title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: The median income for a household in the city was $33,362, and for families was $45,287. Males had a median income of $35,000 versus $28,916 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,302. About 19.4% of families and 27.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.9% of those under age 18.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: Bowling Green is shifting to a more knowledge-based, technology-driven economy. With one major public university and a technical college, Bowling Green serves as an education hub for the south-central Kentucky region. In addition, the city is the region's leading medical and commercial center.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: General Motors Manufacturing Plant, Holley Performance Products, Houchens Industries, SCA, Camping World, Kobe Steel, Minit Mart, Fruit of the Loom, Russell Brands, and other major industries call Bowling Green home. It has also attracted new industries, such as Bowling Green Metalforming, a division of Magna International, Inc., and Halton Company, which chose to expand their worldwide companies into Bowling Green.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: Commonwealth Health Corporation, Western Kentucky University, and Warren County Board of Education are the biggest employers for Bowling Green and the surrounding region. Other companies based in Bowling Green include Eagle Industries and Trace Die Cast. The third-largest home shopping network, EVINE Live, has its warehouse fulfillment center located off Nashville Road. EVINE Live also recently moved a large amount of its customer service call center operations to its Bowling Green location. EVINE Live's corporate headquarters are located in Eden Prairie, Minnesota, although the largest part of its day-to-day operations are in Bowling Green.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: Compared with Elizabethtown and Owensboro MSAs, Bowling Green has experienced the largest post-recession employment gain. From November 2001 to April 2006, total payroll employment increased by 13%. Bowling Green has experienced a 5% increase in manufacturing employment, a 5% increase in professional and business services, and a 6% increase in leisure and hospitality since April 2005.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: Bowling Green's high income and job growth combined with a low cost of doing business led the city to be named to "Forbes" magazine's 2009 list of the "Best Small Places for Business". In an evaluation of 179 cities across the nation, "Forbes" ranked Bowling Green 19th best city in which to do business, finishing ahead of Elizabethtown and Owensboro. The list ranked Bowling Green 34th nationwide for the lowest cost-of-living and 22nd for highest job growth.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: In March 2009, the Bowling Green metropolitan area was recognized by "Site Selection" magazine as a top economic development community in the United States for communities with populations between 50,000 and 200,000 people. The Bowling Green metro also received the same recognition by "Site Selection " in 2008.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: The Bowling Green Area Chamber of Commerce received the 2009 Chamber of the Year by the American Chamber of Commerce Executives and a 5-Star Chamber by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: According to the city's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: E.A. Diddle Arena, located on the campus of Western Kentucky University, is a multi-purpose arena with a seating capacity of 7,500 persons. Built in 1963 and renovated in 2004, the arena has hosted college sports such as basketball and volleyball. It also hosted the KHSAA Girls' Sweet Sixteen state championship event in high school basketball from 2001 to 2015, after which it moved to BB&T Arena at Northern Kentucky University. The arena has also played host to various traveling rodeos and circuses. In 2006, Diddle Arena hosted the first WWE event to be held in Bowling Green in over ten years.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: The city and surrounding area is home to the Warren County Inline Hockey League. It also is home to the Western Kentucky University Hilltoppers team, which competes in the NCRHA, and has several members in the Bluegrass Hockey League and Central Commonwealth League.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: Bowling Green Ballpark is a new stadium currently in use in Bowling Green. It is primarily used for baseball, for the High-A Bowling Green Hot Rods organization of the High-A East. The Hot Rods began play in the spring of 2009 in the South Atlantic League, transferring to the Midwest League for 2010. In 2021 as part of Minor League Baseball's realignment they began play in the newly formed High-A East. They are a farm team for Major League Baseball's Tampa Bay Rays.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: The Bowling Green Hornets of the Central Basketball League are based in Bowling Green, although they play their home games in Russellville. The Hornets are coached by Russellville native Nathan Thompson.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: Public education is provided by the Bowling Green Independent School District in inner sections of Bowling Green and by Warren County Public Schools in outerlying sections. Several private schools also serve Bowling Green students.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: All schools are operated by the Warren County district except Bowling Green High and Carol Martin Gatton Academy of Mathematics and Science.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: The Warren County Public Library has three permanent locations. The Main Library, which opened in 1956, is in downtown Bowling Green. The Smiths Grove Branch, the system's first branch, is located in the nearby community of Smiths Grove, Kentucky. The system's largest branch is the Bob Kirby Branch Library, located off Interstate 65 close to Greenwood High School, which opened spring 2008. The Graham Drive Community Library was a neighborhood branch located in a residential area of the Housing Authority of Bowling Green that opened in late 2007, replacing the branch formerly located in the Sugar Maple Square Shopping Center; it was replaced by a number of community "satellite library" locations in late 2020. The Mobile Branch, now retired, was a truck that traveled across Bowling Green and Warren County carrying a variety of library materials for adults and children. The Depot Branch, which opened in 2001, was located in the historic, renovated Louisville and Nashville Railroad Depot and housed a technology and early childhood center, as well as traditional library materials; it closed in late 2007. On July 27, 2007, the Warren County Fiscal Court voted to create a county-wide taxing district to benefit the public library. The library system, formerly known as the Bowling Green Public Library, became the Warren County Public Library on July 1, 2008.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: Community Action of Southern Kentucky operates GO bg Transit, which provides public transportation within Bowling Green.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: Bowling Green was served for many years by intercity bus carriers, primarily Greyhound. But with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Greyhound downgraded their existing station to an unmanned stop, and then eliminated the stop entirely in May 2020. The end of Greyhound service marked the first time the city has been without some form of public intercity transportation since 1858, when the Louisville and Nashville Railroad first reached the city.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: Tornado Bus Company, based in Mexico to primarily serve the Hispanic market, lists Bowling Green as a destination, but the stop is actually located in Smiths Grove, Kentucky, about 12 miles northeast of downtown Bowling Green.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: Bowling Green receives rail freight service from CSX through the former Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L&N) namesake line. The R.J. Corman Railroad Group operates freight service on the former L&N line to Memphis from Bowling Green to Clarksville, Tennessee; the line joins with CSX at Memphis Junction on Bowling Green's southern side.


