title: Randall Cobb (American football)

text: In Week 6, against the Houston Texans, Cobb had seven receptions for 102 yards for his first career 100-yard game in the 42–24 victory. In the 2012 season, Cobb played in 15 games including eight starts. He led the team in receptions with 80 and receiving yards with 954 and was second on the team with eight touchdowns. He set a single-season franchise record with 2,342 combined net yards—954 receiving, 132 rushing, 964 on kickoff returns (a 25.4 average), and 292 on punt returns (a 9.4 average) including one touchdown. He led the NFL in that category. He was named a Pro Bowl first alternate as a kick returner.


title: Randall Cobb (American football)

text: In 2013, Cobb was limited to six games (including four starts) due to a broken fibula injury suffered in Week 6 against the Baltimore Ravens. He returned to play in the regular season finale against the Chicago Bears at Soldier Field. He caught a memorable 48-yard game-winning touchdown pass from Aaron Rodgers late in the fourth quarter to win the NFC North title for the Packers. He finished with 31 receptions for 433 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns.


title: Randall Cobb (American football)

text: In Week 4, Cobb had seven receptions for 113 yards and two touchdowns in a 38–17 victory over the Chicago Bears. In Week 7, against the Carolina Panthers, he had six receptions for 121 yards and one touchdown in the 38–17 victory. In the following game, against the New Orleans Saints, he had five receptions for 126 yards and one touchdown in the 44–23 loss. In Week 11, he had season-highs with 10 receptions and 129 receiving yards against the Philadelphia Eagles. In Week 16, against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, he had 11 receptions for 131 yards in the 20–3 victory. On January 19, Cobb was named as a replacement for Dez Bryant in the Pro Bowl.


title: Randall Cobb (American football)

text: Cobb finished the season with 91 receptions on 126 targets for 1,287 yards and 12 touchdowns. He had a six-game touchdown streak and had five games going over 100 yards on the year. The Packers finished with a 12–4 record and earned a first-round bye as the 2-seed in the NFC. In the , against the Dallas Cowboys, he had eight receptions for 116 yards in the 26–21 victory. In the against the Seattle Seahawks, he had seven receptions for 62 yards and a touchdown in the 28–22 overtime loss. He was ranked as the 100th best player in the NFL by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014.


title: Randall Cobb (American football)

text: On March 7, 2015, the Green Bay Packers signed Cobb to a four-year, $40 million contract with a signing bonus of $13 million. After signing the deal, Cobb explained his thought process. "At the end of the day, my heart was in Green Bay, and I knew that's where I wanted to be. I knew I had a good thing going for me, and still I signed a pretty lucrative deal that I can handle as far as making that last for the rest of my life." Cobb also mentioned that the NFC Championship loss to the Seattle Seahawks still bothered him. "Obviously, that loss still hurts. It still feels fresh. I want to win a championship, and we were right there. We were close. We didn't do what we needed to do to win, but we have a lot of the guys coming back this year, same guys. A lot of our core guys, and we believe that puts us in the mix. So we have to handle business this offseason as far as continuing to get better on a daily basis. Obviously, next season, we have to put ourselves in position to go on a run."


title: Randall Cobb (American football)

text: In 2015, Cobb had one of his best seasons as teammate Jordy Nelson went down with an ACL in the preseason. In Week 2, against the Seattle Seahawks, he had eight receptions for 116 yards in the 27–17 victory. In the following game, Cobb had three receiving touchdowns in the 38–28 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs. In Week 13, during the "Miracle in Motown" win, Cobb recovered a James Starks fumble to give the Packers their first touchdown of the game to make the score 20–7 in favor of the Detroit Lions. The Packers would win 27–23 after a Rodgers to Rodgers Hail Mary.


title: Randall Cobb (American football)

text: Cobb finished the season with 79 receptions on a career-high 129 targets for 829 yards and six touchdowns. In the against Washington, Cobb scored a receiving touchdown in the 35–18 victory.


title: Randall Cobb (American football)

text: On September 16, 2016, Cobb was fined $9,115 for pulling the face mask of linebacker Paul Posluszny in Week 1 against the Jacksonville Jaguars. Cobb finished the season with 60 receptions on 84 targets for 610 yards and four touchdowns. In the against the New York Giants, Cobb had five receptions for 116 yards and three touchdowns, including catching a 42-yard Hail Mary from Aaron Rodgers at the end of the second quarter.


title: Randall Cobb (American football)

text: In the 2017 season, Cobb finished with 66 receptions for 653 yards and four touchdowns despite losing starting quarterback Aaron Rodgers. For the first time in his professional career, the Packers finished with a 7–9 record and did not make the playoffs.


title: Randall Cobb (American football)

text: On September 9, 2018, Cobb caught nine passes for 142 yards and a touchdown in the season-opener against the Chicago Bears. He recorded a career-long 75-yard touchdown reception late in the fourth quarter to give the Packers the go-ahead score in the 24–23 victory. This game marked his 15th career game with at least 100 receiving yards. After two games with four receptions each, Cobb suffered a hamstring injury and missed the next five weeks, appearing for limited duty in Week 8 and Week 9 (for a total of nine receptions). Overall, he finished the 2018 season with 38 receptions for 383 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns.


title: Randall Cobb (American football)

text: On March 19, 2019, the Dallas Cowboys signed Cobb to a one-year, $5 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $2 million, to be the team's slot wide receiver. Cobb caught his first touchdown with the Cowboys in the first week of the 2019 season with 9:48 left in the third quarter in their home opener against the New York Giants. Cobb finished the game with four catches for 69 yards and a touchdown in the 35–17 win.


title: Randall Cobb (American football)

text: In Week 10 against the Minnesota Vikings on "Sunday Night Football", Cobb caught six passes for 106 yards and a touchdown in the 28–24 loss. During Week 11 against the Detroit Lions, Cobb finished with four receptions for 115 receiving yards and a touchdown as the Cowboys won 35–27. Overall, Cobb finished the 2019 season with 55 receptions for 828 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns.


title: Randall Cobb (American football)

text: On April 1, 2020, the Houston Texans signed Cobb to a three-year, $27 million contract that included $18 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $6 million. He was brought in to be the team's slot wide receiver and help the team offset the loss of DeAndre Hopkins.


title: Randall Cobb (American football)

text: In Week 3 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Cobb caught four passes for 95 yards and his first touchdown reception as a Texan during the 28–21 loss. In Week 7 against his former team, the Green Bay Packers, Cobb recorded eight catches for 95 yards during the 35–20 loss. He was placed on injured reserve on November 25, 2020, after suffering a toe injury in Week 11. Cobb finished the 2020 season with 38 receptions for 441 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns.


title: Randall Cobb (American football)

text: On July 28, 2021, the Green Bay Packers traded for Cobb at the request of his close friend and former teammate, quarterback Aaron Rodgers. Houston traded the rights to Cobb - and most of his salary obligations - to the Packers in exchange for a sixth-round draft pick. He sustained an injury on a touchdown catch during a Week 12 win over the Los Angeles Rams, and was deemed questionable to return to the game. He was placed on injured reserve on December 11. Head coach Matt LaFleur announced on January 19 that he had been cleared to return for the Packers' playoff game against the San Francisco 49ers where they lost on a last second field goal. Cobb finished the 2021 season with 28 receptions for 375 receiving yards and five receiving touchdowns.


title: Randall Cobb (American football)

text: On October 22, 2022, Cobb was placed on injured reserve after suffering an ankle injury in Week 6. On November 17, 2022, Cobb was activated from injured reserve.


title: Sam Jones III

text: Samuel L. Jones III (born April 29, 1983) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Pete Ross on the first three seasons of the Superman television series "Smallville", Willie Worsley in the 2006 film "Glory Road", Craig Shilo on "Blue Mountain State", Chaz Pratt on "ER" and Billy Marsh in the 2006 film ""Home of the Brave".


title: Sam Jones III

text: In his early acting career, Jones played Pete Ross on the first three seasons of the television series "Smallville", based on the early years of Superman, after which he left before season 3's final episode, but returned as Pete Ross in the season 7 episode "Hero". He left the series to film "Glory Road". Jones has also appeared on the television shows "The Practice", "ER", "", and "7th Heaven". He appeared with former "Cosby Show" actress Raven-Symoné in the 2006 Lifetime movie "For One Night". Jones also played Craig Shilo in Spike TV's "Blue Mountain State". Most recently, Jones joined the cast of writer/director Chris Blake's (a.k.a. Christopher Blake Johnson) indie horror film, "All Light Will End", alongside Andy Buckley and John Schuck.


title: Sam Jones III

text: In 2014, Jones completed filming the movie "Of Fortune and Gold". In 2016, Jones had a role in the film "" based on Spike TV's "Blue Mountain State" as the character Craig Shilo.


title: Sam Jones III

text: In 2010, a sex tape leaked with his then model girlfriend Karissa Shannon. It was reported that pair initially tried to block the release of the sex tape, for some time, but after striking a deal, the tape was released on DVD by Vivid Entertainment called: Karissa Shannon Superstar. In 2011, Jones and Shannon released a song entitled "Juice and Vodka"; once available on iTunes, currently available on TMZ a part of the Kam3 album.


title: Sam Jones III

text: Jones was convicted of conspiracy to possess illegal drugs with the intent to distribute. The incident was part of a DEA sting operation. On December 16, 2010, Jones pleaded guilty to conspiracy and on June 22, 2011, Jones was sentenced to 366 days in federal prison and three years' probation. On December 6, 2011, Jones began serving his sentence at the Lompoc Correctional Complex in California. He was released on October 12, 2012 after serving 10 months. He has since returned to acting.


title: Maithili language

text: Maithili () is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of India and Nepal. It is native to the Mithila region, which encompasses parts of the Indian states of Bihar and Jharkhand as well as Nepal's eastern Terai. It is one of the 22 officially recognised languages of India and the second most spoken Nepalese language in Nepal.


title: Maithili language

text: The language is predominantly written in Devanagari, but there were two other historically important scripts: Tirhuta, which has retained some use until the present, and Kaithi.


