title: Recidivism

text: Male prisoners are exposed and subject to sexual and physical violence in prisons. When these events occur, the victim usually suffers emotionally and physically. Studies suggest that this leads the inmate to accept these types of behaviors and value their lives and the lives of others less when they are released. These dehumanizing acts, combined with learned violent behavior, are implicated in higher recidivism rates. Two studies were done to attempt to provide a "national" recidivism rate for the US. One was done in 1983 which included 108,580 state prisoners from 11 different states. The other study was done in 1994 on 272,111 prisoners from 15 states. Both studies represent two-thirds of the overall prisoners released in their corresponding years. An image developed by Matt Kelley indicates the percent of parolees returning to prison in each state in 2006. According to this image, in 2006, there was more recidivism in the southern states, particularly in the Midwestern region. However, for the majority, the data is spread out throughout the regions.


title: Recidivism

text: The recidivism rate in the New York City jail system is as high as 65%. The jail at Rikers Island, in New York, is making efforts to reduce this statistic by teaching horticulture to its inmates. It is shown that the inmates that go through this type of rehabilitation have significantly lower rates of recidivism.


title: Recidivism

text: A study by the University of Nevada, Reno on recidivism rates across the United States showed that, at only 24.6 percent, Arizona has the lowest rate of recidivism among offenders compared to all other US states. Nevada has one of the lowest rates of recidivism among offenders at only 29.2 percent.


title: Recidivism

text: The recidivism rate in California as of 2008–2009 is 61%. Recidivism has reduced slightly in California from the years of 2002 to 2009 by 5.2%. However, California still has one of the highest recidivism rates in the nation. This high recidivism rate contributes greatly to the overcrowding of jails and prisons in California.


title: Recidivism

text: A study conducted in Connecticut followed 16,486 prisoners for a three-year period to see how many of them would end up going back to jail. Results from the study found that about 63% of offenders were rearrested for a new crime and sent to prison again within the first three years they were released. Of the 16,486 prisoners, about 56% of them were convicted of a new crime.


title: Recidivism

text: In 2001, the Florida Department of Corrections created a graph showing the general recidivism rate of all offenders released from prison from July 1993 until six and a half years later. This graph shows that recidivism is much more likely within the first six months after they are released. The longer the offenders stayed out of prison, the less likely they were to return.


title: Recidivism

text: A 2011 study found that harsh prison conditions, including isolation, tended to increase recidivism, though none of these effects were statistically significant. Various researchers have noted that prisoners are stripped of civil rights and are reluctantly absorbed into communities – which further increases their alienation and isolation. Other contributors to recidivism include the difficulties released offenders face in finding jobs, in renting apartments or in getting education. Owners of businesses will often refuse to hire a convicted felon and are at best hesitant, especially when filling any position that entails even minor responsibility or the handling of money (this includes most work), especially to those convicted of thievery, such as larceny, or to drug addicts. Many leasing corporations (those organisations and people who own and rent apartments) routinely perform criminal background checks and disqualify ex-convicts. However, especially in the inner city or in areas with high crime rates, lessors may not always apply their official policies in this regard. When they do, apartments may be rented by someone other than the occupant. People with criminal records report difficulty or inability to find educational opportunities, and are often denied financial aid based on their records. In the United States of America, those found guilty of even a minor misdemeanor (in some states, a citation offense, such as a traffic ticket) or misdemeanour drug offence (e.g. possession of marijuana or heroin) while receiving Federal student aid are disqualified from receiving further aid for a specified period of time.


title: Recidivism

text: Countless policies aim to ameliorate recidivism, but many involve a complete overhaul of societal values concerning justice, punishment, and second chances. Other proposals have little impact due to cost and resource issues and other constraints. Plausible approaches include:


title: Recidivism

text: The current criminal-justice system focuses on the front end (arrest and incarceration), and largely ignores the tail-end (and preparation for the tail-end), which includes rehabilitation and re-entry into the community. In most correctional facilities, if planning for re-entry takes place at all, it only begins a few weeks or months before the release of an inmate. "This process is often referred to as release planning or transition planning and its parameters may be largely limited to helping a person identify a place to stay upon release and, possibly, a source of income." A judge in Missouri, David Mason, believes the Transcendental Meditation program is a successful tool for rehabilitation. Mason and four other Missouri state and federal judges have sentenced offenders to learn the Transcendental Meditation program as an anti-recidivism modality.


title: Recidivism

text: Psychopaths may have a markedly distorted sense of the potential consequences of their actions, not only for others, but also for themselves. They do not, for example, deeply recognize the risk of being caught, disbelieved or injured as a result of their behaviour. However, numerous studies and recent large-scale meta-analysis cast serious doubt on claims made about the ability of psychopathy ratings to predict who will offend or respond to treatment.


title: Recidivism

text: In 2002, Carmel stated that the term "recidivism" is often used in the psychiatric and mental health literature to mean "rehospitalization", which is problematic because the concept of recidivism generally refers to criminal reoffense. Carmel reviewed the medical literature for articles with "recidivism" (vs. terms like "rehospitalization") in the title and found that articles in the psychiatric literature were more likely to use the term "recidivism" with its criminological connotation than articles in the rest of medicine, which avoided the term. Carmel suggested that "as a means of decreasing stigmatization of psychiatric patients, we should avoid the word 'recidivism' when what we mean is 'rehospitalization. A 2016 followup by Peirson argued that "public policy makers and leaders should be careful to not misuse the word and unwittingly stigmatize persons with mental illness and substance use disorders".


title: Recidivism

text: The law and economics literature has provided various justifications for the fact that the sanction imposed on an offender depends on whether he was convicted previously. In particular, some authors such as Rubinstein (1980) and Polinsky and Rubinfeld (1991) have argued that a record of prior offenses provides information about the offender's characteristics (e.g., a higher-than-average propensity to commit crimes). However, Shavell (2004) has pointed out that making sanctions depend on offense history may be advantageous even when there are no characteristics to be learned about. In particular, Shavell (2004, p. 529) argues that when "detection of a violation implies not only an immediate sanction, but also a higher sanction for a future violation, an individual will be deterred more from committing a violation presently". Building on Shavell's (2004) insights, Müller and Schmitz (2015) show that it may actually be optimal to further amplify the overdeterrence of repeat offenders when exogenous restrictions on penalties for first-time offenders are relaxed.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: Benny Urquidez (born June 20, 1952) is an American kickboxer, martial arts choreographer and actor. Nicknamed "The Jet", Urquidez was a non-contact karate competitor who later pioneered full-contact fighting in the United States. He made the transition from point to full-contact karate in 1974, the year of its inception in the US, frequently fighting in bouts where the rules were ambiguous and contrasts in styles were dramatic. Urquidez is also known for once holding the rare achievement of six world titles in five different weight divisions, and remained largely undefeated in his 27-year career. His only loss came in a Muay Thai match which was shrouded in controversy, as Urquidez had only agreed to a no-decision exhibition, a clause which was ignored when the fight had ended.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: Between 1974 and 1993, he amassed a documented professional record of 49–1–1 (win-loss-draw) with 35 knockouts and two controversial no-contests, although he is also supposed to have an additional record of 10–0–1 (10 KOs) in undocumented professional fights, making a total of 59–1–2–2 (45 KOs). However, sources vary with "Ratings" listing Urquidez as 63–0–1, (57 knockouts) and on his own official webpage, Urquidez lists his fight record as 200–0, and says he was 63–0, with 57 knockouts in title defenses. Also, he claims to have been undefeated in the "Adult Black Belt Division" prior to entering full-contact karate. "Black Belt" magazine voted Urquidez "Competitor of the Year" in 1978.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: He has appeared in occasional acting roles, including the Jackie Chan movies "Wheels on Meals" (1984) and "Dragons Forever" (1988), and played a hitman in George Armitage's "Grosse Pointe Blank" (1997).


title: Benny Urquidez

text: Urquidez was born in Los Angeles County, California, the son of a Wrestling mother and a Boxing father. His parents are of Spanish-Mexican and Blackfoot Indian ancestry.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: Benny began competing in 1958, at the age of five, in "peewee" boxing and wrestling in Los Angeles. His martial arts instruction started when he was seven years old; his first formal teacher was Bill Ryusaki. Urquidez received his black belt at the age of 14, a highly unusual feat in the 1960s. His siblings also achieved the rank of black belt. His sister Lilly Rodriguez was a pioneer in kickboxing for women, and their late brother Reuben Urquidez appeared with Benny in a documentary on the combination martial art budojujitsu.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: At the age of 12, Urqidez attended the Long Beach International Karate Championships in 1964. He witnessed a demonstration by Bruce Lee, including the one-inch punch which sent a 245-pound man flying back. This demonstration by Lee inspired a young Urqidez to start entering martial arts tournaments.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: He entered the point circuit in 1964 and earned a reputation as a colorful fighter. At the 1972 Santa Monica Kempo Open, Urquidez lost in the finals to Brian Strian. In the 1973 Internationals, he fought John Natividad in what is considered one of the greatest non-contact bouts in history. In an unprecedented 25-point overtime match, Natividad won the match 13–12, receiving the Grand Title and the $2,500 purse. In May 1974, at the PAWAK Tournament, Urquidez lost a 4–1 decision to Joe Lewis. He also competed in England and Belgium as a member of Ed Parker's 1974 US team. Also in 1974, he began his move away from the non-contact style by entering and winning the World Series of Martial Arts Championship, effectively a tough-man contest with few rules. Over the next two decades, he fought under various kickboxing organizations (NKL, WPKO, Professional Karate Association (PKA), World Kickboxing Association (WKA), AJKBA, Shin-Kakutojutsu Federation, NJPW and MTN) to amass a record of 58 wins with no losses. This undefeated record, though official, is controversial and highly disputed.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: In 1977, Urquidez traveled to Japan and fought under the WKA's compromise US–Japan rules which included leg kicks and knees to the body. He defeated Katsuyuki Suzuki by KO in the 6th round (August 1977) as part of the professional wrestling event in which Antonio Inoki fought Everett Eddy in what was said to be a wrestler/karate fighter mixed match but was a pre-determined pro wrestling match. The Suzuki fight materialized because the newly formed WKA organization could not compete against the PKA in the US. At the same time, Japanese professional wrestler Antonio Inoki, who gained the worldwide fame by fighting Muhammad Ali in the controversial 1976 boxer/wrestler mixed-match in Japan, had been looking for new opponents for what he called the world martial arts championship series. Eventually, promoter Ron Holmes discovered Everett Eddy for Inoki. By that time, Eddy had been coached by Arnold Urquidez, and lost in a knockout in the 1st round to PKA world heavyweight champion Ross Scott in the previous year. In the same event, Benny Urquidez knocked out Howard Jackson, but soon his lightweight title was stripped by the PKA, and so both Eddy and Urquidez had no action in the US, and had to look for fights overseas. Even though the Inoki/Eddy bout was successful, it was the fight between Urquidez and Suzuki, which shocked Japan, where Japanese kickboxing had been very popular. Though never tested for or achieved any rank in Japanese karate, Urquidez has decided to bestow upon himself the title of "sensei", a Japanese honorific term which is given to experts and instructors meaning: "someone who precedes you in knowledge".