title: Bowling Green, Kentucky

text: Nearby communities include: Allen Springs, Alvaton, Blue Level, Browning, Cavehill, Drake, Oakland, Petros, Plano, Plum Springs, Richardsville, Rich Pond, Rockfield, Smiths Grove and Woodburn.


title: Bran

text: Bran, also known as miller's bran, is the hard outer layers of cereal grain. It consists of the combined aleurone and pericarp. Corn (maize) bran also includes the pedicel (tip cap). Along with germ, it is an integral part of whole grains, and is often produced as a byproduct of milling in the production of refined grains.


title: Bran

text: Bran is present in cereal grain, including rice, corn (maize), wheat, oats, barley, rye and millet. Bran is not the same as chaff, which is a coarser scaly material surrounding the grain but not forming part of the grain itself, and which is indigestible by humans.


title: Bran

text: Bran is particularly rich in dietary fiber and essential fatty acids and contains significant quantities of starch, protein, vitamins, and dietary minerals. It is also a source of phytic acid, an antinutrient that prevents nutrient absorption.


title: Bran

text: The high oil content of bran makes it subject to rancidification, one of the reasons that it is often separated from the grain before storage or further processing. Bran is often heat-treated to increase its longevity.


title: Bran

text: Rice bran is a byproduct of the rice milling process (the conversion of brown rice to white rice), and it contains various antioxidants. A major rice bran fraction contains 12%–13% oil and highly unsaponifiable components (4.3%). This fraction contains tocotrienols (a form of vitamin E), gamma-oryzanol and beta-sitosterol; all these constituents may contribute to the lowering of the plasma levels of the various parameters of the lipid profile. Rice bran also contains a high level of dietary fibres (beta-glucan, pectin and gum). It also contains ferulic acid, which is also a component of the structure of nonlignified cell walls. However, some research suggests there are levels of inorganic arsenic present in rice bran. One study found the levels to be 20% higher than in contaminated drinking water.


title: Bran

text: Bran is often used to enrich breads (notably muffins) and breakfast cereals, especially for the benefit of those wishing to increase their intake of dietary fiber. Bran may also be used for pickling ("nukazuke") as in the "tsukemono" of Japan. Rice bran in particular finds many uses in Japan, where it is known as "nuka" (; ). Besides using it for pickling, Japanese people add it to the water when boiling bamboo shoots, and use it for dish washing. In Kitakyushu City, it is called "jinda" and used for stewing fish, such as sardine.


title: Bran

text: Rice bran is stuck to the surface of commercial ice blocks to prevent them from melting . Bran oil may be also extracted for use by itself for industrial purposes (such as in the paint industry), or as a cooking oil, such as rice bran oil.


title: Bran

text: Bran was found to be the most successful slug deterrent by BBC's TV programme "Gardeners' World". It is a common substrate and food source used for feeder insects, such as mealworms and waxworms. Wheat bran has also been used for tanning leather since at least the 16th century.


title: Bran

text: As with cereal fibre and whole grain consumption, bran is under preliminary research for the potential to improve nutrition and affect chronic diseases.


title: Bran

text: It is common practice to heat-treat bran with the intention of slowing undesirable rancidification. However, a very detailed 2003 study of heat-treatment of oat bran found a complex pattern whereby increasingly intense heat treatment reduced the development of hydrolytic rancidity and bitterness with time, but increased oxidative rancidity. The authors recommended that heat treatment should be sufficient to achieve selective lipase inactivation, but not so much as to render the polar lipids oxidisable upon prolonged storage.


title: Feijoada

text: Feijoada () is a stew of beans with beef and pork. The name "feijoada" comes from "feijão", 'bean' in Portuguese. It is widely prepared in the Portuguese-speaking world, with slight variations.


