title: You Get What You Give (song)

text: In 2002, VH1 voted it as the 64th greatest one-hit wonder of all time. In 2007, the song was voted number 90 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of the 90s". It was listed number 440 on "Blender"'s list of "The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born". In 2010 it was number 106 on "Pitchfork"'s "Top 200 Tracks of the 90s". In 2011, VH1 ranked it as 11th on "40 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the 90s". Annie Zaleski for "The A.V. Club" wrote that the song was "surprisingly influential on popular music, just in a non-obvious, almost obscured way", and that it was "both a nostalgic artifact and a song that transcends any era". BBC Radio ranked the song at number 38 on its list of the "Most Heard Recordings in Britain of the Last 75 Years".


title: You Get What You Give (song)

text: The song was used by American Vice President Kamala Harris's husband, Doug Emhoff, for his walk-on music as part of Joe Biden's inauguration in 2021. On January 20, 2021, New Radicals reunited for the first time in 22 years to perform the song during an inauguration performance on the day Biden was sworn in as president. The song was a favorite of Joe's son Beau Biden. Beau died in 2015; at his funeral, his sister Ashley recited the lyrics in her eulogy. The band had rejected offers to perform over the past 22 years but wanted to honor this day and honor Beau, who was a military veteran. The band's Gregg Alexander said prior to their performance, "We pledged if Joe [Biden] won, we'd get together and play our little song both in memory and in honor of our new president's patriot son Beau and also with the prayer of Joe being able to bring our country together again with compassion, honesty and justice for a change".


title: You Get What You Give (song)

text: The song is an unofficial Newcastle United anthem and is regularly played at their home ground St James' Park. The song was used by local radio station Metro Radio during Newcastle's FA cup-run of 1998–99, with Mick Lowes' commentary of Newcastle's cup goals mixed over the song.


title: You Get What You Give (song)

text: A clip of "You Get What You Give" appears in the fourth-season episode "Advanced Documentary Filmmaking" of "Community" when Abed gets Jeff to pay for use of the song in his documentary.


title: You Get What You Give (song)

text: The song also appeared in "The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas", "" and on the 2019 TV series "Schooled" as well as trailers for "Big Daddy", "Cheaper by the Dozen" and "The Muppets".


title: You Get What You Give (song)

text: It was used in the "Glee" third-season finale "Goodbye," where the graduating seniors of the New Directions glee club perform it for the underclassmen.


title: You Get What You Give (song)

text: "You Get What You Give" is featured in the final episode of "Dear White People: Vol 4". It is performed by Obba Babatundé who plays Dean Fairbanks, and is sung to the graduating class of students as both a message of hope and warning about the world ahead.


title: Tampopo

text: A pair of truck drivers, the experienced Gorō and a younger sidekick named Gun, stop at a decrepit roadside ramen noodle shop. Outside, Gorō rescues a boy who is being beaten up by three schoolmates. The boy, Tabo, turns out to be the son of Tampopo, the widowed owner of the struggling business, Lai Lai. When a customer called Pisken harasses Tampopo, Gorō invites him and his men to step outside. Gorō puts up a good fight, but outnumbered by Pisken and his men, he is knocked out and wakes up the next morning in Tampopo's home.


title: Tampopo

text: When Tampopo asks their opinion of her noodles, Gorō and Gun tell her they are "sincere, but lack character." After Gorō gives her some advice, she asks him to become her teacher. They decide to turn her establishment into a paragon of the "art of noodle soup making". Gorō takes her around and points out the strengths and weaknesses of her competitors. She still cannot get the broth just right, so Gorō brings in the "old master" and his superlative expertise. When they rescue a wealthy elderly man from choking on his food, he lends her his chauffeur Shohei, who has a masterly way with noodles. Also, through clever trickery they pry ramen secrets from their competitors. During the transition, the group agrees to change the restaurant's name from "Lai Lai" to "Tampopo".


title: Tampopo

text: Pisken feels bad for being too drunk to tell his men to stay out of the fight, so he offers Gorō another chance one-on-one. After the rematch ends in a draw, Pisken reveals he is a contractor and offers to make over the shop's interior. Tampopo's latest effort still comes up short, so Pisken teaches her his own secret recipe. When the five men consume her latest creation down to the last drop, Tampopo knows she has won. (Tabo also triumphs, beating all three of his tormentors). As customers fill her newly redecorated shop, the men file out one by one.


title: Tampopo

text: Other vignettes follow a lowly worker who upstages his superiors by displaying his vast culinary knowledge while ordering at a gourmet French restaurant; a housewife who rises from her deathbed to cook one last meal for her family; and a women's etiquette class on how to eat spaghetti properly. Another scene involves a supermarket clerk who has to deal with an aged woman obsessed with squeezing food. The clerk's scene segues into a restaurant involving an investment scam and the intended victim, who turns out to be a conman himself.


title: Tampopo

text: The primary subplot involves a young gangster in a white suit and his lover, who explore erotic ways to use food. In the end, the man is shot several times by an unknown assailant, to his lover's horror, but uses his last words to convey his secret recipe for sausages.


title: Tampopo

text: Throughout, the film puns off stereotypical American movie themes, characters, music and camera set-ups and shots.


title: Tampopo

text: A road show release of "Tampopo" was distributed by Toho on November 23, 1985. The film was released by New Yorker Films in the United States in 1987.


title: Tampopo

text: The Criterion Collection prepared a 4K restoration of "Tampopo" that was released in theatres in October 2016.


title: Tampopo

text: Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars, commenting that "Like the French comedies of Jacques Tati, it's a bemused meditation on human nature in which one humorous situation flows into another offhandedly, as if life were a series of smiles."


title: Tampopo

text: Hal Hinson of "The Washington Post" wrote, "The movie, which Itami calls a 'noodle western,' is a rambunctious mixture of the bawdy and the sublime." "'Tampopo' is perhaps the funniest movie about the connection between food and sex ever made."


title: Tampopo

text: Andrew Johnston writing in "Time Out New York" commented: "This film is his broadest comedy by far, and its principal subjects are those great global constants, food and sex. That, combined with the plot's sly evocation of movie Westerns, made it widely accessible to foreign audiences."


title: Tampopo

text: Vincent Canby provided a somewhat dissenting, though still positive, opinion in his "New York Times" review, stating, "Though it's not consistently funny… 'Tampopo' is one of the more engaging films to be shown in this year's [New Directors/New Films] series." "Mr. Itami often strains after comic effects that remain elusive. The most appealing thing about 'Tampopo' is that he never stops trying."


title: Tampopo

text: "Tampopo" has received unanimous praise from critics, with a 100% approval rating and average score of 8.53/10 from Rotten Tomatoes, based on 52 reviews. The site's critical consensus states, "Thanks to director Juzo Itami's offbeat humor and sharp satirical edge, Tampopo is a funny, sexy, affectionate celebration of food and its broad influence on Japanese culture."


title: Tampopo

text: "Tampopo" received two Japanese Academy Awards for Best Editing and Best Sound. In the United States, it was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Foreign Film and a National Society of Film Critics Award, USA for Best Screenplay and Best Director.