title: Benny Urquidez

text: The All-Japan Kickboxing Association, for which Suzuki had been rated as No. 2, became interested in the American sport of full-contact karate, decided to promote series of mixed-rules bouts between the American full-contact karate fighters and Japanese kickboxers. On November 14, 1977, the AJKF held the first of such event which featured Benny Urquidez, his brother-in-law Blinky Rodriguez, Marc Costello, Brendan Leddy, Tony Lopez, Leonard Galiza and Freddy Avila. Only Benny Urquidez and Costello came out as the winners for the American team. Urquidez's victory over Kunimitsu Okao convinced the Japanese fight fans, and eventually began to be featured as the central figure for what was supposed to be the documentary comic book, "The Square Ring", until he declined to avenge his loss against the Thai opponent Prayout Sittiboonlert. Urquidez's second loss came in August 1980 in Florida. American Billye Jackson dominated seven rounds including knocking Urquidez down. Urquidez protested the decision and petitioned the WKA's Howard Hansen to classify it as a non-contest.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: After 1980, Urquidez' ring appearances became less frequent. Between 1981 and 1984 he fought only sporadically. In 1984, he fought Ivan Sprang in Amsterdam under modified Muay Thai rules (no elbows), winning by 6th-round TKO. His ring career largely came to a halt after 1985, and he retired after facing Yoshihisa Tagami at the age of 41. Subsequently, Urquidez became devoted to acting, teaching kickboxing and martial arts choreography. Urquidez's late brother Reuben was also a competitive martial artist and actor; they appeared together in a 1982 training video, "World Of Martial Arts", along with Steve Sanders (karate), Chuck Norris and John Saxon. Van Halen lead singer David Lee Roth dedicated the band's hit 1984 song "Jump" to Urquidez, of whom Roth was a student.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: In 2000, Urquidez and Emil Farkas founded the Los Angeles Film Fighting Institute, which was one of the first schools of its kind in the United States to teach martial artists the intricacies of stunt work.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: Urquidez has had training in nine styles: Judo, Kajukenbo, Shotokan, Taekwondo, Lima Lama, White Crane Kung Fu, Jujutsu, Aikido and American Kenpo. He is the founder of Ukidokan Karate. He continued to teach at The Jets Gym in North Hollywood, California. Urquidez has also authored various instructional books and videos. He also has a special friendship with actor/client John Cusack with whom talks of opening up a bigger gym in Santa Monica, targeting former champions as clients and trainers are in the works as Cusack has shown interest in taking part as co-owner. The Jets Gym in the North Hollywood location closed in 2007, to make way for a shopping mall. Today, he is still very active teaching privately, and working as a stunt coordinator in the entertainment business. He teaches ukidokan kickboxing at Team Karate Center in Woodland Hills, California.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: Benny Urquidez was the first kickboxing champion with an international profile who also operated as a free agent under different rules for different sanctions. Consequently, he fought in several unorthodox match-ups and hotly disputed bouts. In late 1974, in the grand finale of an early mixed martial arts-style tough man contest in Honolulu, Hawaii, a , Urquidez decisioned a , Dana Goodson after scoring a takedown and pin against Goodson in the third and final round.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: A year later, in Detroit, Urquidez was disqualified for knocking out his opponent with a fourth punch under the subsequently-discontinued three-punch rule. The disqualifying referee was the opponent's own karate instructor. The bout was excoriated on network television, prompting state athletic commissions across the United States to become interested in regulating the sport. Chuck Norris' short-lived International Karate League (IKL) and later the STAR System world ratings reversed this outcome.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: Another three bouts were eventually ruled no-contests (NC). The first, in Los Angeles on March 12, 1977, was a nine-round NC (WKA) against Thai boxer Narongnoi Kiatbandit as part of the inaugural WKA world title event. Urquidez scored flash-knockdowns against Narongnoi in rounds three and six as well as five legal throws over three other rounds. Narongnoi was warned for illegal knee kicks and groin attacks on four occasions before being assessed with a point deduction in round nine. However, the point deduction came shortly after Narongnoi had scored his sole flash-knockdown which, in turn, provoked a riot among Muay Thai fans in the audience. The audience invaded the ring moments before the final bell. Scores were never collected for round nine. The California State Athletic Commission declared the no-contest.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: Next, on April 29, 1978, Urquidez faced his fourth Japanese opponent Shinobu Onuki in Tokyo; the event was co-promoted by the AJKBA and Shin-Kakutojutsu Federation. Eventually, Urquidez executed a throw that dislocated Onuki's shoulder. Initially, because of the throw, Urquidez was given a TKO loss, however, the promoters acknowledged that Urquidez used the throw without knowing it was illegal under Japanese rules; the bout was then scored as a no-contest. Following this unsatisfactory result, the two faced each other again in Las Vegas on January 2, 1980. The fight was aired by NBC, and this time Urquidez knocked out Onuki with a left hook to the body. Later, in October 1981, when the AJKBA merged with the WKA, the WKA transmuted the original Onuki no-contest to a TKO victory for Urquidez because, in fact, Urquidez's fight contract had permitted throws.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: Third, Urquidez fought to a seven-round NC (WKA) against Billye Jackson in West Palm Beach, Florida, on August 8, 1980. This non-title fight was first reported as a seven-round decision for Jackson; then was changed to a seven-round technical draw, and then to a no-contest. The WKA waited until March 1986 to unambiguously transmute this outcome owing to uneven glove assignments and a coerced last-minute rule change that unfairly affected Urquidez's performance in an otherwise close bout. Despite multiple attempts to reschedule a rematch to settle the dispute Urquidez refused to fight Jackson. The no-contest status of these fights has been corroborated in print by Paul Maslak (Chief Administrator of the STAR System world ratings). As a side note, the WKA and Star system ratings were owned and operated by Urquidez brother, Arnold.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: Meanwhile, on August 2, 1978, Urquidez faced the then fifth-ranked welterweight Thai boxer, Prayout Sittiboonlert, in Tokyo as part of the Shin-Kakutojutsu Organization's first independent event. The rules for the bout included six two-minute rounds, one-minute intervals, and no elbow contact as per agreement with Urquidez. Urquidez lost a heart-stopping decision to the Thai, who controlled the fight with relentless knee attacks and through the masterful use of Thai clinches. Afterward, Urquidez claimed he had been maneuvered into a competitive bout under unaccustomed "new rules" through deliberate misrepresentations. A rematch was set on October 30, 1978, at the Budokan (Martial Arts Hall) as part of the five world championships card for the Shin-Kakutojutsu Organization. However, for unknown reasons, Urquidez canceled the fight on the day of the event. According to one report, Urquidez did travel to Japan, but was unable to recover sufficiently from a high fever which he contracted from an allergic reaction to pain medication being used to treat a lingering left knuckle injury. This sanctioning organization was among several discontinued in 1981 for alleged ties to organized crime. Both the WKA and the STAR world ratings regarded this bout as muay Thai, a separate sport, and did not include it as part of Urquidez's rankings and record count for kickboxing.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: After a six-year absence from the Japanese ring, Urquidez agreed to fight an exhibition against Nobuya Asuka on April 24, 1989, at the Tokyo Dome as part of the New Japan Pro-Wrestling event. The rules of the bout were five rounds at two-minutes each, one-minute intervals and without elbow or knee contact to the head. Additionally, it was established that, if the fight went the distance, it would automatically be scored as a draw. The bout did go five rounds without knockout or disqualification and a no-decision was immediately declared.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: After another four-year absence on December 4, 1993, in "The Legend's Final Challenge" at the Mirage Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, Urquidez fought Japanese champion Yoshihisa Tagami to establish the vacant WKA super welterweight world title. Despite having injured his left wrist in training, Urquidez proceeded with the bout and narrowly defeated his equally aggressive opponent with kicking attacks. Urquidez slipped to the canvas in round two; and Tagami scored a clean flash knockdown in round nine. Neither contestant was ever in serious trouble. The bout ended in a split decision, two judges scoring for Urquidez, one for Tagami.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: In September 1994, Urquidez revealed he had been challenged by Rorion Gracie for a mixed martial arts bout as part of the Gracie Challenge. He claimed to have backed down from the fight, considering it to be just a promotional stunt, due to Rorion demanding to fight for free after having negotiated for a fight purse. In response, in November of the same year, Rorion's brother Royce Gracie challenged Urquidez himself, which Benny rejected on the grounds of being retired.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: Months later, Royce Gracie wrote an attack piece printed in "Black Belt" magazine titled "Message for Urquidez: Actions Speak Louder Than Words" in which he voiced his issues with Urquidez, criticizing Urquidez for not submitting to the Gracies' demands for a fight; Gracie alleged that Rorion had dominated Urquidez in a training bout at Urquidez's Jet Center gym in 1978, taking him down "several times" without being touched. Although Gracie went on to state that "that's how the whole Gracie rivalry with Benny started", he went on to accuse Urquidez of having said he would "help Rorion", but not following through on the offer. He also claimed Urquidez only wanted to fight under kickboxing rules, to lessen the chance of being defeated, and that Rorion refused on the grounds that he was "not a kickboxer". None of Gracie's claims were independently verified.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: Urquidez has played a number of roles in various martial arts movies. The first was "" (1981), starring Joe Lewis and Bong Soo Han. Later, he made two movies with Jackie Chan, "Wheels on Meals" (1984) and "Dragons Forever" (1988), wherein he fights against the characters played by Jackie Chan, Sammo Hung and Yuen Biao. Urquidez is depicted as a relentlessly tough opponent who is defeated in the climactic fight scenes of both movies. His final fight with Chan in "Wheels on Meals" is considered to be among the finest fights of Chan's career, including by Chan himself.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: Urquidez cameoed as a kickboxer in the Troma film "Ragin' Cajun". The movie, filmed in 1988 and released in 1991, wrongfully asserted that it featured Urquidez's first film appearance, stating in the opening credits, "Introducing Benny 'The Jet' Urquidez". He appeared in the 1989 film "Roadhouse" as one of the fighters seen at a car dealership which is partially destroyed in elaborately choreographed mayhem. He trained Patrick Swayze in his own fighting techniques for the film. Urquidez appears in the 1991 film "Blood Match", and in 1992, he played a referee in the James Woods and Louis Gossett Jr. film "Diggstown". He has a cameo appearance in the movie "Street Fighter" (1994), playing one of several prisoners put in a truck with Ken, Ryu, Sagat and Vega. Urquidez was also responsible for the physical training of most of the "Street Fighter" cast. He was set to play a different character in the franchise, Raven, in a game based on the movie, but the character was later scrapped.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: Urquidez performed in the film "Grosse Pointe Blank" (1997) as Felix La Poubelle, a hitman sent to kill a character played by John Cusack. He appeared in "1408" (2007) as a spectral killer with a hammer, again with Cusack. Urquidez is Cusack's long-time kickboxing trainer. Urquidez also appeared as one of several thugs who accost Kirsten Dunst's character in the first "Spider-Man" film during an attempted robbery; Urquidez plays the thug wearing a black-and-white-striped T-shirt who makes kissing noises at Dunst.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: He was a fight coordinator for an episode of the television drama "Criminal Minds", "The Bittersweet Science" (season 7, episode 10), and also appears in the episode in a 30-second role as an underground MMA referee.


