title: Old Dominion University

text: Old Dominion University began offering distance learning courses in 1994 through Teletechnet, a satellite delivery system. Currently, ODU offers more than 100 undergraduate and graduate degree programs online through ODU Global. ODU partners with the Virginia Community College System (VCCS) to offer other services such as libraries, computer labs, exam proctoring, and disability services all around the state. ODU also offers programs designed to be taken by military personnel on deployment.


title: Old Dominion University

text: Old Dominion University research teams generate $88 million in annual funding through more than 400 ongoing projects supported by grants from NSF, NIH, Department of Energy, and the DOD.


title: Old Dominion University

text: The Center for Accelerator Science in the Physics Department at Old Dominion University is an interdisciplinary research center, involving faculty from four departments. The Center operates in close partnership with the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. The Center is unique in Virginia and one of only a handful of such programs in the country. The goal of the Center is to meet the nation's need for scientists and engineers who will advance the next generation of accelerators and light-sources - tools that enable an ever-widening range of basic and applied research, numerous medical applications, as well as industrial and Homeland Security functions. The Center offers both researchers and students access to state-of-the-art facilities at ODU and Jefferson Laboratory.


title: Old Dominion University

text: The mission of C-TIER is to promote innovation, education, and research in telehealth for those involved in the provision of health care, healthcare education, research, and healthcare technologies through collaborative opportunities, educational programs, and telehealth innovation.


title: Old Dominion University

text: ODU's Climate Change and Sea Level Rise Initiative (CCSLRI) has facilitated research and education on climate change and resulting sea level rise. Old Dominion's maritime location allows special emphasis on adaptation to increased flooding due to sea level rise.


title: Old Dominion University

text: The Dragas Center for Economic Analysis and Policy in the Strome College of Business at Old Dominion University undertakes economic, demographic, transportation and defense-oriented studies. The Dragas Center produces the State of the Region Report for Hampton Roads, as well as the State of the Commonwealth Report for Virginia. The Dragas Center also produces economic forecasts for Hampton Roads, Virginia, and the United States.


title: Old Dominion University

text: Old Dominion University's International Maritime, Ports, & Logistics Institute, in the Strome College of Business, was created through a university/business community partnership in Hampton Roads. Its function is to provide maritime, ports and logistics management education, training and research to meet regional, national and international needs.


title: Old Dominion University

text: At the October, 2011 Annual meeting of the International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME) in Santiago (Chile), university rankings worldwide in port research for the period 1980-2009 were announced. In these rankings, ODU was ranked eighth in the world, second only to the University of Washington in the Western Hemisphere.


title: Old Dominion University

text: The Social Science Research Center is a fully-equipped social science research center with staff expertise in various forms of research methods and data collection, including mail surveys, telephone surveys, household interviews, focus groups, and most conventional forms of data analysis.


title: Old Dominion University

text: SSRC staff can assist in all stages of research including instrument design, project management, data collection, data auditing, data management, data analysis, technical report writing, and the development of multi-media report presentations. We work with customers to determine their data collection and research needs and how to best accommodate those needs given time and budget restrictions.


title: Old Dominion University

text: The Virginia Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Center (VMASC) is a university-wide multidisciplinary research center that emphasizes modeling, simulation, and visualization (MS&V) research, development and education.


title: Old Dominion University

text: VMASC is one of the world's leading research centers for computer modeling, simulation, and visualization. The mission of the center is to conduct collaborative MS&V research and development, provide expertise to government agencies and industry, and to promote Old Dominion University, Hampton Roads and Virginia as a center of MS&V activities. Annually, the center conducts approximately $10 million in funded research.


title: Old Dominion University

text: The Hampton Roads region is home to the Joint and Coalition Training (JCW), the US Army's Training and Doctrine Command, the Military Transportation Management Command, NATO Allied Command Transformation, the Armed Forces Staff College, the U.S. Navy's Commander Operational Test and Evaluation Force, the Naval Sea Systems Command, and the Space and Naval Warfare Center. In addition, the Department of Energy's Jefferson Lab, NASA-Langley Research Center and numerous regional industries are important users of MS&V technology. The economic value of MS&V-related business activity in Hampton Roads is estimated to be over $500 million.


title: Old Dominion University

text: VMASC concentrates on eight core modeling and simulation applied research areas: Transportation, Homeland Security and Military Defense, Virtual Environments, Social Sciences, Medicine & Health, Care, Game-based Learning, M&S Interoperability, System Sciences.


title: Old Dominion University

text: The Norfolk campus is the main campus for Old Dominion University. It is situated between two rivers - Elizabeth River to the west and Lafayette River to the east, approximately 5 miles north of downtown Norfolk. The campus is situated between three historic neighborhoods: Larchmont, Lambert's Point, and Highland Park. The Norfolk campus houses undergraduate and graduate programs, residence halls, dining facilities, and athletic facilities.


title: Old Dominion University

text: The Williamsburg Lawn is the oldest part of campus. The original buildings on campus, including Rollins Hall and Spong Hall, are located here.


title: Old Dominion University

text: Constant Hall (Stome College of Business), Dragas Hall (College of Arts and Letters), Monarch Hall (College of Engineering and Technology, School of Cybersecurity), Kaufman Hall (College of Engineering and Technology), and Webb Center (Student Union) are situated around Kaufman Mall.


title: Old Dominion University

text: The Runte Quad is a collection of seven new residential buildings—Ireland House (2006), Virginia House (2007), Scotland House (2008), France House (2009), England House (2009), Dominion House (2009), Owens House (2020). Owens house is designed to integrate living and learning. Most of the 470 beds are occupied by cybersecurity, entrepreneurial and STEM-H students, those majoring in science, technology, engineering, math and health sciences. Constructed alongside the Quad is the new Student Recreation Center (SRC), the Student Health Center, and Broderick Dining Commons.


title: Old Dominion University

text: The Old Dominion University Libraries - the Patricia W. and J. Douglas Perry Library, the F. Ludwig Diehn Composers Room, and the Elise N. Hofheimer Art Library are located on the Norfolk Campus. The libraries contain over 3 million items—books, government publications, journals and serials, microform, musical scores, recordings, and maps. In 2011, the Perry Library first floor was transformed into The Learning Commons.


title: Old Dominion University

text: Perry Library is situated along a quad, south of Kaufman Mall. The quad includes Perry Library, the Engineering Systems Building, the Gornto Teletechnet Building, the Darden Education Building, and Batten Arts and Letters Building.


title: Old Dominion University

text: The College of Science buildings are grouped together around a pond, adjacent to Kaufman Mall, the Perry Library Quad, and the Runte Quad.


title: Old Dominion University

text: The western edge of campus is along the Elizabeth River. The Powhatan Apartments and Whitehurst Residence Hall are in this area, near student recreational facilities and the ODU sports facilities.


title: Old Dominion University

text: Student residence halls (Rogers Hall, Gresham Hall) and a dining hall (Rogers Riverside Cafe) are located in the northeastern part of campus.


title: Old Dominion University

text: University Village is located to the east of Hampton Blvd on the Norfolk Campus. Established in 1995, the ODU Real Estate Foundation has led the development of University Village, a mixed use development including retail, residential, and office buildings. Over the years, University Village has grown to include: Ted Constant Convocation Center, University Village Student Apartments, Innovation Research Park, Marriott SpringHill Suites Hotel, University Village Bookstore, University Fitness Center, Barry Arts Building, Hixon Art Studio, Barry Art Musem, Gordon Art Galleries, University Theatre, Goode Theatre, along with several restaurants and shops.


title: Old Dominion University

text: In 2022, it was announced that University Village will be expanded further (between 39th and 41st streets) to include new apartment buildings, new retail/restaurants, and a Publix grocery store.


title: Old Dominion University

text: ODU has expanded its sports facilities, recently completing the Folkes-Stevens Indoor Tennis Center and the Powhatan Sports Complex, a facility that houses the intercollegiate athletic programs of field hockey, women's lacrosse, and football. In 2017, the Mitchum Basketball Performance Center, a practice facility for the ODU basketball teams, was built as an addition to the Ted Constant Convocation Center (Chartway Arena). In 2019, Old Dominion University's historic Foreman Field was torn down and replaced with the new football stadium, SB Ballard Stadium. In 2021, planning and fundraising was started for the $20 million renovation of the Baseball Complex.


title: Old Dominion University

text: Among the new/renovated academic facilities are Constant Hall (Home of the Strome College of Business), Batten Arts and Letters Building, the Perry Library Student Success Center and Learning Commons, the E.V. Williams Engineering and Computational Sciences Building, and the Engineering Systems Building.


title: Old Dominion University

text: In 2016, the new Education Building was opened, as well as a new 45,000 square foot student dining facility, named Broderick Dining Commons.


title: Old Dominion University

text: In 2021, the new Chemistry Building was opened, and the university broke ground on the new Health Sciences Building (scheduled to open in 2023).


title: Old Dominion University

text: In 2022, the university initiated plans to build a new Biology Building (scheduled to open in 2026), and to renovate the ODU Inn into the new ODU Police Building.


title: Old Dominion University

text: In 2023, the new Student Health & Wellness Center will open. The facililty is attached to the Student Recreation Center, along the Runte Quad.


title: Old Dominion University

text: Plans are also underway for a new bulding to house the School of Data Science, and a new Student Success Center.


title: Old Dominion University

text: Old Dominion University has a satellite campus in Virginia Beach, known as the ODU Virginia Beach Center. Located in the Princess Anne area of Virginia Beach, It offers a range of undergraduate and graduate programs. The ODU Virginia Beach Center offers an array of amenities including a Learning Commons for students, a study lounge, and space for special events.


title: Old Dominion University

text: Old Dominion University has a satellite campus in Portsmouth, VA, known as the ODU Tri-Cities Center. ODU Tri-Cities Center is a full-service facility offering upper level undergraduate 300- and 400-level degree completion classes, graduate and certificate programs, admissions, registration, advising and other student services for residents of Portsmouth, Chesapeake, Suffolk and surrounding areas.


