title: So Far, So Good... So What!

text: Work on the album started while Reynolds was in the band, but continued after the induction of Young. To mix the album, the label turned to Paul Lani, who had remixed the band's previous album, "Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?." Mustaine was initially skeptical, but later became very irate with Lani's "eccentricities" and his way of handling things. To mix the album, Lani relocated himself and Mustaine to Bearsville Studios, near Woodstock, New York, ostensibly for the purpose of inspiration. Mustaine decided that he had his limits when he, having just awakened and made coffee, noticed Lani outside in his underwear feeding an apple to a deer. Mustaine flew back to Los Angeles later that day and fired Lani, who was replaced by Michael Wagener. Mustaine has since criticized Wagener's "pedestrian" mixing efforts, citing the album's "muddy feel", in particular. Mustaine was able to recruit Sex Pistols guitarist Steve Jones to perform guitar parts on "Anarchy in the U.K."


title: So Far, So Good... So What!

text: According to music critic J. D. Considine of "Spin", "So Far, So Good... So What!" displays music performed at "volumes approaching the threshold of pain". This was the first album where another band member other than Mustaine contributed to writing, with bassist David Ellefson contributing to either lyrics or music on half of the album's songs. The album features fast guitar solos, multiple tempo changes and technical dexterity. Mike Stagno of Sputnikmusic observed that the album offers the classic "take no prisoners" style which is commonly associated with Megadeth; however, he noted that the sound does not differ much from the other underground metal bands from that period. Jim Farber of "Rolling Stone" called Mustaine's vocals "bloodthirsty" and praised the musicianship for keeping rhythmic pace even at the "most anarchic moments". "Los Angeles Times" journalist Dennis Hunt noted that the music was filled with extensive and "torrid" instrumentals and described Mustaine's singing as a combination of extreme shrieking and screaming. Despite the positive overview, "Anarchy in the U.K." received some negative criticism, partially because it was perceived to lack the rebelliousness of the original version.


title: So Far, So Good... So What!

text: The lyrical themes on the album explore a variety of subjects, from nuclear holocaust ("Set the World Afire") to revisionism and censorship ("Hook in Mouth"). Still, the majority of the songs are accompanied by the same sentiment of disillusion and nihilism as their previous two albums. Unlike traditional topics related to heavy metal music, the song "In My Darkest Hour" contains emotional lyrics which deal with loneliness and isolation. Dave Mustaine revealed that he tried to write about subject matters that were in touch with reality, including social issues and taboo topics. The lyrics on Megadeth's cover of "Anarchy in the U.K." were slightly mistaken because Mustaine claimed he had heard them incorrectly.


title: So Far, So Good... So What!

text: The album's first track, "Into the Lungs of Hell", is an instrumental composition which features synthesized horns, winds and percussion. "Set the World Afire" is the first song Dave Mustaine wrote for Megadeth after being fired from Metallica. He was a member of Metallica from 1981 to 1983, and was dismissed just before Metallica recorded its debut album "Kill 'Em All". He later said that he wrote the lyrics during his journey home from the departure. Inspiration for the song came from a newspaper he read while on the bus back to California. The initial lyrics were written with a borrowed pencil on a cupcake wrapper, leading some fans to refer to "Set the World Afire" as "the cupcake song". The beginning of the song contains a sample of "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire", a 1941 song by The Ink Spots.


title: So Far, So Good... So What!

text: "Anarchy in the U.K." is a Sex Pistols cover, which quickly became a staple of the band's live set. Over the years, the song was dropped from the set list because of its [perceived] anti-Christian viewpoint. "Mary Jane" tells a story about a young witch buried alive by her father near the Loon Lake cemetery in Minnesota. According to the legend, anyone who dared to disturb her grave was doomed to a prompt death. The song features descending guitar lines and begins with Mustaine summoning her spirit during the introduction.


title: So Far, So Good... So What!

text: "502" is about breaking laws and driving fast cars. The title is a reference to the police code in California for drunk driving; Mustaine himself would be arrested for drunk driving in March the following year when he crashed into a police car. "In My Darkest Hour" was written by Mustaine shortly after the death of Metallica bassist Cliff Burton. Mustaine had found out through word of mouth, as his former bandmates never contacted him about the tragic event that occurred in Europe. He later recalled that he was extremely unhappy that day and wrote the song in one sitting. "Liar" is a diss song directed at past member Chris Poland, who Mustaine claimed was stealing guitars and selling them for heroin money. "Hook in Mouth" declaims censorship and the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC). Mustaine elaborated that the lyrics were aimed at those who were "fucking around with our constitutional rights and trying to take away our freedom of speech".


title: So Far, So Good... So What!

text: The album received positive feedback from music critics at the time of its release. In a contemporary review, Holger Stratmann from "Rock Hard" hailed the album as "the new masterpiece of Megadeth" and asserted that the band had created a great follow-up to their highly acclaimed "Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?" Jim Farber of "Rolling Stone" also gave the album a favorable review, saying it propelled the group "right at the top of the thrash-rock heap". He concluded his review by saying, "amid today's narcoleptic pop scene, albums like "So Far, So Good ... So What!" offer a disruptive noise that's welcome indeed". Writing for "Spin", J. D. Considine felt that the record showed a "genuine maturity" for the band. In "The Village Voice", Robert Christgau reacted toward the album with tepid positivity, and wrote that Megadeth garnered "its modest portions of profit and respect" with their latest studio release. He praised "Anarchy in the U.K.", commenting that Mustaine covers the Sex Pistols "like a champ".


title: So Far, So Good... So What!

text: Retrospective reviews, however, tend to be more critical of the album. AllMusic's Steve Huey criticized the album for lacking "the conceptual unity and musical bite" of its predecessor. According to him, the album "wants to sound threatening but mostly comes off as forced and somewhat juvenile", citing the cover track as an example.


title: So Far, So Good... So What!

text: Conversely, Adrien Begrand from "MSN Music" opined that the record was "somehow ignored" in the band's discography.


title: So Far, So Good... So What!

text: The tour that followed the album's release was the first to feature new band members Chuck Behler and Jeff Young. Bassist David Ellefson said that previous members Gar Samuelson and Chris Poland were tired of constantly being on the road and their departure was inevitable. He further revealed that drummer Behler was appointed shortly before because the band feared that Samuelson would not be able to continue touring. However, some problems occurred during the Australian leg of the tour. The band was forced to cancel some of these shows because of drug issues. Mustaine claimed that the group returned home because guitarist Young "ran out of heroin", which Young denied, stating that it was Mustaine who wanted to go back to Los Angeles and seek rehabilitation. Both Young and Behler were eventually fired from the band in 1989.


title: So Far, So Good... So What!

text: Megadeth started performing the album's songs live before the record was released. During 1987 they toured with other thrash metal bands such as Kreator and Overkill at a number of European venues. The following year Megadeth appeared with more established heavy metal acts such as Dio and Savatage for some shows in North America. They also headlined a European tour, with support from Testament and Sanctuary. Later in 1988 the group made an appearance at the Monsters of Rock festival, but were dropped from the line-up after one show; Megadeth was replaced by Testament. Dave Mustaine explained that the band toured quite often because they were not receiving much media exposure: "We do a lot of shows and sell records by word-of-mouth". "Los Angeles Times" reported that "So Far, So Good... So What!" sold 400,000 copies one month after its release, becoming Megadeth's fastest selling album at that point. The record eventually went platinum and indicated Megadeth's forthcoming emergence from the underground scene.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: Alistair Stuart MacLean (; 21 April 1922 – 2 February 1987) was a 20th-century Scottish novelist who wrote popular thrillers and adventure stories. Many of his novels have been adapted to film, most notably "The Guns of Navarone" (1957) and "Ice Station Zebra" (1963). In the late 1960s, encouraged by film producer Elliott Kastner, MacLean began to write original screenplays, concurrently with an accompanying novel. The most successful was the first of these, the 1968 film "Where Eagles Dare", which was also a bestselling novel. MacLean also published two novels under the pseudonym Ian Stuart. His books are estimated to have sold over 150 million copies, making him one of the best-selling fiction authors of all time.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: According to one obituary, "he never lost his love for the sea, his talent for portraying good Brits against bad Germans, or his penchant for high melodrama. Critics deplored his cardboard characters and vapid females, but readers loved his combination of hot macho action, wartime commando sagas, and exotic settings that included Greek Islands and Alaskan oil fields."


title: Alistair MacLean

text: Alistair Stuart Maclean was born on 21 April 1922 in Shettleston, Glasgow, the third of four sons of a Church of Scotland minister, but spent much of his childhood and youth in Daviot, south of Inverness. He spoke Scottish Gaelic.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: In 1941, at the age of 19, he was called up to fight in the Second World War with the Royal Navy, serving with the ranks of Ordinary Seaman, Able Seaman, and Leading Torpedo Operator. He was first assigned to PS "Bournemouth Queen", a converted excursion ship fitted for anti-aircraft guns, on duty off the coasts of England and Scotland. Beginning in 1943, he served on , a "Dido"-class light cruiser. There he saw action in 1943 in the Atlantic theatre, on two Arctic convoys and escorting aircraft carrier groups in operations against and other targets off the Norwegian coast. He took part in Convoy PQ 17 on "Royalist". In 1944 he and "Royalist" served in the Mediterranean theatre, as part of the invasion of southern France and in helping to sink blockade runners off Crete and bombard Milos in the Aegean. During this time MacLean may have been injured in a gunnery practice accident. In 1945, in the Far East theatre, MacLean and "Royalist" saw action escorting carrier groups in operations against Japanese targets in Burma, Malaya, and Sumatra. (MacLean's late-in-life claims that he was captured by the Japanese after blowing up bridges, and tortured by having his teeth pulled out, have been dismissed by both his son and his biographer as drunken ravings). After the Japanese surrender, "Royalist" helped evacuate liberated POWs from Changi Prison in Singapore.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: MacLean was discharged from the Royal Navy in 1946. He then studied English at the University of Glasgow, working at the Post Office and as a street sweeper. He lived with his mother at 26 Carrington Street, at St Georges Cross, Glasgow while attending the university. He graduated with an MA (Hons.) in 1950, briefly worked as a hospital porter, and then worked as a schoolteacher at Gallowflat School (now Stonelaw High School) in Rutherglen.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: Whilst a university student MacLean began writing short stories for extra income, winning a competition in 1954 with the maritime story "Dileas". He sold stories to the "Daily Mirror" and "The Evening News". The wife of Ian Chapman, editor at the publishing company Collins, had been particularly moved by "Dileas" and the Chapmans arranged to meet with MacLean, suggesting he write a novel. MacLean responded three months later with "HMS Ulysses", based on his own war experiences, as well as credited insight from his brother Ian, a master mariner.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: MacLean was paid with a large advance of $50,000, which made the headlines. Collins were rewarded when the book sold a quarter of a million copies in hardback in England in the first six months of publication. It went on to sell millions more. Film rights were sold to Robert Clark of Associated British for £30,000, though a film was never made. This money meant MacLean was able to devote himself to writing full-time.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: His next novel, "The Guns of Navarone" (1957), was about an attack on the fictitious island of Navarone (based on Milos). The book was very successful, selling over 400,000 copies in its first six months. In 1957 MacLean said "I'm not a literary person. If someone offered me £100,000 tax free I'd never write another word."