title: Tampopo

text: The 2008 American/Japanese movie "The Ramen Girl", in which a girl played by Brittany Murphy learns how to make ramen, contains many references to "Tampopo", including a cameo by Tsutomu Yamazaki.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: The Magnus Archives is a horror fiction podcast written by Jonathan Sims, directed by Alexander J. Newall, and distributed by Rusty Quill. Sims narrated the podcast in-character as the main character, Jonathan Sims, the newly appointed Head Archivist of the fictional Magnus Institute—an institution based in London centered on research into the paranormal. In 2018, BBC Sounds listed the show as one of the largest British dramatic podcasts, with an extensive fanbase on Tumblr having driven much of its success. , "The Magnus Archives" had reached a download rate of over 2.5 million downloads a month, growing to over 4 million downloads a month by July 2020.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: The podcast is structured as a series of statements recorded, or written and then recorded, for internal research use within the Magnus Institute. At the beginning of each statement, the statement-taker—typically Jon, the head archivist—provides a brief description of the statement and the name of the statement-maker. Those who give or record statements in the Magnus Institute tend to lapse into a trance-like state, not unlike reliving the event as they narrate it.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: The podcast is initially presented as a horror anthology, following the efforts of Jonathan Sims, Head Archivist of the Magnus Institute, to record on tape a number of statements of paranormal events that have proven impossible to record through conventional, digital means. Over the course of 5 seasons, a more complex metaplot develops, revealing the nature of the Magnus Institute, its head, Elias Bouchard, and the nature of the paranormal events recorded in the statements.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: The eponymous Jonathan Sims is installed as the new Head Archivist of the Magnus Institute's Archives, his predecessor Gertrude Robinson having gone missing and is presumed dead. As he attempts to digitize statements about supernatural incidents, he finds that statements can only be recorded on a tape recorder, as opposed to the preferred digital recordings. Among these statements are mentions of paranormal books referred to as "Leitners," many of them having originated from a library previously belonging to a man named Jurgen Leitner. The final conflict of the season involves a woman named Jane Prentiss, who has become the host for a mass of parasitic worms that attacks the archival staff. In the chaos of Prentiss' attack, Sasha dies and a supernatural being assumes her identity. During the attack, the body of Gertrude Robinson is found in one of the tunnels beneath the institute.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Jon becomes convinced that there is a conspiracy behind the murder of Gertrude Robinson and his paranoia continues to increase as he begins working alongside Constable Basira Hussain and the police to investigate. Jon begins to explore the tunnels beneath the Archives, and discovers evidence of both Sasha and an unknown old man entering the tunnels. Jon is confronted by a supernatural being called Michael, who claims that Sasha is "lying to him." Melanie returns to the institute and insists that the Sasha currently on staff is not the same person she met on previous visits to the institute. Jon discovers that a creature is impersonating Sasha and it chases him through the Institute tunnels until Jon is saved by Jurgen Leitner. Leitner explains that he has been hiding in the tunnels since the destruction of his library in 1994, evading various monsters and people who sought to do him harm. He then explains his understanding of the entities behind the books: that they are manifestations of vast, powerful entities based on primal fears that exist just outside of human perception. He also relates that he believes that the institute's Head, Elias, is the one who killed Gertrude, who Leitner had been working with to destroy the institute, itself a place of power for one of the entities known as The Eye. Later, Elias brutally murders Leitner with a metal pipe and frames Jon, who flees from the scene.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Despite being in hiding, Jon finds that statements are continually being mailed to him, and follows their trails to two individuals known as Jude Perry and Michael Crew, who are "avatars" (servants) of fear entities known as "The Desolation" and "The Vast" respectively. Jon discovers that he has the power to compel individuals to answer his questions, so Basira and Daisy decide to take Jon to the institute to use his powers to force Elias to confess to the murders of Gertrude Robinson and Leitner. Jon's powers do not affect Elias, but Elias willingly admits that he murdered Gertrude and Leitner before forcing Basira to sign an employment form for the institute. He then reveals that those employed by the institute are unable to leave without his permission and that if he were to die, anyone employed by him would die as well. In addition, those who attempt to leave the institute or refuse to work there while employed will gradually grow weak and eventually die. Forced to do Elias' bidding, they are tasked with stopping a ritual known as the "Unknowing", wherein manifestations and avatars of the fear entity known as "The Stranger" will attempt to reshape reality to allow the entity to come into existence, which, if successful, would cause the entire world to suffer under eternal torment to feed the entity.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Shortly after beginning to investigate the Unknowing and how to stop it, Jon is threatened by a living mannequin known as Nikola Orsinov, who asks him to give them an ancient taxidermized gorilla skin, which was stolen by Gertrude Robinson several years ago. However, when Jon fails to produce said item, he is kidnapped and held at a secret location, where Nikola reveals that without the gorilla skin, she will need the skin of an Archivist to complete the Unknowing. When Jon is left alone, Michael appears, and reveals his origin: he is a being known as "The Distortion", itself a manifestation of the fear entity known as "The Spiral." The Distortion had been crucial to the success of a ritual similar to the Unknowing that had been undertaken by the Spiral. However, before it could succeed, Gertrude Robinson gave one of her assistants, named Michael Shelley, a map of the Distortion before having him devoured by it. Utilizing the map, Michael Shelley found the core of the Distortion and the two became merged together, which caused the Spiral's ritual to fail. Michael has decided to kill Jon so that the Unknowing can not succeed, but before he can do so, Helen is merged with the Distortion. She then transports him back to the institute.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Jon follows an old itinerary belonging to Gertrude, which takes him to New Zealand, China, and America. While in America, he is approached by two monster hunters named Julia Montauk and Trevor Herbert, who have him use a book that summons the ghost of a man named Gerard Keay, who had traveled with Gertrude before he succumbed to a brain tumor. Gerard then describes the 14 fear entities to Jon: the Eye, the patron entity of the Magnus Institute, and the fear of being watched or having one's secrets exposed; the Spiral, the fear of madness and lies; the End, the fear of death; the Stranger, the fear of the uncanny or things that are not quite human; the Lonely, the fear of being alone; the Desolation, the fear of fire, pain, and destruction; the Slaughter, the fear of violence; the Vast, the fear of the infinite or of being insignificant; the Buried, the fear of being trapped without enough space, whether physical or not; the Dark, the fear of the darkness and what might be in it; the Corruption, the fear of rot, decay, filth; the Web, the fear of spiders and of being manipulated; the Flesh, the fear that one is nothing more than meat; the Hunt, the fear of being hunted. Gerard then directs Jon to a storage unit, where Gertrude had stored an something that could stop the Unknowing.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: When he returns to London, Jon finds that the storage unit is filled with plastic explosives. He, Basira, Daisy, and Tim then travel to the location of the Unknowing to stop it. Meanwhile, Martin and Melanie execute a plan to distract Elias and collect evidence of Elias' crimes, which is sufficient to have the police arrest him. However, Nikola begins the Unknowing using the skin of Gertrude Robinson, and its effects cause the group to become incapable of semiosis. Basira is able to escape the ritual, while Daisy is trapped within a coffin-like manifestation of the Buried. Jon uses his powers of compulsion to make Tim immune to the ritual's effect, and Tim detonates the plastic explosives at the ritual site, which stops the Unknowing at the cost of his life, while Jon is left in a coma-like state. Due to his imprisonment, Elias sends a man named Peter Lukas, an avatar of the Lonely, to watch over the Magnus Institute in his stead.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Following the Unknowing, Jon remains in a coma for six months. While unconscious, he is visited by an avatar of the End, who encourages him to make a choice between dying or fully accepting his role as an avatar of the Eye. Jon then awakens, having seemingly chosen the latter. He begins to refer to himself simply as "the Archivist", and reading statements has now grown into a physical need for him. Upon returning to the Magnus Institute, he is attacked by Melanie, as she does not believe he is human anymore. Basira explains that four months after the Unknowing was stopped, the institute was attacked by an avatar of the Flesh named Jared Hopworth, whom Melanie had fought off with a knife before he was trapped by Helen.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: After recording a statement regarding a Slaughter-aligned book, Jon realizes that Melanie has been an unwitting avatar of the Slaughter due to an invisible bullet lodged in her leg from when she journeyed to India in season 2, explaining her recent violent behavior. Jon and Basira extract the bullet while she is asleep, but immediately after they do so, she awakes and stabs Jon in the shoulder with a scalpel.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Shortly afterward, one of the manifestations of the Stranger that had survived the Unknowing delivers a coffin, itself a manifestation of the Buried, and states that Daisy is still inside of it before he is driven away by Jon. Basira, following leads from the imprisoned Elias, then immediately departs, leaving Jon alone. Now seeking a way to enter the coffin, retrieve Daisy, and return, Jon decides he will use a part of his own body as an "anchor." Melanie leads him to Helen, who still holds Jared as a captive, and Jon allows Jared to remove one of his ribs to use as an anchor in return for the latter's freedom. Jon then willingly enters the coffin, and returns with Daisy.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Meanwhile, Martin has been working with Peter Lukas, the latter of whom believes that a fifteenth fear entity, known as "the Extinction", is emerging due to the growing fear that humans are destroying the world. Peter and Martin have agreed to work together in an attempt to prevent its emergence, or at least diminish its influence.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Based on information revealed by Elias, Jon and Basira travel to Ny-Ålesund in order to stop a supposed ritual being performed by a cult of the Dark. They find the cult's headquarters abandoned, save for a single member, whom Jon compels for information. The cultist reveals that in 2015, the cult had attempted a ritual to manifest the Dark, but it had failed despite having seemingly gone unopposed. Jon then stares at the "Dark star", the focal point of the cult's ritual attempt, which destroys it. When the cultist attempts to flee, she is consumed by Helen, who then transports Jon and Basira back to the institute.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: When Martin leaves a tape describing Jon deliberately seeking out an individual and compelling a statement from them, Jon, Basira, Melanie, and Daisy travel to a known stronghold of the Web known as Hill Top Road in an attempt to discover if Jon is being manipulated. There, they find a statement left by Annabelle Cane, an avatar of the Web, who reveals that she is watching the Magnus Institute and manipulating events, but not actively controlling Jon's actions.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: After listening to several more statements that confirm that the Extinction is causing supernatural occurrences, Peter Lukas explains to Martin that he will soon have a map of the tunnels beneath the institute, and will therefore soon be able to execute their plan.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Once Peter acquires his map, he and Martin immediately venture into the tunnels, where Peter releases the creature that had impersonated Sasha ("Not-Sasha") as a distraction. Basira and Daisy then reveal that Elias has escaped from prison, and they find a tape of the moment Elias killed Gertrude Robinson. The tape reveals that Elias is actually Jonah Magnus, the founder of the institute, who has been able to transfer his consciousness to other bodies to extend his life. Martin and Peter then arrive at the Panopticon of Millbank Prison, in which is a chair where Jonah Magnus' eyeless original body rests, at which point Jonah himself also arrives. Peter then encourages Martin to destroy Magnus' original body and take its place, which will enable him to use the Eye's power to learn vital information about the Extinction. However, Martin refuses, and Peter casts him into a manifestation of the Lonely in anger. Meanwhile, Julia Montauk and Trevor Herbert, who had returned to London, attack the institute at the same time that Not-Sasha emerges from the tunnels, and Daisy willingly succumbs to the influence of the Hunt to gain the power needed to stop them. Jon makes his way to the Panopticon, and enters the Lonely to retrieve Martin. Jon uses his powers to find Peter Lukas within the Lonely, and compels a statement from him. Peter reveals that his attempts to stop the Extinction result from a belief that its existence would directly harm the influence of the Lonely. He then states that his plan with Martin was all part of an attempt to win a bet with "Elias", which he had lost when Martin refused to destroy Jonah Magnus' original body. When Jon compels Peter to tell him what Jonah won from the bet, he refuses, and is ultimately killed when he continually resists Jon's compulsions. Jon then retrieves Martin, and they exit the Lonely.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: As the Magnus Institute is now a crime scene, and Daisy, Julia, Trevor, and Not-Sasha are nowhere to be found, Jon and Martin travel to a wooden cabin in Scotland. Basira sends a box of statements to the cabin for Jon, and Jon begins to read one of them, which turns out to have been written by Jonah Magnus. Jon's powers prevent him from not finishing the statement, and so he is forced to read the rest of it. The statement reveals that Jonah, who had become fearful of being a victim of a successful ritual, sought to complete a ritual to manifest the Eye utilizing Millbank prison, the design of which he had influenced. However, when he attempted the ritual in the 1800's, the ritual failed and destroyed the prison, but gifted him his powers of limited omniscience. He then founded the Magnus Institute to enable him to protect the now underground Millbank prison, as well as plan for the execution of another ritual for the Eye in the future. However, when he had witnessed the brutal efficiency in which Gertrude Robinson had derailed the rituals of the Flesh, the Buried, the Desolation, the Lonely, and the Spiral, he began to wonder why no ritual had ever succeeded. As he could not answer this question, he began to wonder if rituals were unable to succeed due to their focus on only a single fear entity. Gertrude Robinson also suspected this to be the case, and had allowed the ritual of the Dark to go unopposed to test her theory. When the unopposed ritual failed, Jonah understood what he needed to do: devise a ritual that would manifest all 14 entities, a goal he hoped to accomplish before the complete emergence of the Extinction.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Upon Gertrude's death, Jonah threw his plan into motion, which would require an Archivist that had been exposed to supernatural occurrences from all 14 entities. As a result, he appointed Jon to the role of Archivist due to him having already encountered the Web during his childhood. Jon was then marked by all 13 other entities through his various near-death experiences as an Archivist. Once Jon's journey into the Lonely marked him for the final power, Jonah had sent Jon his statement to complete the ritual.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Jon, unable to stop reading, chants a ritual that brings through all 14 entities. When Martin wakes Jon, all he can say is "Look at the sky, it's looking back."