title: Benny Urquidez

text: Note that the record below is the documented professional record of Benny Urquidez from the S.T.A.R. website. He also is believed to have 11 undocumented matches, winning 10, drawing one with all 10 victories by way of KO.


title: I'm the Villainess, So I'm Taming the Final Boss

text: The series by Sarasa Nagase began serialization online on the user-generated novel publishing website Shōsetsuka ni Narō in May 2017. It was acquired by Kadokawa Shoten who began publishing it as a light novel with illustrations by Mai Murasaki through their Kadokawa Beans Bunko imprint on September 1, 2017. The light novel is licensed in North America by Yen Press. As of September 2022, ten volumes have been released.


text: A manga adaptation by Anko Yuzu was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's "seinen" manga magazine "Comp Ace" from June 2018 to August 2019. It was collected in three "tankōbon" volumes. The manga is also licensed in North America by Yen Press.


text: On October 1, 2021, an anime adaptation was announced. It was later revealed to be a television series produced by Maho Film and directed by Kumiko Habara, with scripts written by Kenta Ihara, and character designs handled by Momoko Makiuchi, Eri Kojima, and Yūko Ōba. The music is composed by Natsumi Tabuchi, Hanae Nakamura, Miki Sakurai, Sayaka Aoki, and Kanade Sakuma. It aired from October 1 to December 17, 2022, on Tokyo MX, MBS, Wowow, AT-X, and BS-TBS. The opening theme song is by Rie Takahashi, while the ending theme song is by ACCAMER. Crunchyroll licensed the series outside of Asia, and have streamed an English dub starting on October 15, 2022. Medialink also licensed the series across Asia-Pacific.


text: Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network said of the first volume of the light novel: "It isn't wholly innovative, but Aileen's growing awareness that she's actively rewriting the plot is good, and the novel just gets better as it goes on." She praised the illustrations and said that "Aileen's active script-flipping gives the book a real edge", but criticized its use of familiar story beats and present tense narration. She later reviewed the second and third volumes, stating: "Both books have a lot of good giggles in them, with the ducks being a highlight across both volumes. The epilogue to volume three is a delightful comedy of errors ... and Aileen, although at times unbelievably dense, is mostly a very engaging heroine."


title: Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam

text: Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam () is a 2002 Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by K. S. Adhiyaman (his Hindi debut), serving as a inspire of 1995 Tamil film "Thotta Chinungi". The film stars Shah Rukh Khan, Madhuri Dixit and Salman Khan, with Aishwarya Rai in a cameo appearance.


title: Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam

text: "Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam" took five years to make, with huge sabbaticals between shoots due to production problems. The film was produced by K. C. Bokadia, under BMB Productions. The rights of the film is owned by Shah Rukh Khan's Red Chillies Entertainment.


title: Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam

text: Dev Narayan lives with his daughter Laxmi and her children, Radha and Prashant. He also looks after two orphans, Gopal and Nita. When he refuses to pay for Laxmi's husband Ramnath who must be operated, she leaves with her children. Ramnath dies. Laxmi spots and takes in an orphaned boy. Radha forms a sisterly bond with him, named Suraj.


title: Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam

text: Suraj, now a famous and popular singer is grateful to Radha for contributing to his success by her support. Gopal is a rich businessman. Laxmi dies in an accident. Radha and Prashant shift to Dev's house. As Gopal loves Radha, Dev gets them married. Gopal frequently spots Radha spending much time with Suraj on call and thus suspects them to be in an affair. However later, he realizes he misunderstood their sibling relationship for adultery. Gopal thus unites with Radha and apologizes to Suraj, who also has his own girlfriend Suman. All live happy thereafter.


title: Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam

text: Production was first reported in February 1996 when it was revealed that producer K. C. Bokadia had signed on K. S. Adhiyaman to remake his successful Tamil film "Thotta Chinungi" (1995) into Hindi. Initially, it was revealed that Aamir Khan, Juhi Chawla and Sunny Deol were to play the three lead roles, though there ended up being a total change of cast, with Shah Rukh Khan, Madhuri Dixit and Salman Khan replacing them.


title: Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam

text: The music was composed by Nadeem-Shravan, Nikhil-Vinay, Daboo Malik, Bappi Lahiri, Bali Brahmabhatt, and Sajid–Wajid. Lyrics were penned by Sameer, Praveen Bhardwaj, Maya Govind, Kartik Avasthi, and Jalees Sherwani. The background score was composed by Uttam Singh. According to the Indian trade website "Box Office India", with around 20,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's fifth highest-selling. The tune of the title song 'Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam' was copied from Pakistani singer Hadiqa Kiani's 1998 song "Boohe Baariyaan".


title: Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam

text: "Variety" wrote that "Despite a cast that "reunites" some of Hindi cinema's biggest names, the long-awaited "Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam" which finally premiered in late May, reps a major disappointment, of interest offshore only to Bollywood historians". "Empire Online" noted that "Love triangles are a common device in Bollywood flicks, and sadly, "Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam" has nothing new to offer." A critic from "Radio Times" stated that "Nuance isn't a Bollywood speciality, and there's little in the way of subtle shading here but, with its impressive all-star cast and songs from some of India's leading composers, this enjoyable melodrama can't be beaten for big, bold emotion". "The Times of India" wrote that "The film is a ready reckoner for everything that should be avoided in a good film".


title: Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam

text: Reviewer Anita Bora writes "A medium-sized dose of love with a big dash of suspicion. Add to it several scoops of friendship. Towards the end, add a few drops of humor". She even says that "The premise of the film is simple. Jealousy. If you discount the fact the 'falling in love' was instant (but when is it not?), the topic is quite interesting. Haven't we all at some point read too much into situations, overreacted, undergone pangs of jealousy that seem downright silly later?"


title: Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam

text: "Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam" grossed in India and $2.55 million (12.49 crore) in other countries, for a worldwide total of , against its budget. It had a worldwide weekend opening of , and grossed in its first week.


title: Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam

text: It opened on Friday, 24 May 2002, across 300 screens, and earned nett on its opening day. It grossed nett in its opening weekend, and had a first week of nett. The film earned a total of nett, and was declared an Average at the box office.


title: Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam

text: It had an opening weekend of $875,000 (4.28 crore) and went on to gross $1.215 million (5.95 crore) in its first week. The film earned a total of $2.55 million (12.49 crore)


title: Lactation

text: Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young. The process naturally occurs with all sexually mature female mammals, although it may predate mammals. The process of feeding milk in all animals (including humans) is called "nursing", and in humans it is also called "breastfeeding". Newborn infants often produce some milk from their own breast tissue, known colloquially as witch's milk.


title: Lactation

text: In most species, lactation is a sign that the female has been pregnant at some point in her life, although it can happen without pregnancy. Nearly every species of mammal has nipples; except for monotremes, egg-laying mammals, which instead release milk through ducts in the abdomen. In only one species of mammal, the Dayak fruit bat from Southeast Asia, is milk production a normal male function.


title: Lactation

text: "Galactopoiesis" is the maintenance of milk production. This stage requires prolactin. Oxytocin is critical for the "milk let-down reflex" in response to suckling. Galactorrhea is milk production unrelated to nursing. It can occur in males and females of many mammal species as result of hormonal imbalances such as hyperprolactinaemia.


title: Lactation

text: The chief function of a lactation is to provide nutrition and immune protection to the young after birth. Due to lactation, the mother-young pair can survive even if food is scarce or too hard for the young to attain, expanding the environmental conditions the species can withstand. The costly investment of energy and resources into milk is outweighed by the benefit to offspring survival. In almost all mammals, lactation induces a period of infertility (in humans, lactational amenorrhea), which serves to provide the optimal birth spacing for survival of the offspring.


