title: Armanen runes

text: List's row is based on the Younger Futhark, with the names and sound values mostly close to the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc. The two final runes, "Eh" and "Gibor", added to the Younger Futhark inventory, are taken from Anglo-Saxon "Eoh" and "Gyfu". Apart from the two additional runes, and a displacement of the "Man" rune from 13th to 15th place, the sequence is identical to that of the Younger Futhark.


title: Armanen runes

text: List noted in his book, "The Secret of the Runes", that the "runic futharkh (= runic ABC) consisted of sixteen symbols in ancient times." He also referred to the Armanen runes as the 'Armanen Futharkh' of which Stephen E. Flowers notes in his 1988 English translation of Lists 1907/08 'Das Geheimnis der Runen', that "The designation 'futharkh' is based on the first seven runes, namely F U T A R K H (or H) it is for this reason that the proper name is not futhark—as it is generally and incorrectly written—but rather 'futarkh', with the 'h' at the end."


title: Armanen runes

text: The first sixteen of von List's runes correspond to the sixteen Younger Futharkh runes, with slight modifications in names (and partly mirrored shapes). The two additional runes are loosely inspired by the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc.


title: Armanen runes

text: There is no historical runic equivalent to the 18th rune, the "gibor rune" (the name may be based on the Anglo-Saxon Gyfu rune).


title: Armanen runes

text: Its shape is similar to that of the "Wolfsangel" symbol, which sometimes leads to the mistaken conclusion that the "Wolfsangel" is linked to the ancient runic alphabet.


title: Armanen runes

text: List associated his Gibor rune with the final stanza of the "Rúnatal" (stanza 165 of the Hávamál, trans. H. A. Bellows):


title: Armanen runes

text: The Armanen runes were employed for magical purposes in works by authors such as Friedrich Bernhard Marby and Siegfried Adolf Kummer, and after World War II in a reformed "pansophical" system by Karl Spiesberger.


title: Armanen runes

text: More recently, Stephen Flowers, Adolf Schleipfer, Larry E. Camp and others also build on List's system.


title: Armanen runes

text: The book also remains popular in German Neo-Nazism, with a reprint published by Adolf Schleipfer of the "Armanen-Orden".


title: Armanen runes

text: During the 19th century, interest in the runic alphabets (such as the academic discipline of runology) was revived in Germany by the "völkisch" movement, which promoted interest in Germanic folklore and language in a reaction against the rapid modernisation of the German Empire under Kaiser Wilhelm I. The collapse of Wilhelmine Germany at the end of the First World War led to an upsurge of interest in "völkisch" ideology, which rejected liberalism, democracy, socialism and industrial capitalism—all traits reflected in the political system of Weimar Germany—as "un-German" and inspired by subversive Jewish influences.


title: Armanen runes

text: By the end of the war (1918) there were about seventy-five "völkisch" groups in Germany, promoting a variety of pseudo-historical, mystical, racial and anti-semitic views. This had a major influence on the embryonic Nazi Party; Hitler wrote in his 1925 book "Mein Kampf" that "the basic ideas of the National Socialist movement are "völkisch" and the "völkisch" ideas are National Socialist."


title: Armanen runes

text: List's work led to the adoption of his "Armanen runes" by the "Völkisch" movement, which had already adopted the swastika as a symbol of Germanic antiquity, and from there List's runes became an integral part of German and Austrian nationalistic socialist symbology.


title: Armanen runes

text: Heinrich Himmler, who led the SS from 1929 to 1945, was one of many leading Nazi figures associated with the Thule Society "völkisch" group, and his interest in Germanic mysticism led him to adopt a variety of List's runes for the SS. Some had already been adopted by members of the SS and its predecessor organisations but Himmler systematised their use throughout the SS. By 1945 the SS used the swastika and the "Sonnenrad". Until 1939, members of the "Allgemeine SS" were given training in runic symbolism on joining the organisation.


title: Armanen runes

text: Runic signs were used from the 1920s to 1945 on SS flags, uniforms and other items as symbols of various aspects of Nazi ideology and Germanic mysticism. They also represented virtues seen as desirable in SS members, and were based on The Runes order designed by Karl Maria Wiligut which he loosely based on the historical runic alphabets.


title: Armanen runes

text: After World War II, Karl Spiesberger reformed the system, removing the racist aspects of the Listian, Marbyan and Kummerian rune work and placing the whole system in a "pansophical", or eclectic, context. In recent times Karl Hans Welz, Stephen E. Flowers, A. D. Mercer, Larry E. Camp and Victor Ordell L. Kasen have all furthered the effort to remove any racist connotations previously espoused by pre-war Armanen rune masters.


title: Armanen runes

text: In German-speaking countries, the Armanen Runes have been influential among rune-occultists. According to Stephen E. Flowers they are better known even than the historical Elder Futhark:


title: Armanen runes

text: The personal force of List and that of his extensive and influential "Armanen Orden" was able to shape the runic theories of German magicians...from that time to the present day. [...] the "Armanen" system of runes...by 1955 had become almost "traditional" in German circles


title: Syringa

text: Syringa is a genus of 12 currently recognized species of flowering woody plants in the olive family or Oleaceae called lilacs. These lilacs are native to woodland and scrub from southeastern Europe to eastern Asia, and widely and commonly cultivated in temperate areas elsewhere.


title: Syringa

text: The genus is most closely related to "Ligustrum" (privet), classified with it in Oleaceae tribus Oleeae subtribus Ligustrinae.


title: Syringa

text: Lilacs are used as food plants by the larvae of some moth species, including copper underwing, scalloped oak and Svensson's copper underwing.


title: Syringa

text: They are small trees, ranging in size from tall, with stems up to diameter. The leaves are opposite (occasionally in whorls of three) in arrangement, and their shape is simple and heart-shaped to broad lanceolate in most species, but pinnate in a few species (e.g. "S. protolaciniata, S. pinnatifolia").


title: Syringa

text: The flowers are produced in spring, each flower being in diameter with a four-lobed corolla, the corolla tube narrow, long; they are monoecious, with fertile stamens and stigma in each flower. The usual flower colour is a shade of purple (often a light purple or "lilac"), but white, pale yellow and pink, and even a dark burgundy color are also found.


title: Syringa

text: The flowers grow in large panicles, and in several species have a strong fragrance. Flowering varies between mid spring to early summer, depending on the species.


title: Syringa

text: The English common name "lilac" is from the French "lilac" via the from meaning the indigo plant or "nilak" meaning "bluish"; both "lilanj" and "nilak" come from Persian "nīl" "indigo" or "nili" "dark blue".


title: Syringa

text: The genus Syringa was first formally described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus and the description was published in "Species Plantarum". The genus name "Syringa" is derived from Ancient Greek word "syrinx" meaning "pipe" or "tube" and refers to the hollow branches of "S. vulgaris".


title: Syringa

text: Lilacs are popular shrubs in parks and gardens throughout the temperate zone, and several hybrids and numerous cultivars have been developed. The term French lilac is often used to refer to modern double-flowered cultivars, thanks to the work of prolific breeder Victor Lemoine. Lilacs grow most successfully in well-drained soils, particularly those based on chalk. They flower on old wood, and produce more flowers if unpruned. If pruned, the plant responds by producing fast-growing young vegetative growth with no flowers, in an attempt to restore the removed branches. Lilac bushes can be prone to powdery mildew disease.


title: Syringa

text: The wood of lilac is close-grained, diffuse-porous, extremely hard and one of the densest in Europe. The sapwood is typically cream-coloured and the heartwood has various shades of brown and purple. Lilac wood has traditionally been used for engraving, musical instruments, knife handles, etc. When drying, the wood has a tendency to encurve into a twisted form and to split into narrow sticks.


title: Syringa

text: In Greece, Macedonia, Lebanon, and Cyprus, the lilac is strongly associated with Easter time because it flowers around that time; it is consequently called "paschalia".


title: Syringa

text: In the poem "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd", by Walt Whitman, lilacs are a reference to Abraham Lincoln.


title: Syringa

text: "Syringa vulgaris" is the state flower of New Hampshire, because it "is symbolic of that hardy character of the men and women of the Granite State."