title: Alistair MacLean

text: MacLean was unhappy at the tax paid on earnings for his first two novels so he moved to Lake Lucerne in Switzerland where he would pay less tax. He planned to write one novel a year. "It's all the market can stand," he said, adding it took him three months to write it.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: MacLean followed it with "South by Java Head" (1958), based on his experiences in the seas off southeast Asia in World War Two, and "The Last Frontier" (1959), a thriller about the Hungarian Uprising of 1956. Film rights for "Java Head" were sold but no movie resulted.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: His next novels were "Night Without End" (1959) and "Fear Is the Key" (1961). "The Last Frontier" was turned into a movie, "The Secret Ways" (1961), which was not very successful while the film version of "The Guns of Navarone" (1961) was hugely successful.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: In the early 1960s MacLean published two novels under the pseudonym "Ian Stuart" in order to prove that the popularity of his books was due to their content rather than his name on the cover. These were "The Dark Crusader" (1961) and "The Satan Bug" (1962). He also said it was because "I usually write adventure stories. But this is a sort of Secret Service or private eye book. I didn't want to confuse my readers."


title: Alistair MacLean

text: The Ian Stuart books sold well, and MacLean made no attempt to change his writing style. He also continued to publish novels under his own name such as "The Golden Rendezvous" (1962) and "Ice Station Zebra" (1963).


title: Alistair MacLean

text: "I'm not a novelist", he once said. "That's too pretentious a claim. I'm a storyteller, that's all. I'm a professional and a craftsman. I will make that claim for myself." MacLean also claimed he wrote very fast (35 days for a novel) because he disliked writing and the "sooner he finished the better." He never re-read a book after it was finished. His novels were notable for their lack of sex. "I like girls", he said. "I just don't write them well. Everyone knows that men and women make love, laddie – there is no need to show it."


title: Alistair MacLean

text: In 1963 MacLean decided to retire from writing, saying he never enjoyed it and only did it to make money. He decided to become a hotelier and bought the Jamaica Inn on Bodmin Moor and then bought two more hotels, the Bank House near Worcester and the Bean Bridge at Wellington in Somerset.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: MacLean focused on his hotel career for three years. It was not a success, and by 1976 he sold all three hotels. During this time a film was made of "The Satan Bug" (1965).


title: Alistair MacLean

text: Cinema producer Elliot Kastner admired MacLean, and asked him if he was interested in writing an original screenplay. MacLean agreed to the proposition, and Kastner sent the writer two scripts, one by William Goldman, one by Robert and Jane Howard-Carrington, to familiarize himself with the format. Kastner said he wanted a World War Two story with a group of men on a mission to rescue someone, with a "ticking clock" and some female characters. MacLean agreed to write it for an initial $10,000 with $100,000 to come later. This script was "Where Eagles Dare".


title: Alistair MacLean

text: In July 1966, Kastner and his producing partner Jerry Gershwin announced they had purchased five screenplays from MacLean: "Where Eagles Dare", "When Eight Bells Toll", and three other unnamed ones. (Kastner made four MacLean movies.) MacLean also wrote a novel for "Where Eagles Dare" after the screenplay which was published in 1967 before the film came out. The book was a bestseller, and the 1968 film version was a huge hit.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: "MacLean is a natural storyteller", said Kastner. "He is a master of adventure. All his books are conceived in cinematic terms. They hardly need to be adapted for the screen; when you read them, the screen is in front of your mind." MacLean wrote a sequel to "Guns of Navarone", "Force 10 from Navarone" (1968). A film version was announced in 1967 but did not result for another decade. The same year saw the release of an expensive film based on "Ice Station Zebra" (1968).


title: Alistair MacLean

text: In 1967 MacLean formed a partnership with Geoffrey Reeve and Lewis Jenkins to make films for MacLean to write and Reeves to direct. They planned to make a sequel to "Guns of Navarone" only to discover that Carl Foreman, producer of the original film, had registered the title "After Navarone". This led to a falling-out with Foreman, and a delay in the "Navarone" sequel.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: Maclean wrote a thriller about narcotics, "Puppet on a Chain" (1969), and "Caravan to Vaccarès" (1970). These books all began as screenplays for Kastner. Maclean said "Puppet" was "a change of style from the earlier books. If I went on writing the same stuff I'd be guying myself."


title: Alistair MacLean

text: When "Puppet on a Chain" was made Maclean said "I've been connected with it for three years and its too much for me. All those entrepreneurs and promoters who aren't creative. All that time wasted."


title: Alistair MacLean

text: MacLean moved to Switzerland in 1970 as a tax exile. That year he said "there's Harold Robbins, Agatha Christie, Georges Simenon and me." He added, "I'm a storyteller, that's all. There's no art in it, no mystique. It's a job like any other. The secret, if there is one, is speed. That's why there's so little sex in my books – it holds up the action." He said he enjoyed the plotting "but the rest is a pain."


title: Alistair MacLean

text: In 1970 MacLean, whose hero was Raymond Chandler, said "give me ten years, a few more books, and maybe, maybe I'll be half as good as Chandler."


title: Alistair MacLean

text: Kastner produced a film version of "When Eight Bells Toll" (1971), based on a script by MacLean, and "Fear Is the Key" (1972), adapted by another writer. Another producer made "Puppet on a Chain" (1971), directed by Reeves, from a script by MacLean. Neither performed particularly strongly at the box office.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: In 1972 MacLean married his second wife Mary Georgius . She planned to produce three films based on his books but the box office failure of the last three MacLean adaptations put these on hold. One of these proposed films was "The Way to Dusty Death", which was to star Jackie Stewart. It ended up being a 1973 novel and a 1995 film.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: In 1973 MacLean was looking at moving to Jamaica. He also considered moving to Ireland but decided to stay in Switzerland.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: Geoffrey Reeve directed a film of "Caravan to Vaccarès" (1974). By 1973 MacLean had sold over 24 million novels. "I am not a writer," he said in 1972. "I am a businessman. My business is writing." MacLean had spent a number of years focusing on screenplays but disliked it and decided to return to being predominantly a novel writer. "Hollywood destroys writers," he said. He wrote a biography of Captain James Cook which was published in 1972. He wrote "Breakheart Pass" (1974), "Circus" (1975), "The Golden Gate" (1976), "Seawitch" (1977), "Goodbye California" (1979) and "Athabasca" (1980).


title: Alistair MacLean

text: "I read a lot, I travel some," he said in 1975. "But mostly what I don't know I invent." In 1976 he was living in Los Angeles and said he wanted to write a four volume serious piece called "The Rembrandt Quarter" based on the painting "The Night Watch". These books were never published.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: In 1977 it was announced MacLean, then worth £5 million, would divorce Mary, who said the author was impossible to live with.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: In 1978 MacLean said he "just can't understand" why people bought his novels. "It's not as if I write that well: I do feel my English isn't very good. In fact, I'd rather write in Gaelic or Spanish than English."


title: Alistair MacLean

text: He said his stories tended to pit "character against character as a kind of intellectual chess game" and that he found writing "boring" and "lonely" but "I guess it all boils down to that rather awful philosophy of take the money and run." "I am just a journeyman," he said. "I blunder along from one book to the next always hopeful that one day I will write something really good."


title: Alistair MacLean

text: Films were still being made out of his novels including "Breakheart Pass" (1975) (from Kastner), "Golden Rendezvous" (1977), "Force 10 from Navarone" (1978), and "Bear Island" (1979) but none did very well.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: In 1976 MacLean's second wife Mary formed a company with producer Peter Snell, Aleelle Productions, who aimed to make movies based on MacLean novels including "Golden Gate", "Bear Island", "The Way to Dusty Death" and "Captain Cook". This company still owned these film rights after MacLean divorced Mary in 1977. However the rights soon passed to Snell.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: MacLean decided to focus on American television, writing a novella titled "Air Force One is Down", which was turned down by the American television network NBC (it would be produced in 2012). He then pitched six new ideas to networks, each with a 25–30-page synopsis to see which was commercially viable before. "The Hostage Tower" was approved by CBS, and aired on America television in 1980.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: His later works include "River of Death" (1981) (filmed in 1989), "Partisans" (1982), "Floodgate" (1983), and "San Andreas" (1984). Often these novels were worked on by ghost writers specializing in drama, with MacLean providing only the plots and characters. His last novel was "Santorini" (1986), which was published after his death. His estate left behind several outlines. One of them was filmed as "Death Train" (1993). His later books were not as well received as the earlier publications and, in an attempt to keep his stories in keeping with the time, he sometimes lapsed into unduly improbable plots.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: MacLean died of a stroke at the age of 64 in Munich on 2 February 1987; his last years were affected by alcoholism. According to one obituary, "A master of nail-chewing suspense, MacLean met an appropriately mysterious death: when he died in the Bavarian capital after a brief illness, no one, including the British Embassy, knew what he was doing there."