title: Maithili language

text: In 2003, Maithili was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution as a recognised Indian language, which allows it to be used in education, government, and other official contexts in India. Maithili language is included as an optional paper in the UPSC Exam. In March 2018, Maithili received the second official language status in the Indian state of Jharkhand.


title: Maithili language

text: The Language Commission of Nepal has recommended Maithili language to be made an official administrative language in Province No. 1 and Province No. 2.


title: Maithili language

text: In India, Maithili is spoken mainly in Bihar and Jharkhand in the districts of Darbhanga, Saharsa, Samastipur, Madhubani, Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, Begusarai, Munger, Khagaria, Purnia, Katihar, Kishanganj, Sheohar, Bhagalpur, Madhepura, Araria, Supaul, Vaishali and Deoghar as well as other districts of Santhal Pargana division. Darbhanga, Madhubani and Saharsa constitute cultural and linguistic centers.


title: Maithili language

text: In Nepal, Maithili is spoken mainly in the Outer Terai districts including Sarlahi, Mahottari, Dhanusa, Sunsari, Siraha, Morang and Saptari Districts. Janakpur is an important linguistic centre of Maithili.


title: Maithili language

text: In the 19th century, linguistic scholars considered Maithili as a dialect of Bihari languages and grouped it with other languages spoken in Bihar. Hoernlé compared it with the Gaudian languages and recognised that it shows more similarities with the Bengali languages than with Hindi. Grierson recognised it as a distinct language and published its first grammar in 1881.


title: Maithili language

text: Maithili varies greatly in dialects. The standard form of Maithili is Central Maithili which is mainly spoken in Darbhanga, Begusarai district , Madhubani district and Saharsa district in Bihar, India.


title: Maithili language

text: The name Maithili is derived from the word Mithila, an ancient kingdom of which King Janaka was the ruler (see Ramayana). Maithili is also one of the names of Sita, the wife of King Rama and daughter of King Janaka. Scholars in Mithila used Sanskrit for their literary work and Maithili was the language of the common folk (Abahatta).


title: Maithili language

text: The beginning of Maithili language and literature can be traced back to the 'Charyapadas', a form of Buddhist mystical verses, composed during the period of 700-1300 AD. These padas were written in Sandhya bhasa by several Siddhas who belonged to Vajrayana Buddhism and were scattered throughout the territory of Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. Several of Siddas were from Mithila region such as Kanhapa, Sarhapa etc. Prominent scholars like Rahul Sankrityanan, Subhadra Jha and Jayakant Mishra provided evidence and proved that the language of Charyapada is ancient Maithili or proto Maithili.


title: Maithili language

text: Apart from Charyapadas, there has been rich tradition of folk culture, folk songs and which were popular among common folks of Mithila region.


title: Maithili language

text: After the fall of Pala rule, disappearance of Buddhism, establishment of Karnāta kings and patronage of Maithili under Harisimhadeva (1226–1324) of Karnāta dynasty dates back to the 14th century (around 1327 AD). Jyotirishwar Thakur (1280–1340) wrote a unique work "Varnaratnākara" in Maithili prose. The "Varna Ratnākara" is the earliest known prose text, written by Jyotirishwar Thakur in Mithilaksar script, and is the first prose work not only in Maithili but in any modern Indian language.


title: Maithili language

text: In 1324, Ghyasuddin Tughluq, the emperor of Delhi invaded Mithila, defeated Harisimhadeva, entrusted Mithila to his family priest and a great Military Scholar Kameshvar Jha, a Maithil Brahmin of the Oinwar dynasty. But the disturbed era did not produce any literature in Maithili until Vidyapati Thakur (1360 to 1450), who was an epoch-making poet under the patronage of king Shiva Singh and his queen Lakhima Devi. He produced over 1,000 immortal songs in Maithili on the theme of love of Radha and Krishna and the domestic life of Shiva and Parvati as well as on the subject of suffering of migrant labourers of Morang and their families; besides, he wrote a number of treaties in Sanskrit. His love-songs spread far and wide in no time and enchanted saints, poets and youth. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu saw the divine light of love behind these songs, and soon these songs became themes of Vaisnava sect of Bengal. Rabindranath Tagore, out of curiosity, imitated these songs under the pseudonym Bhanusimha. Vidyapati influenced the religious literature of Asama, Bengal, Utkala and gave birth to a new Brajabuli language.


title: Maithili language

text: The earliest reference to Maithili or Tirhutiya is in Amaduzzi's preface to Beligatti's "Alphabetum Brammhanicum", published in 1771. This contains a list of Indian languages amongst which is 'Tourutiana.' Colebrooke's essay on the Sanskrit and Prakrit languages, written in 1801, was the first to describe Maithili as a distinct dialect.


title: Maithili language

text: Many devotional songs were written by Vaisnava saints, including in the mid-17th century, Vidyapati and Govindadas. Mapati Upadhyaya wrote a drama titled "Pārijātaharaṇa" in Maithili. Professional troupes, mostly from dalit classes known as Kirtanias, the singers of bhajan or devotional songs, started to perform this drama in public gatherings and the courts of the nobles.


title: Maithili language

text: Lochana (c. 1575 – c. 1660) wrote "Rāgatarangni", a significant treatise on the science of music, describing the rāgas, tālas, and lyrics prevalent in Mithila.


title: Maithili language

text: During the Malla dynasty's rule Maithili spread far and wide throughout Nepal from the 16th to the 17th century. During this period, at least seventy Maithili dramas were produced. In the drama "Harishchandranrityam" by Siddhinarayanadeva (1620–57), some characters speak pure colloquial Maithili, while others speak Bengali, Sanskrit or Prakrit.


title: Maithili language

text: After the demise of Maheshwar Singh, the ruler of Darbhanga Raj, in 1860, the Raj was taken over by the British Government as regent. The Darbhanga Raj returned to his successor, Maharaj Lakshmishvar Singh, in 1898. The Zamindari Raj had a lackadaisical approach toward Maithili. The use of Maithili language was revived through personal efforts of MM Parameshvar Mishra, Chanda Jha, Munshi Raghunandan Das and others.


title: Maithili language

text: Publication of "Maithil Hita Sadhana" (1905), "Mithila Moda" (1906), and "Mithila Mihir" (1908) further encouraged writers. The first social organisation, Maithil Mahasabha, was established in 1910 for the development of Mithila and Maithili. It blocked its membership for people outside of the Maithil Brahmin and Karna Kayastha castes. Maithil Mahasabha campaigned for the official recognition of Maithili as a regional language. Calcutta University recognised Maithili in 1917, and other universities followed suit.


title: Maithili language

text: Babu Bhola Lal Das wrote "Maithili Grammar" ("Maithili Vyakaran"). He edited a book "Gadya Kusumanjali" and edited a journal "Maithili".


title: Maithili language

text: In 1965, Maithili was officially accepted by Sahitya Academy, an organisation dedicated to the promotion of Indian literature.


title: Maithili language

text: In 2002, Maithili was recognised on the VIII schedule of the Indian Constitution as a major Indian language; Maithili is now one of the twenty-two Scheduled languages of India.


title: Maithili language

text: Maithili has four classes of stops, one class of affricate, which is generally treated as a stop series, related nasals, fricatives and approximant.


title: Maithili language

text: There are four series of stops- bilabials, coronals, retroflex and velar, along with an affricate series. All of them show the four way contrast like most of the modern Indo-Aryan languages:


title: Maithili language

text: Apart from the retroflex series, all the rest four series show full phonological contrast in all positions. The retroflex tenius ʈ and ʈʰ show full contrast in all positions. ɖ and ɖʱ show phonological contrast mainly word-initially. Both are defective phonemes, occurring intervocalically an word finally only if preceded by a nasal consonant. Word finally and postvocalically, ɖʱ surfaces as or ʱ. Non-initially, both are interchangeable with or and or respectively.


title: Maithili language

text: and are most common fricatives. They show full phonological opposition. and , which is present in tatsama words, is replaced by most of the times, when independent. occurs before and before . and occurs in Perso-Arabic loanwords, generally replaced by and respectively. and also occurs in Sanskrit words (jihvamuliya and upadhmaniya), which is peculiar to Maithili.


title: Maithili language

text: and are present in all phonological positions. occurs only non-initially and is followed by a homorganic stop, which may be deleted if voiced, which leads to the independent presence of ŋ. occurs non-initially, followed by a homorganic stop, and is independent only in tatsama words, which is often replaced with n. occurs only non-initially and is followed by a homorganic stop always. It is the only nasal which does not occur independently.


title: Maithili language

text: i̯, u̯, e̯, o̯ written in Devanagari as य़, व़, य़ॆ, व़ॊ. Most of the times, these are written without nukta.


title: Maithili language

text: The difference between adjectives and nouns is very minute in Maithili. However, there are marked adjectives there in Maithili.


title: Maithili language

text: Pronouns in Maithili are declined in similar way to nominals, though in most pronouns the genitive case has a different form. The lower forms below are accusative and postpositional. The plurals are formed periphrastically.


title: Maithili language

text: Beginning in the 14th century, the language was written in the Tirhuta script (also known as Mithilakshara or Maithili), which is related to the Bengali script. By the early 20th century, this script was largely associated with the Mithila Brahmans, with most others using Kaithi, and Devanagari spreading under the influence of the scholars at Banaras. Throughout the course of the century, Devanagari grew in use eventually replacing the other two, and has since remained the dominant script for Maithili. Tirhuta retained some specific uses (on signage in north Bihar as well as in religious texts, genealogical records and letters), and has seen a resurgence of interest in the 21st century.


title: Maithili language

text: The following sample text is Maithili translation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:


title: David Berry (actor)

text: David Berry is an Australian-Canadian actor known for his role as James Bligh in the television series "A Place To Call Home" and Lord John Grey in the Starz television series "Outlander".


title: David Berry (actor)

text: Berry was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, but moved to Sydney, Australia, at the age of 7. One of four children, he is talented in both singing and the violin. As a child, he attended school on a scholarship for voice, splitting his time between school and professional performances that included work at Opera Australia and numerous festivals. In 2002, he received a scholarship to study political science at Montreal's McGill University. Upon his return, he applied and was accepted to the Australian National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA), from which he graduated in 2010.