title: Feijoada

text: The basic ingredients of feijoada are beans and fresh pork or beef. In Brazil, it is usually made with black beans. The stew is best prepared over low heat in a thick clay pot.


title: Feijoada

text: It is usually served with rice and assorted sausages such as "chouriço", "morcela" (blood sausage), "farinheira", and others, which may or may not be cooked in the stew.


title: Feijoada

text: Many modern variants of the dish are based on feijoada recipes popularized in the Brazilian regions of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Recife, and Salvador. In Brazil, feijoada is considered a national dish.


title: Feijoada

text: First documented in Recife, State of Pernambuco, feijoada has been described as a national dish of Brazil, especially of Rio de Janeiro, as other parts of Brazil have other regional dishes. The Brazilian version of feijoada (feijoada completa) is prepared with black beans, a variety of salted pork or beef products, such as pork trimmings (ears, tail, feet), bacon, smoked pork ribs, and at least two types of smoked sausage and jerked beef (loin and tongue). The final dish has the beans and meat pieces barely covered by a dark purplish-brown broth. The taste is strong, moderately salty but not spicy, dominated by black bean and meat stew flavors. It is customary to serve it with white rice and oranges, the latter to help with digestion, as well as "couve", a side dish of stir-fried, chopped collard greens, and a crumbly topping called "farofa", made of manioc flour.


title: Feijoada

text: As a celebratory dish, feijoada is traditionally served on Saturday afternoons or Sunday lunch and intended to be a leisurely midday meal. It is meant to be enjoyed throughout the day and not eaten under rushed circumstances. The meal is usually eaten among extended family and paired with an event like watching a soccer game or other social event. Because of the dish's heavy ingredients and rich flavors, feijoada is viewed as Brazilian soul food. In the city of São Paulo, feijoada is a typical dish in working-class restaurants on Wednesdays and Saturdays, mainly in the commercial area. In Rio de Janeiro, restaurants traditionally serve it on Fridays. The dish is normally served with a choice among a selection of meats, e.g. pork, bacon, pig ears, pig feet, to fulfill the customer's needs. Other variations of feijoada also exist, such as low fat or vegetarian versions.


title: Feijoada

text: Meat (pork) stew with vegetables can be traced to ancient Roman cuisine. The dish spread with the Roman Empire and gave rise to dishes such as the French cassoulet, the Milanese cassoeula, the Romanian fasole cu cârnați, the fabada asturiana from Northwestern Spain, the Spanish cocido madrileño and olla podrida, and the feijoada of Minho Province in Northern Portugal.


title: Feijoada

text: Cheap and easy to cultivate, they became a staple among European settlers in Brazil. Both the upper classes and the poor ate black beans, but the upper classes particularly enjoyed them with an assortment of meat and vegetables, similar to feijoada. In contrast, the poor and enslaved usually ate a mixture of black beans and manioc flour.


title: Feijoada

text: The type of bean used in feijoada varies by region. While in the southeast, including Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, feijoada is typically prepared with black beans, in Bahia, Sergipe and Goiás brown or red beans are more commonly used.


title: Feijoada

text: In most of Brazil, feijoada consists of only beans and meat, but in Bahia and Sergipe it is common to add vegetables including plantains, kale, potatoes, carrots, cabbage, and pumpkins, usually near the end of the cooking process, when they are cooked from beneath by the vapors of the stew.


title: Feijoada

text: In 1977, Chico Buarque released a song called "Feijoada Completa". The song's lyrics describe the ingredients, the method of preparation, and a typical way in which feijoada is consumed.


title: Feijoada

text: Feijoada was featured on the Netflix TV series "Street Food" volume 2, which focused on Latin American street foods.


title: Larnaca International Airport

text: Larnaca International Airport – Glafcos Clerides is an international airport located southwest of Larnaca, Cyprus. Larnaca International Airport is Cyprus' main international gateway and the larger of the two commercial airports in the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus, the other being Paphos International Airport on the island's southwestern coast. The airport was given its current name in July 2016, in honour of former President of Cyprus (1993 – 2003) Glafcos Clerides.


title: Larnaca International Airport

text: Larnaca Airport was hastily developed towards the end of 1974 after the invasion of Cyprus by Turkey on 20 July of the same year, which forced the closure of the Nicosia International Airport. The site on which it was built (near the Larnaca Salt Lake) had been previously used as an airfield in the 1930s and, subsequently, as a military installation by British forces. Larnaca International opened on 8 February 1975, with only limited infrastructure facilities and a prefabricated set of buildings comprising separate halls for departures and arrivals. The first airlines to use the new airport were Cyprus Airways, using Viscount 800s leased from British Midland, and Olympic Airways, using NAMC YS-11s. Initially, the runway at Larnaca International was too short for jet aircraft.