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Due to the ritual unwillingly performed by Jon, the world has now been transformed by the fear entities, and this change is believed to be irreversible. Jon and Martin venture from the cabin and travel towards what used to be London, in which the Magnus Institute and the Panopticon have been merged into a massive tower that can be seen anywhere on Earth.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Due to the change, humans can no longer be killed nor reproduce, and no longer need to eat, drink or sleep. However, the world and its people are now divided among many "Domains", where humans are ruled by avatars and tortured endlessly in a manner that feeds the dominant fear entity within each domain. Due to Jon's power, he and Martin are able to travel through the Domains without being affected by them, though Jon is almost always compelled to make a statement that describes them.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Jon and Martin find Not-Sasha in a Stranger-aligned Domain. When Not-Sasha attempts to intimidate Jon and Martin, Jon calls upon the Eye and uses its power to destroy her.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Upon further discussion, Jon discovers he is almost completely omniscient and is able to know almost anything. While he is able to know where Basira and Daisy are, with the former hunting the latter, who is now an avatar of the Hunt that is also able to travel through Domains and permanently kill humans, he is unable to locate Melanie and Georgie due to Georgie having lost the ability to feel fear and Melanie having blinded herself in the previous season.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Later, they travel through a Domain aligned with the End, which is discovered to permanently kill humans. Due to the fact that humans are no longer born or created, it is believed that End-aligned Domains will eventually render humanity extinct, and with nothing to fear them, the fear entities themselves would also die out.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Jon and Martin then travel through several other Domains, with Jon using the Eye's power to destroy Jude Perry and Jared Hopworth in their Domains along the way. Eventually, the duo arrives at a Domain of the Hunt, one of the victims of which is Trevor Herbert. Trevor reveals that Daisy had killed Julia Montauk when they attacked the institute before he is killed by Basira. Though Basira remains distrustful of Jon, she agrees to accompany him and Martin to stop Daisy. They eventually catch up to Daisy at a Desolation Domain where its victims are forced to burn objects they love. Though Daisy injures Jon and threatens Martin, Basira kills her, and decides to separate from them to deal with the trauma.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Jon and Martin arrive in an area that has seemingly been untouched by the change. Inside, they find a house populated by a former seller of paranormal artifacts named Mikaele Salesa, as well as Annabelle Cane. Mikaele reveals that he is utilizing a paranormal camera to create a small part of the world unaffected by the entities so that he does not suffer. Though Martin is rejuvenated by the return to normalcy, Jon grows weaker and weaker, and so they leave the unaffected area to continue their journey.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: After traveling through more Domains, Martin reaches his own Domain, which is aligned to both the Eye and the Lonely and feeds on the fear that one will suffer alone while mourned by no one. Jon, meanwhile, reaches the Distortion, which is itself now a Spiral Domain that takes the form of a constantly-shifting hotel, though it can still traverse said hotel in Helen's form. When Jon realizes that Helen will seek to obstruct their goal to free the world from the entities, he destroys her.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Jon and Martin reach London. They reunite with Georgie and Melanie, who are sheltering a group of people they have rescued from fear Domains who revere them as religious figures. Jon and Martin ascend the Panopticon to confront Jonah and discover he has become "the pupil of the Eye", locked in a trance state where he continuously narrates the experiences of those trapped in fear Domains. Jon states that the Eye wants him to kill Jonah and take his place, and if he does so he can mitigate the horrors of the apocalypse by redirecting the suffering towards those who "deserve it". This leads to an argument with Martin and the two separate. After reflecting, Jon decides to apologize to Martin, but discovers Martin has left with Annabelle for unknown reasons. Jon deduces that the two are going to Hill Top Road and follows, reuniting with Basira along the way.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: At Hill Top Road, Annabelle destroys Salesa's camera and reveals that Hill Top Road contains a hole in reality that allows one to enter other universes. The Web, possessing greater intelligence than the other entities, is aware that the End will eventually starve the entities of fear and seeks to avoid this fate by escaping to another universe. The path to the other universes is formed from the spontaneously-generated magnetic tapes the group has encountered throughout the series, which captured Jon's voice to use as a lure for the other entities. Annabelle tells the group that if they simultaneously destroy the Panopticon by detonating a gas main beneath the Magnus Institute and kill the Eye's pupil, the entities will leave and the apocalypse will be reverted. Jon initially rejects the idea of inflicting their apocalypse on another world, but Annabelle claims the entities will only exist "at the fringes" in the new world, like they did before the apocalypse. Annabelle releases Martin and Jon decides to spare her life.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Jon, Martin, and Basira return to Georgie and Melanie, whose followers were captured by monsters and returned to fear Domains. The group discusses their options: Execute Annabelle's plan; allow Jon to become the pupil and accelerate the End's destruction of all life to starve the entities; or do nothing and adapt to the new world. Jon advocates for the second option, but is outvoted by the group, who unilaterally support Annabelle's plan. Jon gives Georgie his lighter so she can destroy the Panopticon, but the Web exerts a supernatural power to make him forget doing so.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Jon secretly confronts and kills Jonah on his own, becoming the new pupil. He gives a statement from the entities themselves, revealing that entering the multiverse was the Web's goal from the start and it manipulated events throughout the series to make this come about. Martin arrives but is too late to stop Jon. Jon, forgetting that he gave his lighter to Georgie, is surprised when Georgie's group successfully destroys the Panopticon. Realizing his plan has failed, he lets Martin cut his tether to the Eye, completing Annabelle's plan. Jon believes this will kill them both, but expresses a faint hope they will survive.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Later, a tape recorder activates to record a conversation between Georgie, Melanie, and Basira. The world has returned to normal, but everyone remembers their experiences in the fear Domains and have killed many of the now-powerless avatars who tormented them. The group searches the ruins of the Panopticon but can find no trace of Jon or Martin. Basira finds the tape recorder and says "If anyone's listening... Goodbye. I'm sorry, and... Good luck," before turning it off, implying that the fear entities have been released into our world.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: On October 24, 2022, it was announced that a sequel was in the works and would be funded through Kickstarter. On October 30, 2022, the title was revealed to be The Magnus Protocol.


title: The Magnus Archives

text: Emily L. Stephens wrote at "The A.V. Club" that the show has a "vast catalog of horrors and excellent production values." Rachel Weber wrote in "GamesRadar" that the protagonist's "charmingly grumpy mic presence is a highlight" of the show. Catriona Harvey-Jenner wrote in "Cosmopolitan" that "you only need to listen to one episode to become hooked." Bryan Bishop wrote in "The Verge" that the show uses a "minimalist production, [that] lend the stories an eerie, creeping dread." Natalie Zutter wrote at "Tor.com" that the show is a "welcome distraction from other present terrors." Megan Summers wrote in "Screen Rant" that the ""Magnus Archives" is a pioneering horror podcast." Mason Downey wrote in "GameSpot" that the show is a "perfect blend of spooky, X-Files style monster-of-the-week stories."


title: The Magnus Archives

text: "The Sydney Morning Herald" and "Polygon" reported that there was a rumor suggesting that the first episode of the final season caused Patreon to crash, but Patreon did not confirm the rumors.


title: Mitral valve

text: The mitral valve (), also known as the bicuspid valve or left atrioventricular valve, is one of the four heart valves. It has two cusps or flaps and lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart. The heart valves are all one-way valves allowing blood flow in just one direction. The mitral valve and the tricuspid valve are known as the atrioventricular valves because they lie between the atria and the ventricles.


title: Mitral valve

text: In normal conditions, blood flows through an open mitral valve during diastole with contraction of the left atrium, and the mitral valve closes during systole with contraction of the left ventricle. The valve opens and closes because of pressure differences, opening when there is greater pressure in the left atrium than ventricle and closing when there is greater pressure in the left ventricle than atrium.


title: Mitral valve

text: In abnormal conditions, blood may flow backward through the valve (mitral regurgitation) or the mitral valve may be narrowed (mitral stenosis). Rheumatic heart disease often affects the mitral valve; the valve may also prolapse with age and be affected by infective endocarditis. The mitral valve is named after the mitre of a bishop, which resembles its flaps.


title: Mitral valve

text: The mitral valve is typically in area and sits in the left heart between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It has two leaflets (or "cusps"), an anteromedial leaflet (AMVL) and a posterolateral leaflet (PMVL). The opening of the mitral valve is surrounded by a fibrous ring known as the mitral annulus. The anterior cusp covers approximately two-thirds of the valve (imagine a crescent moon within the circle, where the crescent represents the posterior cusp). Although the anterior leaflet takes up a larger part of the ring and rises higher, the posterior leaflet has a larger surface area.


title: Mitral valve

text: In Carpentier's classification of a mitral valve, both the posterior and anterior mitral valve leaflets are divided into eight segments: P3 (medial scallop), P2 (middle scallop), P1 (lateral scallop), A3 (anteromedial segment), A2 (anteromedial), A1 (anterolateral), PMC (posteromedial commissure), ALC (anterolateral commissure). Mitral leaflet thickness is usually about 1 mm but sometimes can range from 3–5 mm.


title: Mitral valve

text: The valve leaflets are prevented from prolapsing into the left atrium by the action of chordae tendineae. The chordae tendineae are inelastic tendons attached at one end to papillary muscles in the left ventricle, and at the other to the valve cusps. Papillary muscles are finger-like projections from the wall of the left ventricle.


title: Mitral valve

text: When the left ventricle contracts, the pressure in the ventricle forces the valve to close, while the tendons keep the leaflets coapting together and prevent the valve from opening in the wrong direction (thus preventing blood flowing back to the left atrium). Each chord has a different thickness. The thinnest ones are attached to the free leaflet margin, whereas the thickest ones (strut chords) are attached further from the free margin. This disposition has important effects on systolic stress distribution physiology.


title: Mitral valve

text: The mitral annulus is a fibrous ring that is attached to the mitral valve leaflets. Unlike prosthetic valves, it is not continuous. The mitral annulus is saddle shaped and changes in shape throughout the cardiac cycle. The annulus contracts and reduces its surface area during systole to help provide complete closure of the leaflets. Expansion of the annulus can result in leaflets that do not join soundly together, leading to functional mitral regurgitation.