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: Unreal is a first-person shooter video game developed by Epic MegaGames and Digital Extremes and published by GT Interactive for Microsoft Windows in May 1998. It was powered by Unreal Engine, an original game engine. The game reached sales of 1.5 million units by 2002.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: Since the release of "Unreal", the franchise has had one and two different series based on the "Unreal" universe. One official bonus pack, the Epic-released Fusion Map Pack, can be downloaded free of charge. "Unreal Mission Pack: Return to Na Pali", developed by Legend Entertainment, was released in June 1999, and added 17 new missions to the single-player campaign of "Unreal". "Unreal" and "Return to Na Pali" would later be bundled together as "Unreal Gold". Additionally, the games were updated to run on the "Unreal Tournament" version of the game engine.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: The player takes on the part of Prisoner 849, aboard the prison spacecraft "Vortex Rikers". During transport to a moon-based prison, the ship is pulled to an uncharted planet before reaching its destination. The ship crash-lands on the lip of a canyon on the planet Na Pali, home of the Nali, a primitive tribal race of four-armed humanoids. The Nali and their planet have been subjugated by the Skaarj, a race of brutish yet technologically advanced reptilian humanoids. Skaarj troops board the downed "Vortex Rikers" and kill the remaining survivors, except for Prisoner 849 who manages to find a weapon and escape from the ship.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: The planet Na Pali is rich in "Tarydium", a mineral that is found as light blue crystals, possessing a high energy yield and are the reason the Skaarj have invaded. The ship has crashed near one of the many mines and processing facilities that the Skaarj have built. Prisoner 849 travels through the mines, meeting Nali slaves and eventually entering the ruins of Nali temples, villages and cities, where the extent of the Nalis' suffering and exploitation are made clear.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: Throughout the game the player stumbles across the remains of other humans, often with electronic journals that detail their last days and hint at the cause of their demise. Usually the tales are of desperate struggles to hide from the Skaarj or other bloodthirsty inhabitants of the planet. The player never meets another live human aside from a wounded crew member on the bridge of the prison ship who gasps and dies immediately. Prisoner 849 is likely the only human alive on the planet Na Pali throughout the game.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: Prisoner 849 continues to make his way through a series of alien installations, a second crashed human spaceship, and ancient Nali temples infested with Skaarj troops and their minions, eventually arriving at the Nali Castle. Inside the castle, the prisoner locates a teleporter that leads to the Skaarj Mothership. The mothership proves to be a vast labyrinth, but Prisoner 849 manages to find the ship's reactor and destroys it, plunging the vessel into darkness. After navigating the corridors in the dark, the player arrives at the Skaarj Queen's chamber and kills her. Prisoner 849 jumps into an escape pod as the mothership disintegrates. Although the prisoner survives the Skaarj, the escape pod is left to float into space with slim hopes of being found.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: The expansion, Return to Na Pali, developed by Legend Entertainment, picks up not long after "Unreal"s ending; Prisoner 849 is found by a human warship, the UMS "Bodega Bay". The Unified Military Services (UMS) conscripted the prisoner into service upon learning their identity, forcing the prisoner to return to Na Pali in order to locate the downed ship UMS "Prometheus". There, the prisoner is to retrieve some weapons research. In return, the prisoner will receive a full pardon and transportation back to Earth, though the real plan is revealed to be maintaining the secrecy of the mission by killing the prisoner immediately after the information is secured.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: Upon arriving at the "Prometheus", Prisoner 849 finds the secret weapons log, but soon after, they find a working radio communicator nearby. The prisoner listens to a recently recorded and archived conversation between the "Bodega Bay" and a nearby space station, the UMS "Starlight", exposing the military's treachery. As Prisoner 849 transmits the research log, a squad of marines beam on board "Prometheus", intending to eliminate the prisoner who manages to escape into a nearby mine system.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: Once again, Prisoner 849 is forced to traverse a series of alien facilities and Nali temples in an attempt to locate another way off the planet. Eventually the prisoner ends up at another Nali Castle, where a small space shuttle is stored. After fighting through Skaarj, the prisoner manages to take off in the spacecraft. However, the "Bodega Bay" is waiting in orbit, and launches a missile at the prisoner's ship. The prisoner outmaneuvers the missile, and leads it back on a collision course with the "Bodega Bay". The large ship is disabled by the ensuing blast, and Prisoner 849 escapes into space.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: "Unreal" was jointly developed by Epic MegaGames and Digital Extremes and mostly funded with the proceeds from "Epic Pinball", Epic's best selling shareware game. In the February 1997 issue of "Next Generation", lead designer James Schmalz recalled how it started:


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: While the team still had only the outdoor terrain and the dragon in place, Intel invited Epic MegaGames to demonstrate "Unreal" to them. Following the demonstration, Intel told them about their upcoming MMX instruction set. Sweeney was immediately excited by the possibilities MMX presented, and put together a working MMX version of the rendering code before Epic had even received a chip with MMX.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: Originally, "Unreal" was going to feature a large status bar and centered weapons, similar to "Doom" and "Quake". As development progressed, various levels were cut from development. A few of these levels reappeared in the "Return to Na Pali" expansion pack. A number of enemies from early versions are present in the released software, but with variations and improvements to their look. One monster that didn't make the cut was a dragon. One of the weapons shown in early screenshots was the "Quadshot" - a four-barreled shotgun; the model remains in-game, while there is no code for the weapon to function (several user-made modifications bring the weapon back in the game). Another weapon shown was a different pistol, however this may have just been an early version of the Automag. At one point, the rifle could fire three shots at once, which is wrongly stated as the alternate fire in the "Unreal" manual that comes with "Unreal Anthology".


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: Initially the game's player character was to be female, but as the number of games with female playable characters increased, the team decided to allow the player to select from a male character and a female character.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: With the game still in development, Epic MegaGames started work on a port for the Nintendo 64DD. Mark Rein stated in an interview that "We still have to get Nintendo's approval on everything, but we're working on it. We're already coding the engine. ... we'll have to reduce the dimensions of the textures, so they'll be scaled down quite a bit, but with the bi-linear filtering, you can get away with much lower resolution textures and it will look just as good". He added that while a port for the standalone Nintendo 64 would probably be possible, the limited storage space of the cartridge format would necessitate heavy compromises to the details on the monsters and the number of unique textures. A Dreamcast port was also planned, and was in fact demoed for the system's capabilities early on its lifecycle, but was canceled when GT Interactive entered financial struggles (one of the reasons they would be purchased by Infogrames in 1999), and a port of "Unreal Tournament" would take its place in 2001.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: Since "Unreal" came packaged with its own scripting language called UnrealScript, it soon developed a large community on the Internet which was able to add new mods (short for "modifications") in order to change or enhance gameplay. This feature greatly added to the overall longevity of the product and provided an incentive for new development. A map editor and overall complete modification program called UnrealEd also came with the package.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: "Unreal"s method of creating maps differs in major ways from that of "Quake". The bundled UnrealEd map editor uses the "Unreal" engine to render scenes exactly as they appear in-game, as opposed to external editors like Worldcraft attempting to recreate it with different methods. Whereas "Quake" maps are compiled from a variety of different components, "Unreal" maps are inherently editable on the fly. This allows anybody to edit any map that is created, including the maps included with the game.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: The "Unreal" engine brought a host of graphical improvements. "Unreal"s software renderer allowed software features as rich as the hardware renderers of the time, including colored lighting and even a limited form of texture filtering referred to by Sweeney as an ordered "texture coordinate space" dither. Early pre-release versions of "Unreal" were based entirely on software rendering.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: "Unreal" was one of the first games to utilize detail texturing. This type of multiple texturing enhances the surfaces of objects with a second texture that shows material detail. When the player stands within a small distance from most surfaces, the detail texture will fade in and make the surface appear much more complex (high-resolution) instead of becoming increasingly blurry. Notable surfaces with these special detail textures included computer monitors, pitted metal surfaces aboard the prison ship, golden metal doors, and stone surfaces within Nali temples. This extra texture layer was not applied to character models. The resulting simulation of material detail on game objects was intended to aid the player's suspension of disbelief. For many years after "Unreal"s release (and "Unreal Tournament"s release), detail texturing only worked well with the S3 MeTaL and Glide renderer. It was, in fact, disabled in the Direct3D renderer by default (but could be re-enabled in the "Unreal.ini" file) due to performance and quality issues caused by the driver, while it was present even on hardware many times more powerful than the original S3 Savage3D and 3Dfx Voodoo Graphics.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: Because of "Unreal"s long development time, the course of development occurred during the emergence and rapid progression of hardware 3D accelerators. Along with the advanced software 3D renderer, "Unreal" was built to take advantage of the 3Dfx Glide API, which emerged as the dominant interface towards the end of the game's development. When "Unreal" was finally released, Microsoft's Direct3D API was growing rapidly in popularity and Epic was fairly quick to develop a renderer for their game engine. However, the Direct3D renderer, released initially to support the new Matrox G200, was less capable and slower than the Glide support, especially in the beginning when it was unstable, slow, and had many graphics quality issues. "Unreal" also had official OpenGL support.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: While many game companies went from FM synthesis or General MIDI in the early 1990s to enhanced CD audio and pre-rendered audio, many of the Epic Games used the less common system of module music, composed with a tracker, which used stored PCM sound samples of musical instruments sequenced together to produce music. Epic had been using this technology for other games such as "Jazz Jackrabbit" and "", which allowed relatively rich music to be stored in files usually smaller than one megabyte. This technology allowed easy implementation of dynamic music for mood changes in "Unreal". The "Unreal" soundtrack was written by MOD music authors Alexander Brandon and Michiel van den Bos with a few selected tracks by Dan Gardopée and Andrew Sega. "Unreal"s music engine also supports CD audio tracks. The game also made use of the Aureal 3D technology.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: In July 2000 the official support ended with patch 2.26f by Epic MegaGames. Therefore, with the awareness and permission of Epic, the fan community started the "OldUnreal" Community patch project based on the original source code in 2008. The latest patch iteration, 2.27i, released in November 2012, features new graphics rendering like DirectX 9, updated OpenGL, new sound rendering based on OpenAL and fixes many incompatibilities with modern operating systems and hardware.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: The Mac version was released in parallel with the PC version. It supported RAVE hardware acceleration as well as 3DFX's Voodoo, built-in software rendering and, later on, OpenGL rendering. RAVE acceleration support allowed the game to support hardware 3D acceleration with just about every Mac that included it. It also supported Apple's Game Sprockets.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: The last update for the Mac OS port was version 224b, which breaks network compatibility between it and the PC version, as well as lacking support for some user-created content made for 225 and 226f. Westlake Interactive, the company responsible for the port, claimed that previous patches were produced voluntarily in their free time, beyond their contractual obligations. They also stated that they did not receive the code for the 225 patch and that it had become unavailable due to Epic moving on to develop version 226.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: An unofficial content port of the single-player maps to Linux was created by several users of icculus.org, which allowed the "Unreal" single-player game content to be run as a modification for "Unreal Tournament". The online retailer Tux Games at one point sold a box set including the Linux version. The 227 community patch contains a full Linux port for Unreal.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: Two novels titled "Hard Crash" and "Prophet's Power" were published, expanding on the premise and story first introduced in "Unreal". "Prophet's Power", numbered as the second book in the series, is actually a prequel to the first, "Hard Crash"; thus it is harder for readers to understand what happened in the story. A book called "Escape to Na Pali: A Journey to the Unreal" was published on June 23, 2014. It is an adventure to the world of "Unreal", written by Kaitlin Tremblay and Alan Williamson.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: In the United States, "Unreal" debuted in third place on PC Data's computer game sales chart for the week ending May 23, 1998, at an average retail price (ARP) of $50. It climbed to first place the following week, while its ARP dropped to $40. Finishing May as the country's second-highest computer game seller of the month, behind "StarCraft", "Unreal" proceeded to alternate with "StarCraft" between positions 1 and 2 on the weekly charts through the May 31 – June 27 period. Jason Ocampo of "Computer Games Strategy Plus" characterized the games' competition for first place as a "tug-of-war". "Unreal" ultimately held at #2 behind "StarCraft" on the monthly chart for June as a whole, and became the United States' 15th-best-selling computer game of 1998's first half.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: "Unreal" maintained a position in PC Data's weekly top 10 from June 28 through August 1. It continued its streak at second place for July overall, and totaled sales in excess of 120,000 copies in the United States by the end of that month, according to PC Data. IGN described this performance as "a huge hit". In early August, GT Interactive reported that global sales of "Unreal" had topped 500,000 copies, which contributed to growth at the publisher. The game went on to appear in PC Data's weekly top 10 from August 2 through the week ending September 12, when it fell to #10, and in the monthly top 10 for both August and September. After falling to 19th place for October in total, it exited the monthly top 20. Ultimately, PC Data declared "Unreal" the United States' 11th-best-selling computer game during the January–November 1998 period.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: In the United States, "Unreal" finished 1998 as the year's 13th-biggest computer game seller, with sales of 291,300 units and revenues of $10.96 million. Its ARP for the year was $38. According to GameDaily, the game's sales in the United States reached 350,000 units by January 1999. Worldwide sales surpassed one million units by September 1999, and reached 1.5 million copies by November 2002.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: "Unreal" was very well received upon release. Critics praised the graphics, gameplay, music, atmosphere, enemy behavior, and bot support in multiplayer, but criticized the lag-ridden online multiplayer.