title: Lactation

text: From the eighteenth week of pregnancy (the second and third trimesters), a woman's body produces hormones that stimulate the growth of the milk duct system in the breasts:


title: Lactation

text: It is also possible to induce lactation without pregnancy through combinations of birth control pills, galactagogues, and milk expression using a breast pump.


title: Lactation

text: During the latter part of pregnancy, the woman's breasts enter into the "Secretory Differentiation" stage. This is when the breasts make colostrum (see below), a thick, sometimes yellowish fluid. At this stage, high levels of progesterone inhibit most milk production. It is not a medical concern if a pregnant woman leaks any colostrum before her baby's birth, nor is it an indication of future milk production.


title: Lactation

text: At birth, prolactin levels remain high, while the delivery of the placenta results in a sudden drop in progesterone, estrogen, and HPL levels. This abrupt withdrawal of progesterone in the presence of high prolactin levels stimulates the copious milk production of "Secretory Activation".


title: Lactation

text: When the breast is stimulated, prolactin levels in the blood rise, peak in about 45 minutes, and return to the pre-breastfeeding state about three hours later. The release of prolactin triggers the cells in the alveoli to make milk. Prolactin also transfers to the breast milk. Some research indicates that prolactin in milk is greater at times of higher milk production, and lower when breasts are fuller, and that the highest levels tend to occur between 2 a.m. and 6 a.m.


title: Lactation

text: Other hormones—notably insulin, thyroxine, and cortisol—are also involved, but their roles are not yet well understood. Although biochemical markers indicate that Secretory Activation begins about 30–40 hours after birth, mothers do not typically begin feeling increased breast fullness (the sensation of milk "coming in the breast") until 50–73 hours (2–3 days) after birth.


title: Lactation

text: Colostrum is the first milk a breastfed baby receives. It contains higher amounts of white blood cells and antibodies than mature milk, and is especially high in immunoglobulin A (IgA), which coats the lining of the baby's immature intestines, and helps to prevent pathogens from invading the baby's system. Secretory IgA also helps prevent food allergies. Over the first two weeks after the birth, colostrum production slowly gives way to mature breast milk.


title: Lactation

text: The hormonal endocrine control system drives milk production during pregnancy and the first few days after the birth. When the milk supply is more firmly established, autocrine (or local) control system begins.


title: Lactation

text: During this stage, the more that milk is removed from the breasts, the more the breast will produce milk. Research also suggests that draining the breasts more fully also increases the rate of milk production. Thus the milk supply is strongly influenced by how often the baby feeds and how well it is able to transfer milk from the breast. Low supply can often be traced to:


title: Lactation

text: This is the mechanism by which milk is transported from the breast alveoli to the nipple. Suckling by the baby stimulates the paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus, which signals to the posterior pituitary gland to produce oxytocin. Oxytocin stimulates contraction of the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli, which already hold milk. The increased pressure causes milk to flow through the duct system and be released through the nipple. This response can be conditioned e.g. to the cry of the baby.


title: Lactation

text: Milk ejection is initiated in the mother's breast by the act of suckling by the baby. The milk ejection reflex (also called let-down reflex) is not always consistent, especially at first. Once a woman is conditioned to nursing, let-down can be triggered by a variety of stimuli, including the sound of any baby. Even thinking about breastfeeding can stimulate this reflex, causing unwanted leakage, or both breasts may give out milk when an infant is feeding from one breast. However, this and other problems often settle after two weeks of feeding. Stress or anxiety can cause difficulties with breastfeeding. The release of the hormone oxytocin leads to the "milk ejection" or "let-down reflex". Oxytocin stimulates the muscles surrounding the breast to squeeze out the milk. Breastfeeding mothers describe the sensation differently. Some feel a slight tingling, others feel immense amounts of pressure or slight pain/discomfort, and still others do not feel anything different. A minority of mothers experience a dysphoric milk ejection reflex immediately before let-down, causing anxiety, anger or nausea, amongst other negative sensations, for up to a few minutes per feed.


title: Lactation

text: A poor milk ejection reflex can be due to sore or cracked nipples, separation from the infant, a history of breast surgery, or tissue damage from prior breast trauma. If a mother has trouble breastfeeding, different methods of assisting the milk ejection reflex may help. These include feeding in a familiar and comfortable location, massage of the breast or back, or warming the breast with a cloth or shower.


title: Lactation

text: This is the mechanism by which milk is transported from the breast alveoli to the nipple. Suckling by the baby innervates slowly-adapting and rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptors that are densely packed around the areolar region. The electrical impulse follows the spinothalamic tract, which begins by innervation of fourth intercostal nerves. The electrical impulse then ascends the posterolateral tract for one or two vertebral levels and synapses with second-order neurons, called tract cells, in the posterior dorsal horn. The tract cells then decussate via the anterior white commissure to the anterolateral corner and ascend to the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus, where they synapse with oxytocinergic third-order neurons. The somas of these neurons are located in the hypothalamus, but their axon and axon terminals are located in the infundibulum and pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary, respectively. The oxytocin is produced in the neuron's soma in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, and is then transported down the infundibulum via the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract with the help of the carrier protein, neurophysin I, to the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary, and then stored in Herring bodies, where they are stored until the synapse between second- and third-order neurons.


title: Lactation

text: Following the electrical impulse, oxytocin is released into the bloodstream. Through the bloodstream, oxytocin makes its way to myoepithelial cells, which lie between the extracellular matrix and luminal epithelial cells that also make up the alveoli in breast tissue. When oxytocin binds to the myoepithelial cells, the cells contract. The increased intra-alveolar pressure forces milk into the lactiferous sinuses, into the lactiferous ducts (a study found that lactiferous sinuses may not exist. If this is true then milk simply enters the lactiferous ducts), and then out the nipple.


title: Lactation

text: A surge of oxytocin also causes the uterus to contract. During breastfeeding, mothers may feel these contractions as "afterpains". These may range from period-like cramps to strong labour-like contractions and can be more severe with second and subsequent babies.


title: Lactation

text: In humans, induced lactation and relactation have been observed frequently in some cultures, and demonstrated with varying success in adoptive mothers and wet nurses. It appears plausible that the possibility of lactation in women (or females of other species) who are not biological mothers does confer an evolutionary advantage, especially in groups with high maternal mortality and tight social bonds. The phenomenon has been also observed in most primates, in some lemurs, and in dwarf mongooses.


title: Lactation

text: Lactation can be induced in humans by a combination of physical and psychological stimulation, by drugs, or by a combination of those methods. Several protocols for inducing lactation were developed by Dr. Jack Newman and Lenore Goldfarb and are commonly called the Newman-Goldfarb protocols. The "regular protocol" involves the use of birth control pills to mimic the hormone levels of pregnancy with domperidone to stimulate milk production, followed by discontinuing the birth control and the introducing use of a double electric breast pump to induce milk production. Additional protocols exist to support an accelerated timeline and to support induced lactation in menopausal parents.


title: Lactation

text: Rare accounts of male lactation (as distinct from galactorrhea) exist in historical medical and anthropological literature, although the phenomenon has not been confirmed by more recent literature.


title: Lactation

text: Charles Darwin recognized that mammary glands seemed to have developed specifically from cutaneous glands, and hypothesized that they evolved from glands in brood pouches of fish, where they would provide nourishment for eggs. The latter aspect of his hypothesis has not been confirmed; however, more recently the same mechanism has been postulated for early synapsids.


title: Lactation

text: As all mammals lactate, lactation must have evolved before the last common ancestor of all mammals, which places it at a minimum in the Middle or Late Triassic when monotremes diverged from therians. O. T. Oftedal has argued that therapsids evolved a proto-lacteal fluid in order to keep eggs moist, an adaption necessitated due to diapsids parchment shelled eggs which are more vulnerable to evaporation and dehydration than the mineralized eggs produced by some sauropsids. This protolacteal fluid became a complex, nutrient-rich milk which then allowed a decline in egg size by reducing the dependence on a large yolk in the egg. The evolution of lactation is also believed to have resulted in the more complex dentition seen in mammals, as lactation would have allowed the prolonged development of the jaw before the eruption of teeth.


title: Lactation

text: During early evolution of lactation, the secretion of milk was through pilosebaceous glands on mammary patches, analogous to the areola, and hairs on this patch transported the nourishing fluids to the hatchlings as is seen in monotremes. The development of the nipple occurred in the mammal lineages that diverged after monotremes, metatheria and eutheria.


title: Lactation

text: Another well known example of nourishing young with secretions of glands is the crop milk of columbiform birds. As in mammals, this also appears to be directed by prolactin. Other birds such as flamingos and penguins utilize similar feeding techniques.


title: Lactation

text: The discus fish ("Symphysodon") is known for (biparentally) feeding their offspring by epidermal mucus secretion. A closer examination reveals that, as in mammals and birds, the secretion of this nourishing fluid may be controlled by prolactin. Similar behavior is seen in at least 30 species of cichlids.


title: Lactation

text: Lactation is also the hallmark of adenotrophic viviparity - a breeding mechanism developed by some insects, most notably tsetse flies. The single egg of the tsetse develops into a larva inside the uterus where it is fed by a milky substance secreted by a milk gland inside the uterus. The cockroach species "Diploptera punctata" is also known to feed their offspring by milky secretions.