title: David Berry (actor)

text: Berry's first professional role was a guest appearance in an episode of "Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries". He went on that same year to portray Logan Meyer in a ten episode stint on 7 Network's long running soap opera "Home and Away".


title: David Berry (actor)

text: In 2013, Berry starred in writer/director Robert White's made for TV horror film, "Progeny". He also joined the main cast of the Foxtel drama "A Place To Call Home" as James Bligh, a man tortured by society's treatment of his homosexuality, in 1950s Australia.


title: David Berry (actor)

text: 2015 saw Berry star as Brian Cleaver in "The Crater: A True Story of Vietnam." The film revolves around the experiences of Cleaver during The Battle of Coral-Balmoral, fought between May 12 and June 6, 1968.


title: David Berry (actor)

text: In August 2016, it was announced that Berry would be joining the cast of Starz's time travel period drama "Outlander", in the recurring role of Lord John Grey. He debuted in the 2017 episode "All Debts Paid", appearing in seasons three through six.


title: David Berry (actor)

text: 2020 saw Berry team up with fellow actor Tim Downie on an unofficial "Outlander" podcast entitled "Outcasts".


title: Kelly McCreary

text: Kelly J. McCreary (born September 29, 1981) is an American actress, best known for her role on the ABC drama series "Grey's Anatomy" as Dr. Maggie Pierce, the half-sister of series protagonist Meredith Grey. She joined the series as a guest at the end of the tenth season, becoming a series regular in the eleventh season. She has reprised her role on the spin-off series "Station 19".


title: Kelly McCreary

text: McCreary began her career acting in theatre, eventually making it to Broadway, and has performed in a number of productions by playwright Dominique Morisseeau. She made her screen debut doing voice work for several animated children's educational programs, and later made guest appearances on the television series "Rubicon", "I Just Want My Pants Back", and "Castle", with multi-episode arcs on "White Collar" and "Scandal". She has appeared in the films "Being Flynn" (2011) and "Life" (2015). McCreary was a series regular on The CW's short-lived medical drama "Emily Owens, M.D." as Tyra Dupre.


title: Kelly McCreary

text: McCreary was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on September 29, 1981, to Mary and Geoffrey McCreary. She has two sisters. She became interested in acting and theatre in the fourth grade and attended middle and high schools for the arts. McCreary first appeared on stage in a sixth-grade musical. At age 17, she moved to New York City to study acting at Barnard College, a women's college of Columbia University. She appeared in several productions at the Minor Latham Playhouse, and worked on Columbia's Varsity Show during her junior year. She also spent a semester at the British American Drama Academy in London and appeared in numerous commercials before graduating from Barnard in 2003. McCreary has also trained at the Chautauqua Conservatory Theatre Company and The Actor's Center in New York.


title: Kelly McCreary

text: Following her graduation from Barnard College, McCreary lived in Harlem and worked part-time at Barnard's alumnae affairs office while she continued to go on auditions and perform in plays. Frustrated with a lack of success in television and film at that point, as well as disappointment with her stage work, McCreary effectively quit acting and moved to Spain, where she worked on a farm. However, she returned to performing when Dominique Morisseau's play "Follow Me to Nellie's", which McCreary had previously workshopped, scored a production. McCreary later reflected, "In that tough time, before I quit acting, that was one of the few creative things that had made me really happy. And then it was getting a production. So I was, like, I will totally go back to do this. I may never do anything again after it. But I know I'm going to have a great time: I love these people, and I love this play." McCreary played the role of Na Rose.


title: Kelly McCreary

text: In 2005, McCreary made her screen debut on the PBS animated series "Cyberchase", and later appeared on another animated PBS series, "The Electric Company". She made her Broadway debut in the 2008 musical "Passing Strange". McCreary also had a recurring role on the USA Network series "White Collar". In 2010, she landed a starring role in the Off-Broadway musical comedy "Perfect Harmony". She made her film debut with a small role in the 2011 feature "Being Flynn" as Inez. In 2012, she was cast in the first major role of her career, on The CW medical series "Emily Owens, M.D.", opposite Mamie Gummer and Aja Naomi King, playing the role of Tyra Dupre, a first-year surgical intern who is also a lesbian. However, the series was cancelled after one season. McCreary has additionally appeared on the television series "Castle", "I Just Want My Pants Back", and "Rubicon". She played the role of Eartha Kitt in the indie film "Life" opposite Dane DeHaan and Robert Pattinson, and also had roles in the films "Baby Baby Baby" and "How to Follow Strangers". Her other stage credits include "Secret Order" with the Merrimack Repertory Theater, and "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and "Eurydice" with the Williamstown Theatre Festival.


title: Kelly McCreary

text: In 2014, after guest-starring in two episodes of the Shonda Rhimes political drama "Scandal" as Clare Tucker, McCreary joined Rhimes' other ABC drama series, "Grey's Anatomy". McCreary debuted in the penultimate episode of the medical drama's tenth season titled "Everything I Try to Do, Nothing Seems to Turn Out Right" in the role of Dr. Maggie Pierce, the half-sister of series protagonist Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo). She continued to recur on the series and after appearing in four episodes of the series' eleventh season, McCreary was promoted to series regular status on October 23, 2014. McCreary has reprised her role in the spin-off series "Station 19", appearing in the crossover episodes "Under the Surface" from the first season and "Always Ready" from the second season.


title: Kelly McCreary

text: During her "Grey's Anatomy" hiatus in 2017, McCreary played Esther Mills in a production of the play "Intimate Apparel". In 2018, McCreary booked one of the lead roles in the Netflix animated series "Harvey Street Kids", where she voices the character Dot. The series premiered on June 29, 2018. A second season retitled "Harvey Girls Forever!" was released on May 10, 2019. In 2018, McCreary also produced a short film titled "A Cohort of Guests" featuring several of her co-stars from "Grey's Anatomy" and "Station 19", and reunited with Morisseau to star as Shanita in the Geffen Playhouse production of the playwright's "Skeleton Crew".


title: Kelly McCreary

text: While living in New York City, McCreary co-founded the Jaradoa Theater Company, an organization committed to community outreach. She is an associate member of IAMA Theater in Los Angeles and an associate artist with The Civilians, a theater company that "creates new work based on creative investigation into vital questions of the present." In 2015, she became a member of the Equal Justice Society Board of Directors.


title: Kelly McCreary

text: In 2018, McCreary participated in former First Lady Michelle Obama's When We All Vote campaign, serving as an ambassador. The campaign aimed to increase voter turnout in the United States by encouraging citizens to register to vote in preparation for the upcoming midterm elections.


title: Kelly McCreary

text: In January 2019, McCreary revealed that she and director Pete Chatmon were engaged after meeting on the set of "Grey's Anatomy" two years prior. They married on May 4, 2019. On August 16, 2021, McCreary and Chatmon announced that they are expecting their first child. She gave birth to her daughter several weeks later on October 3, 2021.


title: Baccara

text: Baccara was a female vocal duo formed in 1977 by Spanish artists Mayte Mateos (born 7 February 1951) and María Mendiola (4 April 1952 – 11 September 2021). The duo rapidly achieved international success with their debut single "Yes Sir, I Can Boogie", which reached number one across much of Europe and became the best-selling single of all-time by a female group, eventually selling more than 18 million copies worldwide. A successful follow-up single ("Sorry, I'm a Lady") and European tour led to a number of album releases, numerous television appearances and the duo's selection to represent Luxembourg in the "Eurovision Song Contest 1978".


title: Baccara

text: Despite a substantial following in Spain, Germany and Japan, by 1981 the two women's blend of disco, pop and Spanish folk music was no longer fashionable, and by 1983 Mateos and Mendiola were both working on solo projects. Achieving little success as solo artists, the two formed duos of their own: separate incarnations of the original Baccara appeared during the middle of the decade, with Mendiola fronting "New Baccara" and Mateos keeping the duo's original name. During the 1990s, "New Baccara" reverted to "Baccara" and as a consequence both Mateos and Mendiola headed different duos with the same name. Both principals subsequently had prolonged but separate legacy careers based on nostalgia and their earlier fame.


title: Baccara

text: Mendiola's Baccara has seen more international recognition, releasing a string of Hi-NRG club hits such as "Fantasy Boy" and "Touch Me" in the late 1980s and the later UK club hit "Wind Beneath My Wings". Mateos' Baccara has released few new recordings, but has remained in demand for television and live appearances in countries such as Spain and Germany where the original Baccara developed a loyal fan base, performing the duo's back-catalogue and modernised versions of traditional Spanish songs.


title: Baccara

text: In 1976, María Mendiola (prima ballerina of Alberto Portillo's Spanish Television ballet) proposed to her colleague Mayte Mateos the formation of a separate singing and dancing duo (using the title Venus). After leaving the ballet company, the duo's initial act was simply that of variety show dancers. Their first television appearance was on the "Palmarés" light entertainment programme and they were engaged at a nightclub in the Aragon city of Zaragoza, but their contract was cancelled when the club manager decided that they were "too elegant" for the style of the show. Mateos and Mendiola relocated to the Canary Islands in search of work. Here they found that there was an audience for the performance of traditional Spanish music and dance in a form that was adapted to suit international tastes.


title: Baccara

text: The duo were spotted by Leon Deane, manager of the German subsidiary of record company RCA, whilst performing flamenco dance and traditional Spanish songs for mostly German tourists in the Tres Islas Hotel on the island of Fuerteventura. María, who was the only one who spoke English, served as a bridge between the promotion managers and the duo to reach an agreement. Deane invited them to Hamburg so they could do a voice test at the record company. He was the prime mover behind what became Baccara, developing their stage performance while recruiting their instrumental support. Mateos and Mendiola were retitled Baccara, after the name of the black rose, in reference to the women's dark Spanish appearance.


title: Baccara

text: Leon Deane is generally credited with the Baccara formula—consisting of breathy lyrics, lush backing, a disco beat and the striking image of two women (Mateos dressed in black, Mendiola in white) dancing. While drawing lightly on Spanish flamenco song and dance tradition, the formula was rooted in 1970s disco music.