title: Alistair MacLean

text: He was married twice and had three sons (one adopted) by his first wife, Gisela, viz., Lachlan, Michael and Alistair. He married for a second time in 1972; that marriage ended in divorce in 1977.


title: Alistair MacLean

text: The writer Algis Budrys described MacLean's writing style as: "hit 'em with everything but the kitchen sink, then give 'em the sink, and when they raise their heads, drop the plumber on 'em".


title: Alistair MacLean

text: Screenwriter Derek Kolstad, who wrote the John Wick film series, cited MacLean and Stephen King as among his primary influences.


title: Ruhani Sharma

text: Ruhani Sharma is an Indian actress and model who primarily works in Telugu films. She made her acting debut in with the Tamil film "Kadaisi Bench Karthi" (2017) and received praise for her lead role in "Chi La Sow" (2018), marking her Telugu debut.


title: Ruhani Sharma

text: Sharma then appeared in films like "" (2020) and "Nootokka Jillala Andagadu" (2021). In 2019, she made her Malayalam debut with "Kamala"


title: Ruhani Sharma

text: Ruhani Sharma was born and brought up in Solan, Himachal Pradesh. Graduated from Punjab University, Chandigarh.


title: Ruhani Sharma

text: Sharma first appeared in a Punjabi music videos "classroom" and "Kudi Tu Pataka" in 2013. . In 2018 she made her Telugu cinema debut in "Chi La Sow", directed by Rahul Ravindran, and her performance was well received and praised. In 2019 she made her Malayalam debut in the thriller film "Kamala" written and directed by Ranjith Sankar.


title: Ruhani Sharma

text: She then appeared in Telugu films like "" and "Dirty Hari" in 2020 and also did "Nootokka Jillala Andagadu" in 2021.


title: Ruhani Sharma

text: She will next appear in the Telugu anthology film "Meet cute" and will be making her Hindi debut with "Agra".


title: Comune

text: The (; plural: ) is a local administrative division of Italy, roughly equivalent to a township or municipality. It is the third-level administrative division of Italy, after regions ("regioni") and provinces ("province"). The can also have the title of ('city').


title: Comune

text: Formed "praeter legem" according to the principles consolidated in medieval municipalities, the is provided for by art. 114 of the Constitution of Italy. It can be divided into "frazioni", which in turn may have limited power due to special elective assemblies.


title: Comune

text: The provides essential public services: registry of births and deaths, registry of deeds, and maintenance of local roads and public works. Many have a "Polizia Comunale" (communal police), which is responsible for public order duties. The also deal with the definition and compliance with the (general regulator plan), a document that regulates the building activity within the communal area.


title: Comune

text: All communal structures or schools, sports and cultural structures such as communal libraries, theaters, etc. are managed by the . must have their own communal statute and have a climatic and seismic classification of their territory for the purposes of prevention and civil protection. also deal with the waste management.


title: Comune

text: It is headed by a mayor ( or ) assisted by a legislative body, the (communal council), and an executive body, the (communal committee). The mayor and members of the are elected together by resident citizens: the coalition of the elected mayor (who needs a relative majority or an absolute majority in the first or second round of voting, depending on the population) gains three fifths of the 's seats.


title: Comune

text: The is chaired by the mayor, who appoints others members, called , one of whom serves as deputy mayor (). The offices of the are housed in a building usually called the , or ("town hall").


title: Comune

text: As of January 2021, there were 7,904 in Italy; they vary considerably in size and population. For example, the of Rome, in Lazio, has an area of and a population of 2,758,454 inhabitants, and is both the largest and the most populated.


title: Comune

text: Atrani in the province of Salerno (Campania) was the smallest by area, with only , and Morterone (Lombardy) is the smallest by population. Many present-day trace their roots along timescales spanning centuries and at times millennia.


title: Comune

text: The northernmost is Predoi, the southernmost one Lampedusa e Linosa, the westernmost Bardonecchia and the easternmost Otranto. The with the longest name is San Valentino in Abruzzo Citeriore, while the with the shortest name are Lu, Ro, Ne, Re and Vo'


title: Comune

text: The population density of the varies widely by province and region. The province of Barletta-Andria-Trani, for example, has 381,091 inhabitants in 10 , or over 39,000 inhabitants per ; whereas the province of Isernia has 81,415 inhabitants in 52 , or 1,640 inhabitants per – roughly 24 times more communal units per inhabitant.


title: Comune

text: The coats of arms of the are assigned by decree of the Prime Minister of Italy by the Office of State Ceremonial and Honors, Honors and Heraldry Service (division of the Presidency of the Council born from the transformation of the Royal "Consulta Araldica", suppressed pursuant to the provisions final of the Constitution of Italy).


title: Comune

text: Sometimes a might be more populated than the ; and rarely, owing to unusual circumstances (like depopulation), the town hall and its administrative functions can be moved to one of the , but the still retains the name of the .


title: Comune

text: In some cases, a might not have a but only some . In these cases, it is a ('dispersed comune') and the which hosts the town hall () is a (compare county seat).


title: Comune

text: This is mostly due to the fact the name of the province or region was appended to the name of the in order to avoid the confusion. Remarkably two provincial capitals share the name : Reggio nell'Emilia, the capital of the province of Reggio Emilia, in the Emilia-Romagna region, and Reggio di Calabria, the capital of the homonymous metropolitan city, in the Calabria region. Many other towns or villages are likewise partial homonyms (e.g. Anzola dell'Emilia and Anzola d'Ossola, or Bagnara Calabra and Bagnara di Romagna).


title: Comune

text: The title of ('city') in Italy is granted to that have been awarded it by decree of the King of Italy (until 1946) or of the provisional head of state (from 1946 to 1948) or, subsequently, of the President of Italy (after 1948), on the proposal of the Ministry of the Interior, to which the concerned sends an application for a concession, by virtue of their historical, artistic, civic or demographic importance.


title: Comune

text: The endowed with the title of usually carry the golden crown above their coat of arms, except with different provisions in the decree approving the coat of arms or in the presence). "The crown of the city ([...]) is formed by a golden circle opened by eight city gates (five visible) with two cordoned walls on the margins, supporting eight towers (five visible) joined by curtain walls, all in gold and black walled".


title: Comune

text: The following is a list of the largest in Italy, in descending order of surface area, according to ISTAT data referring to 9 October 2011. The provincial capitals are highlighted in bold.


title: Comune

text: The following is a list of the smallest in Italy, in ascending order of surface area, according to ISTAT data referring to 9 October 2011.


title: Comune

text: The following is a list of the first by altitude, in descending order. The indicated altitude coincides with the height above sea level of the town hall.


title: Comune

text: List of the first by population in descending order, according to ISTAT data updated to 28 February 2022. The regional capitals are in bold.


title: Paul Henreid

text: Paul Henreid (November 10, 1908 – March 29, 1992) was an Austrian-British-American actor, director, producer, and writer. He is best remembered for two film roles; Victor Laszlo in "Casablanca" and Jerry Durrance in "Now, Voyager", both released between 1942 and 1943.


title: Paul Henreid

text: Born Paul Georg Julius Hernried in the city of Trieste, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Henreid was the son of Maria-Luise (Lendecke) and Karl Alphons Hernried, an ennobled Viennese banker, born as Carl Hirsch, who had converted in 1904 from Judaism to Catholicism, due to anti-semitism. Henreid's father died in April 1916, and the family fortune had dwindled by the time he graduated from the exclusive Theresianische Akademie.


title: Paul Henreid

text: Henreid trained for the theatre in Vienna, over his family's objections, and debuted there on the stage under the direction of Max Reinhardt. He began his film career acting in German and Austrian films in the 1930s. During that period, he was strongly anti-Nazi, so much so that he was later designated an "official enemy of the Third Reich" and all his assets were seized.


title: Paul Henreid

text: In 1937 Henreid played Prince Albert in the first British stage production of "Victoria Regina". With the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, Henreid risked deportation or internment as an enemy alien, but Conrad Veidt (who later appeared as Major Heinrich Strasser in the film Casablanca) spoke for him, and he was allowed to remain and work in British films. Veidt himself was an avowed anti-Nazi, with a Jewish wife. Thanks to such support, Henreid was able to continue his work in British films. In 1939 he had a notable supporting role as Staefel in "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" and the next year third billing as a German espionage agent in the thriller "Night Train to Munich". In 1940 he also performed in a minor role in the British musical comedy spy film "Under Your Hat".


title: Paul Henreid

text: After relocating to the United States and having a successful run on Broadway in "Flight to the West", Henreid was put under contract by RKO in 1941. The studio changed his name by dropping the nobiliary particle "von", as simply "Henreid" would sound less overtly Germanic. That year, Henreid became a citizen of the United States. His first film for the studio was "Joan of Paris", released in 1942, that became a big hit.


title: Paul Henreid

text: Moving to Warner Bros. in 1942, Henreid was cast in "Now, Voyager", playing the romantic lead opposite Bette Davis. His next role was as Victor Laszlo, a heroic anti-German resistance leader on the run, in "Casablanca" (1942) with Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman. Warners then tried to consolidate Henreid's new status by co-starring him with Ida Lupino in a romantic drama, "In Our Time" (1944) then putting him in "Between Two Worlds" (1944), a remake of "Outward Bound". "The Conspirators" (1944) was an attempt to repeat the success of "Casablanca" with Henreid fighting Nazis in an ostensible neutral city with a supporting cast that included Sydney Greenstreet and Peter Lorre. Henreid turned down the male lead alongside Bette Davis, in "Watch on the Rhine" (which went to Paul Lukas) and "Mr Skeffington" (which went to Claude Rains).


