title: Samsonite

text: Samsonite initially was led by a President, but the leadership role later became the Chief Executive.


title: Samsonite

text: Beginning in 1961, Samsonite manufactured and distributed Lego building toys for the North American market under license from the Danish parent firm. A licensing dispute ended the arrangement in the U.S. in 1972, but Samsonite remained the distributor in Canada until 1986. Albert H. Reckler, then head of Military and export sales for the luggage division, brought the idea of manufacturing and selling Lego in the U.S. to Samsonite. He and Stan A. Clamage were instrumental in establishing the Lego brand in the United States. This was part of an overall company expansion into toy manufacturing in the 1960s that was abandoned in the 1970s.


title: Samsonite

text: Forty percent of all Samsonite hard luggage is manufactured at its plant in Nashik, India. Samsonite has two assembly plants in Hungary.


title: Samsonite

text: Samsonite currently has a Better Business Organization rating of 'F', primarily because of Customer Service.


title: James Mitchum

text: Mitchum was born in Los Angeles, California, the elder son of actor Robert Mitchum (whom he closely resembles) and his wife, Dorothy Spence. His brother is actor Christopher Mitchum, and he is the uncle of actor Bentley Mitchum. His only child was born during his marriage to actress Wende Wagner (1941-1997).


title: James Mitchum

text: James Mitchum had his first role, which was small and unbilled, at the age of eight in the Western "Colorado Territory" (1949) with Joel McCrea, Virginia Mayo, and Dorothy Malone. His credited debut was in "Thunder Road" (1958), in which he played his father's much younger brother, a role written for Elvis Presley, who was eager to do it until his manager demanded too much money. This film became a drive-in cult favorite, revived in the 1970s and ’80s. Curiously, he was again credited as being "introduced" in the "Have Gun Will Travel" flashback episode "Genesis" (season 6, episode 1, 1962).


title: James Mitchum

text: He has appeared in more than 30 films including "The Beat Generation" in 1959; "The Victors" in 1963; as a surfer named Eskimo in "Ride the Wild Surf" in 1964; "In Harm's Way" (1965) with John Wayne, Kirk Douglas, and Henry Fonda.


title: James Mitchum

text: In 1965 Mitchum had the lead in a spaghetti western "Grand Canyon Massacre", the following year was "Ambush Bay" (1966) with Hugh O'Brien and Mickey Rooney, in which he received third billing of three names above the title. He played the villain in "The Invincible Six" (1970), then appeared in "Two-Lane Blacktop" (1971); and "The Last Movie" (1971).


title: James Mitchum

text: In 1975, he returned to lead roles when he starred in the movie "Moonrunners," where he played the character Grady Hagg in the influence for the television series "The Dukes of Hazzard". He was also in "Zebra Force" and "Trackdown" co-starring Karen Lamm and Erik Estrada in 1976; "The Ransom" (a k a "Assault on Paradise") (1977); "Blackout" (1978); "Monstroid" (1980); "" (1982); "Code Name Zebra" (1987); "Hollywood Cop" (1987); "Jake Spanner, Private Eye" (1989); and "Fatal Mission" (1990).


title: Guided by Voices

text: Guided by Voices (GBV) is an American indie rock band formed in 1983 in Dayton, Ohio. It has made frequent personnel changes but always maintained the presence of principal songwriter Robert Pollard. The most well-known lineup of the band consisted of Pollard (lead vocals), his brother Jim (guitar, bass), Mitch Mitchell (lead guitars), Tobin Sprout (vocals, rhythm guitars), Kevin Fennell (drums), and bassist Greg Demos. Noted at first for its lo-fi aesthetic and Portastudio four-tracks-to-cassette production methods, Guided by Voices' music was influenced by early post–British Invasion garage rock, psychedelic rock, progressive rock, punk rock and post-punk. The band has had a prolific output, releasing 35 full-length albums along with many other releases, and has garnered a dedicated cult following. Their songs are known for their frequent brevity and for ending abruptly or intertwining with eclectic and homemade sound effects.


title: Guided by Voices

text: Guided by Voices initially disbanded in 2004. In 2010 the "classic" lineup reunited to perform at Matador Records' 21st anniversary party, subsequently touring and releasing six new albums. GBV broke up a second time in 2014, but Pollard again rebooted the band with a new album and a new lineup in 2016.


title: Guided by Voices

text: Formed in Dayton, Ohio, in the early 1980s, Guided by Voices began their career as a bar band working the local scene. As lineups and day-jobs shifted, however, Pollard moved the band towards a studio-only orientation. Guided by Voices' recording career began with a stream of self-financed, independent releases beginning with the R.E.M.-inspired E.P. "Forever Since Breakfast" and followed by the albums "Devil Between My Toes", "Sandbox", "Self-Inflicted Aerial Nostalgia", and "Same Place The Fly Got Smashed". With only a few hundred copies of each album being pressed, these tended to circulate only among the band members' family and friends.


title: Guided by Voices

text: With the release of the ultra-limited album "Propeller" in 1992 (of which only 500 copies were pressed, each with a unique, handmade cover), Guided by Voices for the first time gained some recognition outside of their hometown. This was due in part to gaining fans in the college rock circuit and bands such as Sonic Youth, R.E.M. and The Breeders. New York City and Philadelphia were host to Guided by Voices' return to the live stage (and first shows outside of Ohio) in 1993. At this time, the always-fluid Guided by Voices lineup coalesced around the core of Pollard, guitarists Tobin Sprout and Mitch Mitchell (not to be confused with Jimi Hendrix's drummer), bassist Greg Demos, and drummer Kevin Fennell. Sprout, who was briefly featured in an early-'80s version of the band, had re-joined circa "Propeller" and soon became Pollard's primary musical foil, in addition to contributing several of his own songs to the band's catalog. 1993 also saw the release of "Vampire on Titus", as well as the "Fast Japanese Spin Cycle" and "Static Airplane Jive" EPs. Over the next year, the band began to receive national media exposure from sources such as "Spin" magazine.


title: Guided by Voices

text: In 1994, after culling both new songs and reams of archival recordings from GBV's history, Pollard delivered the indie landmark "Bee Thousand" via Scat Records, with a distribution deal through indie label Matador Records. Soon, the band officially signed with Matador, concurrent with Pollard and his bandmates finally retiring from their day jobs to work in music full-time. The band surprised early audiences accustomed to the generally shambling, lo-fi and collage-like quality of the records with their energetic live show, featuring Pollard's homegrown rock theatrics (consisting of karate-kicks, leaps, Roger Daltrey-inspired mic-twirling, later beer can throwing at rival bands), Mitch Mitchell's windmilling and chain smoking, sometime bassist Greg Demos' striped pants, a never-ending barrage of tunes that all seemed to clock in under 90 seconds, and prodigious alcohol consumption all around.


title: Guided by Voices

text: Their true Matador debut came in 1995 with "Alien Lanes", which, despite a five-figure recording allowance, was constructed out of home-recorded snippets on the cheap. The band's underground following continued to grow, with notices coming from mainstream sources such as MTV and "Rolling Stone". Guided by Voices is frequently referenced by novelist and poet, Dennis Cooper, in his George Miles cycle and the group's lyrics appear in "Guide", the fourth of the five novels which make up the cycle. The first chapter of "Guide" is titled "Guided by Voices". After sessions for a concept album entitled "The Power of Suck" were aborted, the band assembled "Under the Bushes Under the Stars" out of their first 24-track studio sessions, recorded with Kim Deal and Steve Albini among others, in 1996. However, the strain of heavy touring would ultimately lead to the demise of the "classic lineup", with Sprout deciding to retire from the road in order to focus on raising his first child, his painting, and his solo musical career. Sprout and Pollard marked the occasion by releasing simultaneous solo albums on the same day in 1996: Sprout's "Carnival Boy" and Pollard's "Not in My Airforce", with each making a guest appearance on the other's album. Pollard maintained an active, parallel solo and side project career alongside GBV releases for the remainder of that band's existence.


title: Guided by Voices

text: Pollard formed a new incarnation of Guided by Voices with members of Cleveland group Cobra Verde in 1997. The following album "Mag Earwhig!", combined a new hard-rocking swagger with classic lo-fi fragments and one track, "Jane of the Waking Universe", that featured the classic lineup for one last time. However, after another year of rigorous touring, the "Guided by Verde" lineup split in late 1997 following Pollard's announcement in an interview that he intended to work with other musicians on the next Guided by Voices project.


title: Guided by Voices

text: Cobra Verde's Doug Gillard was tapped for yet another new Guided by Voices lineup in 1998, which also included "classic"-era bassist Greg Demos, former Breeders drummer Jim Macpherson, and eventually, former Amps/Breeders guitarist Nate Farley. Departing from Matador, this lineup (without Farley) worked with producer Ric Ocasek to create what was intended to be Guided by Voices' major label debut. Initially produced for Capitol Records, "Do the Collapse" was repeatedly delayed and finally released in mid-1999 on pseudo-indie label TVT. (In the UK it was released on Creation Records). Featuring a slick, heavily processed sound previously foreign to GBV albums, "Do the Collapse" failed to garner radio airplay, and was for the most part greeted with mixed reviews.


title: Guided by Voices

text: Through touring heavily throughout 1999 and 2000, Guided by Voices' live act became legendary, with shows often stretching past the three-hour mark, and populated by an endless stream of new and classic songs, Pollard solo tracks, impromptu covers of The Who, David Bowie and The Rolling Stones, all accompanied by continuous alcohol consumption. In addition to multiple swings through the United States and Europe, 2000 saw the band's first and only visits to Australia and Japan. 2000 was capped with the release of the massive "", a four-disc, 100-song trawl through three decades worth of Pollard's enormous reserve of unreleased material. (Three more box sets of unreleased songs, "", "" and "" released in October 2005, November 2009 and November 2015 respectively.)