title: Old Dominion University

text: Old Dominion University has a satellite campus in Hampton, VA, known as the ODU Peninsula Center. ODU Peninsula Center is a full-service facility offering upper level undergraduate 300- and 400-level degree completion classes, graduate and certificate programs, admissions, registration, advising and other student services for residents of Hampton, Newport News, Williamsburg and surrounding areas.


title: Old Dominion University

text: ODU's current residence hall capacity is approximately 5,300 students across 4 neighborhoods on the Norfolk campus. All freshmen are guaranteed housing, 77% of freshmen and 24% of all undergraduate students live in university owned or operated housing. A private, student-only apartment complex (Proximity at ODU) houses approximately 1,000 additional students on campus, in University Village.


title: Old Dominion University

text: There are three dining halls on campus: Broderick Dining Commons, Rogers Riverside Cafe, and Ms. Ruby's Cafe. There are many additional restaurants on campus in the Webb Center and University Village.


title: Old Dominion University

text: The Student Recreation Center (SRC) is located in the middle of the ODU campus adjacent to the Rosane Runte Quad. The facility includes: 15,000 sq. ft. Multi-Level Fitness Center with strength, cardio, and free-weights, indoor swimming pool, indoor running track, three-court gymnasium, multi-purpose court, three group exercise studios, cycling studio, three racquetball courts, pro shop, Outdoor Adventure and Rental Center, bike and skate shop and an indoor climbing wall. SRC field, a multi-purpose turf field, is located next to the SRC building.


title: Old Dominion University

text: The University Fitness Center (UFC) was designed to accommodate Old Dominion's growing community. The UFC is located in University Village on Monarch Way between 42nd and 43rd Street and is equipped with user-friendly LifeFitness cardio and weight machines.


title: Old Dominion University

text: The ODU Outdoor Adventure program allows students to take organized trips and participate in activities such as hiking, mountain biking, camping, surfing, yoga, rock climbing, snowboarding and skiing.


title: Old Dominion University

text: Along the Elizabeth River, ODU has sand volleyball courts, a boardwalk, and a challenge course on campus as well.


title: Old Dominion University

text: The ODU Army ROTC battalion was established in September 1969 in the Darden College of Education. The first cadets were commissioned on July 4, 1971. As of spring of 2008, ODU has been recognized as having the sixth largest Army ROTC unit out of 262 programs found nationwide. In June 2018, Major Promotable Rhana S. Kurdi became the first female Professor of Military Science.


title: Old Dominion University

text: Navy ROTC program is run in conjunction with the neighboring campuses of Norfolk State University and Hampton University. The Hampton Roads Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps is one of the largest officer training battalions in the US, consisting of over 250 Sailors, Marines, and Midshipmen, with an above average prior enlisted presence.


title: Old Dominion University

text: Old Dominion University recognizes over 300 student organizations with over 8,000 student members. These groups include professional organizations, honor societies, religious organizations, minority students, and groups for students with common interests and majors as well as a variety of traditional, multicultural, and professional sororities and fraternities. The Student Government Association has direct authority over student organizations.


title: Old Dominion University

text: ODU students can join campus ministries which are coordinated by the University Chaplain's Association (UCA). Ministries include the United Methodist, Baptist, Roman Catholic, Episcopalian, Presbyterian and Lutheran denominationally sponsored ministries. InterVarsity Christian Fellowship has a presence at ODU and are members of the UCA. Each of these churches has a campus ministry presence at ODU, as does , and the Tidewater Islamic Center.


title: Old Dominion University

text: Old Dominion has a complex and diverse Greek system with thirteen fraternities and eleven sororities. There is also a variety of service fraternities active on campus.


title: Old Dominion University

text: Old Dominion's 18 athletic teams are known as the Monarchs and mostly compete in the NCAA Division I Sun Belt Conference (SBC).


title: Old Dominion University

text: Old Dominion University athletic teams have captured 28 team national championships and four individual titles.


title: Old Dominion University

text: The school's most nationally acclaimed sports team is the Lady Monarchs basketball team, who won three national championships in 1979 (AIAW), 1980 (AIAW) and 1985 (NCAA). The Lady Monarchs also made it to the 1997 Women's NCAA Championship Game, losing to Tennessee. ODU athletic teams have won 15 national championships in men's and women's sailing, and 9 national championships in women's field hockey. The Lady Monarchs' nine national titles in field hockey are the most in NCAA history.


title: Old Dominion University

text: In addition, Old Dominion's athletic teams have captured 51 conference championships in the Colonial Athletic Association Conference, 7 conference championships in Conference USA, and 7 conference championships in the Sun Belt Conference.


title: Old Dominion University

text: In March 2010, Dr. Wood Selig became the new athletic director. Previously, Dr. Selig was the athletic director at Western Kentucky.


title: Old Dominion University

text: On May 17, 2012, Old Dominion announced it would move to C-USA on July 1, 2013. Four ODU sports which are not sponsored by C-USA have outside affiliations. In 2013, the Wrestling team became an associate of the Mid-American Conference and the field hockey team joined the reconfigured Big East Conference. The women's lacrosse team spent the 2014 season (played in the 2013–14 school year) as an independent before joining the Atlantic Sun Conference. Finally, the women's rowing team joined the Big 12 Conference in 2014–15 after the Big 12 effectively took over C-USA rowing. Most recently, the men's swimming and diving team, which was left without a conference affiliation for two years because C-USA sponsors the sport only for women, joined the Coastal Collegiate Swimming Association, later renamed the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association, effective with the 2015–16 season.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: Adrian Delano Dantley (born February 28, 1955) is an American former professional basketball player and coach who played 15 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Dantley is a six-time NBA All-Star, a two-time All-NBA selection and a two-time NBA scoring champion. Dantley finished ninth on the all-time NBA scoring list at the time of his retirement and was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2008. He served as an assistant coach for the Denver Nuggets of the NBA from 2003 to 2011. He played college basketball for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: Dantley attended DeMatha Catholic High School in Hyattsville, Maryland, where he played under Hall of Fame coach Morgan Wootten and assistant Terry Truax.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: He was teammates with future NBA player Kenny Carr, who graduated a year after Dantley. He contributed to a 36-game winning streak and a 57–2 overall record. As a senior, he received All-American honors.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: Dantley accepted a basketball scholarship from the University of Notre Dame. He was a consensus first-team All-American in 1974–75 and 1975–76. He ranks second on Notre Dame's career scoring list with 2,223 points and holds the school record for free throws made (615) and free throws attempted (769).


title: Adrian Dantley

text: Dantley had a stellar collegiate career for the Fighting Irish. As a freshman, he played an important role in one of the biggest games in college basketball history, Notre Dame's 1974 upset to end UCLA's record 88-game winning streak. That UCLA team, coached by John Wooden, featured Bill Walton, Jamaal Wilkes (then known as Keith Wilkes), and Dave Meyers.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: Dantley led Notre Dame in scoring in 1974–75 (30.4 points per game) and 1975–76 (28.6 points per game), while also leading the team in rebounding those two seasons with marks of 10.2 and 10.1 rebounds per game, respectively. He was also the leading scorer on the 1976 US Olympic team that captured the gold medal in Montreal.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: Dantley declared for the 1976 NBA Draft after his junior season at Notre Dame. He eventually graduated from Notre Dame with a degree in economics in August 1978.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: Dantley was selected by the Buffalo Braves sixth overall of the 1976 NBA Draft. He was named a starter at small forward, averaging 20.3 points per game and became the third Buffalo player in five years to receive the NBA Rookie of the Year Award when he won it after the 1977 season.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: On September 1, 1977, he was traded to the Indiana Pacers along with forward Mike Bantom, in exchange for shooting guard Billy Knight, who was the league's second‐best scorer during the 1976–77 NBA season. Dantley was the first NBA Rookie of the Year to be traded following his rookie season.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: In the 1977–78 NBA season, he appeared in 23 games and ranked third in the league in scoring with a 26.6 average. On December 13, 1977, with the Pacers needing a bigger presence at center, he was traded along with undersized center Dave Robisch to the Los Angeles Lakers, in exchange for center James Edwards, shooting guard Earl Tatum and cash considerations.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: In the 1977–78 season, he appeared in 56 games at small forward, finishing second in team behind Kareem Abdul-Jabbar with an average of 19.4 points, to go along with 7.2 rebounds and 3.4 assists per contest.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: In the 1978–79 season, he was hampered by injuries, allowing small forward Jamaal Wilkes to showcase his skills. Dantley still managed to play in 60 games, averaging 17.3 points, 5.7 rebounds and 2.3 assists. He also displayed an uncanny knack for drawing fouls, leading the league in free throws made with 541 out of 680 attempts.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: On September 13, 1979, the team gambled on the talents of the 26-year-old Wilkes, trading the 23-year-old Dantley to the Utah Jazz before the start of the Lakers' championship season, in exchange for the 31-year-old power forward Spencer Haywood.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: In Utah, Dantley reached his peak establishing his reputation as a prolific scorer, twice leading the league in scoring (in 1981 and 1984). He averaged over 30 points per game each season between 1981 and 1984, during which he achieved his single game scoring record: 57 points in a 131–124 win over the Bulls on December 4, 1982. Dantley missed 60 games in 1983 after tearing ligaments in his right wrist. In 1984, Dantley recorded his postseason career high in single game scoring, 46 points in a Western Conference Semifinals Game 5 win over the Suns. However, the Jazz would go on to lose the series. That offseason, he was named the NBA Comeback Player of the Year.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: In his seven years with the Jazz, Dantley picked up all six of his All-Star appearances and two All-NBA second-team honors. During the 1980 NBA All-Star Game, Dantley was the first Utah Jazz player (since the team moved from New Orleans) to play in an All-Star game, and led the West in scoring with 23 points during a 144–136 loss. The total would also be the highest amount Dantley would score in his six All-Star games. Dantley's 1980–1984 seasons include two of the top three and four of the top seven spots in true shooting percentage for players averaging at least 30 points per game.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: On August 21, 1986, because of a deteriorated relationship with head coach Frank Layden over his contract negotiations, he was traded with second-round draft choices in 1987 (#38-Norris Coleman) and 1990 (#49-Phil Henderson) to the Detroit Pistons in exchange for shooting guard Kelly Tripucka and center Kent Benson.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: In the 1985–86 season, Dantley was still an effective scorer but did not get as many shots with Isiah Thomas, Joe Dumars, Vinnie Johnson, and Bill Laimbeer all averaging at least 10 points per game. Dantley was knocked unconscious while diving for a loose ball in Game 7 of the 1987 Eastern Conference Finals.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: By starting the season with the 1988–89 Pistons, he is considered to be part of one of the top 10 teams in NBA history. On February 15, 1989, midway through the season he was traded to the Dallas Mavericks along with a 1991 first round draft pick (#19-LaBradford Smith), in exchange for Mark Aguirre, due to what Dantley maintained were conflicts with Thomas, but also reflected Dantley's clashes with head coach Chuck Daly and general manager Jack McCloskey over his demand for a focal point role on offense and more minutes than Dennis Rodman.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: In the 1989–90 season, he averaged 14.7 points in 45 games with the Dallas Mavericks, before missing the final two months with a broken leg. On April 2, 1990, he was released after playing in two seasons (76 games).