title: Paul Henreid

text: Henreid returned briefly to RKO to play a pirate swashbuckler in the studio's 1945 release "The Spanish Main". Returning to Warner Bros., he was cast the following year in "Devotion", a biopic of the Brontë family in which Henreid portrays Arthur Bell Nicholls. He was next cast opposite Eleanor Parker in an adaptation of "Of Human Bondage" (1946). Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer then borrowed Henreid from Warners to play Robert Schumann in "Song of Love" (1947) opposite Katharine Hepburn. Henreid wrote in his memoirs that he bought out his Warner Bros contract for $75,000 and was offered a long term contract at MGM for $150,000 a year but turned it down.


title: Paul Henreid

text: In his 1984 autobiography "Ladies Man" Henreid recounts that he was one of a group of Hollywood stars who went to Washington to protest against the excesses of the House Committee on Un-American Activities, following which he was semi-blacklisted. He says he was blacklisted from the major studios for five years – apart from "Rope of Sand" which was directed by a friend – before the blacklist was lifted, and he never understood why.


title: Paul Henreid

text: After leaving Warner Bros., Henreid decided to turn producer, making the film noir "Hollow Triumph" (1948) in which he also appeared. He was a villain in a Burt Lancaster adventure film "Rope of Sand" (1949). In 1950 he made a low-budget film for Edward and Harry Danziger, "So Young, So Bad", which was followed by an offer from Sam Katzman to play pirate Jean Lafitte in "Last of the Buccaneers" (1950). He then went to France for "Pardon My French" (1951) before returning to Katzman for "Thief of Damascus" (1951). He directed and played the lead role in "For Men Only" (1952). Later, in England, he made the movies in the film noir genre "Stolen Face" (1952) and "Mantrap" (1953), then went back to Katzman for "Siren of Bagdad" (1953). In 1954, once again working for MGM, Henreid performed in a minor role in "Deep in My Heart", his first "A" film in several years.


title: Paul Henreid

text: He moved next to Columbia Pictures, where he appeared in "Pirates of Tripoli" for Katzman; and then, yet again, to MGM for a part in "Meet Me in Las Vegas". He also appeared at this time on Broadway in "Festival".


title: Paul Henreid

text: In the early 1950s, Henreid began directing both film and television productions. His "small-screen" directorial credits include episodes of "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", "Maverick", "Bonanza, The Virginian," and "The Big Valley". He also directed on the "big screen" "A Woman's Devotion" (1956) in which he played a supporting role, "Girls on the Loose" (1958), and "Live Fast, Die Young" (1958). In 1964, he directed "Dead Ringer", which stars Bette Davis and features in a minor role Henreid's daughter Monika.


title: Paul Henreid

text: While working as a director, Henreid continued to accept some small parts as well in "Ten Thousand Bedrooms" (1957), "Holiday for Lovers" (1959), "Never So Few" (1959), and "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" (1962). Additional film appearances include "Operation Crossbow" (1965), "The Madwoman of Chaillot" (1969), and "The Failing of Raymond" (1971). In 1973, prior to his last screen appearance in "" (1977), Henreid returned to Broadway to perform in "Don Juan in Hell".


title: Paul Henreid

text: Henreid married Elizabeth Camilla Julia "Lisl" Glück (1908–1993) in 1936; the couple adopted two daughters. In 1992, at age 84, Henreid died of pneumonia in Santa Monica, California after suffering a stroke. He was buried in nearby Woodlawn Cemetery.


title: Paul Henreid

text: In Los Angeles, California in 1960, to honor Henreid's significant contributions to the entertainment industry as both an actor and director, two stars were dedicated to him and installed on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. One of those stars, which recognizes his career in film, is located at 6366 Hollywood Boulevard; the other, for television, is at 1720 Vine Street.


title: Syphon Filter

text: Syphon Filter is a third-person shooter stealth video game series developed by Bend Studio (formerly Eidetic) and published by Sony Computer Entertainment (previously 989 Studios), for PlayStation, PlayStation 2 and the PlayStation Portable. In the series, "Syphon Filter" is the name that is given to the mysterious biological weapon.


title: Syphon Filter

text: The plot centers on special agents, Gabriel Logan and Lian Xing, who are tasked by the United States government to apprehend Erich Rhoemer, an international terrorist.


title: Syphon Filter

text: The plot picks up immediately after where the previous "Syphon Filter" ended. Gabe sets out to cure the virus, whilst being targeted as a "terrorist" by the United States government.


title: Syphon Filter

text: Gabe and his team are suspected of treason. Summoned to prove their innocence, the team recounts the incidents that led to this moment. In the background, Gabe moves to rid the world of Syphon Filter once and for all.


title: Syphon Filter

text: Gabe, now commander of a government agency, leads global investigation of viral outbreaks in order to stop a deadlier strain of the titular virus from emerging. Unlike previous games, the main protagonist is I.P.C.A. recruit Cobra, while Gabe and Lian Xing appear as supporting NPCs.


title: Syphon Filter

text: Following a mixed reception of "The Omega Strain", "Dark Mirror" is a return to the series' roots. Gabe investigates a terrorist incident in an Alaskan oil refinery, only to discover a big conspiracy around the titular Dark Mirror. This is the first "Syphon Filer" title developed for PlayStation Portable. The PlayStation 2 port removed multiplayer and mature content, but restored the roll ability.


title: Syphon Filter

text: Serving as a direct sequel to "Dark Mirror", Gabe receives a mission to retrieve stolen military equipment from Somali pirates, while discovering that his partner, Lian Xing, could be a double agent.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: Olympe de Gouges (; born Marie Gouze; 7 May 17483 November 1793) was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience in various countries. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. As political tension rose in France, Olympe de Gouges became increasingly politically engaged. She became an outspoken advocate against the slave trade in the French colonies in 1788. At the same time, she began writing political pamphlets. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror (1793–1794) for attacking the regime of the Revolutionary government and for her association with the Girondists.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: Marie Gouze was born on 7 May 1748 in Montauban, Quercy (in the present-day department of Tarn-et-Garonne) in southwestern France. Her mother, Anne Olympe Mouisset Gouze, was the daughter of a bourgeois family. The identity of her father is ambiguous. Her father may have been her mother's husband, Pierre Gouze, or she may have been the illegitimate daughter of Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan. Marie Gouze encouraged rumours that Pompignan was her father, and their relationship is considered plausible but "historically unverifiable." Other rumours in the eighteenth century also suggested that her father might be Louis XV, but this identification is not considered credible.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: The Pompignan family had longstanding close ties to the Mouisset family of Marie Gouze's mother, Anne. When Anne was born in 1712, the eldest Pompignan son, Jean-Jacques Lefranc de Pompignan (age five), was her godfather. Anne's father tutored him as he grew. During their childhoods, Pompignan became close to Anne, but was separated from her in 1734 when he was sent to Paris. Anne married Pierre Gouze, a butcher, in 1737 and had three children before Marie, a son and two girls. Pompignan returned to Montauban in 1747, the year before Marie's birth. Pierre was legally recognized as Marie's father. Pierre did not attend Marie's baptism on 8 May. Her godfather was a workman named Jean Portié, and her godmother a woman named Marie Grimal. Pierre died in 1750.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: The primary support for the identification of Pompignan as Marie Gouze's father is found in her semi-autobiographical novel, "", published after Pompignan's death. According to the contemporary politician Jean-Babtiste Poncet-Delpech and others "all of Montauban" knew that Pompignan was Gouze's father. However, some historians consider it likely that Gouze fabricated the story for her memoirs in order to raise her prestige and social standing when she moved to Paris.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: Marie Gouze's mother, through the funds and influence of her family, afforded her a bourgeois education where she was made literate. Her first language was the regional language Occitan.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: Gouze was married on 24 October 1765 to Louis Yves Aubry, a caterer, against her will. The heroine of her semi-autobiographical novel is fourteen at her wedding; the new Marie Aubry herself was seventeen. Her novel strongly decried the marriage: "I was married to a man I did not love and who was neither rich nor well-born. I was sacrificed for no reason that could make up for the repugnance I felt for this man." Marie's substantially larger fortune allowed her new husband Louis to leave his employer and start his own business. On 29 August 1766, she gave birth to their son, Pierre Aubry. That November, a destructive flood of the river Tarn caused Louis' death. She never married again, calling the institution of marriage "the tomb of trust and love".


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: After her husband's death, Marie Aubry changed her name to Olympe de Gouges. She began a relationship with the wealthy Jacques Biétrix de Rozières, a businessman from Lyon.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: In 1768, Biétrix funded de Gouges' move to Paris, where he provided her with an income. She lived with her son and her sister. She socialized in fashionable society, at one point being called "one of Paris' prettiest women," and formed friendships with Madame de Montesson and Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. Gouges attended the artistic and philosophical ' of Paris, where she met many writers, including La Harpe, Mercier, and Chamfort, as well as future politicians such as Brissot and Condorcet. She usually was invited to the ' of Madame de Montesson and the Comtesse de Beauharnais, who also were playwrights.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: De Gouges began her career as a writer in Paris, publishing a novel in 1784 and then beginning a prolific career as a playwright. As a woman from the province and of lowly birth she fashioned herself to fit in with the Paris establishment. Gouges signed her public letters with "citoyenne", the feminised version of citizen. In pre-revolutionary France there were no citizens, and authors were the subjects of the king, but in revolutionary France there were only "citoyen". It was in October 1792 that the Convention decreed the use of "citoyenne" to replace "Madame" and "Mademoiselle".