title: Guided by Voices

text: 2001's "Isolation Drills" was recorded with Rob Schnapf, who aimed to capture the band's live sound more closely than did Ocasek. Though the album debuted in "Billboard"s top 200 and received higher critical notices than its predecessor, it did not achieve the sought-after radio breakthrough.


title: Guided by Voices

text: After departing from TVT in 2002, Guided by Voices returned to Matador and released "Universal Truths and Cycles", a departure from the previous two radio-aspiring albums, and a return to the band's mid-90s, mid-fi aesthetic. "Universal Truths" producer Todd Tobias would also record the band's final two albums for Matador. 2003 saw the release of the prog-styled "Earthquake Glue", followed by the anthology box set "" and the greatest hits compilation "".


title: Guided by Voices

text: In 2004, Pollard announced he was disbanding Guided by Voices following the release of the "Half Smiles of the Decomposed" LP, and a final farewell tour. Pollard stated:


title: Guided by Voices

text: Guided by Voices would go on to release no less than 15 more studio albums (since "Surrender Your Poppy Field").


title: Guided by Voices

text: On November 9, 2004, Guided by Voices performed on the stage of Austin City Limits, broadcast by PBS on January 22, 2005. Their last television appearance was on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" on December 2, 2004. They played the single, "Everybody Thinks I'm a Raincloud (When I'm Not Looking)". After a select round of final US shows, Guided by Voices played their final show at The Metro in Chicago on December 31, 2004. The four-hour, 63-song marathon finale is documented on the DVD "The Electrifying Conclusion".


title: Guided by Voices

text: Pollard released his first post-GBV album in 2006 on Merge Records. The album, titled "From a Compound Eye" was a double LP produced by Todd Tobias. Later Pollard albums have been released on Merge and Pollard's own label, Guided by Voices Inc.


title: Guided by Voices

text: Following GBV's demise, Pollard was frequently asked about band reunions. In 2007 he told "MAGNET": "To me, it's just cashing in. If you're gonna get the band back together, it should be to support a new record, not just to play the hits. That's like doing the county-fair circuit. I don't see Guided By Voices reforming. For one thing, there were 50 or 60 people in Guided By Voices over time."


title: Guided by Voices

text: Pollard also commented on the fact that GBV and his solo output are basically the same, when he told "Harp" magazine, in 2005, "You know, a lot of people try to distinguish things between what is Robert Pollard and what is Guided By Voices. I tell them basically that there is no difference; I am Robert Pollard and I am Guided By Voices."


title: Guided by Voices

text: In 2008, Pollard admitted to almost bringing GBV back for his album "Robert Pollard Is Off to Business" but decided against it, instead forming a new label titled Guided by Voices Inc.


title: Guided by Voices

text: In October 2008, it was announced that Guided by Voices' music would be used for a 3-D film musical based on the life of Cleopatra to be directed by Steven Soderbergh with script by James Greer.


title: Guided by Voices

text: Soderbergh had previously used a Guided by Voices song in his film "Full Frontal", and wrote an introduction to a book on the band.


title: Guided by Voices

text: Pollard wrote the soundtrack to Soderbergh's film "Bubble", and that music was released as "Music for 'Bubble'". Guided by Voices and Pollard posters, t-shirts, and songs appeared frequently on British sit-com "The IT Crowd".


title: Guided by Voices

text: In June 2010, Matador Records announced that the "Classic '93–'96 Lineup" would reunite to perform at the label's 21st Anniversary celebration in Las Vegas, in October of that year. A full reunion tour was subsequently announced, with the band selling out nearly every date. The tour included stops at Hoboken's Maxwell's and the Southgate House in Newport, Kentucky, two venues that the band had built a history with due to legendary shows there in the past. When asked by "Spinner" if there might ever be another proper GBV record Pollard said "I've thought about it sometimes but it's a very long shot," he says. "We all kind of do our own thing. I'm not completely eliminating the possibility."


title: Guided by Voices

text: On September 21, 2011, it was announced that a new GBV album, "Let's Go Eat the Factory", had been recorded for release in January 2012.


title: Guided by Voices

text: On January 4, 2012, the band performed their single "The Unsinkable Fats Domino" on the "Late Show with David Letterman" to promote "Let's Go Eat the Factory". During their performance, bassist Greg Demos fell while attempting a dance move. However, Demos was not seriously injured and the band continued to perform their song.


title: Guided by Voices

text: The band canceled what was to have been their first post-reunion show in the UK at the All Tomorrow's Parties 'I'll Be Your Mirror' festival at Alexandra Palace, London, in May 2012 as well as a planned appearance at the Primavera Sound festival in Barcelona. The band's management denied reports that the cancellations were due to them splitting up again and confirmed they were still working on new material.


title: Guided by Voices

text: The band released a second post-reformation LP, "Class Clown Spots a UFO", on June 12, 2012. Generally regarded by fans as the best of the latter-years' albums, it marked a return in tenor and quality to this line-up's mid-90s heyday. A third, "The Bears for Lunch", followed in November. GBV began touring again in September 2012 with a 13 show "Tour of the South", starting in Dayton, Ohio, on September 8, 2012, which included gigs in Cleveland and Pittsburgh, and stops in North Carolina, Florida, Georgia, New Orleans, Texas (Houston and Austin), Missouri and Kansas, with the final show on September 29, 2012, in St. Louis. Another album, "English Little League", was released in 2013.


title: Guided by Voices

text: In a July 2013 interview with "Magnet" magazine, Pollard stated that "English Little League" could be the final GBV album. However, in September, a fifth reunion record, "Motivational Jumpsuit", was confirmed for release on Guided by Voices Inc. and Fire Records in February 2014. A sixth reunion album, "Cool Planet", was released on May 13, 2014.


title: Guided by Voices

text: On September 18, 2014, GBV abruptly released a statement on Facebook that they had once again disbanded. Remaining tour dates were canceled.


title: Guided by Voices

text: In February 2016, the official Guided by Voices Facebook page announced that GBV has been announced to headline the Sled Island Festival on June 25 and that a "strikingly fresh Guided By Voices album in the works", on which Pollard plays all the instruments. Pollard subsequently confirmed the new lineup for the band which would include returning drummer Kevin March along with newcomers guitarist Bobby Bare Jr., guitarist Nick Mitchell and bassist Mark Shue.


title: Guided by Voices

text: After the band's set on July 14, 2016 at the Grog Shop in Cleveland, when the band was expected to return to the stage for an encore, Nick Mitchell was fired in the dressing room next to the stage. The inability for Mitchell to get along with one member of the band from the onset of the new lineup, along with the unexpected news that the band had been booked for a West Coast tour the following month that would have them on the road for at least 25 days showed on Mitchell's face and demeanor that night, and Pollard rightfully let Mitchell go.


title: Guided by Voices

text: There were some comments at the time saying that one of the reasons for Mitchell being dismissed was because he insisted that the band pay the expenses for his wife being with him on the tour, which are false. Pollard and Mitchell agreed from the beginning that Mitchell would cover all expenses for himself and his wife on the tour. Additionally, Mitchell's wife volunteered at the start of the tour to handle all aspects of the tour merchandise at each event on the tour until July 2016.


title: Guided by Voices

text: Mitchell was replaced by former member Doug Gillard, who subsequently rejoined Guided by Voices permanently later that month.


title: Guided by Voices

text: On January 25, 2017, the band announced their first double album "August by Cake" for release on April 7, 2017, and released a new song, "Hiking Skin." The album will also be Robert Pollard's 100th album.


title: Guided by Voices

text: On March 10, the band premiered another new song from the upcoming album "Dr. Feelgood Falls Off the Ocean".


title: Guided by Voices

text: On June 22, 2017, Guided by Voices announced another new album for 2017, titled "How Do You Spell Heaven", which was released on August 11. The band also released a new single from the upcoming album "Just to Show You".


title: Guided by Voices

text: On December 8 of the same year, the band announced another album to be released the following March entitled "Space Gun", and released the title track as a single.


title: Guided by Voices

text: In 2018, Guided by Voices announced the future release of the double album "Zeppelin Over China" and "Warp and Woof" for 2019. They also made their 7" single, "You Own the Night" available for pre-order containing singles from both albums.


title: Guided by Voices

text: In 2019, the band released "Zeppelin Over China", "Warp and Woof" and "Sweating the Plague" and in 2020 went on to release three more albums, "Surrender Your Poppy Field", "Mirrored Aztec" and "Styles We Paid For".


title: Guided by Voices

text: In 2021, the band released "Earth Man Blues" in April 2021, "It's Not Them. It Couldn't Be Them. It Is Them!" in October 2021, and "Crystal Nuns Cathedral", which was released on March 4, 2022.


title: Guided by Voices

text: It's been said over fifty musicians have contributed to the band. The following is a list of all known members.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Royal Holloway, University of London (RHUL), formally incorporated as Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, is a public research university and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It has six schools, 21 academic departments and approximately 10,500 undergraduate and postgraduate students from over 100 countries. The campus is located west of Egham, Surrey, from central London.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The Egham campus was founded in 1879 by the Victorian entrepreneur and philanthropist Thomas Holloway. Royal Holloway College was officially opened in 1886 by Queen Victoria as an all-women college. It became a member of the University of London in 1900. In 1945, the college admitted male postgraduate students, and in 1965, around 100 of the first male undergraduates. In 1985, Royal Holloway merged with Bedford College (another former all-women's college in London). The merged college was named Royal Holloway and Bedford New College (RHBNC), this remaining the official registered name of the college by Act of Parliament. The campus is dominated by the Founder's Building, a Grade I listed red-brick building modelled on the Château de Chambord of the Loire Valley, France. The annual income of the institution for 2020–21 was £189.9 million of which £18.8 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £179.2 million.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Royal Holloway maintains strong links and exchange programmes with institutions in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Hong Kong, notably the University of California & Yale University, the University of Toronto, the University of Melbourne and the University of Hong Kong. Royal Holloway was a member of the 1994 Group until 2013, when the group dissolved.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Royal Holloway College, originally a women-only college, was founded by the Victorian entrepreneur Thomas Holloway in 1879 on the Mount Lee Estate in Egham. The founding of the college was brought about after Holloway, seeking to fulfil a philanthropic gesture, began a public debate through "The Builder" regarding 'How best to spend a quarter of a million or more', at which point his wife, Jane Holloway, proposed to build a college especially for women. Holloway later increased his original sum of money to half a million, and today, the campus is still best known for its original 600-bed building, known as the Founder's Building, designed by William Henry Crossland and inspired by the Château de Chambord in the Loire Valley, France.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Sir Nikolaus Pevsner called the original college building "the most ebullient Victorian building in the Home Counties", and noted that together with its sister building the Holloway Sanatorium, it represents "the summit of High Victorian design".


