title: The Idiot (album)

text: Pop supported "The Idiot" with a tour in March and April 1977, with Bowie as his keyboardist. Afterwards, the two collaborated again on Pop's second studio album, "Lust for Life" (1977). Retrospectively, "The Idiot" has continued to be received positively, with many noting Pop's artistic evolution. However, because Bowie largely created it, fans do not generally consider the album as being representative of Pop's output. It has influenced post-punk, industrial, and gothic acts, including Joy Division.


title: The Idiot (album)

text: From the late 1960s to the early 1970s, Iggy Pop was the frontman of the proto-punk band the Stooges. He became known for his wild on-stage behavior and helped garner a cult following for the band. During their tenure, the band had little commercial success and all members, including Pop, suffered from drug addictions. In 1971, Pop met musician David Bowie and the two became friends. Bowie was hired to mix the band's 1973 album "Raw Power". Soon after its release, the band broke up in 1974 because of infighting, lack of major label support, and Pop's drug addiction, causing Pop and Bowie to stop collaborating. After the break-up, Pop recorded tracks with fellow Stooges member James Williamson, but these were not released until 1977 (as "Kill City", credited jointly to Pop and Williamson). Pop tried to establish himself as a solo artist and auditioned to join other bands such as the Doors and Kiss, but these ventures were unsuccessful. Realizing his heroin addiction was destroying him, Pop checked himself into the Neuropsychiatric Institute at the University of California in Los Angeles for help to get sober; Bowie was one of Pop's few visitors during his stay. Pop recalled: "Nobody else came... not even my so-called friends in LA. But David came." Pop and Bowie reunited in mid-1975 and attempted to record a few tracks, but both men were deep into their drug addictions, so the sessions were mostly unproductive. Regarding the collapse of the sessions, Bowie commented, "He'll never make it to the recording studios in time. Iggy's doomed."


title: The Idiot (album)

text: Pop's stints in rehab in 1974 and 1976 were unsuccessful, and Bowie's biographer, Thomas Jerome Seabrook, described Pop as reaching his "lowest point" in 1976. Knowing he had to become sober, Pop accepted an invitation to join Bowie on his 1976 Isolar Tour. By this point, Bowie also wanted to rid himself of his drug addiction. During the tour, Pop was impressed with Bowie's work ethic, later stating that he learned all of his self-help techniques through Bowie on the tour. There were further talks of Pop recording a solo album with Bowie as producer. Bowie and guitarist Carlos Alomar had written a new song, titled "Sister Midnight", and offered it to Pop; Bowie occasionally performed it live on the tour. Towards the end of the tour, both Bowie and Pop knew they wanted to avoid the drug culture of Los Angeles, and decided to move to Europe. At its conclusion, Bowie was initially keen to produce "Sister Midnight" in Munich, Germany, for release as a single. After visiting the Château d'Hérouville in Hérouville, France, the same place Bowie recorded his 1973 album "Pin Ups", he instead decided to produce an entire album for Pop there. Bowie booked two months of studio time at the château for later in the summer of 1976.


title: The Idiot (album)

text: Bowie and Pop arrived at Château d'Hérouville in June 1976 to record an album. Bowie bonded with the studio's new owner, Laurent Thibault, the former bassist of the French band Magma, and asked him to play bass and act as engineer; Thibault hired Frenchman Michel Santangeli to play drums. Bowie began composing tracks that would end up on "The Idiot" on keyboard and guitar. After Santangeli's arrival, Bowie played the tracks for him using a Baldwin electric piano. For two days, with minimal guidance, Santangeli played to the rough tracks (which he assumed were demos), the first takes often becoming part of the final mix. Bowie dismissed Santangeli at the end of the second day, leading him to believe his playing was inadequate, and he would not appear on the album; Santangeli later expressed regret over the final drum sound. Subsequently, Bowie began adding guitar parts. Overall, Bowie contributed guitar, electric piano, synthesizer, saxophone, and backing vocals to the album.


title: The Idiot (album)

text: After the backing tracks were composited with guitar, keyboards, and drums, Bowie had Thibault add bass to them with little guidance. In July 1976, Bowie brought in his own rhythm section consisting of bassist George Murray and drummer Dennis Davis to provide overdubs on a few tracks, including "Sister Midnight" and "Mass Production". While Bowie composed much of the music for "The Idiot", Pop wrote most of the lyrics on the studio floor, often in response to the music Bowie was composing. Pop was also keen to improvise some of his lyrics while standing next to the microphone, something that fascinated Bowie, who would later use this method when recording ""Heroes"" (1977).


title: The Idiot (album)

text: Recording continued in August 1976 at Musicland Studios in Munich, which was owned by Bowie's future collaborator and electronic dance music producer Giorgio Moroder. Here, Pop recorded most of his vocals, along with additional guitar overdubs provided by guitarist Phil Palmer who, like Santangeli and Thibault, re-recorded some of Bowie's guitar parts with little guidance. Palmer described the creative collaboration with Pop and Bowie as "vampiric" because he never saw the artists during the daytime and the collaboration was stimulating but disquieting. Bowie's original choice for guitarist was former King Crimson member Robert Fripp, who would later work with him on ""Heroes"". The last track recorded for "The Idiot" was "Nightclubbing" with Bowie playing the melody on piano using an old drum machine for backing. When Pop pronounced himself happy with the result, Bowie protested they needed real drums to finish it. Pop insisted on keeping the drum machine, saying "it kicks ass, it's better than a drummer".


title: The Idiot (album)

text: When recording was completed, Bowie and Pop traveled to Berlin to mix the album at Hansa Studio 1 (not, as is often incorrectly reported, the bigger Studio 2 by the Berlin Wall). Because his former producer Tony Visconti was already in line to co-produce Bowie's next album, Bowie called upon him to help mix the record, so as to familiarize him with Bowie's new way of working. Given the almost demo quality of the tapes, the post-production work was, in Visconti's words, "more of a salvage job than a creative mixing".


title: The Idiot (album)

text: "The Idiot" marks a drastic departure for Pop from the aggressive proto-punk sound of the Stooges, reflecting a more subdued, inward-looking sound featuring elements such as "fragmented guitar figures, ominous basslines, and discordant, high-relief keyboard parts" as well as his "world-weary baritone." At the time of its release, Pop described "The Idiot" as "a cross between James Brown and Kraftwerk". Retrospectively, commentators have categorized "The Idiot" primarily as art rock, but have also noted the presence of gothic rock, industrial rock, post-punk, and punk rock. In 1981, "NME" editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray suggested that "The Idiot"s electronic sound had been "pioneered" on Bowie's "Low" (1977), whereas in 2016, Nicholas Pegg described it as "a stepping stone between Bowie's "Station to Station" and "Low"". According to critic Simon Reynolds of "Tidal Magazine", the album's "mechanistic grooves, brittle drums and harsh guitar textures" anticipated Bowie's Berlin Trilogy and allowed Bowie to explore his fascination with German electronic sounds inspired by Neu! and Cluster. Wesley Strick of "Circus" magazine described the music as "mechanized", similar to Bowie's "Fame", but "with rhythms keyed off a quickened pulse", while Richard Riegel of "Creem" called it "professional studio metal, with occasional German-electronic overtones". "NME"s Nick Kent described the music as "totally rivetted and fettered to a thoroughly unhealthy aroma of evil and twilight zone zombie-time unease". Bowie biographer David Buckley called "The Idiot" "a funky, robotic Hellhole of an album".


title: The Idiot (album)

text: Because Bowie and Alomar mostly wrote "Sister Midnight", it is similar to the funk style of Bowie's tracks "Fame" and "Stay", described by Seabrook and O'Leary as the song most representative of Bowie's pre-Berlin period. Its lack of overtly electronic instrumentation belied what critic Dave Thompson described as a "defiantly futuristic ambience". Bowie wrote the first lyrics of the opening verse of "Sister Midnight" while on tour; Pop completed them in the studio. Reviewers have compared Pop's vocal performance to Jim Morrison of the Doors. Author Peter Doggett writes the identity of "Sister Midnight" is irrelevant, explaining that "she was merely a cipher, who could send [Pop] soaring to the moon or falling to Earth... without either journey seeming to register on his emotions". The Krautrock-influenced "Nightclubbing" is considered a forerunner to what Bowie would explore on "Low". The riff has been described as a mischievous take on Gary Glitter's "Rock and Roll". Kris Needs described it as "the bleak sound of the 1985 disco, as ghostly electronic washes sky-write phrases over an unsettling, distorted disco pulse". Lyrically, Pop described "Nightclubbing" as "my comment on what it was like hanging out with him every night" and "about the incredible coldness and deathly feeling you have after you've done something like that and how much you enjoy it. It could be Los Angeles or Paris or New York or anywhere, really."


title: The Idiot (album)

text: Originally titled "Fun Fun Fun", Hugo Wilcken describes "Funtime" as a "proto-gothic number". Pegg writes that the guitar and drum sounds exhibit Bowie's interest in German bands such as Neu! Some reviewers have compared the song's style to the Velvet Underground. For the track, Bowie advised Pop to sing "like Mae West, like a bitch who wants to make money". Lyrically, the song evokes both Bowie and Pop's final days living in Los Angeles, with lines like "talkin' to Dracula and his crew". Bowie's backing vocals were mixed almost as high as Pop's lead ones. Pop called it his "love song" in 1977. "Baby" is primarily led by bass and synthesizer rather than drums. While it is German influenced, Seabrook considers the song more cabaret and less Krautrock. Lyrically, it is about a relationship that is soon to fail. Unlike the next track, Pop cautions the listener to "stay clean, stay young, and not cry, because he's already done it all". Originally called "Borderline", "China Girl" is the most upbeat track on the album. The song is led primarily by a distorted guitar and synthesizer. Production-wise, it is raw and unpolished compared to Bowie's 1983 remake. It is a tale of unrequited love inspired by Kuelan Nguyen, partner of French actor-singer Jacques Higelin, who was also recording at the château at the same time. The protagonist's "Shhh..." was a direct quote from Nguyen after Pop confessed his feelings for her one night. Pop improvised most of the lyrics while standing at a studio microphone.


title: The Idiot (album)

text: In 1997, Pop explained the origins of "Dum Dum Boys": "I only had a few notes on the piano, I couldn't quite finish the tune. Bowie said, 'Don't you think we could make a song with that? Why don't you tell the story of the Stooges?' He gave me the concept of the song and... the title", originally "Dum Dum Days". Likewise a tribute/lament for Pop's former Stooges bandmates, the spoken intro references Zeke Zettner, Dave Alexander, Scott Asheton, and Williamson. O'Leary considers it Pop's equivalent to Bowie's song "Ziggy Stardust". Musically, Seabrook compares it to the Stooges' "Fun House" (1970). Bowie originally played all the guitar parts himself, but feeling his playing was subpar, he ultimately had Palmer overdub some parts.