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: In 1788 she published "Réflexions sur les hommes nègres", which demanded compassion for the plight of slaves in the French colonies. For Gouges there was a direct link between the autocratic monarchy in France and the institution of slavery. She argued that "Men everywhere are equal... Kings who are just do not want slaves; they know that they have submissive subjects." She came to the public's attention with the play "l'Esclavage des Noirs", which was staged at the famous Comédie-Française in 1785. Her stance against slavery in the French colonies made her the target of threats. Gouges was also attacked by those who thought that a woman's proper place was not in the theatre. The influential Abraham-Joseph Bénard remarked "Mme de Gouges is one of those women to whom one feels like giving razor blades as a present, who through their pretensions lose the charming qualities of their sex... Every woman author is in a false position, regardless of her talent." Gouges was defiant: she wrote "I'm determined to be a success, and I'll do it in spite of my enemies." The slave trade lobby mounted a press campaign against her play and she eventually took legal action, forcing Comédie-Française to stage "l'Esclavage des Noirs". But the play closed after three performances; the lobby had paid hecklers to sabotage the performances.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: A passionate advocate of human rights, Gouges greeted the outbreak of the Revolution with hope and joy, but soon became disenchanted when ' (equal rights) was not extended to women. In 1791 Gouges became part of the Society of the Friends of Truth, also known as the "Social Club," which was an association with the goal of establishing equal political and legal rights for women. Members sometimes gathered at the home of the well-known women's rights advocate, Sophie de Condorcet. In 1791, in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, she wrote the ' (""). In that pamphlet she expressed, for the first time, her famous statement:


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: A woman has the right to mount the scaffold. She must possess equally the right to mount the speaker's platform.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: This was followed by her "" ("", named after a famous work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau), proposing marriage based upon gender equality.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: In 1790 and 1791, in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti), free people of colour and African slaves revolted in response to the ideals expressed in the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen". Gouges did not approve of violent revolution, and published "l'Esclavage des Noirs" with a preface in 1792, arguing that the slaves and the free people who responded to the horrors of slavery with "barbaric and atrocious torture" in turn justified the behavior of the tyrants. In Paris, Gouges was accused by the mayor of Paris of having incited the insurrection in Saint-Domingue with the play. When it was staged again in December 1792 a riot erupted in Paris.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: Gouges opposed the execution of Louis XVI of France (which took place on 21 January 1793), partly out of opposition to capital punishment and partly because she favored constitutional monarchy. This earned her the ire of many hard-line republicans, even into the next generation—such as the 19th-century historian Jules Michelet, a fierce apologist for the Revolution, who wrote, "She allowed herself to act and write about more than one affair that her weak head did not understand." Michelet opposed any political participation by women and thus disliked Gouges. In December 1792, when Louis XVI was about to be put on trial, she wrote to the National Assembly offering to defend him, causing outrage among many deputies. In her letter she argued that he had been duped–that he was guilty as a king, but innocent as a man, and that he should be exiled rather than executed.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: Gouges was associated with the Gironde faction, who were targeted by the more radical Montagnard faction. After the execution of Louis XVI she became wary of Robespierre's Montagnard faction and in open letters criticized their violence and summary killings.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: As the Revolution progressed, she became more and more vehement in her writings. On 2 June 1793, the Jacobins of the Montagnard faction imprisoned prominent Girondins; they were sent to the guillotine in October. Finally, her poster " ("") of 1793, led to her arrest. Olympe decreed in this publication that “Now is the time to establish a decent government whose energy comes from the strength of its laws; now is the time to put a stop to assassinations and the suffering they cause, for merely holding opposing views. Let everyone examine their consciences; let them see the incalculable harm caused by such a long-lasting division...and then everyone can pronounce freely on the government of their choice. The majority must carry the day. It is time for death to rest and for anarchy to return to the underworld.” She also called for an end to the bloodshed of the Revolution saying “It is time to put a stop to this cruel war that has only swallowed up your treasure and harvested the most brilliant of your young. Blood, alas, has flowed far too freely!” and warned that “The divided French... 'are fighting for three opposing governments; like warring brothers they rush to their downfall and, if I do not halt them, they will soon imitate the Thebans, ending up by slitting each others throats to the last man standing”. That piece demanded a plebiscite for a choice among three potential forms of government: the first, a unitary republic, the second, a federalist government, or the third, a constitutional monarchy. The problem was that the law of the revolution made it a capital offense for anyone to publish a book or pamphlet that encouraged reestablishing the monarchy.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: After her arrest, the commissioners searched her house for evidence. When they could not find any in her home, she voluntarily led them to the storehouse where she kept her papers. It was there that the commissioners found an unfinished play titled "" (""). In the first act (only the first act and a half remain), Marie-Antoinette is planning defense strategies to retain the crumbling monarchy and is confronted by revolutionary forces, including Gouges herself. The first act ends with Gouges reproving the queen for having seditious intentions and lecturing her about how she should lead her people. Both Gouges and her prosecutor used this play as evidence in her trial. The prosecutor claimed that Gouges' depictions of the queen threatened to stir up sympathy and support for the Royalists, whereas Gouges stated that the play showed that she had always been a supporter of the Revolution.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: She spent three months in jail without an attorney as the presiding judge had denied Gouges her legal right to a lawyer on the grounds that she was more than capable of representing herself. It is likely that the judge based this argument on Gouges' tendency to represent herself in her writings. Through her friends, she managed to publish two texts: ' (""), in which she related her interrogations; and her last work, ' (""), in which she condemned the Terror.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: Gouges had acquired for her son, Pierre Aubry, a position as a vice-general and head of batallion in exchange for a payment of 1,500 livres, and he was suspended from this office after her arrest. On 2 November 1793 she wrote to him: "I die, my dear son, a victim of my idolatry for the fatherland and for the people. Under the specious mask of republicanism, her enemies have brought me remorselessly to the scaffold."


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: On 3 November 1793 the Revolutionary Tribunal sentenced her to death and she was executed for seditious behavior and attempting to reinstate the monarchy. Olympe was executed only a month after Condorcet had been proscribed, and just three days after the Girondin leaders had been guillotined. Her body was disposed of in the Madeleine Cemetery. Olympe's last moments were depicted by an anonymous Parisian who kept a chronicle of events:


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: Yesterday, at seven o'clock in the evening, a most extraordinary person called Olympe de Gouges who held the imposing title of woman of letters, was taken to the scaffold, while all of Paris, while admiring her beauty, knew that she didn't even know her alphabet... She approached the scaffold with a calm and serene expression on her face, and forced the guillotine's furies, which had driven her to this place of torture, to admit that such courage and beauty had never been seen before... That woman... had thrown herself in the Revolution, body and soul. But having quickly perceived how atrocious the system adopted by the Jacobins was, she chose to retrace her steps. She attempted to unmask the villains through the literary productions which she had printed and put up. They never forgave her, and she paid for her carelessness with her head.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: Her execution was used as a warning to other politically active women. At the 15 November 1793 meeting of the Commune, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette cautioned a group of women wearing Phrygian bonnets, reminding them of "the impudent Olympe de Gouges, who was the first woman to start up women's political clubs, who abandoned the cares of her home, to meddle in the affairs of the Republic, and whose head fell under avenging blade of the law". This posthumous characterisation of Gouges by the political establishment was misleading, as Gouges had no role in founding the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women. In her political writings Gouges had not called for women to abandon their homes, but she was cast by the politicians as an enemy of the natural order, and thus enemy of the ruling Jacobin party. Paradoxically, the two women who had started the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, Claire Lacombe and Pauline Léon, were not executed. Lacombe, Léon and Theroigne de Mericourt had spoken at women's and mixed clubs, and the Assemblée, while Gouges had shown a reluctance to engage in public speaking, but prolifically published pamphlets. However, Chaumette was a staunch opponent of the Girondins, and had characterised Gouges as unnatural and unrepublican prior to her execution.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: The year 1793 has been described as a watershed for the construction of women's place in revolutionary France, and the deconstruction of the Girondins' Marianne. That year a number of women with a public role in politics were executed, including Madame Roland and Marie-Antoinette. The new "Républicaine" was the republican mother that nurtured the new citizen. During this time the Convention banned all women's political associations and executed many politically active women. 1793 marked the start of the Reign of Terror in post-revolutionary France, where thousands of people were executed. Across the Atlantic world observers of the French Revolution were shocked, but the ideals of liberté, égalité, fraternité had taken a life of their own.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: Gouges' Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen had been widely reproduced and influenced the writings of women's advocates in the Atlantic world. One year after its publication, in 1792, the keen observer of the French Revolution Mary Wollstonecraft published "Vindication of the Rights of Woman". Writings on women and their lack of rights became widely available. The experience of French women during the revolution entered the collective consciousness.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: American women began to refer to themselves as "citess" or "citizeness" and took to the streets to achieve equality and freedom. The same year Gouges was executed the pamphlet "On the Marriage of Two Celebrated Widows" was published anonymously, proclaiming that "two celebrated widows, ladies of America and France, after having repudiated their husbands on account of their ill treatment, conceived of the design of living together in the strictest union and friendship." Revolutionary novels were published that put women at the centre of violent struggle, such as the narratives written by Helen Maria Williams and Leonora Sansay. At the 1848 Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, the rhetorical style of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen was employed to paraphrase the United States Declaration of Independence into the Declaration of Sentiments, which demanded women's right to vote.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: After her execution her son Pierre Aubry signed a letter in which he denied his endorsement for her political legacy. He tried to change her name in the records, to Marie Aubry, but the name she had given herself has endured.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: De Gouges' first publication, in 1784, was an epistolary novel inspired by "Les Liaisons dangereuses" (1782) by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos. Her novel claimed to consist of authentic letters exchanged with her father the Marquis de Pompignan, with the names changed. "Madame Valmont" thus represented de Gouges herself, and "Monsieur de Flaucourt" was Pompignan. The full title of the novel, published shortly after Pompignan's death, indicated its claim: " (Madame de Valmont's Memoirs on the Ingratitude and Cruelty of the Flaucourt Family Towards her Own, which Rendered such Services to the Sirs Flaucourt)" After this novel, de Gouges began her career as a playwright, with her first play " (Zamore and Mirza; Or, The Happy Shipwreck)" staged at the Théâtre-Français in 1784.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: Gouges wrote more than 40 plays. They often had socially critical themes. A number of her plays were published and some remain extant. A record of her papers which were seized at the time of her execution in 1793 lists about 40 plays. Among other themes she wrote plays on the slave trade, divorce, marriage, debtors' prisons, children's rights, and government work schemes for the unemployed. As a playwright, she charged into the contemporary political controversies and was often in the vanguard. Her 1788 pamphlet "Réflexions sur les Hommes Nègres" and the play "L'Esclavage des Noirs" on the slave trade made her, alongside Marquis de Condorcet, one of France's earliest public opponents of slavery. In her 1788 "Réflexions sur les Hommes Nègres" she brought to attention the horrible plight of slaves in the French colonies and condemned the injustice of the institution declaring “I clearly realized that it was force and prejudice that had condemned them to that horrible slavery, in which Nature plays no role, and for which the unjust and powerful interests of Whites are alone responsible” likewise declaring that "Men everywhere are equal... Kings who are just do not want slaves; they know that they have submissive subjects." In the final act of "L'Esclavage des Noirs" Gouges lets the French colonial master, not the slave, utter a prayer for freedom: "Let our common rejoicings be a happy portent of liberty". She drew a parallel between colonial slavery and political oppression in France. One of the slave protagonists explains that the French must gain their own freedom, before they can deal with slavery. Gouges also openly attacked the notion that human rights were a reality in revolutionary France. The slave protagonist comments on the situation in France "The power of one Master alone is in the hands of a thousand Tyrants who trample the People under foot. The People will one day burst their chains and will claim all its rights under Natural law. It will teach the Tyrants just what a people united by long oppression and enlightened by sound philosophy can do". While it was common in France to equate political oppression to slavery, this was an analogy and not an abolitionist sentiment.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: Over the course of her career, de Gouges published 68 pamphlets. Her first political brochure was published in November 1788, a manifesto entitled "Letter to the people, or project for a patriotic fund". In early 1789 she published "Remarques Patriotiques" setting out her proposals for social security, care for the elderly, institutions for homeless children, hostels for the unemployed, and the introduction of a jury system. In this work, she highlighted and promulgated the issues facing France on the brink of revolution writing “France is sunk in grief, the people are suffering and the Monarch cries out. Parliament is demanding the Estates-General and the Nation cannot come to an agreement. There is no consensus on electing these assemblies...The Third Estate, with reason, claims a voice equal to that of the Clergy and Nobility...for the problems that get worse every day” and declared to the king that “Your People are unhappy. Unhappy!”. She also called upon women to "shake off the yoke of shameful slavery". The same year she wrote a series of pamphlets on a range of social concerns, such as illegitimate children. In these pamphlets she advanced the public debate on issues that would later be picked up by feminists, such as Flora Tristan. She continued to publish political essays between 1788 and 1791. Such as "Cry of the wise man, by a woman" in response to Louis XVI calling together the Estates-General".


