title: Pope John XII

text: In the end though, much of the subsequent extreme condemnation of John XII is derived from the accusations recorded by Liudprand of Cremona. So according to fiercely anti-Catholic Louis Marie DeCormenin:


title: Pope John XII

text: Onofrio Panvinio, in the revised edition of Bartolomeo Platina's book about the popes, added an elaborate note indicating that the legend of Pope Joan may be based on a mistress of John XII: "Panvinius, in a note to Platina's account of pope Joan, suggests that the licentiousness of John XII, who, among his numerous mistresses, had one called Joan, who exercised the chief influence at Rome during his pontificate, may have given rise to the story of 'pope Joan'."


title: Eloise Mumford

text: Eloise Mumford (born September 24, 1986) is an American actress known for her roles on the television series "Lone Star", "The River", "The Right Stuff" and the "Fifty Shades of Grey" film series.


title: Eloise Mumford

text: Mumford, the middle child of parents Tom Mumford and Nancy Smith, was born and raised in Olympia, Washington, where she was home-schooled through fifth grade. After homeschooling, she attended Nova Middle School. She later attended Annie Wright Schools in Tacoma, Washington and Capital High School in Olympia. She has an older sister, Anna, and a younger brother, Kai. Inspired at age seven by a local production of "South Pacific", Mumford performed in high-school plays and at Olympia's Capital Playhouse.


title: Eloise Mumford

text: She graduated in 2009 from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. She also is an alumnus of the Atlantic Acting School. While in college, she starred with Jesse Eisenberg in director Maggie Kiley's well-received short film "Some Boys Don't Leave". She understudied Elisabeth Moss in the Broadway production of "Speed the Plow".


title: Eloise Mumford

text: Mumford starred as Lena Landry on the ABC paranormal series "The River" in 2012 and on the Fox series "Lone Star" in 2010, in which she was cast during her first pilot season after college. She was the female lead in the Blumhouse Productions feature "Not Safe For Work" for Universal Pictures, and the female lead in the indy "Drones" alongside Matt O'Leary, directed by Rick Rosenthal.


title: Eloise Mumford

text: In February 2012, she was cast as the female lead in an ABC drama pilot titled "Reckless". She played Anastasia Steele's roommate, Kate Kavanagh, in the "Fifty Shades of Grey" film (2015), and reprised the role in the sequels "Fifty Shades Darker" and "Fifty Shades Freed".


title: Eloise Mumford

text: She starred alongside Billy Crystal and Ben Schwartz in the indy "Standing Up, Falling Down" (2019). In 2020 she played Trudy Cooper, the female lead in the Disney+ streaming TV series "The Right Stuff".


title: A Separate Peace

text: A Separate Peace is a coming-of-age novel by John Knowles, published in 1958. Based on his earlier short story "Phineas", published in the May 1956 issue of "Cosmopolitan", it was Knowles's first published novel and became his best-known work. Set against the backdrop of World War II, "A Separate Peace" explores morality, patriotism, and loss of innocence through its narrator, Gene Forrester.


title: A Separate Peace

text: Gene Forrester returns to his old prep school, Devon (a potential reflection of Knowles's real life alma mater, Phillips Exeter Academy), 15 years after he graduated, to visit two places he regards as "fearful sites:" a flight of marble stairs, and a big tree by the river. He first examines the stairs, noticing they are made of marble. When he examines the tree, he begins to reflect upon memories of his time as a student at Devon. This exposition opens the reader into the rest of the novel, which follows Gene's life from the summer of 1942 to the summer of 1943. In 1942, he is 16 and living at Devon with his best friend and roommate, Phineas (nicknamed Finny). World War II is raging and has a prominent effect on the story's plot and characters.


title: A Separate Peace

text: Despite being opposites in personality, Gene and Finny are surprisingly close friends. Gene's quiet, introverted, intellectual personality is a character foil for Finny's extroverted, carefree athleticism. One of Finny's ideas during their "gypsy summer" of 1942 is to create a "Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session," with Gene and himself as charter members. Finny creates a rite of initiation by having members jump into the Devon River from a large tall tree.


title: A Separate Peace

text: Gene and Finny's friendship goes through a period of one-sided rivalry during which Gene strives to outdo Finny scholastically as he believes that Finny is trying to outdo him athletically. The rivalry begins with Gene's envy toward Finny. It climaxes and ends when as Finny and Gene are about to jump off the tree, Gene impulsively jostles the branch that they're on, causing Finny to fall and shatter his leg, which permanently cripples him. Because of his accident, Finny learns that he will never again be able to compete in sports, which are most dear to him.


title: A Separate Peace

text: Finny's "accident" inspires Gene to think more like his friend to become a better person, free of envy. The remainder of the story revolves around Gene's attempts to come to grips with who he is, why he shook the branch, and how he will proceed. Gene feels so guilty that he eventually tells Finny that he caused the fall. At first, Finny does not believe him, but then comes to feel extremely hurt.


title: A Separate Peace

text: World War II soon occupies the boys' time, with fellow student Brinker Hadley rallying the boys to help the war effort and Gene's quiet friend Leper Lepellier joining the Ski Troops and becoming severely traumatized by what he sees.


title: A Separate Peace

text: During a meeting of the Golden Fleece Debating Society, Brinker sets up a show trial of sorts and, based upon his shaking of the branch, accuses Gene of trying to kill Finny. Faced with the evidence, Finny leaves shamefully before Gene's deed is confirmed. On his way out, Finny falls down a flight of stairs, the same ones that Gene visited at the beginning of the novel, and again breaks the leg that he had shattered before. Finny at first dismisses Gene's attempts to apologize, but he soon realizes that the "accident" was impulsive and not premeditated or based on anger. The two forgive each other.


title: A Separate Peace

text: The next day, Finny dies during the operation to set the bone when bone marrow enters his bloodstream during the surgery.


title: A Separate Peace

text: After they graduate, Gene and Brinker enlist in the Navy and the Coast Guard. Gene observes that many people lash out at others to protect themselves from their own insecurities. The only person he knew who did not do that was Finny, the only person Gene knew to be truly honest, and the only person he knew never to have an internal war to fight. Back in the present, an older Gene muses on peace, war, and enemies.


title: A Separate Peace

text: "A Separate Peace" contains many themes, motifs and symbols, which occur throughout the book. Some of them are present throughout the book, like the tree Finny falls off and the presence and significance of sport. Other themes exist as part of Gene's consciousness and his relationship with Finny, such as the threat of codependency and the creation of inner enemies. In addition, there are many ambiguous factors that remain unresolved, such as the reliability of Gene as a narrator and whether Gene was responsible for the fall.


title: A Separate Peace

text: The central relationship between Gene and Finny is a model of codependency. After the fall, the two become reliant on each other for fulfilment. Gene's submissive nature leads to his lacking a strong identity without Finny. Finny, with his free, sport-loving spirit, can only be fulfilled by experiencing the sport through Gene after the fall. That is furthered by the characters' notion that World War II is merely a conspiracy, which creates a private illusion in which both Finny and Gene can exist together. Towards the end of the book, after Finny's death, Gene notes that he feels Finny's funeral is his own, as so much of his identity rests upon Finny.


title: A Separate Peace

text: Athletics comprise a key part of Finny's personality. He views them as an expression of achievement and believes there are no winners or losers. That is epitomized by Finny's breaking of the school swimming record, which he does not feel the need to publicise, and Blitzball, a game that Finny spontaneously invents that has no winners or losers, which Finny excels at as it requires pure athleticism rather than focusing on defeat of opponents.


title: A Separate Peace

text: The Summer Session at Devon School is defined by freedom, lack of rules and little academic study. This symbolises innocence and youth, which is "lost" when Finny falls from the tree, giving lead to the Winter Session. The Winter Session is defined as the polar opposite of the Summer Session: tight rules, rigorous study, little freedom and a cold and unforgiving atmosphere. The Sessions represent the shift from carefree youth to adulthood and maturity, which occurs throughout the novel.


title: A Separate Peace

text: Finny's fall from the tree marks the climax of the novel. It is both a literal and a symbolic fall. The literal fall has a knock-on effect of no sports for Finny, which leads to a loss of independence and identity. The symbolic fall represents a fall from innocence and from youth, and the beginning of the end of Finny and Gene's friendship. The fall can be interpreted as having biblical allusions; like Adam and Eve, Finny and Gene existed in a carefree, idyllic setting, epitomized by innocence (like Eden), which is tainted by a force of darkness (the snake or Gene's growing resentment) and then is shattered by a fall from innocence (the fall from the tree).


title: A Separate Peace

text: Various parties have asserted that the novel implies homoeroticism between Gene and Finny, including those who endorse a queer reading of the novel and those who condemn homosexuality as immoral. For example, the book was challenged in the Vernon-Verona-Sherill, NY School District (1980) as a "filthy, trashy sex novel" despite having no substantial female characters and describing no sexual activity.


title: A Separate Peace

text: Though frequently taught in US high schools, curricula related to "A Separate Peace" typically ignore a possible homoerotic reading in favor of engaging with the book as a historical novel or coming-of-age story. Knowles denied any such intentions, stating in a 1987 newspaper interview:Freud said any strong relationship between two men contains a homoerotic element... If so, in this case, both characters are totally unaware of it. It would have changed everything, it wouldn't have been the same story. In that time and place, my characters would have behaved totally differently... If there had been homoeroticism between Phineas and Gene, I would have put it in the book, I assure you. It simply wasn't there.


title: A Separate Peace

text: The novel has been adapted into two films of the same name. The first, starring Parker Stevenson as Gene and John Heyl as Finny, with a screenplay by Fred Segal and John Knowles, was released in 1972. The second, directed by Peter Yates, with a screenplay by Wendy Kesselman, was released in 2004.


title: Odisha Legislative Assembly

text: The Odisha Legislative Assembly is the unicameral state legislature of Odisha state in India. The seat of the Legislative Assembly is at Bhubaneswar, the capital of the state. The Legislative Assembly comprises 147 Members of Legislative Assembly. Out of total 147 Assembly Constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly, 33 seats are reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST) and 24 seats for the Scheduled Castes (SC). It was announced by Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik that the Sachivalaya or the Secretariat building in Bhubaneswar will be called "Lok Seva Bhavan".