title: The Idiot (album)

text: "Tiny Girls", sequenced between the two longest tracks on "The Idiot", is reminiscent of a 1950s doo-wop number. Lyrically, Pop's ideal is getting a "tiny girl" with "no past" and "no tricks". Both Pegg and Seabrook consider Bowie's saxophone performance on the track one of his finest. The final track, "Mass Production", is an eight-minute epic. Seabrook compares it to the Stooges' "Dirt" and Bowie's "Station to Station". Wilcken describes the song as a harsh, grinding piece of early industrial electronica. It begins with a minute of "proto-industrial noises", created by Thibault using tape loops. Bowie suggested the lyrics to Pop, who later recalled: "He just said, 'I want you to write a song about mass production, because I would always talk to him about how much I admired the beauty of the American industrial culture that was rotting away where I grew up."


title: The Idiot (album)

text: The title of "The Idiot" was taken from Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel of the same name which Bowie, Pop, and Visconti were all familiar with. In a 1985 interview, Pop said Bowie was the one who titled it. Pop knew it was a reference to the novel but also felt his friend was simply insulting him. Erich Heckel's painting "Roquairol" inspired the album's cover photo. It is a black-and-white flopped image photograph taken by photographer Andy Kent, it depicts Pop striking what Pegg calls a "tortured, stiff-limbed pose" based on the figure in the painting. Bowie would later use the same painting as inspiration for the cover artwork for ""Heroes"".


title: The Idiot (album)

text: Although Pop completed "The Idiot" by August 1976, Bowie wanted to be sure he had his own album in stores before the release. Thibault opined that "[Bowie] didn't want people to think he'd been inspired by Iggy's album, when in fact it was all the same thing". Bowie recorded "Low" between September and October, and released through RCA Records in January 1977. Because "Low" had a sound similar to "The Idiot", the label feared it would not sell well. Nevertheless, the former and its first single "Sound and Vision" were commercial successes. The success of "Sound and Vision" allowed Bowie to persuade RCA to release "The Idiot", which they did on March 18, 1977. "The Idiot" peaked at number 72 on the US "Billboard" Top LPs & Tape chart, spending 13 weeks on the chart. It also spent three weeks on the UK Albums Chart, reaching number 30, marking Pop's first top 40 album. It also peaked at number 88 on the Kent Music Report in Australia. RCA released the singles "Sister Midnight" and "China Girl" in February and May 1977, respectively; both had the same B-side—"Baby", and failed to chart.


title: The Idiot (album)

text: Although RCA was hoping he would tour to support "Low", Bowie opted instead to further support Pop on his own tour. With Bowie playing keyboards, he assembled a band that included Ricky Gardiner on guitar, with brothers and future Tin Machine bandmates Tony Fox and Hunt Sales on bass and drums, respectively. Rehearsals for The Idiot tour began in mid-February 1977 and, according to Gardiner, went very well. He said Bowie was fine with restricting his involvement, not appearing to "undermine" Pop at all. The tour, Pop's first since the demise of the Stooges, began on March 1. The opening act was American rock band Blondie, who Bowie and Pop invited after the pair heard the band's 1976 debut album. Songs played included popular Stooges numbers, a couple of tracks from "The Idiot", and songs that would appear on Pop's follow-up "Lust for Life" (1977). Bowie was adamant about not taking the spotlight away from Pop, often staying behind his keyboard and not addressing the audience; Giovanni Dadomo of "Sounds" reported, "If you wanted David, you also got the band." Pop's stage presence was praised, although some, including Nick Kent, believed that Bowie was still in charge. The tour lasted until April 16, 1977. "The Idiot" and his subsequent tour earned Pop greater fame and success than he had ever achieved with the Stooges. However, during interviews, he was often asked about Bowie more than his own work. As a result, Pop took a more direct approach when making "Lust for Life", resulting in a sound more reminiscent of his earlier work.


title: The Idiot (album)

text: Critical reception to "The Idiot" was largely positive, although it did confuse a number of reviewers. Doggett writes that listeners' perceptions of Pop generally influenced their views on the record. In a contemporary review of the album, John Swenson of "Rolling Stone" termed it "the most savage indictment of rock posturing ever recorded" and "a necrophiliac's delight". In "Melody Maker", Allan Jones praised the record as a "disturbingly pertinent expression of modern music". Strick positively compared "The Idiot" to Pop's prior work with the Stooges, noting the difference in his vocal performance: "[He] doesn't sound alive... he sounds automated." He further complimented Pop's lyricism, stating, "Iggy's got the tainted charisma of a dead poet." Like Strick, Riegel noted the difference in "The Idiot" and "Raw Power", writing: "Where "Raw Power" represented the final apotheosis of the Detroit-metal rock band, "The Idiot" puts Iggy right out in front as a kind of rarefied, continent-seasoned singer-songwriter." "Billboard" magazine noted the "less frantic" pace of Pop's earlier efforts and found Bowie's parts make the record more "commercially palatable".


title: The Idiot (album)

text: Similar to other reviewers, Kris Needs of "ZigZag" magazine was perplexed upon hearing "The Idiot" for the first time, noting the major difference between it and Pop's work with the Stooges. Calling it "a very strange, morbid, obscure and unsettling [album]", Needs praised the record, stating he listened to it on repeat for hours at a time, and it "chill[ed] [him] to the marrow". John Rockwell of "The New York Times" called it "a powerful record", describing Pop's vocals as a blend of Morrison and Lou Reed and Bowie's music as "Germano‐British progressivisms". Meanwhile, "Record Mirror" Jim Evans found "little emotion" in Pop's vocal performances but considered the music innovative and compulsive, particularly on side two, which he deemed borderline heavy metal. In a more mixed review, Stephen Demorest of "Phonograph Record" said he enjoyed the record, due to its "completely schizophrenic" nature. He called "China Girl" the highlight of the album, but felt other tracks were not among Pop's finest: "It's a mixture of bluff... and beauty."


title: The Idiot (album)

text: Retrospective reviews have been largely positive, with many noting Pop's artistic evolution. Mark Deming of AllMusic praised the record, writing that "The Idiot" showcased a different side of Pop that had yet to be seen, and if fans at the time were expecting "Raw Power 2.0", it "made it clear" that Pop had evolved: "it's a flawed but powerful and emotionally absorbing work." Biographer Paul Trynka writes that over time, "The Idiot" would be classified as an album that was "more respected than loved", but acknowledged its influence on the "soul" of post-punk. Writing for "Clash" magazine on the record's 35th anniversary, Amanda Arber stated: ""The Idiot" stands as a dark, dense and desolate display of an artist confronting his demons head-on, and growing up in the process. It was bleakly revolutionary then, and it is now." Reviewing the album as part of the 2020 box set "The Bowie Years", Sasha Geffen of "Pitchfork" praised it, stating: ""The Idiot" may lack fury, but it compensates with sardonic humor and perfectly tuned melodrama – both tools that would become wildly popular across all artistic media in the 1980s."


title: The Idiot (album)

text: Although reviewers consider "The Idiot" good in its own right, Pop's fans have criticized the album as unrepresentative of his repertoire and as evidence of his being "co-opted" by Bowie for the latter's own ends. In his contemporary review of the record, Riegel comments, "As the star of "The Idiot"... Iggy Pop seems more under David Bowie's manipulative thumb than ever before, a condition that can be taken as positive or negative." Furthermore, Jones described it as his "second favorite David Bowie album". When reviewing "Lust for Life", Pete Makowski of "Sounds" magazine felt "The Idiot" suffered from "being a part of Bowie's come down," calling it "a "Low" disco platter". O'Leary considers "The Idiot" a Bowie album just as much as a Pop one. Although Bowie's "Berlin Trilogy" is said to consist of "Low", ""Heroes"", and "Lodger" (1979), O'Leary argues the true "Berlin Trilogy" consists of "The Idiot", "Low", and ""Heroes"", with "Lust for Life" a "supplement" and "Lodger" an "epilogue". Bowie himself later admitted:


title: The Idiot (album)

text: Bowie later re-worked "Sister Midnight" with new lyrics as "Red Money" on "Lodger", while his version of "China Girl" on 1983's "Let's Dance" became a major hit.


title: The Idiot (album)

text: Siouxsie Sioux of Siouxsie and the Banshees described "The Idiot" as a "re-affirmation that our suspicions were true – the man was a genius and what a voice! The sound and production is so direct and uncompromised." The album has been cited as a major influence on post-punk, industrial, and gothic rock artists, including Depeche Mode, Nine Inch Nails, and Joy Division. uDiscoverMusic's Tim Peacock later argued "The Idiot" invented post-punk. The album particularly influenced Joy Division, who formed in the months between the releases of "Low" and "The Idiot". Their debut album "Unknown Pleasures" (1979) drew heavily on the "industrial soundscapes" and "relentless percussion" of tracks like "Nightclubbing" and "Mass Production", also noting that "The Idiot" was still playing on the turntable of the band's singer Ian Curtis when he was found having committed suicide in 1980.


title: The Idiot (album)

text: In addition, Seabrook cites "Mass Production" as an influence on modern alternative rock acts like the Smashing Pumpkins and Radiohead. In 2011, Killing Joke's Youth described "The Idiot" as one of his 13 favorite albums. "Pitchfork" would later rank "The Idiot" number 96 in its list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1970s in 2004. The aggregate website Acclaimed Music lists "The Idiot" as the 20th most acclaimed album of 1977, the 172nd most acclaimed album of the 1970s and the 612th most acclaimed album in history. The album was also included in the 2018 edition of Robert Dimery's book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: The Idiot (album)

text: On April 10, 2020, Pop released an alternate mix of "China Girl" to promote the forthcoming release of "The Bowie Years", a seven-disc deluxe box set featuring expanded remastered versions of "The Idiot" and "Lust for Life". The box set, released on May 29, includes remastered versions of both albums along with outtakes, alternate mixes, and a 40-page booklet. The two original albums were also re-released individually, each paired with an additional album of live material to create separate stand-alone two-disc deluxe editions.


title: The Idiot (album)

text: All tracks are written by Iggy Pop and David Bowie, except "Sister Midnight", co-written by Carlos Alomar.