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The Founder's Building, which is now Grade I listed, was officially opened in 1886 by Queen Victoria, who granted the use of "Royal" in the college's name. Founder's has been described by "The Times" as "one of Britain’s most remarkable university buildings", largely for its elaborate architecture, and according to "The Sunday Times" it "makes the college instantly recognisable". The college also has a Chapel, completed in 1886 as one of the last parts of the university to be finished. October 1887 saw the arrival of the first 28 students at Royal Holloway College. It later became a constituent of the University of London in 1900, as did Bedford College, which eventually merged with Royal Holloway College.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Bedford College was founded by Elizabeth Jesser Reid in 1849 as a higher education college for the education of women. Reid leased a house at 47 Bedford Square in the Bloomsbury area of London, and opened the Ladies College in Bedford Square. The intention was to provide a liberal and non-sectarian education for women, something no other institution in the United Kingdom provided at the time. The college moved to 8 and 9 York Place (off Baker Street) in 1874, and then to Regent's Park in 1908. In 1900, the college became a constituent school of the University of London. Like RHC, following its membership of the University of London, in 1965, it allowed male undergraduates to study on its premises for the first time.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: RHC and Bedford merged in 1985. The pressure for the merger was due to a lack of government funding for higher education, and the college was named Royal Holloway and Bedford New College (RHBNC), with an inauguration being held at the College Chapel in 1986 by Elizabeth II. The newest title remains the official registered name of the college, though this was changed for day-to-day use to "Royal Holloway, University of London" by the College Council in 1992.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Since the merger with Bedford College, Royal Holloway has entered into collaborative discussions with Brunel University and St George's, University of London. The latter project was cancelled in September 2009. Royal Holloway, St George's and Kingston University continue to work together in the field of health and social care teaching and research.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Royal Holloway's campus is set in of woodland, between Windsor and Heathrow. Around 200 species of shrubs, 150 different types of tree and numerous wild flowering plants can be found in RHC's parkland. The nearest station is Egham. The campus is about 40–50 minutes from Waterloo station in central London about away, and Windsor is . The campus is from M25 junction 13 and close to the M3, M4 and M40 and London Heathrow Airport.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The Founder's Building, which dominates the campus, has striking north and south towers and two large quadrangles and contains a chapel, kitchen and dining hall, lecture theatre and the original reading room along with student rooms and offices. Founder's has often been the centre of media attention and is a popular filming location for TV and film as a grandiose 'university' or 'public school'.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Between 2002 and 2008, the college underwent a £100 million investment programme and a re-development of its campus, as a result of the merger with Bedford College and the sale of Bedford's site in Regent's Park.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: A number of recent projects undertaken by Royal Holloway have included an extension to the School of Management (2005 and 2011) and the library (which holds half a million books). The biological sciences laboratories have also been renovated and the Windsor Building (opened in 2007) houses seminar rooms and a 400-seat auditorium. In 2013, the Student Services Centre, which is a single point of contact for all non-academic enquiries, was opened in the Windsor Building. The Drama Department expanded its performance space with the opening of the Caryl Churchill Theatre, which seats almost 200 audience members across two levels and has a third floor for technical operation, in 2013. The department also uses the onsite 19th-century boilerhouse, which was converted into a performance space with a sprung dance floor in 2014.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The International Building, opened in 2000 by The Princess Royal, houses the Language Centre along with the English, French, German, Italian and Hispanic Studies Departments. The new developments have also been followed by the establishment of formal links with New York University, the University of Sydney, and Yale University, and connections with the Royal College of Music means that music students at Royal Holloway have the opportunity to take lessons there.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The size of the campus has allowed the college to develop some of the best sports facilities of any university institution in the London area, and helped build the college's reputation as a sporting institution of excellence. An aerobics studio, fitness suite, sports Hall, sports fields and tennis courts account for some of the sporting facilities that Royal Holloway offers. The Sports Centre was refurbished in 2013 while a bequest by Margaret Young in 2014 enabled the college to further develop its sports facilities. New for the 2014/15 sporting season were floodlit outdoor pitches and courts, which provide all-weather playing surfaces for a wide range of sports.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Situated on the campus are restaurants and cafés, a college shop,a health centre, a Chapel, a careers centre, teaching and social spaces and sports facilities. As a result of an evaluation by People & Planet in 2007, Royal Holloway was ranked 60th out of 120 universities for environmental performance. The university has put into place initiatives to enhance environmental performance, such as the improvement of woodland management to develop nature conservation and more recycling banks have been introduced to halls of residence.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Starting in 2015, work on constructing a new Library and Student Services Centre began. In January 2017 it was announced that the building would be named after alumna Emily Wilding Davison. It was opened by The Princess Royal on 18 October 2017.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The College Council is the governing body of the college with responsibility for "financial integrity and setting the overall strategic direction of Royal Holloway." There are 25 members of the council, many of which are lay members from outside Royal Holloway who are initially appointed for five years. A total of 16 lay members are appointed; two from local authorities; one selected by the Privy Council; another by the University of London; two more are appointed as alumni from Royal Holloway, Bedford College or Royal Holloway College; and the rest are chosen to offer a range of skills and experience. The council's Chairman, who is appointed for five years, is also a lay member. One of The Chairman's duties is to chair a number of committees including the Remuneration Committee, which handles the pay and benefits of the senior staff. The Principal is answerable to the chairman.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The remaining members of the Council comprise three elected by non-academic members of staff, two elected by academics and one member of academic staff elected by the Academic Board. There is also one student member elected by the students.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Royal Holloway's coat of arms consists of the Royal Holloway shield and its surrounding elements. There are three crescents shown on the coat of arms, which are taken from Thomas Holloway's own coat of arms. Taken from the Bedford coat of arms, the field is coloured black and gold in a chequered design, with the addition of ermine spots (feather-like symbols representing ermine tails) from the Royal Holloway coat. Placed between two black lozenges, there is a lamp of learning. Traditionally, the lozenge is worn on the arm of unmarried women or widows, which places significance on the coat of arms' lozenges as it acts as a reminder that the colleges were founded for women. Below, the motto is displayed which is taken from the arms of Bedford College, and reads "esse quam videri".


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The Royal Holloway shield was created following the merger of Bedford and Royal Holloway Colleges in 1985. The shield appears (in a black and white form) on legal documents and stationery for legal reasons, along with the following: "Incorporated by Act of Parliament. Royal Holloway and Bedford New College."


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The use of the university's identifying marks is governed by the Communications and External Relations Department.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: As of 1 August 2019, the university operates using a School structure. Each school is led by a Head of School, who in turn reports to the university's executive team. The six new schools replaced the previous three faculties.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: In the financial year ended 31 July 2020, Royal Holloway had a total income £188.9m (2018/19 – £188.7m) and total expenditure of £167.8m (2018/19 – £223.9m). Key sources of income included £119.9m from tuition fees and education contracts (2018/19 – £114.7m), £18.6m from Office for Students and Research England grants (2018/19 – £17.3m), £17.2m from research grants and contracts (2018/19 – £16.4m) and £2.3m from donations and endowment income (2018/19 – £2.6m).


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: During the 2019/20 financial year Royal Holloway had a capital expenditure of £10.2m (2018/19 – £21.4m). At year end Royal Holloway had endowments of £78.8m (31 July 2019 – £81.2m).


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Royal Holloway employs around 2,300 members of staff, including 534 academic staff and 132 research staff. The total number of undergraduate and postgraduate students is , from 100 countries.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: In the Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2021, published on 12 May 2022, it was confirmed that Royal Holloway sits within the top 25 per cent of UK universities for 'world-leading' and 'internationally excellent' research. In the REF assessment, 88 per cent of Royal Holloway's research is rated as world-leading (4*) and internationally excellent (3*), which is an increase of 8.6 per cent from REF 2014, which is the last time an exercise on this scale was conducted. In addition, 42 per cent of Royal Holloway's research is rated as world-leading (4*), which is an increase of 40 per cent on 2014 when 30 per cent of Royal Holloway's research was ranked in this category. In particular, Royal Holloway's 4* research output has increased to 43% in 2021, up from 27% in 2014.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: In 1998, Royal Holloway's Information Security Group (ISG) was awarded a Queen's Anniversary Prize in recognition of its work in information security. The ISG introduced a MSc in Information Security in 1992, making Royal Holloway the first university to offer a postgraduate course on this subject. Currently the ISG hosts one of only two UK Centres for Doctoral Training in cyber security.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: On 14 March 2014, Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, were welcomed to Royal Holloway when they attended a ceremony to celebrate the Regius Professorship being bestowed on the Department of Music: the first of its kind. The Music Department was awarded the Regius Professorship by the Queen to mark her Diamond Jubilee. The prestigious award acknowledges the university's exceptionally high standards of music teaching and research.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The current research policy chief of the Higher Education Funding Council for England, David Sweeney and his predecessor Rama Thirunamachandran were both sourced directly from Royal Holloway.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Royal Holloway runs a variety of academic degree programmes, including Single Honours and Joint Honours, with fees of £9,000 for full-time undergraduate students (2015–2016 entry) and some financial help schemes The study of an undergraduate programme leads to one of five University of London degrees, which include Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Science (Economics), Bachelor of Music and Master in Science. Discounted fees are offered to students who stay on to complete a postgraduate degree. The university also runs e-degrees in history and business management.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: On a competitive basis, Principal's Excellence Scholarships worth £3,000 a year are given to students who achieve AAA+ and have applied to study Maths, Physics, Modern Languages or European Studies at Royal Holloway from September 2015. Other bursaries and scholarships are also offered to students, including bursaries of £1,750 per year for undergraduate students with a family income less than £25,000.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: In the Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) of 2008, Royal Holloway's School of Biological Sciences was ranked joint third achieving a proportion of 4* and 5* rankings.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The School of Management has all three of its MBA programmes accredited by AMBA, and obtained management school status in 1993. Royal Holloway also runs the University of London MBA distance-learning programme.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: An Advanced Skills Programme is also run at the university, featuring information technology, communication skills and foreign languages.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Royal Holloway has developed a variety of study-abroad programmes, allowing its students to spend a year in institutions including;