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: "Macworld"s Michael Gowan wrote: "This 3-D shoot-'em-up reinvigorates a tired genre. Plot, atmosphere, and exploration mix with ferocious enemies to make this game stand out from the pack".


title: Unreal (1998 video game)

text: "Next Generation" reviewed the PC version of the game, rating it five stars out of five, and stated that ""Unreal" is the single best action game ever to appear on PC".


title: Bella Donna (album)

text: Bella Donna is the debut solo studio album by American singer and songwriter Stevie Nicks. Released on July 27, 1981, the album reached number one on the US "Billboard" 200 in September of that year. "Bella Donna" was awarded platinum status by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on October 7, 1981, less than three months after its release, and in 1990 was certified quadruple-platinum for four million copies shipped. "Bella Donna" spent nearly three years on the "Billboard" 200, from July 1981 to June 1984.


title: Bella Donna (album)

text: The album spawned four hit singles during 1981 and 1982: the Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers-penned duet "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around" (#3), the Don Henley duet "Leather and Lace" (#6), her signature song "Edge of Seventeen" (#11) and country-tinged "After the Glitter Fades" (#32).


title: Bella Donna (album)

text: "Bella Donna" would mark the beginning of Nicks' trend of calling upon her many musician friends and connections to fully realize her sparse demo recordings. Along with friends Tom Petty and Don Henley, Nicks brought in session musician Waddy Wachtel, Bruce Springsteen's E-Street Band pianist Roy Bittan, and Stax session man Donald "Duck" Dunn of Booker T. & the MGs. The album marked the first recording featuring Nicks' backing vocalists, Sharon Celani and Lori Perry, who still record and tour with Nicks today.


title: Bella Donna (album)

text: Nicks began work on "Bella Donna" in 1979, in between sessions for her third album as part of Fleetwood Mac, "Tusk", released in October that year. Nicks recorded various demo versions of songs in early and mid-1980 but these recordings were not used on the album. Following the end of the "Tusk" tour on September 1, 1980, work with a full band of other musicians commenced under producer Jimmy Iovine.


title: Bella Donna (album)

text: Recording sessions continued until the spring of 1981 when the final songs for the album were completed: "Edge of Seventeen" and "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around". The 10-song, 42-minute album "Bella Donna" was released in the summer of 1981. Nicks wrote "Think About It" for her friend and Fleetwood Mac bandmate Christine McVie. A number of finished songs did not make it on the album, including "Blue Lamp", which was released instead on the "Heavy Metal" soundtrack later in 1981, and "Sleeping Angel", released on the "Fast Times at Ridgemont High" soundtrack in 1982. These two songs were included on Nicks' "Enchanted" boxed set in 1998, along with another unused "Bella Donna" session song, "Gold and Braid". Three more songs from these sessions, "If You Were My Love", "Belle Fleur" and "The Dealer", were finally released on Nicks' album "" (2014).


title: Bella Donna (album)

text: On her "Enchanted" boxed set release in 1998, remastered versions of some "Bella Donna" tracks ran noticeably longer in some instances, notably "Leather and Lace". Video footage of the album sessions can be found on the DVD portion of Nicks' retrospective release "Crystal Visions – The Very Best of Stevie Nicks" (2007).


title: Bella Donna (album)

text: Rhino released an expanded, three-disc version of "Bella Donna" on November 4, 2016. The first disc is the remastered original album. The second disc includes outtakes, alternative versions, demos and more. The third disc consists of live tracks from Nicks' "White Wing Dove" tour 1981, recorded at the Fox Wilshire Theatre in Los Angeles, California on December 13, 1981.


title: Bella Donna (album)

text: Nicks underwent a short national tour in support of the album, starting on November 28, 1981, and finishing on December 13, 1981. The final night at The Wilshire Fox Theatre in Beverly Hills was recorded by HBO for a television special and later released on VHS and LaserDisc video in many territories by CBS/Fox in 1982 as "White Wing Dove – Stevie Nicks in Concert". The whole show was recorded, but only 9 tracks ("Gold Dust Woman", "Gold And Braid", "I Need to Know", an edited "Outside the Rain", "Dreams", "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around", "Sara", "Edge of Seventeen" and "Rhiannon") were shown on the TV special and released to video.


title: Bella Donna (album)

text: However, the live performance of "Leather and Lace" was used as a video promo for the single release (even though it was a solo version and did not feature Don Henley), and did surface on the 1986 VHS collection "I Can't Wait", which featured six of Nicks' promo-clips between 1981 and 1985. These six promos were released on DVD as a special feature to the Australian issue of "Fleetwood Mac – Mirage Tour" in 2007.


title: Bella Donna (album)

text: On the 2016 Bella Donna Deluxe Edition, 14 tracks from the show - the ten aforementioned songs as well as "Angel", "After the Glitter Fades", "Bella Donna" and "How Still My Love" - were remastered and released (Disc 3), with "Outside the Rain" being restored to its full version. Previously, only two tracks ("Edge of Seventeen" and "Gold and Braid") were found on the boxset "The Enchanted Works of Stevie Nicks" (1998). "Blue Lamp" and "Think About It" were recorded and received audio broadcast on radio but were not televised, and as such have never been officially released.


title: Bella Donna (album)

text: Nicks' retrospective "Crystal Visions – The Very Best of Stevie Nicks" (2007) included the full live 1981 clip of "Edge of Seventeen" on the DVD supplement, with optional commentary from Nicks. She admits that her tears at the end of the song were due to her thoughts of having to join Fleetwood Mac in France the following day to begin recording the album "Mirage", one of the key reasons why the 1981 tour was so short.


title: Bella Donna (album)

text: The "White Wing Dove" performance remains unreleased in its entirety, although it has been circulating for many years amongst fans as a bootleg.


title: Planet Fitness

text: Planet Fitness (PFIP LLC) is an American franchisor and operator of fitness centers based in Hampton, New Hampshire. The company reports that it has 2,039 clubs, making it one of the largest fitness club franchises by number of members and locations. The franchise has locations in the United States, Canada, Dominican Republic, Panama, Mexico, and Australia. It markets itself as a "Judgement Free Zone" that caters to novice and casual gym users, and has faced both praise and criticism for its atmosphere. It is reported to be the nation’s fastest growing fitness center franchise.


title: Planet Fitness

text: In 1992, Planet Fitness founders, Michael and Marc Grondahl acquired a struggling Gold's Gym franchise in Dover, New Hampshire. They eventually closed that original location, and brought on a third partner, current CEO Chris Rondeau. In 2002, they purchased the rights to the name Planet Fitness from Rick Berks and renamed their franchise.


title: Planet Fitness

text: Berks had started his own Planet Fitness gym in 1993 in Sunrise, Florida, and eventually expanded it to three clubs, along with a Gold's Gym franchise. Berks had been catering to the bodybuilding culture in his Gold’s Gym. “I decided I didn’t want to deal with that crowd, so that’s when I opened the original Planet Fitness club in Sunrise, Florida, in 1993.” The name came from his daughter’s school project, “Fitness Planet.” The new model was an effort to provide a fitness hub for everyday people. Berks later went on to open the first Youfit Health Club in St. Petersburg, Florida.


title: Planet Fitness

text: Rondeau and the Grondahls recognized that there was a greater opportunity to serve a much larger segment of the population if they changed the gym environment, both in attitude and format, by creating a non-intimidating, low-cost model. Planet Fitness became known as the "Judgement Free Zone," aimed more at the average user than the bodybuilder type of fitness enthusiast. They also dramatically reduced prices to compete against better-known brands. This low-cost business model focuses on the needs of occasional or first-time health club members, rather than more experienced members, and depends on many members rarely showing up. According to a Planet Money episode from 2014, "half of the Planet Fitness members don't "ever" go to their gyms."


title: Planet Fitness

text: As part of their effort to create a non-intimidating environment, Planet Fitness has alienated many serious weight lifters. The gym utilizes a "lunk alarm", which is a loud siren and rotating light that is used when a gymgoer grunts too loudly or drops weights. Some bodybuilders and weight lifters have found the way they're portrayed in Planet Fitness TV commercials to be offensive, and the way they're treated in Planet Fitness gyms to be "quite possibly discriminatory." Planet Fitness has been criticized for prohibiting certain weightlifting exercises–such as deadlifts and clean-and-jerks–that many experts believe are highly effective. In 2010, Men's Health magazine called Planet Fitness "the worst gym in America."


title: Planet Fitness

text: As early as March 2015, the "Judgement Free Zone" policy was expanded to allow trans women to use the women's locker room. The policy states that "members and guests may use all gym facilities based on their sincere self-reported gender identity."


title: Planet Fitness

text: In 2003, Planet Fitness opened its first franchised location in Florida, with Eric Dore and Shane McGuiness.


title: Planet Fitness

text: In the fall of 2013, TSG Consumer Partners LLC became an equity partner in the Planet Fitness franchise. Michael Grondahl, co-founder of Planet Fitness stepped down as CEO, and was succeeded by Chris Rondeau. The company went public on August 6, 2015.


