Pocklington primality test. However, as this test requires a partial factorization of "n" − 1 the running time was still quite slow in the worst case. The first deterministic primality test significantly faster than the naive methods was the cyclotomy test; its runtime can be proven to be O((log "n")), where "n" is the number to test for primality and "c" is a constant independent of "n". Many further improvements were made, but none could be proven to have polynomial running time. (Note that running time is measured in terms of the size of the input, which in this case is ~ log "n", that being the number of bits needed to represent the number "n".) The elliptic curve primality test can be proven to run in O((log "n")), if some conjectures on analytic number theory are true. Similarly, under the generalized Riemann hypothesis, the deterministic Miller's test, which forms the basis of the probabilistic Miller–Rabin test, can be proved to run in Õ((log "n")). In practice, this algorithm is slower than the other two for sizes of numbers that can be dealt with at all. Because the implementation of these two methods is rather difficult and creates a risk of programming errors, slower but simpler tests are often preferred.


title: Primality test

text: In 2002, the first provably unconditional deterministic polynomial time test for primality was invented by Manindra Agrawal, Neeraj Kayal, and Nitin Saxena. The AKS primality test runs in Õ((log "n")) (improved to Õ((log "n")) in the published revision of their paper), which can be further reduced to Õ((log "n")) if the Sophie Germain conjecture is true. Subsequently, Lenstra and Pomerance presented a version of the test which runs in time Õ((log "n")) unconditionally.


title: Primality test

text: Agrawal, Kayal and Saxena suggest a variant of their algorithm which would run in Õ((log "n")) if Agrawal's conjecture is true; however, a heuristic argument by Hendrik Lenstra and Carl Pomerance suggests that it is probably false. A modified version of the Agrawal's conjecture, the Agrawal–Popovych conjecture, may still be true.


title: Primality test

text: In computational complexity theory, the formal language corresponding to the prime numbers is denoted as PRIMES. It is easy to show that PRIMES is in Co-NP: its complement COMPOSITES is in NP because one can decide compositeness by nondeterministically guessing a factor.


title: Primality test

text: In 1975, Vaughan Pratt showed that there existed a certificate for primality that was checkable in polynomial time, and thus that PRIMES was in NP, and therefore in NP ∩ coNP. See primality certificate for details.


title: Primality test

text: The subsequent discovery of the Solovay–Strassen and Miller–Rabin algorithms put PRIMES in coRP. In 1992, the Adleman–Huang algorithm reduced the complexity to ZPP = RP ∩ coRP, which superseded Pratt's result.


title: Primality test

text: The Adleman–Pomerance–Rumely primality test from 1983 put PRIMES in QP (quasi-polynomial time), which is not known to be comparable with the classes mentioned above.


title: Primality test

text: Because of its tractability in practice, polynomial-time algorithms assuming the Riemann hypothesis, and other similar evidence, it was long suspected but not proven that primality could be solved in polynomial time. The existence of the AKS primality test finally settled this long-standing question and placed PRIMES in P. However, PRIMES is not known to be P-complete, and it is not known whether it lies in classes lying inside P such as NC or L. It is known that PRIMES is not in AC.


title: Primality test

text: Certain number-theoretic methods exist for testing whether a number is prime, such as the Lucas test and Proth's test. These tests typically require factorization of "n" + 1, "n" − 1, or a similar quantity, which means that they are not useful for general-purpose primality testing, but they are often quite powerful when the tested number "n" is known to have a special form.


title: Primality test

text: The Lucas test relies on the fact that the multiplicative order of a number "a" modulo "n" is "n" − 1 for a prime "n" when "a" is a primitive root modulo n. If we can show "a" is primitive for "n", we can show "n" is prime.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: Thomas Joseph Thibodeau Jr. ( ; born January 17, 1958) is an American basketball coach who is the head coach for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He served as an assistant coach for the United States men's national basketball team from 2013 to 2016, and helped Team USA win a gold medal at the 2016 Olympic Games.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: As a defensive coach, he helped the Houston Rockets rank among the Top 5 in the league in scoring defense and field goal percentage defense from 2004 to 2007, and he has helped his team finish in the league's Top 10 in team defense 15 times. He has coached in 214 playoff games as an assistant coach, associate head coach, and head coach. Also, he was part of the 1999 NBA Finals as an assistant coach with the New York Knicks before joining the Boston Celtics, with whom he won the 2008 NBA Finals as well as helping guide them back to the 2010 NBA Finals, serving as a defensive coach. In 2011, he was named the NBA Coach of the Year after leading the Chicago Bulls to a 62-win season, and would win the award again in 2021 after leading the Knicks to their first playoff berth in eight seasons.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: Thibodeau played basketball at Salem State College, serving as captain during the 1980-81 season. During his time with the Vikings, the six-foot-two-inch Thibodeau helped Salem State to consecutive Division III national tournaments (1980–81). In 1980, Thibodeau helped Salem State to the league championship and the school's first NCAA Tournament bid. Upon graduating, he became an assistant coach at the school in 1981. In 1984, at age 25, he became head coach at Salem State after serving three years as an assistant. One season later he became an assistant coach at Harvard University, where he spent the next four seasons.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: While coaching in college, Thibodeau attended coaching clinics and visited the practices of many of the top coaches in the U.S., including Hall of Fame coaches Bobby Knight, Rick Pitino, Hubie Brown, Gary Williams, Morgan Wootten, and Jim Calhoun. In 1987, Thibodeau befriended Bill Musselman, a former head coach in the NBA, ABA and NCAA who was coaching the Albany Patroons of the Continental Basketball Association. According to the "New York Times", "the Patroons’ practices, the attention to detail, the efficiency, the sheer number of offensive sets, fed into Thibodeau's addiction."