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Royal Holloway collaborates with Queen Mary, University of London to help run programmes at the University of London Institute in Paris (ULIP), a central academic body of the University of London in Paris, France. This offers undergraduate and graduate students the chance to study University of London ratified French Studies degrees in France. Students who take a degree in French, German, Italian or Hispanic Studies will all take a year abroad as an integral part of the course.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: At one point in time, Royal Holloway was ranked second out of 90 universities in England and Wales for the number of students going into graduate employment. However, according to "Complete University Guide 2016", the university has seen a drop in graduate employability since 2007/8 with a graduate prospect of only 62.2% ranking it 77th out of 126 universities in the UK. According to "Complete University Guide 2020", this figure is starting to increase again, with a graduate prospect of 73.5%. Royal Holloway is in the top 25% of universities in the UK for overall satisfaction (89%), according to the National Student Survey 2014.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The university is popular with both state-educated and privately educated students, with the latter group currently accounting for around 18% of all students in 2010. In 2014–15, the "Times Higher Education World University Rankings" ranked the college 47th in Europe and 118th in the world.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Royal Holloway was ranked 20th overall in "Times and The Sunday Times Good University Guide, 2020" ranking of British universities based on consistent league table performance. In 2010, the college benefited from upgraded evaluation methods used by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. They ranked the college as 88th in the world, and 22nd in Europe.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Royal Holloway has forged successful academic links with other universities in the Greater London area and beyond.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Royal Holloway's Department of Physics is a founding member of SEPnet, the south-east Physics Network, which supports collaboration between seven universities in south-east England on physics research, outreach and postgraduate teaching. The John Adams Institute for Accelerator Research (JAI) is a major collaboration in the field of particle physics between Royal Holloway and the University of Oxford.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: In the field of health and social care research, the SWan (South West London academic network) between Royal Holloway, St George's and Kingston University based at St George's in Tooting is another of Royal Holloway's major collaborative projects.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: In 2011, Pearson, the international education company, and RHC set up a partnership. Royal Holloway is responsible for validating Pearson's new business degree. Currently, Royal Holloway awards University of London degrees but has the power to validate its own degrees, which it has not exercised so far.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Royal Holloway has a collection of important paintings, sculptures, prints, drawings and watercolours from the 17th century and later. Artists include Sir John Everett Millais, Edward Burne-Jones, Christopher Nevinson, John Nash and Dame Laura Knight. The gallery is in Founder’s and is open to the public every Wednesday during the autumn and spring terms and some weekends throughout the year. At the heart of the collections are the legacies of two Victorian collectors: founder Thomas Holloway and artist Christiana Herringham (1852–1929). Their collections have been enhanced with additional acquisitions and commissions. Following the death of Herringham part of her eclectic art collection, including paintings by her and other women artists as well as Indian miniatures and Japanese woodblock prints, was given to Bedford College by her husband. Having merged with Royal Holloway, these are now part of Royal Holloway's art collection. Several items are on display on the Victorian corridor including a very personal portrait of her children. Other items can be seen by appointment.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The initial plans for the college did not include a picture gallery but Holloway was inspired to start his own art collection for his students after his brother-in-law visited Vassar College, then the world’s leading college for women, which had a superb collection of art. In 1881, at the age of 81, Holloway started to buy paintings to form his collection. He amassed paintings at a fast rate and he had completed his art collection by 1883. In total he purchased 77 paintings. In most cases he bought from Christie’s auction house. In two cases he broke the record for the highest sum ever paid at auction for a contemporary artist in order to buy the pictures he desired. Highlights of the collection include Sir John Everett Millais' "The Princes in the Tower" (1878), Sir Edwin Landseer's "Man Proposes, God Disposes" (1864), Edwin Long's "Babylonian Marriage Market" (1875) and William Powell Frith's "The Railway Station" (1862).


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The pieces in the Herringham collection reflect her interests in the old masters, Indian art and women’s suffrage. The collections are a teaching resource for the Victorian Studies Centre for teaching and research in Victorian art, architecture and literature, including a taught MA under the Department of English. It is also used to teach students from departments including history, geography, drama and media arts.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Between 1993 and 1995, in order to fund the maintenance of Founder's, three of the most valuable paintings were sold for a total of £21m, a Turner fetching £11m on its own. The principal at the time, Dorothy Wedderburn, began the sale process which was completed by her successor,


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Norman Gowar. The paintings were a Turner "("Van Tromp going about to please his Masters, Ships at Sea, getting a good wetting" c.1844)"; a Constable "("A Sketch for View on the Stour, nr Dedham" c.1821/2)" and a Gainsborough "("Peasants going to Market: Early Morning" c.1770)". The remaining paintings had a current value of £16.6 million in 2014. The Turner is now in the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles. There are no figures available for the Herringham collection.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The Royal Holloway Students' Union (RHSU) actively represents and provides a service for the needs and interests of all students studying at Royal Holloway. It is claimed to have "a reputation as one of the best unions in the London area", in the words of "The Independent". The students' union provides much of the on-campus entertainment, organising and sponsoring the sport clubs and special-interest societies, on top of providing welfare advice to students through the Student Advice Centre.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The students' union runs general meetings, which provide an opportunity to discuss issues, make student announcements and engage in lively debate. Whilst representatives are elected to sit on and run a General Meeting, any student is eligible to attend, vote and have their say. The direction and development of the students' union is the responsibility of the trustee board, which is made up of two student trustees, one college trustee, three external trustees and four student sabbatical officers, consisting of the president, and vice presidents for education; sports, societies and media; and wellbeing and diversity. The Union runs a number of campaigns throughout the year, including various history months, awareness campaigns, and lobbying actions.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The sabbatical officers are elected for one year in office and work full-time either during or after completing their degree.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The union also employs more than 50 permanent members of staff who oversee the administrative, democratic and commercial activities of the organisation. The main union building on campus includes a large function hall, two bars, the Tommy's Kitchen food outlet and its administrative offices. Elsewhere on campus, the union operates Medicine – a bar and games venue designed by the creators of the Ministry of Sound – and the campus pub "The Packhorse" (formerly the privately owned "The Monkey's Forehead"), just across the A30 from the main campus.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: "The Orbital" is the Royal Holloway campus magazine and published by the Students' Union, covering subjects from higher education news, opinion, arts, and reviews. The original official Royal Holloway student publication was in the format of a newspaper called "The Egham Sun", but this was replaced with the magazine edition in the early 1990s. The magazine is regularly published in print and online.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: rhubarbTV is Royal Holloway's student television station, which relaunched in March 2013. In June 2014, rhubarbTV was named the Royal Holloway Media Outlet of the Year at the first-ever Student Media Awards.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The student and community radio station Insanity Radio 103.2FM was established in 1998. Available locally on 103.2 FM, Insanity Radio broadcasts 24 hours a day, seven days a week, with live presenters in the studio all day in term time and some holiday periods. The station is also available worldwide through the internet. The station takes its name from the Holloway Sanitorium, founded by Thomas Holloway, along with the college that became Royal Holloway. The station has twice won the Silver Award for Best Student Radio Station at BBC Radio 1's Student Radio Awards, and is one of few student radio stations to hold a community/FM radio licence.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: "The Founder" is the independent student newspaper. Founded in 2006, 4,000 free copies are printed and distributed fortnightly across campus and locally. It gets no financial support from the college or SURHUL and advertising revenue acquired by the students on the editorial board pays for printing.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: At the 2007 Guardian Student Media Awards, Christian Anthony was shortlisted for the Student critic of the year Award. At the inaugural 2011 London Student Journalism Awards Kate Brook, the newspaper's Features Editor, was recognised with the Best Feature Writer award. At the 2016 Student Publication Association Awards, Features Editor Zak Derler received Special Mention in the Best Feature category for his story on the refugee crisis in the Mediterranean.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Most halls are part of the main campus, and initially allocated to first year students who firmly accept a conditional or unconditional offer. Accommodation prices at the university can vary, ranging from £85-£163 per week. Halls are either self-catered or catered, with students living in the latter entitled to a 50 per cent discount off the normal price of the majority of food sold in the dining halls. Around 2,900 students live in halls of residence.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The Founder's Building houses 493 students in original Victorian rooms and converted space, which underwent refurbishment in 2012. Meals for catered students are provided in Founder's dining hall.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Also on campus, Gowar and Wedderburn, a construction of 570 study bedrooms in two new blocks opened in September 2004. These halls were also used as accommodation for rowers at the 2012 Olympic Games.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Similar accommodation blocks, named Butler, Tuke and Williamson, were completed in September 2007 to replace the ageing Athlone, Cameron and Williamson Halls. Of the waste created by the demolition of Athlone, Cameron and Williamson, 98 per cent was recycled. All five of these new halls were named after former principals and have been designed to be environmentally friendly, accomplished by sedum-planted roofs that change colour by season, as well as being designed to improve insulation. In a BREEAM environmental performance assessment, the Butler, Tuke and Williamson halls were rated "Very Good", as their construction was designed to reduce heat loss.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: Kingswood I and II are away. These halls hold over 400 students, and a free bus service operates to the campus. Other accommodation includes Highfield Court (125 students), Penrose Court (200 students), Reid Hall (287 students), and Runnymede Hall (441 students) which was opened by The Princess Royal in 1992.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The London Economics Symposium (commonly referred to as "LES") is an international economics and politics conference, organised by students for students, and held annually in London. The London Economics Symposium is independent from any university, and is organised by students throughout Europe. The London Economics Symposium provides a forum for students, academics and prominent leaders to discuss contemporary socioeconomic and political issues.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The LES was founded in 2012 by five undergraduate students at Royal Holloway University of London, and has expanded to include students throughout Europe, creating one of the largest international student conferences in London. The Founders were Matthäus Fischer, Marie-Elisabeth von Bomhard, Hildevert d'Harcourt, Oliver Harris and Andrei Ivanov.