title: Almost Human (TV series)

text: Almost Human is an American science fiction/crime drama that aired from November 17, 2013, through March 3, 2014, on Fox. The series was created by J. H. Wyman for Frequency Films, Bad Robot Productions and Warner Bros. Television. Wyman, Bryan Burk and J. J. Abrams are executive producers. After one season, Fox cancelled the series on April 29, 2014.


title: Almost Human (TV series)

text: In 2048, the uncontrollable evolution of science and technology has caused crime rates to rise an astounding 400%. To combat this, the overwhelmed police force has implemented a new policy: every human police officer is paired with a lifelike combat-model android.


title: Almost Human (TV series)

text: John Kennex (Karl Urban), a troubled detective, has a reason to hate these new robot partners. Almost two years previously, Kennex and his squad were raiding the hideout of a violent gang known as InSyndicate, but ended up being ambushed and outgunned. Kennex tried to save his badly injured partner, but the accompanying logic-based android officer abandoned them both because the wounded man's chances of survival were low and it wouldn't have been "logical" to save him. An explosion then took off Kennex's leg and killed his partner.


title: Almost Human (TV series)

text: After waking up from a 17-month coma, Kennex has to deal with a cybernetic prosthetic leg and huge gaps in his memory, which he tries to recover through visits to a black market memory-recovery doctor called a Recollectionist, in the city slums. Besides trying to remember as much as he can about the raid and The Syndicate, he is also coming to terms with being abandoned by his ex-girlfriend Anna.


title: Almost Human (TV series)

text: Kennex is then recalled to the force by Captain Sandra Maldonado (Lili Taylor), and partnered with a standard-issue MX-43 android, which he soon throws from a moving vehicle, when it threatens to report his unusual behavior. He is assigned a replacement android, an older DRN model originally decommissioned for police work and about to be transferred to the Space Station. Created to be as close to human as possible, the DRN androids have trouble dealing with some of their own emotional responses, which was the reason they were replaced by the logic-based MX units. Kennex's unit, known as Dorian (Michael Ealy), immediately proves himself unique, with a clear dislike of being referred to as a "synthetic", and a dry, friendly, sarcasm-oriented wit. Key to the story arc is the growth and development of Kennex and Dorian's relationship.


title: Almost Human (TV series)

text: The series first appeared as part of Fox's development slate in September 2012. In January 2013, Fox green-lit production of a pilot episode. On May 8, 2013, the series was added to the network's 2013–14 schedule. On September 9, 2013, it was announced that executive producer and co-showrunner Naren Shankar, who joined the series after the production of the pilot, would depart the series due to creative differences, while creator J. H. Wyman would continue as sole showrunner.


title: Almost Human (TV series)

text: The series was originally scheduled to premiere on Monday, November 4, 2013. Fox announced a two-week delay and that the series would instead premiere with a special preview on Sunday, November 17 before moving to its regular time slot starting on Monday, November 18.


title: Almost Human (TV series)

text: The order of the episodes that aired on Fox differs from the order intended by J. H. Wyman, the series' showrunner. However, due to the (largely) self-contained nature of these episodes, this does not create significant discontinuity in the events of the series however the relationship between Detective Kennex and Dorian with increased closeness and trust over the arc of the original sequence of shows is uneven in the televised sequence of shows.


title: Almost Human (TV series)

text: The following list of episodes is in the order televised with each show's original order in parenthesis.


title: Almost Human (TV series)

text: Despite renewal consideration (and a loyal following) on April 29, Fox cancelled the series after only one season due to low ratings, high production costs and FOX's already full scheduling for fall, with Ealy acknowledging that the show required " numbers" in order to continue.


title: Almost Human (TV series)

text: Kevin McFarland reviewing for "The A.V. Club" gave the pilot episode a C+ grade, criticizing the information-heavy introduction and title card, but noting "flashes of excitement" and expressing interest in how the plot gets teased out and how the detective partnership develops.


title: Southern Democrats

text: Southern Democrats, historically sometimes known colloquially as Dixiecrats, are members of the U.S. Democratic Party who reside in the Southern United States. Southern Democrats were generally much more conservative than Northern Democrats with most of them voting against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by holding the longest filibuster in the American Senate history while Democrats in non-Southern states supported the Civil Rights Act of 1964. After 1994 the Republicans typically won most elections in the South.


title: Southern Democrats

text: In the 19th century, Southern Democrats were people in the South who believed in Jacksonian democracy. In the 19th century, they defended slavery in the United States, and promoted its expansion into the West against northern Free Soil opposition. The United States presidential election of 1860 formalized the split in the Democratic Party and brought about the American Civil War. Stephen Douglas was the candidate for the Northern Democratic Party, and John C. Breckinridge represented the Southern Democratic Party. Abraham Lincoln, who opposed slavery, was the Republican Party candidate. After Reconstruction ended in the late 1870s so-called redeemers controlled all the Southern states and disenfranchised Blacks. The "Solid South" gave nearly all its electoral votes to the Democrats in presidential elections. Republicans seldom were elected to office outside some Appalachian mountain districts and a few heavily German-American counties of Texas.


title: Southern Democrats

text: The monopoly that the Democratic Party held over most of the South first showed major signs of breaking apart in 1948, when many White Southern Democrats, upset by the policies of desegregation enacted during the administration of Democratic President Harry Truman, created the States Rights Democratic Party. This new party, commonly referred to as the "Dixiecrats", nominated South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond for president. The Dixiecrats won most of the deep South, where Truman was not on the ballot. The new party collapsed after the election, while Thurmond became a Republican in the 1960s.


title: Southern Democrats

text: President Lyndon B. Johnson, although a southern Democrat himself, signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. This led to heavy opposition from Southern Democrats. However, the Democratic Party had a supermajority in the Senate with 46 of their members joining the Republican Party by voting for, while 21, all conservative Democrats voted against. Subsequent to the passage of civil rights legislation, many White southerners switched to the Republican Party at the national level. Many scholars have said that Southern whites shifted to the Republican Party due to racial conservatism. Many continued to vote for Democrats at the state and local levels, especially before the Republican Revolution of 1994.


title: Southern Democrats

text: Between 2000 and 2010, Republicans/conservatives gained a solid advantage over the Democratic Party in most Southern states. In 2016, Republican candidate Donald Trump won a majority of the vote in Elliott County, Kentucky, the first time that it voted for a Republican presidential candidate. In 2020, Democrat Joe Biden narrowly won Georgia, the first time since 1992 that Georgia voted for a Democratic presidential candidate, though Republicans won down ballot in Georgia. Noted modern-day Southern Democrats include Kentucky governor Andy Beshear, Louisiana governor John Bel Edwards, North Carolina governor Roy Cooper, Virginia's U.S. Senators Mark Warner and Tim Kaine, Georgia's U.S. Senators Raphael Warnock and Jon Ossoff, and West Virginia's U.S. Senator Joe Manchin.


title: Southern Democrats

text: The title of "Democrat" has its beginnings in the South, going back to the founding of the Democratic-Republican Party in 1793 by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. It held to small government principles and distrusted the national government. Foreign policy was a major issue. After being the dominant party in U.S. politics from 1801 to 1829, the Democratic-Republicans split into two factions by 1828: the federalist National Republicans, and the Democrats. The Democrats and Whigs were evenly balanced in the 1830s and 1840s. However, by the 1850s, the Whigs disintegrated. Other opposition parties emerged but the Democrats were dominant. Northern Democrats were in serious opposition to Southern Democrats on the issue of slavery; Northern Democrats, led by Stephen Douglas, believed in Popular Sovereignty—letting the people of the territories vote on slavery. The Southern Democrats (known as "Dixiecrats"), reflecting the views of the late John C. Calhoun, insisted slavery was national.


title: Southern Democrats

text: The Democrats controlled the national government from 1853 until 1861, and Presidents Pierce and Buchanan were friendly to Southern interests. In the North, the newly formed anti-slavery Republican Party came to power and dominated the electoral college. In the 1860 presidential election, the Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln, but the divide among Democrats led to the nomination of two candidates: John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky represented Southern Democrats, and Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois represented Northern Democrats. Nevertheless, the Republicans had a majority of the electoral vote regardless of how the opposition split or joined and Abraham Lincoln was elected.


title: Southern Democrats

text: After the election of Abraham Lincoln, Southern Democrats led the charge to secede from the Union and establish the Confederate States. The United States Congress was dominated by Republicans, save for Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, the only senator from a state in rebellion to reject secession. The Border States of Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri were torn by political turmoil. Kentucky and Missouri were both governed by pro-secessionist Southern Democratic Governors who vehemently rejected Lincoln's call for 75,000 troops. Kentucky and Missouri both held secession conventions, but neither officially declared secession. Southern Democrats in Maryland faced a Unionist Governor Thomas Holliday Hicks and the Union Army. Armed with the suspension of "habeas corpus" and Union troops, Governor Hicks was able to stop Maryland's secession movement. Maryland was the only state south of the Mason–Dixon line whose governor affirmed Lincoln's call for 75,000 troops.


title: Southern Democrats

text: After secession, the Democratic vote in the North split between the War Democrats and the Peace Democrats or "Copperheads". The War Democrats voted for Lincoln in the 1864 election, and Lincoln had a War Democrat — Andrew Johnson — on his ticket. In the South, during Reconstruction the white Republican element, called "Scalawags" became smaller and smaller as more and more joined the Democrats. In the North, most War Democrats returned to the Democrats, and when the "Panic of 1873" hit, the GOP was blamed and the Democrats gained control of the House of Representatives in 1875. The Democrats emphasized that since Jefferson and Jackson they had been the party of states rights, which added to their appeal in the white South.


title: Southern Democrats

text: At the beginning of the 20th century the Democrats, led by the dominant Southern wing, had a strong representation in Congress. They won both houses in 1912 and elected Woodrow Wilson, a New Jersey academic with deep Southern roots and a strong base among the Southern middle class. The GOP regained Congress in 1919.


title: Southern Democrats

text: From 1921 until 1931, the Democrats, despite universal dominance in most of the South, were relegated to second place status in national politics, controlling no branch of the federal government. In 1928 several Southern states dallied with voting Republican in supporting Herbert Hoover over Al Smith, but the behavior was short lived as the Stock Market Crash of 1929 returned Republicans to disfavor throughout the South. Nationally, Republicans lost Congress in January 1931 and the White House in March 1933 by huge margins. By this time, too, the Democratic Party leadership began to change its tone somewhat on racial politics. With the Great Depression gripping the nation, and with the lives of most Americans disrupted, the assisting of African-Americans in American society was seen as necessary by the new government.