title: Planet Fitness

text: In February 2016, the franchise was added to the "Franchise Times" "Fast and Serious" list of top franchises (#1), and in its 2016 ranking of franchises, "Forbes" magazine ranked Planet Fitness #4. It ranked in the top 50 of "Entrepreneur" magazine's Franchise 500 in 2017.


title: Planet Fitness

text: In 2020, the company received criticism for charging its customers for March dues "despite closing its facilities nationwide due to the novel coronavirus pandemic." They stated that they were unable to stop the pre-scheduled payments on short notice, but would not charge future monthly dues until they reopen, and would also provide a credit for closed days previously paid for.


title: Planet Fitness

text: While Planet Fitness closed many facilities during the onset of the COVID pandemic, during the Delta and Omicron variants there was not a decrease in gym attendance.


title: Planet Fitness

text: Planet Fitness started franchising units in 2003. According to Franchise Direct, the initial franchise fee is $20,000, while the area development fee is $10,000. The royalty fee for a Planet Fitness is 7% of the total gross monthly and annual membership fees.


title: Planet Fitness

text: The net worth requirement for a Planet Fitness franchise is $3,000,000, while the liquid cash requirement is $1,500,000.


title: Planet Fitness

text: The company reports that as of 2019, there are 80 corporate-owned gyms, the rest independently owned and operated.


title: Planet Fitness

text: The club's two membership levels are $10 and $24.99 per month: the $10 per month level includes access to cardio and strength equipment, unlimited group fitness instruction and pizza and bagels once a month; the $24.99 per month ("Black Card") level allows members to bring one guest per day at no charge, access to all Planet Fitness locations, and access to extra amenities, such as tanning booths, massage chairs, red light therapy and water massage beds.<ref name="Cosmopolitan, 12/24/15"></ref>


title: Planet Fitness

text: In December 2014, Planet Fitness opened its first international location in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The second Toronto location opened in early 2015. In October 2015 the company opened their second international location in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.


title: Planet Fitness

text: With the addition of a Planet Fitness outlet in Hawaii in January 2018, Planet Fitness had 1,500 locations with an estimated 10 million members across 50 states, the District of Columbia, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Panama and Canada. In 2016, over 90% of Planet Fitness locations were opened by existing franchise owners.<ref name="Munarriz, Fox Bus., 04/6/2017"></ref>


title: Planet Fitness

text: In October 2011, Planet Fitness reached an agreement with NBC to sponsor the network's reality show "The Biggest Loser" beginning with the 2012 season. The contestants on the show worked out on Planet Fitness equipment and then at Planet Fitness gyms near their homes, working with Planet Fitness instructors.


title: Planet Fitness

text: Since December 2014, Planet Fitness has been the official fitness sponsor of Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve on ABC.


title: Planet Fitness

text: Since 2015, Planet Fitness has been a personal sponsor of NASCAR driver and champion Joey Logano. In April 2022, Planet Fitness appeared as a sponsor on a race truck for the first time in the 2022 Pinty's Truck Race on Dirt with Logano driving the truck.


title: Planet Fitness

text: In March 2016, Planet Fitness partnered with STOMP Out Bullying, a national organization dedicated to bullying prevention, and the Boys & Girls Clubs of America to launch the company's national philanthropic initiative to address bullying, The Judgement Free Generation. Also in 2016, the company donated more than $1 million to the program. Planet Fitness has also provided mini "Judgement Free Zone" gyms to Boys & Girls Clubs in Manchester, New Hampshire and Pasadena, California.


title: Planet Fitness

text: In October 2017, Planet Fitness and its members raised $1 million which it donated to the non-profit Boys and Girls Clubs of America.


title: Planet Fitness

text: In January 2020, Planet Fitness partnered with The Biggest Loser to be the official sponsor of the show's 2020 reboot.


title: Misa Amane

text: In the anime adaptation, Misa is voiced by Aya Hirano in Japanese and by Shannon Chan-Kent in the English version. In the live-action adaptations, she is portrayed by Erika Toda in the films, by Fuuka Yuzuki in the musical, and by Hinako Sano in the television drama.


title: Misa Amane

text: Tsugumi Ohba, the writer of "Death Note", decided to create Misa to be the second Kira before serialization began. He felt that having the story solely consist of males would be "boring" and wanted "a cute female." Ohba, intending to introduce her with the Shinigami Eyes, described Misa as having to be "spontaneous and not too bright" and that he determined her personality from the start. Since Light Yagami would never want to trade for the Shinigami Eyes, Ohba needed another character to make the eye trade and decided to use Misa. Ohba said that the conception of the name Misa "was kind of random, but I think it was from ""kuromisa"" (Black Mass). It must have been based on something".


title: Misa Amane

text: Ohba ultimately decided to introduce Misa after the death of Naomi Misora. He and Takeshi Obata, the artist of "Death Note", wanted to use the Gothic Lolita design to convey the "gothic imagery of the Shinigami and that world". Ohba said that they're "into that fashion" and that having Misa first appear in unusual clothing would be "more interesting." Obata, imagining a mix of an "energetic Japanese artist" and a "foreign rock and roll singer", felt "set" with Misa's design after drawing her for the first time. Obata said that he felt "apprehension" regarding the length of Misa's hair, he wanted her bangs to be "straight across" but believed that creating Misa entirely within the bounds of Gothic Lolita style would be "too much." Therefore, Obata designed her so she looked "a little more natural" and to appear "cute" to people who "weren't into the Gothic Lolita style." Obata revealed that his editor warned him that the scene with Misa in restraints in chapter 33 was on "morally thin ground for a children's magazine," so they placed the title logo over the middle of it. This surprised the artist, who said he "held back" when drawing it.


title: Misa Amane

text: When the Near and Mello story arc began, and Misa became a top idol, Obata decided to drop the Gothic Lolita style and make her look like "a popular actress." Obata said he remembered "having a lot of fun" while looking through Gothic Lolita magazines and drawing Misa. In response to a question inquiring which characters the creators faced the most difficulty in creating, Obata selected Misa. The artist said he had trouble comprehending the concept of "doing anything for the person you love" and felt like the character controlled him when he drew her. "Death Note 13: How to Read" also states that Misa "required a lot of artistic variation" because of her "many expressions" that ranged "from goofy to serious."


title: Misa Amane

text: Obata assigned colors to characters when designing color images to "get the atmosphere right." He assigned pink and black to Misa. In the manga, Misa wears jewelry with a crucifix theme; in the anime adaptation, she wears fleur de lis jewelry, although the cross is retained on the collector's figure included with Volume 5 of the DVD series.


title: Misa Amane

text: Born in Kyoto on December 25, 1984, Misa Amane is a famous model known as "Misa Misa" from the Kansai region who possesses a Death Note given to her by the Shinigami Rem. Before her introduction in the series, Misa was attacked by an obsessed stalker. Unknown to her, a Shinigami named Gelus had fallen in love with her, and to save her life, Gelus wrote her stalker's name into his notebook, killing him. Consequently, Gelus himself died since Shinigami exist only to take human life, not extend it. Rem, who witnessed the whole event, then took Gelus' Death Note which was left behind and gave it to Misa.


title: Misa Amane

text: Misa moves to Tokyo to meet Kira, a vigilante who uses his Death Note to serially murder criminals to rid the world of evil, as she agrees with his goal. A year before her introduction, Misa's parents were murdered in front of her eyes by a burglar. She could not forgive the killer and even desired to kill him herself. Still, following multiple delays in his trial, she began worrying about the possibility he would get off. However, he was killed by Kira, leading to her worshiping him. Using her Death Note, the media, and her Shinigami Eyes – in exchange for half her remaining lifetime, she could see a person's name and lifespan just by looking at their face. She can identify Light Yagami as Kira and earns herself the moniker "Fake Kira" or "Second Kira" by the task force trying to stop him.


title: Misa Amane

text: Having fallen in love with him, Misa vows to do whatever Light says in exchange for him becoming her boyfriend. Light agrees to use her Shinigami Eyes and even though he tells her upfront their relationship will only be an act, she believes she can ultimately win his love. According to Ohba, Light sees Misa as a "bad person" who killed innocent people, so he acts emotionally cold towards her and manipulates her. Light and Misa both act together as Kira for over five years, until Light decides that it is too dangerous for Misa to be Kira with members of the task force suspecting him and tells her to give up the notebook. During the series, Misa performs two eye trades, cutting her lifespan in half twice: the first, with Rem; the second, with Ryuk. Misa loses her memories related to using the Death Note, by relinquishing ownership of it, at Light's orders and retains her love for him. The rest of her fate is not shown in the manga at all; she was last seen staying at the Teito Hotel. Ohba stated that this was simply because he did not have a situation to fit her in. The author speculated that after someone "like Matsuda probably let it slip" that Light died, Misa fell into despair and "committed suicide... something like that". Her death date is given as slightly over a year after Light's.


title: Misa Amane

text: In the anime's finale, Misa appears standing outside the safety rail on the edge of a skyscraper and looking into the sunset. The official anime guidebook lists her date of death as unknown. Misa's English dub voice actress Shannon Chan-Kent said of the scene: "To see her commit suicide, inside I felt like, 'No Misa! Don't do it!' But it felt like the right thing for the series, the right decision. I'm sure everyone else knew it was coming but I didn't know!"


title: Misa Amane

text: Misa is portrayed in the films by Erika Toda. In the film continuity, Misa has a brother, who is murdered along with her parents. In addition, her appearance is slightly modified: while Misa has blonde hair in the manga and anime, she has brown hair in the films. She is first seen filming a dorama called "Misa-Misa's Happy Sweets", where she states that she is baking treats to make her enemies fat. After filming of that section ends, she expresses support for Kira to a journalist. Her supervisor asks that the statement be cut due to controversies. Misa's attacker, Ryotaro Sakajo, the assistant director for "Happy Sweets", dies from a heart attack when Gelus writes his name inside of his Death Note. Gelus' Death Note then falls in front of Misa, who immediately picks it up. After reading the notebook, she finds Rem.