title: Baccara

text: Together with fellow writer Frank Dostal, Rolf Soja penned their début single "Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" and most of their other 1970s hits. Recorded in the Netherlands and released in 1977, "Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" was an enormous pan-European hit and was a prime example of the phenomenon that is known as the "summer hit". It is also an example of the Euro disco genre, described in "The Independent" newspaper in 1999 as follows :


title: Baccara

text: This mind-bending Common Market melding of foreign accents, bad diction, bizarre arrangements and lightweight production, usually top-heavy with strings


title: Baccara

text: "Yes Sir, …" reached the top of the charts in Germany, the Netherlands, the UK, Sweden, Belgium, and Switzerland, and number three in France. Baccara sold more than 16 million copies of "Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" and featured in the 1977 edition of the "Guinness Book of Records" as the highest-selling female musical duo to date. They were the first female duo to reach number one in the UK, and had the only number one by a Spanish artist in the UK until Julio Iglesias, four years later.


title: Baccara

text: Later that year, a self-titled album, written and produced by Soja and Dostal, was released. The album "Baccara" was the first platinum selling album—actually double platinum in 1978—by a foreign group in Finland. In 2013, the album still remains the sixth biggest selling album of all time in Finland.


title: Baccara

text: A follow-up single, "Sorry, I'm a Lady", was also an international hit, peaking at the top of the charts in Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium and reaching the top ten in the UK, Sweden and Switzerland. Most of Baccara's recordings were sung in English although they also recorded in Spanish, German and French. They recorded different language versions of some songs (see Discography below).


title: Baccara

text: Touring in Europe during the late 1970s helped the duo establish a firm fan base in Germany (where their records continued to be produced) and the Scandinavian countries, and their Spanish-flavoured interpretation of the disco sound also brought them recognition in Japan and Russia. Baccara represented West Germany at the eighth "World Popular Song Festival" held in November 1977 – until it ended in 1989 the largest such contest in the world. Their song, "Mad in Madrid", came 14th out of 37 participating countries.


title: Baccara

text: In 1978 the second Baccara album, "Light My Fire", was released across Europe, and whilst not matching the international success of the first, it spawned the single "Parlez-vous français?" which was selected as Luxembourg's entry in that year's "Eurovision Song Contest". Despite full marks from Italy, Portugal and Spain the duo finished in seventh place. However high sales, particularly in Denmark, Sweden and Belgium, meant that the single was a commercial success.


title: Baccara

text: Further recognition came in 1978 when Baccara was granted Germany's most prestigious media award, "Burda Publishing Group's Bambi" prize. This is offered annually to "celebrities whose abilities have impressed, moved and enthused the people in Germany". The duo made regular television appearances, becoming weekly guests on Sacha Distel's show in the UK, and on "Musikladen" in Germany. 1978 was the high point of Baccara's artistic and commercial success. Late that year the duo released the single "The Devil Sent You to Laredo" with "Somewhere in Paradise" as its B side. Both of these Baccara recordings have become iconic. "Somewhere in Paradise" (with its allusions to life after death) is regularly played by Christian radio stations while "The Devil…" (with its background pistol shots) is sometimes identified with the gay community. A Spanish-language version of "The Devil…" ("El diablo te mandó a Laredo") was released at the same time as the English one, and both the original English version and "Somewhere in Paradise" subsequently featured on the duo's first "greatest hits" compilation, "The Hits of Baccara", released under the name "Los Éxitos de Baccara" in Spain and South America.


title: Baccara

text: In 1979, the album "Colours" and the separately-recorded single "Eins plus eins ist eins", released to mark the United Nations' International Year of the Child and celebrate the 20th anniversary of the UN adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child. Although still successful, sales of these and other releases in 1979 were disappointing.


title: Baccara

text: Baccara's fourth and final album in the band's original incarnation was "Bad Boys", released in 1981. By this time, the disco sound had been overshadowed by newer music movements such as punk, new wave and synthpop in much of Europe and interest was largely confined to those countries where the duo had an established fan base, notably Germany. The album was not released in the UK or US; they never achieved any recognition in the US despite some of their songs being given significant airplay. One music critic suggested that the Baccara formula lacked artistic depth but had been "mined for all it was worth" over two years until public interest moved on to other things. The same critic also drew attention to an element of "anti-feminist subservience" in the lyrics of some Baccara songs.


title: Baccara

text: The "New Musical Express" commented in May 2002 (page 6): "Think what you like about Baccara, seen today their 1978 Eurovision performance has a certain style while their competition from that event looks dated and amateurish".


title: Baccara

text: The 1980 single release of "Sleepy-Time-Toy" led to a disagreement within Baccara over the vocal mix used. Mendiola complained that her voice was not given sufficient prominence in the song's arrangement and sued RCA for breach of contract. Mendiola's case was that the song should not have been released as a Baccara recording when it amounted to a Mateos solo. A court hearing in Munich resulted in 250,000 records being recalled from dealers and a revised recording with a new vocal mix being issued in place of the original. A 28-second instrumental bridge was removed from the start of the recording (thereby reducing the play time from 6:12 to 5:44) and the vocals were remixed so as to give Mendiola and Mateos equal prominence. The artwork for the single's cover appears to have remained unchanged. The single failed to chart successfully (see Discography below).


title: Baccara

text: As a result of the dispute, relationships between all parties involved were damaged. One consequence of this was that Soja and Dostal were not involved with Baccara's final album. The duo recorded "Bad Boys" with Bruce Baxter and Graham Sacher in the UK. Neither the album nor its spin-off single "Colorado" were successful. In 1981, after RCA declined to renew their contract, Mateos and Mendiola ended their professional partnership and both launched solo careers.


title: Baccara

text: By 1988, both artists had released a series of singles and one studio album each of their own – Mendiola with "Born Again" and Mateos with "Spanish Dreams" under the name Mayte Mathée — which saw moderate success amongst Baccara's original fan base. Mateos' "Spanish Dreams" was re-released on CD in Germany in the 2000s under the title "Noche Latina" but Mendiola's "Born Again" still remains unreleased in digital format. However, there remained a demand for Baccara's music, particularly on the European television circuit, and by the end of the decade both Mateos and Mendiola had formed their own versions of Baccara with new singing partners. Despite a series of name and line-up changes, both Baccara duos continued to perform around Europe and have released new albums. Both have also made re-recordings of their hits for various minor record labels, which are regularly re-packaged and re-issued under the original "Baccara" name, occasionally with photos of the original duo, Mateos and Mendiola, on the album covers. However, the original song versions - those recorded between 1977 and 1981 - remain the property of Sony Music Entertainment, which now holds the rights to the RCA back catalogue.


title: Baccara

text: On the occasion of Baccara's 30th Anniversary, Sony-BMG Germany released a comprehensive three CD box set on 31 August 2007. This collection includes 50 RCA original recordings. Several songs such as "Mad in Madrid", "Amoureux", "Baila tú", "En el año 2000", "Eins plus eins ist eins" and "Candido" made their debut on CD. The only tracks missing from this otherwise comprehensive career retrospective are the US 12" versions of "Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" and "Sorry, I'm a Lady" from debut album "Baccara", the full 12 minute album version of "Baby, Why Don't You Reach Out?"/"Light My Fire" and the extended album version of "Darling" from 1978's "Light My Fire" and the extended 12" versions of "Body-Talk" and "By 1999" from 1979's "Colours".


title: Baccara

text: After the split, Mateos and Mendiola never performed together again. However, the two women remained on friendly terms. When Mateos married in Stockholm in 1982, Mendiola attended as the wedding guest. There Mendiola met a fellow guest who she subsequently married and with whom she had two sons. Mateos's marriage failed and in 2010 she was living in Hamburg, where she worked as a dance instructor when not touring with her own revived version of Baccara. In 2010 Mendiola was living in Madrid and still performing as a singer.


title: Baccara

text: Following the original Baccara's dissolution in 1981 Mayte Mateos released three solo singles through the RCA-Victor label, "Souvenirs from Paradise", "Recuerdos del ayer" and "Malaguena", the first two produced by Rolf Soja. Re-forming as Baccara in 1983 with Marisa Pérez, a contemporary of Mateos and Mendiola at the Spanish TV ballet company, Mateos re-established the band on the European entertainment circuit. Pérez was followed by a succession of partners including Ángela Muro, Sole García, Jane Comerford, Carmen, Cristina Sevilla, Paloma Blanco, Isabel Patton, Romy Abradelo, Rose, Francesca Rodrigues and María Marín. Mateos' current singing partner is once again fellow Spaniard Paloma Blanco. Although having no new hits to their name, Mateos' Baccara have remained in demand for television and live performances, performing the band's extensive back catalogue — versions of which have been released as compilations — as well as up-tempo interpretations of traditional Spanish songs.


title: Baccara

text: In 1999, Mateos and Cristina Sevilla released a new studio album through RCA-Victor/Sony-BMG, "Baccara 2000", as well as an updated dance version of breakthrough hit "Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" as a single.


title: Baccara

text: In 2004, Mayte Mateos was once again involved with Eurovision, when she took part (along with Cristina Sevilla) in the Swedish "Melodifestivalen" preselection contest to represent Sweden with the song "Soy tu Venus". However, Baccara lost out to local star Lena Philipsson, who eventually placed fifth in the competition. A full-length studio album recorded in Sweden, "Soy tu Venus", followed.


title: Baccara

text: A new Baccara album with Mayte Mateos and Paloma Blanco, entitled "Satin ...In Black & White" and produced by the original Baccara team Rolf Soja and Frank Dostal, was released on 30 May 2008. This album contained remakes of original Baccara recordings from the late 1970s and some new songs. Although appreciated by Baccara fans, sales of the album were disappointing.


title: Baccara

text: In 2013 Mayte sang on a cover version of "Yes Sir I Can Boogie" by the London indie rock band Sala & The Strange Sound.