title: Larnaca International Airport

text: The status of Cyprus as a major tourist destination means that air traffic has steadily risen to over 5 million passengers a year. This is double the capacity the airport was first designed for. For this reason, a tender was put out in 1998 to develop the airport further and increase its capacity "(see below)". Already completed elements of the expansion include a new control tower, fire station, runway extension, and additional administrative offices. The surrounding road network was improved by upgrading the B4 road; a new junction has been constructed near the new terminal. The new terminal was built some west of the old terminal, adjacent to the new control tower, with new aprons and jetways. The old terminal building is slated to be partially demolished and refurbished as a cargo centre, and is currently used as a private terminal for visiting heads of state, other VIPs, and private aircraft operators.


title: Larnaca International Airport

text: The airport's geographic location in-between Europe, Africa, Russia and the Middle East facilitates it as an airline hub for traffic and flight operations between these locations. It currently holds domestic, regional and international passenger and cargo services by over 30 airlines. Notably, Gulf Air used to provide a non-stop service to New York-JFK twice a week.


title: Larnaca International Airport

text: The airport has one primary state-of-the-art passenger terminal. Departures are accommodated on the upper level, while arrivals are accommodated at the ground level. The old terminal serves as a "VIP terminal", which is used for visiting heads of state, some private aviation, and for cargo. The airport utilises a single large apron for all passenger aircraft. The concept architectural design of the passenger terminal was developed by French architects at Aéroports de Paris (ADP) with Sofréavia in France.


title: Larnaca International Airport

text: A €650 million upgrade of the Larnaca and Paphos airports was completed in 2006. The international tender was won by Hermes Airports, a French-led group. The consortium is made up of Bouygues Batiment International (22%) Egis Projects (20%), the Cyprus Trading Corporation (a local retail group-10%), Iacovou Brothers (a local contractor-10%), Hellenic Mining (10%), Vancouver Airport Services (10%), Ireland's Dublin Airport Authority (Aer Rianta International) (10%), Charilaos Apostolides (a local construction company-5%) and Nice Côte d'Azur Airport (3%). Hermes Airports built new passenger terminals and plans to extend the runways at both airports under a 25-year concession.


title: Larnaca International Airport

text: A new terminal building opened on 7 November 2009. It has 16 jetways (boarding bridges), 67 check-in counters, 8 self check-in kiosks, 48 departure gates, and 2,450 parking spots. The new terminal can handle 7.5 million passengers per year. Infrastructure also features a large engineering hangar, a cargo terminal, and separate facilities for fuelling and provisioning light aircraft. There is a second, smaller apron where cargo aircraft and private aircraft are often parked. There are also spaces for smaller aircraft for flying schools and privately owned aircraft separate from the main two aprons.


title: Larnaca International Airport

text: The airport can be reached by car, taxi and public transport system. There is a shuttle bus system from/to Limassol, Nicosia, Protaras, Paralimni and Ayia Napa. Local buses are available at the airport to various locations in Larnaca.


title: Composition over inheritance

text: Composition over inheritance (or composite reuse principle) in object-oriented programming (OOP) is the principle that classes should achieve polymorphic behavior and code reuse by their composition (by containing instances of other classes that implement the desired functionality) rather than inheritance from a base or parent class. This is an often-stated principle of OOP, such as in the influential book "Design Patterns" (1994).


title: Composition over inheritance

text: An implementation of composition over inheritance typically begins with the creation of various interfaces representing the behaviors that the system must exhibit. Interfaces can facilitate polymorphic behavior. Classes implementing the identified interfaces are built and added to business domain classes as needed. Thus, system behaviors are realized without inheritance.


title: Composition over inheritance

text: In fact, business domain classes may all be base classes without any inheritance at all. Alternative implementation of system behaviors is accomplished by providing another class that implements the desired behavior interface. A class that contains a reference to an interface can support implementations of the interface—a choice that can be delayed until runtime.


title: Composition over inheritance

text: Note that multiple inheritance is dangerous if not implemented carefully because it can lead to the diamond problem. One solution to this is to create classes such as , , , etc. for every needed combination; however, this leads to a large amount of repetitive code. C++ uses virtual inheritance to solve the diamond problem of multiple inheritance.


title: Composition over inheritance

text: The C++ examples in this section demonstrate the principle of using composition and interfaces to achieve code reuse and polymorphism. Due to the C++ language not having a dedicated keyword to declare interfaces, the following C++ example uses "inheritance from a pure abstract base class". For most purposes, this is functionally equivalent to the interfaces provided in other languages, such as Java and C#.


title: Composition over inheritance

text: Introduce an abstract class named , with the subclasses and , which provides a means of drawing an object:


title: Composition over inheritance

text: Introduce an abstract class named , with the subclasses and , which provides a means of moving an object:


title: Composition over inheritance

text: Introduce an abstract class named , with the subclasses and , which provides a means of colliding with an object:


title: Composition over inheritance

text: Finally, introduce a class named with members to control its visibility (using a ), movability (using an ), and solidity (using a ). This class has methods which delegate to its members, e.g. simply calls a method on the :


title: Composition over inheritance

text: To favor composition over inheritance is a design principle that gives the design higher flexibility. It is more natural to build business-domain classes out of various components than trying to find commonality between them and creating a family tree. For example, an accelerator pedal and a steering wheel share very few common traits, yet both are vital components in a car. What they can do and how they can be used to benefit the car is easily defined. Composition also provides a more stable business domain in the long term as it is less prone to the quirks of the family members. In other words, it is better to compose what an object can do ("HAS-A") than extend what it is ("IS-A").