title: Adrian Dantley

text: On April 2, 1991, after being out of basketball for most of the season, he signed as a free agent with the Milwaukee Bucks, where he played 13 games (3 in the playoffs).


title: Adrian Dantley

text: On September 18, 1991, Dantley signed with Italian team Breeze Arese for the 1991–92 season. He averaged 26.7 points per game.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: Although listed as a small forward due to his size, Dantley played primarily in the low post, similar to a power forward. Dantley finished his NBA career with an average of 24.3 points per game. He scored his points with a mix of flat-footed mid-range jump shots, high-percentage opportunities close to the basket, and frequent trips to the free throw line. For his career, he shot .540 from the floor—16th in NBA history—and .818 from the free throw line. He led the league in free throws six times and ranks ninth all-time in that category. He shares the record with Wilt Chamberlain for most free throws made in a regular-season NBA game with 28.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: One of the all-time great free throw shooters, he had a set routine of four two-handed dribbles and two spins of the ball before every free throw. In addition, "prior to each free throw, he would recite his mantra from junior high that adept lip readers couldn’t mistake: “Over the front rim, backspin, follow through.” Fundamentals were not lip service but a way of life for Dantley.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: His ability to score in the low post was even more remarkable considering one of his legs is significantly shorter than the other. To compensate for the nearly 2 inch difference in leg length, he wore custom-made inserts in his shoes.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: Dantley enjoyed outstanding success at every level of basketball, including high school, college, Olympics, and the NBA. On April 7, 2008, he was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: Dantley was an assistant basketball coach at then-Towson State from August 1993 to 1996. Dantley had played for Towson head coach Terry Truax in high school.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: Dantley later worked for the Denver Nuggets as an assistant coach for eight seasons. He briefly served as the team's head coach during the 2009–10 NBA season, filling in for George Karl, who was fighting cancer.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: In addition to playing professionally, in his spare time, Dantley coaches basketball to aspiring players in Silver Spring, Maryland.


title: Adrian Dantley

text: Dantley's son, Cameron Dantley, was the starting quarterback for the Syracuse Orange during the 2008 season.


title: Nippon Ishin no Kai

text: The is a conservative and right-wing populist political party in Japan. Formed as "Initiatives from Osaka" in October 2015 from a split in the old Japan Innovation Party, the party became the third-biggest opposition party in the National Diet following the July 2016 House of Councillors election.


title: Nippon Ishin no Kai

text: The party advocates decentralization, federalism ("Dōshūsei"), free education, limited government, and neoliberal policies. Arguing to remove defense spending limits, and standing with the Liberal Democratic Party on revising the constitution, the party gained conservative support during the 2021 general election, primarily in Osaka.


title: Nippon Ishin no Kai

text: The party was formed in October 2015 under the name by Osaka governor Ichirō Matsui and then-Osaka mayor Tōru Hashimoto after they and their supporters left the Japan Innovation Party. The Japanese name was the same as the Osaka Restoration Association, which was also formed by Hashimoto, but was differentiated by writing "Osaka" in hiragana () rather than in kanji ().


title: Nippon Ishin no Kai

text: The first major election contested by the party was the July 2016 House of Councillors election. The party performed well in the Kansai region, winning two of four seats in the Osaka at-large district and one of three seats in the Hyogo at-large district. In the national PR block the party finished fifth with 5,153,584 votes (9.2%), which meant it won 4 of the 48 seats. The majority of its votes were again centred around Osaka; the party received the most votes in Osaka Prefecture (1,293,626; 34.9%) and was second behind the Liberal Democratic Party in Hyogo Prefecture (470,526; 19.5%). The gain in seats made the party the third-biggest opposition in the National Diet. However, after the election Matsui said the poor showing outside of Kansai was unacceptable for a national party, and that the party would adopt a new name that did not include the word "Osaka" in an attempt to broaden its nationwide appeal. At a meeting on 23 August 2016, the party voted to change its name to but did not announce an official English name.


title: Nippon Ishin no Kai

text: Views on the political position of Nippon Ishin no Kai have been varied. While it has been described as being neoliberal, conservative, right-wing populist, the party itself commits to reformism, regionalism and 'self-sustainability' in its party constitution. The party supports the amendment of the Japanese constitution, including the installation of a constitutional court, mandated free education, and increased devolution. The party has not made an official stance on neither supporting or opposing the amendment to Article 9 of the Japanese constitution, which prohibits Japan from possessing an offensive military, however has pledged to partake in debate. Economically, the party supports increased economic liberalisation, including deregulation of the labour market and the streamlining of bureaucratic structure. Socially, the party supports the legalisation of same-sex marriage, and optional separate surnames for married couples. The party has recently been described as centrist and moderate, being perceived as such by the voter base, according to recent public opinion polls. The party was also referred to as the libertarian.


title: Nippon Ishin no Kai

text: The party manifesto for the 2022 Japanese Councillors election, dubbed "維新八策2022", containing 402 individual policy proposals, and included the following pledges :


title: Angelus

text: The Angelus (; Latin for "angel") is a Catholic devotion commemorating the Incarnation of Christ. As with many Catholic prayers, the name "Angelus" is derived from its incipit—the first few words of the text: ("The Angel of the Lord declared unto Mary"). The devotion is practiced by reciting as versicle and response three Biblical verses narrating the mystery, alternating with the prayer "Hail Mary". The Angelus exemplifies a species of prayers called the "prayer of the devotee".


title: Angelus

text: The devotion is traditionally recited in Roman Catholic churches, convents, monasteries and by the faithful three times a day: in the morning, at noon and in the evening (usually just before or after Vespers). The devotion is also observed by some Anglican, Western Rite Orthodox, and Lutheran churches.


title: Angelus

text: The Angelus is usually accompanied by the ringing of the Angelus bell, which is a call to prayer and to spread goodwill to everyone. The angel referred to in the prayer is Gabriel, a messenger of God who revealed to the Virgin Mary that she would conceive a child to be born the Son of God (Luke 1:26–38).


title: Angelus

text: According to Herbert Thurston, the Angelus originated with the 11th-century monastic custom of reciting three Hail Marys at the evening, or Compline, bell.


title: Angelus

text: The first written documentation stems from the Italian Franciscan friar Sinigardi di Arezzo (died 1282). Franciscan friaries in Italy document the use in 1263 and 1295. The current form of the Angelus prayer is included in a Venetian Catechism from 1560. The older usages seem to have commemorated the resurrection of Christ in the morning, his suffering at noon, and the annunciation in the evening. In 1269, St Bonaventure urged the faithful to adopt the custom of the Franciscans of saying three Hail Marys as the Compline bell was rung.


title: Angelus

text: The Angelus is not identical to the "Noon Bell" ordered by Pope Calixtus III (1455–58) in 1456, who asked for a long midday bell-ringing and prayer for protection against the Turkish invasions of his time. In his 1956 Apostolic Letter "Dum Maerenti Animo" about the persecution of the Catholic church in Eastern Europe and China, Pope Pius XII recalls the 500th anniversary of the "Noon Bell", a prayer crusade ordered by his predecessors against what they considered to be dangers from the East. He again asks the faithful throughout the world, to pray for the persecuted Church in the East during the mid-day Angelus.


title: Angelus

text: The custom of reciting it in the morning apparently grew from the monastic custom of saying three Hail Marys while a bell rang at Prime. The noon time custom apparently arose from the noon time commemoration of the Passion on Fridays. The institution of the Angelus is by some ascribed to Pope Urban II, by some to Pope John XXII in the year 1317. The triple recitation is ascribed to Louis XI of France, who in 1472 ordered it to be recited three times daily. The form of the prayer was standardised by the 17th century.


title: Angelus

text: The manner of ringing the Angelus—the triple stroke repeated three times, with a pause between each set of three (a total of nine strokes), sometimes followed by a longer peal as at curfew—seems to have been long established. The 15th-century constitutions of Syon monastery dictate that the lay brother "shall toll the Ave bell nine strokes at three times, keeping the space of one Pater and Ave between each three tollings". The pattern of ringing on Irish radio and television consists of three groups of three peals, each group separated by a pause, followed by a group of nine peals, for a total of eighteen rings.


title: Angelus

text: In his Apostolic Letter "Marialis Cultus" (1974), Pope Paul VI encouraged the praying of the Angelus considering it important and a reminder to faithful Catholics of the Paschal Mystery, in which by recalling the incarnation of the son of God they pray that they may be led "through his passion and cross to the glory of his resurrection."


title: Angelus

text: It is common practice that during the recital of the Angelus prayer, for the lines "And the Word was made flesh/And dwelt among us", those reciting the prayer bow or genuflect. Either of these actions draws attention to the moment of the Incarnation of Christ into human flesh. During Paschaltide, the Marian antiphon "Regina Cœli" with versicle and prayer, is said in place of the Angelus.