title: Baccara

text: In 2016 Mateos Baccara collab with Fundacion Tony Manera with a cover song of "Dame un Poco de Tu Amor" by "Juan Carlos Calderón"


title: Baccara

text: In 2020 Mateos's Baccara version announced a tour, but because of pandemic happened it got delayed and until today no confirmed dates when are they gonna tour again


title: Baccara

text: On September 11, 2021, Mateos original partner "Mendiola" died and post in her personal Facebook and in their page of Baccara Oficial "María Mendiola my original partner in Baccara has passed away, May she rest in peace"


title: Baccara

text: So many articles, newspapers and even in social media put a picture of Mateos on Death news of Mendiola and some people thought she's the one who died, and in Mateos personal Facebook account post "I strongly request that the painful death of María Mendiola, be very clear on social media. Many people i know and family have thought it was me"


title: Baccara

text: Initially called "New Baccara" to distinguish it from Mayte Mateos' re-formed "Baccara", Mendiola teamed up with vocalist Marisa Pérez and in 1987 reached the top five in Spain and top 40 in Germany with the single "Call Me Up", written by Ian Cussick. 1988 saw the duo release a series of Euro-influenced Hi-NRG dance tracks on the "Bellaphon" recording label. "Call Me Up", "Fantasy Boy" and "Touch Me" were produced by Luis Rodríguez, and were big club hits across Europe. A version of Bette Midler's "Wind Beneath My Wings", released on the "Loading Bay" label in the late 1990s, was also a hit in UK clubs. Towards the end of the decade "New Baccara" was renamed back to "Baccara", and releases continued, although the group did not chart as their output was directed towards the club scene with singles pressed in strictly limited quantities.


title: Baccara

text: Mendiola and Pérez were stars of the UK 2000 tour and appeared at Wembley, London with various other music groups. In 2004, they appeared on British reality show "Hit Me Baby One More Time".


title: Baccara

text: In August 2005, Mendiola and Pérez were honoured with a memorial on Vienna's "Musical Mile", along its Hollywood-style "Walk of the Stars".


title: Baccara

text: In late 2008 Marisa Pérez was diagnosed with acute polyarthritis. It was agreed that until she recovered, her place at Baccara live performances would be taken by Mendiola's niece Laura Mendiola. This measure (said to be temporary) allowed Mendiola's Baccara to honour its outstanding commitments over the period Pérez needed to recover.


title: Baccara

text: Marisa Pérez left the band shortly afterwards and Maria has been performing with Cristina Sevilla since then. In 2016 they released a new version of "Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" with the band Plugin. In 2017 they released "I Belong to Your Heart" produced by Luis Rodríguez with 11 brand new songs plus "I Belong to Your Heart" extended and a new "Fantasy Boy" version.


title: Baccara

text: In November 2020, "Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" returned to the UK charts after it was featured in several online videos posted by members of the Scotland football team. The team qualified for the European championships, and were heard singing the song in celebratory videos. It became a 'new' number 57 hit for Sony Music on the national singles chart and peaked at number 2 on the Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100. Maria Mendiola was quoted as saying she would be happy to record a new version for the finals.


title: Baccara

text: In June 2021, Scottish DJ George 'GBX' Bowie released a new remixed version of "Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" for Scottish fans to use as an anthem for UEFA Euro 2020. This dance version included new vocals from Baccara and also reached the Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100, peaking at number 11.


title: Baccara

text: Mendiola died in Madrid on 11 September 2021, at the age of 69, surrounded by her family in hospital Her current partner Cristina Sevilla wrote and posted on their Instagram @baccaraoficial "How hard is it for me to post this.. María, wonderful artist, but for me above all.. My friend has left us today. I am lost for words.. I can only thank so much how i have received from her and tell her what i had chance to tell her so many times in my life... I Love You".. Until today Mendiola's death cause wasn't ever confirmed, but her family said that she had been dealing with blood deficiency for two decades


title: Baccara

text: After the death of Maria Mendiola and at the great insistence of fans, producers and artistic promoters, Cristina Sevilla agrees to continue with Mendiola's legacy, as a way of paying a permanent tribute to her memory. On January 26, 2022, the official announcement of her new partner is made: Helen de Quiroga, who already has a consolidated career in music and who has also been a backing vocalist for international artists such as Miguel Bosé and Alejandro Sanz. This is how the public discovers an updated and renewed version of Baccara, but which preserves its essence, its elegance, its good work and professionalism.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: A battery electric vehicle (BEV), pure electric vehicle, only-electric vehicle, fully electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that exclusively uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs, with no secondary source of propulsion (a hydrogen fuel cell, internal combustion engine, etc.). BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion. They derive all power from battery packs and thus have no internal combustion engine, fuel cell, or fuel tank. BEVs include – but are not limited to – motorcycles, bicycles, scooters, skateboards, railcars, watercraft, forklifts, buses, trucks, and cars.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: In 2016, there were 210 million electric bikes worldwide used daily. Cumulative global sales of highway-capable light-duty pure electric car vehicles passed the one million unit milestone in September 2016. , the world's top selling all-electric car in history is the Tesla Model 3, with an estimated 645,000 sales, followed by the Nissan Leaf with over 500,000 sales .


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: During the 1880s, Gustave Trouvé, Thomas Parker and Andreas Flocken built experimental electric cars, but the first practical battery electric vehicles appeared during the 1890s. Battery vehicle milk floats expanded in 1931, and by 1967, gave Britain the largest electric vehicle fleet in the world.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Hybrid electric vehicles use both electric motors and internal combustion engines, and are not considered pure or all-electric vehicles.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Hybrid electric vehicles whose batteries can be charged externally are called plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and run as BEVs during their charge-depleting mode. PHEVs with a series powertrain are also called range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs), such as the Chevrolet Volt and Fisker Karma.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs).


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: The electric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (aka all-combustion vehicles) belong to one of the two categories.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: In China, plug-in electric vehicles, together with hybrid electric vehicles are called new energy vehicles (NEVs). However, in the United States, neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs) are battery electric vehicles that are legally limited to roads with posted speed limits no higher than , are usually built to have a top speed of , and have a maximum loaded weight of .


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: The concept of battery electric vehicles is to use charged batteries on board vehicles for propulsion. Battery electric cars are becoming more and more attractive with the higher oil prices and the advancement of new battery technology (lithium-ion) that have higher power and energy density (i.e., greater possible acceleration and more range with fewer batteries). Compared to older battery types such as lead-acid batteries. Lithium-ion batteries for example now have an energy density of 0.9–2.63 MJ/L whereas lead-acid batteries had an energy density of 0.36 MJ/L (so 2.5 to 7.3x higher). There is still a long way to go if comparing it to petroleum-based fuels and biofuels, however (gasoline having an energy density of 34.2 MJ/L -38x to 12.92x higher- and ethanol having an energy of 24 MJ/L -26x to 9.12x higher-). This is partially offset by higher conversion efficiency of electric motors – BEVs travel roughly 3x further than similar-size internal combustion vehicles per MJ of stored energy.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Battery electric trains in the form of BEMUs (battery electric multiple units) are operated commercially in Japan. They are charged via pantographs, either when driving on electrified railway lines or during stops at specially equipped train stations. They use battery power for propulsion when driving on railway lines that are not electrified, and have successfully replaced diesel multiple units on some such lines.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Chattanooga, Tennessee, operates nine zero-fare electric buses, which have been in operation since 1992 and have carried 11.3 million passengers and covered a distance of . They were made locally by Advanced Vehicle Systems. Two of these buses were used for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Beginning in the summer of 2000, Hong Kong Airport began operating a 16-passenger Mitsubishi Rosa electric shuttle bus, and in the fall of 2000, New York City began testing a 66-passenger battery-powered school bus, an all-electric version of the Blue Bird TC/2000. A similar bus was operated in Napa Valley, California, for 14 months ending in April 2004.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: The 2008 Beijing Olympics used a fleet of 50 electric buses, which have a range of with the air conditioning on. They use lithium-ion batteries, and consume about . The buses were designed by the Beijing Institute of Technology and built by the Jinghua Coach. The batteries are replaced with fully charged ones at the recharging station to allow 24-hour operation of the buses.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: In France, the electric bus phenomenon is in development, but some buses are already operating in numerous cities. PVI, a medium-sized company located in the Paris region, is one of the leaders of the market with its brand Gepebus (offering Oreos 2X and Oreos 4X).