title: Misa Amane

text: In the second film, Mogi replaces Ukita as Misa's victim during the Sakura TV incident. Additionally, Misa first learns of Light's identity as Kira when Soichiro rescues Sayu who was at the TV station attending a fair. Misa is present at the final confrontation between Light and the police force, though she is handcuffed and restrained by another officer. When Light dies after Ryuk writes his name down in the Death Note, Misa breaks down emotionally. Her memory of the Death Note is erased, but she retains her obsession with Light, wishing him a happy birthday through a mini-shrine dedicated to him. Erika Toda said that, prior to filming, she felt "a lot of pressure" due to the character's popularity with audiences. She said the pressure vanished when filming began. In an article in "The Star", a Malaysian newspaper, writer Kitty Sensei theorized that Toda did not have "the time to think much about how fans would react", citing film shoots that Kitty Sensei described as "physically and mentally exhausting" such as the straitjacket scene. Toda said that undoing the straitjacket took a lot of time, and at times she waited in the jacket between takes. Toda also said that on one occasion, she wore a blindfold for an hour during filming.


title: Misa Amane

text: Toda reprises the role once again in "". Ten years have passed since Light died. Misa continues her work as an actress while her activities are secretly supervised by police officers. She regains her memories after cyber-terrorist Yuki Shien gives her a Death Note. Initially refusing to cooperate with him, due to Light's death, she makes another eye trade from Ryuk and helps Yuki escape with the six Death Notes he collected by killing two of the Task Force investigators. Although she fails to kill Ryuzaki (whose name was written on a Death Note prior similar to L), she commits suicide by writing her own name, scribbled "Misa Amane dies in Light Yagami's hands".


title: Misa Amane

text: In the live-action television drama, Misa is portrayed by Hinako Sano. Unlike the manga and anime, she has a red death note. Her hair is also brown instead of blonde, similarly to the live-action films. When she goes to dig up her buried Death Note, Mikami's assistant steals it, and Mikami uses it to help Kira. Her Death Note is burned by a fire set by Mikami; consequently, her memory of the Death Note is erased.


title: Misa Amane

text: Briana Lawrence of Anime News Network felt that even though Misa was the typical annoying girl clinging to the main character, "In a series full of geniuses it was amazing to see an average person get a hold of the Death Note. Her presence made things even more complicated for Light and she kept him on his toes as much as L did (maybe even more than L did)." Lawrence was disappointed that the epilogue of the series did not show Misa's ultimate fate. In a review of the anime adaptation, Michelle Yu, from Anime News Network, praised Misa, saying she is physically beautiful and a "good-looking female addition to the screen", while also describing her as a "little diva with some serious issues and a very whiny voice". In a "Salon.com" article, Douglas Wolk describes Misa as being drawn in a "Japanese comics' tradition of cute, tiny, airhead girls with big eyes" and being a "lot cannier than she pretends to be". Wolk added that the reader could "watch her measuring how much quasi-innocent charm to pour on in every situation".


title: Misa Amane

text: Tom S. Pepirium, a writer at "IGN", describes Misa in a review of the "Death Note" anime episode "Performance" as being the "show's weakest and most annoying character". Pepirium points out the tone in which the character is written, feeling that her motivation and obsession with Kira are "in league with "Death Note"s dark sensibilities". He says that when Misa spouts her deep and fully realized affection for Kira in "her wacky, excited, poodle-like way", the information "loses all impact". Pepirium uses "girly sophomoric pink fluff" and "Jar Jar" (a reference to Jar Jar Binks) as figurative descriptors for Misa. He has also compared Misa to Dot from "Animaniacs". Pepirium said that he wished that Misa was a more serious character at times, instead of being a "silly lovesick, big-eyed anime characterization". Reviewing "Death Note", THEM Anime Reviews called Misa "adorable, yet tragic", while also commenting how she becomes "pathetically infatuated with Light and obediently does his bidding", while at the same time threatening his immunity to the Task Force tracking him down.


title: Misa Amane

text: Christy Lee S.W. of "The Star" said that Toda's portrayal of Misa in the second film "may seem rather annoying for being overly bubbly and cute at first" and that the character grows on the viewer "after a while". Lee stated that at the end of the film she saw the character of Misa as "quite endearing". Erika Toda stated in "The Star" that she views Misa as a "complicated and fascinating" character. Toda said that she does not comprehend why a person would willingly use a Death Note, but added that she admired the fact that Misa "does everything she sets out to do", though that the actions of Light and Misa are criminal.


title: Misa Amane

text: Hannah Grimes of Comic Book Resources wrote, "Back when the show first released, [Misa] became one of if not the most popularly-designed goth characters in all of anime. With her super-cute black dress, slightly-wedged black boots and intricate fishnets dotting every possible part of the outfit, there's simply so much to take in and admire with this ensemble. This look is also still incredibly popular with cosplayers, and she'll most likely remain one of the more popular goth cosplay choices for a long time to come."


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: Archie Bunker's Place is an American television sitcom produced as a continuation of "All in the Family". It aired on CBS from September 23, 1979, to April 4, 1983. While not as popular as its predecessor, the show maintained a large enough audience to last for four seasons. It performed so well during its first season that it displaced "Mork & Mindy" from its Sunday night time slot (a year earlier, during its first season, "Mork & Mindy" had been the No. 3 show on television).


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: Although the Bunker home continued to be featured, the scenes were primarily set in the title's neighborhood tavern in Astoria, Queens, which Archie Bunker (Carroll O'Connor) purchased in the series' eighth-season premiere of "All in the Family". During the first season as "Archie Bunker's Place", Bunker takes on a Jewish partner, Murray Klein (Martin Balsam), when co-owner Harry Snowden decides to sell his share of the business. Early in the first season, to increase business, Archie and Murray build a restaurant onto the bar; the additions include a separate seating area for the restaurant and a well-equipped kitchen with a service window. The regular patrons include Barney Hefner, Hank Pivnik, and Edgar Van Ranseleer.


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: Archie Bunker's Place was the sounding board for Archie's views, support from his friends, and Murray's counterpoints. Later in the series, after Murray remarries and leaves for San Francisco, Archie finds a new business partner, Gary Rabinowitz (Barry Gordon), whose views were liberal, in contrast to Archie's political conservatism.


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: In December 1978, in the middle of the ninth season of "All in the Family", Jean Stapleton announced that she did not want to renew her contract at the end of that season, stating that she felt her character of Edith Bunker had run its course on the show. At that time, Norman Lear, the creator of "All in the Family", wanted the series to end while it was still on top. However, Robert Daly, who was then vice-president of CBS Television, persuaded Carroll O’Connor to continue with "All in the Family" for at least another year. Daly felt that since the show was still garnering high ratings, it was still valuable to the network and could run at least for another year. Since Lear was insistent on ending the program, Daly asked O’Connor to convince Lear to reconsider. After meeting with O’Connor, Lear finally agreed to let the show's characters continue but that the series could not be called "All in the Family" anymore. As a result, "Archie Bunker’s Place" was created and the show's plots centered less on Archie's home life and more on Archie's bar as well as his colleagues and patrons who frequented his place of business. In order to help with this transition, Stapleton agreed to continue playing Edith Bunker on the newly titled series for five appearances during the 1979–80 season. At the start of the following (1980–81) season, her character would die (off screen) and be written out of the series.


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: Unlike "All in the Family", which took place largely in the Bunker family home, "Archie Bunker's Place" was set primarily in the local tavern Archie owned, and was not videotaped with a live studio audience. Instead, the show was shot on a closed set with multiple cameras, with the best takes being edited together utilizing a laugh track. The finished product was then shown to live audiences attending tapings of "One Day at a Time", thus providing a laugh track from real laughter for the show.


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: Production of all seasons of "Archie Bunker's Place" took place at Studios 31 & Bob Barker Studio at Television City Studios in Hollywood, the original production home of "All in the Family" for that show's first six seasons.


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: The theme song for "Archie Bunker's Place" was a re-scored instrumental version by Ray Conniff of "Those Were the Days," the long-familiar opening theme to "All in the Family". The closing theme, "Remembering You," was a re-scored version of "All in the Family's" closing theme. Both versions featured a Dixieland-styled arrangement. The opening credits featured a view of the Queensboro Bridge, which connects Manhattan to Queens, followed by shots taken along Steinway Street in Astoria.


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: Carroll O'Connor was frustrated over the cancellation when the show did not have an appropriate closure. He vowed never to work in any type of show with CBS again. He would later work for CBS again when he starred in "In the Heat of the Night", when NBC decided not to renew the series it moved to CBS who allowed the series to continue for two more years and have a proper ending.


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: The series was briefly rerun on TV Land in 2002 and 2003, including the unaired "Gloria" pilot. The last episode did air in a marathon along with the final episodes of "All in the Family", "The Jeffersons" and "Gloria". The series is currently shown on Antenna TV as of August 2018.


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: Whereas "All in the Family" had been inspired by a British series, "Till Death Us Do Part", the British series would later get a sequel; first, the short-lived "Till Death...", and then "In Sickness and in Health". Dandy Nichols, who had played Else Garnett (the British inspiration for Edith Bunker), coincidentally died after the first season of "In Sickness and in Health", and the second-season premiere (strongly paralleling "Archie Alone") deals with her widower Alf Garnett dealing with grief in much the same way as Archie did with Edith's death.


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: The series' most notable episode among critics was "Archie Alone," which originally aired November 2, 1980, as a one-hour special to open the second season of the series. In that episode, viewers learn that Edith had died of a stroke a month earlier (Jean Stapleton had resigned from her role), and Archie is unable to grieve. His refusal to let go of his emotions takes its toll on Stephanie, until one day Archie finds a single slipper of Edith's (overlooked when her clothes were collected for charity) in the bedroom. Holding the shoe, Archie laments aloud that Edith slipped away before he could tell her he loved her, and finally breaks down and cries. Later, after a talk with Stephanie, he agrees to take her to visit Edith's grave, fulfilling the request Stephanie had made to Archie at the beginning of the episode. The British TV series "In Sickness and in Health," the continuation of "Till Death Us Do Part" on which "All in the Family" was based, had a similar episode in which Edith's British counterpart, Else Garnett, had died from natural causes. This was not a case of one series copying another; both series were forced to write these deaths due to unexpected departures by the actresses (Stapleton's resignation and Dandy Nichols's death).