title: Composition over inheritance

text: Initial design is simplified by identifying system object behaviors in separate interfaces instead of creating a hierarchical relationship to distribute behaviors among business-domain classes via inheritance. This approach more easily accommodates future requirements changes that would otherwise require a complete restructuring of business-domain classes in the inheritance model. Additionally, it avoids problems often associated with relatively minor changes to an inheritance-based model that includes several generations of classes.


title: Composition over inheritance

text: Composition relation is more flexible as it may be changed on runtime, while sub-typing relations are static and need recompilation in many languages.


title: Composition over inheritance

text: One common drawback of using composition instead of inheritance is that methods being provided by individual components may have to be implemented in the derived type, even if they are only forwarding methods "(this is true in most programming languages, but not all; see Avoiding drawbacks.)" In contrast, inheritance does not require all of the base class's methods to be re-implemented within the derived class. Rather, the derived class only needs to implement (override) the methods having different behavior than the base class methods. This can require significantly less programming effort if the base class contains many methods providing default behavior and only a few of them need to be overridden within the derived class.


title: Composition over inheritance

text: For example, in the C# code below, the variables and methods of the base class are inherited by the and derived subclasses. Only the method needs to be implemented (specialized) by each derived subclass. The other methods are implemented by the base class itself, and are shared by all of its derived subclasses; they do not need to be re-implemented (overridden) or even mentioned in the subclass definitions.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL (India) Limited (formerly known as Gas Authority of India Ltd.) is a central public sector undertaking under the ownership of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India. It is headquartered in GAIL Bhawan, New Delhi. Its operations are overseen by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. It has the following business segments: natural gas, liquid hydrocarbon, liquefied petroleum gas transmission, petrochemical, city gas distribution, renewable Energy including Solar & Wind, exploration and production, Petrochemicals, GAILTEL and electricity generation. GAIL was conferred with the Maharatna status on 1 Feb 2013, by the Government of India. Only 10 other Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) enjoy this coveted status amongst all Central PSUs.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL owns and operates a network of around 13,722 km of natural gas pipeline and currently executing around 6,000 km of pipeline projects of its own and about 2,000 km through two JVs, as part of the National Gas Grid. PNGRB has authorized the psu to execute a 1,755 km long Mumbai-Nagpur-Jharsuguda Pipeline.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL (India) Limited was incorporated in August 1984 as a Central Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG). The company was formerly known as Gas Authority of India Limited. It is India's principal gas transmission and marketing company. The company was initially given the responsibility of construction, operation and maintenance of the Hazira – Vijaypur – Jagdishpur (HVJ) pipeline project. It was one of the largest cross-country natural gas pipeline projects in the world. This 1750-kilometre-long pipeline was built at a cost of and it laid the foundation for development of the market for natural gas in India. GAIL commissioned the Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur (HVJ) pipeline in 1991. Between 1991 and 1993, three liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) plants were constructed and some regional pipelines acquired, enabling GAIL to begin its gas transportation in various parts of India.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL began its city gas distribution in New Delhi in 1997 by setting up nine compressed natural gas (CNG) stations.


title: GAIL

text: In order to secure gas for its mainstream business, the Exploration and Production department was created. Today GAIL is a partner in the Daewoo-OVL led consortium in two offshore blocks in Myanmar, which have made a gas discovery. The bulk of its blocks are located in India in the prolific basins of Cambay, Assam-Arakan, Mahanadi, Krishna Godavary deep water and onland, Cauvery onland and deep water and western offshore. It is actively scouting for foreign blocks both exploratory or discovery.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL today has reached new milestones with its strategic diversification into petrochemicals, telecom and liquid hydrocarbons besides gas infrastructure. The company has also extended its presence in power, liquefied natural gas re-gasification, city gas distribution and exploration & production through participation in equity and joint ventures. Incorporating the new-found energy into its corporate identity, Gas Authority of India was renamed GAIL (India) Limited on 22 November 2002.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL (India) Limited has shown organic growth in gas transmission through the years by building large network of trunk pipelines covering length of around . Leveraging on the core competencies, GAIL played a key role as gas market developer in India for decades catering to major industrial sectors like power, fertilizers, and city gas distribution. GAIL transmits more than 160 million cubic metre per day at standard conditions of gas through its dedicated pipelines and have more than 70% market share in both gas transmission and marketing.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL owns the country's largest pipeline network, the cross-country 2300 km Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur pipeline with a capacity to handle 33.4 million cubic metre per day at standard conditions gas. Today the company owns and operates more than 11000 km long cross country natural Gas Pipeline in India having presence in 22 states in the country. It also owns and operates more than 2000 km long LPG pipelines in the country and has the pride to operate one of the world's longest exclusive LPG pipeline in the country from Jamnagar in Gujarat to Loni in Uttar Pradesh. The company also owns and operates seven mega LPG recovery plants in the country today and has to its credit almost 20% of domestic LPG produced and supplied for the domestic usage through its sisters PSUs like IOCL, BPCL and HPCL. GAIL is one of the major petrochemical conglomerates in the country today with India's largest gas based petrochemicals in operation since 1999. In petrochemicals it has its own gas based integrated petrochemical plant and also the ownership of 70% in dual fuel petrochemicals in Assam, Brahmaputra Cracker and Polymer Limited and one of the major equity partners in OPal.