title: Angelus

text: In Germany, particular dioceses and their radio stations broadcast the Angelus. In addition, Roman Catholic churches (and some Protestant ones) ring the Angelus bell thrice daily.


title: Angelus

text: In Ireland, "The Angelus" is currently broadcast every night before the main evening news at 18:00 on the main national TV channel, RTÉ One, and on the broadcaster's sister radio station, Radio 1, at noon and 18:00. In 2015, in advertising for a commission to independent film makers to produce versions of the Angelus, RTÉ described the playing of the Angelus as follows:


title: Angelus

text: The daily "Angelus" broadcast on RTÉ One is by far RTÉ's longest-running and most watched Religious programme. It's also, possibly, the most controversial. For some, the reflective slot, which airs for just one minute in every 1440 per day and on only one RTÉ TV channel, is as much part of Ireland's unique cultural identity as the harp on your passport; for others, it's an anachronism – a reminder of more homogeneously and observantly Christian times.


title: Angelus

text: RTÉ Audience Research finds that a clear majority of Irish viewers still favour keeping the "Angelus" broadcasts, chimes and all. Its appeal is summarised by one audience member as follows: "To the person of faith, it's a moment of grace; to the person without faith, it's a moment of peace. What's not to like?" The station also notes that the prayer itself is never broadcast, whether in vocal or text form.


title: Angelus

text: The Angelus is broadcast daily on radio in the city of Monterrey, Mexico, at 06:00, 12:00, and 18:00.


title: Angelus

text: In Brazil, radio stations associated with the Catholic Radio Network ("Rede Católica de Rádio" in Portuguese) broadcast the Angelus daily at 18:00, radio stations that are not affiliated with the network but are run by Catholic personnel also broadcast the prayer at the same hour.


title: Angelus

text: In the Philippines, radio and television stations of the Philippine Catholic Church and some religious orders broadcast the Angelus at 06:00, 12:00, and 18:00 PST (GMT+8). The devotion is also broadcast over the public address system at noon and 18:00 in some shopping malls, and in many Catholic educational institutions at noon on schooldays. Individual parish churches also ring bells at 18:00. It was once custom for a family to be home by the evening Angelus, where it is recited kneeling in front of the house altar.


title: Angelus

text: In the United States and Canada, some Catholic radio stations run by laity broadcast the Angelus daily. American Trappist monasteries and convents often combine the Angelus with midday prayers or Vespers and pray them together in the Church. At the Roman Catholic University of Portland, the bell tower near the centre of campus tolls the Angelus at noon and 18:00.


title: Angelus

text: The Raccolta includes a plenary indulgence for praying the Angelus monthly, granted by Pope Benedict XIII in 1724:


title: Angelus

text: In Vatican City since Pope John XXIII, the Pope delivers an address in Italian every Sunday at noon. Pope John spoke of the Angelus "as a summary of 'the christian epic' in three books: the divine invitation and initiative; the human response of obedience, "fiat"; and the result of this obedience, the Word made flesh."


title: Angelus

text: Known informally as the Angelus Address ("Regina Cœli Address" during Eastertide), the short ritual is broadcast live at 12 p.m. (noon - Central European Time) on online platforms (Vatican News - with simultaneous interpretation), by public television (Rai 1) and through Eurovision Network. At the end of the Address, the Pope leads recitation of the Angelus or Regina Cœli, and concludes with a blessing upon the crowds in Saint Peter's Square and televiewers.


title: Angelus

text: The Angelus is found in two popular twentieth-century Anglo-Catholic manuals of devotion. "The Practice of Religion: A Short Manual of Instructions and Devotions" by Archibald Campbell Knowles, first published in 1908, refers to the Angelus as "the memorial of the Incarnation" and notes that "In the Mystery of the Incarnation we worship and adore Our Lord as God of God, we honour and reverence Saint Mary as 'Blessed among women.' In honouring Mary, the Instrument of the Incarnation, we really honour Christ, Who became Incarnate."


title: Angelus

text: The Angelus is also found in "Saint Augustine's Prayer Book: A Book of Devotion for members of the Episcopal Church", first published in 1947 (Revised Edition, 1967).


title: Angelus

text: In many Anglo-Catholic communities of the Anglican Communion, there is a tradition of singing the Angelus, particularly before or after the Sunday parish Mass. The practice has spread more commonly into Roman Catholicism through the Ordinariate jurisdictions for former Anglicans.


title: Angelus

text: "Ave Maria, gratia plena, Dominus tecum. Benedicta tu in mulieribus, et benedictus fructus ventris tui, Iesus. * Sancta Maria, Mater Dei, ora pro nobis peccatoribus, nunc et in hora mortis nostræ. Amen."


title: Angelus

text: "Oremus". "Gratiam tuam, quæsumus, Domine, mentibus nostris infunde; ut qui, Angelo nuntiante, Christi Filii tui incarnationem cognovimus, per passionem eius et Crucem ad resurrectionis gloriam perducamur. Per eundem Christum Dominum nostrum."


title: Angelus

text: Hail Mary, full of grace; the is with thee: blessed art thou amongst women, and blessed is the Fruit of thy womb, Jesus.* Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death.


title: Angelus

text: Pour forth, we beseech Thee, O , Thy grace into our hearts; that, we, to whom the Incarnation of Christ, Thy Son, was made known by the message of an angel, may by His Passion and Cross be brought to the glory of His Resurrection. Through the same Christ our Lord.


title: Angelus

text: We beseech Thee, O LORD, pour Thy grace into our hearts; that as we have known the Incarnation of Thy Son, Jesus Christ, by the message of an angel, so by His Cross and Passion we may be brought unto the glory of His Resurrection. Through the same Jesus Christ our Lord.


title: Angelus

text: The Angelus, in all its stages of development, was closely associated with the ringing of a church bell. The bell is still rung in some English country churches and has often been mistaken for, and alleged to be a remnant of, the curfew bell. The Angelus is replaced by the Regina Coeli during Eastertide.


title: Angelus

text: Where the town bell and the bells of the principal church or monastery were distinct, the curfew was generally rung upon the town bell. Where the church bell served for both purposes, the Ave and the curfew were probably rung upon the same bell at different hours.


title: Angelus

text: The ringing of the Angelus in the 14th century and even in the 13th century must have been very general. The number of bells belonging to these two centuries that still survive is relatively low, but a considerable proportion bear inscriptions that suggest that they were originally intended to serve as Ave bells. Such bells bear words like "Missi de coelis nomen habeo Gabrielis" („I bear the name of Gabriel sent from heaven“) or "Missus vero pie Gabriel fert laeta Mariae" („Gabriel the messenger brings joyous tidings to holy Mary").


title: Angelus

text: Bells inscribed with "Ave Maria" are also numerous in England, but there the Angelus bells seem in a very large number of instances to have been dedicated to St Gabriel, the angel mentioned in the prayer (Luke 1:26–27). In the Diocese of Lincoln alone there are nineteen surviving medieval bells bearing the name of Gabriel, while only six bear the name of Michael, a much more popular patron in other respects.


title: Angelus

text: In France, the "Ave Maria" seems to have been the ordinary label for Angelus bells; but in Germany the most common inscription of all, even in the case of many bells of the 13th century, is the words "O Rex Gloriæ Veni Cum Pace" ("O King of Glory, Come with Peace"). In Germany, the Netherlands, and in some parts of France, the Angelus bell was regularly known as the "Peace bell", and "pro pace schlagen" (to toll for peace) was a phrase popularly used for ringing the Angelus.


title: Angelus

text: In Italy, the three recitals of the Angelus are referred to as "avemmaria", hence "L' avemmaria del giorno", "L' avemmaria del mezzo giorno" and "L' avemmaria della sera". It was customary at one time to calculate hours of the day from the evening Angelus, or "avemmaria" for short. Hence the origin of the phrase that appears in Leoncavallo's opera "Pagliacci": "venti tre ore"' ("the twenty-third hour") refers to one hour before the evening Angelus.


title: Angelus

text: In Slovakia, mainly the noon Angelus was commonly referred to as "na Anjel Pána" (at Angelus), similar to Czech "na Anděl Páně". These terms were also part of their contemporary artistic works.


title: Angelus

text: The poem "The Irish Unionist's Farewell" by Sir John Betjeman has this line "and the Angelus is calling".


title: Angelus

text: Francis Bret Harte wrote "The Angelus" referencing the twilight tolling of the Angelus bell at a Californian mission.


title: Angelus

text: Francis Jammes' most famous collection of poems is the 1897 "De l'angélus de l'aube à l'angélus du soir" ("From morning Angelus to evening Angelus").


title: Angelus

text: In "The Angelus", Donegal poet Elizabeth Shane portrays an elderly couple cutting peat reminiscent of the scene in Millet's painting.


title: Angelus

text: In a poem set to music circa 1919, "The Foggy Dew", Canon Charles O'Neill (1887–1963) memorialized the Easter Rising also known as the Easter Rebellion of 1916. One of the lines reads: "But the Angelus Bell o'er the Liffey's swell rang out in the foggy dew".


title: Angelus

text: A poem by Edgar Allan Poe, "A Catholic Hymn", and various similar titles in 1835 as part of a short story and again in 1845. Apparently written after hearing the Angelus bells whilst passing a church.