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: After four years at Harvard, he entered the NBA in 1989, as an assistant coach with an expansion team, the Minnesota Timberwolves, who had hired Bill Musselman as the team's first head coach. Prior to the 1991–92 season, he joined the Seattle SuperSonics as an advance scout.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: Thibodeau moved to the San Antonio Spurs the following season, where he worked as an assistant coach to Jerry Tarkanian, Rex Hughes and John Lucas for two seasons. After the 1993–94 season, he left the Spurs along with Lucas to become an assistant under Lucas with the Philadelphia 76ers. After the 1995–96 season, he again left simultaneously with Lucas, this time joining the New York Knicks as an assistant to head coach Jeff Van Gundy.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: During his tenure with the Knicks, he helped the team set a then-NBA record by holding 33 consecutive opponents under 100 points in the 2000–01 season. As part of the Knicks coaching staff, he also helped Van Gundy to coach the Eastern Conference All-Stars in the 2000 All-Star Game. He spent seven years with the Knicks before joining the Houston Rockets prior to the 2003–04 season, where again he was an assistant to head coach Van Gundy, who has described Thibodeau as "brilliant".


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: On August 30, 2007, Thibodeau was named associate head coach of the Boston Celtics, who hoped his hiring would bolster their defense. Eventually, he helped the Celtics become the best defensive team in the league. On November 4, 2007, Thibodeau took over head coaching duties against the Toronto Raptors in place of Doc Rivers, who was unable to coach due to the death of his father earlier that day.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: During the 2008 playoffs, Thibodeau was rumored to be a candidate for the vacant head coaching job with the New York Knicks, for whom he had worked as an assistant coach for seven years, as well as the Chicago Bulls, but he was not hired by either.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: Thibodeau led the Celtics to the best rating in several defensive categories in 2007–08, and was a key factor in containing Kobe Bryant during the 2008 Finals.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: On June 2, 2010, Thibodeau interviewed with officials from the Chicago Bulls for their vacant head coach position. On June 23, he was confirmed as the Bulls' head coach. Thibodeau was named the NBA Coach of the Year on May 1, 2011, after tying the record for most wins by a rookie head coach with 62. He also led the Bulls to their first 50-win season and first division title since the Michael Jordan era. The Bulls lost the Eastern Conference Finals to the Miami Heat.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: On February 14, 2012, Thibodeau clinched the position of Eastern Conference All-Star Coach for the All-Star Game in Orlando. At the time, the Bulls were first in the Eastern Conference.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: With a win over the Orlando Magic on March 19, 2012, Thibodeau became the fastest coach in NBA history to earn 100 career victories. He accomplished this in 130 games, one game fewer than the record set previously by Avery Johnson in 2006. Thibodeau and the Bulls were the East's top seed entering the playoffs and also had the league's best regular-season record and home-court advantage throughout the playoffs.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: In Game 1 of the Bulls' first-round series against the Philadelphia 76ers, point guard Derrick Rose tore his ACL. Commenting on Thibodeau's decision to leave Rose in the game, Bulls general manager Gar Forman stated, "There is absolutely no issue there. It's a playoff game. They had cut a lead down (from 20) to 12. We're going to have our guys on the floor making sure we win the game. Tom is a terrific coach who does a lot of things well. One of the best things he does is pace our team."