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: In the United States, the first battery-electric, fast-charge bus has been in operation in Pomona, California, since September 2010 at Foothill Transit. The Proterra EcoRide BE35 uses lithium-titanate batteries and is able to fast-charge in less than 10 minutes.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: In 2014, the first production model all-electric school bus was delivered to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California's San Joaquin Valley. The bus was one of four the district ordered. This battery-electric school bus, which has four sodium nickel batteries, is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: In 2016, including the light heavy-duty vehicles, there were roughly 1.5 million heavy-duty vehicles in California.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: The same technology is used to power the Mountain View Community Shuttles. This technology was supported by the California Energy Commission, and the shuttle program is being supported by Google.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Thunder Sky (based in Hong Kong) builds lithium-ion batteries used in submarines and has three models of electric buses, the 10/21 passenger EV-6700 with a range of under 20 mins quick-charge, the EV-2009 city buses, and the 43 passenger EV-2008 highway bus, which has a range of under quick-charge (20 mins to 80 percent), and under full charge (25 mins). The buses will also be built in the United States and Finland.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Tindo is an all-electric bus from Adelaide, Australia. The Tindo (aboriginal word for sun) is made by Designline International in New Zealand and gets its electricity from a solar PV system on Adelaide's central bus station. Rides are zero-fare as part of Adelaide's public transport system.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Proterra's EcoRide BE35 transit bus, called the Ecoliner by Foothill Transit in West Covina, California, is a heavy-duty, fast charge, battery-electric bus. Proterra's ProDrive drive-system uses a UQM motor and regenerative braking that captures 90 percent of the available energy and returns it to the TerraVolt energy storage system, which in turn increases the total distance the bus can drive by 31–35 percent. It can travel on a single charge, is up to 600 percent more fuel-efficient than a typical diesel or CNG bus, and produces 44 percent less carbon than CNG. Proterra buses have had several problems, most notably in Philadelphia where the entire fleet was removed from service.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: For most of the 20th century, the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats. The 21st century saw the massive development of BYD electric trucks.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: In March 2012, Smith Electric Vehicles announced the release of the Newton Step-Van, an all-electric, zero-emission vehicle built on the versatile Newton platform that features a walk-in body produced by Indiana-based Utilimaster.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Although electric cars often give good acceleration and have generally acceptable top speed, the lower specific energy of production batteries available in 2015 compared with carbon-based fuels means that electric cars need batteries that are a fairly large fraction of the vehicle mass but still often give a relatively low range between charges. Recharging can also take significant lengths of time. For journeys within a single battery charge, rather than long journeys, electric cars are practical forms of transportation and can be recharged overnight.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Electric cars can significantly reduce city pollution by having zero emissions. Vehicle greenhouse gas savings depend on how the electricity is generated.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Electric cars are having a major impact in the auto industry given advantages in city pollution, less dependence on oil and combustion, and scarcity and expected rise in gasoline prices. World governments are pledging billions to fund development of electric vehicles and their components.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Formula E is a fully electric international single-seater championship. The series was conceived in 2012, and the inaugural championship started in Beijing on 13 September 2014. The series is sanctioned by the FIA. Alejandro Agag is the current CEO of Formula E.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: The Formula E championship is currently contested by ten teams with two drivers each (after the withdrawal of Team Trulli, there are temporarily only nine teams competing). Racing generally takes place on temporary city-center street circuits which are approximately long. Currently, only the Mexico City ePrix takes place on a road course, a modified version of the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Special-purpose vehicles come in a wide range of types, ranging from relatively common ones such as golf carts, things like electric golf trolleys, milk floats, all-terrain vehicles, neighborhood electric vehicles, and a wide range of other devices. Certain manufacturers specialize in electric-powered "in plant" work machines.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Three-wheeled vehicles include electric rickshaws, a powered variant of the cycle rickshaw. The large-scale adoption of electric two-wheelers can reduce traffic noise and road congestion but may necessitate adaptations of the existing urban infrastructure and safety regulations.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Ather Energy from India has launched their BLDC motor powered Ather 450 electric scooter with Lithium Ion batteries in 2018. Also from India, AVERA – a new and renewable energy company is going to launch two models of electric scooters at the end of 2018, with Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery technology.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: India is the world’s biggest market for bicycles at 22 million units per year. By 2024, electric two-wheelers will be a $2 billion market with over 3 million units being sold in India.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: The Indian government is launching schemes and incentives to promote the adoption of electric vehicles in the country, and is aiming to be a manufacturing hub for electric vehicles within the next five years.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: China has experienced an explosive growth of sales of non-assisted e-bikes including the scooter type, with annual sales jumping from 56,000 units in 1998 to over 21 million in 2008, and reaching an estimated 120 million e-bikes on the road in early 2010. China is the world's leading manufacturer of e-bikes, with 22.2 million units produced in 2009.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: An increasing variety of personal transporters are being manufactured, including the one-wheeled self-balancing unicycles, self-balancing scooters, electric kick scooters, and electric skateboards.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Several battery electric ships operate throughout the world, some for business. Electric ferries are being operated and constructed.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: The motor controller receives a signal from potentiometers linked to the accelerator pedal, and it uses this signal to determine how much electric power is needed. This DC power is supplied by the battery pack, and the controller regulates the power to the motor, supplying either variable pulse width DC or variable frequency variable amplitude AC, depending on the motor type. The controller also handles regenerative braking, whereby electrical power is gathered as the vehicle slows down and this power recharges the battery. In addition to power and motor management, the controller performs various safety checks such as anomaly detection, functional safety tests and failure diagnostics.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Most electric vehicles today use an electric battery, consisting of electrochemical cells with external connections in order to provide power to the vehicle.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Battery technology for EVs has developed from early lead-acid batteries used in the late 19th century to the 2010s, to lithium-ion batteries which are found in most EVs today. The overall battery is referred to as a battery pack, which is a group of multiple battery modules and cells. For example, the Tesla Model S battery pack has up to 7,104 cells, split into 16 modules with 6 groups of 74 cells in each. Each cell has a nominal voltage of 3–4 volts, depending on its chemical composition.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Electric cars have traditionally used series wound DC motors, a form of brushed DC electric motor. Separately excited and permanent magnet are just two of the types of DC motors available. More recent electric vehicles have made use of a variety of AC motor types, as these are simpler to build and have no brushes that can wear out. These are usually induction motors or brushless AC electric motors which use permanent magnets. There are several variations of the permanent magnet motor which offer simpler drive schemes and/or lower cost including the brushless DC electric motor.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Once electric power is supplied to the motor (from the controller), the magnetic field interaction inside the motor will turn the drive shaft and ultimately the vehicle's wheels.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: EV battery storage is a key element for the global energy transition which is dependent on more electricity storage right now. As energy availability is the most important factor for the vitality of an economy the mobile storage infrastructure of EV batteries can be seen as one of the most meaningful infrastructure projects facilitating the energy transition to a fully sustainable economy based on renewables. A meta-study graphically showing the importance of electricity storage depicts the technology in context.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Electric vehicles produce no greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in operation, but the electricity used to power them may do so in its generation. The two factors driving the emissions of battery electric vehicles are the carbon intensity of the electricity used to recharge the Electric Vehicle (commonly expressed in grams of per kWh) and the consumption of the specific vehicle (in kilometers/kWh).


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: The carbon intensity of electricity varies depending on the source of electricity where it is consumed. A country with a high share of renewable energy in its electricity mix will have a low C.I. In the European Union, in 2013, the carbon intensity had a strong geographic variability but in most of the member states, electric vehicles were "greener" than conventional ones. On average, electric cars saved 50–60% of emissions compared to diesel and gasoline fuelled engines.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: Moreover, the de-carbonisation process is constantly reducing the GHG emissions due to the use of electric vehicles. In the European Union, on average, between 2009 and 2013 there was a reduction in the electricity carbon intensity of 17%. In a life-cycle assessment perspective, considering the GHG necessary to build the battery and its end-of-life, the GHG savings are 10–13% lower.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: The open source VencoPy model framework can be used to study the interactions between vehicles, owners, and the electricity system at large.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: GHGs are also emitted when the electric vehicle is being manufactured. The lithium-ion batteries used in the vehicle take more materials and energy to produce because of the extraction process of the lithium and cobalt essential to the battery. This means the bigger the electric vehicle, the more carbon dioxide emitted.


title: Battery electric vehicle

text: The mines that are used to produce the lithium and cobalt used in the battery are also creating problems for the environment, as fish are dying up to downstream from mining operations due to chemical leaks and the chemicals also leak into the water sources the people that live near the mines use, creating health problems for the animals and people that live nearby.


title: The Hurting

text: The Hurting is the debut studio album by British new wave band Tears for Fears, released on 7 March 1983. The album peaked at No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart in its second week of release, and was certified Gold by the BPI within three weeks of release. It reached Platinum status in January 1985. The album also entered the Top 40 in several other countries including Canada, Germany and Australia.


title: The Hurting

text: "The Hurting" is a loose concept album focusing on themes of child abuse, psychological trauma and depression. Despite its dark subject matter, the album was a huge commercial success. It contains Tears for Fears' first three hit singles – "Mad World", "Change", and "Pale Shelter" – all of which reached the top five in the UK and the Top 40 internationally. It also contains a new version of the band's first single, "Suffer the Children", which had originally been released in 1981, while the album version of "Pale Shelter" is also a new recording.


title: The Hurting

text: The album was remastered and reissued in 1999, and included four remixes as bonus tracks and an extensive booklet with liner notes about the album's creation. A 30th anniversary reissue was released on 21 October 2013, in both double-CD and deluxe four-disc boxed set editions.


title: The Hurting

text: The songs were written by Roland Orzabal inspired by his own childhood traumas and the primal theories by Arthur Janov. Most of the songs were heavily inspired by the writings of Janov. "Ideas as Opiates" was named after a chapter in his 1980 book "Prisoners of Pain", which also was a direct influence on the song "The Prisoner". Musical influences included Gary Numan, Talking Heads and Peter Gabriel.


title: The Hurting

text: Having worked with different producers on their first two singles, they recruited Chris Hughes to produce the album. The core of the band Orzabal and Curt Smith worked in a close and democratic collaboration with producers Hughes and Ross Cullum, only using ideas all four of them agreed on. Prior to the album "Mad World", originally thought of as a single b-side, was released and became a hit single. The first two singles "Suffer the Children" and "Pale Shelter" were re-recorded for the album.


title: The Hurting

text: Contemporary reviews of the album were mixed. In "Smash Hits" magazine, Fred Dellar gave the album a positive review and stated that "there's no doubting the talent on display." In the "NME" Gavin Martin was scathing, stating that "this record and others like it are a terrible, useless sort of art that makes self pity and futility a commercial proposition", and that "Tears for Fears and their listeners sound like they've given up completely, retreating from the practical world into a fantasy". He described the album's music as "just the sort of doom laden dross you'd expect from the lyrics: rehashed and reheated hollow doom with a bit of Ultravox here, diluted Joy Division poured everywhere, and the title track sounding suspiciously like one of the old pompous outfits with a welter of mellotrons – Barclay James Harvest per chance?" "Melody Maker"s Steve Sutherland felt that "Tears for Fears's pop primal therapy tends to luxuriate in the attention it attracts, sounds ironically happy to wallow inspirationally instead of seeking exorcism". However, he observed that "the Tears for Fears formula – to translate childhood traumas into adult romance with Freudian fanaticism – is ludicrously laboured but, crucially, their lyrical lethargy is salvaged by what really sells them; their structural invention... sensibly, their suffering's usually controlled to sound smooth", and that this was the strength of the record: "The success of "The Hurting" lies in its lack of friction, in its safety and, for all their claims that coping with relationships has been warped beyond their ken, Tears for Fears have contrived an assured masterpiece of seduction".