title: Angelus

text: Franz Biebl set the prayer for two men's choirs, called Ave Maria (Angelus Domini), published also in versions for mixed choirs.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: A long-range reconnaissance patrol, or LRRP (pronounced "lurp"), is a small, well-armed reconnaissance team that patrols deep in enemy-held territory.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: The concept of scouts dates back to the origins of warfare itself. However, in modern times these specialized units evolved from examples such as Rogers' Rangers in colonial British America, the Lovat Scouts in World War One, the Long Range Desert Group and the Special Air Service in the Western Desert Campaign and North West Europe, similar units such as Force 136 in East Asia, and the special Finnish light infantry units during the Second World War.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: Postwar, the role was carried in various North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and British Commonwealth countries by units that could trace their origins to these wartime creations such as the British SAS, Australia's Special Air Service Regiment and the New Zealand Special Air Service, 1er RPIMa, 13e RDP, GCP, Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés in France and the United States Army Rangers, Long Range Surveillance teams, and Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition squadrons.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: As indicated, the use of scouts is ancient, however, during the French and Indian War (1754–1763), the techniques of long-range reconnaissance and raiding were significantly implemented by the British in colonial North America. The British employed the Major Robert Rogers to make long-range attacks against the French and their Indian allies along the frontiers of the British colonies and New France. The achievements of Major Roberts' dozen companies of approximately 1,200 men during the French and Indian War were so extraordinary that his doctrine, "Standing Orders, Rogers' Rangers," 1759, became the cornerstone of future U.S. Army long-range reconnaissance patrol units.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: During the Second World War, the 2/1st North Australia Observer Unit was tasked with patrolling the remote areas of northern Australia on horseback. Many from the Unit were recruited to join M Special Unit and Z Special Unit for long-range specialist reconnaissance and sabotage behind Japanese lines.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: In the 1980s the Regional Force Surveillance Units (NORFORCE, The Pilbara Regiment and 51st Battalion, Far North Queensland Regiment) were formed to conduct long-range reconnaissance and surveillance patrols in the sparsely populated and remote regions of northern Australia. The Special Air Service Regiment also conducts long-ranged patrols, and has done so during combat and peacekeeping deployments.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: The Canadian Rangers conduct long-range surveillance or sovereignty patrols in the sparsely settled areas of Northern Canada. Although part of the Canadian Army, they are an irregular military force.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: The Danish Defence Forces had three Long-Range Surveillance companies (LRSC) known as "Patrol-Companies" (PTLCOY): two assigned to the two Land Commands: LANDJUT and LANDZEALAND (Corps-level) (abbreviated "SEP/ELK" and "SEP/VLK" for: ""Specielle Efterretningspatruljer/Østre resp. Vestre Landskommando"" i.e. Special Intelligence Patrols) – two all-volunteer units within the Danish Home Guard - that was changed into the Special Support and Reconnaissance Company (SSR) in 2007 as a Special Reconnaissance (SR) Company dedicated to supporting the Danish Special Operations.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: The third and last company (PTLCOY/DDIV) was assigned to the Jutland Division (later Danish Division/DDIV) and was trained by instructors from the Danish Army Special Operations Forces: "Jægerkorpset" (i.e. Hunter Force) in Aalborg. PTLCOY/DDIV was disbanded in 2002 due to budget-cuts and the intent to implement UAV in the Danish Army as the primary means of ISR. The first UAV project later failed and was disbanded too.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: In addition to these units, the 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion, Guard Hussar Regiment, also has Long range reconnaissance capabilities, particularly in 1st Light Reconnaissance Squadron (1.LOPESK), whose primary role is long range reconnaissance and sabotage in light vehicles and with minimal support and resupply.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: Likely to be the world's smallest LRS unit is the Sirius Dog Sled Patrol (Danish: "Slædepatruljen Sirius"), known informally as "Siriuspatruljen" (the Sirius Patrol). It is a small squad-sized elite unit in the Danish Navy, that enforces Danish sovereignty in the Arctic wilderness of northern and eastern Greenland, and conducts long-range reconnaissance patrolling. Patrolling is usually done in pairs, sometimes for four months and often without additional human contact.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: In Finland, long-range patrols ("kaukopartio") were especially notable during World War II. For example, "Erillinen Pataljoona 4" (4th Detached Battalion), a command of four different long-range patrol detachments; Detachment Paatsalo, Detachment Kuismanen, Detachment Vehniäinen and Detachment Marttina, operated in the Finnish-Soviet theater of WWII, also known as the Continuation War, from 1941 through 1944. These units penetrated Soviet lines and conducted reconnaissance and destroy missions. During the trench warfare period of the war, long-range patrols were often conducted by special Finnish Sissi troops. After the war, NATO hired former members of the 4th Detached Battalion to spy on Soviet Union's military bases in the Kola Peninsula and Karelian Isthmus. NATO ended the spy operation in 1957. From then on, espionage data was obtained from forward satellites.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: Former President of Finland, Mauno Koivisto, served in Lauri Törni's specially designed Jäger Company (called Detachment Törni) in the Finnish 1st Infantry Division. Lauri Törni became a US citizen and entered the US Army Special Forces. He gave important knowledge in long-range patrolling techniques and was declared MIA during the Vietnam War in 1965. His remains were later found, brought to the US, and buried in Arlington on 26 June 2003.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: In the German "Bundeswehr", LRRP is called "Fernspäher" (long-range scouts). Historically, the German Fernspäher units were modelled after the Finnish long-range patrols and derived from the existing elite units of "Gebirgsjäger" (mountain troops) and "Fallschirmjäger" (airborne troops). Originally, there were three companies of Fernspäher in the Bundeswehr, one being assigned to each corps. Since the reformation of German Special Forces in 1996, the Fernspählehrkompanie 200 (FSLK200) is the single remaining Fernspäher unit. The Fernspähers are part of the Special Operations Division. FSLK200 is the only German special force-type unit which has also recruited women. Details about operations of the FSLK200 are secret but it is known that Fernspäher carried out missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the Kosovo War and later during Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: Special Frontier Force is considered a long-range reconnaissance patrol or pathfinder. They were trained against the Chinese but used to great success in Pakistan administered Kashmir and in the northern state of Punjab.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: Kopassus and Tontaipur of the Indonesian Army are units able to conduct long-range reconnaissance patrolling including pathfinder and Special reconnaissance operations.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: Historically, airborne units are normally tasked with carrying, apart from the ordinary airborne assaults, deep infiltration small unit reconnaissance. After World War 2, during the Cold War, the main LRRP unit was the "Col Moschin" Parachute Assault Company (later battalion and then regiment). Another LRRP unit specialising as artillery observers were the 13th Gruppo Acquisizione Obiettivi "GRACO" (Target Acquisition Group, where "Group" is a definition of the Italian artillery indicating three batteries of guns, roughly a battalion sized unit) of the 3rd Missile Brigade "Aquileia", and especially the Batteria Acquisizione Obiettivi "Pipistrelli" (Target Acquisition Battery "Bats"), a company-sized fully airborne LRRP unit composed of artillery soldiers that trained at the I-LRRP school of Weingarten. This group later was incorporated in the Folgore Airborne Brigade, becoming the 185th Reggimento Ricognizione Acquisizione Obiettivi (Reconnaissance and Target Acquisition Regiment).


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: The Kenya Defence Forces has one LRS unit based in Nairobi. This unit shares LRP missions with the Special Forces Group.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: The Korps Commandotroepen and NLMARSOF are LRRP capable. During the Cold War, the Korps Commandotroepen were known as Waarneming en Verkenning Compagnie (observation and reconnaissance company) and specialized in staying behind enemy lines. NLMARSOF's C-Squadron consists of two special recon units: Mountain Leaders and Special Forces Underwater Operators. From 1995 until 2010 the 11th Airmobile Brigade Air Assault had 3 platoons of long range scouts (RECCE). Main objective battlefield intelligence and direct actions. Trained in stay behind operations working in small units. These highly flexible units operated completely on its own in cross FLOT operations.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: The New Zealand Special Air Service (NZSAS) is New Zealand's Special forces branch. NZSAS served with the Australian SAS Squadron during the Vietnam War and carried out Long-range reconnaissance patrols and ambushing of enemy supply routes, mounting 155 patrols over three tours.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: The Norwegian Army has LRRP operations dating back to the 1960s, "Fjernoppklaring" (remote reconnaissance). It was split in two, creating a new group of airborne special forces, "Hærens Jegerkommando", and the current LRRP unit "Fjernoppklaringseskadronen". "Fjernoppklaringseskadronen" is part of the Norwegian army under "Etterretningsbataljonen" (Military Intelligence Battalion).


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: The Special Actions Detachment of the Portuguese Navy also carries out LRRP missions, mainly in the scope of amphibious operations.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: From 1983 to 1993, the Portuguese Army Comando Regiment included the REDES Company, a specialist LRRP unit.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: LRRP units within the Serbian Army Special Brigade and 72nd Reconnaissance Commando Battalion have been operating since 1992.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: LRRP is carried out in Spain by the Advanced Reconnaissance Parachute Company of the Paratroopers Brigade "Almogávares" VI and the Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (TAR) Company of the HQ Battalion within the Spanish Marine Infantry. In the past long-range reconnaissance patrols of Spanish forces have played a notable role in the Bosnian War, specially the deep reconnaissance patrols carried out by the Special Operations Unit (UOE) of the Spanish marines within the multinational battalion.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: Long-range reconnaissance patrols of the Armed forces of Sri Lanka have played a notable role in Sri Lanka's multi-phase military campaign against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). LRRP members attached to Special Mission units of the Sri Lankan Army have been most successful in carrying out assassinations on high-ranking members of the LTTE. The LRRP concept was developed by Major Sreepathi Gunasekara who formed a special recon unit named 'Delta Patrols' in 1986 which later evolved into a highly secretive SF LRRP battalion. Special mission units such as the 3rd Commando Regiment and the 3rd Army Special Forces Regiment have Specialized LRRP battalions. There are also LRRP units attached to Infantry battalions.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: The Honourable Artillery Company and its regular sister unit, 4/73 (Sphinx) Special Observation Post Battery RA, currently operate in this role.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: During the Second World War, the Long Range Desert Group performed long-range reconnaissance and raiding during the North African Campaign and during the Cold War, the Corps Patrol Unit (CPU) consisted of 21 and 23 SAS and the HAC.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: The 21 SAS was stood up in 1947 specifically for the task of letting themselves be bypassed and staying-behind in the event of a Soviet Invasion of Western Europe, they were later joined by 23 SAS and in 1973, the Honourable Artillery Company (HAC) which became a Surveillance and Target Acquisition (STA) Patrol Regiment providing Stay-Behind Observation Posts (SBOP) with their three squadrons each with a number of four to six man patrols. HAC provided SBOP capabilities to the HQs of 1st Artillery Brigade (HQ Sqn HAC), 1 Armoured Division (I Sqn HAC), 4 Armoured Division (II Sqn HAC), and 1 BR Corps (III Sqn HAC) with one ‘sabre’ squadron each