title: GAIL

text: The company supplies gas to power plants for generation of over 4,000 MW of power to the Fertilizer plants for production of 10 million tonnes of urea and to several other industries. The regional pipelines are in Mumbai, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Assam, Tripura, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi. The Company has established six gas processing (LPG) plants, four along the HVJ pipeline two at Vijaipur, MP, one at Vaghodia, Gujarat and Auraiya, UP and one each in Lakwa, Assam and Usar, Maharashtra. These plants have the capacity to produce nearly 1 million tpa of LPG. GAIL has also set up several compressor stations for boosting the gas pressure to desired levels for its customers and internal users.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL also possesses a vast telecommunication network that contributes significantly to the high level of system reliability of operations, on-line real-time communication and monitoring higher productivity. GAIL became the first Infrastructure Provider Category II Licensee and signed the country's first Service Level Agreement for leasing bandwidth in the Delhi-Vijaipur sector in 2001, through its telecom business GAILTEL.


title: GAIL

text: In 2001, GAIL commissioned the world's longest and India's first cross state LPG transmission pipeline running from Jamnagar in Gujarat to Loni in Uttar Pradesh. The total length of this LPG pipeline is 1415 km.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL has started working on the Jagdishpur-Haldia/Bokaro-Dhamra Pipeline. This was earlier planned to constructed between Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh to Haldia in Bengal for a total length of 2050 km. But now it has been reconfigured. The pipeline will connect Varanasi to the gas grid, to link the Dhamra terminal. The over 2,500-kilometer line will be constructed in three phases and will also now connect Adani Group's Dhamra LNG import terminal in Odisha. In the first phase, a trunk pipeline from Phulpur (Allahabad) will be laid to Dobhi (Gaya) in Bihar with spur lines to Barauni and Patna. The 755-km Phase-1 project will cost Rs 3,200 crore and will be completed by December 2018. GAIL already as a line up to Phulpur. It is raising capacity of this pipeline by laying a 672-km parallel line from Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh to Phulpur via Auriaya in Uttar Pradesh at the cost of Rs 4,300 crore. In the Phase-II, a 1200-km line would be laid from Dobhi to Bokaro/Ranchi in Jharkhand and Angul and Dharma in Odisha at the cost of Rs 5,565 crore. Phase-III will involve laying 583-km line to Haldia at the cost of Rs 3,425 crore.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL's natural gas transmission segment under its natural gas business vertical consists of its natural gas pipeline infrastructure. As of 31 December 2021, GAIL owns approximately 13,800 km of operational natural gas pipeline network, which represents over 67% of India's overall 20,334 km of operational natural gas pipeline network.


title: GAIL

text: In September 2021, GAIL was reported to be exploring the monetization of its Dabhol-Bengaluru and Dahej-Uran-Panvel-Dhabhol pipelines through an Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvIT) structure with the stated intent to utilize the resulting proceeds to expand its pipeline network.


title: GAIL

text: Since inception in 1984, GAIL has been the undisputed leader in the marketing, transmission and distribution of natural gas in India. As India's leading natural gas major, it has been instrumental in the development of the natural gas market in the country.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL sells around 51% (excluding internal usage) of the natural gas sold in the country. Of this, 37% is sold to the power sector and 26% to the fertiliser sector. GAIL is supplying around 60 million cubic metre per day at standard conditions of natural gas from domestic sources to customers across India. These customers range from the smallest of companies to mega power and fertiliser plants. GAIL has adopted a gas management system to handle multiple sources of supply and delivery of gas in a co-mingled form and provide a seamless interface between shippers, customers, transporters and suppliers. GAIL is present in 11 states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, and Tripura. They are further extending their coverage to states of Kerala, Karnataka, Punjab, Uttarakhand, West Bengal and Bihar through their upcoming pipelines.


title: GAIL

text: Under its natural gas business vertical, GAIL secures liquefied natural gas (LNG) under long-term agreements as well as short-term arrangements in the spot market.


title: GAIL

text: Through its wholly owned subsidiary GAIL Global Singapore Pte Ltd (GGSPL), GAIL engages in the trading of LNG; GGSPL has master sale and purchase agreements (MSPAs) with more than 35 third-parties.