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: Gouges wrote her famous Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen shortly after the French Constitution of 1791 was ratified by King Louis XVI, and dedicated it to his wife, Queen Marie Antoinette. The French Constitution marked the birth of the short-lived constitutional monarchy and implemented a status based citizenship. Citizens were defined as men over 25 who were "independent" and who had paid the poll tax. These citizens had the right to vote. Furthermore active citizenship was two-tiered, with those who could vote and those who were fit for public office. Women were by definition not afforded any rights of active citizenship. Like men who could not pay the poll tax, children, domestic servants, rural day-laborers and slaves, Jews, actors and hangmen, women had no political rights. In transferring sovereignty to the nation the constitution dismantled the old regime, but Gouges argued that it did not go far enough.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: Gouges was not the only feminist who attempted to influence the political structures of late Enlightenment France. But like the writings of Etta Palm d'Aelders, Theroigne de Mericourt, Claire Lacombe and Marquis de Condorcet, her arguments fell on deaf ears. At the end of the 18th century influential political actors such as Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord and Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès were not convinced of the case for equality.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: In her early political letters Gouges made a point of being a woman, and that she spoke "as a woman". She addressed her public letters, published often as pamphlets, to statesmen such as Jacques Necker, the Duke of Orléans, or the queen Marie-Antoinette. Like other pamphlet writers in revolutionary France, she spoke from the margins and spoke of her experience as a citizen with a desire to influence the ongoing public debate. In her letters she articulated the values of the Enlightenment, and commented on how they may be put into practice, such as civic virtue, universal rights, natural rights and political rights. In language and practice this was a debate among men and about men. Republicans discussed civic virtue in terms of patriotic manliness ("la vertu mâle et répub-licaine"). Women were not granted political rights in revolutionary France, thus Gouges used her pamphlets to enter the public debate and she argued that the debate needed to include the female civic voice.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: Gouges signed her pamphlets with "citoyenne". It has been suggested that she adopted this notion from Rousseau's letter "To the Republic of Geneva", where he speaks directly to two types of Genevans: the "dear fellow citizens" or his "brothers", and the "aimables et virtueeses Citoyenne", that is the women citizens. In the public letter "Remarques Patriotique" from December 1788 Gouges justified why she is publishing her political thoughts, arguing that "This dream, strange though it may seem, will show the nation a truly civic heart, a spirit that is always concerned with the public good".


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: As the politics of revolutionary France changed and progressed Gouges failed to become an actor on the political stage, but in her letters offered advice to the political establishment. Her proposition for a political order remained largely unchanged. She expresses faith in the Estates General and in reference to the estates of the realm, that the people of France (Third Estate) would be able to ensure harmony between the three estates, that is clergy, nobility and the people. Despite this she expresses loyalty for the ministers Jacques Necker and Charles Alexandre de Calonne. Gouges opposes absolutism, but believed France should retain a constitutional monarchy.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: I could never convince myself that a princess, raised in the midst of grandeur, had all the vices of baseness... Madame, may a nobler function characterize you, excite your ambition, and fix your attention. Only one whom chance had elevated to an eminent position can assume the task of lending weight to the progress of the Rights of Woman and of hastening its success. If you were less well informed, Madame, I might fear that your individual interests would outweigh those of your sex. You love glory; think, Madame, the greatest crimes immortalize one as much as the greatest virtues, but what a different fame in the annals of history! The one is ceaselessly taken as an example, and the other is eternally the execration of the human race.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: Public letters, or pamphlets, were the primary means for the working class and women writers to engage in the public debate of revolutionary France. The intention was not to court the favour of the addressee, often a public figure. Frequently these pamphlets were intended to stir up public anger. They were widely circulated within and outside France. Gouges' contemporary Madame Roland of the Gironde party became notorious for her "Letter to Louis XVI" in 1792. In the same year Gouges penned "Letter to Citizen Robespierre", which Robespierre refused to answer. Gouges took to the street, and on behalf of the French people proclaimed "Let us plunge into the Seine! Thou hast need of a bath... thy death will claim things, and as for myself, the sacrifice of a pure life will disarm the heavens."


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: Although she was a celebrity in her lifetime and a prolific author, Gouges became largely forgotten, but then rediscovered through a political biography by Olivier Blanc in the mid 1980s.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: On 6 March 2004, the junction of the Rues Béranger, Charlot, de Turenne, and de Franche-Comté in Paris was proclaimed the Place Olympe de Gouges. The square was inaugurated by the mayor of the 3rd arrondissement, Pierre Aidenbaum, along with then first deputy mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo. The actress Véronique Genest read an excerpt from the Declaration of the Rights of Woman. 2007 French presidential contender Ségolène Royal expressed the wish that Gouges' remains be moved to the Panthéon. However, her remains—like those of the other victims of the Reign of Terror—have been lost through burial in communal graves, so any reburial (like that of Marquis de Condorcet) would be only ceremonial.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: She is honoured in many street names across France, in the Salle Olympe de Gouges exhibition hall in rue Merlin, Paris, and the Parc Olympe de Gouges in Annemasse.


title: Olympe de Gouges

text: The 2018 play The Revolutionists by Lauren Gunderson centers on Gouges and a dramatized version of her life as a playwright and activist during the Reign of Terror.


title: David Pakman

text: David Pakman (born February 2, 1984) is an Argentine-born American progressive talk show host and political commentator. He is the host of the YouTube and Twitch talk radio program "The David Pakman Show". Pakman was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and is a naturalized citizen of the United States.


title: David Pakman

text: David Pakman was born to an Ashkenazi Jewish family in Buenos Aires, Argentina in February 1984 and immigrated to the United States of America at the age of five. He grew up in Northampton, Massachusetts, and graduated from Northampton High School. Pakman attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst in Amherst, Massachusetts, where he majored in economics and communications. He earned an MBA degree from Bentley University in Waltham, Massachusetts.


title: David Pakman

text: Pakman hosts "The David Pakman Show", a television, radio, and Internet political program. In 2005, Pakman began hosting a show on local radio as a "hobby", and by 2011 the show aired on 100 stations, and outlets including DirecTV and DISH Network through Free Speech TV, the PACIFICA Radio Network, on YouTube, LBRY, and via podcasts. The program first aired in August 2005 on WXOJ-LP ("Valley Free Radio"), located in Northampton, Massachusetts, as "Midweek Politics with David Pakman". Pakman has appeared on Fox News, CNN, HLN's "Nancy Grace" program, HLN's "Dr Drew on Call", and two episodes of "The Joe Rogan Experience" and in "Mother Jones", the "Boston Herald", "The New York Times", and "Wired".


title: David Pakman

text: Pakman announced that he would be taking paternity leave in June 2022. His first child, a daughter, was born on the 10th.


title: Frankie Drake Mysteries

text: Frankie Drake Mysteries is a Canadian drama that ran on CBC from November 6, 2017 to March 8, 2021. The series starred Lauren Lee Smith and Chantel Riley as Frankie Drake and her partner Trudy who ran an all female private detective service in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the 1920s.


title: Frankie Drake Mysteries

text: Lauren Lee Smith portrays the fictional Frankie Drake, the first female private detective in 1920s Toronto, with Chantel Riley as her crime solving partner Trudy Clarke. Frankie and Trudy are often assisted on their cases by Mary Shaw (Rebecca Liddiard), a morality officer in Toronto's police force and Flo Chakowitz (Sharron Matthews), a morgue attendant at the Toronto City Morgue.


title: Frankie Drake Mysteries

text: The series was created by Carol Hay and Michelle Ricci; both women also served as writers and producers on "Murdoch Mysteries". It is produced by Shaftesbury Films.