title: Mitral valve

text: The normal diameter of the mitral annulus is , and the circumference is . Microscopically, there is no evidence of an annular structure anteriorly, where the mitral valve leaflet is contiguous with the posterior aortic root.


title: Mitral valve

text: During left ventricular diastole, after the pressure drops in the left ventricle due to relaxation of the ventricular myocardium, the mitral valve opens, and blood travels from the left atrium to the left ventricle. About 70 to 80% of the blood that travels across the mitral valve occurs during the "early filling phase" of the left ventricle. This early filling phase is due to active relaxation of the ventricular myocardium, causing a pressure gradient that allows a rapid flow of blood from the left atrium, across the mitral valve. This early filling across the mitral valve is seen on doppler echocardiography of the mitral valve as the "E wave".


title: Mitral valve

text: Left atrial contraction (left atrial systole) (during left ventricular diastole) causes added blood to flow across the mitral valve immediately before left ventricular systole. This late flow across the open mitral valve is seen on doppler echocardiography of the mitral valve as the "A wave". The late filling of the left ventricle contributes about 20% to the volume in the left ventricle prior to ventricular systole and is known as the "atrial kick".


title: Mitral valve

text: The mitral annulus changes in shape and size during the cardiac cycle. It is smaller at the end of atrial systole due to the contraction of the left atrium around it, like a sphincter. This reduction in annulus size at the end of atrial systole may be important for the proper coapting of the leaflets of the mitral valve when the left ventricle contracts and pumps blood. Leaking valves can be corrected by mitral valve annuloplasty, a common surgical procedure that aims at restoring proper leaflet adjustment.


title: Mitral valve

text: There are some valvular heart diseases that affect the mitral valve. Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the valve. This can be heard as an opening snap; a heart sound which is not normally present.


title: Mitral valve

text: Classic mitral valve prolapse is caused by an excess of connective tissue that thickens the spongiosa layer of the cusp and separates collagen bundles in the fibrosa. This weakens the cusps and adjacent tissue, resulting in an increased cuspal area and lengthening of the chordae tendineae. Elongation of the chordae tendineae often causes rupture, commonly to the chordae attached to the posterior cusp. Advanced lesions—also commonly involving the posterior leaflet—lead to leaflet folding, inversion, and displacement toward the left atrium.


title: Mitral valve

text: A valve prolapse can result in mitral insufficiency, which is the regurgitation or backflow of blood due to the incomplete closure of the valve.


title: Mitral valve

text: Rheumatic heart disease often affects the mitral valve. The valve may also be affected by infective endocarditis.


title: Mitral valve

text: Surgery can be performed to replace or repair a damaged valve. A less invasive method is that of mitral valvuloplasty which uses a balloon catheter to open up a stenotic valve.


title: Mitral valve

text: Rarely there can be a severe form of calcification of the mitral valve annulus that can be mistaken for an intracardiac mass or thrombus.


title: Mitral valve

text: Mitral Disease can be classified using Carpentier’s classification which is based on the leaflet motion. Type I pertains to normal leaflet motion. Whereas, disease of the valve is categorized to primary mitral regurgitation or secondary mitral regurgitation based on the regurgitant etiology. Type II pertains to excessive leaflet motion leading to leaflet prolapse. Common causes include, but is not limited to, Barlow disease, myxomatous degeneration, inflammation, and papillary muscle rupture. Type III pertains to restrictive motion of the leaflets. Type IIIa pertains to restrictive motion during systole and diastole. Type IIIb pertains to restrictive motion during systole.


title: Mitral valve

text: The closing of the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve constitutes the first heart sound (S1), which can be heard with a stethoscope. It is not the valve closure itself which produces the sound but the sudden cessation of blood flow, when the mitral and tricuspid valves close.. Abnormalities associated with the mitral valve can often be heard when listening with a stethoscope.


title: Mitral valve

text: The mitral valve is often also investigated using an ultrasound scan, which can reveal the size and flow of blood through the valve.


title: Mitral valve

text: The word "mitral" comes from Latin, meaning "shaped like a mitre" (bishop's hat). The word "bicuspid" uses combining forms of "bi-", from Latin, meaning "double", and "cusp", meaning "point", reflecting the dual-flap shape of the valve.


title: Anjulie

text: Anjulie Persaud (born May 21, 1983), known as Anjulie, is a Canadian singer and songwriter who has released one self-titled album, and has collaborated with Diplo, Zedd, Boombox Cartel, Kelly Clarkson, Nicki Minaj, TheFatRat, and Benny Benassi, among others. Her music has been featured on HBO, ABC, NBC and MTV.


title: Anjulie

text: Anjulie was born and raised in Oakville, Ontario, and is the youngest of four children. Her parents are of Indo-Guyanese origin. She attended St. Ignatius of Loyola Catholic Secondary School.


title: Anjulie

text: Anjulie became "obsessed with music" and was inspired to become a performer after watching Janet Jackson's Velvet Rope Tour. She opened for Jesse McCartney during his United States tour in 2009. The songs, "Rain", "Crazy That Way", and "The Heat" were featured on the MTV television series "The Hills" and "Addicted2Me" on "The City". The single "Boom" has been featured on programs such as ABC's "Eastwick", The CW's "Melrose Place", and "The Vampire Diaries".


title: Anjulie

text: Anjulie has toured with Shwayze and B.o.B., toured Fall/Winter (2009–2010) with Raphael Saadiq, and opened for Hedley on their tour in support of "Storms".


title: Anjulie

text: In 2011, the songs "White Lights", "Brand New Bitch" (also known as "Brand New Chick"), "Stand Behind the Music", "Headphones", and "You and I" were produced. In 2011, the single "Brand New Bitch" was certified as a platinum digital download in Canada for over 80,000 units sold, and was nominated for Dance Recording of the Year at the 2012 Juno Awards. In support of her new single "You and I", Anjulie embarked on a You and I Tour in 2012. In the same year, it was announced that Universal Republic Records was going defunct, making artists from that label including Anjulie move from the roster to Republic Records.


title: Anjulie

text: Anjulie would later co-write and sing "Arrows in the Dark" on the Cash Cash album Blood, Sweat & 3 Years, which was released in 2016.


title: Anjulie

text: Anjulie began composing her own music as a teenager. She wrote the song "Say Goodbye to Jr. High", contributed background vocals and played percussion for the CD "Unfabulous and More". Her debut album was co-written and produced by Jon Levine of The Philosopher Kings.


title: Anjulie

text: Anjulie wrote the single "Don't Call Me Baby" by Canadian recording artist Kreesha Turner together with two other songs on the album Passion.


title: Anjulie

text: She co-wrote the single "I Want You" with its performer Fefe Dobson, that appears on Dobson's album, "Joy" (2010). Anjulie's music is featured in the 2009 movie/musical "Fame". She wrote and performed "Big Things" which plays during the opening scene of the film. "Stand Behind The Music" was covered by Cher Lloyd in 2012 for her album "Sticks & Stones".


title: Anjulie

text: Released on August 4, 2009, Anjulie's self-titled CD reached number two on the US "Billboard" Heatseekers Albums chart and number 108 on the "Billboard" 200 Albums chart. The album's first single "Boom", released in 2008, reached number one on the US Dance chart in 2009. Remixes of follow-up "Love Songs" reached the Top 10 on the US Hot Dance/Club Play chart in October 2009.


title: Anjulie

text: "Rain" debuted on the Hot Dance/Club Play chart in November 2009 at number forty-eight. After nine weeks on the chart it reached a peak of three.


title: Prison Break (season 4)

text: The fourth season of "Prison Break", an American serial drama television series commenced airing in the United States on September 1, 2008, on Fox. It consists of 24 episodes (22 television episodes and 2 straight to DVD episodes), 16 of which aired from September to December 2008. After a hiatus, it resumed on April 17, 2009 and concluded on May 15, 2009 with a two episode finale. The fourth season was announced as the final season of "Prison Break", however the series returned in a limited series format as "Prison Break: Resurrection", which premiered on April 4, 2017.


title: Prison Break (season 4)

text: On January 13, 2009, Fox president Kevin Reilly confirmed the series would end at the conclusion of this season. He explained, ""Prison Break" got to a point where a lot of the stories had been told." At the time, he said there was a possibility of adding two extra episodes, he said "We want to finish strong." These extra two episodes became "", although they never aired on Fox, and became available only on DVD.


title: Alma Reville

text: Alma Lucy Reville, Lady Hitchcock (14 August 1899 – 6 July 1982), was an English director, editor, and screenwriter. She was the wife of the film director Alfred Hitchcock. She collaborated on scripts for her husband's films, including "Shadow of a Doubt, Suspicion", and "The Lady Vanishes", as well as scripts for other directors, including Henrik Galeen, Maurice Elvey, and Berthold Viertel.


title: Alma Reville

text: Reville was born on 14 August 1899 in Nottingham (one day after her future husband), the second daughter of Matthew Edward and Lucy () Reville. The family moved to London when Reville was young, as her father gained a job at Twickenham Film Studios. Reville often visited her father at work and eventually obtained a job there as a tea girl. At 16, she was promoted to the position of cutter, which involved assisting directors in editing the motion pictures. Of editing, she wrote, "The art of cutting is Art indeed, with a capital A, and is of far greater importance than is generally acknowledged." She continued to work there as a scriptwriter and director's assistant. These roles enabled her to become involved in areas of film-making to which women would then rarely have access.


title: Alma Reville

text: Twickenham Film Studio, where Reville first worked, closed in 1919, but she was given a job at Paramount's Famous Players-Lasky, a subsidiary of the American company based in Islington, where she met her future husband, Alfred Hitchcock. The same company gave him a job as a graphic designer before he became an art editor. The first film Reville worked on with Hitchcock was "Woman to Woman" (1923), with Reville as film editor, and Hitchcock as art director and assistant editor.


title: Alma Reville

text: As well as editing, writing and other production roles, Reville also appeared on screen making three film appearances: a lead role in "The Life Story of David Lloyd George" (1918), and as an extra in Hitchcock's "" (1927) and "Sabotage" (1936).