title: GAIL

text: In additional, GAIL is a 12.50% equity owner of Petronet LNG Limited (PLL), which has entered into the following LNG supply agreements:


title: GAIL

text: GAIL has marketing gas processing units (GPUs) products, namely liquefied petroleum gas, propane, pentane, naphtha and by-products of polymer plant, namely MFO, propylene and hydrogenated C4 mix. LPG is being sold exclusively to PSU oil marketing companies (OMCs) while other products are sold directly to customers in the retail segment.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL is India's major producer of propane, popularly known as GAIL Propane. It is an eco-friendly fuel and provides an effective way of reducing pollution and increasing productivity.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL produces and markets pentane. It is primarily being used for reprocessing into iso, normal and commercial pentane used in EPS, PU, LAB industry.


title: GAIL

text: Acetone and phenol are being produced from propylene by blending with benzene which are mainly used in the pharmaceutical industry.


title: GAIL

text: MFO is mainly used as fuel for heating, paint spraying, and furniture polishing. Naphtha is primarily used by power, Fertilizer, steel and Petrochemical units. In power, steel units it is used as a fuel, whereas in petrochemical, chemical, fertilizer units it is used as a feedstock.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL is operating seven gas processing units (GPU) located at Vijaipur (two units), Auraiya, Vaghodia, Usar, Lakwa and Gandhar plants for production of LPG and GCU at Pata plant for production of polymer. In the process of production of main products, such as LPG and polymer through GPU/GCU except the Usar, the following by-products- liquid hydrocarbons (LHC) are produced:


title: GAIL

text: Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the most widely used domestic and commercial fuel in India. Over the past four years, GAIL has emerged as one of the major LPG producers in the country. Around 90 per cent of the LPG is consumed in India as fuel by the household sector, while the balance is sold to industrial and commercial customers. GAIL has seven LPG Plants, two at Vijaipur and one at Vaghodia, and one each in Lakwa (Assam), Auraiya (UP), Gandhar (Gujarat) and Usar (Maharashtra), producing over 1 million TPA LPG and other liquid hydrocarbons.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL is the first company in India to own and operate pipelines for LPG transmission. It has 2038 km LPG pipeline network 1,415 km of which connects the western and northern parts of India and 623 km of networks is in the southern part of the country connecting Eastern Coast. The LPG transmission system has a capacity to transport 3.8 million tonnes per year of LPG. LPG transmission through pipelines was 3145 TMT in the year 2013–14.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL produces LPG through fractionation in gas processing units, known as straight run LPG. GAIL's LPG is an eco-friendly fuel and provides a cheaper and effective means of reducing pollution and increasing productivity.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL LPG is being supplied to PSU Oil Marketing Companies namely IOCL, BPCL and HPCL ex-GPUs at Import Parity Price.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL diversified from gas marketing and transmission into the polymer business by setting up North India's first gas based Petrochemicals complex. Even without having any prior experience in petrochemicals, GAIL commissioned the plant successfully in the year 1999, by rigorous teamwork and project management capabilities. The petrochemical business is one of the core focus areas of GAIL.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL owns and operates a gas based Petrochemical Complex at PATA, District Auraiya, near Kanpur in UP (around 380 km from Delhi). GAIL has world class "Sclairtech" solution polymerization process licensed from M/s Nova Chemicals, Canada to produce LLDPE and HDPE, with a nameplate capacity of 210,000 million tonnes per year and has two slurry based polymerization processes licensed from M/s Mitsui Chemicals, Japan to produce HDPE, each with a nameplate capacity of 100,000 million tonnes per year. A new world class gas phase Unipol PE Process of M/s Univation Technology, USA, with a nameplate capacity of 400,000 million tonnes per year, has been commissioned at PATA to produce HDPE/LLDPE.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL Pata is the only HDPE/LLDPE plant operating in Northern India and has a dominant market share in North India. The primary thrust markets for the polymers had been Western India, but, with the entry of GAIL in the HDPE & LLDPE market Verticals, today North India has also witnessed a rapid and significant growth in the polymer downstream processing Verticals. In a successful span of about a decades of establishing and marketing its grades under the brand names G-Lex and G-Lene, GAIL has alongside augmented its name plate capacity of HDPE and LLDPE to MTPA by adding another dedicated HDPE downstream polymerisation unit of MTPA.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL has 70% equity in joint venture company Brahmaputra Cracker & Polymer Limited (BCPL) in Dibrugarh, Assam with a nameplate capacity of 220 KTA of HDPE & LLDPE and 60 KTA of PP. GAIL has acquired equity in OPaL's Greenfield petrochemical project at Dahej to produce 1060 KTA of HDPE & LLDPE and 340 KTA of PP.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL is a co-promoter with 17% equity stake in ONGC Petro-additions Limited (OPaL) which is implementing a green field petrochemical complex of 1.1 million tonnes per year ethylene capacity at Dahej in the state of Gujarat.