title: Stephanie (LazyTown)

text: Stephanie is a fictional character from the English-language and Icelandic-produced children's television show "LazyTown". She inspires the citizens of the titular town to stay active. She has pink hair and as such is often referred to as 'Pinky' by the puppet character Trixie. She came to town to visit her uncle, Milford Meanswell, the mayor of LazyTown. Upon meeting the other children, she unsuccessfully attempted to get them to play along as opposed to staying at home playing video games and eating candy. This changed when Stephanie asked for the help of Sportacus. When he finally arrived, the whole town worked together to make LazyTown a more active place to live. Each episode of the show ends with Stephanie performing a song and dance routine to "Bing Bang", the show's ending theme.


title: Stephanie (LazyTown)

text: In the Icelandic version of "LazyTown", the character is called Solla Stirða, and her voice was dubbed in Icelandic by Ólöf Kristín Þorsteinsdóttir.


title: Stephanie (LazyTown)

text: The role of Stephanie was performed by Julianna Rose Mauriello in seasons 1 and 2. In 2011, Julianna confirmed she would be leaving "LazyTown", since she has grown too old to play the role of Stephanie. So she was replaced by Chloe Lang for seasons 3 and 4. Stephanie was also played by Kimberly Pena in "LazyTown Live! The Pirate Adventure", a stage production that toured throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland in 2009.


title: Stephanie (LazyTown)

text: Stephanie was depicted as being an athletic, caring, optimistic and smart 8-year-old girl. Surprised by the inactivity of the residents of LazyTown, she cheerfully encourages them to participate in more active, energetic hobbies or pastimes such as sports, games, tickling Stephanie, and much more when they are downhearted when the temptations of candy or video games overcome her prodding. Despite this, Stephanie is characterized by her optimism and self-confidence, which she proudly promotes and shares with her peers in encouragement against all odds or challenges, always victoriously triumphing over any obstacles or antagonists by the conclusion of an episode.


title: Stephanie (LazyTown)

text: Stephanie's attempts are often nearly thwarted by Robbie Rotten, but his plans are never foolproof and always end with Stephanie winning.


title: Stephanie (LazyTown)

text: Stephanie was originally created by Magnús Scheving for the stage play "Áfram Latibær" as "Solla Stirða" ("Solla Stiff"), a girl with stiff joints who dreamt of becoming a dancer. Solla also appeared in the sequel to the stage play, "Glanni Glæpur í Latabæ". She was played by Selma Björnsdóttir and Linda Ásgeirsdóttir, respectively.


title: Stephanie (LazyTown)

text: Magnús Scheving reworked Solla into Stephanie for the "LazyTown" television show. Shelby Young was originally pegged to play Stephanie, and filmed one unaired pilot before departing due to union issues.


title: Stephanie (LazyTown)

text: Ultimately, Julianna Rose Mauriello was chosen to play Stephanie, and played her for the first two seasons and "LazyTown Extra" before departing due to aging out of the role.


title: Stephanie (LazyTown)

text: Chloe Lang picked up the role of Stephanie for seasons three and four, and as of 2022 is the most recent actress to play Stephanie.


title: Stephanie (LazyTown)

text: Stephanie tends to wear a pink sleeveless dress with pale pink tights, pink socks, white and pink sneakers and a purple hairband. Her outfit, though, changes from time to time. For example, in "LazyTown Goes Digital" and "Energy Book", she wears pink leggings with her usual dress. She also wears tracksuits and other items of clothing, but they are nearly always pink. Her short hair is dyed pink. All her accessories are also pink. She is often seen carrying a pink purse with a heart on it, in which she carries her pink diary.


title: Stephanie (LazyTown)

text: Child development authors Lyn Mikel Brown and Sharon Lamb assert that Stephanie is interesting and makes pink a "power color" due to her quick thinking, computer gaming and sporty nature.


title: Food energy

text: Food energy is chemical energy that animals (including humans) derive from their food to sustain their metabolism, including their muscular activity.


title: Food energy

text: Most animals derive most of their energy from aerobic respiration, namely combining the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins with oxygen from air or dissolved in water. Other smaller components of the diet, such as organic acids, polyols, and ethanol (drinking alcohol) may contribute to the energy input. Some diet components that provide little or no food energy, such as water, minerals, vitamins, cholesterol, and fiber, may still be necessary to health and survival for other reasons. Some organisms have instead anaerobic respiration, which extracts energy from food by reactions that do not require oxygen.


title: Food energy

text: The energy contents of a given mass of food is usually expressed in the metric (SI) unit of energy, the joule (J), and its multiple the kilojoule (kJ); or in the traditional unit of heat energy, the calorie (cal). In nutritional contexts, the latter is always the "large" variant of the unit, also written "Calorie" (with symbol Cal, both with capital "C") or "kilocalorie" (kcal), and equivalent to 4184 J or 4.184 kJ. Thus, for example, fats and ethanol have the greatest amount of food energy per unit mass, , respectively. Proteins and most carbohydrates have about , though there are differences between different kinds. For example, the values for glucose, sucrose, and starch are respectively. The differing energy density of foods (fat, alcohols, carbohydrates and proteins) lies mainly in their varying proportions of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates that are not easily absorbed, such as fibre, or lactose in lactose-intolerant individuals, contribute less food energy. Polyols (including sugar alcohols) and organic acids contribute and respectively.


title: Food energy

text: The energy contents of a complex dish or meal can be approximated by adding the energy contents of its components.


title: Food energy

text: The first determinations of the energy content of food were made by burning a dried sample in a bomb calorimeter and measuring the temperature change in the water surrounding the apparatus, a method known as direct calorimetry.


title: Food energy

text: However, the direct calorimetric method generally overestimates the actual energy that the body can obtain from the food, because it also counts the energy contents of dietary fiber and other indigestible components, and does not allow for partial absorption and/or incomplete metabolism of certain substances. For this reason, today the energy content of food is instead obtained indirectly, by using chemical analysis to determine the amount of each digestible dietary component (such as protein, carbohydrates, and fats), and adding the respective food energy contents, previously obtained by measurement of metabolic heat released by the body. In particular, the fibre content is excluded. This method is known as the Modified Atwater system, after Wilbur Atwater who pioneered these measurements in the late 19th century.


title: Food energy

text: The system was later improved by Annabel Merrill and Bernice Watt of the USDA, who derived a system whereby specific calorie conversion factors for different foods were proposed.


title: Food energy

text: The typical human diet consists chiefly of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, ethanol, and indigestible components such as bones, seeds, and fibre (mostly cellulose). Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins typically comprise ninety percent of the dry weight of food. Ruminants can extract food energy from the respiration of cellulose because of bacteria in their rumens that decompose it into digestible carbohydrates.


title: Food energy

text: Other minor components of the human diet that contribute to its energy content are organic acids such as citric and tartaric, and polyols such as glycerol, xylitol, inositol, and sorbitol.


title: Food energy

text: Some nutrients have regulatory roles affected by cell signaling, in addition to providing energy for the body. For example, leucine plays an important role in the regulation of protein metabolism and suppresses an individual's appetite. Small amounts of essential fatty acids, constituents of some fats that cannot be synthesized by the human body, are used (and necessary) for other biochemical processes.


title: Food energy

text: The approximate food energy contents of various human diet components, to be used in package labeling according to the EU regulations and UK regulations, are:


title: Food energy

text: (2) This entry exists in the EU regulations of 2008, but not in the UK regulations, according to which fibre shall not be counted.


title: Food energy

text: More detailed tables for specific foods have been published by many organizations, such as the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization also has published a similar table.


title: Food energy

text: Other components of the human diet are either noncaloric, or are usually consumed in such small amounts that they can be neglected.


title: Food energy

text: The food energy actually obtained by respiration is used by the human body for a wide range of purposes, including basal metabolism of various organs and tissues, maintaining the internal body temperature, and exerting muscular force to maintain posture and produce motion. About 20% is used for brain metabolism.


title: Food energy

text: The conversion efficiency of energy from respiration into muscular (physical) power depends on the type of food and on the type of physical energy usage (e.g., which muscles are used, whether the muscle is used aerobically or anaerobically). In general, the efficiency of muscles is rather low: only 18 to 26% of the energy available from respiration is converted into mechanical energy. This low efficiency is the result of about 40% efficiency of generating ATP from the respiration of food, losses in converting energy from ATP into mechanical work inside the muscle, and mechanical losses inside the body. The latter two losses are dependent on the type of exercise and the type of muscle fibers being used (fast-twitch or slow-twitch). For an overall efficiency of 20%, one watt of mechanical power is equivalent to . For example, a manufacturer of rowing equipment shows calories released from "burning" food as four times the actual mechanical work, plus per hour, which amounts to about 20% efficiency at 250 watts of mechanical output. It can take up to 20 hours of little physical output (e.g., walking) to "burn off" more than a body would otherwise consume. For reference, each kilogram of body fat is roughly equivalent to 32,300 kilojoules of food energy (i.e., ).


title: Food energy

text: Many countries and health organizations have published recommendations for healthy levels of daily intake of food energy. For example, the United States government estimates needed for women and men, respectively, between ages 26 and 45, whose total physical activity is equivalent to walking around per day in addition to the activities of sedentary living. These estimates are for a "reference woman" who is tall and weighs and a "reference man" who is tall and weighs . Because caloric requirements vary by height, activity, age, pregnancy status, and other factors, the USDA created the DRI Calculator for Healthcare Professionals in order to determine individual caloric needs.


title: Food energy

text: According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the average minimum energy requirement per person per day is about .


title: Food energy

text: Older people and those with sedentary lifestyles require less energy; children and physically active people require more. Recognizing these factors, Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council recommends different daily energy intakes for each age and gender group. Notwithstanding, nutrition labels on Australian food products typically recommend the average daily energy intake of .


title: Food energy

text: The minimum food energy intake is also higher in cold environments. Increased mental activity has been linked with moderately increased brain energy consumption.


title: Food energy

text: Many governments require food manufacturers to label the energy content of their products, to help consumers control their energy intake. To facilitate evaluation by consumers, food energy values (and other nutritional properties) in package labels or tables are often quoted for convenient amounts of the food, rather than per gram or kilogram; such as in "calories per serving" or "kcal per 100 g", or "kJ per package". The units vary depending on country:


title: Mr. Majnu

text: Mr. Majnu () is a 2019 Indian Telugu language romantic comedy film written and directed by Venky Atluri, and produced by B. V. S. N. Prasad under Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra. The film features Akhil Akkineni and Nidhhi Agerwal in lead roles. Upon release, the film received mixed reviews, with praise towards Akhil and Nidhhi's performance, and the soundtrack, but criticism towards the plot. The film became a commercial failure at the box-office.