title: Frankie Drake Mysteries

text: On April 5, 2018, the show was renewed for a second season. On March 25, 2019, the show was renewed for a third season. The third season premiere was filmed in England, with Honeysuckle Weeks playing the role of British author Agatha Christie. On May 27, 2020, "Frankie Drake Mysteries" was renewed by CBC for a fourth season. On February 28, 2021, CBC announced the show would not be renewed for a fifth season.


title: Frankie Drake Mysteries

text: In May 2020, an animated spinoff for kids called "Mary and Flo: On the Go" was reported as being in production; the web series was released in March 2022.


title: Frankie Drake Mysteries

text: Alibi in the United Kingdom aired the second season starting January 21, 2019, with the third season aired in 2020. Ovation in the United States aired seasons one and two back to back, beginning on June 15, 2019, and started airing season three on April 4, 2020. The fourth and final season premiered on October 2, 2021, following the broadcast of the new special titled "Frankie Drake Mysteries: Music at Midnight", and the series concluded on December 4, 2021. Co-produced by Ovation in conjunction with the Toronto Sympathy Orchestra and Shaftesbury Films, this special features interviews and performances from series stars Chantel Riley, Sharron Matthews, and more. The special wasn't aired in Canada, instead released onto YouTube by Shaftsbury on their channel earlier in February 2021, and premiered on Ovation on September 25, 2021 at 7PM ET/4PM PT. Additionally, PBS has started broadcasting the show and offering it on-demand through its membership program, Passport. The show was further picked up in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.


title: Frankie Drake Mysteries

text: The series has received generally positive reviews from critics since its release. John Doyle of "The Globe and Mail" remarked "it's a hoot and as silly as all get-out," and concluded that "thanks to its charm and the frocks, skirts, suits and, well, the gorgeous furniture, it's frightfully good entertainment." Johanna Schneller of the "Toronto Star" wrote that "the messaging in CBC series sometimes hits you over the head, but it's fun to watch women run their own show."


title: Samsung Galaxy Note 10

text: The Samsung Galaxy Note 10 (stylized as Samsung Galaxy Note10) is a line of Android-based phablets designed, developed, produced, and marketed by Samsung Electronics as part of the Samsung Galaxy Note series. They were unveiled on 7 August 2019, as the successors to the Samsung Galaxy Note 9. Details about the phablets were widely leaked in the months leading up to the phablets' announcement.


title: Samsung Galaxy Note 10

text: In 2020, a midrange variant, the Galaxy Note 10 Lite, was introduced with lesser specifications and features.


title: Samsung Galaxy Note 10

text: The Galaxy Note 10 line comprises two models with various hardware specifications; Note 10 / Note 10 5G feature 6.3-inch 1080p (Note 10+ / Note 10+ 5G feature 6.8-inch 1440p) "Dynamic AMOLED" displays with HDR10+ support and "dynamic tone mapping" technology respectively. The displays have curved sides that slope over the horizontal edges of the device. The phablet also features a 19:9 aspect ratio. The front-facing cameras occupy a rounded cut-out on the top of the display, and all models utilize an ultrasonic in-screen fingerprint reader.


title: Samsung Galaxy Note 10

text: International models of the Note 10 utilize the Exynos 9825 system-on-chip, while the U.S., South American (Except Brazil) and Chinese models utilize the Qualcomm Snapdragon 855. All models are sold with 256 GB of internal Universal Flash Storage 3.0, with the Note 10+ & Note 10+ 5G also being sold in a 512 GB model and offering expandable storage via a microSD card.


title: Samsung Galaxy Note 10

text: They respectively contain non-user-replaceable 3500 and 4300 mAh Lithium-ion batteries, with both variants supporting a 25 watt Super Fast Charging, while the Note 10+ also supports 45 watt Super Fast Charging 2.0, Qi inductive charging, and the ability to charge other Qi-compatible devices from their battery power.


title: Samsung Galaxy Note 10

text: The Note 10 and Note 10+ are the first mainstream Samsung smartphones to omit the 3.5 mm headphone jack, which earned Samsung criticism for mocking the iPhone 7's lack of the headphone jack on the Galaxy Note 7 "UNPACKED" keynote in August 2016 – Samsung said it used the extra space for more battery. The sleep/wake power button that used to be on the right side of the phone has been removed, consolidated with the Bixby button on the left side of the phone. New settings have been added that allow the button to be remapped as either a power button or a Bixby button. And this is the second time Samsung removed the heart rate sensor after the Galaxy S10 ( Galaxy S10e and S10 5G ) because it was rarely used by users. For the first time in Samsung's devices since the original Galaxy S (2010), the camera has been placed into the corner, similar to the iPhone X/XS/XR/11 series.


title: Samsung Galaxy Note 10

text: In January 2020, the Note 10 Lite was released. It is a midrange variant of the Note 10, containing the same cameras as the main variant. It features 128 GB of storage, a 6.7 inch 1080p "Super AMOLED" screen on a metallic frame, a 4,500 mAh battery and is powered by the Exynos 9810. The variant eliminates the wireless charging feature and stereo speakers, though it retains the 25 watt Super Fast Charging of the main series, and also has a headphone jack. However, the Note 10 Lite lacks a barometer sensor, which has been present on Samsung Galaxy flagships since 2012.


title: Samsung Galaxy Note 10

text: The Note 10 series features a multi-lens rear-facing camera setup with Samsung's Scene Optimizer technology. It houses a dual-aperture 12-megapixel wide-angle lens, a 12-megapixel telephoto lens and a 16-megapixel ultra-wide-angle lens with the Note 10+/ Note 10+ 5G having an additional VGA Depth Vision Camera allowing for 3D AR mapping. The front-facing camera on all models consists of a 10-megapixel punch hole lens in the top center of the display. The camera software includes a new "Shot Suggestion" feature to assist users, "Artistic Live Filters", as well as the ability to post directly to Instagram posts and stories. It also contains the "Scene Optimizer" feature from previous Samsung phones that automatically adjusts the camera settings based on different scenes.


title: Samsung Galaxy Note 10

text: Both sets of cameras support 4K/60 FPS video recording and HDR10+ with more advanced video stabilization. There is also Live Focus Video enabling users to capture Bokeh backgrounds in video, much like with Portrait Mode.


title: Samsung Galaxy Note 10

text: The S-Pen has also undergone notable changes compared to the Note 9. The pen is one piece of plastic, instead of two like Note 9, and supports more advanced Air Actions that allow users to control the phablet remotely with the pen. This includes changing the camera settings and exporting the handwritten text to Microsoft Word remotely. The S-Pen also comes with additional tips for replacement in the box.


title: Samsung Galaxy Note 10

text: The Note 10 range ships with Android 9 "Pie" with Samsung's One UI skin. A main design element of the One UI is intentional repositioning of key user interface elements in stock apps to improve usability on large screens. Many apps include large headers that push the beginning of content towards the center of the display, while navigation controls and other prompts are often displayed near the bottom of the display instead. In March 2020, the phones received an upgrade to Android 10, bringing with it Single Take mode from the Samsung Galaxy S20 line as well as the ability to record 4K/60fps video with the selfie camera.


title: Vici Properties

text: Vici Properties Inc. is a real estate investment trust (REIT) specializing in casino properties, based in New York City. It was formed in 2017 as a spin-off from Caesars Entertainment Corporation as part of its bankruptcy reorganization. It owns 44 casinos, hotels, and racetracks and 4 golf courses throughout the United States.


title: Vici Properties

text: Vici Properties was formed as part of the Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization of Caesars Entertainment Operating Company (CEOC), the largest division of Caesars Entertainment. After placing CEOC into bankruptcy in January 2015, Caesars proposed splitting CEOC into two companies: a REIT, which would own the company's casinos, and an operating company, which would manage them. The plan was designed to maximize value for CEOC's creditors by taking advantage of favorable tax treatment for REITs. Several members of Congress opposed the plan, calling it an abuse of the REIT laws. They asked the Internal Revenue Service to deny tax-free status to the spin-off, but their protest went unheeded.


title: Vici Properties

text: The spin-off of Vici to CEOC's creditors was completed on October 6, 2017, the day that CEOC emerged from bankruptcy. Vici began with a portfolio of nineteen casinos and racetracks, all leased to Caesars at a total initial annual rent of $630 million, and four golf courses. The company's name was adopted from the phrase ""Veni, vidi, vici,"" commonly attributed to Julius Caesar.


title: Vici Properties

text: Vici acquired Harrah's Las Vegas from Caesars in December 2017 for $1.1 billion, and leased it back at an initial annual rent of $87.4 million.


title: Vici Properties

text: MGM Growth Properties, a REIT affiliated with Caesars competitor MGM Resorts International, offered in January 2018 to acquire Vici for an estimated $5.9 billion. Vici's board rejected the offer, deciding instead to proceed with a planned initial public offering. Vici completed its IPO on the New York Stock Exchange in February 2018, raising $1.2 billion.


title: Vici Properties

text: Vici completed two transactions with Caesars in 2018, purchasing the Octavius Tower at Caesars Palace for $508 million and Harrah's Philadelphia for $242 million, and leasing them back to Caesars for $35 million and $21 million per year, respectively.


title: Vici Properties

text: In 2019, Vici made two purchases in conjunction with Penn National Gaming. Vici bought the real estate of the Margaritaville Resort Casino in Louisiana and Greektown Casino–Hotel in Detroit for $261 million and $700 million, respectively, while Penn bought both properties' operating businesses and leased them from Vici for annual rent of $23 million and $56 million, respectively. Vici bought a second casino from Greektown seller Jack Entertainment, Jack Cincinnati Casino, in September 2019, paying $558 million for the real estate; Hard Rock International leased the property for $43 million per year.


title: Vici Properties

text: In December 2019, Vici bought three casinos in Missouri and West Virginia from Eldorado Resorts in conjunction with Century Casinos: Isle Casino Cape Girardeau, Lady Luck Casino Caruthersville, and Mountaineer Casino, Racetrack and Resort. Vici paid $278 million for the real estate assets, and leased them to Century for $25 million per year. A month later, the company bought two more properties from Jack Entertainment, Jack Cleveland Casino and Jack Thistledown Racino, for a total of $843 million, leasing them back for $66 million per year.