title: Alma Reville

text: Hitchcock and Reville married on 2 December 1926 at Brompton Oratory in London after Reville converted to Roman Catholicism from Protestantism, apparently at the behest of Hitchcock's mother. Reville was baptized on 31 May 1927 and confirmed at Westminster Cathedral by Cardinal Francis Bourne on 5 June. In 1928, when they learned that she was pregnant, the Hitchcocks purchased "Winter's Grace", a Tudor farmhouse set in 11 acres (4.45 ha) on Stroud Lane, Shamley Green, Surrey, for £2,500. Their daughter and only child, Patricia Alma Hitchcock, was born on 7 July that year.


title: Alma Reville

text: Reville co-wrote "The Ring" (1927) – the first screenwriting credit she shared with Hitchcock – but worked with other directors as well. She co-wrote "The Constant Nymph" (1928), the first film adaptation of the best-selling novel "The Constant Nymph" (1924) by Margaret Kennedy, directed by Adrian Brunel. In 1929, Reville co-wrote "After the Verdict", directed by Henrik Galeen and "A Romance of Seville", directed by Norman Walker. In 1931 and 1932 she worked with directors such as Harry Lachman, Maurice Elvey and Basil Dean. In 1933, Hitchcock hired Joan Harrison as his assistant, and she assumed many of Reville's roles within his productions. She continued to work with some other directors, including Phil Rosen in 1934, Berthold Viertel in 1935 and Richard Wallace in 1945. Reville focused primarily on preparing and adapting her husband's scripts, including those for "Rebecca", "Foreign Correspondent" (both 1940), "Suspicion" (1941) and "Saboteur" (1942).


title: Alma Reville

text: Reville worked with her husband on many more scripts in Hollywood. She collaborated with Joan Harrison on the script of "Suspicion", which was completed on 28 November 1940. They worked on it in the Hitchcocks' home in Bel Air, as Hitchcock preferred writing in a comfortable, intimate environment rather than an office.


title: Alma Reville

text: Reville had a keen ear for dialogue and an editor's sharp eye for scrutinising a film's final version for continuity flaws so minor they had escaped the notice of the director or the crew. It was Reville who noticed Janet Leigh inadvertently swallowing after her character's fatal encounter in "Psycho" (1960), necessitating an alteration to the negative.


title: Alma Reville

text: Reville was Hitchcock's closest collaborator and sounding board. Charles Champlin wrote in 1982: "The Hitchcock touch had four hands, and two were Alma's." When Hitchcock accepted the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1979, he said he wanted to mention "four people who have given me the most affection, appreciation and encouragement, and constant collaboration. The first of the four is a film editor, the second is a scriptwriter, the third is the mother of my daughter, Pat, and the fourth is as fine a cook as ever performed miracles in a domestic kitchen. And their names are Alma Reville".


title: Alma Reville

text: Reville survived a bout of breast cancer. She died on 6 July 1982, at the age of 82, two years after her husband. She was cremated and her ashes scattered in the Pacific Ocean.


title: Alma Reville

text: Reville was portrayed by Imelda Staunton in "The Girl" (2012), and Helen Mirren in ""Hitchcock"" (2012). Staunton was nominated for a BAFTA and a Primetime Emmy for her performance, while Mirren was nominated for BAFTA, Golden Globe and SAG awards for her performance.


title: Alma Reville

text: In 1999, on the 100th anniversary of her birth, a plaque to Reville was unveiled in Nottingham, near the site of her birth, as part of the British Film Institute's "Centenary of Cinema" celebrations.


title: Scunthorpe problem

text: The Scunthorpe problem is the unintentional blocking of websites, e-mails, forum posts or search results by a spam filter or search engine because their text contains a string (or substring) of letters that appear to have an obscene or otherwise unacceptable meaning. Names, abbreviations, and technical terms are most often cited as being affected by the issue.


title: Scunthorpe problem

text: The problem arises since computers can easily identify strings of text within a document, but interpreting words of this kind requires considerable ability to interpret a wide range of contexts, possibly across many cultures, which is an extremely difficult task. As a result, broad blocking rules may result in false positives affecting innocent phrases.


title: Scunthorpe problem

text: The problem was named after an incident in 1996 in which AOL's profanity filter prevented residents of the town of Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire, England, from creating accounts with AOL, because the town's name contains the substring "cunt". In the early 2000s, Google's opt-in SafeSearch filters made the same error, preventing people from searching for local businesses or URLs that included "Scunthorpe" in their names.


title: Scunthorpe problem

text: The Scunthorpe problem is challenging to completely solve due to the difficulty of creating a filter capable of understanding words in context.


title: Scunthorpe problem

text: One solution involves creating a white list of known false positives. Any word appearing on the white list can be ignored by the filter, even though it contains text that would otherwise not be allowed.


title: Nicotinamide mononucleotide

text: Nicotinamide mononucleotide ("NMN" and "β-NMN") is a nucleotide derived from ribose, nicotinamide, nicotinamide riboside and niacin. Humans have enzymes that can use NMN to generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). In mice, NMN has been proposed to enter cells via the small intestines within 10 minutes converting to NAD+ through the Slc12a8 transporter. However this observation has been challenged, and remains unsettled.


title: Nicotinamide mononucleotide

text: Because NADH is a cofactor for processes inside mitochondria, for sirtuins, and for PARP, NMN has been studied in animal models as a potential neuroprotective and anti-aging agent. Dietary supplement companies have aggressively marketed NMN products claiming those benefits. Single-dose administration of up to 500 mg was shown safe in men in a study at Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. One 2021 clinical trial found that NMN improved muscular insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women, and another found that it improved aerobic capacity in amateur runners.


title: Nicotinamide mononucleotide

text: Nicotinamide riboside (NR) kinase enzymes are essential for exogenously administered utilization of NR and NMN. Some research suggests when administered exogenously, NMN must be converted to NR in order to enter a cell and be re-phosphorylated back to NMN.


title: Nicotinamide mononucleotide

text: Both NR and NMN are vulnerable to extracellular degradation by CD38 enzyme, which can be inhibited by compounds such as CD38-IN-78c.


title: Nicotinamide mononucleotide

text: NMN is found in fruits and vegetables such as edamame, broccoli, cabbage, cucumber and avocado at about 1mg per 100g.


title: Anopheles

text: Anopheles () is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus "Plasmodium", which cause malaria in humans in endemic areas. "Anopheles gambiae" is one of the best known, because of its predominant role in the transmission of the most dangerous malaria parasite species (to humans) – "Plasmodium falciparum".


title: Anopheles

text: Mosquitoes in other genera ("Aedes", "Culex", "Culiseta", "Haemagogus", and "Ochlerotatus") can also serve as vectors of disease agents, but not human malaria.


title: Anopheles

text: The ancestors of "Drosophila" and the mosquitoes diverged . The culicine and "Anopheles" clades of mosquitoes diverged between and . The Old and New World "Anopheles" species subsequently diverged between and . "Anopheles darlingi" diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ~. The "Anopheles gambiae" and "Anopheles funestus" clades diverged between and . A molecular study of several genes in seven species has provided additional support for an expansion of this genus during the Cretaceous period.


title: Anopheles

text: The "Anopheles" genome, at 230–284 million base pairs (Mbp), is comparable in size to that of "Drosophila", but considerably smaller than those found in other culicine genomes (528 Mbp–1.9 Gbp). Like most culicine species, the genome is diploid with six chromosomes.


title: Anopheles

text: The only known fossils of this genus are those of "Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus" contained in Dominican amber from the Late Eocene ( to ) and "Anopheles rottensis" contained in German amber from the Late Oligocene ( to ).


title: Anopheles

text: The genus "Anopheles" Meigen (nearly worldwide distribution) belongs to the subfamily Anophelinae together with another two genera: "Bironella" Theobald (Australia only) and "Chagasia" Cruz (Neotropics). The taxonomy remains incompletely settled. Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics – wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, chromosome structure, and more recently, on DNA sequences. In the taxonomy published by Harbach et al in 2016, it was shown that three species of "Bironella: confusa, gracilis," and "hollandi" are phylogenetically similar "Anopheles kyondawensis" than other "Bironella" species. The same phylogeny also argues that, based on genetic similarity, "Anopheles implexus" is actually divergent from the common ancestor to the "Anopheles" genus, raising new questions regarding taxonomy and classification.


title: Anopheles

text: The genus has been subdivided into seven subgenera based primarily on the number and positions of specialized setae on the gonocoxites of the male genitalia. The system of subgenera originated with the work of Christophers, who in 1915 described three subgenera: "Anopheles" (widely distributed), "Myzomyia" (later renamed "Cellia") (Old World) and "Nyssorhynchus" (Neotropical). "Nyssorhynchus" was first described as "Lavernia" by Frederick Vincent Theobald. Frederick Wallace Edwards in 1932 added the subgenus "Stethomyia" (Neotropical distribution). "Kerteszia" was also described by Edwards in 1932, but then recognised as a subgrouping of "Nyssorhynchus". It was elevated to subgenus status by Komp in 1937, and it is also found in the Neotropics. Two additional subgenera have since been recognised: "Baimaia" (Southeast Asia only) by Harbach "et al." in 2005 and "Lophopodomyia" (Neotropical) by Antunes in 1937.


title: Anopheles

text: Two main groupings within the genus "Anopheles" are used: one formed by the "Celia" and "Anopheles" subgenera and a second by "Kerteszia", "Lophopodomyia" and "Nyssorhynchus". Subgenus "Stethomyia" is an outlier with respect to these two taxa. Within the second group, "Kerteszia" and "Nyssorhynchus" appear to be sister taxa.


title: Anopheles

text: The number of species currently recognised within the subgenera is given here in parentheses: "Anopheles" (206 species), "Baimaia" (1), "Cellia" (216), "Kerteszia" (12), "Lophopodomyia" (6), "Nyssorhynchus" (34) and "Stethomyia" (5).


title: Anopheles

text: Taxonomic units between subgenus and species are not currently recognised as official zoological names. In practice, a number of taxonomic levels have been introduced. The larger subgenera ("Anopheles", "Cellia" and "Nyssorhynchus") have been subdivided into sections and series which in turn have been divided into groups and subgroups. Below subgroup but above species level is the species complex. Taxonomic levels above species complex can be distinguished on morphological grounds. Species within a species complex are either morphologically identical or extremely similar and can only be reliably separated by microscopic examination of the chromosomes or DNA sequencing. The classification continues to be revised.


title: Anopheles

text: Subgenus "Nyssorhynchus" has been divided in three sections: "Albimanus" (19 species), "Argyritarsis" (11 species) and "Myzorhynchella" (4 species). The "Argyritarsis" section has been subdivided into "Albitarsis" and "Argyritarsis" groups.