title: Southern Democrats

text: During the 1930s, as the New Deal began to move Democrats as a whole to the left in economic policy, Southern Democrats were mostly supportive, although by the late 1930s there was a growing conservative faction. Both factions supported Roosevelt's foreign policies. By 1948 the protection of segregation led Democrats in the Deep South to reject Truman and run a third party ticket of Dixiecrats in the 1948 election. After 1964, Southern Democrats lost major battles during the Civil Rights Movement. Federal laws ended segregation and restrictions on black voters.


title: Southern Democrats

text: During the Civil Rights Movement, Democrats in the South initially still voted loyally with their party. After the signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the old argument that all whites had to stick together to prevent civil rights legislation lost its force because the legislation had now been passed. More and more whites began to vote Republican, especially in the suburbs and growing cities. Newcomers from the North were mostly Republican; they were now joined by conservatives and wealthy Southern whites, while liberal whites and poor whites, especially in rural areas, remained with the Democratic Party.


title: Southern Democrats

text: The New Deal program of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) generally united the party factions for over three decades, since Southerners, like Northern urban populations, were hit particularly hard and generally benefited from the massive governmental relief program. FDR was adept at holding white Southerners in the coalition while simultaneously beginning the erosion of Black voters away from their then-characteristic Republican preferences. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s catalyzed the end of this Democratic Party coalition of interests by magnetizing Black voters to the Democratic label and simultaneously ending White control of the Democratic Party apparatus. A series of court decisions, rendering primary elections as public instead of private events administered by the parties, essentially freed the Southern region to change more toward the two-party behavior of most of the rest of the nation.


title: Southern Democrats

text: In the presidential elections of 1952 and 1956 Republican nominee Dwight D. Eisenhower, a popular World War II general, won several Southern states, thus breaking some white Southerners away from their Democratic Party pattern. The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a significant event in converting the Deep South to the Republican Party; in that year most Senatorial Republicans supported the Act (most of the opposition came from Southern Democrats). From the end of the Civil War to 1961 Democrats had solid control over the southern states on the national level, hence the term "Solid South" to describe the states' Democratic preference. After the passage of this Act, however, their willingness to support Republicans on a national level increased demonstrably. In 1964, Republican presidential nominee Goldwater, who had voted against the Civil Rights Act, won many of the "Solid South" states over Democratic presidential nominee Lyndon B. Johnson, himself a Texan, and with many this Republican support continued and seeped down the ballot to congressional, state, and ultimately local levels. A further significant item of legislation was the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which targeted for preclearance by the U.S. Department of Justice any election-law change in areas where African-American voting participation was lower than the norm (most but not all of these areas were in the South); the effect of the Voting Rights Act on southern elections was profound, including the by-product that some White Southerners perceived it as meddling while Black voters universally appreciated it. Nixon aid Kevin Phillips told the New York Times in 1970 that "Negrophobe" whites would quit the Democrats if Republicans enforced the Voting Rights Act and blacks registered as Democrats. The trend toward acceptance of Republican identification among Southern White voters was bolstered in the next two elections by Richard Nixon.


title: Southern Democrats

text: Denouncing the forced busing policy that was used to enforce school desegregation, Richard Nixon courted populist conservative Southern whites with what is called the Southern Strategy, though his speechwriter Jeffrey Hart claimed that his campaign rhetoric was actually a "Border State Strategy" and accused the press of being "very lazy" when they called it a "Southern Strategy". In the 1971 "Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education" ruling, the power of the federal government to enforce forced busing was strengthened when the Supreme Court ruled that the federal courts had the discretion to include busing as a desegregation tool to achieve racial balance. Some southern Democrats became Republicans at the national level, while remaining with their old party in state and local politics throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Several prominent conservative Democrats switched parties to become Republicans, including Strom Thurmond, John Connally and Mills E. Godwin Jr. In the 1974 Milliken v. Bradley decision, however, the ability to use forced busing as a political tactic was greatly diminished when the U.S. Supreme Court placed an important limitation on Swann and ruled that students could only be bused across district lines if evidence of de jure segregation across multiple school districts existed.


title: Southern Democrats

text: In 1976, former Georgia governor Jimmy Carter won every Southern state except Oklahoma and Virginia in his successful presidential campaign as a Democrat. In 1980 Republican presidential nominee Ronald Reagan won every southern state except for Georgia, although Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee were all decided by less than 3%.


title: Southern Democrats

text: In 1980, Republican presidential nominee Ronald Reagan announced that he supported states' rights. Lee Atwater, who served as Reagan's chief strategist in the Southern states, claimed that by 1968, a vast majority of southern whites had learned to accept that racial slurs like "nigger" were offensive and that mentioning "states rights" and reasons for its justification had now become the best way to appeal to southern white voters. Following Reagan's success at the national level, the Republican Party moved sharply to the right, with the shrinkage of the liberal Rockefeller Republican element that had emphasized their support for civil rights.


title: Southern Democrats

text: Economic and cultural conservatism (especially regarding abortion and school prayer) became more important in the South, with its large religious right element, such as Southern Baptists. The South gradually became fertile ground for the Republican Party. Following the Civil Rights movement, the large black vote in the South held steady more or less but favored overwhelmingly the Democratic Party. Even as the Southern Democratic party came to increasingly depend on the support of African-American voters, well-established white Democratic incumbents still held sway in most Southern states. Starting in 1964, although the Southern states split their support between parties in most presidential elections, conservative Democrats controlled nearly every Southern state legislature until the mid-1990s. Not until 2011 did the Republicans capture a majority of Southern state legislatures, and have continued to hold power over Southern politics for the most part since. On the eve of the Republican Revolution in 1994, Democrats still held a 2:1 advantage over the Republicans in southern congressional seats.


title: Southern Democrats

text: Republicans first dominated presidential elections in the South, then controlled Southern gubernatorial and Congressional elections, then took control of elections to several state legislatures, and came to be competitive in or even to control local offices in the South. Southern Democrats of today who vote for the Democratic ticket are mostly urban liberals. Rural residents tend to vote for the Republican ticket, although there are sizable numbers of Conservative Democrats who cross party lines and vote Republican in national elections.


title: Southern Democrats

text: Dr. Ralph Northam, a Democrat and the governor of Virginia (2018–22) has admitted that he voted for George W. Bush in the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections. Despite this admission, Northam, a former state Senator who has served as Lieutenant Governor of Virginia from 2014 to 2018, easily defeated the more progressive candidate, former Representative Tom Perriello, by 55.9 percent to 44.1 percent to win the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in 2017.


title: Southern Democrats

text: Many of the Representatives, Senators, and voters who were referred to as Reagan Democrats in the 1980s were conservative Southern Democrats. One exception has been Arkansas, whose state legislature has continued to be majority Democrat (having, however, given its electoral votes to the Republicans in the past three presidential elections, except in 1992 and 1996 when "favorite son" Bill Clinton was the candidate and won each time) until 2012, when Arkansas voters selected a 21–14 Republican majority in the Arkansas Senate.


title: Southern Democrats

text: Another exception is North Carolina. Despite the fact that the state has voted for Republicans in every presidential election from 1980 until 2004 the governorship (until 2012), legislature (until 2010), as well as most statewide offices, it remains in Democratic control. The North Carolina congressional delegation was heavily Democratic until January 2013 when the Republicans had occasion, after the 2010 United States census, to adopt a redistricting plan of their choosing. The incumbent governor is Roy Cooper, a Democrat.


title: Southern Democrats

text: In 1992, Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton was elected president. Unlike Carter, however, Clinton was only able to win the southern states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Kentucky, Tennessee and Georgia. While running for president, Clinton promised to "end welfare as we have come to know it" while in office. In 1996, Clinton would fulfill his campaign promise and the longtime Republican goal of major welfare reform came into fruition. After two welfare reform bills sponsored by the Republican-controlled Congress were successfully vetoed by the President, a compromise was eventually reached and the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act was signed into law on August 22, 1996.


title: Southern Democrats

text: During the Clinton administration, the southern strategy shifted towards the so-called "culture war," which saw major political battles between the Religious Right and the secular Left. Southern Democrats still did and do see much support on the local level, however, and many of them are not as progressive as the Democratic party as a whole. Southern general elections in which the Democrat is to the right of the Republican are still not entirely unheard of.


title: Southern Democrats

text: Chapman notes a split vote among many conservative Southern Democrats in the 1970s and 1980s who supported local and statewide conservative Democrats while simultaneously voting for Republican presidential candidates. This tendency of many Southern whites to vote for the Republican presidential candidate but Democrats from other offices lasted until the 2010 midterm elections. In the November 2008 elections, Democrats won 3 out of 4 U.S. House seats from Mississippi, 3 out of 4 in Arkansas, 5 out of 9 in Tennessee, and achieved near parity in the Georgia and Alabama delegations. However, nearly all white Democratic representatives in the South lost reelection in 2010. That year, Democrats won only one U.S House seat each in Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Arkansas, and two out of nine House seats in Tennessee, and they lost their one Arkansas seat in 2012. Following the November 2010 elections, John Barrow of Georgia was left as the only one white Democratic U.S. House member in the Deep South, and he lost reelection in 2014. There would not be another until Joe Cunningham was elected to a South Carolina district in 2018. Democrats lost control of the North Carolina and Alabama legislatures in 2010, the Louisiana and Mississippi legislatures in 2011 and the Arkansas legislature in 2012. Additionally, in 2014, Democrats lost four U.S. Senate seats in the South (in West Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Louisiana) that they had previously held. Presently, most of the U.S. House or state legislative seats held by Democrats in the South are based in majority-minority or urban districts.


title: Southern Democrats

text: However, even since January 2011, Democrats have not been completely shut out of power in the South. Democrat John Bel Edwards was elected governor of Louisiana in 2015, running as an anti-abortion, pro-gun conservative. In 2017, moderate Democrat Doug Jones was elected senator from Alabama in a special election, breaking the Democratic losing streak in Alabama. 2019 saw some additional successes for Southern Democrats, as they won control of both houses of the Virginia Legislature, Andy Beshear was elected governor of Kentucky, narrowly defeating Republican incumbent Matt Bevin, and Edwards won reelection in Louisiana.