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: Thibodeau finished second to Gregg Popovich of the San Antonio Spurs in 2012 NBA Coach of the Year voting. The Bulls' season was cut short after a 4–2 defeat by the 76ers.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: Rose missed the entire 2012–13 season, but despite his absence, the Bulls finished 45-37, second in the Central Division (behind the Indiana Pacers) and 5th in their conference. They defeated the Brooklyn Nets 4-3 (after leading 3-1) in the first round of the playoffs and lost to the Miami Heat 4–1 in the next round.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: On May 13, 2013, Thibodeau was fined $35,000 for defending his players while commenting on the seemingly inadequate foul calls by the referees during the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Miami Heat.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: Thibodeau finished third in 2014 NBA Coach of the Year voting. He led the second year straight Derrick Rose-less Bulls to the fourth-best record in the Eastern Conference. The Bulls' season ended with a 4-1 series loss to the fifth-seeded Washington Wizards.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: Tension between the Bulls' front office and Thibodeau grew considerably over the 2014-15 season, which ended in a six-game series loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Eastern Conference Semifinals. Shortly thereafter, on May 28, 2015, the Bulls decided to move in a different direction and let go of Thibodeau.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: Thibodeau was named on June 10, 2013, an assistant coach for the 2013-16 United States men's national basketball team. As a member of the 2014-16 USA Basketball Men’s National Team coach staff, Thibodeau assisted the USA to a sterling overall record of 26-0. The USA finished 9-0 to win the gold medal at the 2014 FIBA World Cup in Spain, while the 2014 USA National Team compiled a 4-0 record during its exhibition tour before the World Cup. Two years later, Thibodeau was again on the USA bench and helped lead the U.S. to the 2016 Olympic championship as the Americans rolled to an 8-0 record and the gold medal in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Before heading to Rio, the 2016 USA National Team posted a 5-0 record during its domestic exhibition tour.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: Head coach Mike Krzyzewski heaped enormous praise on Thibodeau, who served as his right-hand man during the victories. "Tom is one of the great coaches on this planet," Krzyzewski said. "To be honest, he talked to the team more than I did," said Krzyzewski.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: On April 20, 2016, it was announced that the Minnesota Timberwolves had hired Thibodeau as head coach and president of basketball operations. The Timberwolves had spent the better part of a decade in the NBA wilderness, having not made the playoffs since 2004. In his second season, the Timberwolves made their first playoff appearance in 14 years, losing in the First Round to the top-seeded Houston Rockets in five games. The Timberwolves had a tumultuous off season involving the exit of Jimmy Butler from Minnesota. Thibodeau would be released from the Timberwolves in January 2019 after a period of regression following the end of the playoff drought.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: On July 30, 2020, the New York Knicks announced that they hired Thibodeau as their head coach. In the shortened 2020–21 season, his first as head coach of the Knicks, Thibodeau guided the Knicks to their first playoff appearance since the 2012–13 season. After the season Thibodeau was named Coach of the Year for the second time in his career.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: In his five years as the head coach of the Chicago Bulls, the franchise was 255–139 ( winning percentage), and led the league in close-game winning percentage at (66–40).


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: Thibodeau has been compared to legendary NFL coach Bill Belichick because of his attention to detail, organization, and game planning. “[Thibodeau] was meticulously organized, almost scary organized, and he reminded me of Bill Belichick. I’ve spent a lot of time with Belichick and Thibodeau’s got a lot of the same mannerisms, the same attention to detail that Belichick has. And that’s about the highest compliment I could give someone," said Rick Pitino. "[Thibodeau is] very similar to Bill Belichick if you ever to go to a Bill Belichick practice,” said former NBA player Brian Scalabrine. “Every smallest detail of his practice is talked about. Every pass has to be seamed. Every shot has to be quick and balanced. Every pick-and-roll you have to come off shoulder-to-hip,” said Scalabrine.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: He has been called "one of the best coaches in the NBA", sometimes ranking among the top five coaches in the league among NBA general managers. He was ranked 13th best coach in 2017 by ESPN, despite the Timberwolves finishing outside of playoff contention.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: Highly regarded as a defensive strategist, in January 2013, ESPN praised Thibodeau's defensive system as "the pinnacle of team defensive strategy in the NBA." However, according to a 2010 Boston Globe article, "one of the many misconceptions about Thibodeau is that he’s strictly a defensive specialist." Jeff Van Gundy hired Thibodeau because he was drawn to "his innovative offensive sets" and "player development skills."


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: Thibodeau has been described as a "no-nonsense coach, but his personal authenticity and the success of his strategies endear him to his players." According to Kevin Garnett, who played for Thibodeau in Boston, Thibodeau is "a worker. He's a guy that loves his job. He does it with passion." Thibodeau also helped develop a young Kobe Bryant. "[Thibodeau] was crucial [to my development]. He was with me when I was 16 or 17 years old,” Bryant said in 2010. "Just doing drills and just working on ballhandling and just teaching me the game. He was there from Day 1."


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: In 2005, while an assistant with the Houston Rockets, Thibodeau began working with Yao Ming, traveling to China to hone Yao's skills. According to Jon Barry, a former NBA player who worked as an assistant with the Rockets, "Thibodeau was an effective one-on-one teacher [who spent] countless hours ... working with Yao Ming on his footwork..." Also, former Rockets head coach Jeff Van Gundy praised Thibodeau for his development of Yao. "Tom was tremendous in developing a routine that Yao could follow — a blueprint to take him from being good to being great,” said Van Gundy. During the 2004–05 season, Yao averaged 18.3 points and 8.4 rebounds per game. The following season, after working with Thibodeau, Yao averaged 22.3 points and 10.2 rebounds.


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: A number of Thibodeau's former players have praised him for his ability to develop their talent. According to Joakim Noah, who played for Thibodeau and finished 4th in MVP voting with the Bulls in 2014, "I feel like I really improved as a player because of him."


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: Rose, who became the youngest MVP in league history under Thibodeau, also had similar praise for his former coach, telling the Detroit News, “I figured out that Thibs loved me unconditionally. He’s the first coach up here that I felt like loved me unconditionally and it wasn’t about what I did for him."