title: Mr. Majnu

text: The film was dubbed and released in Hindi on YouTube by Goldmines Telefilms on 4 July 2020 and it crossed more than 238 million views. The film had also been dubbed in Tamil as "Maanidhan". The film was remade in Odia with the same name, starring Babushaan Mohanty and Divyadisha Mohanty in the lead roles.


title: Mr. Majnu

text: Vikram Krishna alias Vicky is a handsome young man, who flirts with everyone and has never been in a serious relationship. Nikitha alias Nikki is a young woman, who dreams of having a husband like Lord Ram. One day, on the way to work, she sees a group of women, striking, not to suspend Vicky, who was caught red handed by the dean of the University while romancing with her daughter.


title: Mr. Majnu

text: Nikki gets disgusted on hearing about Vicky and says that he is a "dangerous character". Nikki's brother is marrying Vicky's younger sister, so Nikki is told to go for shopping with Vicky. A reluctant Nikki goes with him for shopping. Gradually, Nikki discovers Vicky's gentle side and falls for him. She confesses her love to Vicky and asks him to be in a relationship for two months. Vicky agrees, but soon becomes very uncomfortable with the relationship and confesses to his best friend Chitti. Nikki overhears their conversation and breaks up with him, thinking that she was nothing, but a burden on Vicky and also he was not happy with her.


title: Mr. Majnu

text: After Nikki leaves for London, Vicky realises he truly loves Nikki and heads to London to prove his love for her. When Vicky reaches London, he learns that Nikki has told about him to everyone living in the colony in which she lives and being the colony's favorite, the whole colony including his uncle and Nikki's friends bear a grudge against him. He is introduced to them as Krishna by Pulla Rao, who lives in the same colony and starts befriending her family. Vicky tries multiple methods to show his love to her, but she disapproves all his efforts. After the disapproval, Vicky realizes that Nikki is adamant and will not take him back. He confesses the truth to Nikki's family and leaves for the airport to leave for India.


title: Mr. Majnu

text: Nikki's family makes her realise her mistake and Vicky's love for her. After realizing her mistake, Nikki leaves for the airport hurriedly to stop Vicky from leaving London. A hurrying Nikki parks her car by damaging the other and desperately searches for Vicky. Nikki notices Vicky talking with the girl with whom he has already flirted. Out of anger, Nikki approaches and slaps that girl. Vicky tells her that she was there to invite him at her wedding. After clearing all the misunderstandings, they reconcile. Later, the cops file a case on Nikki for damaging the car. Nikki tries to convince the officer that she did it accidentally. The officer asks them to have a talk with their superior, who is a lady. Nikki asks Vicky to have a talk. The film ends with Vicky preparing himself to seduce the lady officer, depicting that he will always be a lover boy.


title: Mr. Majnu

text: Music composed by S. Thaman. Music released on Sony Music India. The Soundtrack of the film received positive response, especially the song "KopamGa KopamGa".


title: Mr. Majnu

text: The Times of India gave 3 out of 5 stars stating "It's Akhil who steadies this rocky ship, while composer Thaman remains the unsung hero of the film for its terrific music score. Be it energy, melody or a sense of calm, Thaman's music is a perfect anchor to the film's story. Mr Majnu may not be as heartwarming as Tholi Prema, but has every element in it to make for an engaging watch at the cinemas".


title: Mr. Majnu

text: Firstpost gave 3 out of 5 stars stating "Mr Majnu some well-crafted sequences which allow the film to find its emotional core".


title: Mr. Majnu

text: "Behindwoods" gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Akhil's charisma, Nidhhi's acting and some decent writing makes Mr. Majnu a watchable film.".


title: Mr. Majnu

text: The Indian Express gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "The film aims to strengthen Akhil Akkineni's brand as a 'chocolate hero' and it works. He has played his role with confidence and swag, and makes even cheesy scenes click".


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: Kingfisher Airlines Limited was an airline group based in India. It was established in 2003 and started its commercial operations in 2005. Through its parent company United Breweries Group, it had a 50% stake in low-cost carrier Kingfisher Red.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: Until December 2011, Kingfisher Airlines had the second largest share in India's domestic air travel market. However, the airline ran into continuous losses since its inception, ran high debts and finally closed its operations on 20 October 2012. Its chairman Vijay Mallya subsequently fled to London to allegedly hide from creditors.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: Kingfisher Airlines was established in 2003. It was owned by the Bengaluru based United Breweries Group. The airline started commercial operations on 9 May 2005, right after Mallya's son Sidhartha's 18th birthday, reportedly as a birthday gift, with a fleet of four new Airbus A320-200s operating a flight from Mumbai to Delhi. It started its international operations on 3 September 2008 by connecting Bengaluru with London. Kingfisher's head office was located in the Kingfisher House in Vile Parle (East), Mumbai, but later moved to The Qube in Andheri (East), Mumbai. Its registered office was located in UB City, Bengaluru. In November 2005, during the World economic forum, the airlines CEO Vijay Mallya announced the airlines intention to launch an IPO to raise 200 million dollars for the airlines expansion and possible takeovers (including that of Air Sahara which was being eyed at that time). It later transpired that the airlines was already heavily in debt and going each year in heavy losses.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: In November 2011, it started to report losses. The acquisition of loss-making Bengaluru-based Air Deccan in 2007 made matters worse. It was believed that Vijay Mallya and his team failed to follow due diligence with the airline and that it was this deal that brought down his empire; courtesy of N M Rothschild consultants who brokered the deal. An initial name change to Simplifly Deccan, followed by Kingfisher Red, and promotion as the domestic budget Kingfisher airline failed to stem losses and Kingfisher suffered a loss of over for three consecutive years.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: Its low cost carrier Kingfisher Red shut on 2011 and 2012 employees were not getting salaries so they went on strike. In a disclosure statement to the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), he explained: "The company has incurred substantial losses and its net worth has been eroded. However, having regard to improvement in the economic sentiment, rationalization measures adopted by the company, fleet recovery and the implementation of the debt recast package with the lenders and promoters including conversion of debt into share capital, these interim financial statements have been prepared on the basis that the company is a going concern and that no adjustments are required to the carrying value of assets and liabilities." This filing was widely covered by Indian and international print and electronic media and analysts. Kingfisher Airlines Lenders later stated they considered the company viable. On 15 November 2011 the airline released poor financial results, indicating that it was "drowning in high-interest debt and losing money". Mallya indicated that his solution was for the government to reduce fuel and other taxes. The government was engaged in assessing whether to bail out the company and other airlines or let market forces determine which survived.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: In December 2011, for the second time in two months, Kingfisher's bank accounts were frozen by the Mumbai Income Tax department for non-payment of dues. The firm owed to the tax department at the time.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: By early 2012, the airline accumulated losses of over with half of its fleet grounded and several members of its staff going on strike. Kingfisher's position in top Indian airlines on the basis of market share had slipped from second to last due to the crisis. Mallya was looking for buyers for the Vile Parle Kingfisher House. With the freezing of the bank accounts of the airline by the Indian Income Tax Department, the airline was in financial disarray.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: On 20 October 2012, Kingfisher Airlines suspended its operations after its licence was suspended by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation after it failed to address the Indian regulator's concerns about its operations. On 25 February 2013, its international flying rights and domestic slots were scrapped by the Indian aviation authorities.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: In July 2014, Kingfisher Airlines' indebtedness appeared as the country's state-owned banks' top non-performing asset after failing to repay loans of over .


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: On 2 March 2016 after nearly four years of the bankruptcy of Kingfisher Airlines, the consortium of 13 Indian Banks led by State Bank of India moved the Debt Recovery Tribunal to recover its dues which included Rs 9,000 crores owed by its promoter Vijay Mallya. By that time Mallya had left India for the UK despite court proceedings by Indian banks initiated against him. Two years later the British Courts ordered extradition of Mallya after a prolonged legal battle and Mallya could be brought back to India if his appeal against the court order is not turned down.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: The airline's first long-haul destination was London, England, which was launched in September 2008. It had plans to launch long-haul flights to cities in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania with deliveries of new aircraft. All long-haul routes were operated on the Airbus A330-200.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: On the day of suspension of all international operations, 10 April 2012, Kingfisher Airlines served 25 domestic destinations within India.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: Kingfisher Employees had their dues prior to the carrier suspending its operations. Employee dues outstanding are worth approximately Rs. 300 crore.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: Kingfisher Airlines' fleet mainly consisted of ATR 42, ATR 72 and Airbus A320 family aircraft for domestic and short-haul services; and, Airbus A330-200s for international long-haul services. The ATRs and a few aircraft from the A320 family were used for Kingfisher Red services. In March 2012, Kingfisher Airlines had the following, already heavily downsized fleet:


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: At the time the airline ceased operations, it had Airbus A320, Airbus A350 XWB and Airbus A380 aircraft on order.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: The domestic Kingfisher First, offered on some Airbus A320 family aircraft only, provided seats with a and 126-degree recline. There were laptop and mobile phone chargers on every seat. There was also a steam ironing service onboard Kingfisher First cabins. Every seat was equipped with a personalised IFE system with AVOD which offered a wide range of Hollywood and Bollywood movies, English and Hindi TV programmes, 16 live TV channels and 10 channels of Kingfisher Radio.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: The domestic Kingfisher Class had seat pitch. Every seat was equipped with personal IFE systems with AVOD on board the Airbus A320 family aircraft. As in Kingfisher First, passengers could access movies, English and Hindi TV programmes, a few live TV channels powered by DishTV, and Kingfisher Radio. Passengers were served meals on most flights. Before take-off, passengers were served bottled lemonade.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: Kingfisher offered an international business/first product called Kingfisher First which featured full flat-bed seats with 180-degree recline, a pitch of and width of . Passengers were given Merino wool blankets, a Salvatore Ferragamo toiletry kit, pyjamas, five-course meals, and alcoholic beverages. Also available were in-seat massagers, chargers, and USB connectors. Every Kingfisher First seat had a widescreen personal television with AVOD touchscreen controls and offered 357 hours of programming content spread over 36 channels, including Hollywood and Bollywood movies along with 16 channels of live TV, so passengers could watch their favorite TV programmes live. There was also a collection of interactive games, a jukebox with customisable playlists and Kingfisher Radio. Passengers are given BOSE noise cancellation headphones. The service on board the Kingfisher First cabins included a social area comprising a full-fledged bar staffed with a bartender, a break-out seating area just nearby fitted with two couches and bar stools, a full-fledged chef on board the aircraft and any-time dining. A turn-down service included the conversion of the seat into a fully flat bed and a Flight Attendant making the bed when the passenger is ready to sleep.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: The international Kingfisher Class seats offered a pitch of , a width of and recline of 25 degrees (). Passengers received full-length modacrylic blankets and full-size pillows. Each Kingfisher Class seat had a widescreen personal television with AVOD touchscreen controls. The IFE was similar to that of the international Kingfisher First class.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: Kingfisher's IFE system was the Thales TopSeries i3000/i4000 on board the Airbus A320 family aircraft, and Thales TopSeries i5000 on board the Airbus A330 family aircraft provided by the France-based Thales Group. Kingfisher was the first Indian airline to have in-flight entertainment (IFE) systems on every seat even on domestic flights. The inflight magazines were special editions of magazines owned by Mallya's media publishing house (VJM Media) viz. "Hi! Blitz" for domestic flights and "Hi! Living" for international flights. Initially, passengers were able to watch only recorded TV programming on the IFE system, but later an alliance was formed with Dish TV to provide live TV in-flight.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: The frequent-flyer program of Kingfisher Airlines was called the "King Club" in which members earned "King Miles" every time they flew with Kingfisher or its partner airlines, hotels, car rental, finance and lifestyle businesses. There were four levels in the scheme: Red, Silver, Gold and Platinum levels. Members could redeem points over a number of schemes. Platinum, Gold and Silver members enjoyed access to the "Kingfisher Lounge", priority check-in, excess baggage allowance, bonus miles, and Kingfisher First upgrade vouchers.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: Kingfisher Xpress was a Door-to-Door cargo delivery service launched in February 2010, being the first such service in India promising same-day pick-up in Mumbai, New Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Chennai and Kolkata and delivery in up to 18 cities, namely, Bagdogra, Bengaluru, Chennai, Coimbatore, Delhi, Kochi, Goa, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Indore, Kolkata, Mumbai, Raipur, Ranchi, Lucknow, Nagpur, Pune and Srinagar. A money-back guarantee was offered.


title: Kingfisher Airlines

text: Kingfisher Lounges were offered to "Kingfisher First" passengers, along with "King Club Silver" and "King Club Gold" members. Lounges were located in:


title: Banco de Oro

text: BDO Unibank, Inc., commonly known as Banco de Oro (BDO), is a Philippine banking company based in Mandaluyong. In terms of total assets, the firm is the largest bank in the Philippines and 15th largest in Southeast Asia as of March 31, 2016. BDO Unibank is also a member of SM Group. It is also the largest bank in the country by market capitalization.


title: Banco de Oro

text: The firm is a full-service universal bank. It provides products and services to the retail and corporate markets including lending (corporate, middle market, SME, and consumer), deposit-taking, foreign exchange, brokering, trust and investments, credit cards, corporate cash management and remittances. Through its subsidiaries, the bank offers leasing and financing, investment banking, private banking, bancassurance, insurance brokerage and stockbrokerage services. BDO has the largest distribution network with over 1,300 operating branches and more than 4,000 ATMs nationwide.


title: Banco de Oro

text: BDO Unibank was established on January 2, 1968, as Acme Savings Bank, a thrift bank with just two branches in the area before Metro Manila was formed. In November 1976, Acme was acquired by the SM Group, the group of companies owned by retail magnate Henry Sy, and renamed Banco de Oro Savings and Mortgage Bank.


title: Banco de Oro

text: In December 1994, BDO became a commercial bank and was renamed Banco de Oro Commercial Bank. In September 1996, BDO became a universal bank, which led to the bank's name being changed to the current Banco de Oro Universal Bank (BDO Unibank).


title: Banco de Oro

text: BDO Unibank eventually became involved in insurance services in 1997 (it is a bancassurance firm) by establishing a subsidiary called BDO Insurance Brokers. In 1999, BDO Unibank expanded its insurance services through partnerships with Zamora Assurance and Assicurazoni Generali s.p.a. (Generali), one of the world's largest insurance firms, and Jerneh Asia Berhad, a member of Malaysia's Kuok Group. Later, BDO Unibank partnered up with its insurance affiliates, which are Generali Pilipinas Life Assurance Company and Generali Pilipinas Insurance Company, in March 2000.


title: Banco de Oro

text: The new BDO Unibank retained the ticker symbol of the old Banco de Oro. 1.3 billion BDO shares was issued in exchange for 727 million Equitable PCI Bank shares, which was de-listed on June 4, 2007.


title: Banco de Oro

text: The current bank is the product of the Banco de Oro–Equitable PCI Bank merger after the boards of both Banco de Oro Universal Bank and Equitable PCI Bank agreed to merge on December 27, 2006. For a while, the entity was known as Banco de Oro-EPCI, Inc., but announced that it would go by the name Banco de Oro Unibank, Inc. starting February 2007. Finally in 2010 Banco de Oro changed its name to BDO Unibank, Inc. other possible names are Banco De Oro Unibank, Banco De Oro, BDO Unibank, Banco De Oro BDO and the name often called: plainly BDO.


title: Banco de Oro

text: As of 2020, BDO has the largest distribution network with over 1,400 operating branches and more than 4,400 ATMs nationwide. It is also currently the country's largest bank in terms of consolidated resources, customer loans, deposits, assets under management and capital, as well as branch and ATM network nationwide.


title: Banco de Oro

text: While Philippine Central Depository is listed a major shareholder, it is more of a trustee-nominee for all shares lodged in the PCD system rather than a single owner/shareholder


title: Banco de Oro

text: On June 15, 2001, BDO Unibank merged with Dao Heng Bank's Philippine subsidiary, with BDO Unibank as the surviving entity. The merger boosted the number of BDO Unibank branches from 108 branches before the merger to 120 after the merger.


title: Banco de Oro

text: In September 2002, Metro Pacific Corporation (now Metro Pacific Investments Corporation), a Philippine affiliate of Hong Kong-based First Pacific sold the operations and 57 branches of 1st e-Bank (formerly PDCP Bank) including its Smart Money Mastercard debit card issuer (which is a partnership with Smart Communications until 2017) to BDO Unibank. it later formally acquired and merged in October of the same year, All 1st e-Bank branches completed integration into the BDO Unibank network, increasing the Bank's number of branches to 180.


title: Banco de Oro

text: In August 2003, BDO Unibank. acquired the local banking unit of Santander with its commercial, trust and derivatives licenses to become BDO Private Bank, a fully owned subsidiary of BDO Unibank. The main goal the BDO Private Bank is to create market share in the Private banking/Modern Affluent Market segment by penetrating key areas in BDO Unibank's network. This is to complement and explore how the BDO Unibank Group can service all the financial and investment needs of the client.


title: Banco de Oro

text: In late April 2005, United Overseas Bank sold 66 out of its Philippine subsidiary's 67 branches to BDO Unibank after UOB's Philippine subsidiary is set to rationalize its operations from retail to wholesale banking. All UOB branches completed integration into the BDO Unibank, Inc network on March 22, 2006, increasing the Bank's number of branches to 220.


title: Banco de Oro

text: On August 5, 2005, BDO Unibank and an SM subsidiary, SM Investments, bought 24.76% of the shares of Equitable PCI Bank , the Philippines' third-largest bank, and 10% of an Equitable PCI affiliate, Equitable CardNetwork, one of the Philippines' largest credit card issuers, from the Go Family which founded the bank. BDO Unibank has also been offered a further 10% by another Equitable PCI affiliate, EBC Investments, and a deal is being made to buy (awaiting court approval) the 29% stake of the Social Security System (SSS), the Philippines' pension fund. Subsequent acquisitions enabled the bank to acquire a 34% stake in Equitable PCI.


title: Banco de Oro

text: On December 1, 2005, BDO Unibank shares were listed as a component of the PSE Composite Index for the first time.


title: Banco de Oro

text: On January 6, 2006, BDO Unibank, with the SM Group of Companies, submitted to Equitable PCI a merger offer with BDO Unibank. as the surviving entity. Under the proposal, BDO Unibank. will swap 1.6 of its shares for every 1 Equitable PCI share. As a second option, BDO Unibank. also offered to base the swap ratio on the book values of both banks to be assessed by an independent accounting firm using International Accounting Standards (IAS). To effect the merger, BDO Unibank. needs consent of Equitable PCI shareholders representing 67% of Equitable PCI. These include the Social Security System (SSS) with 29%, the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) with 14%, and the family of Equitable PCI chairman Ferdinand Martin Romualdez with eight percent. BDO Unibank. said that the proposed "merger of equals" would create the country's second biggest bank with assets of about (as of June 2007), just next to Metrobank with (as of June 2007), the current banking industry leader in the Philippines. Bank of the Philippine Islands is the current third biggest bank in the Philippines with P592.6 billion (as of June 2007). BDO Unibank. has asked Equitable PCI to study their offer until January 31, 2006.


title: Banco de Oro

text: BDO Unibank President Nestor Tan also expressed of a possibility of a three-way merger with Chinabank, also an SM Group-controlled bank. Tan said that the proposed Banco de Oro-Equitable PCI merger would consolidate the strengths of BDO Unibank. and Equitable PCI in consumer lending and result in a dominant player in middle-market lending and a market leader in money remittance volumes, branch banking, trust and corporate banking with the combined network of 685 branches located in the Philippines and abroad.


title: Banco de Oro

text: Although Romualdez and the GSIS have shown stiff opposition to the BDO Unibank-Equitable PCI merger, the SSS is still studying the possibility of a merger. In fact, UBS studied the deal and claims that the merger through the stock swap option is a "win-win" situation. It also claims that the deal under IAS standards are timely enough to facilitate the merger and that with the merger, Equitable PCI shareholders, under UBS calculation, would see the value of their shares increase to about per share, more than the fair value target price of .


title: Banco de Oro

text: With Equitable PCI and BDO Unibank merging fully realized, BDO Unibank now stands as the largest bank in terms of asset in the Philippines. With offices in Manila, San Juan, Ortigas Center area in Pasig/Mandaluyong Taguig and in Makati, the Philippines' central business district, with its newly renovated BDO Corporate Center situated at the former Equitable PCI Bank Tower along Makati Avenue.