title: Southern Democrats

text: In 2009, Southern Democrats controlled both branches of the Alabama General Assembly, the Arkansas General Assembly, the Delaware General Assembly, the Louisiana State Legislature, the Maryland General Assembly, the Mississippi Legislature, the North Carolina General Assembly, and the West Virginia Legislature, along with the Council of the District of Columbia, the Kentucky House of Representatives, and the Virginia Senate. In 2017, Southern Democrats still controlled both branches of the Delaware General Assembly and the Maryland General Assembly, along with the Council of the District of Columbia. However, they had lost control of the state legislatures in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and West Virginia.


title: Southern Democrats

text: Due to growing urbanization and changing demographics in many Southern states, more liberal Democrats have found success in the South. In the 2018 elections, Democrats nearly succeeded in taking governor's seats in Georgia and Florida, won 12 national House seats in the South and performed well in Senate races in Texas and Florida: the trend continued in the 2019 elections, where Democrats took both houses of the Virginia General Assembly, and in 2020 where Joe Biden (a former Senator from Delaware, classified as a Southern state by the Census Bureau) narrowly won Georgia with Republicans winning down ballot, along with Raphael Warnock and Jon Ossoff narrowly winning both Senate seats in that state just two months later. However, Democrats would lose by wider margins, the governor races in Florida and Georgia in 2022.


title: Southern Democrats

text: At various times, registered Democrats from the South broke with the national party to nominate their own presidential and vice presidential candidates, generally in opposition to civil rights measures supported by the national nominees. There was at least one Southern Democratic effort in every presidential election from 1944 until 1968, besides 1952. On some occasions, such as in 1948 with Strom Thurmond, these candidates have been listed on the ballot in some states as the nominee of the Democratic Party. George Wallace of Alabama was in presidential politics as a conservative Democrat except 1968, when he left the party and ran as an independent. Running as the nominees of the American Independent Party, the Wallace ticket won 5 states. Its best result was in Alabama, where it received 65.9% of the vote. Wallace was the official Democratic nominee in Alabama and Hubert Humphrey was listed as the "National Democratic" candidate.


title: Southern Democrats

text: South of the Mason–Dixon line Carter won just 34 electoral votes – his own Georgia, plus Delaware, Maryland, and District of Columbia.


title: Audrey Landers

text: Audrey Landers (born Audrey Hamburg; July 18, 1956) is an American actress and singer, best known for her role as Afton Cooper on the television series "Dallas" and her role as Val Clarke in the film version of "A Chorus Line" (1985).


title: Audrey Landers

text: Landers was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Landers began her acting career at the age of 9, when she starred in her first community theater musical, and continued acting and singing in community theater shows in New York State. In January 1970, she performed in "Oh Dad, Poor Dad..." at Elmwood Playhouse in Nyack, NY. Landers was first noticed with a country song that she wrote and performed at the age of twelve, which led to a Nashville recording contract with Epic Records, a performance on "The Merv Griffin Show", and a year-long role on the daytime drama, "The Secret Storm".


title: Audrey Landers

text: During her teen years, she acted on the daytime drama "Somerset" and studied music at the Juilliard School in New York City, while majoring in psychology at Columbia University. Her feature film debut came in "The Tennessee Stallion" (1978) with her sister, Judy.


title: Audrey Landers

text: Landers moved to Los Angeles and on her 24th birthday, landed the role of Afton Cooper on "Dallas", which she held for 78 episodes from 1981–84, and a further six episodes in 1989, for a total of 84 episodes. She also appeared in the television movie "" (1996). In the series, her character was a nightclub singer, performing all the songs that Audrey composed. Landers had already recorded two singles in the 1970s, but during her stint on "Dallas", she recorded her first album, "Little River" (1983). She has since released over a dozen albums, mainly for European record companies, having written most of her hits.


title: Audrey Landers

text: After she left "Dallas" in 1984, she was cast by director Richard Attenborough as Val Clarke in the film version of "A Chorus Line" (1985). In 2013, she reprised her role of Afton Cooper in several episodes of the second season of the revival of "Dallas".


title: Audrey Landers

text: Before joining "Dallas", she guest-starred in a numerous television series, including "The Dukes of Hazzard", "Fantasy Island", "The Love Boat" and "Battlestar Galactica" and appeared as a panelist on "Match Game" in 1979 and on "Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour" in 1983-84. In the 1990s, she appeared in the television miniseries of Jackie Collins' "Lucky Chances". From 1990–92, she played the role of Charlotte Hesser, eldest daughter of upstate Pennsylvania mob boss Carlo Hesser on the ABC daytime series "One Life to Live". She was also a frequent guest on the 1980s iterations of Pyramid, including leading a contestant to a $100,000 win in 1986.


title: Audrey Landers

text: With her young sons as inspiration, Landers created the children's television series, "The Huggabug Club" in 1996, for which, in addition to writing the scripts, she also wrote the 250+ original songs in the series. Her partner (and mother), Ruth Landers, produced the series and donated it to Public Television for its 5-year run. In 2006, she co-wrote, and co-directed the family adventure film, "Circus Island", a Ruth Landers production. Landers and her mother have also created a fashion line called Landers STAR Collection which is gaining global popularity through QVC UK, and in Italy, Canada, Germany, and the U.S.


title: Audrey Landers

text: Landers has directed many music videos, as well as the feature film, Circus Island. She continues to perform her music in concerts and variety specials around the world. (Broadwayworld.com)


title: Audrey Landers

text: Audrey is sister of actress Judy Landers, and has acted with her in several roles, including multiple episodes of "The Love Boat" as well as "Circus Island" and "Ghost Writer", films produced by Ruth Landers. Audrey and Judy Landers were on the cover and in a non-nude pictorial of the January 1983 issue of "Playboy".


title: Audrey Landers

text: Landers married businessman Donald Berkowitz in May 1988. They have two children, twins Adam and Daniel, born in 1993.


title: Kaliko Kauahi

text: Kaliko Kauahi (born January 11, 1974) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Sandra in the NBC comedy television series "Superstore". Additionally, she played the recurring role of Principal Kwan in the Disney Channel series "Raven's Home" (2018–2019) and has appeared on television programs such as "Parks and Recreation".


title: Kaliko Kauahi

text: Kauahi was born and raised in Lawai Valley on Kaua'i, Hawai'i's south side. She was a boarding student at Kamehameha Schools in Honolulu. She attended Loyola Marymount University, studying communications and recording arts.


title: Kaliko Kauahi

text: She began pursuing her acting career in her late 20s. She began with roles in short films, and eventually acted in small parts on TV shows such as "Modern Family", "Parks and Recreation" (2013), "The Big Bang Theory" (2014), and "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" (2015). In 2015, she was cast in the recurring role of Sandra on Superstore and on May 22, 2019, NBC announced she had been promoted to a series regular for season 5; she remained a series regular in the show’s sixth and final season.


title: Jason Jordan

text: Nathan Everhart (born September 28, 1988) is an American professional wrestler better known by the ring name Jason Jordan. He is currently signed to WWE, where he works as a producer. He has not wrestled since suffering a neck injury in January 2018.


title: Jason Jordan

text: Jordan signed a contract with WWE in 2011 and was sent to its developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), before debuting in NXT the following year. In 2015, he formed the tag team American Alpha with Chad Gable, with the duo capturing the NXT Tag Team Championship before being drafted to SmackDown brand and winning the SmackDown Tag Team Championship. In 2017, American Alpha disbanded when Jordan debuted on the Raw brand as the son of Kurt Angle and subsequently formed a short-lived tag team with Seth Rollins, with whom he won the Raw Tag Team Championship in December 2017. He is the first of eight men to win the Raw, SmackDown, and NXT Tag Team Championships. He also held the FCW Tag Team Championship once with CJ Parker.


title: Jason Jordan

text: Nathan Everhart was born in Tinley Park, Illinois, on September 28, 1988. He has three brothers, two of whom would later be imprisoned for undisclosed crimesone of them for life. He has said that he began amateur wrestling at the age of seven because he mistakenly believed it to be the same as professional wrestling. While at Victor J. Andrew High School, he competed in wrestling, football, and baseball. He attended Indiana University and competed for them in the Big Ten Conference, becoming a three-time national qualifier for NCAA at the Division I level.


title: Jason Jordan

text: While wrestling at Indiana University, Everhart was ranked in the top 15 in the nation for three years in a row. In his senior year, he was undefeated in the regular season, going 35-0 and at one point was ranked as high as 2nd in the nation. During his fourth year of wrestling, he worked as a student coach at his university and helped two All-Americans at 197 lbs and a heavyweight. Everhart graduated with a bachelor's degree in biology with minors in chemistry, social science, and medicine. He put attending dental school on hold to pursue his dream of being a professional wrestler. Due to his accolades at Indiana University, he had his face painted onto the wall of the campus gym in 2010.


title: Jason Jordan

text: Everhart was scouted from college by WWE's road agent, Gerald Brisco. He was recruited to participate in a WWE tryout in 2010 and was subsequently offered a WWE contract, but he held off from signing it until finishing his college degree. In July 2011, he signed a developmental contract with WWE and was sent to the developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), where he took the ring name, Jason Jordan. His first professional wrestling match was at an FCW live event on September 30, where he teamed with Abraham Washington in a losing effort against Big E Langston and Calvin Raines. He made his televised debut on the November 13 episode of "FCW TV", teaming with Colin Cassady and Mike Dalton in a losing effort against The Ascension. Jordan continued to make sporadic appearances in FCW until the brand was replaced by NXT in 2012. Prior to this, he won the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship with CJ Parker at a live event on July 13, making him one half of the penultimate title-holders before the championship was deactivated.


title: Jason Jordan

text: On the June 27, 2012 episode of "NXT", Jordan made his NXT debut, losing to Jinder Mahal. He continued to make further occasional appearances throughout 2012 and 2013. In April 2014, Jordan formed a tag team with Tye Dillinger, but the two found little success and split up in February 2015.