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: A native of New Britain, Connecticut, Thibodeau was born to Thomas J. Thibodeau Sr., and Ann M. (Montanile) Thibodeau and has four siblings (two brothers and two sisters). He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree and a Master of Science in counseling from Salem State University. In 1998, he was inducted into the "New Britain Sports Hall of Fame".


title: Tom Thibodeau

text: Thibodeau has never been married. According to a 2012 "New York Times" article, Thibodeau was engaged while he was in graduate school at Salem State, but eventually called it off.


title: Joseph Murphy (author)

text: Joseph Denis Murphy (May 20, 1898 – December 16, 1981) was an Irish author and New Thought minister, ordained in Divine Science and Religious Science.


title: Joseph Murphy (author)

text: Dr. Joseph Murphy was born in Ballydehob, County Cork, Ireland, the son of a private boys' school headmaster and raised a Roman Catholic. He joined the Jesuits. Murphy was enrolled in the National School and was encouraged to study for the priesthood and was accepted as a Jesuit seminarian. However, by the time he reached his late teen years, he began to question the Catholic orthodoxy of the Jesuits, and he withdrew from the seminary. His goal was to explore new ideas and gain new experiences—a goal he could not pursue in Catholic-dominated Ireland—he left his family to go to America. In his twenties, before being ordained a priest, Had an experience with healing prayer led him to leave the Jesuits and emigrate to the United States in 1922; he journeyed as a steerage passenger on board the RMS "Cedric", sailing from Liverpool, England, to the Port of New York; on the ship's passenger manifest, his occupation was listed as chemist, the British term for pharmacist. He became a professional pharmacist in New York City (having a degree in chemistry by that time). Here he attended the Church of the Healing Christ (part of the Church of Divine Science), where Emmet Fox had become minister in 1931.


title: Joseph Murphy (author)

text: Murphy traveled to India and spent a lot of time with Indian sages, learning Hindu philosophy. He later on formed a new church in America with Hindu ideologies.


title: Joseph Murphy (author)

text: In the mid-1940s, he moved to Los Angeles, where he met Religious Science founder Ernest Holmes, and was ordained into Religious Science by Holmes in 1946, thereafter teaching at Rochester, New York, and later at the Institute of Religious Science in Los Angeles. A meeting with Divine Science Association president Erwin Gregg led to him being re ordained into Divine Science, and he became the minister of the Los Angeles Divine Science Church in 1949, which he built into one of the largest New Thought congregations in the country.


title: Joseph Murphy (author)

text: When the United States entered World War II, Murphy enlisted in the Army and was assigned to work as a pharmacist in the medical unit of the 88th Infantry Division. At that time, he renewed his interest in religion and began to read extensively about various spiritual beliefs. After his discharge from the Army, he chose not to return to his career in pharmacy. He traveled extensively, taking courses in several universities both in the United States and abroad.


title: Joseph Murphy (author)

text: A person who had a particularly strong influence on Murphy was Thomas Troward, who was a judge as well as a philosopher, doctor, and professor. Troward became Murphy's mentor. From him he not only learned philosophy, theology, and law, but also was introduced to mysticism and particularly, the Masonic order. He became an active member of this order, and over the years rose in the Masonic ranks to the 32nd degree in the Scottish Rite.


title: Joseph Murphy (author)

text: Murphy chose to become a minister and bring his broad knowledge to the public. As his concept of Christianity was not traditional and ran counter to many of the Christian denominations, he founded his own church in Los Angeles. He attracted a small number of congregants, but it did not take long for his message of optimism and hope rather than the “sin-and-damnation” sermons of so many ministers to attract many men and women to his church.


title: Joseph Murphy (author)

text: Murphy was a proponent of the New Thought movement. This movement was developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by many philosophers and deep thinkers who studied this phenomenon and preached, wrote, and practiced a new way of looking at life and obtaining desires.


title: Joseph Murphy (author)

text: Murphy wrote more than 30 books. His most famous work, "The Power of Your Subconscious Mind", was first published in 1963. It became an immediate bestseller and sold millions of copies worldwide.


title: Joseph Murphy (author)

text: In the 1950s, Murphy married, earned a PhD in psychology from the University of Southern California and started writing.


title: Joseph Murphy (author)

text: After his first wife died in 1976, he remarried to a fellow Divine Science minister who was his longstanding secretary. He moved his ministry to Laguna Hills, California, where he died in 1981. His wife, Dr. Jean Murphy, continued in this ministry for some years afterwards.


title: Natalie Appleton

text: Natalie Jane Appleton Howlett (born 14 May 1973) is a Canadian singer. She is a member of the British girl group All Saints and the duo Appleton with her younger sister Nicole Appleton.


title: Natalie Appleton

text: Appleton joined All Saints in 1996, becoming the fourth and final member of the group, but five years later they split up amid group in-fighting. She went on to form a duo with her younger sister Nicole under the name Appleton. Since then, she has reunited to release three more albums with All Saints, in 2006, 2016 and 2018.