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: The first-season episode "Thanksgiving Reunion" marked the final time the original ensemble from "All in the Family"—O'Connor, Stapleton, Sally Struthers and Rob Reiner—appeared together. In that episode, Mike announces that he has lost his job as a college professor after his participation in a nude protest of a proposed nuclear power plant became public. This puts a further strain on his already troubled marriage to Gloria (who at the episode's end lets it slip to Archie that Mike participated only because Gloria did not want to march alone), and foreshadows the Stivics' divorce.


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: Another notable episode was "The Return of Sammy," when Sammy Davis Jr. comes to the bar and restaurant after Archie calls up his talk show. He, like Murray, is surprised that Archie has a Jewish niece. Later, when Sammy chokes on some food, Archie uses the Heimlich maneuver to save Sammy's life. At the end of the episode, Archie and Stephanie simultaneously kiss Sammy, contrasting what happened in the parent show's episode "Sammy's Visit."


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: In a special 1982 episode, which aired immediately after the Super Bowl, baseball superstar Reggie Jackson almost sues Archie, but decides not to when Jackson realizes the bad press would hurt his career.


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: Later, comedian Don Rickles guest-starred as a crusty boarder named Al Snyder, who rented a room from Archie's friend and neighbor Barney, whose wife Blanche had left him sometime earlier. Highlights of this episode are exchanges combining Rickles' insult humor and his character's curmudgeonly disposition with Archie's sincere but misguided efforts to resolve disputes between Snyder and Barney. Eventually, the Rickles character is exhausted by the constant chatter and decides to rest. The Rickles character drifts off to sleep and dies. The episode ends with Barney pondering whether he will wind up like Mr. Snyder: "Sore at the world, 'cause I'm all alone."


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: The last scene in which Archie Bunker ever appears comes in the episode, "I'm Torn Here" (season 4, episode 24; airdate April 4, 1983).  He is at the bar with bartender Harry Snowden and regular patron Mr. Van Ranseleer, recounting a dream he had:"Archie:"  "So, at the end of the dream, the president [Reagan] ushers me right into the Oval Office."


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: "Archie:" "Jeez, I guess that's who they was because one of 'em takes off his nosebag -- and it's [then-vice president] George Bush!  And he says the way to tame El Salvador is to make the damn place into the 49th state."


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released The Complete First Season of "Archie Bunker's Place" on DVD in North America on January 31, 2006. On August 27, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the home media rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including "Archie Bunker's Place". On July 7, 2015, Mill Creek re-released the first season on DVD. In 2022, the complete series was made available for streaming in Canada on CTV.


title: Archie Bunker's Place

text: "Eulogy and Tavern," the 12th chapter (Chapter 4, Part 3) of Jonathan Lethem's novel "Dissident Gardens", is set within the world of the television show. One of the book's main characters, Rose, begins frequenting a bar called Kelcy's on Northern Boulevard near her home in Sunnyside Gardens, Queens, where she befriends the owner, Archie Bunker, and eventually tries to seduce him with her old Communist rhetoric. ("Your lifelong dream, Archie, only you don't know it. Hump a hot Red.") The chapter includes appearances by series-regulars Barney Hefner, Hank Pivnik, Edgar Van Ranseleer, Harry Snowden and Stephanie Mills.


title: 1000 Ways to Die

text: 1000 Ways to Die is an American anthology television series that aired on Spike from May 14, 2008 to July 15, 2012, and also aired on Comedy Central during its run. The program recreates unusual supposed deaths, true events, and debunked urban legends, and includes interviews with real medical experts who describe the science behind each death. Up until the end of season one, the final story of each episode showed actual footage of dangerous situations that "almost" ended in death, along with interviews of those involved in the situations. A portion of these deaths have been nominated for or have received a Darwin Award. Ron Perlman served as the narrator on every episode since the third episode (with Thom Beers narrating the first two episodes); beginning with the episode "Tweets from the Dead", Joe Irwin was featured as the replacement narrator.


title: 1000 Ways to Die

text: Spike burned off the final four episodes, ending the series with the airing of "Death, The Final Frontier." "1000 Ways to Die" was canceled due to low ratings after the producers and stars of the show ran a strike against the network.


title: 1000 Ways to Die

text: "1000 Ways to Die" takes a tongue-in-cheek dark humor approach to death through its presentation of stories derived from both myths and science, and the show makes liberal use of artistic license to significantly embellish or change the circumstances of real-life incidents that resulted in death for greater entertainment value. Not only are the names changed, but also substantial amounts of the locations, dates and context. Four notable exceptions are the accurate descriptions of the deaths of Harry Houdini, Jack Daniel, Mary Mallon, and Sigurd Eysteinsson, although the latter's death was depicted as having occurred in Norway but in actuality it occurred in Scotland.


title: 1000 Ways to Die

text: A frequently recurring motif is that of unsympathetic or unintelligent individuals' choices backfiring on them, resulting in death.


title: 1000 Ways to Die

text: Some of the deaths resemble real life events they are based on, for example death No. 197 – "Dead Eye" was based on the real life death of Jon Desborough.


title: 1000 Ways to Die

text: Some take enormous poetic license with the truth. For example, death No. 692 – "Gone Fission", a story of two hapless Yemeni terrorists in 2009, implausibly attempting to build an atomic bomb, was based on the real Demon Core accident involving U.S. scientist Harry Daghlian in 1945.


title: 1000 Ways to Die

text: Some of the stories include elements of truth, for example No. 396 – "Onesie & Donesie," where an accident-prone TV shopping network host is injured by a collapsing ladder, stabbed by the tip of a broken katana, then finally burned to death when a onesie he is wearing catches fire. The ladder collapse happened to Harold McCoo on the Cable Value Network in 1988, although he was unhurt. The katana incident happened to Shawn Leflar on "The Knife Collector's Show" on the Shop at Home Network in 2001. However, the third part of the story is made up.


title: 1000 Ways to Die

text: The show is filled with black humor (particularly in the narration) which tempers the otherwise somber theme of death. It portrays the deaths using live-action recreations of the events along with expert and sometimes witness testimony, also using graphic computer-generated imagery animations, similar to those used in the popular TV show "CSI", to illustrate the ways people have died, similar to the "X-Ray moves" of the 2011 reboot of "Mortal Kombat" and "Mortal Kombat X", due to them showing bones being fractured and organs being damaged. A narration provides background information within each death-story, which all end with titles that are puns on popular figures of speech.


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: Erik (also known as the Phantom of the Opera, commonly referred to as the Phantom) is the title character from Gaston Leroux's 1910 novel "Le Fantôme de l'Opéra", best known to English speakers as "The Phantom of the Opera". The character has been adapted to alternative media several times, including in the 1925 film adaptation starring Lon Chaney, the 1943 remake starring Claude Rains and Andrew Lloyd Webber's 1986 musical.


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: In the original novel, few details are given regarding Erik's past. The novel confirms that Erik has traveled to multiple countries including France, Russia, Persia, and northern Vietnam, learning various arts and sciences from each region. Erik himself laments the fact that his mother was horrified by his birth deformity, and that his father, a true master mason, never saw him. Most of the character's history is revealed by a mysterious figure, known through most of the novel as The Persian or the Daroga, who saved Erik's life in Persia, and followed Erik to Paris; other details are discussed in the novel's epilogue (e.g., his birthplace is given as a small town outside of Rouen, France). In the novel, Erik often refers to himself in the third person, a detail that didn't make it into any subsequent adaptations.


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: Many different versions of Erik's life are told through other adaptations such as films, television shows, books, and musicals. One such popular literary adaptation is the Susan Kay novel "Phantom" (1990), a fictional in-depth story of Erik from the time of his birth to the end of his life at the Paris Opera House.


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: For the most part, Kay's novel stays in context with Erik's life history as laid down by Leroux. However, Kay (as explained in her Author's Note) changes and shapes the character to match her own vision, influenced by other adaptations besides the original. In addition, the ending/resolution is quite different from Leroux's. The story follows Erik through his entire life, starting with the night of his birth, and is told from different viewpoints throughout the novel (Erik's mother, Erik, Nadir/the Persian, Christine, and Raoul). Kay places the highest priority on portraying romantic aspects of Erik's life.


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: The theatrical songwriting team of Maury Yeston and Arthur Kopit created a musical based on the novel, "Phantom", which investors backed out of after Webber's version became a huge hit. In this version, Erik has spent his entire life living beneath the Opera. Over the years, he became possessive of the Opera, and the creative driving force for the company. No artistic decision is made without Gerard Carriere seeking his approval.


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: He offers to teach Christine Daaé to sing after hearing her working in the costume shop, and falls in love with her.


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: This storyline was also the basis for the 1990 miniseries starring Charles Dance, Teri Polo, and Burt Lancaster as Carriere.


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: In Nicholas Meyer's 1993 novel "The Canary Trainer", Sherlock Holmes develops several theories as to the Phantom's identity. His first idea is that he is an employee of the Opera; however, when the Phantom's knowledge of the Opera becomes evident, Holmes then believes that he is Charles Garnier, having faked his own death. When Garnier's corpse is identified, Holmes then theorizes that the Phantom was Edouard LaFosse, the (fictional) assistant of Garnier who designed much of the Opera's interior and who allegedly died after a building collapse. Holmes theorizes that he did not die, but was merely disfigured and therefore took to hiding in the Opera. However, when Holmes finally confronts the Phantom, he claims that he cannot speak without his mask, as his mother forced him to wear it whenever he wished to speak as a child, and he is not Edouard LaFosse. Holmes therefore admits that he is not sure how true any of the theories or claims of the Phantom's identity are. The Phantom never provides a given name in the novel; he only tells Christine that his name is "Nobody.”


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: Regardless of his identity, the Phantom in "The Canary Trainer" is much more unhinged and bloodthirsty than in the original novel or play. For example, when killing Madame Giry's replacement with the chandelier, he kills "almost thirty men and women in the twinkling of an eye", just to ensure that he kills his main target. He is also more psychologically disturbed, to the extent that when he tells Holmes that he has been 'taught' not to speak without his mask, he is revealed to only be capable of communicating in snarls and other animalistic sounds when Holmes knocks the mask off in their final confrontation.