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: The predecessor of the U.S. Army's LRRP teams was the U.S. Sixth Army Special Reconnaissance Unit, better known as the Alamo Scouts. In the South West Pacific Theater of Operations, the Alamo Scouts conducted over 110 intelligence gathering missions behind enemy lines throughout New Guinea and the Philippines during 1944–45. General Walter Krueger established the Alamo Scouts Training Center to train candidates in long-range reconnaissance patrol techniques, including rubber boat handling, intelligence gathering, report writing, scouting and patrolling, jungle navigation, communications, weapons training, and camouflage. Of those that successfully completed the rigorous course, 138 became full-time Alamo Scouts, while the others returned to their units to serve as reconnaissance troops. After Japan's surrender, the Alamo Scouts Training Center was closed down and the unit was disbanded. In 1988, the U.S. Army retroactively awarded members of the Alamo Scouts the Special Forces tab due to their wartime record and the techniques they pioneered.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: The modern US Army long-range reconnaissance patrol concept was created in 1956 by the 11th Airborne Division in Augsburg, Germany. They patrolled near the Czechoslovakian and East German borders, then members of the Communist Warsaw Pact states, and in event of war in Europe would be inserted behind enemy lines to provide surveillance and to select targets of opportunity. The LRRP concept was well known throughout the Army though concentrated in 7th Army in Germany. Provisional LRRP Companies made up of both trained LRRPs and regular soldiers were put together for a series of exercises called Wintershield and proved themselves in the field. After the 11th Airborne Division was inactivated on 1 July 1958, the Department of the Army authorized two Airborne LRRP companies in 1961: Company D, 17th Infantry and Company C, 58th Infantry in the Wildflecken and Nellingen Barracks (near Stuttgart), and were respectively assigned to V Corps and VII Corps. In 1963, V Corps LRRPs (Company D) transferred to the Gibbs Kaserne in Frankfurt near Corps HQ. In 1965, these companies developed the first LRRP Table of Organization and Equipment and in doing so increased their strength to 208 men, team size from 4 to 5 men, as well as adding an organic transport component. All LRRPs from team leader and above were to be Ranger qualified. The experiences of these two companies formed the basis of the first US Army LRRP manual. Both companies used carrier wave (Morse Code) radios including the AN/TRC-77 for long-range communications to their respective Corps G2 (Intelligence) center. In 1968, both companies were transferred to the United States, but neither were sent to Vietnam because they retained their status as LRRP units for V and VII Corps in the event of war in Europe.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: All LRRPs were redesignated as "Ranger" on 1 February 1969, and these two units (companies C and D) respectively became Companies B and A, 75th Infantry (Ranger). They were the only Ranger units to remain on active duty at the end of the Vietnam War and they continued in service until November 1974 when they were inactivated, with most of their personnel forming the core of the new 1st and 2d Battalions (Ranger), 75th Infantry.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: In the 1960s, the U. S. Army Southern European Task Force (SETAF) utilized the Airborne Recon Platoon of the 1st Combat Aviation Company (Provisional) located in Verona, Italy. They provided reconnaissance missions as well as target acquisition and battle damage assessment for SETAF which was a missile command.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: The Airborne Recon Platoon was a LRRP unit that served as the “eyes and ears” for SETAF. During the period of 1961-62 Lieutenant James D. James commanded the platoon. Three years later in 1965 when Captain James served in Vietnam with the 1st Cavalry Division he utilized much of the tactics, structure, and doctrine of the Airborne Recon Platoon when creating Company E, 52nd Infantry (LRP). Captain James retired from the army as a colonel.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: In December 1965, the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division, formed a LRRP platoon, and by April 1966, the 1st Infantry Division, 25th Infantry Division and each of the four Battalions of the 173rd Airborne Brigade formed LRRP units as well. On 8 July 1966, General William Westmoreland authorized the formation of a (LRRP) unit in each infantry brigade or division in Vietnam. By 1967 formal LRRP companies were organized, most having three platoons, each with five six-man teams equipped with VHF/FM AN/PRC-25 radios. LRRP training was notoriously rigorous and team leaders were often graduates of the U.S. Army's 5th Special Forces Recondo School in Nha Trang, Vietnam.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: Tiger Force was the nickname of an infamous long-range reconnaissance patrol unit of the 1st Battalion (Airborne), 327th Infantry Regiment, 1st Brigade (Separate), 101st Airborne Division, which fought in the Vietnam War, and was responsible for counterinsurgency operations against the North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong. In the course of their duty, they were found responsible for the deaths of hundreds of noncombatant civilians who were marked as “enemy KIA”. These high bodycounts were recognized and encouraged by military officials, who were unaware of or simply didn't care about the atrocities committed by the unit, which included the abuse of POWs, the mutilation of dead soldiers and civilians, sexual abuse, destruction of property and the planting of weapons on deceased civilians. Their commander Col. Morse ordered troops to rack up a body count of 327 casualties in order to match the battalion's infantry designation, 327th; by the end of the campaign soldiers were congratulated for their 1000th kill.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: The platoon-sized unit, approximately 45 paratroopers, was founded by Colonel David Hackworth in November 1965 to "outguerrilla the guerrillas". Tiger Force (Recon) 1/327th was a highly decorated small unit in Vietnam, and paid for its reputation with heavy casualties. In October 1968, Tiger Force's parent battalion was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation by President Lyndon B. Johnson, which included a mention of Tiger Force's service at Đắk Tô in June 1966.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: Since satellite communications were a thing of the future, one of the most daring long-range penetration operations of the war was launched by members of Company E, 52nd Infantry (LRP) of the 1st Air Cavalry Division, against the North Vietnamese Army when they seized "Signal Hill" the name attributed to the peak of Dong Re Lao Mountain, a densely forested 4,879-foot mountain, midway in A Shau Valley, so its 1st and 3rd Brigades, who would be fighting behind a wall of mountains, could communicate with Camp Evans near the coast or with approaching aircraft.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: The US Marine Corps also performed long-range reconnaissance missions typically assigned to Marine Recon, especially Force Recon at the corps-level (i.e., Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF)) level, as opposed to the Battalion Recon units answering to battalion commanders. Marine Recon teams typically were twice as large as Army LRRPs and were more heavily armed, however, sacrificing a degree of stealth. In addition, the Marines did not employ indigenous Montagnards as front and rear scouts as Army LRRPs and Special Forces teams did which proved invaluable in confusing the enemy if contact was made. The tactical employment of LRRPs was later evaluated to be generally used far too dangerously by commanders, who were pleased by the kill ratios of LRRPs teams (reported as high as 400 enemy troops for every LRRP killed). Writes one commentator: "During the course of the war Lurps conducted around 23,000 long-range patrols, of this amount two-thirds resulted in enemy sightings." LRRPs also accounted for approximately 10,000 enemy KIA through ambushes, air strikes, and artillery.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: In February 1969, all US Army LRRP units were folded into the newly formed 75th Infantry Regiment (Ranger), a predecessor of the 75th Ranger Regiment, bringing back operational Ranger units for the first time since the Korean War. The Army had inactivated Ranger units after Korea, but kept Ranger School, on the premise that spreading Ranger School graduates throughout the Army would improve overall performance. The initial Ranger companies formed in 1969 were: "A" V Corps, Fort Hood, Texas; "B" VII Corps, Fort Lewis, Washington; "C" I Field Force, Vietnam; "D" II Field Force, Vietnam; "E" 9th Infantry Division, Vietnam; F 25th Infantry Division, Vietnam; "G" 23d Infantry Division, Vietnam; "H" 1st Cavalry Division, Vietnam; "I" 1st Infantry Division, Vietnam; "K" 4th Infantry Division, Vietnam; "L" 101st Airborne Division, Vietnam; "M" 199th Light Infantry Brigade, Vietnam; "N" 173d Airborne Brigade, Vietnam; "O" 3d Brigade, 82d Airborne Division, Vietnam; and "P" 1st Brigade, 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized), Vietnam. Following its mobilization for Vietnam service, Company D (LRP), 151st Infantry of the Indiana Army National Guard completed its tour in Vietnam and, as it departed, Company D (Ranger), 75th Infantry was raised to replace it. Company F (LRP), 425th Infantry of the Michigan Army National Guard was not mobilized or sent to Vietnam. As National Guard units, both D-151st and F-425th retained their regimental designations and were not reflagged as companies of the 75th Infantry.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: As the Vietnam War matured, I Field Force LRRPs widened their area of operation to include I Corps and II Corps, and II Field Force LRRPs respectively included III Corps and IV Corps.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: During the War on Terror, Long Range Recon (LRS-D or Long Range Surveillance Detachments) were used to conduct high value target and small kill team operations deep in hostile territory. LRS-D units were inactivated in 2017 and personnel were absorbed into R&S (Recon and Surveillance) Teams.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: The legacy of LRRP units later continued with the U.S. Army's Long Range Surveillance (both detachments and companies), which have been dropped from the force structure and inactivated, and Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition squadrons.


title: Long-range reconnaissance patrol

text: In 1977, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom sent instructors to Germany to work on the planning of an international long-range reconnaissance patrol (LRRP) school. From 1979 onward, joint training for LRRP and military stay-behind units was conducted at NATO's International Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol School (ILRRPS) in Weingarten, Germany, under the lead of UK SF. British SAS, German Fernspäher, Dutch Marines, Belgian Para-Commandos, US SF, and others worked and trained together on a daily basis. ILRRPS provided specialist training to allow soldiers to operate effectively in gathering intelligence behind enemy lines. Courses included Long Range Reconnaissance, Combat Survival (E&E and resistance to interrogation), Advanced WP Specialist Recognition, Close Quarter Battle and so on. TRISTAR, a NATO LRRP exercise originally sponsored by the SAS, was conducted annually.