title: The Hurting

text: In the US David Fricke of "Rolling Stone" said that "Tears for Fears stand out among the current crop of identikit synth-pop groups by virtue of their resourceful, stylish songwriting and fetching rhythmic sway. Granted, the adolescent angst and bleak, pained romanticism of singer-instrumentalists Curt Smith and Roland Orzabel ["sic"] sometimes come off as an adequate imitation of Joy Division, at best. But for every lapse into sackcloth-and-ashes anguish on "The Hurting", the duo's debut album, there is a heady, danceable pop tune like 'Change'... Tears for Fears may be too concerned with their own petty traumas, but it is a testimony to their refined pop instincts that they manage to produce this much pleasure from the pain."


title: The Hurting

text: Retrospective reviews regarded the album more highly. Reviewing the 1999 reissue for "Q", Andrew Collins said, "Despite its occasional bum note, "The Hurting" remains a landmark work... a highly emotional pop record, at its simplest". Bruce Eder of AllMusic noted that the album's success was due to "its makers' ability to package an unpleasant subject – the psychologically wretched family histories of Roland Orzabal and Curt Smith – in an attractive and sellable musical format" and said "the work is sometimes uncomfortably personal, but musically compelling enough to bring it back across the decades".


title: The Hurting

text: For the 30th anniversary edition in 2013, Danny Eccleston of "Mojo" pondered, "Has there ever been a more thoroughly miserable mainstream pop album than "The Hurting"?... Even when it is uptempo it is sombre, and at its most musically adventurous, in the cavernous minimalism of 'Ideas as Opiates' and gnarly dissonances of 'The Prisoner', it's almost unbearably bereft... But in essence, it was pop." Tom Byford of "Record Collector" summarised the album as "a surfeit of complex ideas reflecting troubled upbringings married with immediate, infectious, hummable tunes". John Bergstrom of "PopMatters" said that "at times, the unflinching approach works to the album's detriment, as Orzabal's songwriting skirts cliché and the obtuse, teenage poetry that some critics seized on at the time of "The Hurting"s release... But part of the brilliance of "Hurting" is that such histrionic moments are so seldom. Rather, time after time, as rendered by Orzabal and co-vocalist Curt Smith, the words connect at gut level and in sincere fashion." Calling the record "simply one of the strongest, most fully-realized albums of the early-to-mid-1980s", Bergstrom noted its influence on later acts such as Trent Reznor, Smashing Pumpkins and Arcade Fire, and concluded, "The albums that prove to be special, influential, and groundbreaking in their own time, and then in subsequent eras as well, are far and few between. Thirty years on, there is little doubt where "The Hurting" stands."


title: The Hurting

text: At least three of the songs from this particular album were sampled by one of the most mainstream R&B artists. "Memories Fade" was reworked by Kanye West on his "808s & Heartbreak" album into "Coldest Winter". "Pale Shelter" was sampled by The Weeknd on the song "Secrets" on his "Starboy" album. "Ideas as Opiates" was sampled by Drake on the song "Lust for Life", from his "So Far Gone" mixtape.


title: The Hurting

text: Mad World was covered by Michael Andrews and Gary Jules originally for "Donnie Darko" soundtrack, but later successfully released as a single, topping UK Singles Charts.


title: The Hurting

text: Two deluxe editions of the album were released on 21 October 2013. One is a double CD comprising CDs 1 & 2 (as below), and the other is a 4-disc boxed set comprising CDs 1–3 and a DVD (as below), a book containing interviews, a new essay from Paul Sinclair about the album, a replica of a 1983 tour programme, a discography and photos. The first 500 pre-orders from the Universal Music online store also included a vinyl 7" single of "Change" in a rare earlier picture sleeve.


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: Emma is a 1996 period comedy film based on the 1815 novel of the same name by Jane Austen. Written and directed by Douglas McGrath, the film stars Gwyneth Paltrow, Alan Cumming, Toni Collette, Ewan McGregor, and Jeremy Northam.


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: In early 19th-century England, Emma Woodhouse is a congenial yet naïve young woman. After her governess, Miss Taylor, marries Mr. Weston, Emma proudly takes credit for bringing the couple together and now considers herself a matchmaker within her small community. Her father and an old family friend, George Knightley, whose brother is married to Emma's sister, dispute her claim and discourage any further matchmaking attempts. Ignoring their warnings, she schemes to match Mr. Elton, the village minister, with her friend, Harriet Smith, a rather unsophisticated young woman on the verges of society.


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: Robert Martin, a respectable local farmer, proposes to Harriet, who is inclined to accept, though Emma, believing Harriet can have better prospects, urges her to refuse him. Meanwhile, Mr. Elton has shown a desire for Emma by excessively admiring a portrait she drew of Harriet and otherwise engaging with her to secure Emma's favor. Emma misinterprets his actions as an attraction to Harriet. However, when Mr. Elton and Emma are alone, he fervently declares his love for Emma, who strongly rejects his attention. Soon after, he marries another woman, a vain socialite who competes with Emma for status in the community.


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: Over the next few months, various gatherings show who loves whom among Emma's friends. Emma is briefly attracted to the charming and gallant Frank Churchill, Mr. Weston's son, who is visiting from London, though Emma soon decides to match him with Harriet. However, Frank is secretly engaged to Jane Fairfax. His aunt, who later dies, would have disapproved of the match and disinherited Frank. He feigned interest in Emma as a deflection. Harriet states she has no interest in Frank, preferring Mr. Knightley, who kindly danced with her at a ball after Mr. Elton snubbed her. Mr Knightley has started to fall in love with Emma.


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: During a picnic in the countryside, Emma ridicules Miss Bates, deeply hurting her. After, Mr. Knightley angrily scolds Emma for humiliating someone living in lesser social circumstances. Emma later works to make amends with Miss Bates. Mr. Knightley leaves town to visit his brother, and Emma finds herself frequently thinking about him during his absence. She does not realize she loves him until Harriet expresses her feelings for him. When Mr Knightley returns, he and Emma meet and have a conversation that begins awkwardly but ends with him proposing and her gladly accepting. Their engagement upsets Harriet, who avoids Emma, but returns a few weeks later, happily engaged to Mr. Martin, whom she always loved. The film ends with Emma and Mr Knightley's wedding.


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: Douglas McGrath "fell in love" with Jane Austen's 1815 novel "Emma", while he was an undergraduate at Princeton University. He believed the book would make a great film, but it was not until a decade later that he was given a chance to work on the idea. After receiving an Academy Award nomination in 1995 for his work on "Bullets over Broadway", McGrath decided to make the most of the moment and took his script idea for a film adaptation of "Emma" to Miramax Films. McGrath had initially wanted to write a modern version of the novel, set on the Upper East Side of New York City. Miramax's co-chairman, Harvey Weinstein, liked the idea of a contemporary take on the novel. McGrath was unaware that Amy Heckerling's "Clueless" was already in production until plans for "Emma" were well underway.


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: McGrath decided to bring in American actress Gwyneth Paltrow to audition for Emma Woodhouse, after a suggestion from his agent and after seeing her performance in "Flesh and Bone". Of his decision to bring Paltrow in for the part, McGrath revealed "The thing that actually sold me on her playing a young English girl was that she did a perfect Texas accent. I know that wouldn't recommend her to most people. I grew up in Texas, and I have never heard an actor or actress not from Texas sound remotely like a real Texan. I knew she had theater training, so she could carry herself. We had many actresses, big and small, who wanted to play this part. The minute she started the read-through, the very first line, I thought, 'Everything is going to be fine; she's going to be brilliant.'" Following the read-through, the co-chairman of Miramax, Harvey Weinstein, decided to give "Emma" the green-light. However, he wanted Paltrow to appear in "The Pallbearer" first, before going ahead and allowing the film to be made. While she recovered from wisdom-tooth surgery, Paltrow had a month to herself to do her own research for the part. She also studied horsemanship, dancing, singing, archery and the "highly stylized" manners and dialect during a three-week rehearsal period.


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: Jeremy Northam revealed that when he first tried to read "Emma", he did not get very far and was not a fan. When he read the script for the film, he was initially considered for another role, but he wanted to play George Knightley. He stated "When I met the director, we got on very well and we talked about everything except the film. At the end of it, he said he thought Knightley was the part for me, so I didn't have to bring up the issue at all." Northam added that Knightley's faith in Emma becoming a better person was one of the reasons he loved the character. Australian actress Toni Collette was cast as Harriet Smith. Collette also struggled to get into the Austen books when she was younger, but after reading "Emma", which she deemed "warm and witty and clever", she began to appreciate them more. Collette had to gain weight to portray "the Rubenesque Harriet" and she explained "I think it's important for people to look real in films. There's a tendency to go Barbie doll and I don't agree with that at all."


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: Ewan McGregor was cast as Frank Churchill. He told Adam Higginbotham from "The Guardian" that he chose to star in "Emma" because he thought it would be something different from his previous role in "Trainspotting". McGregor later regretted appearing in the film, saying "My decision-making was wrong. It's the only time I've done that. And I learnt from it, you know. So I'm glad of that – because it was early on and I learnt my lesson. It's a good film, "Emma", but I'm just... not very good in it. I'm not helped because I'm also wearing the world's worst wig. It's quite a laugh, checking that wig out." Real-life mother and daughter, Phyllida Law and Sophie Thompson, portrayed Mrs and Miss Bates. Thompson revealed that it was a coincidence that she and her mother were cast alongside each other, as the casting director had their names on separate lists. McGrath initially believed Thompson to be too young to play Miss Bates, but he changed his mind after seeing her wearing glasses with her hair down.


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: Alan Cumming appeared as Reverend Philip Elton, who falls in love with Emma. Cumming wrote on his official website that the friendship that developed between himself and McGrath was one of the most memorable things about his time working on the film. He went on to state that the worst thing about the shoot was his hair, which had been lightened and curled for the character. Juliet Stevenson portrayed the "ghastly" Mrs Elton, while Polly Walker and Greta Scacchi starred as Jane Fairfax and Anne Taylor respectively. Other cast members included Edward Woodall as Robert Martin, James Cosmo as Mr Weston and Denys Hawthorne as Mr Woodhouse, in one of his last film appearances.