title: Vici Properties

text: In July 2020, Eldorado Resorts acquired Caesars Entertainment, becoming Vici's primary tenant, and renamed itself to Caesars Entertainment. In connection with this acquisition, Vici bought three properties (Harrah's Atlantic City, Harrah's Laughlin, and Harrah's New Orleans) from Caesars for a total of $1.8 billion, and leased them back to the new Caesars for $154 million per year.


title: Vici Properties

text: In February 2022, Vici purchased the real estate of the Venetian complex on the Las Vegas Strip from Las Vegas Sands for $4 billion. The acquisition included the Venetian and Palazzo casino hotels and the Sands Expo convention center. Apollo Global Management bought the operating business and leased the property from Vici for $250 million per year.


title: Vici Properties

text: In April 2022, Vici acquired MGM Growth Properties for $17.2 billion (including $5.7 billion in assumed debt). The purchase added full ownership of thirteen properties to Vici's portfolio, and half ownership of the MGM Grand Las Vegas and Mandalay Bay resorts, and increased Vici's annual revenue by $1 billion, along with making it the largest land owner on the Las Vegas Strip, with over 660 acres.


title: Vici Properties

text: In December 2022, Vici and Blackstone Inc announced that Vici would purchase the remaining shares of MGM Grand Las Vegas and Mandalay Bay from Blackstone for $1.27 billion in cash plus taking on existing debt. Blackstone previously had been a 49.9% shareholder of these two properties in a financial arrangement where the other 50.1% was owned by Vici, and MGM Resorts International was given exclusivity to operate the properties and pay an annual rent. Per the new arrangement, MGM Resorts will still be given exclusive operation rights along with the yearly rent (with the lease set to expire in 2050).


title: Incorporation (business)

text: Incorporation is the formation of a new corporation. The corporation may be a business, a nonprofit organization, sports club, or a local government of a new city or town.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: Specific incorporation requirements in the United States differ on a state by state basis. However, there are common pieces of information that states require to be included in the certificate of incorporation.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: A business purpose describes the incorporated tasks a company has to do or provide. The purpose can be general, indicating that the budding company has been formed to carry out "all lawful business" in the region. Alternatively, the purpose can be specific, furnishing a more detailed explanation of the products and/or services to be offered by their company.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: The chosen name should be followed with a corporate identifier such as "Corp.", "Inc.", or "Co.". A preliminary name availability search is advisable prior to the submission of the Articles of Incorporation. In the case of online incorporation, the state will have the final say with regards to the name chosen for the company. The name shouldn't deceive or mislead consumers.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: Registered agents are responsible for receiving all legal and tax documentation on behalf of the corporation.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: Share per value refers to the stated minimum value and generally doesn't correspond to the actual share value. In reality, the value of a share is based on its fair market value or the amount a buyer is willing to pay. An Inc. stipulates the exact number of shares the corporation is willing to authorize. It is mandatory for every corporation to have stock. If the corporation is willing to permit both preferred as well as common shares of stock, then this should have a mention in the articles of incorporation, along with the voting rights information. Generally, preferred shares provide its shareholders preferential payments of distribution of assets or dividends, in case the company shuts down its operations. A lot of small business owners only allow shares of common stock.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: One significant legal benefit is the protection of personal assets against the claims of creditors and lawsuits. Sole proprietors and general partners in a partnership are personally and jointly responsible for all the legal liability (LL) of a business such as loans, accounts payable, and legal judgments. In a corporation, however, shareholders, directors and officers typically are not liable for the company's debts and obligations. They are limited in liability to the amount they have invested in the corporation. For example, if a shareholder purchased $100 in stock, no more than $100 can be lost. On the other hand, a corporation (Corp.) or a limited liability company (LLC) may hold assets such as real estate, cars or boats. If a shareholder of a corporation is personally involved in a lawsuit or bankruptcy, these assets may be protected. A creditor of a shareholder of a Corp. or LLC cannot seize the assets of the company. However, the creditor may be able to seize ownership shares in the corporation, as they are considered a personal asset.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: In the United States, corporations can sometimes be taxed at a lower rate than individuals. Also, corporations can own shares in other corporations and receive corporate dividends 80% tax-free. There are no limits on the amount of losses a corporation may carry forward to subsequent tax years. A sole proprietorship, on the other hand, cannot claim a capital loss greater than $3,000 unless the owner has offsetting capital gains.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: A corporation is capable of continuing indefinitely. Its existence is not affected by the death of shareholders, directors, or officers of the corporation. Ownership in a Corp. or LLC is easily transferable to others, either in whole or in part. Some state laws are particularly corporate-friendly. For example, the transfer of ownership in a corporation incorporated in US-DE is not required to be filed or recorded.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: Legal opinion on corporations has evolved significantly throughout history, and Supreme Court cases provide a means to observe this evolution. While these cases may seem arbitrary and decontextualized when examined individually, when viewed successively and within historical context, a narrative emerges that offers an explanation for why such views are upheld.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: In 1816, the New Hampshire state legislature passed a bill intended to turn privately owned Dartmouth College into a publicly owned university with a Board of Trustees appointed by the governor. The board filed a suit challenging the constitutionality of the legislation. The suit alleged that the college enjoyed the right to contract and the government changing that contract was not allowed. Chief Justice John Marshall delivered the majority opinion and affirmed that the right to contract exists between owners of private property rather than between a government and its citizens. The case was the first case in US history that asked fundamental questions about corporate entities and the protections they enjoy; it also was a precedent-setting case in extending "individual rights" to corporations.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: The railroad was an expensive multi-year project that greatly changed and altered both the physical and commercial landscape of the country. As with most new technology developments that have a broad impact, there are disputes about how those technologies and the businesses they thrive in fit under the umbrella of laws that govern regulations and taxation. In 1886 one such taxation dispute arose between Santa Clara County and Southern Pacific Railroad. The railroad thought the tax code was misapplied to some of their property and assets. In deciding the case, a unanimous court ruled that governments must abide by the same tax code enforcement for individuals that it did for corporations. While not explicitly stated in the case, it was implied that this case extended equal protection rights to corporations under the 14th amendment.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: The booming economy the railroad corporations helped build from the late 19th into the early 20th centuries came to a screeching halt in 1929. The Great Depression, as it came to be known, helped a view of corporations emerge that put them at odds with the normal working man. The election of Franklin D. Roosevelt was a manifestation of many populist sentiments the country might have felt. In 1933 a Florida case came before the court, again disputing taxation. In "Liggett v. Lee" the court ruled that there could be a corporate tax, essentially saying the structure of business was a justifiably discriminatory criterion for governments to consider when writing tax legislation. This was a unique ruling handed down during a unique time in US history that denied a corporation freedom it sought in the courtroom.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: From 1940 to 1990 the percent of total GDP made up by financial service professionals increased by 300%. Along with that growth there was a growth in the profits this industry experienced as well. As the disposable income of banks and other financial institutions rose, they sought a way to use it to influence politics and policy. In response, Massachusetts passed a law limiting corporate donations strictly to issues related to their industry. The First National Bank of Boston challenged the law on First Amendment grounds and won. "First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti" allowed business to use financial speech in political causes of any nature.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: In 2010 amidst an outpouring of frustration and blame directed at Wall Street the issue of corporate contributions came before the court again. In "Citizens United v. FEC" the court said there was virtually no distinction between monetary contributions and political speech, and because we do not limit political speech unless it is tantamount to bribery, corporations have the right as people to donate unlimited amounts of money to any political cause so long as it is not to a direct campaign.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: The articles of incorporation (also called a charter, certificate of incorporation or letters patent) are filed with the appropriate state office, listing the purpose of the corporation, its principal place of business and the number and type of shares of stock. A registration fee is due, which is usually between $25 and $1,000, depending on the state.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: A corporate name is generally made up of three parts: "distinctive element", "descriptive element", and a legal ending. All corporations must have a distinctive element, and in most filing jurisdictions, a legal ending to their names. Some corporations choose not to have a descriptive element. In the name "Tiger Computers, Inc.", the word "Tiger" is the distinctive element; the word "Computers" is the descriptive element; and the "Inc." is the legal ending. The legal ending indicates that it is in fact a legal corporation and not just a business registration or partnership. Incorporated, limited, and corporation, or their respective abbreviations (Inc., Ltd., Corp.) are the possible legal endings in the US.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: Usually, there are also corporate bylaws which must be filed with the state. Bylaws outline a number of important administrative details such as when annual shareholder meetings will be held, who can vote and the manner in which shareholders will be notified if there is need for an additional "special" meeting.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: Assuming a corporation has not sold stock to the public, conducting corporate business is straightforward. Often, it amounts to recording key corporate decisions (for example, borrowing money or buying real estate) and holding an annual meeting. These formalities can often be supplanted by written agreement and do not usually need a face-to-face meeting.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: In the UK, the process of incorporation is generally called company formation. The United Kingdom is one of the quickest locations to incorporate, with a fully electronic process and a very fast turnaround by the national registrar of companies, the Companies House. The current Companies House record is five minutes to vet and issue a certificate of incorporation for an electronic application.


title: Incorporation (business)

text: In Canada, the process of incorporation can be done either at the federal or provincial level. Companies which incorporate with the federal government will generally need to register extra-provincially in the province that they elect to do business. Similarly, a provincial corporation may need to register extra-provincially if they are to have offices outside of their home province. Incorporated Canadian companies can generally use either Corp., Corporation, Inc., Incorporated, Incorporée, Limited, Limitée, Ltd., Ltée, Société par actions de régime fédéral, and S.A.R.F in their name, but this may vary from province to province. Note that there are two government structures operating within Canada. French system is prevalent in Quebec, while the English system is operating in 9 provinces/territories.


title: Christopher Williams (singer)

text: Christopher Williams is an American singer and former actor. Williams, who emerged during the late 1980s as a recording artist for Geffen Records, has scored many R&B hit singles, notably "Talk to Myself" (1989), "I'm Dreamin'" (1991) and "Every Little Thing U Do" (1993).