title: Natalie Appleton

text: In 1983, Appleton moved to London and attended the Sylvia Young Theatre School. She had a brief cameo in an episode of "Grange Hill" in 1986.


title: Natalie Appleton

text: Appleton's father met Melanie Blatt, with whom Nicole had attended the Sylvia Young Theatre School, and heard that Blatt was looking for new members for her girl group. Nicole asked whether her sister could join the group as well. In 1996 both sisters joined Blatt and Shaznay Lewis, forming All Saints. In 2000, Natalie and Nicole appeared in the poorly received film "Honest". All Saints split acrimoniously in 2001 amid much foment and rumour. In their five-year career, the group scored a total of five number-one singles.


title: Natalie Appleton

text: Natalie and Nicole formed the duo Appleton and launched their first single "Fantasy" in September 2002 which features Natalie doing a stage dive. Initially, it was to be Nicole doing the stage dive, but she backed out at the last minute, and thus Natalie took her place. The album "Everything's Eventual" was released in early 2003 and coincided with the documentary "Appleton on Appleton" which gave an inside look into the life of the sisters. In November 2004, Appleton was a contestant on the fourth series of "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!". While on the show the public voted for her numerous times to take part in bushtucker trials, she was not very successful in completing the challenges and left after the public voted for her to do what would have been a record fifth bushtucker trial.


title: Natalie Appleton

text: All Saints reunited in early 2006 and released their third studio album titled "Studio 1" on 13 November 2006. However, the group subsequently split again in 2009.


title: Natalie Appleton

text: In 2014, All Saints reformed to support the Backstreet Boys for five dates across the UK and Ireland. On 27 January 2016, it was confirmed that All Saints were scheduled to release their fourth studio album "Red Flag" on 8 April 2016. The lead single from the album, "One Strike", preceded the album on 26 February 2016.


title: Natalie Appleton

text: Nicole and Natalie have two older sisters, Lori and Lee. Natalie was born in Mississauga, Ontario, to Jewish parents Mary and Kenneth Appleton. While growing up she lived in Toronto, New York City, and London.


title: Natalie Appleton

text: She attended high school in Ellenville, New York, and eventually left to sing at a Borscht Belt country club at age 15. In 1990, she moved back to Camden, England, where she met Carl Robinson (born c. 1967), a stripper with The Dreamboys whom she met when seeing them perform on a night out in London when she was 17. On 19 May 1992, their daughter Rachel Appleton (now Rachel Howlett) was born. She and Robinson moved to New York where they married in 1993, before Appleton returned to England after having the marriage annulled.


title: Natalie Appleton

text: She had relationships with television presenter Jamie Theakston and actor Jonny Lee Miller during the late 1990s.


title: Natalie Appleton

text: Appleton began dating Liam Howlett of the electronic band The Prodigy in 2000, after they met at V Festival. They married on 7 June 2002 in a ceremony in France. In addition to Appleton's daughter from her first marriage, the couple have a son, Ace Billy Howlett, born 2 March 2004. As of 2014, the family lived in the Hampstead area of London.


title: Rakhine State

text: Rakhine State (; , , ; formerly known as Arakan State) is a state in Myanmar (Burma). Situated on the western coast, it is bordered by Chin State to the north, Magway Region, Bago Region and Ayeyarwady Region to the east, the Bay of Bengal to the west and the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh to the northwest. It is located approximately between latitudes 17°30' north and 21°30' north and longitudes 92°10' east and 94°50' east. The Arakan Mountains or Rakhine Yoma separated Rakhine State from central Burma from North to South. Off the coast of Rakhine State there are some fairly large islands such as Ramree, Cheduba and Myingun.


title: Rakhine State

text: The term "Rakhine" is believed to have been derived from the Pali word "Rakkhapura" (Sanskrit Raksapura), meaning "Land of Ogres" (Rakshas), possibly a pejorative referring to the original Australoid inhabitants. The Pali word "Rakkhapura" ("Rakkhita") means "land of the people of Rakhasa" (also "Rakkha", "Rakhaing"). They were given this name in honour of their preservation of their national heritage and ethics or morality. The word Rakhine means, "one who maintains his own race". In the Arakanese language, the land is called "Rakhinepray", the ethnic Rakhine are called "Rakhinetha".


title: Rakhine State

text: The term Arakan was introduced when the Arakan Kingdom was established and has continued to be used until recent times and is still popularly used in English. Many English language users eschew the name changes promulgated by the military government.


title: Rakhine State

text: The history of the region of Arakan (now renamed Rakhine) State can be roughly divided into seven parts. The first four divisions and the periods are based on the location of the centre of power of the main polities in the northern Rakhine region, especially along the Kaladan River. Thus, the history is divided into the Dhanyawadi, Waithali, Laymro and Mrauk U. Mrauk U was conquered by the Konbaung dynasty of Burma in 1784–85, after which Rakhine became part of the Konbaung kingdom of Burma. In 1824, the first Anglo-Burmese war erupted and in 1826, Rakhine (alongside Tanintharyi) was ceded to the British East India Company as war reparations by the Burmese. Rakhine thus became part of the province of Burma in British India. In 1948, Burma was given independence and Rakhine became part of the newly independent state.