title: Royal Holloway, University of London

text: The visitor of the college is Dame Mary Arden, Lady Arden of Heswall DBE QC, Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.


title: 2007–08 NBA season

text: The 2007–08 NBA season was the 62nd season of the National Basketball Association. The Boston Celtics defeated the Los Angeles Lakers 131–92 to win the 2008 NBA Finals, four games to two. The 2007 NBA draft was held on June 28, 2007 and Greg Oden was selected first overall by the Portland Trail Blazers. However, he missed the entire season due to knee surgery.


title: 2007–08 NBA season

text: This season was notable for being one of the most competitive Western Conference playoff races in NBA history. Up until April 4, 2008, not a single Western Conference team had secured a playoff spot, and the 8th-seeded team was a mere 6.5 games behind the 1st seed. Additionally, the quality of the teams ensured that the Golden State Warriors finished with the highest winning percentage of any non-playoff team in NBA history since the switch to the eight-team playoff format, beating out the 2000–01 Houston Rockets. This was later tied by the 2013–14 Phoenix Suns. The all-time record is held by the 1971–72 Phoenix Suns (49–33), which was during the four-team playoff era.


title: 2007–08 NBA season

text: Teams in bold advanced to the next round. The numbers to the left of each team indicate the team's seeding in its conference, and the numbers to the right indicate the number of games the team won in that round. The division champions are marked by an asterisk. Home court advantage does not necessarily belong to the higher-seeded team, but instead the team with the better regular season record; teams enjoying the home advantage are shown in italics.


title: Olga Merediz

text: Olga Merediz (born February 15, 1956) is an American actress and singer. Merediz originated the role of Abuela Claudia in the Broadway musical "In the Heights", for which she received a Tony Award nomination for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical. She played the role for the show's entire Broadway run, and reprised the role in the film adaptation. Her television credits include NBC's 2016 series "Shades of Blue" and Netflix's "Orange Is the New Black".


title: Olga Merediz

text: Merediz was born in Guantánamo, Cuba on February 15, 1956. She left Cuba with her family when she was five years old to Miami, Florida. Thereafter, she relocated with her family to Puerto Rico where she grew up. Merediz graduated with a bachelor's degree from Newcomb College, the former female counterpart to Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana.


title: Olga Merediz

text: Having made her film debut in 1984's "The Brother from Another Planet", Merediz has since appeared in a number of films, including "The Milagro Beanfield War" (1988), "City of Hope" (1991), "Evita" (1996), "Music of the Heart" (1999), "K-Pax" (2001), "Remember Me" (2010), "Custody" (2016), "Humor Me" (2017), and the reprise of her 2008 Tony Award nominated Broadway role as Abuela Claudia, in the film adaptation "In the Heights" (2021). She also portrayed Alma Madrigal in "Encanto" (2021).


title: Olga Merediz

text: Her television credits, in both dramas and comedies, include recurring and guest roles in "Diary of a Future President", "New Amsterdam", "Brooklyn Nine-Nine", "Orange Is the New Black" and "Madam Secretary". She has been a series regular in the UK television series "Bounty Hunters" and the comedy "Saint George", has appeared in episodes of both "Law & Order" and "", and appeared as herself as a judge on "Throwdown with Bobby Flay".


title: Olga Merediz

text: In addition to "In the Heights", her Broadway credits include "Reckless" at the Manhattan Theatre Club, "Man of La Mancha", and "Les Misérables". She also appeared as Rosie in "Mamma Mia!".


title: Olga Merediz

text: Before they went to Broadway, Merediz starred in the Off-Broadway versions of "In the Heights", and "The Human Comedy". Some of her other Off-Broadway credits include "Women without Men", "The Haggadah", "Lullabye and Goodnight", and "The Blessing".


title: Olga Merediz

text: Merediz has an extensive voice-over and narration portfolio, including the PBS Nature documentaries: "Bears", "Hotel Armadillo", "Jungle Animal Hospital", "Nature's Miracle Orphans", and "Cuba: The Accidental Eden". Her voice can be heard in numerous TV/radio commercials, "Dora the Explorer", "Go, Diego, Go!", "Elena of Avalor", and "Encanto".


title: Olga Merediz

text: At the 2008 Tony Awards, she received a nomination for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for the Broadway incarnation of "In the Heights". In addition to her Tony Award nomination, Merediz won a 2007 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Ensemble Performance for her role in the off-Broadway run of "In the Heights", as well as a 2003 HOLA Tespis Award from the Hispanic Organization of Latin Actors.


title: Olga Merediz

text: In 2013, "Latina" magazine named her as one of the 50 Best Latin Singers and Pop Stars of All Time. According to the magazine, "The Cuban Broadway star knows how to dominate a live stage and owns it!"


title: United Socialist Party of Venezuela

text: The United Socialist Party of Venezuela (, PSUV) is a left-wing to far-left socialist political party which has been the ruling party of Venezuela since 2010. It was formed from a merger of some of the political and social forces that support the Bolivarian Revolution led by President Hugo Chávez. It is the largest political party in Venezuela and the 11th largest in the world with more than 7 million active members as of 2014.


title: United Socialist Party of Venezuela

text: At the 2015 parliamentary election, PSUV lost its majority in the National Assembly for the first time since the unicameral legislature's creation in 2000 against the Democratic Unity Roundtable, winning 55 out of the National Assembly's 167 seats. In the 2020 elections however, amid a widespread opposition boycott, they won back a supermajority of the chamber.


title: United Socialist Party of Venezuela

text: The process of merging most of the unidentified parties involved in the pro-Bolivarian Revolution coalition was initiated by Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez after he won the Venezuelan presidential election of 2006. The process was led by Chávez' own party, the Fifth Republic Movement, and was supported by a range of smaller parties such as the People's Electoral Movement (MEP), Venezuelan Popular Unity (UPV), the Tupamaro Movement, the Socialist League and others which all together added up 45.99% of the votes received by Chávez during the 2006 election. Other pro-Bolivarian parties like the Communist Party of Venezuela ("Partido Comunista de Venezuela", PCV), Fatherland for All ("Patria Para Todos", PPT) and For Social Democracy (PODEMOS), that cast 14.60% of the votes from that election, declined to join the new party.


title: United Socialist Party of Venezuela

text: On 7 March 2007, Chávez presented a phased plan for founding the new party until November 2007. PODEMOS, PPT and PCV initially stated they would wait until PSUV had been founded and decide their membership in the new party based on its program. On 18 March 2007, Chávez declared on his programme "Aló Presidente" that he had "opened the doors for the For Social Democracy, the Fatherland for All, and the Communist Party of Venezuela if they want to go away from Chávez´s alliance, they may do so and leave us in peace". In his opinion, those parties were near to be on the opposition and they should choose wisely, between going "in silence, hugging us or throwing stones". PPT, at its 2007 congress on 10 and 11 April, decided not to join but re-affirmed its support for Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution.


title: United Socialist Party of Venezuela

text: The party held its founding congress in early 2008, from 12 January to 2 March, with 1681 delegates participating. Chávez was proclaimed President of the new party on 14 March.


title: United Socialist Party of Venezuela

text: As of 2014, the party has been described as "fracturing" and "weakening" due to the loss of Hugo Chávez, the poor state of Venezuela's economy and falling oil prices. Internal issues also appeared in the party, with an email address and telephone hotline created to report "internal enemies". In 23 November PSUV elections, it was reported by party dissidents that very few individuals participated, with less than 10% of the supposedly 7.6 million members casting a vote.


title: United Socialist Party of Venezuela

text: The PSUV defend the Bolivarian Revolution as a process of peaceful transition to socialism and, therefore, of overcoming capitalism. This is in line with Chávez's socialism of the 21st century. The party considers the establishment of socialism to be necessarily linked to an anti-imperialist struggle, that, currently, must consist of the formation of a block of socialist countries in Latin America.


title: United Socialist Party of Venezuela

text: With the creation of PSUV, relationships greatly soured with former coalition parties that chose not to join. By the 2008 regional election campaign in October, Chávez declared that "Patria Para Todos and the Communist Party of Venezuela will disappear from the political map because they are liars and manipulators."


title: United Socialist Party of Venezuela

text: Chávez said that the PSUV was "a very young party" with an average age of 35 among members. Analysts agreed, saying: "The assumption is that the younger people are going to be [Chavistas], they are going to be the ones whose families have benefited from Chávez's social programs."


title: United Socialist Party of Venezuela

text: In April 2010, an Extraordinary Congress of the PSUV resulted in the endorsement of a range of "general principles", including among others socialism, Marxism, and Bolivarianism; humanism, internationalism, and patriotism; and the defense of participatory democracy and use of internal party democracy. It also defined the party as the "political vanguard of the revolutionary process".