title: Frozen conflict

text: The term has been commonly used for post-Soviet conflicts, but it has also often been applied to other extended and unresolved territorial disputes. The "de facto" situation that emerges may or may not match the official position asserted by either party to the conflict. For example, in the division of Korea both South Korea and North Korea officially assert claims to the entire peninsula; however, there exists a well-defined border between the two countries' areas of control.


title: Frozen conflict

text: Frozen conflicts sometimes result in partially recognized states. For example, the Republic of South Ossetia, a product of the frozen Georgian–Ossetian conflict, is recognized by eight other states, including five UN members; the other three of these entities are partially recognized states themselves.


title: Frozen conflict

text: Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, a number of conflicts arose in areas of some of the post-Soviet states, usually where the new international borders did not match the ethnic affiliations of local populations. These conflicts have largely remained "frozen", with disputed areas under the "de facto" control of entities other than the countries to which they are internationally recognized as belonging, and which still consider those areas to be part of their territory. Most of the separatist states in the region are Russian state-backed. These interventions have been interpreted as a Kremlin strategy to destabilize other post-Soviet states and extend Russia's sphere of influence.


title: Frozen conflict

text: Since the ceasefire which ended the Transnistria War (1990–1992), the Russian-influenced breakaway republic of Transnistria has controlled the easternmost strip of the territory of Moldova. The republic is internationally unrecognized, and Moldova continues to claim the territory.


title: Frozen conflict

text: Nagorno-Karabakh is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan, but most of the region is governed by a "de facto" independent state with an Armenian ethnic majority established on the basis of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. Since 1988, the Karabakh movement strove for the transfer of the region to Armenia. In 1991 Nagorno-Karabakh declared its independence from Azerbaijan. During the subsequent First Nagorno-Karabakh War until 1994, Nagorno-Karabakh Republic could not only defend its existence, but also significantly enlarge its territory, and crucially establish a land border with Armenia, by annexing adjacent Azeri territories. After 1994, the conflict remained practically frozen in this situation; in 2017 Nagorno-Karabakh Republic was renamed as Republic of Artsakh. In 2020, the conflict escalated again, and following the signing of a ceasefire, it was agreed that Azerbaijan would regain the territories surrounding the borders of the original Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, as well as any parts of Nagorno-Karabakh it had advanced into as a result of its military actions.


title: Frozen conflict

text: The Abkhaz–Georgian conflict and Georgian–Ossetian conflict have led to the creation of two largely unrecognized states within the internationally recognized territory of Georgia. The 1991–92 South Ossetia War and the 1992–93 War in Abkhazia, followed by the Russo-Georgian War of August 2008, have left the Russian-backed republics of South Ossetia and Abkhazia in "de facto" control of the South Ossetia and Abkhazia regions in north and northwest Georgia.


title: Frozen conflict

text: From the beginning of March 2014, in the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity and the Euromaidan movement, protests by Russia-backed anti-government separatist groups took place in the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine, collectively called the Donbas. These demonstrations, which followed the February–March 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, and which were part of a wider group of concurrent protests across southern and eastern Ukraine, escalated into an armed conflict between the separatist forces of the self-declared Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics (DPR and LPR respectively), and the Ukrainian government. While the initial protests were largely native expressions of discontent with the new Ukrainian government, Russia took advantage of them to launch a co-ordinated political and military campaign against Ukraine. Russian citizens led the separatist movement in Donetsk from April until August 2014, and were supported by volunteers and materiel from Russia.


title: Frozen conflict

text: In August–September 2014 and January–February 2015, Russian regular forces formations entered Ukraine and fought the major battles of Ilovaisk and Debaltseve. The Minsk agreements established a relatively static line of contact, but fighting never stopped and the full terms of the agreements were never implemented by either the Ukrainian or Russian sides.


title: Frozen conflict

text: While there are similarities between Transnistria, Abkhazia, South Ossetia and the current Russo-Ukrainian War, where the unrecognized Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic have taken "de facto" control of areas in the Donbas region in eastern Ukraine, the conflict in Donbas is not a frozen conflict yet as ceasefire violations are keeping the fighting at a low tempo. However, some experts predict a frozen future for this conflict as well.


title: Frozen conflict

text: Russia announced recognition of the DPR and LPR on 21 February 2022, and on 24 February launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine escalating the situation into military conflict.


title: Frozen conflict

text: India and Pakistan have fought at least three wars over the disputed region of Kashmir, in 1947, 1965, and 1999. India claims the entire area of the former princely state of Jammu & Kashmir on the basis of its ruler formally acceding to India amidst a Pakistani invasion after partition, and administers approximately 43% of it. Pakistan has also claimed it since the partition—based on its majority Muslim population, and controls approximately 37% of the region while encouraging proxy-war tactics in Kashmir. The remaining territory is controlled by the People's Republic of China; some of it was occupied during the Sino-Indian War, and some was conferred on the PRC by Pakistan.


title: Frozen conflict

text: The conflict between mainland China and Taiwan has been frozen since 1949. No armistice or peace treaty has ever been signed and debate continues as to whether the civil war has legally ended. Officially, both the People's Republic of China (PRC) based in Beijing and the Republic of China (ROC) based in Taipei consider themselves to be the sole legitimate government of the entirety of China. While the latter especially is not recognized by a majority of countries and states internationally, it remains a "de facto" independent administration in Taiwan and several other islands, and the PRC's "de facto" administration is in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau.


title: Frozen conflict

text: The Korean conflict was frozen from 1953, when a ceasefire ended the Korean War. Both North Korea and South Korea governments claim the entire Korean peninsula, while "de facto" control is divided along the military demarcation line in the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Both North and South Korea are recognized by the vast majority of other nations, although they do not recognize each other.


title: Frozen conflict

text: The Arab–Israeli conflict is a perennial conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbours, including the Palestinian National Authority. Israel refuses to recognize Palestinian statehood, while some Arab countries and groups refuse to recognize Israel. Israel has "de facto" control of East Jerusalem and claims it as its integral territory, although it is not internationally recognized as such. Similarly most of the Golan Heights are currently under "de facto" Israeli control and civil administration, whereas most of the international community rejects that claim. The United States formally recognized Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights in 2019 through a proclamation by President Donald Trump. However, in recent years, a few Arab states and Israel had formed an alliance to contain the Islamic Republic of Iran and its proxies as part of the Iran–Israel proxy conflict.


title: Frozen conflict

text: The Cyprus dispute has been frozen since 1974. The northern part of Cyprus is under the "de facto" control of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, but this is not recognized internationally except by Turkey.


title: Frozen conflict

text: The dispute over the status of Kosovo remains frozen since the end of the Kosovo War, fought in 1998–1999 between Yugoslav forces (the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) and the ethnically Albanian Kosovo Liberation Army. The Kosovo region has been administered independently by the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo since the war. Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia in 2008, but it is not recognized by all countries worldwide, as Serbia still considers Kosovo part of its territory.


title: Frozen conflict

text: The Western Sahara conflict has been largely frozen since a ceasefire in 1991, although various disturbances such as the Independence Intifada have broken out since then. Control of the territory of Western Sahara remains divided between the Kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: Howard Warren Buffett (born October 14, 1983) is an American adjunct professor in public policy and international affairs, a political advisor, philanthropist and a grandson of Warren Buffett. He serves as an adjunct faculty member at Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs and was previously the executive director of the Howard G. Buffett Foundation, a private philanthropic foundation that funds initiatives aimed at improving the standard of living and quality of life for the world’s most impoverished and marginalized populations. He previously led agriculture-based economic stabilization and redevelopment programs in Iraq and Afghanistan while at the United States Department of Defense, and as a policy advisor in the Executive Office of the President of the United States under President Barack Obama.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: Prior to joining the White House, Buffett served as a special assistant at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, as a member of the Office of the President-Elect, and as director of National Surrogate Radio for Obama for America.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: Buffett was born in Omaha, Nebraska, to farmer and philanthropist Howard Graham Buffett. He is a grandson of famed American investor and philanthropist Warren Edward Buffett and Norman Leffingwell Goss (1915-1994), who was a famous Pasadena restaurateur. Howard Warren Buffett is a great-great-grandson of Michael Cochrane Armour (1851 -1928), president of the Iroquois Iron Company.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: Raised in Omaha, he attended Ponca Elementary School before moving to Decatur, Illinois, where he attended Mount Zion High School and was elected president of the local chapter of the National FFA Organization.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: He completed his Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and Communication Studies in 2006 at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where he also served as the student body vice president. He went on to receive a Master of Public Administration in Advanced Management and Finance at the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University in 2008.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: In 2009, Buffett was appointed to the United States Department of Agriculture, where he served as a special assistant in the Office of the Secretary. There, he managed the national expansion strategy for the Department’s $480 million Cooperative Extension Service program. Additionally, he was charged with identifying strategic external partnerships aimed at advancing the core mission areas of research, education, and economics. He also served on the five-year Strategic Planning Initiative, and represented the department in the White House Innovation and Information Policy Working Group.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: Upon completion of his service at the Department of Agriculture, Buffett served as a policy advisor in the Executive Office of the President of the United States at the White House, where he was responsible for the Cross-Sector Partnerships portfolio. In this role, he directed strategy development for cross-sector partnerships and innovation strategies aimed at enhancing collaboration between the White House, federal departments, agencies, corporations, nonprofits and foundations.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: After leaving the White House, Buffett became the director of agriculture development at the Task Force for Business Stability Operations under the U.S. Department of Defense, where he was tasked with designing and implementing a strategy for agricultural development in Afghanistan and Iraq under the leadership of Paul Brinkley.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: In May 2010, Buffett spearheaded a White House Energy Innovation Conference focused on promoting partnerships. Represented at the event were four federal departments, three federal agencies, entrepreneurs, state government officials, academia, private sector leaders, nonprofits and innovators.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: At the conference, the United States Department of Energy and the Small Business Administration jointly announced that both the Small Business Investment Company program and the Small Business Technology Transfer program would begin using their existing funding networks to promote small green energy firms through a new $60 million Business Clean Energy Innovation Fund. The event also served as the launch vehicle for the Regional Energy Innovation Conferences.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: The first Regional Energy Innovation Conference was hosted in Omaha, Nebraska on June 17, 2010. The event focused on connecting entrepreneurs and small enterprise with representatives from organizations across sectors and was itself a partnership between the City of Omaha, The Gallup Organization, the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, and the U.S. Department of Energy. Over one hundred local, regional, and national organizations were represented at Gallup University’s Omaha Campus to discuss issues ranging from regional gap funding and human capital needs to collaboration and the early adoption of energy innovation.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: At the 2011 Social Good Summit in New York, Buffett introduced an approach premised on addressing social problems by systematically lining up nonprofits to each need.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: On May 28, 2018, Buffett announced the release of his book titled "Social Value Investing: A Management Framework for Effective Partnerships." Published by Columbia University Press, the book details specific case studies and examples on topics including clean energy, water scarcity and sustainable agriculture.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: In 2010, Buffett joined the advisory board for Toyota Motor North America. He chairs the advisory board for the Harvard University International Negotiation Program.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: He previously served on the Board of Visitors for the Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University, and on the boards of New York Needs You and the Clark and Hinman Foundation. Additionally, he has served as an advisor to both the United Nations Office for Partnerships and the FEED Foundation.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: He served as a judge for the Collaboration Prize, the American Express 2009 NGen Fellows Program, and the Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship’s business plan competitions.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: He is an active member of the Nebraska Society and a lifetime alumni member of the Future Farmers of America (FFA).