title: Rakhine State

text: Beginning in the 900s, the Bamar began migrating westward, crossing the Arakan Mountains and settling in what is now Rakhine State. By the 1100s, they had consolidated control of the region, becoming a tributary state of the Pagan Empire until the 13th century. Over time, these Bamar migrants formed a distinct cultural identity, eventually becoming the Rakhine people (also known as the Arakanese).


title: Rakhine State

text: According to Rakhine legend, the first recorded kingdom, centred around the northern town of Dhanyawadi, arose in the 34th century BCE and lasted until 327 CE. These polities were likely inhabited by Indo-Aryan peoples. Rakhine documents and inscriptions state that the famed Mahamuni Buddha image was cast in Dhanyawady in around 554 BCE when the Buddha visited the kingdom. After the fall of Dhanyawadi in the 4th century CE, the centre of power shifted to a new dynasty based in the town of Waithali. The Waithali kingdom ruled the regions of Rakhine from the middle of the 4th century to 818 CE. The period is seen as the classical period of Rakhine culture, architecture and Buddhism, as the Waithali period left behind more archaeological remains than its predecessor. A new dynasty emerged in four towns along the Lemyo River as Waithali waned in influence, and ushered in the Lemro period, where four principal towns served as successive capitals.


title: Rakhine State

text: After its partial dominance by the Islamic Delhi Sultanate and Bengal Sultanate, the final Kingdom of Mrauk U was founded in 1429 by Min Saw Mon. It is seen by the Rakhine people as the golden age of their history, as Mrauk U served as a commercially important port and base of power in the Bay of Bengal region and involved in extensive maritime trade with Arabia and Europe.Part of it, along Bengal Subah's Chittagong, was later conquered by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.


title: Rakhine State

text: The country steadily declined from the 18th century onwards after its loss to the Mughal Empire. Internal instability, rebellion and dethroning of kings were very common. The Portuguese, during the era of their greatness in Asia, gained a temporary establishment in Arakan.


title: Rakhine State

text: On 2 January 1785, the internally divided kingdom fell to invading forces of the Konbaung dynasty. The Mahamuni Image was taken away by the Burmese Forces as war loot. Thus, an expansionist Burma came into direct territorial contact with territories of the British East India Company, which set the stage for future flaring of hostility. Various geopolitical issues gave rise to the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26). As the image of Mahamuni had been taken as war loot by the Burmese, this time the huge bell of the temple was taken by the Presidency armies and awarded to an Indian soldier, Bhim Singh, a Risaldar in the 2nd Battalion of the Bengal Army, for his bravery. This inscribed huge bell is still installed in a temple at village Nadrai near Kasganj town in present-day Kanshiram Nagar District of Uttar Pradesh India. In the Treaty of Yandabo (1826), which ended hostilities, Burma ceded Arakan alongside Tanintharyi (Tenasserim) to British India. The British made Akyab (now Sittwe) the capital of Arakan. Later, Arakan became part of the province of Burma of the British Indian Empire, and then part of British Burma when Burma was made into a separate crown colony. Arakan was administratively divided into three districts along traditional divisions during the Mrauk U period.


title: Rakhine State

text: Rakhine was the centre of multiple insurgencies which fought against British rule, notably led by the monks U Ottama and U Seinda. During the Second World War, Rakhine was given autonomy under the Japanese occupation of Burma and was even granted its own army known as the Arakan Defense Force. The Arakan Defense Force went over to the allies and turned against the Japanese in early 1945.Rakhine (Arakan) was the site of many battles during the Second World War, most notably the Arakan Campaign 1942–43 and the Battle of Ramree Island.


title: Rakhine State

text: In 1948, Rakhine became a division within the Union of Burma, and the three districts became Arakan Division. From the 1950s, there was a growing movement for secession and restoration of Arakan independence. In part to appease this sentiment, in 1974, the socialist government under General Ne Win constituted "Rakhine State" from Arakan Division giving at least nominal acknowledgment of the regional majority of the Rakhine people.


title: Rakhine State

text: Since 2010, Rakhine state has had two chief ministers: Hla Maung Tin and Major General Maung Maung Ohn.


title: Rakhine State

text: Hla Maung Tin ( January 2011 – 20 June 2014) was an elected Rakhine State Hluttaw member representing USDP from Ann Township in 2010 general election. He resigned from the post after recurrent intense inter-communal conflicts between Muslims and Rakhine ethnic groups in 2012–14. In 2014, he was replaced by Major General Maung Maung Ohn (30 June 2014 – present). Ohn was Deputy Minister for Border Affairs and head of the Rakhine State's Emergency Coordination Center before he was named to become a military-appointed Rakhine State Hluttaw member by Election Commission on 21 June 2014. His appointment as Chief Minister was formalised on 30 June 2014 although Arakan National Party opposed it.