title: Lactation

text: "Toxeus magnus", an ant-mimicking jumping spider species of Southeast Asia, also lactates. It nurses its offspring for about 38 days, although they are able to forage on their own after 21 days. Blocking nursing immediately after birth resulted in complete mortality of the offspring, whereas blocking it 20 days after birth resulted in increased foraging and reduced survival. This form of lactation may have evolved from production of trophic eggs.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Larry William Eyler (December 21, 1952 – March 6, 1994) was an American serial killer who is believed to have murdered a minimum of twenty-one teenage boys and young men in a series of killings committed in the Midwest between 1982 and 1984. Convicted and sentenced to death by lethal injection for the 1984 kidnapping and murder of 16-year-old Daniel Bridges, he later voluntarily confessed to the 1982 murder of 23-year-old Steven Agan, offering to also confess to his culpability in twenty further unsolved homicides if the state of Illinois would commute his sentence to life imprisonment without parole.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Eyler died of AIDS-related complications in 1994 while incarcerated on death row. Shortly before his death, he confessed to the murders of twenty further young men and boys to his defense attorney Kathleen Zellner, although he denied being physically responsible for the actual murder of Bridges, which he insisted had been committed by an alleged accomplice in five of his homicides, Robert David Little. With her client's consent, Zellner posthumously released Eyler's confession following the formal announcement of his death.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Eyler was known as the Interstate Killer and the Highway Killer due to the fact many of his confirmed and alleged victims were discovered across several midwestern states in locations close to or accessible via the Interstate Highway System.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Larry Eyler was born on December 21, 1952, in Crawfordsville, Indiana, the youngest of four children born to George Howard Eyler (September 19, 1924 – September 25, 1971) and Shirley Phyllis Kennedy (April 22, 1928 – June 8, 2016). His father was an alcoholic who is known to have physically and emotionally abused his wife and children. Eyler's parents divorced in mid-1955, and he and his sister were regularly placed in the care of babysitters, foster families, or simply left in the care of their two older siblings (the oldest of whom was aged ten) as their mother struggled to financially support and provide adequate care for four children, working two jobs as a waitress and in a factory on weekdays, and occasionally in a bar at weekends. Nonetheless, when Eyler and his sister were in the care of foster families, their mother would frequently visit her two youngest children, and Eyler would claim these separations and reunions brought the family closer.


title: Larry Eyler

text: In 1957, Eyler's mother remarried. This marriage lasted one year before the couple divorced. His mother married for a third time in 1960, although the couple divorced four years later. She married for the fourth time in 1972. Eyler's father and his first two stepfathers drank heavily, and he and his siblings were subjected to frequent abuse, with one of his stepfathers frequently holding Eyler's head beneath scalding water as a form of discipline.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Eyler attended St. Joseph School in Lebanon, Indiana. Although tall for his age and active in sporting activities, he was regularly targeted by bullies due to his being from a poor family and his parents' divorce, frequently leading to his sister, Theresa, confronting her brother's tormentors. Eyler was viewed by teachers as a quiet yet likable pupil, with few friends. Due to his increasing stubbornness and erratic behavior, Eyler's mother placed him in a home for unruly boys in 1963. He found this experience emotionally devastating, and within weeks had tearfully persuaded his mother to allow him to return home. Shortly thereafter, Eyler underwent psychological tests which revealed him to be of average intelligence, although suffering from severe insecurity and holding an extreme fear of separation and abandonment. Deducing these fears sourced from his home life, staff recommended Eyler be temporarily placed in a Catholic boys' home in Fort Wayne. He remained at this residence for six months before he returned to the care of his mother.


title: Larry Eyler

text: When he reached puberty, Eyler discovered he was homosexual. He was open about his sexuality only to his family, although he struggled with deep-seated feelings of self-hatred regarding his sexual orientation. Throughout high school, he occasionally dated girls, although none of these relationships became physical. Having been somewhat religious since childhood, Eyler did confide to some close acquaintances how he struggled to accept his sexuality.


title: Larry Eyler

text: In part due to his lackadaisical attitude towards schooling, Eyler failed to graduate from high school, although he did later obtain a General Educational Development certificate. Shortly after leaving college, Eyler obtained employment as a private security guard in the Marion County General Hospital. He worked in this employment for six months before losing this position and finding alternate work within a shoe store. While in this employment, Eyler began familiarizing himself with Indianapolis's gay community, frequenting gay bars and frequently engaging in casual liaisons with men. Several of these individuals noted Eyler averted his eyes from his partner during intercourse while shouting profanities such as "bitch" and "whore", leading many to believe Eyler was fantasizing his partner was female.


title: Larry Eyler

text: By the mid-1970s, Eyler was well-known within the gay community of Indianapolis—particularly among those with a leather fetish. Several acquaintances within this community described him as a good-looking, "laid-back guy" and avid bodybuilder who was close to his mother and sister, although others who had engaged in sexual activity with him described him as an individual with a sadistic streak and violent temper which would only surface within their sexual encounters, often involving Eyler extensively bludgeoning, then inflicting light knife wounds upon unwilling partners—particularly to their torsos.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Eyler primarily worked as a house painter, and although never having served in the military, he was fond of wearing Marine Corps T-shirts. He resided in a condominium in Terre Haute with a 38-year-old library science professor named Robert David Little, whom he had first met in 1974 while studying at the Indiana State University. The relationship between the two men was a platonic one, with Eyler viewing Little as something of a father figure.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Eyler and Little regularly socialized within Indianapolis's gay community, although Little—a socially awkward, taciturn and unattractive individual—typically struggled to form friendships or obtain sexual partners during these excursions, resulting in Eyler frequently bringing young men to Little's home to engage in sex with the two.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On August 3, 1978, Eyler picked up a 19-year-old hitchhiker named Craig Long on 7th Street in Terre Haute. Shortly after Long entered the pickup truck, Eyler propositioned the youth, resulting in Long attempting to leave the vehicle. In response, Eyler pressed a knife against the youth's chest as Long stated, "I don't have any money." Eyler then drove towards a rural field, stating: "It's not your money I want. I'm not after your money." He then ordered Long to undress before he handcuffed the youth, bound his ankles, then ordered him to climb into the back of the pickup. When Long attempted to flee from the pickup as Eyler undressed, Eyler chased after him as Long shouted: "You queer!" In response, Eyler stabbed the youth once in the chest, penetrating his lung. Long slumped to the ground, feigning death. He later stumbled to a nearby house, where the occupants summoned paramedics.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Shortly thereafter, Eyler drove to the house as Long received first aid and offered the handcuff key to a sheriff's deputy, claiming he had stabbed the young man accidentally. He was arrested and taken into custody. A search of his vehicle recovered a hunting knife, a metal-tipped whip, a butcher knife, a further set of handcuffs, tear gas, and a sword.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Eyler was later charged with aggravated battery, to which he agreed to plead guilty. A judge set his bond at $10,000, a sum which was raised by friends. He was released on bail until August 23. On this date, Eyler's lawyers offered Long a check from Little for $2,500 in return for his agreeing not to press charges. Long accepted the offer, and Eyler changed his plea to not guilty. As such, he was acquitted on November 13, being fined $43 in court costs.


title: Larry Eyler

text: In August 1981, Eyler formed a long-term relationship with a 20-year-old married man named John Dobrovolskis. Dobrovolskis lived with his wife, two children, and three foster children on North Greenview Avenue in Chicago, Illinois. His wife, Sally, was tolerant of her husband's sexual orientation and of the fact her husband's lover often lodged with them on weekdays, paying a third of the rent.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Both Eyler and Dobrovolskis held a penchant for sadomasochism, and their sexual activity frequently involved Eyler binding his partner to devices before proceeding to beat and lash him as he hurled curses at Dobrovolskis before the two engaged in penetrative sex. Although neither Eyler nor Dobrovolskis was inclined towards monogamy, the couple considered their relationship a permanent one. Nonetheless, Eyler constantly sought assurance he was the only man in his lover's life, and the two are known to have frequently argued over Eyler's accusations of his lover's infidelity. These arguments would occasionally lead to Dobrovolskis striking Eyler, who never retaliated in these physical altercations. Occasionally, the couple's arguments were initiated by the perceptions and recriminations of Robert Little, who made no secret of his intense dislike of Dobrovolskis to Eyler and resented the fact he was in a long-term relationship.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Although Eyler primarily, and intermittently, worked as a house painter in Illinois on weekdays, he also worked as a liquor store clerk in Greencastle, Indiana on Saturdays. As such, he regularly traveled between the two states, living rent free at Little's Terre Haute residence at weekends.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Between 1982 and 1984, Eyler is known to have committed a minimum of twenty-one murders and one attempted murder. All his murders involved the restraining of his victim, and several victims were subjected to varying degrees of sadomasochism before being stabbed and/or slashed to death, with the majority of the wounds being inflicted to the victim's chest and abdomen. His victims were typically plied with alcohol and sedatives such as ethchlorvynol before their restraint and murder. Several victims were disemboweled after death, and Eyler is known to have dismembered the bodies of four of his victims. His victims were typically discarded in fields close to major Interstate highways with their trousers and underwear frequently discovered around their knees or ankles and their shirts and wallets missing from the crime scene.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On October 12, 1982, Eyler lured a 21-year-old named Craig Townsend into his vehicle in Crown Point, Indiana. Although drugged, extensively beaten and later abandoned naked and comatose in a rural field (causing Townsend to also suffer from exposure), the young man survived this assault.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Eleven days later, on October 23, Eyler abducted and murdered a 19-year-old named Steven Crockett. His body was discovered in a cornfield in Kankakee County approximately twelve hours after his murder. An autopsy revealed Crockett had been beaten, then stabbed to death, suffering thirty-two knife wounds, including four to his head. One week later, on October 30, a 26-year-old named Edgar Underkofler disappeared from Rantoul, Illinois. His body was not discovered until March 4, 1983, in a field close to Danville, Illinois. Sometime the following month, Eyler murdered a 25-year-old barman named John Johnson. His body was discovered one month later in Lowell, Indiana. On November 20, Eyler abducted a 19-year-old hitchhiker named William Lewis at a location close to Vincennes, Indiana. He was stabbed to death and buried in a field close to Rensselaer, Indiana.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On December 19, a 23-year-old named Steven Agan was abducted in Terre Haute. His body was discovered in woodland close to Indiana State Road 63 on December 28. An examination of the outbuilding of an abandoned farm close to the crime scene revealed several traces of human flesh upon the walls in areas where plaster had been damaged, leading investigators to speculate Agan had been suspended against the walls of this property as his murderer had inflicted the injuries to his body. Noting the extensive mutilation upon Agan's abdomen, chest, and throat, the coroner who performed this autopsy, Dr. John Pless, referenced the "tremendous rage" Agan's killer had exhibited upon his victim in his autopsy report, adding a likelihood of there being more than one perpetrator in this murder.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Immediately after concluding Agan's autopsy, Pless conducted the autopsy upon the body of a 21-year-old named John Roach, whose body had been found close to Interstate 70 in Putnam County that day. Pless noted striking similarities in the injuries inflicted upon Roach and Agan; again noting multiple stab wounds to the victim's abdomen, upper chest and throat, suggesting an overt rage exhibited by the perpetrator.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On December 30, a 22-year-old Yale University graduate named David Block disappeared from the Illinois suburb of Highland Park, having told his family of his intentions to visit a friend in the nearby city of Highwood. His body was discovered by a farmer in a field south of Illinois Route 173 on May 7, 1984.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On January 24, 1983, Eyler abducted and murdered a 16-year-old named Ervin Gibson in Lake County, Illinois. His body was not discovered until April 15, discarded atop the body of a dog which had also been stabbed to death. Between March and April 1983, Eyler is believed to have killed a minimum of five further victims between the ages of 17 and 29. On May 9, the body of 21-year-old Daniel Scott McNeive was discovered in a field close to Indiana State Road 39 in Hendricks County. The wounds inflicted to McNeive immediately tied his murder to other victims tentatively linked to the same perpetrator. He had suffered eleven knife wounds to his neck, five to his back, and eleven to his abdomen, with one wound causing sections of his small intestine to protrude through his abdomen. Furthermore, welt marks were discovered on McNeive's wrists and ankles, and his jeans had been pulled down to his ankles. As with other victims, McNeive's body bore no signs of his being subjected to a sexual assault. Nine days later, Eyler murdered a 25-year-old named Richard Bruce in Effingham, Illinois. His body was thrown from a bridge into a creek, and remained undiscovered until December 5.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Many advocates within Indiana's gay community had speculated the sudden increase in the number of disappearances and murders of young males might be the work of a single perpetrator by early 1983. Although police had routinely raided gay bars and bookstores in addition to continually overtly filming patrons of these premises in their efforts to identify the movements of suspects, that month the gay newspaper "The Works", in their own efforts to assist police, created an anonymous telephone hotline and published an article speculating as to both the identity and motive of the perpetrator, whom they speculated struggled to accept his sexuality. With assistance from members of the gay community and the family of one murder victim, the editors of the newspaper offered a reward of $1,500 for any information obtained leading to the arrest and conviction of the killer.