title: Jason Jordan

text: In May 2015, Jordan began a storyline with Chad Gable in which Gable attempted to convince Jordan to form a new partnership, but Jordan would turn down his offer on two different occasions, while at the same time he competed in tag team action in losing efforts, such as losing to The Vaudevillains alongside Marcus Louis and losing to Enzo and Cass alongside Sylvester Lefort. On the July 15 episode of "NXT", after nearly three months of coaxing, Jordan finally agreed to a match with Gable as his tag team partner, where they defeated Elias Samson and Steve Cutler. On the September 2 episode of "NXT", Jordan and Gable competed in the first round of the Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic tournament, defeating Neville and Solomon Crowe. On September 26 at a live event, they defeated The Hype Bros in the second round before falling to Baron Corbin and Rhyno in the semi-finals at . Originally villains, Jordan and Gable turned into fan favorites during this match by showing fighting spirit and resiliency against Corbin and Rhyno. In the following weeks on "NXT", Jordan and Gable defeated former NXT Tag Team Champions, The Ascension on the November 18 episode of "NXT", and The Vaudevillains on the December 2 episode of "NXT".


title: Jason Jordan

text: On the January 27, 2016 episode of "NXT", Jordan and Gable began using the name American Alpha and defeated Blake and Murphy. On the March 16 episode of "NXT", American Alpha defeated The Vaudevillains to become the number one contenders for the NXT Tag Team Championship. At , American Alpha defeated The Revival to win the NXT Tag Team Championship. At the on June 8, they lost the tag team titles back to The Revival, ending their reign at 68 days. After the match, they were attacked by the debuting The Authors of Pain. On the July 20 episode of "NXT", American Alpha made their final NXT appearance, losing to The Authors of Pain.


title: Jason Jordan

text: On July 19, Jordan and Gable were drafted to SmackDown brand as part of 2016 WWE draft. On the August 2 episode of "SmackDown Live", American Alpha made their debut, defeating The Vaudevillains. At the SummerSlam pre-show, American Alpha teamed with The Hype Bros and The Usos to defeat Breezango, The Ascension, and The Vaudevillains in a 12-man tag team match. Starting on the August 23 episode of "SmackDown Live", American Alpha would compete in a tag team tournament for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship, defeating Breezango in the first round to advance to the semi-finals where they faced The Usos. On the September 6 episode of "SmackDown Live", despite defeating The Usos, Gable's knee was kayfabe injured during a post-match assault when The Usos attacked them, rendering American Alpha unable to compete at the final. On the November 1 episode of "SmackDown Live", American Alpha defeated Spirit Squad to become part of Team SmackDown in the 10–on–10 traditional Survivor Series tag team elimination match. At Survivor Series, American Alpha would be eliminated in the match by Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson, where Team SmackDown would be defeated by Team Raw.


title: Jason Jordan

text: On the December 27 episode of "SmackDown Live", American Alpha defeated The Wyatt Family to capture the SmackDown Tag Team Championship in a four-corner elimination match, also featuring The Usos, and Heath Slater and Rhyno. At Elimination Chamber on February 12, 2017, American Alpha would successfully defend their titles in a tag team turmoil match. On the March 21 episode of "SmackDown Live", American Alpha lost the SmackDown Tag Team Championship to The Usos, ending their reign at 84 days. Jordan made his WrestleMania debut at WrestleMania 33, participated in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, which was won by Mojo Rawley. American Alpha then seemed to quietly split up, as Gable began wrestling by himself, including getting a championship match with Kevin Owens on the June 20 episode of "SmackDown Live".


title: Jason Jordan

text: On the July 17 episode of "Raw", Jordan was revealed to be the kayfabe son of "Raw" General Manager Kurt Angle, following Angle coming clean after a series of mystery text messages were sent to his work phone and to Corey Graves from the announce team. After that, Jordan was moved to "Raw", thus disbanding American Alpha. The following week on "Raw", in his first match for the brand, Jordan would defeat Curt Hawkins. In August, Jordan started a feud with Intercontinental Champion The Miz, after he insulted Jordan on his talk-show segment "Miz TV". On the August 14 episode of "Raw", Jordan faced Miz for the Intercontinental Championship, but won by disqualification The Miztourage (Bo Dallas and Curtis Axel) interfered on Miz's behalf, which meant that Miz retained the title as it can not change hands by disqualification. Jordan would be saved from an attack from the trio after The Hardy Boyz arrived and assisted Jordan. This would lead to a six-man tag team match at SummerSlam, where Jordan and The Hardy Boyz were defeated by The Miz and The Miztourage. On the September 18 episode of "Raw", Jordan would win a Six-Pack Challenge match to become number one contender for the Intercontinental Championship against The Miz. At No Mercy on September 24, Jordan was unsuccessful in capturing the title following outside interference from The Miztourage.


title: Jason Jordan

text: Jordan was then placed in a feud with Elias, after Jordan would interrupt Elias during his songs by throwing vegetables at him. This would lead to a match between the two at , where Jordan defeated Elias. On the November 6 episode of "Raw", Jordan defeated Elias in a Guitar-on-a-Pole match, thus ending their feud. Jordan was named the fifth member of team Raw at Survivor Series. On the November 13 episode of "Raw", Jordan injured his leg at the hands of Bray Wyatt. Due to his leg injury, he was out of the Survivor Series match and was replaced by the returning Triple H, who gave Jordan a pedigree. In December, Jordan would start to wrestle along with Seth Rollins, replacing Rollins' injured tag team partner Dean Ambrose. On the December 25 episode of "Raw", Jordan and Rollins defeated Cesaro and Sheamus to capture the Raw Tag Team Championship. With the win, Jordan became the first person in WWE to hold the Raw, SmackDown and NXT Tag Team Championships. However, at Royal Rumble on January 28, 2018, they lost the titles back to Cesaro and Sheamus, ending their reign at 34 days. This turned out to be his final WWE televised match.


title: Jason Jordan

text: On the February 5 episode of "Raw", Jordan told Rollins that he won't compete in the tag team match, before Rollins' long-time teammate Roman Reigns teamed up with Rollins instead. Later that night, Jordan cost Rollins and Reigns a match for the Raw Tag Team Championship, before Kurt Angle sent him home. This was done to write Jordan off television. On the next day, WWE reported that Jordan underwent successful surgery to repair a neck injury. After that surgery, it was reported that he would be out of action for over a year. According to Jon Robinson, author of the book "Creating The Mania: An Inside Look at how WrestleMania Comes to Life", the storyline with Kurt Angle would conclude at WrestleMania 34 in a match between them, and during an interview with Kurt Angle the following year, Angle revealed that his WrestleMania 35 opponent Baron Corbin got Jordan's spot due to Jordan's serious injury. Since his in-ring injury, Jordan has been working as a producer.


title: Jason Jordan

text: Jordan made his first television appearance in over two years on the May 29, 2020 episode of "SmackDown", walking alongside police officers who were arresting Jeff Hardy. In April 2021, Jordan was reportedly promoted to a new role of lead producer overseeing all other producers at TV tapings. On the December 9, 2022 episode of "SmackDown", Jordan made an appearance during the birthday celebration of his kayfabe father Kurt Angle.


title: Jason Jordan

text: Everhart married April Elizabeth on March 17, 2017. They reside in Orlando, Florida, and have a daughter named Ava Rose (born June 21, 2020).


title: Jason Jordan

text: He is good friends with his former tag team partner Chad Gable, whom he says is "like a brother" to him.


title: Jason Jordan

text: He was also good friends with Brodie Lee. After Lee's passing, Everhart shared that Brodie was the first person, besides himself and his wife, to hold his baby daughter.


title: Guy Pratt

text: Guy Adam Pratt (born 3 January 1962) is a British musician. He is best known for his prolific work as a session bass player, working with artists including Pink Floyd (also David Gilmour and Nick Mason), Roxy Music (also Bryan Ferry), Gary Moore, Madonna, Peter Cetera, Michael Jackson, the Smiths, Robert Palmer, Echo & the Bunnymen, Tears for Fears, Icehouse, Bananarama, Iggy Pop, Tom Jones, Debbie Harry, Whitesnake, Womack & Womack, Kirsty MacColl, Coverdale•Page, Lemon Jelly, the Orb, All Saints, Stephen Duffy, Robbie Robertson, and A. R. Rahman. In addition to his work as a session musician, Pratt has been a member of the Australian rock band Icehouse, and is currently a member of the band Nick Mason's Saucerful of Secrets with Gary Kemp of Spandau Ballet.


title: Guy Pratt

text: Pratt has also been an actor and worked on TV and film soundtracks, including "Dick Tracy" (1990), "Last Action Hero" (1993), "Hackers" (1995), "Still Crazy" (1998) and "Johnny English Reborn" (2011). In 2005 he debuted a one-man music and comedy show.


title: Guy Pratt

text: Guy Pratt was born on 3 January 1962, in a flat above a shop on the street The Cut, in Lambeth, South London, England, United Kingdom. His father, Mike Pratt, was an actor, songwriter and screenwriter but died when Guy was 14. Pratt worked for a while as a graphic designer, but then decided to concentrate on a music career. In the late 1970s, Pratt was in a band based in Southend-on-Sea called Speedball, which released a single on NO PAP1 Records called 'No Survivors'. In 1981, aged 19, Pratt was asked to tour with Icehouse. Two years later as a member of Icehouse he supported David Bowie on his Serious Moonlight Tour, which was Bowie's longest, largest, and most successful concert tour. A support slot at a 1984 David Gilmour solo concert led to a stint with Pink Floyd. He also spent some time in Los Angeles where he played with Madonna and Michael Jackson.


title: Guy Pratt

text: In 1986 the Smiths' bassist Andy Rourke was arrested on drug possession charges shortly before the band was scheduled to leave for its North American tour in support of "The Queen Is Dead". Expecting that Rourke would thus be denied work visas for the U.S. and Canada, the band's guitarist, Johnny Marr, asked Pratt to step in. He spent nearly two weeks with Rourke and the band, learning bass lines and rehearsing, but shortly before the band was to leave Britain Rourke received his visas, and there was no need for Pratt to go.