title: Rakhine State

text: The 2012 Rakhine State riots were a series of conflicts between Rohingya Muslims and ethnic Rakhines who are majority in the Rakhine State. Before the riots, there were widespread and strongly held fears circulating among Buddhist Rakhines (who were a large majority) that they would soon become a minority in their ancestral state. The riots finally came after weeks of sectarian disputes including the death of ten Burmese Muslims by Rakhines and murder of a Rakhine by Rohingyas.


title: Rakhine State

text: From both sides, whole villages were "decimated". According to the Burmese authorities, the violence, between ethnic Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims, left 78 people dead, 87 injured, and up to 140,000 people have been displaced. The government has responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the region. On 10 June 2012, a state of emergency was declared in Rakhine, allowing the military to participate in the administration of the region. Rohingya NGOs overseas have accused the Burmese army and police of targeting Rohingya Muslims through arrests and participating in violence. However, an in-depth research conducted by the International Crisis Group shows that both communities are grateful for the protection provided by the military. A number of monks' organisations have taken measures to block aid from NGOs that help Rohingyas. In July 2012, the Burmese Government did not include the Rohingya minority group in the census—classified as


title: Rakhine State

text: stateless Bengali Muslims from Bangladesh since 1982. About 140,000 Rohingya in Burma remain confined in IDP camps.


title: Rakhine State

text: The official of the United Nations and Human Rights Watch have described the persecution of the Rohingya as ethnic cleansing. The UN human rights envoy to Myanmar reported "the long history of discrimination and persecution against the Rohingya community... could amount to crimes against humanity", and there have been warnings of an unfolding genocide. Yanghee Lee, the UN special investigator on Myanmar, believes the country wants to expel its entire Rohingya population.


title: Rakhine State

text: The NLD government refused to share executive power at state level after the Arakan National Party won a majority of votes in Rakhine State in the 2015 election. The Arakanese repeatedly complained that their proposals in parliament are frequently rejected or not addressed.


title: Rakhine State

text: On 16 January 2018, thousands of Mrauk U residents staged a protest after officials banned a memorial event to mark the 233rd anniversary of the end of the Mrauk U kingdom. Local police opened fire on the crowd, killing seven and wounding 12. Two speakers of the event-Aye Maung, a prominent Rakhine politician, was charged under section 17(1) of Unlawful Associations Act and Sections 121 and 505 of the Penal Code, which relate to high treason and incitement and Wai Hun Aung, a Sittwe-based activist, was filed with public mischief charges under the Penal Code. Eight rakhine youths who were wounded in the protest were detained and charged under Article 6 (1) for allegedly destroying government property and public asset.


title: Rakhine State

text: In 2017, State Counselor Aung San Suu Kyi and the Tatmadaw rejected national-level political dialogue, which was a mandatory step of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA), where regional stakeholders discuss suggestions at large-scale public consultations, the results of which are shared by representatives at the Union Peace Conference or 21st Century Panglong, to be held in Rakhine State. In February 2017, the Arakan Liberation Party—which is one of eight NCA signatories—proposed holding ethnic-based national-level political dialogue in Rakhine State, but Aung San Suu Kyi turned down the request, saying the ALP was not yet ready. The ALP made necessary preparations and submitted letters three times to request approval to hold the dialogue, but the government did not reply, and at the Joint Implementation Coordination Meeting (JICM) Aung San Suu Kyi again declined the request, citing sensitive issues involving the Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine State.


title: Rakhine State

text: The Union Election Committee (UEC) announced on 16 October 2020 that the 2020 Myanmar general election would not be held in the townships of Pauktaw, Ponnagyun, Rathedaung, Buthidaung, Maung Daw, Kyauktaw, Minbya, Myebon, Mrauk U; two quarters and 52 village tracts within Kyaukphyu Township, three quarters and 29 village tracts within Ann Township, four quarters within Sittwe Township, and ten quarters and 52 village tracts within Toungup Township. The UEC argued that holding a free and fair election would not be possible in the townships due to ongoing violence. With the exception of Toungup Township, Rakhine ethnic parties are overwhelmingly dominant in these townships. The Rakhine Nationalities Development Party (RNDP) and Arakan National Party (ANP) won a majority of the seats in these townships the in 2010 and 2015 general elections. An estimated 1.2 million people in Rakhine State subsequently lost their voting rights.


title: Rakhine State

text: The government of Myanmar authorised the shutdown of internet services in nine townships on 21 June 2019, including Ponnangyun, Kyauktaw, Maungdaw, Buthidaung, Rathedaung, Mrauk U, Minbya, and Myebon in Rakhine State, as well as Paletwa in Chin State.


title: Rakhine State

text: The restriction was lifted in five of nine townships in September 2019: four in Rakhine State – Maungdaw, Buthidaung, Rathedaung and Myebon – and one township in Chin State, Paletwa. However, the restriction was re-imposed in those five townships in February 2020.