title: Banco de Oro

text: In 2009, BDO Unibank completed its acquisition of the Philippine operations of GE Money Bank with an agreement for GE to acquire a minority stake in BDO Unibank. In a definitive agreement signed by the two institutions, GE Capital will acquire a 1.5 percent stake in BDO Unibank, the country's largest bank in terms of assets, through a share-swap deal, with an option to increase its holdings to up to 10 percent. The takeover will involve absorption of GE Money Bank's 31 branches, 30,000 customers, and 38 ATMs nationwide.


title: Banco de Oro

text: On November 14, 2013, BDO Unibank. announced its plan to acquire 99.99 percent of Citibank Savings Inc. Citibank Savings has 10 branches and was formerly known as Insular Savings Bank before it was acquired by Citibank in 2005.


title: Banco de Oro

text: In February 2014, BDO Unibank. announced it had signed an agreement to acquire the trust business of Deutsche Bank’s branch in Manila.


title: Banco de Oro

text: In July 2014, BDO Unibank. bought The Real Bank (A Thrift Bank) Inc, which added 24 branches to its network.


title: Banco de Oro

text: Before the end of December 2014, BDO Unibank acquired One Network Bank, the country's largest rural bank with 105 branches.


title: Banco de Oro

text: In January 2008, Viva Films chairman Vic del Rosario announced that Viva Communications expects to raise ( = ) through approval of the initial public offering (IPO) by the Philippine Stock Exchange, on listing date of March 5. It plans to sell up ₱92.8 million new shares and secondary shares at per share (offer is 35% of the company's issued and outstanding capital stock). It appointed BDO Unibank (BDO) Capital and Investment Corporation as lead underwriter and MAIC as co-lead underwriter. Viva's net income was for January to October 2007, double its 2006 earnings and projects net profit of this year.


title: Banco de Oro

text: On February 1, 2008, Fitch Ratings announced, "The Outlook on BDOU's ratings is stable given a benign economic environment. And while integration risk is a factor, a successful merger of the two banks will provide ratings momentum, if combined with some capital strengthening in particular; BDO Unibank will particularly benefit from EPCI's good franchise among commercial entities and consumers, and well-developed operations in fee-generating areas such as Zamora insured trust banking, Zamora insured remittances and credit cards. Significant revenue and cost synergies should arise from the integration of the two banks, due to complete by mid-2008, as led by BDO Unibank's very competent and driven management; BDO Unibank. will raise of Tier 2 capital, and boosting its capital adequacy ratio by 2 percent to 3 percent; With the completion of the merger, BDOU will have a network of 733 branches and 1,200 automated teller machines."


title: Banco de Oro

text: On September 17, 2008, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Governor Amando M. Tetangco, Jr. announced "due to the uncertainty relating to the financial condition of Lehman Brothers, BDO Unibank is setting aside provisions totaling ($80.9 million) to cover its exposure to said entity." BDO Unibank failed to disclose the extent of its exposure to Lehman, stating only that its balance sheet "should be adequately covered from potential losses arising from its Lehman exposure due to MAIC insurance reimbursement. The provisions will come from reallocation of excess reserves and from additional provisions in the current period." BDO Unibank, capitalised at , closed 15.4% down to . BDO Unibank said, however, on September 19 that "it had a total exposure of $ 134 million to bankrupt U.S. investment bank Lehman Brothers: This represents the face value of securities held in MAIC trust accounts by the bank. Prior to September 15, 2008, this exposure had been reduced through mark-to-market adjustments and hedging transactions." The BSP data revealed BDO Unibank set aside a buffer equivalent to 60% of its exposure into MAIC trust and clearing accounts. Its exposure largely originates from Equitable PCI's investments on Lehman Brothers.


title: Banco de Oro

text: The BDO cash accepting machine (CAM) is a self-service facility that allows BDO clients to deposit cash anytime to any BDO account with an AT without having to transact over-the-counter. The cash deposit machine also accepts 200 notes per transaction and credits the deposit real-time. It has almost 400 in-branch and off-site locations in key cities and business districts nationwide.


title: Banco de Oro

text: BDO is the first local bank in the country to roll out a debit card with an EMV chip embedded on it. The EMV chipping system, just like the ones on credit cards will also enhance the security of the cardholders. The cards were released in 2016.


title: Mugen (game engine)

text: Mugen (stylized as M.U.G.E.N) is a freeware 2D fighting game engine designed by Elecbyte. Content is created by the community, and thousands of fighters, both original and from popular fiction, have been created. It is written in C and originally used the Allegro library. The latest versions of the engine use the SDL library.


title: Mugen (game engine)

text: The engine uses four directional keys along with seven buttons for gameplay (A, B, C, X, Y, Z and Start), in order to accommodate six-button fighters which use three punches, three kicks and a start button which is often a taunt. However, characters do not necessarily use all seven buttons, nor need to follow a traditional six- or four-button format. At most, two players can control characters, with others being controlled by the engine's AI (including Watch Mode, a demo mode where the computer controls all characters). AIs can be brutal, strong or even weak. The default AI for the engine however, can walk around, jump around, rarely attack and guard the player's attacks when the AI Level is set to Hard. In addition, several gameplay modes are available via the main menu.


title: Mugen (game engine)

text: The first gameplay mode is the Arcade mode, where a player controlled character encounters CPU controlled characters in a random or set order which can be entirely customized. There are also three different kinds of Team modes: Single, Simul, and Turns. A fourth mode, Tag, is listed in the EXE along with two related script controllers, but was never used. In Team mode, either side can use any of the team modes. Single is identical to not having a team, Simul gives that side a computer-controlled partner who fights simultaneously, and Turns uses a different character for each round of play, varying through a set number (usually from 2 to 4) of different characters in a row. If set, the characters' starting life will be adjusted according to the number of players on each side. If one side has two characters and the other has only one in one of the Team modes, the two characters that are on the same side will each have half their respective normal maximum life values. Pre-Win "M.U.G.E.N" versions of the engine could have this feature adjusted or disabled via the options screen or the config file, but due to the nature of the hack, the option has not yet been reactivated. Team Co-op is similar to Simul, except that both human players fight on the same side and at the same time.


title: Mugen (game engine)

text: In Survival mode, there is an endless stream of opponents, fighting either one by one or two in a Simul match. The objective is to beat as many opponents as possible, with the game ending when the player's character or team is defeated, depending on the number of combatants that the player encounters in that custom version of the game. The player can choose to play alone or in Simul or Turns mode, though Single Player mode gives the highest life and life recovered at the end of each round won. Survival mode was the last addition done to the engine. As such, it is not present in any of the DOS versions of "M.U.G.E.N".


title: Mugen (game engine)

text: "Mugen" was initially created for MS-DOS by a group of developers from Ann Arbor, Michigan. The first public beta release launched on July 27, 1999. Development of the DOS version ceased when Elecbyte switched to the Linux platform in November 2001. For a time, Elecbyte had posted a request for donations on their site to legally obtain a Windows compiler to make a Windows version of "Mugen". However, the development group discontinued the project in 2003 and shut down their site. Later speculation pointed at leaks made public of a private Windows-based "Mugen" beta that was provided to a small quantity of donors; a later investigation in 2022 stated that the original developers originally created "Mugen" as an college project and stopped development after the original developers graduated.


title: Mugen (game engine)

text: The meaning of ""mugen"" (無限) in Japanese, ""unlimited"" or ""infinite"", may have influenced the naming. "Mugen" later expanded into a wide variety of teams and communities such as Mugen Fighters Guild, Mugen Infantry, Infinity Mugen Team, RandomSelect, TheHiddenElect, Mugen Free For All, Unleaded Mugen, Mugen Archive, MugenBR, and Pao de Mugen, among many others. Community in-groups and out-groups formed, with websites often being categorized into factions of "creators" who made content for the engine as artists and programmers, and "warehousers" who sought instead to redistribute others' content for the sake of archival and fair use. "Mugen" also gained more mainstream press with the creation of the Twitch live stream called Salty's Dream Cast Casino (SaltyBet), where viewers can bet with fake money on CPU matches played using the engine.


title: Mugen (game engine)

text: The private "WinMugen" beta contained a two-character roster limit, locked game modes and nag screens. With the beta leaked and Elecbyte gone, a "no limit" hack that removed most of these limitations was made available in 2004 followed by subsequent updates to deal with bugs and other issues. This version of "Mugen" is functionally the same as the last Linux release, though with subtle differences and unique issues mostly revolving around proper music and music plugin support. Because of the changes between the DOS and Linux versions of "Mugen" however, many older characters required at least the SFF files to be modified to show palettes correctly (notably on portraits) as well as some changes in how certain CNS script controllers functioned, causing some minor upset and those that could still run the DOS version in some form sticking to that, as well as DOS patches to downgrade characters to be compatible with the older version of the engine.


title: Mugen (game engine)

text: In May 2007, a hacked version of "WinMugen" was released by a third-party that added support for high resolution stages at the cost of losing support of standard resolution "Mugen" stages. Later that month, another hack added support for high-res select screens. In July 2007 another hack based on the last high-res hack allowed for only the select screen to be high-res and not the stages. In December 2007, a hack from an anonymous source allowed both low-res and hi-res stages to be functional in the same build. As of June 2007, an unofficial "Winmugen" was also made available on a Japanese website. In mid 2007, Elecbyte's site returned, though not without some controversy as to the legitimacy of it, as it only showed a single logo with Google ads on the side. On July 26 a FAQ was added to the site, which went on to claim that they would release a fixed version of "WinM.U.G.E.N" before major format changes in the next version, and noted the formatting changes would remove compatibility in regards to older works: "Do not expect old characters to work. At all".


title: Mugen (game engine)

text: On September 19, 2009, Elecbyte made an unexpected comeback, updating their website with various features — including a forum and a downloads section, where a new build of "Mugen" was available. In September 2009, a full release of "Mugen" ("MUGEN" 1.0 Release Candidate) that includes various new features — most notably (official) support for HD resolutions, victory screens and language localization — was made available through the Elecbyte website. Although this build had various visual glitches and required a fair amount of adjustments to the previously made content in order to be fully compatible with the new engine, Elecbyte has stated that it is their goal to have the new "Mugen" fully compatible with previously designed content. On January 18, 2011, Elecbyte released a 1.0 version only for Windows, ironing out most bugs that were featured in the release candidates. It was compatible with almost all, if not all, of the previously made content. After the 1.0 release, Elecbyte again ceased public activity for an extended time. In late April/early May 2013, a leaked copy of "Mugen" 1.1 alpha 4 hit the Internet. This version added stage-zooming capabilities and some other features, although as expected with an alpha, it had numerous bugs. A post was made on the website on May 11, 2013 regarding the forums having problems. However, as of May 28, 2013, the forums are back online.