title: Guy Pratt

text: Pratt came to prominence when he was chosen to play bass for Pink Floyd's post-Roger Waters A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour in 1987–90, and The Division Bell Tour in 1994. He co-performed the lead vocals on "Run Like Hell", "Another Brick in the Wall, Part 2", "Us and Them" and "Comfortably Numb" with Gilmour during the live shows. He also played bass on several tracks on "The Division Bell". Tony Levin had performed all of the bass parts on "A Momentary Lapse of Reason"; Pratt replaced him on the later tour owing to Levin's unavailability. Pratt also toured as part of Gilmour's On an Island Tour backing band, alongside another Pink Floyd member (and his father-in-law), Richard Wright. He also later performed with Gilmour during his Rattle That Lock World Tour in 2015–16.


title: Guy Pratt

text: Besides working as a bass player, Pratt is a songwriter and composes music for TV and film. As a songwriter, Pratt co-wrote the UK number-one hit "Ain't No Doubt" by Jimmy Nail. He produced, co-wrote and played bass, guitar and keyboards on the music for the 1998 Channel 4 drama series "The Young Person's Guide to Becoming a Rock Star". With regular collaborator Dom Beken, he provided the theme music to "Spaced", where he also appeared as the character Minty. Pratt also acted in "Linda Green" and appeared in an episode of the remake of "Randall & Hopkirk", starring Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer. Pratt's father Mike had played the part of Jeff Randall in the original 1960s series. Pratt also played as a regular in the backing band for the BBC Radio 2 musical comedy show "Jammin'" with Rowland Rivron.


title: Guy Pratt

text: Pratt and Jimmy Cauty released a single "I Wanna 1-2-1 With You" as Solid Gold Chartbusters in 1999; Pratt and Cauty (a founder of the Orb) later teamed up with the other original member of the Orb, Alex Paterson, to form Transit Kings.


title: Guy Pratt

text: Pratt's one-man music and comedy show, "My Bass & Other Animals", debuted in August 2005 at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe; this led to his book of the same name, published in May 2007. Pratt spent 2011 performing stand-up in Switzerland, Australia, and at the Edinburgh Fringe, as well as on a South American tour playing bass guitar for Dominic Miller.


title: Guy Pratt

text: In April 2010, Pratt joined Argentine band The End Pink Floyd, with Durga McBroom and Jon Carin, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Pratt joined the Australian Pink Floyd Show on stage on 13 June 2011 for the Hampton Court Palace Festival for the song "Run Like Hell". He joined the UK Pink Floyd cover band Brit Floyd on stage on 9 November 2013 as a special guest during the Liverpool leg of their "Pulse" tour. He performed on the songs "One of These Days", "Comfortably Numb" and shared lead vocals with the band's lead singer Damian Darlington during the finale of "Run Like Hell".


title: Guy Pratt

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, he made a series of "Lockdown Licks" videos released on his YouTube channel, reminiscing about some of his best known work.


title: Guy Pratt

text: In 2018, Pratt and others formed a new band, Nick Mason's Saucerful of Secrets, to perform Pink Floyd's early psychedelic material. Along with Pratt, the band comprises Pink Floyd drummer Nick Mason, former Blockheads guitarist Lee Harris, vocalist and guitarist Gary Kemp of Spandau Ballet, and Pratt's collaborator keyboardist Dom Beken. The band toured Europe and North America in 2018 and 2019, with a third tour postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In September 2020, they released a live album and film, "Live at the Roundhouse."


title: Guy Pratt

text: Pratt's standard bass guitar arsenal includes a selection of various vintage Fender Precision and Jazz Basses, three Music Man StingRay 4-strings (black with rosewood fretboard and black pickguard, black with maple fretboard and white pickguard, natural with maple fretboard and black pickguard), a pair of headless Status 4 and 5-strings (fretless and fretted) and an amber Stuart Spector NS2.


title: Guy Pratt

text: During David Gilmour's On an Island Tour, he mainly used a 3-colour sunburst 1961 Fender Precision, a burgundy mist 1963 Fender Jazz named 'Betsy', a Status Vintage GP Signature and a Framus Triumph electric upright bass. On Gilmour's "Live in Gdańsk" DVD he is seen playing his Fender Jazz and Precision Basses as well as a Candy Apple Red Lakland Joe Osborn signature fretless Jazz Bass and a Rickenbacker 4001. On the studio jamming sessions included in the DVD, he played several Fender Jazz Basses, a Hofner Icon bass and a Ned Steinberger Design CR electric upright.


title: Guy Pratt

text: Pratt played his fretted 5-string and fretless 4-string Status headless basses, the amber Spector NS2, the burgundy mist "Betsy" 1963 Jazz Bass and two Precision Basses (a 2-colour sunburst 1958 and a "single-coil pickup" butterscotch blonde 1951) during the Pulse concerts in 1994.


title: Guy Pratt

text: Pratt was seen playing Aria SB series and fretless Steinberger L2/Xl headless basses during his stint in Icehouse.


title: Guy Pratt

text: Guy has used Rickenbacker 4001V63 and a "Sunburst" 4003 Rickenbacker bass, when playing earlier (Barrett era) Pink Floyd songs, when performing at Dave Gilmour solo projects and Nick Mason's "Saucerful of Secrets" band.


title: Guy Pratt

text: His amps are usually Ashdown ABM heads and Ashdown ABM 810 Cabinets, although when playing with Gilmour they are WEM-badged to match Gilmour's cabinets.


title: Guy Pratt

text: He has been nominated for two Ivor Novello Awards and was awarded an ARIA Award for his work with Icehouse.


title: Guy Pratt

text: Pratt married furniture designer Gala Wright, daughter of Pink Floyd keyboardist Richard Wright, in 1996 in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London. The couple have a son, but subsequently divorced.


title: Guy Pratt

text: In the same year Pratt was announced as the general election candidate for the Renew Party in Brighton Kemptown.


title: WW International

text: WW International, Inc., formerly Weight Watchers International, Inc., is a global company headquartered in the U.S. that offers weight loss and maintenance, fitness, and mindset services such as the Weight Watchers comprehensive diet program. Founded in 1963 by Queens, New York City homemaker Jean Nidetch, WW's program has three options as of 2019: online via its mobile app and website, coaching online or by phone, or in-person meetings.


title: WW International

text: In 2018, the company rebranded to "WW" to reflect "its development from focusing on weight loss to overall health and wellness."


title: WW International

text: Weight Watchers was conceived by Jean Nidetch, a housewife and mother living in Queens, New York City, who had been overweight most of her life and had tried pills, hypnosis, and numerous fad diets, all of which only led to regained weight. In 1961, at the age of 38, she weighed 214 pounds and an acquaintance mistook her for being pregnant. She entered a free 10-week weight-loss program sponsored by the New York City Board of Health's obesity clinic. The program was called the "Prudent Diet" and had been developed in the 1950s by Dr. Norman Jolliffe, head of the board's Bureau of Nutrition. The plan included the dictums "No skipping meals. Fish five times a week. Two pieces of bread and two glasses of skim milk a day. More fruits and vegetables." and eating liver once a week. It prohibited alcohol, sweets, and fatty foods, included a list of allowed foods and the quantities allowed, and encouraged weighing portions.


title: WW International

text: Although Nidetch lost 20 pounds on the ten-week program, she did not like the way the clinic's leader imparted information at the weekly meetings. Discussion was discouraged; in addition, Nidetch's motivation was threatened by her urge to binge on Mallomar cookies. She therefore began a weekly support group in her apartment, initially inviting six overweight friends, which within two months grew to 40 women each week. She introduced the "Prudent Diet", a single page from the New York City Board of Health, to her fellow weight-loss seekers, and the group provided empathy, rapport, mutual understanding, support, and sharing of stories and ideas. The meetings also included a weekly weigh-in, and Nidetch developed a rewards system including prizes for weight-loss milestones. In October 1962, Nidetch achieved her target weight of 142 pounds, and maintained the weight loss; according to her she never exceeded 150 pounds thereafter.


title: WW International

text: As interest grew, Nidetch coached groups in other neighborhoods. One group was at the home of Al and Felice Lippert, and after the Lipperts successfully lost weight, Al, who was a businessman in the garment industry, talked Nidetch into making a business out of her endeavor.


title: WW International

text: Nidetch and the Lipperts launched Weight Watchers Inc. in Queens in 1963 with Nidetch as president and evangelist. They rented public meeting venues and charged participants $2 per weekly meeting; the first official meeting, in May 1963, attracted 400 attendees. Nidetch led groups and trained others to lead groups as well.


title: WW International

text: Al Lippert, in charge of the business end of the company, franchised it in 1964, using a razor/razorblade model of an inexpensive franchise fee offered to graduates from the company's programs who had kept the weight off, with 10% of gross earnings as royalties to the parent company. By 1967, the company was international, with 102 franchises in the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, Great Britain, and Israel.


title: WW International

text: Felice Lippert was in charge of recipe development, nutrition, and food research; the first Weight Watchers cookbook, published in 1966, sold more than 1.5 million copies. By January 1968, the company had more than one million members worldwide, and "Weight Watchers Magazine" was launched, publishing 300,000 copies of its first issue.


title: WW International

text: By 1968, the company had 91 franchises in 43 states, and to expand further overseas Al Lippert took the company public as Weight Watchers International Inc.; the initial 225,000 shares, offered at $11.25 a share, began trading enthusiastically, rising to over $30 by the end of the first day. Lippert also initiated lines of Weight Watchers prepared food, spas, camps for overweight kids, and weight-loss products such as scales and travel kits.


title: WW International

text: Nidetch, with her slim, well-dressed image, charisma, and flair for motivational speaking, remained the public face of the company. In 1970 she published "The Memoir of a Successful Loser: The Story of Weight Watchers", which documented the original Weight Watchers plan. In 1973 she resigned as president of the company to devote herself to public relations – traveling, being interviewed, and speaking to large audiences about the program's success.


title: WW International

text: In the mid 1970s, the company moved away from simply dieting and more toward "eating management", developing tailored options to meet the varying needs of its members, including a specialized food plan for the management of weight-loss plateaus, and a maintenance plan.


title: WW International

text: By the late 1970s, the company and its operations and divisions had grown too large and complex for Lippert to manage, and it was sold, along with its food licensees, to the H. J. Heinz Company in 1978 for $72 million. Lippert remained chairman and signed on to remain CEO for a few years, and Nidetch remained in her role as consultant. In the late 1980s, the company's three divisions – support-group meetings division, food line, and publications and media – were still increasingly profitable year-over-year.