title: Rakhine State

text: Around 100 students gathered in Yangon on 22 February 2020 and demanded an end to the internet cut-off in Rakhine and Chin states, where civilian casualties are mounting as government troops battle ethnic rebels, the Arakan Army. A case has been filed, on nine students who organised the protest, under section 19 of the Peaceful Assembly Law, which outlaws unauthorised assemblies and carries a maximum six-month prison sentence.


title: Rakhine State

text: On 1 August 2020, 2G internet services were permitted in the remaining seven townships – Buthidaung, Kyauktaw, Minbya, Mrauk U,


title: Rakhine State

text: Myebon, Ponnagyun and Rathedaung Townships in Rakhine State and Paletwa Township in Chin State. However, 3G and 4G services remained restricted.


title: Rakhine State

text: On 2 February 2021, a day after the Tatmadaw seized power in a coup d'état, mobile internet services were restored in those eight townships in Rakhine State and Chin State.


title: Rakhine State

text: Rakhine State (formerly known as Arakan Province), like many parts of Burma, has a diverse ethnic population. Official Burmese figures state Arakan State's population as 3,118,963.


title: Rakhine State

text: The ethnic Rakhine make up the majority, followed by a considerable population of Rohingya Muslims. The Rakhine reside mainly in the lowland valleys as well as Ramree and Manaung (Cheduba) islands. A number of other ethnic minorities like the Thet, Kamein, Chin, Mro, Chakma, Khami, Dainet, Bengali Hindu and Maramagri inhabit mainly in the hill regions of the state.


title: Rakhine State

text: According to the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee's 2016 statistics, 12,943 Buddhist monks were registered in Rakhine State, comprising 2.4% of Myanmar's total Sangha membership, which includes both novice samanera and fully-ordained bhikkhu. The majority of monks belong to the Thudhamma Nikaya (88.9%), followed by Shwegyin Nikaya (3.9%), with the remainder of monks belonging to other small monastic orders. 534 thilashin were registered in Rakhine State, comprising 0.9% of Myanmar’s total thilashin community.


title: Rakhine State

text: The Rakhine are traditionally Theravada Buddhists. As per the 1983 Census, 98.63% of the Rakhine in Rakhine State were Buddhist and another 1.19% were Muslim. The Chin were the 3rd largest ethnic group, contributing 4% of the population in the 1983 Census. At that time, out of the 64,404 Chin in Rakhine, 55.76% were Buddhist and 33.79% were Animist. Muslims constituted more than 80–96% of the population near the border with Bangladesh and the coastal areas. As per the 1983 Census, 99.82% of the Rohingya, 99.24% of the "Other foreigners", 89.20% of the "Mixed races", 85.50% of the Indians and 67.51% of the "Pakistanis" in Rakhine state were Muslims.


title: Rakhine State

text: Rakhine State consists of five districts, as below, showing areas and officially estimated populations in 2002:


title: Rakhine State

text: Combined, these districts have a total of 17 townships and 1,164 village-tracts. Sittwe is the capital of the state.


title: Rakhine State

text: Few roads cross the Arakan Mountains from central Burma to Rakhine State. The three highways that do are the Ann to Munbra (Minbya in Burmese pronunciation) road in central Rakhine, the Toungup to Pamtaung road in south central Rakhine, and the Gwa to Ngathaingchaung road in far southern Rakhine. Air travel still is the usual mode of travel from Yangon and Mandalay to Sittwe and Ngapali, the popular beach resort. Only in 1996 was a highway from Sittwe to the mainland constructed. The state still does not have a rail line (although Myanmar Railways has announced a 480-km rail extension to Sittwe from Pathein via Ponnagyun-Kyauttaw-Mrauk U-Minbya-Ann).


title: Rakhine State

text: With Chinese investment, a deep sea port has been constructed in Kyaukphyu to facilitate the transport of natural gas and crude oil from the Indian Ocean to China without passing through Strait of Malacca.


title: Rakhine State

text: Rice is the main crop in the region, occupying around 85% of the total agricultural land. Coconut and nipa palm plantations are also important. Fishing is a major industry, with most of the catch transported to Yangon, but some is also exported. Wood products such as timber, bamboo and fuel wood are extracted from the mountains. Small amounts of inferior-grade crude oil are produced from primitive, shallow, hand-dug wells, but there is yet unexplored potential for petroleum and natural gas production.


title: Rakhine State

text: Tourism is slowly being developed. The ruins of the ancient royal town Mrauk U and the beach resorts of Ngapali are the major attractions for foreign visitors, but facilities are still primitive, and the transportation infrastructure is still rudimentary.


title: Rakhine State

text: While most places in Myanmar have chronic power shortages, in rural states like Rakhine the problem is greater. In 2009, the electricity consumption of a state of 3 million people was 30 MW, or 1.8% of the country's total generation capacity. In December 2009, the military government added three more hydropower plants, Saidin, Thahtay Chaung and Laymromyit, at a cost of over US$800 million. The three plants together can produce 687 megawatts, with surplus electricity distributed to other states and divisions.


title: Rakhine State

text: Educational opportunities in Myanmar are extremely limited outside the main cities of Yangon and Mandalay. The following is a summary of the public school system in the state in academic year 2013–2014.