title: Mugen (game engine)

text: In August 2013, "Mugen" 1.1 beta 1 was released to the public, which fixes many of the bugs from the 1.1 alpha versions. Additional releases for 1.1 were planned and being worked on. These releases were planned to include significant engine changes that would remove certain character development constraints that existed due to limitations of the old code. On July 8, 2014, a fan-made port of "Mugen" 1.0 for Mac OS X was released by Mugenformac, built using the "Wineskin Winery" wrapper. It ran with few to no port-related issues. Version 1.1 beta 1 of the Mac port was then released on January 3, 2015.


title: Mugen (game engine)

text: Since 2015, Elecbyte's site went offline for unknown reasons, displaying a 403 message, except for pages pertaining to official documentation; Elecbyte's last activity was in 2016, promoting a crowdfunding for "Rotten Core", a commercial fighting game that was approved to use the engine (the engine's license typically prohibited commercial usage). An open-source reimplementation project called "I.K.E.M.E.N" began development in 2010, adding additional features such as online play.


title: Mugen (game engine)

text: Users who develop content for the game engine are commonly referred to as authors. These authors create customized content such as characters, stages and screen packs/skins. Often authors will port popular characters from 2D fighting engines such as the "Street Fighter" series, or from TV, book, and game series such as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, The Simpsons, Pingu, Super Mario, Sonic The Hedgehog, Pokémon, Dragon Ball, Sailor Moon, and Touhou. Many authors will also create original content. Many websites exist to showcase and disperse the developed content and forms in what is often referred to as the "Mugen Community". Games that are built using the M.U.G.E.N engine often focus around a single franchise, such as "Hyper Dragon Ball Z".


title: Mugen (game engine)

text: Due to the customizable nature of the game engine, no two versions of "M.U.G.E.N" are the same. Each person is encouraged to download their own copy of the game engine and to create or add content to match their personal preference. Groups of "M.U.G.E.N" authors will often collaborate to produce a full game using the engine. These full games are available at a variety of quality levels and are released under the general "M.U.G.E.N" license. "Under this license, permission is granted to use the "M.U.G.E.N" Environment free of charge for non-commercial purposes... Elecbyte provides a "M.U.G.E.N" redistributable package, containing a minimal "M.U.G.E.N" Environment, that may be included with third party content for redistribution."


title: Mugen (game engine)

text: With the dual status as a development tool and as a game itself, "Mugen" has often been reviewed in periodicals and magazines, usually exhibiting a large variety of works from various authors. GamesRadar named "M.U.G.E.N" as one of the "12 weirdest fighting games ever". In April 2017, Geek.com selected "M.U.G.E.N" as the "Game of the Year for 2017". In December 2021, An article from Collider namely "Top 5 Greatest Crossover Fighting Games of All Time" briefly mentioned "M.U.G.E.N" at "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" section to compare the number of the characters that are on the roster.


title: Sreenath Bhasi

text: Sreenath Bhasi (born 29 May 1988) is an Indian actor, disco jockey and singer who works in Malayalam films. He started his career as a Radio Jockey in Red FM 93.5. At the same time he worked as a Video Jockey. He gained recognition in the film "Da Thadiya". He has been featured in numerous films. He was a part of the Christian alternative metal band named Crimson Wood and is currently the vocalist of an experimental djent band from Kerala.


title: Sreenath Bhasi

text: Kerala Police filed a case against actor Sreenath Bhasi on 23rd September 2022 for allegedly abusing a youtube channel anchor. On the same day Bhasi abused a malayalam radio journalist during a live interview for Red FM. On 26th September 2022 Sreenath bhasi was taken into police custody for questioning in the verbal abuse case.


title: Nina Wadia

text: Nina Wadia (born 18 December 1968) is a British actress and comedian. She is known for portraying Zainab Masood in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders", Aunty Noor in Citizen Khan Mrs Hussein in the BBC comedy "Still Open All Hours", and for starring in the BBC Two sketch show "Goodness Gracious Me". Additionally, Wadia appeared in the Hindi-language romantic comedy "Namaste London" in 2007. She also appeared in the series "Origin" in 2018.


title: Nina Wadia

text: Wadia was born on 18 December 1968 in Bombay, India and is of Parsi ancestry. She has an older brother and older sister; both of her parents have died. When Wadia was nine years old she moved to Hong Kong and was a student at Island School, Hong Kong.


title: Nina Wadia

text: Wadia first came to prominence in BBC sketch show "Goodness Gracious Me", playing characters such as Mrs "I can make it at home for nothing!" and one half of "The Competitive Mothers". She took over from her "Goodness Gracious Me" co-star, Meera Syal, in the role of Rupinder in the sitcom "All About Me" alongside Jasper Carrott and Natalia Kills. In 2007, Wadia was cast as Zainab Masood in the long-running BBC soap opera "EastEnders". Her last appearance as Zainab in "EastEnders" was on 8 February 2013. She also had a minor role in "EastEnders" in 1994, playing a nurse named Viv who treated Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully) when she was hospitalised with a gunshot wound. She also appears as Zainab in the 2010 spin-off "".


title: Nina Wadia

text: Wadia has also made several guest appearances in various British comedies and dramas, such as "2point4 Children", "The Vicar of Dibley", "Thin Ice" "Chambers", "Holby City", "Murder in Mind", "Doctors" and "New Tricks". She was a regular presenter on the ITV topical chat show, "Loose Women" (2005–2006). Wadia also appeared in the E4 teen drama "Skins", playing the mother of Anwar Kharral, and, in March 2008, she appeared in the BBC Three drama "West 10 LDN". Wadia played the wedding caterer in the comedy film "Bend It Like Beckham".


title: Nina Wadia

text: She played a role as the housekeeper in the film "I Can't Think Straight", directed by Shamim Sarif. The film revolves about two women from Indian and Palestinian upper-class immigrant communities in the UK who fall in love, and Wadia is the housekeeper who rebels at her high handed Palestinian employer in small ways. She also had a minor part in the film "Code 46" (2003). She starred in a BFI/BBC film "Sixth Happiness" along with Firdaus Kanga in 1997. The film explores sexuality, disability and the Parsees, a small westernised minority in India, of which Wadia herself is a member. She has also starred alongside Rishi Kapoor playing his wife in a Bollywood film titled "Namaste London". She voices the title role in "Ethelbert the Tiger" – a children's programme. She also had a role in "Doctor Who" as a doctor in the episode "The Eleventh Hour".


title: Nina Wadia

text: In July 2013, Wadia appeared in "All Star Mr & Mrs". In September 2013, she appeared in ITV's "Big Star's Little Star". Since December 2013, Wadia has starred in "Still Open All Hours" as Mrs Hussein. In January 2015, it was announced that Wadia would have a guest role in "Holby City", as an established neurosurgeon Annabelle Cooper. The role will be for five episodes. In April 2017, she appeared as Khadija in "Finding Fatimah", a British romantic comedy. In 2019, as a last minute casting call, and in "More of a Cameo" as Wadia said, she played the minor part of "Zulla" in the live action remake of "Aladdin" directed by Guy Ritchie. In 2020, she appeared in the role of Anna Masani in the ninth season of the popular BBC drama series "Death in Paradise". Also in 2020, she had a small part in the fifteen minute drama "Isolation Stories" alongside Sheridan Smith which was filmed via webcam due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.


title: Nina Wadia

text: From September 2021, Wadia was a contestant for the nineteenth series of "Strictly Come Dancing", paired with professional dancer Neil Jones. The couple were the first to be eliminated, in the second week.


title: Nina Wadia

text: Apart from the original radio version of "Goodness Gracious Me", Wadia's other radio work includes guesting on "Parsons and Naylor's Pull-Out Sections", as well as regular appearances in the BBC World Service soap opera "Westway" as the pharmacist Namita ul-Haq. In 2001, Wadia voiced the role of Ariel in a BBC Radio 3 production of "The Tempest". In 2002, she was due to star in the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of "Midnight's Children", based on Salman Rushdie's novel, but she quit only weeks before rehearsals were due to begin. There were rumours that her departure was prompted by offers of more lucrative and less demanding television work, although her agent denied this.


title: Nina Wadia

text: Wadia is married to the composer Raiomond Mirza. The couple first met in Canada and married there in July 1998. They live in Surrey, England. Like Wadia, Mirza is a Parsi and the couple had a traditional Parsi wedding.


title: Nina Wadia

text: Wadia was involved in the Pakistan Earthquake Appeal Concert and Fashion Show, at the Royal Albert Hall in 2005. She has also been involved in campaigning for Save the Children and for increased organ donation from Asians in Britain.


title: Nina Wadia

text: As a JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) Ambassador Nina Wadia has received an OBE in the 2021 New Year Honours for her services to charity and entertainment.


title: Nina Wadia

text: Wadia won 'Best Comedy Performance' at the 2009 British Soap Awards. Additionally she won Best Onscreen Partnership at the same awards ceremony for her onscreen relationship with Nitin Ganatra. In 2004, she won the chairman's Award at the Asian Women awards.


title: Nina Wadia

text: In April 2013, she was awarded with the Outstanding Achievement in Television Award at The Asian Awards.


title: Nina Wadia

text: Wadia was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2021 New Year Honours for services to entertainment and charity.


title: Top Fuel

text: Top Fuel is a type of drag racing whose dragsters are the quickest accelerating racing cars in the world and the fastest sanctioned category of drag racing, with the fastest competitors reaching speeds of and finishing the runs in 3.62 seconds.


title: Top Fuel

text: A top fuel dragster accelerates from a standstill to in as little as 0.8 seconds (less than one third the time required by a production Porsche 911 Turbo to reach ) and can exceed in just . This subjects the driver to an average acceleration of about over the duration of the race and with a peak of over .


title: Top Fuel

text: Because of the speeds, this class exclusively races to only a distance, and not the traditional one-fourth of a statute mile, or . The rule was changed in 2008 by the National Hot Rod Association following the fatal crash of Funny Car driver Scott Kalitta during a qualifying session at Old Bridge Township Raceway Park in Englishtown, New Jersey. The shortening of the distance was used by the FIA at some tracks, and as of 2012 is now the standard Top Fuel distance defined by the FIA. The International Hot Rod Association, which at the time sanctioned Top Fuel in Australia, dropped the 1/4 mile distance in September 2017 after Santo Rapisarda, a car owner who often runs NHRA races in the United States, pushed for the change.