title: Larry Eyler

text: By the early spring of 1983, police in Indiana had tentatively linked several murders of young males committed in the state to the same perpetrator. Six days after the discovery of McNeive's body, the Indiana State Police conducted a meeting attended by thirty-five detectives from each of the four jurisdictions where bodies of young males bearing wounds suggesting the same perpetrator had been discovered. The conclusion of this meeting was that the same individual had murdered in each jurisdiction, and that all involved in the investigation should form a unified task force dedicated to the apprehension of the suspect. The four separate murder investigations within Indiana were amalgamated into one, with investigators agreeing that this task force would comprise two detectives from the state police, two from the Indianapolis police, and two from each county involved in the manhunt. This task force—named the Central Indiana Multi-Agency Investigation Team—was commanded by Lieutenant Jerry Campbell of the Indianapolis police. All information obtained was entered into a computerized database linked to the statewide police system.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On the first day of the Central Indiana Multi-Agency Investigation Team's existence, the task force contacted the FBI's National Crime Information Center, describing the method of murder and body disposal of the offender they were seeking and requesting police forces who had discovered young male murder victims whose wounds matched this pattern to contact them. Shortly thereafter, investigators in Kentucky contacted the task force reporting that a 29-year-old Lexington resident named Jay Reynolds had been discovered stabbed to death in Madison County on March 22, and that his body had likely been transported to the site of its discovery. Days later, investigators in Chicago reported that the body of an 18-year-old African-American teenager named Jimmie Roberts had been found with thirty-five stab wounds to his body in Thorn Creek on May 9. Both victims were linked to the manhunt for the same perpetrator, whom this task force termed the Highway Murderer.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On June 6, a former lover of Eyler's named Thomas Henderson phoned the investigation team's confidential hotline to voice his suspicions that Eyler might be the killer they were seeking; he explained that his former lover had been charged with "some sort of stabbing" of a young hitchhiker in 1978, possessed a violent temper, and had a penchant for bondage. Henderson added that Eyler worked in a liquor store in Greencastle on Saturdays and lived in Terre Haute with an older male at weekends. He also informed investigators that in May 1982, Eyler had drugged a 14-year-old boy, later abandoning the unconscious youth in woodland close to Greencastle. The boy had not been molested, and investigators theorized the reason Eyler had given the boy sedatives was as a means to test the effectiveness of the drug.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Conducting a background check on Eyler, investigators discovered he had been arrested in 1978 for attempting to sexually assault a teenage hitchhiker whom he had stabbed and left for dead. The handcuffing of the youth's wrists and binding of his ankles matched the "modus operandi" of the Highway Murderer, whose victims had also been discovered with welt marks upon their wrists and ankles. Furthermore, Eyler was known to regularly travel between Indianapolis and Chicago. This information was considered sufficient to keep an informal track of Eyler's whereabouts, but not to place him under full surveillance.


title: Larry Eyler

text: At the request of the Central Indiana Multi-Agency Investigation Team, the FBI developed a psychological profile of the unknown killer, whom they predicted to be a white male in his late twenties or early thirties who worked in a menial profession and who presented a rough exterior in part due to his self-hatred regarding his sexual attraction to other males.


title: Larry Eyler

text: The individual would project a "macho" image and seek the company and approval of other masculine males in order to feel a sense of belonging; as such, this individual would frequent "redneck bars" and be something of a night owl, yet live on the edge of homosexual panic; always fearful of being labeled by others as "queer". Because of this fear, this offender may express a hatred of homosexuals to mask his sexual attraction to those whom he sought the acceptance of. Furthermore, the FBI predicted that upon completion of a murder, the offender would symbolically erase the act by making a rudimentary effort to cover his victim with leaves or soil, and that this individual likely had a middle-aged, middle-class, and markedly more intelligent accomplice in several of his initial homicides. As many victims had been athletic and lithe in stature, this profile also predicted the offender to be a physically strong individual. The predictions within this profile regarding the offender's strength were supported by the presence of deep welt marks upon the wrists of many victims, suggesting they had struggled to resist being bound and handcuffed.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On July 2, the partially-clad body of an unidentified Hispanic man was discovered in a field two miles from the city of Paxton in Ford County, Illinois. This victim had been dead since June 27 or 28, and had been repeatedly stabbed in the abdomen. Eight weeks later, on August 31, a tree-trimming crew discovered the body of a further victim, a 28-year-old named Ralph Calise, in a field close to a tollway near Illinois Route 60. Lake County investigators quickly linked this murder to the stabbing deaths of two other young men whose bodies had been discovered close to this decedent earlier in 1983 (Ervin Gibson and Gustavo Herrera). The victim was a 28-year-old named Ralph Calise. He had been stabbed seventeen times with a butcher or hunting knife, with several wounds inflicted to his abdomen causing sections of his small intestine to protrude through his body.


title: Larry Eyler

text: In early September, a Chicago-based reporter for WLS-TV named Gera-Lind Kolarik noted similarities between the August 31 murder of Calise and the two earlier deaths of young males within Lake County. Kolarik was familiar with other murders of young males committed in Indiana, bearing similar signature knife mutilations, and speculated that the perpetrator of these earlier Indiana murders had begun to murder and/or dispose of his victims' bodies in Lake County. Conversing with Cook County investigators, Kolarik discovered that a further two young male murder victims who had lived in or disappeared from Uptown in 1982 had also been discovered with multiple stab wounds to their bodies and their trousers and underwear pulled down to their ankles in Kankakee County, Illinois, and Lowell, Indiana.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On September 8, investigators from all jurisdictions in both states where these additional bodies had been discovered convened with the senior task force representatives in Crown Point to discuss whether these additional five deaths were also linked to the same perpetrator. All five murders were added to the list of victims compiled by the task force, whom investigators now believed to have murdered up to seventeen young males.


title: Larry Eyler

text: One month later, on October 4, two mushroom hunters discovered a human torso concealed inside a plastic bag in Kenosha County, Wisconsin. The victim was identified as 18-year-old Eric Hansen, who had last been seen alive on September 27 in St. Francis. Hansen's head, arms, and legs had been severed from his torso with a hacksaw, and the torso itself had been completely drained of blood. The skull and hands were never found.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On October 18, the partially-decomposed bodies of four further victims were discovered alongside an oak tree close to an abandoned farmhouse in Lake Village, Indiana. Each victim had been dead for several months, and all four decedents had been partially buried, with sections of the body of each victim remaining exposed above ground, suggesting the murderer had made only rudimentary efforts to bury each victim. Three of these victims—all Caucasian—were buried at one side of the tree, three feet apart, with their heads facing north. A fourth victim—an unidentified African-American estimated to be aged between 15 and 18—was buried at the other side of the tree. All four victims had been stabbed more than two dozen times each, with a blade at least eight inches in length, and the trousers of each victim were discovered around their ankles.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Two months later, on December 7, a hunter discovered the partially-buried skeleton of a further victim in Hendricks County, close to U.S. Route 40. The victim was identified as 17-year-old Richard Wayne, who had disappeared on March 20 while traveling from California to his home in Montpelier, Indiana. The body of a second, less-decomposed victim was discovered beneath the remnants of a burned mobile home a few feet from where Wayne had been buried. This decedent was determined to be an African-American, approximately in height, although his remains were never identified.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On September 30, Eyler was arrested in Lowell, Indiana for a routine traffic violation. He had been in the company of a young hitchhiker at the time of his apprehension and both men were arrested and detained for questioning at a Lowell state police post, with Eyler initially being detained upon charges of soliciting a young male for sexual purposes after a sergeant named William Cothran—without Eyler's consent and before informing him he was under arrest—had searched his Ford F-Series pickup at the roadside and discovered two sections of nylon rope. His vehicle was impounded.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Shortly after 1:30 p.m., two investigators from the Central Indiana Multi-Agency Investigation Team conducted a formal interview with Eyler, whom they informed had become a suspect in the series of murders due to an anonymous phone call received from a former acquaintance of his. Although willing to discuss any other aspect of his life and their suspicions of his having committed murder, Eyler refused to discuss his sexuality. Questioned about the murders of John Roach and Daniel McNeive, Eyler claimed to have read press coverage of both murders in the "Indianapolis Star", but he denied ever having committed murder. He consented to the investigators' request to conduct a forensic examination of his vehicle and also agreed to allow investigators to take his mug shot, copies of his fingerprints, and to subject him to a polygraph test at a later date.