title: WW International

text: In 1990, with competition from Jenny Craig, Slim-Fast, Healthy Choice, and Nutrisystem, earnings began to decline. The Heinz parent company competed by introducing newly developed Weight Watchers "Smart Ones" frozen meals. In 1997, to replace its previous system of counting and weighing food, Weight Watchers introduced the POINTS system, an algorithmic formula which quantifies a food portion for the purposes of healthy weight loss based on carbohydrates, fat, and fiber content.


title: WW International

text: food categories, sold the company to the private equity firm Artal Luxembourg, for $735 million in a leveraged buyout led by the Invus Group, which manages Artal and which is run by Raymond Debbane. Artal put up $224 million and Weight Watchers financed the rest of the buyout with debt. Debbane became chairman of Weight Watchers. In 2001 Debbane organized an initial public offering for Weight Watchers and took it public again. As of 2018, Artal remains the company's largest shareholder.


title: WW International

text: In 2000, the new owners reacquired the license to publish "Weight Watchers Magazine" from Time Inc., where Heinz had offloaded it in 1996 and where it had performed poorly; circulation recovered quickly, and the magazine was redesigned in 2003.


title: WW International

text: In 2001, the company launched WeightWatchers.com. In 2007, it launched Weight Watchers Online for Men.


title: WW International

text: In late 2010 Weight Watchers overhauled its POINTS system and replaced it with PointsPlus (ProPoints outside the U.S.); under the new system, fruits and non-starchy vegetables were zero points, and processed foods had higher points than they did before.


title: WW International

text: From 2012 to 2015, although it had its own app and e-tools since 2009, the company faced stiff competition from free smartphone fitness apps, many of which included a social-media group-support system, and from wearable fitness monitors such as Fitbit.


title: WW International

text: In April of 2014, Tech Crunch leaked Weight Watchers was in talks to acquire virtual fitness training startup Wello. Weight Watchers confirmed the acquisition the following month, which spurred a series of acquisitions in the digital therapeutics space. One year later, in April and May of 2015, Weight Watchers also acquired 5 minute fitness app Hot 5 and the online community and "selfie startup" Weilos. Features of Weilos would later be relaunched as Weight Watcher's Connect product, an online community in-app and on the web.


title: WW International

text: In October 2015, Oprah Winfrey partnered with Weight Watchers. Winfrey bought a 10% stake in the company, became its spokesperson, joined its board of directors, and lost weight on the program, plus she helped launch a new holistic lifestyle and fitness program called "Beyond the Scale". The late-2015 Oprah effect did not prevent a subsequent downward trend in 2016, largely attributed to challenges from Nutrisystem and the proliferation of free apps and websites aimed at helping people manage their weight, but linked also by some, to a faulty initial tech rollout of the new program's app. CEO James Chambers resigned on September 30, 2016. He was replaced as CEO in July 2017 by Mindy Grossman, who had played a role in growing digital sales revenue for HSN.


title: WW International

text: In December 2017, the company introduced WW Freestyle (called WW Flex outside the U.S.), which allows people to carry over unused "SmartPoints" through the week, and lists more than 200 zero-points foods, including various lean proteins, that do not need to be tracked. In February 2018 CEO Grossman announced a new direction and purpose for the company: to move beyond mere dieting to being a "partner in health and wellness" and inspiring healthy habits for real life. Subscriptions to Weight Watchers rebounded significantly by mid 2018, credited to Winfrey's influence and to Grossman's tri-fold efforts of revamping the program, improving tech offerings, and giving the company a more broad-based appeal.


title: WW International

text: In September 2018, the company re-branded itself WW International, Inc., as it shifted its focus more broadly to overall health and wellness, including fitness. It adopted a new tagline, "Wellness that Works". The company stopped requiring users to have a weight loss goal in order to join and renamed its in-person meetings to Wellness Workshops.


title: WW International

text: As part of the rebrand, WW introduced a new program, WellnessWins, that rewarded members for behaviors that encourage healthier habits, which were redeemable for products, services, and experiences. The company also announced Connect, a digital community, which would include micro-community Groups.


title: WW International

text: In August 2018, the company acquired Kurbo, Inc, rebranding the free mobile app directed at children and teenagers as "Kurbo by WW".


title: WW International

text: WW's app was configured to help people track health-related goals. Its FitPoints system has been marketed as allowing individuals to choose activities which have the biggest impact on their health. The updated WW app is also integrated with Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant. The company has partnered with the meditation app Headspace to offer customized mindfulness content for members.


title: WW International

text: Weight Watchers' business model is one of a subscription-based program of support, plus a variety of purchasable products, media, services, and technologies. Its brand identity has been framed around Weight Watchers being a community, and its website is intrinsic to its effectiveness. Particularly in the 21st century, the company has increasingly marketed itself as a health and wellness brand rather than a weight-loss brand, and its dietary plans emphasize fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and foods high in whole grains and low in trans fats. Also in the 21st century, the company has increasingly tried to effectively and competitively balance its digital and offline offerings. As of 2019, the program offered weight-loss support via the app and website, in-person workshops and personal coaching.


title: WW International

text: The company provides a weight-management program (myWW+) and a food plan (SmartPoints); customers can participate in the program via in-person group meetings and/or digitally, and are provided with individualized information, support, and coaching.


title: WW International

text: It also receives income from Weight Watchers–branded services and products, which include publications such as "Weight Watchers" magazines, Weight Watchers cookbooks, and food guides and restaurant guides with points values. It sells its own bars and snacks, and licenses the Weight Watchers trademark to a variety of prepared foods, beverages, and other products and services.


title: WW International

text: The original Weight Watchers dietary plan in the 1960s was roughly based on the "Prudent Diet", developed by Dr. Norman Jolliffe at the New York City Board of Health. It was based around lean meat, fish, skim milk, and fruits and vegetables, and it banned alcohol, sweets, and fatty foods. It had lists of allowed and prohibited foods, and was more structured than subsequent versions of the Weight Watchers program. It recommended weighing food portions, and prohibited skipping meals or counting calories.


title: WW International

text: The company has regularly changed and updated its diet plans and formats, to reflect current nutritional and obesity science and to accommodate consumer awareness and demand.


title: WW International

text: As of July 2018, Weight Watchers was the most widely used commercial diet in the world. In addition to the U.S., as of 2018 it had operations in countries including Canada, the UK, Germany, Switzerland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand, and Brazil. Its main long-term competitors in the commercial weight-loss company genre are Jenny Craig and Nutrisystem. Weight Watchers has been included in "U.S. News & World Report"s rankings for 40 most popular diets and has also been listed as No.1 for weight loss and best commercial diets.


title: WW International

text: For Weight Watchers customers who choose to attend meetings, in addition to supplying information and lifestyle tips, meetings operate as support groups that provide empathy, rapport, and mutual understanding, as well as positive reinforcement.


title: WW International

text: Some therapists have said that focusing on counting calories or points, as promoted by WW, can lead to a disordered relationship with food and hunger. Previously the company's prepared foods had been criticized as containing preservatives and other additives; as of late 2018 Weight Watchers has removed all artificial sweeteners, flavors, colors, and preservatives from products carrying the company's name, and dropped or reformulated most of the food products it once produced.


title: WW International

text: In August 2019, WW released "Kurbo by WW", a weight management and health app directed at children and teenagers. It has been criticized by some experts on nutrition and eating disorders for encouraging dieting in children as young as 8. Christy Harrison, a registered dietician, wrote in the New York Times, "programs like this are fertile ground for disordered eating" and that efforts to lose weight "are especially troubling when imposed on children who aren't in a position to make their own choices and who haven't had the opportunity to develop a peaceful relationship with food and their bodies." However, an article in the journal "Childhood Obesity" concluded that it could be "part of the piece of the puzzle to improving health in youth", despite the authors' concerns with the marketing of the app emphasizing weight loss. An uncontrolled three-month study of the app used by children between 8 and 17 said that it was "highly effective" based on an average reduction in of 0.26, and a survey of weight management apps published in JMIR mHealth and noted that of their list, only Kurbo involved health care professionals in its development.


title: WW International

text: As a result of the release of "Kurbo by WW", WW's corporate headquarters in New York City were protested on September 13, 2019, and as of September 2019 a change.org petition asking Weight Watchers to "remove your weight loss app for kids" had over 110,000 signatures.


title: WW International

text: Al Lippert was CEO of Weight Watchers from 1963–1981. From 1978–1999, Weight Watchers was a subsidiary of Heinz. Charles M. Berger was CEO of Weight Watchers from 1982–1994, having previously been its President. Since 1999, the CEOs of Weight Watchers have been: Linda Huett 2000–2006; David Kirchhoff 2007–2013; Jim Chambers 2013–2016; and Mindy Grossman 2017–present.


title: WW International

text: Grossman also serves as President and on the board of directors. Since 1999, the chairman of the company has been Raymond Debbane, co-founder and CEO of The Invus Group.


title: WW International

text: In 2015, Oprah Winfrey purchased a 10 percent ownership stake in WW International and serves as a member of the board of directors.


title: WW International

text: Founder Jean Nidetch was the company's public face and spokesperson from its launch in 1963 through 1983. Subsequent spokespersons have included: Lynn Redgrave (1983–1992), Kathleen Sullivan (1994–1995), Sarah, Duchess of York (1997–2007), Greg Grunberg (2007), Tamela Mann (2008–present) Jenny McCarthy (2009), Jennifer Hudson (2010–2014), Charles Barkley (2011–2014), Jessica Simpson (2012–2014), Ana Gasteyer (2013), Oprah Winfrey (2015–present), DJ Khaled (2018–present), Kate Hudson (2018–present), Kevin Smith (2018–present), and James Corden (2021–present). Russell Grant (1985-Present)


title: General anaesthesia

text: General anaesthesia (UK) or general anesthesia (US) is a medically induced loss of consciousness that renders the patient unarousable even with painful stimuli. This effect is achieved by administering either intravenous or inhalational general anaesthetic medications, which often act in combination with an analgesic and neuromuscular blocking agent. Spontaneous ventilation is often inadequate during the procedure and intervention is often necessary to protect the airway. General anaesthesia is generally performed in an operating theater to allow surgical procedures that would otherwise be intolerably painful for a patient, or in an intensive care unit or emergency department to facilitate endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients.