title: Anopheles

text: The "Anopheles" group was divided by Edwards into four series: "Anopheles" (worldwide), "Myzorhynchus" (Palearctic, Oriental, Australasian and Afrotropical), "Cycloleppteron" (Neotropical) and "Lophoscelomyia" (Oriental); and two groups, "Arribalzagia" (Neotropical) and "Christya" (Afrotropical). Reid and Knight (1961) modified this classification and consequently subdivided the subgenus "Anopheles" into two sections, "Angusticorn" and "Laticorn" and six series. The Arribalzagia and Christya Groups were considered to be series. The Laticorn Section includes the "Arribalzagia" (24 species), "Christya" and "Myzorhynchus" series. The "Angusticorn" section includes members of the "Anopheles", "Cycloleppteron" and "Lophoscelomyia" series.


title: Anopheles

text: All species known to carry human malaria lie within either the "Myzorhynchus" or the "Anopheles" series.


title: Anopheles

text: Like all mosquitoes, anophelines go through four stages in their life cycles: egg, larva, pupa, and imago. The first three stages are aquatic and together last 5–14 days, depending on the species and the ambient temperature. The adult stage is when the female "Anopheles" mosquito acts as malaria vector. The adult females can live up to a month (or more in captivity), but most probably do not live more than two weeks in nature.


title: Anopheles

text: Adult females lay 50–200 eggs per oviposition. The eggs are quite small (about 0.5 × 0.2 mm). Eggs are laid singly and directly on water. They are unique in that they have floats on either side. Eggs are not resistant to drying and hatch within 2–3 days, although hatching may take up to 2–3 weeks in colder climates.


title: Anopheles

text: The mosquito larva has a well-developed head with mouth brushes used for feeding, a large thorax and a nine-segment abdomen. It has no legs. In contrast to other mosquitoes, the "Anopheles" larva lacks a respiratory siphon, so it positions itself so that its body is parallel to the surface of the water. In contrast, the feeding larva of a nonanopheline mosquito species attaches itself to the water surface with its posterior siphon, with its body pointing downwards.


title: Anopheles

text: Larvae breathe through spiracles located on the eighth abdominal segment, so must come to the surface frequently. The larvae spend most of their time feeding on algae, bacteria, and other microorganisms in the surface microlayer. They dive below the surface only when disturbed. Larvae swim either by jerky movements of the entire body or through propulsion with the mouth brushes.


title: Anopheles

text: Larvae develop through four stages, or instars, after which they metamorphose into pupae. At the end of each instar, the larvae molt, shedding their exoskeletons, or skin, to allow for further growth. First-stage larvae are about 1 mm in length; fourth-stage larvae are normally 5–8 mm in length.


title: Anopheles

text: The process from egg-laying to emergence of the adult is temperature dependent, with a minimum time of seven days.


title: Anopheles

text: The larvae occur in a wide range of habitats, but most species prefer clean, unpolluted water. Larvae of "Anopheles" mosquitoes have been found in freshwater or saltwater marshes, mangrove swamps, rice fields, grassy ditches, the edges of streams and rivers, and small, temporary rain pools. Many species prefer habitats with vegetation. Others prefer habitats with none. Some breed in open, sun-lit pools, while others are found only in shaded breeding sites in forests. A few species breed in tree holes or the leaf axils of some plants.


title: Anopheles

text: The pupa (also known as the tumbler) is comma-shaped when viewed from the side. The head and thorax are merged into a cephalothorax with the abdomen curving around underneath. As with the larvae, pupae must come to the surface frequently to breathe, which they do through a pair of respiratory trumpets on their cephalothoraces. After a few days as a pupa, the dorsal surface of the cephalothorax splits and the adult mosquito emerges. The pupal stage lasts around 2–3 days in temperate areas.


title: Anopheles

text: The duration from egg to adult varies considerably among species, and is strongly influenced by ambient temperature. Mosquitoes can develop from egg to adult in as little as five days, but it can take 10–14 days in tropical conditions.


title: Anopheles

text: Like all mosquitoes, adult "Anopheles" species have slender bodies with three sections: head, thorax and abdomen.


title: Anopheles

text: The head is specialized for acquiring sensory information and for feeding. It contains the eyes and a pair of long, many-segmented antennae. The antennae are important for detecting host odors, as well as odors of breeding sites where females lay eggs. The head also has an elongated, forward-projecting proboscis used for feeding, and two maxillary palps. These palps also carry the receptors for carbon dioxide, a major attractant for the location of the mosquito's host.


title: Anopheles

text: The thorax is specialized for locomotion. Three pairs of legs and a pair of wings are attached to the thorax.


title: Anopheles

text: The abdomen is specialized for food digestion and egg development. This segmented body part expands considerably when a female takes a blood meal. The blood is digested over time, serving as a source of protein for the production of eggs, which gradually fill the abdomen.


title: Anopheles

text: "Anopheles" mosquitoes can be distinguished from other mosquitoes by the palps, which are as long as the proboscis, and by the presence of discrete blocks of black and white scales on the wings. Adults can also be identified by their typical resting position: males and females rest with their abdomens sticking up in the air rather than parallel to the surface on which they are resting.


title: Anopheles

text: Adult mosquitoes usually mate within a few days after emerging from the pupal stage. In most species, the males form large swarms, usually around dusk, and the females fly into the swarms to mate.


title: Anopheles

text: Males live for about a week, feeding on nectar and other sources of sugar. Males cannot feed on blood, as it appears to produce toxic effects and kills them within a few days, around the same lifespan as a water-only diet. Females will also feed on sugar sources for energy, but usually require a blood meal for the development of eggs. After obtaining a full blood meal, the female will rest for a few days while the blood is digested and eggs are developed. This process depends on the temperature, but usually takes 2–3 days in tropical conditions. Once the eggs are fully developed, the female lays them and resumes host-seeking.


title: Anopheles

text: The cycle repeats itself until the female dies. While females can live longer than a month in captivity, most do not live longer than one to two weeks in nature. Their lifespans depend on temperature, humidity, and their ability to successfully obtain a blood meal while avoiding host defenses.


title: Anopheles

text: In a study by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine researchers found that female mosquitoes carrying malaria parasites are significantly more attracted to human breath and odours than uninfected mosquitoes. The research team infected laboratory-raised "Anopheles gambiae" mosquitoes with "Plasmodium" parasites, leaving a control group uninfected. Then tests were run on the two groups to record their attraction to human smells. Female mosquitoes are particularly drawn to foot odours, and one of the tests showed infected mosquitoes landing and biting a prospective host repeatedly. The team speculates that the parasite improves the mosquitoes' sense of smell. It may also reduce its risk aversion.


title: Anopheles

text: Although malaria is nowadays limited to tropical areas, most notoriously the regions of sub-Saharan Africa, many "Anopheles" species live in colder latitudes (see this map from the CDC). Indeed, malaria outbreaks have, in the past, occurred in colder climates, for example during the construction of the Rideau Canal in Canada during the 1820s. Since then, the "Plasmodium" parasite (not the "Anopheles" mosquito) has been eliminated from first world countries.


title: Anopheles

text: The CDC warns, however, that "Anopheles" that can transmit malaria are found not only in malaria-endemic areas, but also in areas where malaria has been eliminated. The latter areas are thus constantly at risk of reintroduction of the disease.


title: Anopheles

text: Some species are poor vectors of malaria, as the parasites do not develop well (or at all) within them. There is also variation within species. In the laboratory, it is possible to select strains of "A. gambiae" that are refractory to infection by malaria parasites. These refractory strains have an immune response that encapsulates and kills the parasites after they have invaded the mosquito's stomach wall. Scientists are studying the genetic mechanism for this response. Genetically modified mosquitoes refractory to malaria possibly could replace wild mosquitoes, thereby limiting or eliminating malaria transmission.


title: Anopheles

text: Understanding the biology and behavior of "Anopheles" mosquitoes can help understand how malaria is transmitted, and can aid in designing appropriate control strategies. Factors affecting a mosquito's facility to transmit malaria include its innate susceptibility to "Plasmodium", its host choice and its longevity. Factors that should be taken into consideration when designing a control program include the susceptibility of malaria vectors to insecticides and the preferred feeding and resting location of adult mosquitoes.


title: Anopheles

text: On December 21, 2007, a study published in PLoS Pathogens found the hemolytic C-type lectin CEL-III from "Cucumaria echinata", a sea cucumber found in the Bay of Bengal, impaired the development of the malaria parasite when produced by transgenic "A. stephensi". This could potentially be used to control malaria by spreading genetically modified mosquitoes refractory to the parasites, although numerous scientific and ethical issues must be overcome before such a control strategy could be implemented.


title: Anopheles

text: One important behavioral factor is the degree to which an "Anopheles" species prefers to feed on humans (anthropophily) or animals such as cattle or birds (zoophily). Anthropophilic "Anopheles" are more likely to transmit the malaria parasites from one person to another. Most "Anopheles" mosquitoes are not exclusively anthropophilic or zoophilic, including the primary malaria vector in the western United States, "A. freeborni". However, the primary malaria vectors in Africa, "A. gambiae" and "A. funestus", are strongly anthropophilic and, consequently, are two of the most efficient malaria vectors in the world.


title: Anopheles

text: Once ingested by a mosquito, malaria parasites must undergo development within the mosquito before they are infectious to humans. The time required for development in the mosquito (the extrinsic incubation period) ranges from 10–21 days, depending on the parasite species and the temperature. If a mosquito does not survive longer than the extrinsic incubation period, then she will not be able to transmit any malaria parasites.


title: Anopheles

text: It is not possible to measure directly the lifespans of mosquitoes in nature, but indirect estimates of daily survivorship have been made for several "Anopheles" species. Estimates of daily survivorship of "A. gambiae" in Tanzania ranged from 0.77 to 0.84, meaning at the end of one day, between 77% and 84% will have survived.


title: Anopheles

text: Assuming this survivorship is constant through the adult life of a mosquito, less than 10% of female "A. gambiae" would survive longer than a 14-day extrinsic incubation period. If daily survivorship increased to 0.9, over 20% of mosquitoes would survive longer than the same period. Control measures that rely on insecticides (e.g. indoor residual spraying) may actually impact malaria transmission more through their effect on adult longevity than through their effect on the population of adult mosquitoes.