title: United Socialist Party of Venezuela

text: The party held its 3rd Congress in 2014, which elected Nicolás Maduro as the 2nd party president and honored Hugo Chávez posthumously as the party's eternal president and founder, and party policies were updated. It was followed by the 4th Party Congress in 2018.


title: United Socialist Party of Venezuela

text: The Party builds on the cult of personality of Hugo Chávez, with revolutionary symbols like the Chávez eyes sometimes along with the party symbols.


title: United Socialist Party of Venezuela

text: The highest level of organization is the National Party Congress, which is the party's supreme organ, and is held upon the discretion of the National Board whenever necessary. It is composed of elected delegates both from the national level and state representatives of party committees, and is empowered to:


title: United Socialist Party of Venezuela

text: The party is headed at the national level by the Eternal President Hugo Chávez (a posthumous title), the president (currently Nicolás Maduro), vice-president (Diosdado Cabello), and the national board of directors currently made up of the following:


title: United Socialist Party of Venezuela

text: The PSUV National Board is the highest organ of party leadership and is empowered by the Charter to enact new policies in between Party Congresses.


title: United Socialist Party of Venezuela

text: The Units of Battle Hugo Chávez (UBCh) is a collection of organizations with multiple members of PSUV involved that has both military and political characteristics. The UBCh originated as a group to defend the Bolivarian Revolution and support the party through electoral processes in Venezuela, and were transformed into their current name in 2013. They form the basic party unit in Venezuelan communities, and four or more of them form a "People's Struggle Circle" ("Círculo de Lucha Popular") in the community level. The Unit itself is divided into ten Unit Patrols serving various functions for party members in various sectors.


title: Christian Church

text: In ecclesiology, the Christian Church is what different Christian denominations conceive of as being the true body of Christians or the original institution established by Jesus. "Christian Church" has also been used in academia as a synonym for Christianity, despite the fact that it is composed of multiple churches or denominations, many of which hold a doctrinal claim of being the "one true church", to the exclusion of the others.


title: Christian Church

text: For many Protestant Christians, the Christian Church has two components: the church visible, institutions in which "the Word of God purely preached and listened to, and the sacraments administered according to Christ's institution", as well as the church invisible—all "who are truly saved" (with these beings members of the visible church). In this understanding of the invisible church, "Christian Church" (or catholic Church) does not refer to a particular Christian denomination, but includes all individuals who have been saved. The branch theory, which is maintained by some Anglicans, holds that those Churches that have preserved apostolic succession are part of the true Church. This is in contrast to the one true church applied to a specific concrete Christian institution, a Christian ecclesiological position maintained by the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox churches, Assyrian Church of the East and the Ancient Church of the East.


title: Christian Church

text: Most English translations of the New Testament generally use the word "church" as a translation of the Ancient Greek "ἐκκλησία" (romanized "ecclesia"), found in the original Greek texts, which generally meant an "assembly" or "congregation". This term appears in two verses of the Gospel of Matthew, 24 verses of the Acts of the Apostles, 58 verses of the Pauline epistles (including the earliest instances of its use in relation to a Christian body), two verses of the Letter to the Hebrews, one verse of the Epistle of James, three verses of the Third Epistle of John, and 19 verses of the Book of Revelation. In total, ἐκκλησία appears in the New Testament text 114 times, although not every instance is a technical reference to the church. As such it is used for local communities as well as in a universal sense to mean all believers. The earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" () was by Ignatius of Antioch, in around 100 AD.


title: Christian Church

text: The Four Marks of the Church first expressed in the Nicene Creed (381) are that the Church is one, holy, catholic (universal), and apostolic (originating from the apostles).


title: Christian Church

text: The Greek word "ekklēsia", literally "called out" or "called forth" and commonly used to indicate a group of individuals called to gather for some function, in particular an assembly of the citizens of a city, as in , is the New Testament term referring to the Christian Church (either a particular local group or the whole body of the faithful). In the Septuagint, the Greek word "ἐκκλησία" is used to translate the Hebrew "קהל" (qahal). Most Romance and Celtic languages use derivations of this word, either inherited or borrowed from the Latin form "ecclesia".


title: Christian Church

text: The English language word "church" is from the Old English word "cirice", derived from West Germanic "*kirika", which in turn comes from the Greek "kuriakē", meaning "of the Lord" (possessive form of "kurios" "ruler" or "lord"). "Kuriakē" in the sense of "church" is most likely a shortening of "kuriakē oikia" ("house of the Lord") or "ekklēsia kuriakē" ("congregation of the Lord"). Some grammarians and scholars say that the word has uncertain roots and may derive from the Anglo-Saxon "kirke" from Latin "circus" and the Greek "kuklos" for "circle", which shape is the form in which many religious groups met and gathered. Christian churches were sometimes called "kuriakon" (adjective meaning "of the Lord") in Greek starting in the 4th century, but "ekklēsia" and "basilikē" were more common.


title: Christian Church

text: The word is one of many direct Greek-to-Germanic loans of Christian terminology, via the Goths. The Slavic terms for "church" (Old Church Slavonic ["crĭky"], Russian ["cerkov’"], Slovenian cerkev) are via the Old High German cognate .


title: Christian Church

text: The Christian Church originated in Roman Judea in the first century AD/CE, founded on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, who first gathered disciples. Those disciples later became known as "Christians"; according to Scripture, Jesus commanded them to spread his teachings to all the world. For most Christians, the holiday of Pentecost (an event that occurred after Jesus' ascension to Heaven) represents the birthday of the Church, signified by the descent of the Holy Spirit on gathered disciples. The leadership of the Christian Church began with the Apostles.


title: Christian Church

text: Springing out of Second Temple Judaism, from Christianity's earliest days, Christians accepted non-Jews (Gentiles) without requiring full adoption of Jewish customs (such as circumcision). The parallels in the Jewish faith are the Proselytes, Godfearers, and Noahide Law; see also Biblical law in Christianity. Some think that conflict with Jewish religious authorities quickly led to the expulsion of Christians from the synagogues in Jerusalem.


title: Christian Church

text: The Church gradually spread throughout the Roman Empire and beyond, gaining major establishments in cities such as Jerusalem, Antioch, and Edessa. The Roman authorities persecuted it because Christians refused to make sacrifice to the Roman gods, and challenged the imperial cult. The Church was legalized in the Roman empire, and then promoted by Emperors Constantine I and Theodosius I in the 4th century as the State Church of the Roman Empire.


title: Christian Church

text: Already in the 2nd century, Christians denounced teachings that they saw as heresies, especially Gnosticism but also Montanism. Ignatius of Antioch at the beginning of that century and Irenaeus at the end saw union with the bishops as the test of correct Christian faith. After legalization of the Church in the 4th century, the debate between Arianism and Trinitarianism, with the emperors favouring now one side now the other, was a major controversy.


title: Christian Church

text: In using the word ἐκκλησία ("ekklēsia"), early Christians were employing a term that, while it designated the assembly of a Greek city-state, in which only citizens could participate, was traditionally used by Greek-speaking Jews to speak of Israel, the people of God, and that appeared in the Septuagint in the sense of an assembly gathered for religious reasons, often for a liturgy; in that translation ἐκκλησία stood for the Hebrew word קהל ("qahal"), which however it also rendered as συναγωγή ("synagōgē", "synagogue"), the two Greek words being largely synonymous until Christians distinguished them more clearly.


title: Christian Church

text: The term ἐκκλησία appears in only two verses of the Gospels, in both cases in the Gospel of Matthew. When Jesus says to Simon Peter, "You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church", the church is the community instituted by Christ, but in the other passage the church is the local community to which one belongs: "If he refuses to listen to them, tell it to the church."


title: Christian Church

text: The term is used much more frequently in other parts of the New Testament, designating, as in the Gospel of Matthew, either an individual local community or all of them collectively. Even passages that do not use the term ἐκκλησία may refer to the church with other expressions, as in the first 14 chapters of the Epistle to the Romans, in which ἐκκλησία is totally absent but which repeatedly uses the cognate word κλήτοι ("klētoi", "called"). The church may be referred to also through images traditionally employed in the Bible to speak of the people of God, such as the image of the vineyard used particularly in the Gospel of John.


title: Christian Church

text: The New Testament never uses the adjectives "catholic" or "universal" with reference to the Christian Church, but does indicate that the local communities are one church, collectively, that Christians must always seek to be in concord, as the Congregation of God, that the Gospel must extend to the ends of the earth and to all nations, that the church is open to all peoples and must not be divided, etc.


title: Christian Church

text: The first recorded application of "catholic" or "universal" to the church is by Ignatius of Antioch in about 107 in his Epistle to the Smyrnaeans, chapter VIII. "Wherever the bishop appears, there let the people be; as wherever Jesus Christ is, there is the Catholic Church."


title: Christian Church

text: Church Fathers like Ignatius of Antioch, Irenaeus, Tertullian and Cyprian held to the view that the Christian Church was a visible entity, not an invisible body of believers.


title: Christian Church

text: On February 27, 380, the Roman Empire officially adopted the Nicene version of Christianity as its state religion. Prior to this date, Constantius II (337-361) and Valens (364-378) had personally favored Arian or Semi-Arian forms of Christianity, but Valens' successor Theodosius I supported the more Athanasian or Trinitarian doctrine as expounded in the Nicene Creed from the 1st Council of Nicaea.


title: Christian Church

text: On this date, Theodosius I decreed that only the followers of Trinitarian Christianity were entitled to be referred to as Catholic Christians, while all others were to be considered to be heretics, which was considered illegal. In 385, this new legal situation resulted, in the first case of many to come, in the capital punishment of a heretic, namely Priscillian, condemned to death, with several of his followers, by a civil tribunal for the crime of magic. In the centuries of state-sponsored Christianity that followed, pagans and heretical Christians were routinely persecuted by the Empire and the many kingdoms and countries that later occupied its place, but some Germanic tribes remained Arian well into the Middle Ages (see also Christendom).