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: Buffett currently serves as the executive director of the Howard G. Buffett Foundation, a private family foundation focused on improving the standard of living and quality of life for the world’s most impoverished and marginalized populations. He has engaged in the humanitarian and agriculture development efforts of the Foundation worldwide.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: Buffett also sits on the board of Doris Buffett's Learning By Giving Foundation. He has referred to Learning by Giving as the first step in the implementation of the Social Value Investment model, "By simply empowering students to become problem solvers in their own communities, we maximize the impact of our efforts, encourage innovation, and inspire life-long engagements with philanthropy."


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: In the fall of 2013, Buffett served as a co-professor teaching an Innovations of Public Management class at his alma mater at the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University. Buffett taught the course with program head William Eimicke, and is currently an adjunct associate professor and research scholar at the school, teaching philanthropy, social value investing, and management innovation.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: He is married to Lili Thomas Buffett, a Columbia University graduate whom he met at an agricultural conference, and the couple has a son, Thomas. They split their time between Omaha, Nebraska, and Decatur, Illinois.


title: Howard Warren Buffett

text: Buffett is a published photographer. His work has appeared in "National Geographic", World Wide Fund for Nature, and "Encyclopedia of Earth".


title: Enthalpy of vaporization

text: The enthalpy of vaporization (symbol ), also known as the (latent) heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the amount of energy (enthalpy) that must be added to a liquid substance to transform a quantity of that substance into a gas. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.


title: Enthalpy of vaporization

text: The enthalpy of vaporization is often quoted for the normal boiling temperature of the substance. Although tabulated values are usually corrected to 298 K, that correction is often smaller than the uncertainty in the measured value.


title: Enthalpy of vaporization

text: The heat of vaporization is temperature-dependent, though a constant heat of vaporization can be assumed for small temperature ranges and for reduced temperature formula_1formula_2. The heat of vaporization diminishes with increasing temperature and it vanishes completely at a certain point called the critical temperature (formula_3). Above the critical temperature, the liquid and vapor phases are indistinguishable, and the substance is called a supercritical fluid.


title: Enthalpy of vaporization

text: Values are usually quoted in J/mol, or kJ/mol (molar enthalpy of vaporization), although kJ/kg, or J/g (specific heat of vaporization), and older units like kcal/mol, cal/g and Btu/lb are sometimes still used among others.


title: Enthalpy of vaporization

text: The enthalpy of condensation (or heat of condensation) is by definition equal to the enthalpy of vaporization with the opposite sign: enthalpy changes of vaporization are always positive (heat is absorbed by the substance), whereas enthalpy changes of condensation are always negative (heat is released by the substance).


title: Enthalpy of vaporization

text: It is equal to the increased internal energy of the vapor phase compared with the liquid phase, plus the work done against ambient pressure. The increase in the internal energy can be viewed as the energy required to overcome the intermolecular interactions in the liquid (or solid, in the case of sublimation). Hence helium has a particularly low enthalpy of vaporization, 0.0845 kJ/mol, as the van der Waals forces between helium atoms are particularly weak. On the other hand, the molecules in liquid water are held together by relatively strong hydrogen bonds, and its enthalpy of vaporization, 40.65 kJ/mol, is more than five times the energy required to heat the same quantity of water from 0 °C to 100 °C ("c" = 75.3 J/K·mol). Care must be taken, however, when using enthalpies of vaporization to "measure" the strength of intermolecular forces, as these forces may persist to an extent in the gas phase (as is the case with hydrogen fluoride), and so the calculated value of the bond strength will be too low. This is particularly true of metals, which often form covalently bonded molecules in the gas phase: in these cases, the enthalpy of atomization must be used to obtain a true value of the bond energy.


title: Enthalpy of vaporization

text: An alternative description is to view the enthalpy of condensation as the heat which must be released to the surroundings to compensate for the drop in entropy when a gas condenses to a liquid. As the liquid and gas are in equilibrium at the boiling point ("T"), Δ"G" = 0, which leads to:


title: Enthalpy of vaporization

text: As neither entropy nor enthalpy vary greatly with temperature, it is normal to use the tabulated standard values without any correction for the difference in temperature from 298 K. A correction must be made if the pressure is different from 100 kPa, as the entropy of a gas is proportional to its pressure (or, more precisely, to its fugacity): the entropies of liquids vary little with pressure, as the compressibility of a liquid is small.


title: Enthalpy of vaporization

text: These two definitions are equivalent: the boiling point is the temperature at which the increased entropy of the gas phase overcomes the intermolecular forces. As a given quantity of matter always has a higher entropy in the gas phase than in a condensed phase (formula_6 is always positive), and from


title: Enthalpy of vaporization

text: the Gibbs free energy change falls with increasing temperature: gases are favored at higher temperatures, as is observed in practice.


title: Enthalpy of vaporization

text: Estimation of the enthalpy of vaporization of electrolyte solutions can be simply carried out using equations based on the chemical thermodynamic models, such as Pitzer model or TCPC model.


title: Enthalpy of vaporization

text: The vaporization of metals is a key step in metal vapor synthesis, which exploits the increased reactivity of metal atoms or small particles relative to the bulk elements.


title: Enthalpy of vaporization

text: Enthalpies of vaporization of common substances, measured at their respective standard boiling points:


title: You Get What You Give (song)

text: "You Get What You Give" is a song by American alternative rock band New Radicals. It was the first and most successful single from their only studio album, "Maybe You've Been Brainwashed Too" (1998). Released on November 3, 1998, it reached number 36 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and number eight on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart. Outside the US, it reached number five in the United Kingdom, number four in Ireland, and number one in Canada and New Zealand.


title: You Get What You Give (song)

text: In the liner notes to her 2004 compilation "Artist's Choice", the Canadian songwriter Joni Mitchell praised "You Get What You Give" for "rising from the swamp of 'McMusic' like a flower of hope". In 2006, Ice-T was asked on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" about what he has heard, besides rap music, in the last few years that really grabbed him and his only reply was "You Get What You Give". In a "Time" interview, U2 lead guitarist the Edge is quoted saying "You Get What You Give" is the song he is "most jealous of. I really would love to have written that."


title: You Get What You Give (song)

text: LMC released a remix of this song sampling the original Alexander vocals as "LMC vs. New Radicals" in 2005, under the title "Don't Let Go". Another remix titled "You Get What You Give" was released in 2006, this time with a re-recorded vocal performance by Rachel McFarlane. This version charted at number 30 in the United Kingdom.


title: You Get What You Give (song)

text: "You Get What You Give" has been described as an alternative rock, power pop, and pop rock song. It is written in the key of D major with a moderate tempo of 120 beats per minute.


title: You Get What You Give (song)

text: According to lead singer Gregg Alexander, he had written this section for the song as a test to see whether the media would focus on the important political issues of the first few lines, or the petty celebrity-dissing. As suspected, a considerable amount of press began to appear about the name-dropping, and the other political issues were largely ignored.


title: You Get What You Give (song)

text: Marilyn Manson commented that he was "not mad he said he'd kick my ass, I just don't want to be used in the same sentence with Courtney Love... I'll crack his [Alexander's] skull open if I see him." Beck reported that Alexander personally apologized for the line when they met each other by chance in a supermarket, claiming that it was never meant to be personal. Alexander collaborated with Hanson, whose drummer, Zac Hanson, called him "a bit of a character, but a cool guy."


title: You Get What You Give (song)

text: Although the lines were used for the band's "Top of the Pops" appearance, it was truncated at "kick you".


title: You Get What You Give (song)

text: Larry Flick from "Billboard" gave a mixed review of the song, saying that it was a "chugging, Wham!-style pop song with slightly cheesy lyrics", but that the ending lyrics were "interesting". "Daily Record" wrote, "This anthem sounds like The Waterboys at their best and has meaningful lyrics." They also added, "It may sound like Bruce Springsteen, but that's no bad thing. This upbeat anthem will be played in all the good bars of the land." A reviewer from "The Mirror" called it a "gold nugget of a single".


title: You Get What You Give (song)

text: The accompanying music video for "You Get What You Give" was filmed in the Staten Island Mall in New York and directed by Evan Bernard. The New Radicals' frontman Gregg Alexander said he chose this setting because he sees the shopping mall as a metaphor for society—a fake, controlled environment engineered to encourage spending. The video showed a group of teenagers, led by Alexander, going through the mall wreaking havoc—tossing nets on security guards, placing businessmen in animal cages, knocking over merchandise, hijacking Lambrettas, and moshing in the food court.