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: In Sam Siciliano's novel "The Angel of the Opera", Sherlock Holmes is brought in to solve the case of the Opera Ghost, and both Erik's and Holmes's stories unfold through the eyes of Holmes's assistant, Henri Vernier. Siciliano places Holmes and Vernier at several of the crucial scenes in Erik and Christine's relationship, and draws parallels between Erik and Holmes. Holmes sympathizes with Erik so much that after Christine leaves him, Holmes brings him back to England. One of the first people that Erik meets on his arrival is a blind girl with a fondness for music.


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: In the original novel, Erik is described as corpse-like and is referred to as having a "death's-head" (human skull) throughout the story. He has no nose, and his eyes are sunken so deep in his skull that all that is seen are two eye sockets, except when his yellow eyes glow in the dark. His skin is yellowed and tightly stretched across his bones, and only a few wisps of dark brown hair are behind his ears and on his forehead.


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: His mouth is never described in as much detail, but is referred to as a “dead mouth” by Christine, and Erik acknowledges that his mouth is abnormal when lifting up his mask to display ventriloquism. He is described as extremely thin, so much so that he resembles a skeleton. Christine graphically describes his cold, bony hands, which also either feel or smell like death. There is debate among both English and French speakers as to whether the original French word used here, "sentir", was intended by Leroux to mean "smells like" or "feels like,” as the French word is used for both feel and smell depending on the context.


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: Erik woefully describes himself to Christine as a corpse who is "built up with death from head to foot." According to the Persian, Erik was born with this deformity and was exhibited as "le mort vivant" in freak shows earlier in his life. Erik sometimes plays up his macabre appearance, such as sleeping in a coffin as if he is a vampire, he also costumes as the titular character from Edgar Allan Poe's The Masque of the Red Death for the masked ball.


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: Lon Chaney's characterization of Erik in the silent film "The Phantom of the Opera" (1925) remains closest to the book in content, in that Erik's face resembles a skull with an elongated nose slit and protruding, crooked teeth. In this version, Erik is said to have been deformed at birth. Chaney was a masterful make-up artist and was considered avant-garde for creating and applying Erik's facial make-up design himself. It is said that he kept it secret until the first day of filming. The result was allegedly so frightening to the women of the time that theaters showing the movie were cautioned to keep smelling salts on hand to revive those who fainted.


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: Several movies based on the novel vary the deformities. In Universal's 1943 adaptation, he is disfigured when the publisher's assistant throws etching acid in his face. In the musical horror film "Phantom of the Paradise" (1974), Winslow (the Phantom character) gets his head caught in a record-press, while the horror version (1989) starring Robert Englund has him selling his soul to Satan and having his face mutilated as a result. This version also has a gruesome variation on the mask, in which Erik is sewing flesh to his face.


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: In Andrew Lloyd Webber's 1986 musical adaptation, only half of Erik's face is deformed (thus the famous half-mask often associated with Erik's appearance.) His show was originally planned to have a full mask and full facial disfigurement, but when the director, Harold Prince, realized that it would make expression onstage very difficult, they halved the mask. The logo featuring a full mask was publicized before the change. The deformity in the musical includes a gash on the right side of his partially balding head with exposed skull tissue, an elongated right nostril, a missing right eyebrow, swollen lips, different colored eyes, and a wrinkled, warped right cheek. It is covered by a white half-mask and wig.


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: In the 2004 film adaptation of the musical, Erik's makeup was made to look much less gruesome than previous adaptations of the story. Instead of a skull-like face, his disfigurement resembles that of a face mildly malformed by a birthmark, which he covers with the mask. Film critic Roger Ebert noted that Butler was more "conventionally handsome" than his predecessors "in a GQ kind of way".


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: The 1998 film adaptation starring Julian Sands as Erik is notable in that the character is not deformed and has instead a classically handsome face.


title: Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)

text: Onscreen, Erik has often been cast as a tragic hero but also a tragic villain, depending on the film's point of view.


title: Gold bar

text: A gold bar, also called gold bullion or gold ingot, is a quantity of refined metallic gold of any shape that is made by a bar producer meeting standard conditions of manufacture, labeling, and record keeping. Larger gold bars that are produced by pouring the molten metal into molds are called ingots. Smaller bars may be manufactured by minting or stamping from appropriately rolled gold sheets. The standard gold bar held as gold reserves by central banks and traded among bullion dealers is the Good Delivery gold bar. The kilobar, which is in mass, and a 100 troy ounce gold bar are the bars that are more manageable and are used extensively for trading and investment. The premium on these bars when traded is very low over the spot value of the gold, making it ideal for small transfers between banks and traders. Most kilobars are flat, although some investors, particularly in Europe, prefer the brick shape.


title: Gold bar

text: Based upon how they are manufactured, gold bars are categorized as having been cast or minted, with both differing in their appearance and price. Cast bars are created in a similar method to that of ingots, whereby molten gold is poured into a bar-shaped mold and left to solidify. This process often leads to malformed bars with uneven surfaces which, although imperfect, make each bar unique and easier to identify. Cast bars are also cheaper than minted bars, because they are quicker to produce and require less handling.


title: Gold bar

text: Minted bars are made from gold blanks that have been cut to a required dimension from a flat piece of gold. These are identified by having smooth and even surfaces.


title: Gold bar

text: To prevent bars from being counterfeited or stolen, manufacturers have developed ways to verify genuine bars, with the most common way being to brand bars with registered serial numbers or providing a certificate of authenticity. In a recent trend, many refineries would stamp serial numbers even on the smallest bars, and the number on the bar should match the number on its accompanying certificate.


title: Gold bar

text: In contrast to cast bars (which are often handled directly), minted bars are generally sealed in protective packaging to prevent tampering and keep them from becoming damaged. A hologram security feature known as a Kinegram can also be inserted into the packaging. Bars that contain these are called Kinebars.


title: Gold bar

text: Gold is measured in troy ounces, often simply referred to as ounces when the reference to gold is evident. . Commonly encountered in daily life is the avoirdupois ounce, an Imperial weight in countries still using British weights and measures or United States customary units. The avoirdupois ounce is lighter than the troy ounce; .


title: Gold bar

text: The standard gold bar held and traded internationally by central banks and bullion dealers is the "Good Delivery" bar with a nominal weight. However, its precise gold content is permitted to vary between and . The minimum purity required is 99.5% gold. These bars must be stored in recognized and secure gold bullion vaults to maintain their quality status of Good Delivery. The recorded provenance of this bar assures integrity and maximum resale value.


title: Gold bar

text: Tola is a traditional Indian measure for the weight of gold and prevalent to this day. Many international gold manufacturers supply tola bars of 999.96 purity.


title: Gold bar

text: The world's largest gold bar stands at , measuring at the base and high with 5 degree draft angle (equal to ). It was manufactured by the Mitsubishi Materials Corporation, a subsidiary of Mitsubishi. It went on display at the Toi Gold Museum on 11 July 2005. Its gold content was valued in 2005 at 400 million yen (approximately US$3,684,000 at the time). , it is worth approximately US$16.1M, not accounting for the premium associated with being the world's largest gold bar.


title: President of Iraq

text: The president of Iraq is the head of state of Iraq and "safeguards the commitment to the Constitution and the preservation of Iraq's independence, sovereignty, unity, the security of its territories in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution". The president is elected by the Council of Representatives by a two-thirds majority, and is limited to two four-year terms. The president is responsible for ratifying treaties and laws passed by the Council of Representatives, issues pardons on the recommendation of the prime minister, and performs the "duty of the Higher Command of the armed forces for ceremonial and honorary purposes". Since the mid-2000s, the presidency is primarily a symbolic office, as the position does not possess significant power within the country according to the October 2005-adopted constitution. By convention, though not by any official legal requirement, the office is expected to be held by a Kurd (all were from PUK party).


title: President of Iraq

text: On the 2022 Iraqi presidential election held on 13 October 2022, the Iraqi parliament voted Abdul Latif Rashid as the new president of Iraq, replacing Barham Salih.


title: President of Iraq

text: The Iraqi constitution, in Article 68, specifies a number of conditions that a candidate for the presidential office must possess:


title: President of Iraq

text: In the early days of the Iraqi Republic in 1958, neither the head of the Sovereign Council, Muhammad Najib al-Rubaie, nor the Prime Minister, Abdul Karim Qassem, took any palace to be an official republican palace for the state. Al-Rubaie stayed in his personal home before 14 July 1958. Qassem also remained in his home before the revolution, while his office at the Ministry of Defense was taken as his official office in his capacity as prime minister. Sometimes he slept there.


title: President of Iraq

text: With Abd al-Salam's accession to power in 1963, he focused his attention on the palace that was being built during the reign of King Faisal II and in which he was to marry later.  Abd al-Salam took care of the palace and completed it in 1965, the first republican palace of Iraq.


title: President of Iraq

text: And it continued as a republican palace until 2003, at the beginning of the American occupation of Iraq.


title: President of Iraq

text: The American forces used it as a headquarters in the first days of the occupation, then made it into an American embassy until 1 January 2009, when the Iraqi government took over it, restored it and changed its name to the Government Palace. In 2012, the Arab summit postponed from last year was held in this palace 2011.


title: President of Iraq

text: The current presidential palace in which the Iraqi president resides is the Peace Palace, which was built during the era of Saddam Hussein.  Another complex used as a presidential palace during Saddam Hussein's rule was the Radwaniyah presidential palace complex. In addition, there are a scattered number of presidential palaces in Baghdad and the rest of the provinces, such as the Sujood Palace and Al-Faw Palace in Baghdad, and the presidential palaces in Mosul, Basra, Tikrit and Babylon.


title: President of Iraq

text: After the revolution of 14 July 1958, elections were scheduled to be held to choose a President of the Republic, and they never took place.  Therefore, the position of the president remained suspended, while Najib al-Rubaie was assigned to head the Sovereignty Council, which was considered as the president of the republic. Thus, Abd al-Salam Aref became the first to bear the title of President of the Iraqi Republic.