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: British costume designer Ruth Myers created and designed the clothing for the film. She wanted to mirror the lightness of the script within the costumes and give "a spark of color and life" to the early 19th century setting. During her research, Myers noted a similarity between the fashions after the Napoleonic Wars and the 1920s, saying that they had "the same sort of flapperish quality". The designer explained "The moment I set to research it, more and more it kept striking me what the similarities were between the two periods. It was a period of freedom of costume for women, and it was a period of constant diversions for the upper classes–picnics, dinners, balls, dances. What I wanted to do was make it look like the watercolors of the period, which are very bright and very clear, with very specific colors."


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: Myers went on to reveal that she did not want the costumes to have a "heavy English look" and instead she wanted "to get the freedom of bodies that you see in all the drawings, the form of the body underneath, the swell of the breasts." Myers told Barbara De Witt from the "Los Angeles Daily News" that using pastel-colored clothing to get the watercolor effect was one of her major challenges during the production. The designer was later criticised for being inaccurate, but she stated that she did not want the costumes to look old or sepia. Myers only had five weeks in which to create 150 costumes for the production, and she was constantly working on the set.


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: Emma's wedding dress was made from silk crepe and embroidered with a small sprig pattern, while the sleeves and the train were made from embroidered net. Of the dress, Myers stated "The inspiration for Emma's wedding dress began with a small amount of exquisite vintage lace that became the overlay. I wanted a look that would work not only for the period but also one that would Gwyneth Paltrow's youth, swan neck, and incredible beauty. I was also hoping to evoke happiness and the English countryside; the sun did shine on the day we shot the scene!"


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: The musical score of the film was written by British composer Rachel Portman. It was released on 29 July 1996 by Hollywood Records. Portman told Rebecca Jones from the BBC that her score was "purely classical". She continued "It is an orchestral piece, by which I mean that there is nothing in it that you wouldn't find in a symphony orchestra. It was influenced by my roots and my classical background." Portman used various instruments to give a voice to the characters. She revealed that "a quivering violin" would represent Harriet's uneasy stomach, while "a bittersweet clarinet" would accompany Emma though her emotional journey. Josh Friedman from the "Los Angeles Times" believed Portman's "crafty score guides the audience through the heroine's game playing, and ultimately, to her romantic destiny." He also thought the music had "a sneaky, circular feel".


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: "Playbill's" Ken LaFave commented that the score "underlined the period romanticism" in "Emma" and contained a "string-rich, romantic sound". Jason Ankeny, a music critic for "Allmusic", wrote that Portman's score to "Emma" employed all of her "signatures" like "whimsical yet romantic melodies, fluffy string arrangements, and woodwind solos", which would be familiar to anyone who had listened to her previous film scores. He stated, "it seems as if she's simply going through the motions, content to operate within the confines of an aesthetic that, admittedly, is hers and hers alone. By no means a bad score, "Emma" is nevertheless a disappointment – if you've heard a previous Rachel Portman score, you've pretty much heard this one as well." On 24 March 1997, Portman became the first woman to win the Academy Award for Best Original Score. The album contains 18 tracks; the first track is "Main Titles", and the final track is "End Titles".


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: Although in general staying close to the plot of the book, the screenplay by Douglas McGrath enlivens the banter between the staid Mr Knightley and the vivacious Emma, making the basis of their attraction more apparent.


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: Austen's original novel deals with Emma's false sense of class superiority, for which she is eventually chastised. In an essay from "Jane Austen in Hollywood", Nora Nachumi writes that, due partly to Paltrow's star status, Emma appears less humbled by the end of this film than she does in the novel.


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: The film has received generally positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 85% based on reviews from 53 critics, with a rating average of 7.2 out of 10. The consensus writes: ""Emma" marks an auspicious debut for writer-director Douglas McGrath, making the most of its Jane Austen source material – and a charming performance from Gwyneth Paltrow." Metacritic gives the film a rating of 66 out of 100 based on reviews from 22 critics.


title: Emma (1996 theatrical film)

text: Ken Eisner, writing for "Variety", proclaimed "Gwyneth Paltrow shines brightly as Jane Austen's most endearing character, the disastrously self-assured matchmaker Emma Woodhouse. A fine cast, speedy pacing and playful direction make this a solid contender for the Austen sweepstakes."


title: Philosophy of mathematics

text: The philosophy of mathematics is the branch of philosophy that studies the assumptions, foundations, and implications of mathematics. It aims to understand the nature and methods of mathematics, and find out the place of mathematics in people's lives. The logical and structural nature of mathematics itself makes this study both broad and unique among its philosophical counterparts.


title: Philosophy of mathematics

text: The philosophy of mathematics has two major themes: mathematical realism and mathematical anti-realism.


title: Philosophy of mathematics

text: The origin of mathematics is subject to arguments and disagreements. Whether the birth of mathematics was a random happening or induced by necessity during the development of other subjects, like physics, is still a matter of prolific debates.


title: Philosophy of mathematics

text: Many thinkers have contributed their ideas concerning the nature of mathematics. Today, some philosophers of mathematics aim to give accounts of this form of inquiry and its products as they stand, while others emphasize a role for themselves that goes beyond simple interpretation to critical analysis. There are traditions of mathematical philosophy in both Western philosophy and Eastern philosophy. Western philosophies of mathematics go as far back as Pythagoras, who described the theory "everything is mathematics" (mathematicism), Plato, who paraphrased Pythagoras, and studied the ontological status of mathematical objects, and Aristotle, who studied logic and issues related to infinity (actual versus potential).


title: Philosophy of mathematics

text: Greek philosophy on mathematics was strongly influenced by their study of geometry. For example, at one time, the Greeks held the opinion that 1 (one) was not a number, but rather a unit of arbitrary length. A number was defined as a multitude. Therefore, 3, for example, represented a certain multitude of units, and was thus not "truly" a number. At another point, a similar argument was made that 2 was not a number but a fundamental notion of a pair. These views come from the heavily geometric straight-edge-and-compass viewpoint of the Greeks: just as lines drawn in a geometric problem are measured in proportion to the first arbitrarily drawn line, so too are the numbers on a number line measured in proportion to the arbitrary first "number" or "one".


title: Philosophy of mathematics

text: These earlier Greek ideas of numbers were later upended by the discovery of the irrationality of the square root of two. Hippasus, a disciple of Pythagoras, showed that the diagonal of a unit square was incommensurable with its (unit-length) edge: in other words he proved there was no existing (rational) number that accurately depicts the proportion of the diagonal of the unit square to its edge. This caused a significant re-evaluation of Greek philosophy of mathematics. According to legend, fellow Pythagoreans were so traumatized by this discovery that they murdered Hippasus to stop him from spreading his heretical idea. Simon Stevin was one of the first in Europe to challenge Greek ideas in the 16th century. Beginning with Leibniz, the focus shifted strongly to the relationship between mathematics and logic. This perspective dominated the philosophy of mathematics through the time of Frege and of Russell, but was brought into question by developments in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.


title: Philosophy of mathematics

text: A perennial issue in the philosophy of mathematics concerns the relationship between logic and mathematics at their joint foundations. While 20th-century philosophers continued to ask the questions mentioned at the outset of this article, the philosophy of mathematics in the 20th century was characterized by a predominant interest in formal logic, set theory (both naive set theory and axiomatic set theory), and foundational issues.


title: Philosophy of mathematics

text: It is a profound puzzle that on the one hand mathematical truths seem to have a compelling inevitability, but on the other hand the source of their "truthfulness" remains elusive. Investigations into this issue are known as the foundations of mathematics program.


title: Philosophy of mathematics

text: At the start of the 20th century, philosophers of mathematics were already beginning to divide into various schools of thought about all these questions, broadly distinguished by their pictures of mathematical epistemology and ontology. Three schools, formalism, intuitionism, and logicism, emerged at this time, partly in response to the increasingly widespread worry that mathematics as it stood, and analysis in particular, did not live up to the standards of certainty and rigor that had been taken for granted. Each school addressed the issues that came to the fore at that time, either attempting to resolve them or claiming that mathematics is not entitled to its status as our most trusted knowledge.


title: Philosophy of mathematics

text: Surprising and counter-intuitive developments in formal logic and set theory early in the 20th century led to new questions concerning what was traditionally called the "foundations of mathematics". As the century unfolded, the initial focus of concern expanded to an open exploration of the fundamental axioms of mathematics, the axiomatic approach having been taken for granted since the time of Euclid around 300 BCE as the natural basis for mathematics. Notions of axiom, proposition and proof, as well as the notion of a proposition being true of a mathematical object (see Assignment), were formalized, allowing them to be treated mathematically. The Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms for set theory were formulated which provided a conceptual framework in which much mathematical discourse would be interpreted. In mathematics, as in physics, new and unexpected ideas had arisen and significant changes were coming. With Gödel numbering, propositions could be interpreted as referring to themselves or other propositions, enabling inquiry into the consistency of mathematical theories. This reflective critique in which the theory under review "becomes itself the object of a mathematical study" led Hilbert to call such study "metamathematics" or "proof theory".


title: Philosophy of mathematics

text: At the middle of the century, a new mathematical theory was created by Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders Mac Lane, known as category theory, and it became a new contender for the natural language of mathematical thinking. As the 20th century progressed, however, philosophical opinions diverged as to just how well-founded were the questions about foundations that were raised at the century's beginning. Hilary Putnam summed up one common view of the situation in the last third of the century by saying:


title: Philosophy of mathematics

text: When philosophy discovers something wrong with science, sometimes science has to be changed—Russell's paradox comes to mind, as does Berkeley's attack on the actual infinitesimal—but more often it is philosophy that has to be changed. I do not think that the difficulties that philosophy finds with classical mathematics today are genuine difficulties; and I think that the philosophical interpretations of mathematics that we are being offered on every hand are wrong, and that "philosophical interpretation" is just what mathematics doesn't need.


title: Philosophy of mathematics

text: Philosophy of mathematics today proceeds along several different lines of inquiry, by philosophers of mathematics, logicians, and mathematicians, and there are many schools of thought on the subject. The schools are addressed separately in the next section, and their assumptions explained.