title: Christian Church

text: The Church within the Roman Empire was organized under metropolitan sees, with five rising to particular prominence and forming the basis for the Pentarchy proposed by Justinian I. Of these five, one was in the West (Rome) and the rest in the East (Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria).


title: Christian Church

text: Even after the split of the Roman Empire the Church remained a relatively united institution (apart from Oriental Orthodoxy and some other groups which separated from the rest of the state-sanctioned Church earlier). The Church came to be a central and defining institution of the Empire, especially in the East or Byzantine Empire, where Constantinople came to be seen as the center of the Christian world, owing in great part to its economic and political power.


title: Christian Church

text: Once the Western Empire fell to Germanic incursions in the 5th century, the (Roman) Church became for centuries the primary link to Roman civilization for medieval Western Europe and an important channel of influence in the West for the Eastern Roman, or "Byzantine", emperors. While, in the West, the so-called orthodox Church competed against the Arian Christian and pagan faiths of the Germanic rulers and spread outside what had been the Empire to Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia, and the western Slavs, in the East Christianity spread to the Slavs in what is now Russia, south-central and eastern Europe. The reign of Charlemagne in Western Europe is particularly noted for bringing the last major Western Arian tribes into communion with Rome, in part through conquest and forced conversion.


title: Christian Church

text: Starting in the 7th century, the Islamic Caliphates rose and gradually began to conquer larger and larger areas of the Christian world. Excepting North Africa and most of Spain, northern and western Europe escaped largely unscathed by Islamic expansion, in great part because richer Constantinople and its empire acted as a magnet for the onslaught. The challenge presented by the Muslims would help to solidify the religious identity of eastern Christians even as it gradually weakened the Eastern Empire. Even in the Muslim World, the Church survived (e.g., the modern Copts, Maronites, and others) albeit at times with great difficulty.


title: Christian Church

text: Although there had long been frictions between the Bishop of Rome (i.e., the patriarch of the Catholic Church proper) and the eastern patriarchs within the Byzantine Empire, Rome's changing allegiance from Constantinople to the Frankish king Charlemagne set the Church on a course towards separation. The political and theological divisions would grow until Rome and the East excommunicated each other in the 11th century, ultimately leading to the division of the Church into the Western (Catholic) and Eastern (Orthodox) churches. In 1448, not long before the Byzantine Empire collapsed, the Russian Orthodox Church gained independence from the Patriarch of Constantinople.


title: Christian Church

text: As a result of the redevelopment of Western Europe, and the gradual fall of the Eastern Roman Empire to the Arabs and Turks (helped by warfare against Eastern Christians), the final Fall of Constantinople in 1453 resulted in Eastern scholars fleeing the Muslim hordes bringing ancient manuscripts to the West, which was a factor in the beginning of the period of the Western Renaissance there. Rome was seen by the Western Church as Christianity's heartland. Some Eastern churches even broke with Eastern Orthodoxy and entered into communion with Rome (the ""Uniate"" Eastern Catholic Churches).


title: Christian Church

text: The changes brought on by the Renaissance eventually led to the Protestant Reformation during which the Protestant Lutheran and the Reformed followers of Calvin, Hus, Zwingli, Melancthon, Knox, and others split from the Catholic Church. At this time, a series of non-theological disputes also led to the English Reformation which led to the independence of the Church of England. Then, during the Age of Exploration and the Age of Imperialism, Western Europe spread the Catholic Church and the Protestant churches around the world, especially in the Americas. These developments in turn have led to Christianity being the largest religion in the world today.


title: Christian Church

text: The Catholic Church teaches in its doctrine that it is the original church founded by Christ on the Apostles in the 1st century AD. The papal encyclical "Mystici corporis" (Pope Pius XII, 1943), expresses the dogmatic ecclesiology of the Catholic Church thus: "If we would define and describe this true Church of Jesus Christ—which is the One, Holy, Catholic, Apostolic, Roman Church–we shall find no expression more noble, more sublime, or more divine, than the phrase which calls it 'the Mystical Body of Jesus Christ'." The Second Vatican Council's dogmatic constitution, "Lumen gentium" (1964), further declares that "the one Church of Christ which in the Creed is professed as one, holy, catholic and apostolic, ... constituted and organized in the world as a society, subsists in the Catholic Church, which is governed by the successor of Peter and by the Bishops in communion with him". Likewise, the encyclical of Pope Pius IX, "Singulari Quidem", states in a similar vein, "There is only one true, holy, Catholic Church, which is the Apostolic Roman Church. There is only one See founded on Peter by the word of the Lord... Outside of the Church, no one can hope for life or salvation unless he is excused through ignorance beyond his control." It is also a common theme in Catholic devotional and catechetical literature: "The Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church is the only flock of which Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is the only Shepherd." (Catholic Book of Prayers, Pg. 236, "One Flock, One Shepherd")


title: Christian Church

text: A 2007 declaration of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith clarified that, in this passage, "'subsistence' means this perduring, historical continuity and the permanence of all the elements instituted by Christ in the Catholic Church, in which the Church of Christ is concretely found on this earth", and acknowledged that grace can be operative within religious communities separated from the Catholic Church due to some "elements of sanctification and truth" within them, but also added "Nevertheless, the word 'subsists' can only be attributed to the Catholic Church alone precisely because it refers to the mark of unity that we profess in the symbols of the faith (I believe... in the 'one' Church); and this 'one' Church subsists in the Catholic Church."


title: Christian Church

text: The Catholic Church teaches that only corporate bodies of Christians led by bishops with valid holy orders can be recognized as "churches" in the proper sense. In Catholic documents, communities without such bishops are formally called ecclesial communities.


title: Christian Church

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church each claims to be the original Christian Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church bases its claim primarily on its assertion that it holds to traditions and beliefs of the original Christian Church. It also claims that four out of the five sees of the Pentarchy (excluding Rome) are still a part of it.


title: Christian Church

text: The Oriental Orthodox Churches claims to be the original Christian Church. The Oriental Orthodox churches' bases their claim primarily on its assertion that it holds to traditions and beliefs of the original Christian Church. They never adopted the theory of the Nature of God, which was formulated later than the break that followed the Council of Chalcedon.


title: Christian Church

text: The Lutheran churches traditionally hold that their tradition represents the true visible Church. The Augsburg Confession found within the Book of Concord, a compendium of belief of the Lutheran Churches, teaches that "the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new, but the true catholic faith, and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church". When the Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1530, they believe to have "showed that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture, and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils".


title: Christian Church

text: Nevertheless, the Lutheran churches teach that "there are indeed true Christians in other churches" as "other denominations also preach the Word of God, though mixed with error"; since the proclamation of the Word of God bears fruit, Lutheran theology accepts the appellation "Church" for other Christian denominations.


title: Christian Church

text: Anglicans generally understand their tradition as a branch of the historical ""Catholic Church"" and as a "via media" ("middle way") between traditions, often Lutheranism and Reformed Christianity, or Roman Catholicism and Reformed Christianity.


title: Christian Church

text: Reformed theology defines the Church as being invisible and visible—the former includes the entire communion of saints and the latter is the "institution that God provides as an agency for God's saving, justifying, and sustaining activity", which John Calvin referred to as "our mother". The Reformed confessions of faith emphasize "the pure teaching of the gospel ("pura doctrina evangelii") and the right administration of the sacraments ("recta administratio sacramentorum")" as "the two most necessary signs of the true visible church".


title: Christian Church

text: Methodists affirm belief in "the one true Church, Apostolic and Universal", viewing their churches as constituting a "privileged branch of this true church". With regard to the position of Methodism within Christendom, the founder of the movement "John Wesley once noted that what God had achieved in the development of Methodism was no mere human endeavor but the work of God. As such it would be preserved by God so long as history remained." Calling it "the grand depositum" of the Methodist faith, Wesley specifically taught that the propagation of the doctrine of entire sanctification was the reason that God raised up the Methodists in the world.


title: Christian Church

text: The local Evangelical Church is the organization that represents the universal Church and is seen by evangelicals as the body of Jesus Christ. It is responsible for teaching and ordinances, mainly the believer's baptism and the Lord's Supper. Many churches are members of Evangelical Christian denominations and adhere to a common confession of faith and regulations, despite the autonomy of the church. Some denominations are members of a national alliance of churches of the World Evangelical Alliance. Some evangelical denominations operate according to episcopal polity or presbyterian polity. However, the most common form of church government within Evangelicalism is congregational polity. This is especially common among non-denominational evangelical churches. Common ministries within evangelical congregations are pastor, elder, deacon, evangelist and worship leader. The ministry of bishop with a function of supervision over churches on a regional or national scale is present in all the Evangelical Christian denominations, even if the titles president of the council or general overseer are mainly used for this function.


title: Christian Church

text: Today there is a wide diversity of Christian groups, with a variety of different doctrines and traditions. These controversies between the various branches of Christianity naturally include significant differences in their respective ecclesiologies.


title: Christian Church

text: A denomination in Christianity is a generic term for a distinct religious body identified by traits such as a common name, structure, leadership, or doctrine. Individual bodies, however, may use alternative terms to describe themselves, such as "church" or "fellowship". Divisions between one group and another are defined by doctrine and church authority; issues such as the nature of Jesus, the authority of apostolic succession, eschatology, and papal primacy often separate one denomination from another. Groups of denominations often sharing broadly similar beliefs, practices, and historical ties are known as branches of Christianity.