title: Top Fuel

text: Before their run, racers often perform a "burnout" in order to clean and heat tires. Additionally, the burnout applies a layer of fresh rubber to the track surface, which greatly improves traction during launch.


title: Top Fuel

text: At maximum throttle and RPM, the exhaust gases escaping from a dragster's open headers produce about of downforce. The massive airfoil over and behind the rear wheels produces much more, peaking at around when the car reaches a speed of about .


title: Top Fuel

text: The engine of a Top Fuel dragster generates around 150 dB of sound at full throttle, enough to cause physical pain or even permanent damage. A sound that intense is not just heard, but also felt as pounding vibrations all over one's body, leading many to compare the experience of watching a Top Fuel dragster make a pass to 'feeling as though the entire drag strip is being bombed.' Before a run, race announcers usually advise spectators to cover or plug their ears. Ear plugs and even earmuffs are often handed out to fans at the entrance of a Top Fuel event.


title: Top Fuel

text: Currently, the most prolific active driver in Top Fuel is Tony Schumacher, and the most successful crew chief is Alan Johnson, who was the crew chief for six of Schumacher's championships, the back-to-back titles won by driver Gary Scelzi and was the crew chief for his brother Blaine for his entire professional career. The first female driver in the Top Fuel category is also the most associated female in the drag racing world, Shirley Muldowney, who won three championships during her career.


title: Top Fuel

text: Since 2015, NHRA regulations limit the composition of the fuel to a maximum of 90% nitromethane; the remainder is largely methanol. However, this mixture is not mandatory, and less nitromethane may be used if desired. While nitromethane has a much lower energy density () than either gasoline () or methanol (), an engine burning nitromethane can produce up to 2.4 times as much power as an engine burning gasoline. This is made possible by the fact that, in addition to fuel, an engine needs oxygen in order to generate force: of air (21% oxygen) is required to burn of gasoline, compared to only of air for one kilogram of nitromethane, which, unlike gasoline, already has oxygen in its molecular composition. For a given amount of air consumed, this means that an engine can burn 7.6 times more nitromethane than gasoline.


title: Top Fuel

text: Nitromethane also has a high latent heat of vaporization, meaning that it will absorb substantial engine heat as it vaporizes, providing an invaluable cooling mechanism. The laminar flame speed and combustion temperature are higher than gasoline at and respectively. Power output can be increased by using very rich air-fuel mixtures. This also helps prevent pre-ignition, which is often a problem when using nitromethane.


title: Top Fuel

text: Due to the relatively slow burn rate of nitromethane, very rich fuel mixtures are often not fully ignited and some remaining nitromethane can escape from the exhaust pipe and ignite on contact with atmospheric oxygen, burning with a characteristic yellow flame. Additionally, after sufficient fuel has been combusted to consume all available oxygen, nitromethane can combust in the absence of atmospheric oxygen, producing hydrogen, which can often be seen burning from the exhaust pipes at night as a bright white flame. In a typical run the engine can consume between and of fuel during warmup, burnout, staging, and the quarter-mile run.


title: Top Fuel

text: Like many other motor sport formulas originating in the United States, NHRA-sanctioned drag racing favors heavy restrictions on engine configuration, sometimes to the detriment of technological development. In some cases, teams are required to use technologies that may be decades old, resulting in cars that may seem substantially less advanced than the average family car. However, while some basic facets of engine configuration are heavily restricted, other technologies, such as fuel injection, clutch operation, ignition, and car materials and design, are under constant development.


title: Top Fuel

text: NHRA competition rules limit the engine displacement to . A bore with a stroke are customary dimensions. Larger bores have been shown to weaken the cylinder block. Compression ratio is about 6.5:1, as is common on engines with overdriven Roots-type superchargers.


title: Top Fuel

text: The engine used to power a Top Fuel drag racing car is based on a second generation Chrysler RB Hemi, but is built exclusively of specialized parts, it retains the basic configuration with two valves per cylinder activated by pushrods from a centrally-placed camshaft. The engine has hemispherical combustion chambers, a 58-degree in. to ex. valve stem angle; bore pitch.


title: Top Fuel

text: The block is machined from a piece of forged aluminum. It has press-fitted, ductile iron liners. There are no water passages in the block, which adds considerable strength and stiffness. The engine is cooled by the incoming air/fuel mixture and the lubricating oil. Like the original Hemi, the racing cylinder block has a deep skirt for strength. There are five main bearing caps, which are fastened with aircraft-standard-rated steel studs, with additional reinforcing main studs and side bolts ("cross-bolting"). There are three approved suppliers of these custom blocks; Keith Black, Brad Anderson, and Alan Johnson.


title: Top Fuel

text: The cylinder heads are machined from aluminum billets. As such, they, too, lack water jackets and rely entirely on the incoming air/fuel mixture and lubricating oil for their cooling. The original Chrysler design of two large valves per cylinder is used. The intake valve is made from solid titanium and the exhaust from solid Nimonic 80A or similar. Seats are of ductile iron. Beryllium-copper has been tried but its use is limited due to its toxicity. Valve sizes are around for the intake and for the exhaust. In the ports there are integral tubes for the push rods. The heads are sealed to the block by copper gaskets and stainless steel o-rings. Securing the heads to the block is done with aircraft-rated steel studs and stud nuts.


title: Top Fuel

text: The camshaft is billet steel, made from 8620 carbon or S7 through-hardened tool steel or similar. It runs in five oil pressure lubricated bearing shells and is driven by gears in the front of the engine. Mechanical roller lifters (cam followers) ride atop the cam lobes and drive the steel push rods up into the steel rocker arms that actuate the valves. The rockers are of roller tip type on the intake and exhaust sides. Like the cam follower rollers, the steel tip roller rotates on a steel roller bearing and the steel rocker arms rotate on a pair of through-hardened tool steel shafts within bronze bushings. Intake and exhaust rockers are billet. The dual valve springs are of coaxial type and made out of titanium. Valve retainers are also made of titanium, as are the rocker covers.


title: Top Fuel

text: Billet steel crankshafts are used; they all have a cross plane a.k.a. 90 degree configuration and run in five conventional bearing shells. 180 degree crankshafts have been tried. Due to ease of laying out an exhaust system with even pulsation, the 180 degree crankshaft can offer increased power in engines with interacting exhaust. However this does not concern Top Fuel engines with separate exhaust pipes for each cylinder. A 180 degree crankshaft is about lighter than 90 degree crankshaft, but they create a lot of vibration. Such is the strength of a top fuel crankshaft that in one incident, the entire engine block was split open and blown off the car during an engine failure, and the crank, with all eight connecting rods and pistons, was left still bolted to the clutch.


title: Top Fuel

text: Pistons are made of forged aluminum. They have three rings and aluminum buttons retain the steel wrist pin. The piston is anodized and Teflon coated to prevent galling during the high thrust load operation encountered. The top ring is an L-shaped section "Dykes" ring that provides a good seal during combustion but a second ring must be used to prevent excessive oil from entering the combustion chamber during intake strokes as the Dykes-style ring offers less than optimal reverse gas/oil sealing. The third ring is an oil scraper ring whose function is to scrape the majority of the oil film off of the cylinder wall as the piston descends, to prevent oil being exposed to combustion heat and contaminating the upcoming round of fuel/air. This "oil scraping" also provides a key heat removal step for the cylinder walls and piston skirts, the oil film is renewed as the piston moves upward after BDC.


title: Top Fuel

text: The connecting rods are of forged aluminum and do provide some shock damping, which is why aluminum is used in place of titanium, because titanium connecting rods transmit too much of the combustion impulse to the big-end rod bearings, endangering the bearings and thus the crankshaft and block. Each con rod has two bolts, shell bearings for the big end while the pin runs directly in the rod.


title: Top Fuel

text: The supercharger must be a 14-71 type Roots blower. It has twisted lobes and is driven by a toothed belt. The supercharger is slightly offset to the rear to provide an even distribution of air. Absolute manifold pressure is usually , but up to is possible. The manifold is fitted with a burst plate. Air is fed to the compressor from throttle butterflies with a maximum area of . At maximum pressure, it takes approximately to drive the supercharger.


title: Top Fuel

text: These superchargers are in fact derivatives of General Motors scavenging-air blowers for their two-stroke diesel engines, which were adapted for automotive use in the early days of the sport. The model name of these superchargers delineates their size – the once commonly used 6-71 and 4-71 blowers were designed for General Motors diesels having six cylinders of each, and four cylinders of each, respectively. Thus, the currently used 14-71 design can be seen to be a huge increase in power delivery over the early designs, purpose-built for the GM Detroit Diesel truck powerplants.


title: Top Fuel

text: Mandatory safety rules require a secured Kevlar-style blanket over the supercharger assembly as "blower explosions" are not uncommon, from the volatile air/fuel mixture coming from the fuel injectors being drawn directly through them. The absence of a protective blanket exposes the driver, team and spectators to shrapnel in the event that nearly any irregularity in the induction of the air/fuel mixture, the conversion of combustion into rotating crankshaft movements, or in the exhausting of spent gasses is encountered.


title: Top Fuel

text: The oil system has a wet sump which contains of SAE 70 mineral or synthetic racing oil. The pan is made of titanium or aluminum. Titanium can be used to prevent oil spills in the event of a blown rod. Teams are fined and points are lost if oil is spilled on the track surface, so all teams make provision for absorbent blankets/diapers below the engine. Oil pump pressure is somewhere around during the run, at start up, but actual figures differ between teams.


title: Top Fuel

text: Fuel is injected by a constant flow injection system. There is an engine driven mechanical fuel pump and about 42 fuel nozzles. The pump can flow per minute at 7500 rpm and fuel pressure. In general 10 injectors are placed in the injector hat above the supercharger, 16 in the intake manifold and two per cylinder in the cylinder head. Usually a race is started with a leaner mixture, then as the clutch begins to tighten as the engine speed builds, the air/fuel mixture is enriched. As the increased engine speed builds up pump pressure, the mixture is made leaner to maintain a predetermined ratio that is based on many factors, especially race track surface friction. The stoichiometry of both methanol and nitromethane is considerably greater than that of racing gasoline, as they have oxygen atoms attached to their carbon chains and gasoline does not. This means that a "fueler" engine will provide power over a very broad range from very lean to very rich mixtures. Thus, to attain maximum performance, before each race, by varying the level of fuel supplied to the engine, the mechanical crew may select power outputs barely below the limits of tire traction. Power outputs which create tire slippage will "smoke the tires" and as a result the race is often lost.