title: President of Iraq

text: The presidency council was an entity that operated under the auspices of the "transitional provisions" of the Constitution. According to the Constitution, the Presidency Council functioned in the role of the president until one successive term after the Constitution was ratified and a government was seated. The presidency council had the additional power to send legislation back to the Council of Representatives for revision.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The 2022 FIFA World Cup was an international football tournament held in Qatar from 20 November to 18 December 2022. The 32 national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of up to 26 players, including three goalkeepers. Only players in these squads are eligible to take part in the tournament.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: A provisional release list of between 35 and 55 players per national team was submitted to FIFA by 21 October 2022, one month prior to the opening match of the tournament. The release lists were not made public by FIFA. From the preliminary squad, the final list of at most 26 and at least 23 players per national team were submitted to FIFA by 14 November, 19:00 AST (), six days prior to the opening match of the tournament. FIFA published the final lists with squad numbers on their website on 15 November. The final matchday at club level for players named in the final squads was 13 November 2022, while clubs had to release their players by the following day. In the event that a player on the submitted squad list suffered from an injury or illness prior to his team's first match of the tournament, that player could be replaced at any time up to 24 hours before their first match. The team doctor and the FIFA General Medical Officer had to both confirm that the injury or illness was severe enough to prevent the player from participating in the tournament. Replacement players did not need to be limited to the preliminary list.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: On 23 June 2022, the Bureau of the FIFA Council approved the increase of the maximum number of players included on the release list (from 35 to 55) and final list (from 23 to 26). This was due to the timing of the tournament in the football calendar and the disruptive effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The position listed for each player is per the official squad list published by FIFA. The age listed for each player is as of 20 November 2022, the first day of the tournament. The numbers of caps and goals listed for each player do not include any matches played after the start of the tournament. The club listed is the club for which the player last played a competitive match prior to the tournament. The nationality for each club reflects the national association (not the league) to which the club is affiliated. A flag is included for coaches who are of a different nationality to their team.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The Netherlands announced a 39-man preliminary squad on 21 October 2022. The final squad was announced on 11 November.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: Senegal announced their final squad on 11 November 2022. Sadio Mané withdrew injured on 17 November, and was replaced by Moussa N'Diaye on 20 November.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: England announced their final squad on 10 November 2022. Ben White withdrew from the squad on 30 November due to personal reasons.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: Iran announced their final squad, containing 25 players rather than the allowed 26, on 13 November 2022.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: Argentina announced their final squad on 11 November 2022. Nicolás González withdrew injured and was replaced by Ángel Correa on 17 November. On the same day, Joaquín Correa withdrew injured, and was replaced by Thiago Almada on 18 November.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: Mexico announced a 31-man preliminary squad on 26 October 2022. The squad was reduced to 30 players on 9 November as Jesús Corona withdrew injured. The final squad was announced on 14 November.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: Poland announced a 47-man preliminary squad on 20 October 2022. The final squad was announced on 10 November. Bartłomiej Drągowski withdrew injured and was replaced by Kamil Grabara on 13 November.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: Saudi Arabia announced a 32-man preliminary squad on 16 October 2022. The final squad was announced on 11 November. Fahad Al-Muwallad was replaced by Nawaf Al-Abed on 13 November after WADA appealed the decision to lift Al-Muwallad's suspension.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: Australia announced their final squad on 8 November 2022. Martin Boyle withdrew injured and was replaced by Marco Tilio on 20 November.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: Denmark announced 21 of the 26 players in their final squad on 7 November 2022. The final five players were announced on 13 November.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: France announced their 25-player final squad on 9 November 2022. The final squad was extended to 26 players on 14 November with the addition of Marcus Thuram. On the same day, Presnel Kimpembe withdrew injured and was replaced by Axel Disasi. Christopher Nkunku withdrew injured on 15 November, and was replaced by Randal Kolo Muani on 16 November. It was announced on 20 November that Karim Benzema had suffered an injury and was not expected to play any part in the tournament; he was not replaced in the squad.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: Japan announced their final squad on 1 November 2022. Yuta Nakayama withdrew injured on 3 November, and was replaced by Shuto Machino on 8 November.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: Spain announced their final squad on 11 November 2022. José Gayà withdrew injured and was replaced by Alejandro Balde on 18 November.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: Croatia announced a 34-man preliminary squad on 31 October 2022. The final squad was announced on 9 November.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: Morocco announced their final squad on 10 November 2022. Amine Harit withdrew injured and was replaced by Anass Zaroury on 16 November.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: Ghana announced a 55-man preliminary squad on 4 November 2022. The final squad was announced on 14 November.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup squads

text: Uruguay announced a 55-man preliminary squad on 21 October 2022. The final squad was announced on 10 November.


title: Melvin Manhoef

text: Melvin Manhoef (born 11 May 1976) is a retired Surinamese-born Dutch mixed martial artist and kickboxer. In kickboxing, he is a former It's Showtime Middleweight Champion, and in MMA he was the Cage Rage Light Heavyweight Champion. In mixed martial arts, he competed in Bellator's Light heavyweight and Middleweight division and has also formerly competed for Strikeforce, DREAM, RINGS, "It's Showtime", K-1, ONE FC, and KSW. 29 of his 32 wins have come via knockout, the highest percentage of any MMA fighter with at least 15 wins.


title: Melvin Manhoef

text: Manhoef was born in Paramaribo, Suriname. When he was three years old his family moved to Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Manhoef played soccer during his youth, and was introduced to Muay Thai by his younger brother, Moreno.


title: Melvin Manhoef

text: At the age of 18, Manhoef had his first fight, which he won by decision. He made his comeback in September 2001, as part of Chakuriki Gym. In 2004, Manhoef entered the Cage Rage promotion in London. He became the British Cage Rage Light Heavyweight Champion by beating Fabio Piamonte at Cage Rage 13. He defended his title for almost two years, until entering the K-1's MMA affiliate promotion Hero's in 2006. He won his first fight at Hero's 4 against Shungo Oyama by technical knockout in first round.


title: Melvin Manhoef

text: Melvin has switched his main focus to MMA over the past couple of years. He lost to Dong-sik Yoon by submission armbar in K-1 Dynamite!! USA, he defeated Bernard Ackah at K-1 Hero's Middleweight Tournament Opening Round, and also got a TKO win against Fábio Silva, a Chute Boxe fighter, by TKO in K-1 Hero's Middleweight GP Final. At Dream 4 Melvin fought Kazushi Sakuraba. Manhoef and Sakuraba circled the ring for the first minute of the fight, before Manhoef dropped Sakuraba with a hard right head kick and finished him via TKO (hammerfists) at 90 seconds into Round 1. With the win, Melvin had advanced to the semifinal round of the DREAM Middleweight Grand Prix. At Dream 6 Melvin fought Gegard Mousasi as the tournament dictated. Wary of Manhoef's standup, Mousasi quickly took the fight to the ground despite attempts to shrug him with a sprawl. Mousasi took Manhoef's back until scrambling into a triangle choke at 1:28 of the first round, surviving a powerful slam attempt from Manhoef while he had the submission secured. Mousasi went on to win the DREAM Middleweight Grand Prix.


title: Melvin Manhoef

text: At Dynamite!! 2008 Melvin fought Mark Hunt as a late alternate at heavyweight, despite usually functioning at two weight classes below his opponent. Regardless of the size disadvantage, he knocked down the iron-jawed Samoan in 18 seconds and followed with punches as he was postured over Hunt, until the referee stopped the fight. It was the first time Hunt was finished by knockout in his MMA career. He fought former WEC Middleweight Champion Paulo Filho on 20 July 2009 at Dream 10. Despite early success on the feet with his striking offensive, Manhoef was taken down and submitted via armbar in the first round.


title: Melvin Manhoef

text: Manhoef made his debut for the organization against Robbie Lawler on 30 January 2010 at . Despite a strong start with heavy leg kicks and punches, he was knocked out at 3:33 in the first round.


title: Melvin Manhoef

text: Manhoef returned to the United States in March 2011, facing Tim Kennedy at . He lost the fight via submission in the first round.


title: Melvin Manhoef

text: On 31 January 2012 it was announced that Manhoef had signed with ONE Fighting Championship and would be fighting Renato Sobral in the main event at ONE Fighting Championship 3. However, Sobral pulled out of the fight and Manhoef faced Yoshiyuki Nakanishi. The fight ended in a No Contest due to an accidental injury to Manhoef's leg in round 1. Manhoef scored a knockout victory on 6 October 2012 against Ryo Kawamura, followed by a quick knockout of Dennis Kang on 31 December 2012. Melvin is now on a three-fight win streak in MMA and has gone 4–0 on New Year's Eve.


title: Melvin Manhoef

text: Recently Manhoef was training with the famous Black House in the United States. He helped his teammate Lyoto Machida train for a fight with Dan Henderson. Manhoef openly hopes to sign with the UFC after visiting UFC 156 in Las Vegas and meeting with Dana White.


title: Melvin Manhoef

text: In 2013 Manhoef fought UFC veteran Brock Larson at ONE FC on 5 April. After controlling the standup and Larson literally running away from him, Manhoef was repeatedly taken down in the last two rounds and Larson won via unanimous decision. He lost to Mamed Khalidov at KSW23 on 8 June 2013.


title: Melvin Manhoef

text: He lost to Zabit Samedov by unanimous decision in the semi-finals of the 93 kg/205 lb kickboxing tournament at "Legend 2: Invasion" in Moscow, Russia on 9 November 2013.


title: Melvin Manhoef

text: Manhoef faced Evangelista Santos in a much-anticipated rematch for the Gringo Super Fight Welterweight title on 27 April. The fight was Melvin's first at 170 lbs. Manhoef won the bout via TKO, early in the first round.


title: Melvin Manhoef

text: It was announced during the "" broadcast that Manhoef would be one of eight fighters competing in the "" middleweight tournament in Inglewood, California, United States on 21 June 2014. He lost to Filip Verlinden in the quarter-finals, suffering a head kick knockdown in round one before losing a majority decision.


title: Melvin Manhoef

text: Manhoef made his Bellator debut against Doug Marshall, in a middleweight bout, at Bellator 125 on 19 September 2014. He won the fight via knockout in the first round.


title: Melvin Manhoef

text: Manhoef faced Glory veteran Joe Schilling on 15 November 2014 at Bellator 131. After a dominant first round that saw Manhoef drop Schilling twice, he lost the fight in the second round due to a knockout.