title: Anopheles

text: Most "Anopheles" mosquitoes are crepuscular (active at dusk or dawn) or nocturnal (active at night). Some feed indoors (endophagic), while others feed outdoors (exophagic). After feeding, some blood mosquitoes prefer to rest indoors (endophilic), while others prefer to rest outdoors (exophilic), though this can differ regionally based on local vector ecotype, and vector chromosomal makeup, as well as housing type and local microclimatic conditions. Biting by nocturnal, endophagic "Anopheles" mosquitoes can be markedly reduced through the use of insecticide-treated bed nets or through improved housing construction to prevent mosquito entry (e.g. window screens). Endophilic mosquitoes are readily controlled by indoor spraying of residual insecticides. In contrast, exophagic/exophilic vectors are best controlled through source reduction (destruction of the breeding sites).


title: Anopheles

text: Because transmission of disease by the mosquito requires ingestion of blood, the gut flora may have a bearing on the success of infection of the mosquito host. This aspect of disease transmission has not been investigated until recently. The larval and pupal gut is largely colonized by photosynthetic cyanobacteria, while in the adult, Pseudomonadota and Bacteroidota predominate. Blood meals drastically reduce the diversity of organisms and favor enteric bacteria.


title: Anopheles

text: Insecticide-based control measures (e.g. indoor spraying with insecticides, bed nets) are the principal ways to kill mosquitoes that bite indoors. However, after prolonged exposure to an insecticide over several generations, mosquito populations, like those of other insects, may evolve resistance, a capacity to survive contact with an insecticide. Since mosquitoes can have many generations per year, high levels of resistance can evolve very quickly. Resistance of mosquitoes to some insecticides has been documented with just within a few years after the insecticides were introduced. Over 125 mosquito species have documented resistance to one or more insecticides. The evolution of resistance to insecticides used for indoor residual spraying was a major impediment during the Global Malaria Eradication Campaign. Judicious use of insecticides for mosquito control can limit the evolution and spread of resistance. However, use of insecticides in agriculture has often been implicated as contributing to resistance in mosquito populations. Detection of evolving resistance in mosquito populations is possible, so control programs are well advised to conduct surveillance for this potential problem. In Malawi and other places, a shrub known as mpungabwi ("Ocimum americanum") is used to repel mosquitoes.


title: Anopheles

text: With substantial numbers of malaria cases affecting people around the globe, in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where millions of children are killed by this infectious disease, eradication is back on the global health agenda.


title: Anopheles

text: Although malaria has existed since ancient times, its eradication was possible in Europe, North America, the Caribbean and parts of Asia and southern Central America during the first regional elimination campaigns in the late 1940s. However, the same results were not achieved in sub-Saharan Africa.


title: Anopheles

text: Though the World Health Organization adopted a formal policy on the control and eradication of the malaria parasite since 1955, only recently, after the Gates Malaria Forum in October 2007, did key organizations start the debate on the pros and cons of redefining eradication as a goal to control malaria.


title: Anopheles

text: Clearly, the cost of preventing malaria is much less than treating the disease, in the long run. However, eradication of mosquitoes is not an easy task. For effective prevention of malaria, some conditions should be met, such as conducive conditions in the country, data collection about the disease, targeted technical approaches to the problem, very active and committed leadership, total governmental support, sufficient monetary resources, community involvement, and skilled technicians from different fields, as well as an adequate implementation.


title: Anopheles

text: Currently, there are proposals to eradicate "Anopheles gambiae," the main vector for malaria, with a CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system. This system aims to eradicate the species through introducing a gene that would cause female sterility, thus causing the gene to be unable to replicate. It has been demonstrated in a study by Kyrou et al that such a gene drive system can suppress an entire caged "An. gambiae" population through targeting and deleting the "dsx" gene, which is vital for female fertility. By utilizing the conservation tendencies of selfish genes, Kyrou et al demonstrated full suppression of the population within 7–11 generations, typically less than a year. Of course, this has raised concerns with both the efficiency of a gene drive system as well as the ethical and ecological impact of such an eradication program. Therefore, there have been efforts to use the gene drive system to more efficiently introduce genes of "Plasmodium" resistance into the species, such as targeting and knocking out the "FREP1" gene in "Anopheles gambiae." Such systems may generate less ecological impact, as the species are not removed from the ecosystem, though concerns regarding efficiency still linger.


title: Anopheles

text: Researchers in Burkina Faso have created a strain of the fungus "metarhizium pinghaense" genetically engineered to produce the venom of an Australian funnel-web spider; exposure to the fungus caused populations of "Anopheles" mosquitoes to crash by 99% in a controlled trial.


title: Anopheles

text: A wide range of strategies is needed to achieve malaria eradication, starting from simple steps to complicated strategies which may not be possible to enforce with the current tools.


title: Anopheles

text: Although mosquito control is an important component of malaria control strategy, elimination of malaria in an area does not require the elimination of all "Anopheles" mosquitoes. For instance, in North America and Europe, although the vector "Anopheles" mosquitoes are still present, the parasite has been eliminated. Some socioeconomic improvements (e.g., houses with screened windows, air conditioning), once combined with vector reduction efforts and effective treatment, lead to the elimination of malaria without the complete elimination of the vectors. Some important measures in mosquito control to be followed are: discourage egg-laying, prevent development of eggs into larvae and adults, kill the adult mosquitoes, do not allow adult mosquitoes into places of human dwelling, prevent mosquitoes from biting human beings and deny them blood meals.


title: Anopheles

text: Research in this sense continues, and a study has suggested sterile mosquitoes might be the answer to malaria elimination. This research suggests using the sterile insect technique, in which sexually sterile male insects are released to wipe out a pest population, could be a solution to the problem of malaria in Africa. This technique brings hope, as female mosquitoes only mate once during their lifetimes, and in doing so with sterile male mosquitoes, the insect population would decrease. This is another option to be considered by local and international authorities that may be combined with other methods and tools to achieve malaria eradication in sub-Saharan Africa.


title: Anopheles

text: A number of parasites of this genus are known to exist, including microsporidia of the genera "Amblyospora", "Crepidulospora", "Senoma" and "Parathelohania".


title: Anopheles

text: Microsporidia infecting the aquatic stages of insects, a group that includes mosquitoes and black flies, and copepods appear to form a distinct clade from those infecting terrestrial insects and fish. Two distinct life cycles are found in this group. In the first type, the parasite is transmitted by the oral route and is relatively species nonspecific. In the second, while again the oral route is the usual route of infection, the parasite is ingested within an already infected intermediate host. Infection of the insect larval form is frequently tissue-specific, and commonly involves the fat body. Vertical (transovarial) transmission is also known to occur.


title: Anopheles

text: Few phylogenetic studies of these parasites have been done, and their relationship to their mosquito hosts is still being determined. One study suggested "Parathelohania" is an early diverging genus within this group.


title: Anopheles

text: The jumping spider "Evarcha culicivora" indirectly feeds on vertebrate blood by preying on female "Anopheles" mosquitos. Interestingly, juvenile spiders choose the "Anopheles" over all other prey regardless of whether it actually is carrying blood. Juvenile spiders have adopted an "Anopheles"-specific prey-capture behavior, using the posture of "Anopheles" mosquitoes as a primary cue to identify them. "Anopheles" has a distinctive resting posture with its abdomen angled up. In this case, the spider takes a detour and approaches from behind the mosquito and under its abdomen, and then attacks from below.


title: USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage

text: USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage (also titled USS Indianapolis: Disaster in the Philippine Sea) is a 2016 American war disaster film directed by Mario Van Peebles and written by Cam Cannon and Richard Rionda Del Castro, based largely on the true story of the loss of the ship of the same name in the closing stages of the Second World War. The film stars Nicolas Cage, Tom Sizemore, Thomas Jane, Matt Lanter, Brian Presley, and Cody Walker. Principal photography began on June 19, 2015 in Mobile, Alabama. The film premiered in the Philippines on August 24, 2016. It was released as a digital rental on iTunes and Amazon in the United States on October 14, 2016 and in limited theaters during the Veterans Day weekend.


title: USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage

text: In 1945, the "Portland"-class heavy cruiser , commanded by Captain Charles McVay, delivers parts of the atomic bomb that would later be used to bomb Hiroshima at the end of World War II. While patrolling in the Philippine Sea, on July 30 in 1945, the unescorted ship is torpedoed and sunk by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) submarine "I-58", taking 300 crewmen with it to the bottom of the Philippine Sea, while the rest climb out of the ship and were left stranded at sea for five days without food and water in shark-infested waters.


title: USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage

text: With no hope for five days, most of the remaining crew-members were eaten by sharks or would die of salt water poisoning by drinking seawater (which also caused some of those injured to die from seasickness and infectious wounds). Others swam off from their groups after hallucinating of a non-existent island, never to be seen again. On the 5th day, the surviving crew were rescued by an airplane pilot who spotted them by chance and called for a rescue. Only 316 survived the disaster. Looking for a scapegoat for their own gross negligence, the US Navy court-martials and convicts Captain McVay for "hazarding his ship by failing to zigzag", despite overwhelming evidence supporting McVay (such as even having the former captain of the IJN's "I-58" submarine to testify for the trial, which proved McVay to be not at fault). It ends with Captain McVay committing suicide years after the tragedy after being harassed and tormented with phone calls and mail from angry and grief-stricken relatives of the deceased crew-members, as well as the media (mostly in the form of newspapers, which placed the blame on him for the ship's sinking). In the movie's postscript they show President Bill Clinton exonerating Captain McVay of all charges on October 30, 2000.


title: USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage

text: In a subplot, "Indianapolis" crewmember Mike D'Antonio falls in love with his childhood friend Brian "Bama" Smithwick's friend and love interest Clara. Smithwick is a shipmate of D'Antonio and diver on the doomed ship. D'Antonio purchases an engagement ring before the trip to Tinian to propose to the girl who tells D'Antonio before the trip that she is expecting their first child. During a brawl involving two of the crewmen, D'Antonio loses the ring and one of the crew members, Alvin, steals it. After the ship is destroyed, Smithwick and D'Antonio spend the next few days in the sea with the rest of the crew where D'Antonio succumbs to massive leg injuries received in a shark attack and Smithwick is given the engagement ring by Alvin. Bama proposes to Clara to help her raise her child and she accepts his proposal.