title: Larry Eyler

text: A search of Eyler's vehicle recovered a knife, two sections of nylon rope, handcuffs, a hammer, two baseball bats, a mallet, and surgical tape. An inspection of Eyler's footwear and vehicle revealed the impressions of his boots to be a precise match to plaster casts taken of imprints discovered alongside the body of Ralph Calise. The pattern of his vehicle's tire tracks was also deemed similar. Moreover, blood was discovered beneath the handle of the knife found inside his vehicle, and he was known to have regularly commuted between three districts in Indiana and Illinois where several victims' bodies had been discovered: Greencastle, Terre Haute, and Chicago. In addition, Eyler's lifestyle closely matched that predicted upon the psychological profile of the murderer earlier compiled by the FBI.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Upon completion of the forensic examination of Eyler's pickup, Indiana investigators informed Eyler he was free to leave custody and retain possession of his vehicle. Due to concerns regarding Eyler's knowledge that he was now a murder suspect might lead to his disposing of any potential evidence, in the early hours of October 1, investigators from the Central Indiana Multi-Agency Investigation Team obtained a search warrant authorizing their search of the Terre Haute home of Robert Little. This search was conducted at dawn on October 2 and revealed further circumstantial evidence, such as credit card receipts, indicating Eyler's presence in jurisdictions within both Illinois and Indiana on dates identified victims linked to the Highway Murderer had been killed. An examination of phone bills retrieved from the property revealed Eyler had regularly placed collect calls to Little's home at odd hours, shortly after identified victims were believed to have been murdered. One of these calls to Little's home had been placed from a payphone near the Cook County Hospital on April 8—the murder date of victim Gustavo Herrera. Hospitalization records revealed Eyler had received treatment for a deep cut to his hand on this date, which he claimed had been caused in a fall from his truck in which he had landed upon a glass beer bottle; receipts recovered from the property revealed he had purchased handcuffs and a knife the following day. Investigators further discovered Eyler and Little had recently spent several weeks on vacation in New York City, returning to Indiana shortly before Calise's murder. These revelations led a member of the Indiana task force named Cathy Berner to remark to her colleagues that if Eyler were not the murderer they were seeking, he was following the actual killer on a daily basis.


title: Larry Eyler

text: As the tire impressions obtained by Indiana authorities were not suitable for comparison with the impressions obtained at the site of Calise's murder, Illinois investigators received approval from a state attorney to seize possession of Eyler's truck. The vehicle was impounded at the Lake County sheriff's headquarters on the evening of October 2, and Eyler accompanied investigators to Waukegan to submit to further questioning by an investigator named Dan Colin. On this occasion, he admitted to Colin his penchant for being the dominant partner in bondage sessions, that his relationship with Dobrovolskis had been something of a love–hate relationship, that he and Dobrovolskis had frequently argued, and that his lover had occasionally struck him. He denied the tire tracks and boot impressions recovered at the Calise murder scene belonged to him, adding that he had never met the victim. Colin then stated to Eyler: "Larry, we know something about you. You'd get into a fight with John and pick someone else and stab him because you think it's John." This accusation caused Eyler to visibly wince.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Shortly after his release from custody on October 4, Eyler requested legal representation from a Chicago lawyer named Kenneth Ditkowsky. Having received confirmation from the Lake County Deputy Chief Investigator that police had insufficient evidence to formally charge his client with murder, Ditkowsky filed a civil suit against both the Lake County sheriff's police and the Indiana State Police on October 11, citing the harassment of his client and contending investigators in both states had violated the Fourteenth Amendment and Eyler's civil rights by involving him in their collective investigation with insufficient evidence to formally charge him with murder. This suit sought $250,000 in damages against eleven named officers in both states.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On October 6, the boot and tire imprints recovered at the scene of Ralph Calise's murder were sent to the headquarters of the FBI in Washington, D.C. for further analysis and comparison with all physical evidence recovered by Indiana investigators in the task force's efforts to forensically link Eyler to this particular murder. Several days later, the FBI reported to investigators that the boot impressions were a precise match, including four distinctive areas of wearing and damage to the soles. Extensive bloodstains—determined to be type A-positive—were also discovered inside this footwear. Furthermore, the tires on Eyler's vehicle were from two separate manufacturers, and the physical impressions recovered at the murder scene were determined to be from these two separate manufacturers. The tire impressions themselves were a perfect match in terms of grip depth.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On October 27, investigators from the Central Indiana Multi-Agency Investigation Team and Lake County held a meeting to determine whether sufficient evidence existed to charge Eyler with murder. The outcome of this meeting convinced officers from the two jurisdictions that sufficient evidence existed to charge Eyler with the murder of Ralph Calise. The following day, investigators obtained a warrant permitting their retrieval of Eyler's hair and blood samples for further comparison with evidence earlier retrieved from Eyler's vehicle, to be served the following day—the date of the hearing of Ditkowsky's civil suit.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Ditkowsky's civil suit was heard at the Dirksen Federal Building on October 29, with Ditkowsky requesting permission to access the affidavit investigators had used to request a search warrant for Eyler's vehicle. Although Ditkowsky argued before Judge Paul Plunkett that "not a scintilla of evidence" existed against his client, Judge Plunkett—having reviewed the investigators' collective affidavit—ruled Ditkowsky could not obtain access to the documents at the present date. As Eyler walked from this hearing, two Lake County investigators presented Ditkowsky with warrants authorizing their retrieval of Eyler's blood and hair samples. A sample of Eyler's blood revealed his blood type to be O-positive.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Eyler was formally charged with Calise's murder on October 29, with his bond being set at $1 million, and an initial trial date set for December 19. He protested his innocence, adding in anonymous media interviews that the accusation had harmed his reputation among his family and friends, and proclaiming that, had he murdered any individual, real evidence would have existed.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On November 1, Lake County investigators obtained a search warrant to conduct a second search of Robert Little's home. The primary purpose of this search warrant was to determine whether the victims' missing T-shirts and wallets had been retained as keepsakes. Although investigators retrieved 221 items of clothing, jewelry, pharmaceuticals, and Polaroid photographs, none of the items recovered depicted or belonged to any of the murder victims; however, a key recovered in this search was a precise match to a key found beneath the body of Steven Agan. This key was later determined to fit the door of an office where Eyler had worked in 1982.


title: Larry Eyler

text: With the approval of his mother, as well as Little and Dobrovolskis, a criminal defense attorney named David Schippers was appointed to replace Kenneth Ditkowsky as Eyler's legal representative on November 12. Schippers opted to reverse the defense strategy adopted by his predecessor, also forbidding his client to grant any further interviews to the media.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Following a lengthy evidentiary hearing in December 1983, Lake County Circuit Judge William Block ruled that although Eyler's initial arrest for the traffic violation had been legally valid, his subsequent detainment during which evidence was recovered by Indiana police and now presented before him had been obtained without probable cause, and that Eyler's detention had been illegal. A further hearing to determine whether defense motions to suppress the physical and circumstantial evidence retrieved by investigators between September 30 and November 22 and to quash and nullify various warrants authorizing these searches and the seizure of property was scheduled for January 23, 1984.


title: Larry Eyler

text: At the subsequent January 1984 hearing to determine whether the physical evidence recovered following Eyler's arrest should be suppressed, a police sergeant named John Pavlakovic conceded the primary reason Lowell police had prolonged Eyler's detainment on September 30 was to await the arrival in Lowell of members of the task force assembled to investigate the series of murders, and that Eyler had never formally been under arrest in relation to any offense other than soliciting a male for sexual purposes. Further testimony pertaining to the Lake County and Chicago officers' search of the Dobrovolski residence on October 3 revealed this search had been conducted without a search warrant.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Following four days of testimony, Judge Block adjourned the hearing until January 27 to consider his ruling, informing the Assistant State's Attorney and David Schippers that sufficient precedents existed for both admitting and suppressing the evidence.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On February 1, Judge Block ruled that although Eyler had signed a "Miranda" waiver upon being detained, he had been taken into custody for interrogation upon charges unrelated to the crime of murder and was only later detained on charges of soliciting. Citing the exclusionary rule as the basis for his decision, Judge Block ruled the physical evidence recovered by Illinois investigators in their comparison of his boot prints and tire tracks to the plaster casts recovered at the Calise crime scene had been tainted as the search had been prompted by Eyler's initial illegal detainment by Indiana investigators, in violation of his constitutional rights. Furthermore, although Illinois investigators had obtained possession of Eyler's boots from their Indiana counterparts through a subpoena, the boots had never been formally seized by Indiana authorities. Block further ruled the facts detailed in the police affidavit to search Robert Little's home were insufficient to obtain a search warrant. With the exception of the tire impressions and hair and blood samples obtained from Eyler, Block ordered all evidence obtained to be suppressed. Block also reduced Eyler's bond sum to $10,000 on this date.


title: Larry Eyler

text: As a result of this ruling, Eyler was freed from custody on February 6, 1984, his family and Robert Little having paid the reduced bond fee. Terms imposed upon Eyler's bond stipulated he was unable to leave Illinois. In attempts to appeal this ruling, prosecutors submitted several legal challenges, including an appeal against the suppression of this evidence to the Supreme Court of the United States. These appeals were unsuccessful.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Four weeks after his release from custody, Eyler permanently relocated to Chicago. He resided in an apartment complex in Rogers Park, with Robert Little purchasing the furniture within the property, paying the weekly rent, and purchasing a new set of tires for his pickup. At his lawyers' request, Eyler refused to provide John Dobrovolskis with his new address, although his lover soon discovered where Eyler lived.