title: Christian Church

text: Individual Christian groups vary widely in the degree to which they recognize one another. Several groups claim to be the direct and sole authentic successor the church founded by Jesus Christ in the 1st century AD. Others, however, believe in denominationalism, where some or all Christian groups are legitimate churches of the same religion regardless of their distinguishing labels, beliefs, and practices. Because of this concept, some Christian bodies reject the term "denomination" to describe themselves, to avoid implying equivalency with other churches or denominations.


title: Christian Church

text: The Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church believe that the term "one" in the Nicene Creed describes and prescribes a "visible" institutional and doctrinal unity, not only geographically throughout the world, but also historically throughout history. They see unity as one of the four marks that the Creed attributes to the genuine Church, and the essence of a mark is to be visible. A church whose identity and belief varied from country to country and from age to age would not be "one" in their estimation. As such they see themselves not as a denomination, but as pre-denominational; not as one of many faith communities, but the original and sole true Church.


title: Christian Church

text: Many Baptist and Congregationalist theologians accept the local sense as the only valid application of the term "church". They strongly reject the notion of a universal (catholic) church. These denominations argue that all uses of the Greek word "ekklesia" in the New Testament are speaking of either a particular local group or of the notion of "church" in the abstract, and never of a single, worldwide Church.


title: Christian Church

text: Many Anglicans, Lutherans, Old Catholics, and Independent Catholics view unity as a mark of catholicity, but see the institutional unity of the Catholic Church as manifested in the shared apostolic succession of their episcopacies, rather than a shared episcopal hierarchy or rites.


title: Christian Church

text: Reformed Christians hold that every person justified by faith in the Gospel committed to the Apostles is a member of "One, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church". From this perspective, the real unity and holiness of the whole church established through the Apostles is yet to be revealed; and meanwhile, the extent and peace of the church on earth is imperfectly realized in a visible way.


title: Christian Church

text: The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod declares that the Christian Church, properly speaking, consists only of those who have faith in the gospel (i.e., the forgiveness of sins which Christ gained for all people), even if they are in church bodies that teach error, but excluding those who do not have such faith, even if they belong to a church or hold a teaching office in it.


title: Christian Church

text: A number of historians have noted a twentieth-century "global shift" in Christianity, from a religion largely found in Europe and the Americas to one which is found in the global south. Described as "World Christianity" or "Global Christianity", this term attempts to convey the global nature of the Christian religion. However, the term often focuses on “non-Western Christianity” which “comprises (usually the exotic) instances of Christian faith in ‘the global South’, in Asia, Africa and Latin America.” It also includes indigenous or diasporic forms in Western Europe and North America.


title: Max Kellerman

text: Max Kellerman (born August 6, 1973) is an American sports television personality and boxing commentator. He is the host of "This Just In with Max Kellerman" and the co-host of "Keyshawn, JWill and Max" on ESPN. He previously was a co-host of ESPN talk show "First Take" alongside Stephen A. Smith and Molly Qerim. He also previously was the co-host of the sports radio talk show "Max & Marcellus", with Marcellus Wiley, on ESPNLA. Kellerman hosted the ESPN panel talk show "Around the Horn" from the show's incarnation in 2002 until 2004 and co-hosted the sports comedy talk show "SportsNation", alongside Wiley and Michelle Beadle, from 2013 until 2016. He was also a studio commentator with Brian Kenny on "Friday Night Fights" and a color commentator for "HBO World Championship Boxing" and "Boxing After Dark".


title: Max Kellerman

text: Kellerman's first broadcasting experience was as a teenager on a New York City public-access television cable TV program on professional boxing called "Max on Boxing". Given the medium, the show was quite simple but nevertheless caught the attention of the boxing community, including a young Mike Tyson.


title: Max Kellerman

text: In the late 1990s after graduating from Columbia University with a degree in history, Kellerman was hired as an analyst on ESPN's boxing series "Friday Night Fights" where he met future radio partner Brian Kenny. In November 2002 he was given his own show and, influenced by "Pardon the Interruption", became the architect and original host of ESPN's "Around the Horn". While the show was incredibly popular, Kellerman and ESPN could not reach an agreement for him to remain with the network, and Kellerman left the network in early 2004 to host a new show called "I, Max" on Fox Sports Net. He would discuss sports news with Michael Holley, former "Around the Horn" panelist, and Bill Wolff.


title: Max Kellerman

text: Max took time off from the show after his brother's death (see below). He later returned, but despite his show garnering the network's highest ratings for a period of time, it was canceled by Fox. The last "I, Max" show aired on February 18, 2005. Max also was the co-host of Spike TV's 2006 series, "King of Vegas".


title: Max Kellerman

text: In 2005, Tucker Carlson announced that Kellerman would be a permanent contributor on his MSNBC show "Tucker". On a segment of the show called "The Outsider", Kellerman generally took the position selected by Carlson. Frequently, Carlson introduced Kellerman with a bio containing a humorously enthusiastic compliment. The show was canceled in March 2008.


title: Max Kellerman

text: Starting in the week of August 21, 2006, Kellerman did at least two nights of audition shows at 7 PM for WEPN (1050) 1050 ESPN Radio in New York City, hosting one night with Sid Rosenberg. On August 28, 2006, it was announced that Brandon Tierney would be taking over at 7 PM, which temporarily left Kellerman without a timeslot. On October 23, 2006, Max began hosting the 10 AM to noon program on WEPN, replacing ESPN's nationally broadcast Colin Cowherd program.


title: Max Kellerman

text: In September 2007, Kellerman began hosting a third hour, extending the show to 1 pm. Two months later, ESPNEWS and SportsCenter host Brian Kenny joined the show as co-host. On February 4, 2008, the show was added to XM Radio on ESPN Xtra. In the fall of 2008, Kenny left the radio program to attend to his SportsCenter duties and the program was again named "The Max Kellerman Show".


title: Max Kellerman

text: Kellerman and ESPN radio mutually ended their relationship on March 9, 2009. Evening host Brandon Tierney temporarily filled in Kellerman, and Colin Cowherd took his timeslot.


title: Max Kellerman

text: Kellerman continued his boxing broadcast work at HBO. He was originally hired for the network's Boxing After Dark telecasts, working alongside Fran Charles and Lennox Lewis. In 2007, Kellerman moved up to the HBO World Championship Boxing main team alongside Jim Lampley, Harold Lederman, and a rotating guest analyst, usually Roy Jones Jr. or the late Emanuel Steward.


title: Max Kellerman

text: On May 12, 2010, it was announced Kellerman had been hired by CNN: "Kellerman will weigh in on sports and pop culture issues on "CNN American Morning" and other programs. He has previously served as a contributor to MSNBC."


title: Max Kellerman

text: Kellerman was announced in December 2010 as the new midday host at ESPNLA 710 alongside former NFL player co-host Marcellus Wiley, replacing LA Sports Live with Andrew Siciliano and former NBA player Mychal Thompson. Program director Mike Thompson (no relation to Mychal Thompson), who hired Kellerman, had worked with Kellerman at WEPN.


title: Max Kellerman

text: In May 2015, Kellerman covered the Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Manny Pacquiao boxing match for HBO. He received criticism online for his post-match interview with Manny Pacquiao.


title: Max Kellerman

text: "The Guardian" stated that his line of questioning was, "interpreted as patronizing" as his wording to Pacquiao was "You thought you won today, Why?" However, Kellerman retorted that he "had to ask him" about his disagreement with the judges' adjudication.


title: Max Kellerman

text: Kellerman has replaced Skip Bayless on ESPN's "First Take" as co-analyst alongside Stephen A. Smith and host Molly Qerim, effective July 25, 2016.


title: Max Kellerman

text: With HBO leaving the boxing business at the end of 2018, Kellerman signed a multiyear contract with ESPN which greatly expanded his role in the network's boxing coverage. However, in contrast to his color-commentary role with HBO, for ESPN he is presiding over network coverage from the broadcast desk rather than at ringside.


title: Max Kellerman

text: Kellerman made a brief appearance in the 2006 film "Rocky Balboa" alongside Lampley and Merchant, who served as the broadcast team for the fight between Rocky and Mason "The Line" Dixon. He would also make an appearance in the 2015 film "Creed", as the reporter interviewing Donnie Creed at the conclusion of his fight with "Pretty" Ricky Conlan.


title: Max Kellerman

text: Kellerman was born in The Bronx, and grew up in the Greenwich Village area of New York City. He graduated from New York City's PS 41 in Greenwich Village, Hunter College High School in 1991 and, later, Columbia University in 1998. Kellerman and his wife, Erin (Manning), have three daughters, Esther, Sam (named after Max's late brother), and Mira.


title: Max Kellerman

text: Kellerman pointed out on "Tucker" that "Max" is not short for anything, and that he does not have a middle name. He is active in Jewish cultural activities and, according to "The Forward" and the Yiddish Book Center, speaks Yiddish. A hip hop fan, evidenced by his intro music on his ESPN Radio show, Kellerman's favorite artists include the Wu-Tang Clan, having stated on his radio show that Raekwon's "Only Built 4 Cuban Linx..." is one of his favorite albums. He was a member of a hip-hop group with his brother Sam, under the name "Max and Sam". They were signed under Columbia Records in 1994 and recorded a music video titled "Young Man Rumble".


title: Max Kellerman

text: Kellerman has a small permanent scar on the left side of his mouth from a childhood accident with an electrical outlet.


title: Max Kellerman

text: Born on November 24, 1974, Sam Kellerman grew up in Manhattan while attending Stuyvesant High School. He was 15 months younger than Max, and the second of the four brothers in the Kellerman family. As an aspiring young artist, Kellerman wrote a play called "The Man Who Hated Shakespeare" and hosted a public-access cable-television show.


title: Max Kellerman

text: On October 17, 2004, Sam Kellerman's body was found inside his apartment in the 1400 block of Vista Street in Los Angeles. As a result of the ensuing investigation, former boxer James Butler was arrested and charged with Sam's murder. He later confessed to the murder and was given a 29-year sentence.