title: USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage

text: While the credits roll, two Navy sailors recount the sharks in the waters and real rescue footage is shown along with many still shots of lost sailors.


title: USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage

text: The project "USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage", set in July 1945, is about the Navy ship and was first announced in 2011 by Hannibal Classics. Near the end of World War II, when the ship was returning from Tinian after delivering important parts for an atomic bomb, it was torpedoed by . 1,197 people were aboard the ship, out of which only 317 survived, almost 300 sank along with the ship, and all others were killed by dehydration, exposure, salt water poisoning, or shark attacks. Cam Cannon and Richard Rionda Del Castro, the latter also being engaged as a producer, wrote the script for the film. The focus of the film is on the bravery of the crewmen aboard "Indianapolis". On December 17, 2013, Hannibal set Mario Van Peebles to direct the film, while Patriot Pictures would finance and Rionda Del Castro would produce along with Michael Mendelsohn. The studio (Hannibal) had developed the film in five years by consulting the survivors of the disaster, including the US Navy and the US Coast Guard. The US Navy helped with the completion and finalization of the last draft of the script. Walt Conti of Edge Innovations would provide the animated sharks, and the production reportedly secured two fully operational World War II-era planes to portray the planes that were involved in the real rescue operations after the disaster. Silo Inc. and Hydroflex were attached to handle digital effects and underwater filming for the film, respectively. and would both be used along with the Battleship Memorial Park to depict "Indianapolis" and the Japanese submarine. The film is dedicated to the men of the USS Indianapolis and their families.


title: USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage

text: On February 5, 2015, Nicolas Cage was set to play the lead role of Captain Charles McVay in the film. Matt Lanter was set on April 1, 2015 to play a US Navy diver, named Chief Petty Officer Brian "Bama" Smithwick. Lanter revealed to the producers after his audition that his grandfather, Kenley Lanter, was a Signalman on "Indianapolis". Furthermore, Lanter's father, Joe Lanter, is a chairman of Second Watch, an organization of survivors and their families. Joe Lanter and his co-chair, Maria Bullard, stayed in contact with the producers during pre-production and were welcomed to the set during photography. On May 13, 2015, "Variety" revealed that Tom Sizemore, Thomas Jane and Brian Presley had also joined the cast of the film, in which Sizemore would play McWhorter, one of the crew on the ship, while Jane was to play the pilot Chuck Gwinn. In May 2015, Saban Films acquired the North American distribution rights to the film. On May 18, 2015, Sizemore's role was confirmed by "Variety". On July 15, 2015, Cody Walker was cast in the film to play one of the crewmen aboard the ship.


title: USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage

text: Principal photography on the film began on June 19, 2015 in Mobile, Alabama with many scenes shot aboard the battleship . Filming was also to take place in San Francisco and Kyoto, Japan, but the producers later opted to double Mobile for both San Francisco and Japan. On June 27, 2015, filming was underway in Orange Beach. A World War II-era vintage PBY-6A Catalina amphibious seaplane was being used for the filming on June 29, 2015, when it took on water and beached near the Flora-Bama lounge, Orange Beach. There were no injuries during the incident, and the rescue team secured the pilot and co-pilot. Producers had to put the production on hold temporarily to save the plane, but "the salvage company was unable to save the aircraft," which was broken apart, according to the producers. The plane was provided by firefighters from Washington and was being piloted by Fred and Jayson Owen. After filming on July 14 in downtown Mobile, Cage met a real Navy veteran named Richard Stephens on a bench at Bienville Square, Stephens was one of the survivors of the ship, so Cage and Stephens had a long talk about the disaster.


title: USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 17% based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 3.4/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 30 out of 100, based on 8 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage

text: Frank Scheck of "The Hollywood Reporter" referred to the movie as "slapdash", and called the special effects "garish and unconvincing"; the movie's sharks he thought were "Sharknado-style". Glenn Kenny of "RogerEbert.com" thought, just as Scheck and many other reviewers did, that such a "harrowing" story would have been adapted to the screen far earlier. His consensus was the film was "not exactly unwatchable", but also "completely not worthy of watching", with its "lazy inattention to period detail", summing it up as "two-hours plus of bumbling and pandering". Neil Genzlinger of "The New York Times" criticized the film's "lack of subtlety" in dealing with such an "almost unbelievable" story. He called the characters' storylines away from the main plot "flimsy" and the special effects "rickety", and noted that the film's "leaden" treatment of the central story "suck[ed] all the drama out of it".


title: JW GROM

text: JW GROM (full name: "Jednostka Wojskowa GROM im. Cichociemnych Spadochroniarzy Armii Krajowej", English: "Military Unit GROM named in honour of the Silent Unseen of the Home Army") is a Polish special forces unit and forms part of the Special Troops Command of the Polish Armed Forces.


title: JW GROM

text: The unit's other name is Jednostka Wojskowa 2305 (Military Unit No. 2305). GROM operators gained the nickname of "The Surgeons" due to their extensive medical training and knowledge and their surgical ability to coordinate and execute special operations. GROM was formed in 1990 with training provided to the initial GROM operators by the US Army Delta Force and the British Army Special Air Service.


title: JW GROM

text: GROM, which stands for "Grupa Reagowania Operacyjno-Manewrowego" (English: "Group (for) Operational Maneuvering Response"), which also means "thunder", is one of five special forces units in the Special Troops Command. It was officially activated on July 13, 1990. It is deployed in a variety of special operations and unconventional warfare roles, including anti-terrorist operations and projection of force behind enemy lines.


title: JW GROM

text: The unit was named after the Silent Unseen (Polish: "Cichociemni Spadochroniarze Armii Krajowej") – Poland's elite World War II special-operations unit.


title: JW GROM

text: In the 1970s and 1980s, there were several formations of special forces units within Poland, but these were either trained in purely military tasks (sabotage, disruption of communications and such) or in purely counter-terrorist roles. After the Polish embassy in Bern was taken over by a group of four Polish emigrants calling themselves Polish Revolutionary Home Army in 1982, General Edwin Rozłubirski proposed that a clandestine military unit be established to counter the threat from terrorism and other unconventional threats. This proposal, however, was initially rejected by the People's Army of Poland.


title: JW GROM

text: In 1989, many Jews were allowed to emigrate from the Soviet Union to Israel. Poland was one of the handful of countries that provided aid in the form of organization for the operation, later dubbed Operation Bridge ("Operacja Most"). After two Polish diplomats were shot in Beirut, Lt. Col. Sławomir Petelicki was sent to Lebanon to secure the transfer of civilians and the Polish diplomatic outposts.


title: JW GROM

text: Upon his return to Poland, he presented his plan for the creation of a special military unit to the Ministry of Interior, a force that would be trained in special operations to be deployed in the defense of Polish citizens in situations similar to the one in Lebanon. Petelicki's ideas were well received, and on June 13, 1990, GROM was formally established as JW 2305.


title: JW GROM

text: Sławomir Petelicki was chosen as the first commander of the newly formed unit. As a Polish intelligence officer from Służba Bezpieczeństwa specializing in sabotage and subversion, he seemed perfectly suited to oversee the unit's initial formation. He gathered around himself a group of like-minded and professional soldiers, functionaries and set about choosing soldiers that would be fit for special operations. Due to the high risks involved in special service, it was decided that all men should be from professional service. The first batch of recruits all came from a variety of already-existing special units within the Polish Armed Forces. Among these were:


title: JW GROM

text: Out of the possible recruits, only a small group passed the training. Many of these initial instructors were trained by the special forces of the United States and the United Kingdom. Currently, Jednostka Wojskowa GROM is co-operating with similar units of other NATO countries.


title: JW GROM

text: During its formative first few years, JW 2305 remained completely secret and hidden from the public. It was first reported to the press in 1992 and became known to the public in 1994, after their first major military operation in Haiti.


title: JW GROM

text: Before October 1, 1999, JW 2305 was subordinate to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, after which time command was transferred to the Minister of National Defence, until 2007. Since 2007 JW GROM is under the command of Dowódca Wojsk Specjalnych (Commander of Polish Special Forces).


title: JW GROM

text: For the 2003 invasion of Iraq, GROM formed the part of the core of the Naval Special Operations Task Group, along with US Navy SEALs, British Royal Marines and attached US Psy Ops and civil affairs teams. On March 20, 2003, US Marines from 1st F.A.S.T. Company and GROM operators assaulted the KAAOT Oil Terminals, whilst US Marines from 1st F.A.S.T. Company and US Navy SEALs from SEAL Team 8 and 10 seized the MABOT oil terminal, both terminals were seized with no casualties and explosives which were found on the terminals were made safe by GROM and SEAL operators. A mixed team of 35 GROM operators and 20 US Navy SEALs from SEAL Team 5 seized the Mukatayin hydroelectric dam, 57 miles northeast of Baghdad. Iraqi troops guarding the dam surrendered without a fight, there were no casualties to the team (with the exception of one GROM soldier, who broke an ankle during the insertion from a US Air Force MH-53J Pave Low helicopter. SEAL and GROM units continued to cooperate throughout the rest of the invasion phase, with raids and anti-sniper missions in Baghdad.


title: JW GROM

text: Following the invasion, GROM operators formed the core of Task Unit Thunder, as an element of CJSOTF-AP (Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force-Arabian Peninsula), providing a Tier-1 counterterrorism unit for the task force. Along with Task Unit Raider (consisting of Det One operators), both units became the task force's primary direct action assets, operating in conjunction on multiple occasions.


title: JW GROM

text: A GROM sniper aided Det One's in its first "real" mission - a close target reconnaissance operation - in which the sniper apprehended the target, (a suspected insurgent sniper). GROM's early success in Iraq made it a valuable contributor to CJSOTF-AP. In September 2004, US Navy SEAL sniper Chris Kyle was temporarily assigned to GROM's Combat Team B in Baghdad for a week. The CIA reportedly found GROM snipers useful due to their low rules of engagement threshold. In 2007, US Army Special Forces, Polish GROM conducted Operation Jackal against insurgents in Diwaniyah.


title: JW GROM

text: In 2007, GROM and JW Komandosów were deployed to Kandahar (after earlier successful tours of Iraq operating alongside US Navy SEALs) under direct US Command. They weren't restricted by any national caveats-the only restriction placed on them was regarding cross-border operations into Pakistan. Along with Direct Action successes, they were considered very effective in training and mentoring Afghan National Police units.