title: Larry Eyler

text: At approximately 10:30 p.m. on August 19, 1984, Eyler lured a 16-year-old Uptown youth named Daniel Bridges to his apartment. The youngest of thirteen children, Bridges was a neglected child and habitual runaway who, although heterosexual, had been a male prostitute since the age of twelve. Bridges had been a close acquaintance of victim Ervin Gibson, and is known to have been wary of Eyler, whom he had described to an NBC reporter (commissioned to film a documentary focusing on child exploitation in America two months before his murder) as a "real freak" who was well known to the male prostitutes of Uptown.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Inside Eyler's apartment, the youth was bound to a chair with clothesline before he was beaten, tortured, then stabbed to death. Eyler then dismembered Bridges' body in his bathroom. His body was cut into eight pieces; each of which was completely drained of blood before being placed inside six separate plastic bags.


title: Larry Eyler

text: The dismembered body of Daniel Bridges was discovered by a janitor named Joseph Balla on the morning of August 21, 1984. His remains had been placed inside a garbage dumpster close to Eyler's apartment and within a unit not intended for usage by tenants within Eyler's apartment complex. Believing the bags to have been illegally dumped, Balla chose to remove the bags from the garbage receptacle to inspect the contents. Removing the first bag from the disposal unit caused the bag to split open and reveal the contents to be a severed human leg.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Reporting his discovery to police, Balla stated that other janitors had observed a tenant named Larry Eyler placing the bags in the dumpster the previous afternoon. Recognizing Eyler's name, a police captain named Francis Nolan informed the four other officers present: "Detain anyone occupying [apartment] 106. I don't care who it is." Within minutes, Eyler was arrested within his apartment. Dobrovolskis was also taken into custody, although he was soon released without charge.


title: Larry Eyler

text: A forensic examination of Eyler's apartment conducted on August 21 and 22 revealed copious quantities of blood had recently been cleaned from his bedroom, which had recently been repainted, although extensive traces of blood spattering were located across the floor, walls, and ceiling. Numerous traces of blood later determined to belong to Daniel Bridges were also discovered upon a mattress, the seat of a chair, a leather belt, a sofa within this room, and beneath the floorboards of the doorway to the bathroom.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Inside Eyler's closet, investigators discovered the decedent's jeans, saturated with rivulets of bloodstains. Bridges' distinctive Duke University T-shirt—also extensively bloodstained—was discovered in a hamper, along with a leather vest belonging to Eyler that had recently been washed. Moreover, investigators discovered a hacksaw on the property. Blades for this tool, plus an awl, were also recovered from a drawer within the utility room. Receipts recovered from the property revealed Eyler had recently purchased several hacksaw blades.


title: Larry Eyler

text: The forensic examination of the bags used to conceal Bridges' remains revealed several fingerprints determined to belong to Eyler. These fingerprints were discovered on both the internal and external surfaces of the bags. On August 24, investigators conducted a luminol test inside Eyler's now empty apartment. This test revealed extensive traces of blood in the bedroom. Further markings across the floors indicated Bridges' body had been dragged from the bedroom into the bathtub, where the teenager's body had evidently been dismembered.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On August 22, Eyler was formally charged with Bridges' murder. He denied any knowledge of the crime, insisting his fingerprints must have been inadvertently placed upon the bags containing Bridges' body as he had moved them aside as he had placed other garbage bags within the dumpster.


title: Larry Eyler

text: The same day, Cook County medical examiner Dr. Robert Stein conducted the autopsy upon Bridges' body. This autopsy determined death had been caused due to multiple wounds inflicted via a knife and an awl-like instrument. No facial fractures were evident, although the teenager had evidently been beaten around the right eye, also suffering numerous shallow cuts to his face before his death. Fourteen wounds likely inflicted with an ice pick or an awl were also evident upon and around Bridges' sternum; these wounds had also been inflicted prior to death. Moreover, five knife wounds to the abdomen were markedly deep and had caused sections of Bridges' intestine to protrude through the wounds. Three additional knife wounds to the teenager's back had been inflicted with such force the heart and left lung had been perforated.


title: Larry Eyler

text: In order to legally seek the death penalty, the prosecutors at Eyler's upcoming trial, Mark Rakoczy and Rick Stock, opted to charge Eyler with the felonies of aggravated kidnapping, unlawful restraint, and concealment of Bridges' body, in addition to the charge of murder.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Eyler was brought to trial for the aggravated kidnapping, unlawful restraint, murder, and concealment of the body of Daniel Bridges on July 1, 1986. He was tried in Cook County, Illinois, before Judge Joseph Urso, and chose to enter a formal plea of not guilty to the charges against him. As Eyler was financially insolvent, he was defended by two public defenders named Claire Hilliard and Tom Allen, with David Schippers also informing Judge Urso of his intention to offer his legal services "pro bono". Eyler's attorneys instructed their client not to testify on his own behalf.


title: Larry Eyler

text: In his opening statement to the jury on this date, Rakoczy outlined the physical and circumstantial evidence to be presented against the defendant, stating how close Eyler had been to eluding justice in this murder; had janitor Balla not suspected Eyler of simply illegally dumping trash, Bridges' body "would be buried in some landfill". Rakoczy also referenced a remark Eyler had made to a janitor who had asked him what he was disposing into the garbage receptacle as he had placed the bags into the disposal unit: "Just getting rid of some shit from my apartment."


title: Larry Eyler

text: David Schippers delivered the opening statement on behalf of the defense, arguing the sole evidence proving Eyler's involvement in the murder was that he had handled the bags containing Bridges' body, with eyewitnesses also having observed him disposing of the bags in the garbage receptacle, but that no witnesses could prove he had actually murdered the victim. Schippers asserted that two other men had alternately been within Eyler's apartment between August 19 and 21, one of whom had spent a great deal of time there. Furthermore, in relation to the charge of aggravated kidnapping, Schippers stated no evidence existed attesting to Bridges having entered Eyler's apartment involuntarily, adding that there was no evidence he had even been inside Eyler's pickup truck, as a detailed forensic examination of the vehicle had yielded no fibers or fingerprints of the decedent.


title: Larry Eyler

text: The first prosecution witness to testify against Eyler was Robert Little, who testified to having been in Eyler's company between 17 and 19 August, although he claimed to have returned to Terre Haute at approximately 10:15 p.m. on the evening of Bridges' murder.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Dr. Robert Stein testified on behalf of the prosecution on July 2. Stein described the extensive torture and mutilation inflicted upon Bridges before and after his death as being "one of the worst cases" he had ever seen, adding the pattern and depth of the serrations discovered upon the decedent's body precisely matched the hacksaw blades recovered from Eyler's apartment. Upon cross-examination, Stein admitted to Tom Allen he had discovered traces of alcohol and cocaine in the victim's blood, suggesting a possibility he had not been kidnapped and had willingly entered Eyler's apartment.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On July 4, a janitor named Al Burdicki testified to having witnessed Eyler make between eight and twelve trips to his communal storage locker on August 20, with Eyler explaining to him he was "getting tools for a job". Several hours later, Burdicki had also witnessed Eyler making three separate trips to the garbage receptacle.


title: Larry Eyler

text: On July 7, John Dobrovolskis testified on behalf of the prosecution, stating he had telephoned Eyler on three occasions between 8:45 p.m. and 11:25 p.m. on the date of Bridges' disappearance, and again at 2:45 a.m. on August 20, only to be informed not to visit his apartment as Eyler was still in the company of Robert Little. Dobrovolskis stated this had been extremely unusual, as Little had typically returned to Terre Haute early on Sundays. Dobrovolskis further testified that in his final phone call, he had informed Eyler of his intentions to be at his apartment in fifteen minutes, only for Eyler to state: "No, don't do that." Eyler had then agreed to travel immediately to Dobrovolskis's home, and upon his arrival, Dobrovolskis noted he had evidently recently bathed or showered. He was disinterested in engaging in sex, at which point Dobrovolskis believed Eyler had been with another man.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Little later confirmed sections of Dobrovolskis's testimony, although he insisted he had left Eyler's apartment approximately fifteen minutes before Bridges is known to have last been seen alive. To support his assertion that he had left Eyler's apartment late on August 19, Little's attorney introduced into evidence a tax receipt proving Little had paid property taxes on his Terre Haute condominium at noon on August 20. When questioned as to why he had paid the bill on this date despite the fact this tax bill was not due until October, Little claimed he had opted to do so as he had the sufficient finances and had simply "decided to pay off some bills".


title: Larry Eyler

text: In efforts by the defense to cast a reasonable doubt in the minds of the jury as to who had committed Bridges' murder, Schippers succeeded in getting Dobrovolskis to concede that the reason Eyler had been "disinterested" in sex may have been that he had engaged in sexual activity with a consenting lover at his apartment, and that this could have been the reason Eyler had actively dissuaded him from visiting his apartment on August 19 and 20. Schippers also referenced the convenience in Little traveling from Rogers Park to Terre Haute to pay a tax bill not due for another two months on the morning after Bridges' murder, also adding that it was odd he had chosen to pay the bill in person, when he habitually paid his bills by mail. Schippers suggested the reason Little had paid this bill in person was an effort to construct an alibi.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Supporting the prosecution's contention Eyler had lured Bridges to his home not to engage in sexual relations but simply to torture and murder the youth a forensic technician named Marion Caporusso testified on July 8 that no semen was found upon or within the victim's body. Upon cross-examination, Caporusso conceded some bloodstains found upon fingernails retrieved from an ashtray in Eyler's apartment did not belong to either Eyler or the decedent, and that no other individual known to have been present in Eyler's apartment between August 19 and 21 had had samples of his blood taken for comparison with these bloodstains.


title: Larry Eyler

text: Both prosecution and defense attorneys delivered their closing arguments before the jury on July 9. Deputy Prosecutor Rick Stock delivered the state's closing argument on behalf of the prosecution, outlining the injuries Bridges had received before his death, referencing the premeditated nature of the murder and Eyler's efforts to conceal all evidence of the crime.