title: General anaesthesia

text: A variety of drugs may be administered, with the overall goal of achieving unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, loss of reflexes of the autonomic nervous system, and in some cases paralysis of skeletal muscles. The optimal combination of anesthetics for any given patient and procedure is typically selected by an anaesthetist, or another provider such as a nurse anaesthetist (depending on local practice and law), in consultation with the patient and the surgeon, dentist, or other practitioner performing the operative procedure.


title: General anaesthesia

text: Attempts at producing a state of general anaesthesia can be traced throughout recorded history in the writings of the ancient Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Indians, and Chinese. During the Middle Ages, scientists and other scholars made significant advances in the Eastern world, while their European counterparts also made important advances.


title: General anaesthesia

text: The Renaissance saw significant advances in anatomy and surgical technique. However, despite all this progress, surgery remained a treatment of last resort. Largely because of the associated pain, many patients chose certain death rather than undergo surgery. Although there has been a great deal of debate as to who deserves the most credit for the discovery of general anaesthesia, several scientific discoveries in the late 18th and early 19th centuries were critical to the eventual introduction and development of modern anaesthetic techniques.


title: General anaesthesia

text: Two enormous leaps occurred in the late 19th century, which together allowed the transition to modern surgery. An appreciation of the germ theory of disease led rapidly to the development and application of antiseptic techniques in surgery. Antisepsis, which soon gave way to asepsis, reduced the overall morbidity and mortality of surgery to a far more acceptable rate than in previous eras. Concurrent with these developments were the significant advances in pharmacology and physiology which led to the development of general anaesthesia and the control of pain. On 14 November 1804, Hanaoka Seishū, a Japanese surgeon, became the first person on record to successfully perform surgery using general anaesthesia.


title: General anaesthesia

text: In the 20th century, the safety and efficacy of general anaesthesia was improved by the routine use of tracheal intubation and other advanced airway management techniques. Significant advances in monitoring and new anaesthetic agents with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics also contributed to this trend. Finally, standardized training programs for anaesthesiologists and nurse anaesthetists emerged during this period.


title: General anaesthesia

text: General anaesthesia has many purposes and routinely used in almost all surgical procedures. An appropriate surgical anesthesia should include the following goals:


title: General anaesthesia

text: The biochemical mechanism of action of general anaesthetics is not well understood. Theories need to explain the function of anaesthesia in animals and plants. To induce unconsciousness, anaesthetics have myriad sites of action and affect the central nervous system (CNS) at multiple levels. General anaesthesia commonly interrupts or changes the functions of CNS components including the cerebral cortex, thalamus, reticular activating system, and spinal cord. Current theories on the anaesthetized state identify not only target sites in the CNS but also neural networks and arousal circuits linked with unconsciousness, and some anesthetics potentially able to activate specific sleep-active regions. Potential molecular pharmacologic targets of general anaesthetics are GABA,and NMDA glutamate receptors. General anesthesia was hypothesized to either enhance the inhibitory transmission or reduce the excitatory transmission of neuro signaling. Most volatile anesthetic has been found to be a GABA agonist, although the site of action on the receptor remains unknown. Ketamine is a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist.


title: General anaesthesia

text: The chemical structure and properties of anesthetics suggest they could target the plasma membrane, yet the exact mechanism remained a mystery for over 100 years. A study from 2020 demonstrated that inhaled anesthetics (chloroform and isoflurane) could disrupt phospholipase D2 localization to the lipid rafts and led to production of the signaling molecule phosphatidic acid (PA). Signaling molecules lead to a cascade of events and eventually activation TWIK-related K+ channels (TREK-1). PLD fruit flies were shown to resist anesthesia, the results established a membrane mediated target for inhaled anesthetics.


title: General anaesthesia

text: Prior to a planned procedure, the anesthesiologist reviews medical records or interviews the patient to obtain information regarding their medical history and determine their perioperative risk. Base on the interview, the anesthesiologist develops an anesthetic plan and determines the best combination of drugs and dosages for the procedure. Additional monitoring devices may be necessary to ensure a safe and effective procedure. Key factors in this evaluation are the patient's age, gender, body mass index, medical and surgical history, current medications, and fasting time. Thorough and accurate preoperative evaluation is crucial for the effective safety of the anesthetic plan. For example, a patient who consumes significant quantities of alcohol or illicit drugs could be undermedicated during the procedure if they fail to disclose this fact, and this could lead to anaesthesia awareness or intraoperative hypertension. Commonly used medications can also interact with anaesthetics, and failure to disclose such usage can increase the risk during the operation. Inaccurate timing of last meal can also increase the risk for aspiration of food, and lead to serious complications.


title: General anaesthesia

text: An important aspect of pre-anaesthetic evaluation is an assessment of the patient's airway, involving inspection of the mouth opening and visualisation of the soft tissues of the pharynx. The condition of teeth and location of dental crowns are checked, and neck flexibility and head extension are observed. The most commonly performed airway assessment is the Mallampati classification, which evaluates the airway base on the ability to view airway structures with the mouth open and the tongue protruding. Mallampati tests alone has limited accuracy, other evaluations are routinely performed addition to the Mallampati test includes mouth opening, thyromental distance, neck range of motion, and mandibular protrusion. In a patient with suspected distorted airway anatomy, endoscopy or ultrasound is sometimes used to evaluate the airway before planning for the airway management.


title: General anaesthesia

text: Prior to administration of a general anaesthetic, the anaesthetist may administer one or more drugs that complement or improve the quality or safety of the anaesthetic. Premedication also often has mild sedative effective and reduce the amount of anaesthetic agent used during the case.


title: General anaesthesia

text: One commonly used premedication is clonidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. It reduces postoperative shivering, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and emergence delirium. However, a randomized controlled trial from 2021 demonstrated that clonidine is less effective at providing anxiolysis and more sedative in children of preschool age. Oral clonidine can take up to 45 minutes to take full effect, The drawbacks of clonidine include hypotension and bradycardia, but can be advantageous in patient with hypertension and tachycardia. Another commonly used alpha-2 adrenergic agonist is Dexmedetomidine, it is commonly used for provide short term sedative effect (<24 hours). Dexmedetomidine and certain atypical antipsychotic agents may be also used in uncooperative children.


title: General anaesthesia

text: Benzodiazepines are another commonly used drug for premedication. The most commonly utilized benzodiazepine is Midazolam, it is characterized by a rapid onset and short duration. Midazolam is effective in reducing preoperative anxiety, including separation anxiety in children. It also provides a reduction of post operative nausea/vomiting, mild sedation, sympathicolysis, and anterograde amnesia.


title: General anaesthesia

text: Melatonin has been found to be effective as an anaesthetic premedication in both adults and children because of its hypnotic, anxiolytic, sedative, analgesic, and anticonvulsant properties. Recovery is more rapid after premedication with melatonin than with midazolam, and there is also a reduced incidence of post-operative agitation and delirium. Melatonin has been shown to have a similar effect in reducing perioperative anxiety in adult patients compared to benzodiazepine.


title: General anaesthesia

text: Another example of anaesthetic premedication is the preoperative administration of beta adrenergic antagonists, which shown to reduce the burden of arrhythmias after cardiac surgery. However, evidence also has shown an association of increased adverse events with beta-blockers in non-cardiac surgery. Anaesthesiologists may administer one or more antiemetic agents such as ondansetron, droperidol, or dexamethasone to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting. NSAIDs are commonly used analgesic premedication agent, and often reduce need for opioids such as fentanyl or sufentanil. Also gastrokinetic agents such as metoclopramide, and histamine antagonists such as famotidine.


title: General anaesthesia

text: Non-pharmacologic preanaesthetic interventions include playing cognitive behavioral therapy, music therapy, aromatherapy, hypnosis massage, pre-operative preparation video, and guided imagery relaxation therapy, etc. These techniques are particularly useful for children and patients with intellectual disabilities. Minimizing sensory stimulation or distraction by video games may help to reduce anxiety prior to or during induction of general anaesthesia. Larger high-quality studies are needed to confirm the most effective non-pharmacological approaches for reducing this type of anxiety. Parental presence during premedication and induction of anaesthesia has not been shown to reduce anxiety in children. It is suggested that parents who wish to attend should not be actively discouraged, and parents who prefer not to be present should not be actively encouraged to attend.


title: General anaesthesia

text: Guedel's classification, described by Arthur Ernest Guedel in 1937, describes four stages of anaesthesia. Despite newer anaesthetic agents and delivery techniques, which have led to more rapid onset of—and recovery from—anaesthesia (in some cases bypassing some of the stages entirely), the principles remain.


title: General anaesthesia

text: General anaesthesia is usually induced in an operating theatre or in a dedicated anaesthetic room adjacent to the theatre. General anaesthesia may also be conducted in other locations, such as an endoscopy suite, intensive care unit, radiology or cardiology department, emergency department, ambulance, or at the site of a disaster where extrication of the patient may be impossible or impractical.


title: General anaesthesia

text: Anaesthetic agents may be administered by various routes, including inhalation, injection (intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous), oral, and rectal. Once they enter the circulatory system, the agents are transported to their biochemical sites of action in the central and autonomic nervous systems.


title: General anaesthesia

text: Most general anaesthetics are induced either intravenously or by inhalation. Commonly used intravenous induction agents include propofol, sodium thiopental, etomidate, methohexital, and ketamine. Inhalational anaesthesia may be chosen when intravenous access is difficult to obtain (e.g., children), when difficulty maintaining the airway is anticipated, or when the patient prefers it. Sevoflurane is the most commonly used agent for inhalational induction, because it is less irritating to the tracheobronchial tree than other agents.


title: General anaesthesia

text: Laryngoscopy and intubation are both very stimulating. The process of induction blunts the response to these maneuvers while simultaneously inducing a near-coma state to prevent awareness.


title: General anaesthesia

text: Several monitoring technologies allow for a controlled induction of, maintenance of, and emergence from general anaesthesia. Standard for basic anesthetic monitoring is a guideline published by the ASA, which describes that the patient's oxygenation, ventilation, circulation and temperature should be continually evaluated during anesthetic.


title: General anaesthesia

text: Anaesthetized patients lose protective airway reflexes (such as coughing), airway patency, and sometimes a regular breathing pattern due to the effects of anaesthetics, opioids, or muscle relaxants.