title: GAIL

text: The current per capita consumption of plastics in India is about 1.8 kg compared with the world average of 17 kg. Demand and supply projections indicate a progressively increasing domestic offtake. Being the only plant outside western India, it offers easy access to polymer consumers in Northern India and parts of Central India.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL is the pioneer of city gas distribution in India. GAIL took many initiatives to introduce PNG for households and CNG for the transport sector to address the rising pollution levels. Pilot projects were launched in the early 1990s in two metros Delhi and Mumbai through joint venture companies Indraprastha Gas Limited (IGL) and Mahanagar Gas Limited (MGL) leading to the start of commercial operation of city gas projects. The results of these ventures are quite visible through the improvement in air quality in these cities.


title: GAIL

text: Based on the success of IGL and MGL, GAIL has further set up six more JVCs viz Bhagyanagar Gas Limited, Andhra Pradesh; Avantika Gas Limited in Madhya Pradesh; Central U P Gas Limited & Green Gas Limited in Uttar Pradesh; Maharashtra Natural Gas Limited in Pune Maharashtra and Tripura Natural Gas Company Limited in Tripura for CGD projects in various cities.


title: GAIL

text: However, Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas established the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) with effect from 01.10.2007, under the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act 2006, to regulate the refining, processing, storage, transportation, distribution, marketing and sale of petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas excluding production of crude oil and natural gas. The Petroleum & Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act-2006 provides the legal framework for the development of the natural gas pipelines and city or local gas distribution networks. With the arrival of the PNGRB the implementation of PNG in various cities is being taken up in a phased manner as and when the bids are called for by the regulator.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL is participating in 10 exploration blocks, in Basins such as Mahanadi, Mumbai, Cambay, Assam-Arakan, Tripura Fold Belt, Gujarat Kutch, Krishna Godavari, Cauvery and Cauvery Palar. GAIL has partnership in these blocks with various companies such as ONGC, OIL, GSPC, Hardy Exploration & Production, Petrogas, JOGPL, Eni and Daewoo as Operators. Out of these 10 E&P blocks, 2 blocks are overseas (A-1 and A-3 blocks in Myanmar).


title: GAIL

text: The blocks are in various stages of exploration, appraisal and development. Hydrocarbon discoveries are in place in 7 E&P blocks in blocks where GAIL is participating. The blocks with hydrocarbon discoveries are: MN-OSN-2000/2, CB-ONN-2000/1, Block A-1 and A-3 Myanmar, CY-OS/2, AA-ONN-2002/1, CB-ONN-2003/2.


title: GAIL

text: Production of crude oil is in progress from Cambay Onland block (CB-ONN-2000/1) @ 1250 barrels per day. Development activities are in progress in 2 blocks in Burma (A-1 and A-3) and production of gas is expected from May 2013. Declaration of Commerciality has been approved by the Government in Mahanadi Offshore (MN-OSN-2000/2) block. In other blocks where hydrocarbon discoveries have been made, the appraisal is in progress.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL is an active member of multi-organisation team (MOT) set-up for assessment of shale gas potential in Indian basins. The other representative in MOT are from DGH (Directorate General of Hydrocarbons), ONGC and Oil India Limited (OIL).


title: GAIL

text: GAIL is also a member of National Gas Hydrate Programme being coordinated by DGH and is actively involved in activities related to gas hydrate exploration.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL Gas is a wholly owned subsidiary of GAIL. GAIL Gas has been selected for implementation of City Gas Distribution (CGD) projects in four cities, namely, Kota, Dewas, Sonipat, and Meerut in the first round of bidding by the Petroleum & Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB). GAIL Gas supply CNG & PNG (industrial, commercial and household customers) in the city of Dewas, Meerut, Sonepat, Varanasi and Kota. GAIL GAS is providing natural gas to approximately 350 industrial consumers in TTZ (Taj Trapezium Zone) area (Agra and Firozabad) in Uttar Pradesh India. GAIL GAS has also started the CGD work in Bengaluru Karnataka recently.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL has 70% equity share in BCPL, a Joint Venture, with Oil India Limited (OIL), Numaligarh Refinery Limited (NRL), Govt. of Assam, each having 10% equity share. Feedstock Supply Agreements have been signed between BCPL and all the three suppliers, viz., Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, Oil India Limited and Numaligarh Refinery Limited. Technology licence agreements have been signed for cracker, polyethylene and polypropylene units.


title: GAIL

text: BCPL was dedicated to the nation by Hon'ble Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi on 5 February 2016. BCPL is set up to produce TPA polymer plant at an investment of . The financial commitment to the extent of has been made. The plant is presently in O&M phase with capacity utilization of more 100%. In the financial year 2019-20, the plant operated at 108% capacity utilization.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL has a wholly owned subsidiary, namely, GAIL Global (Singapore) Pte Ltd., to manage investments abroad. GAIL is looking for further business opportunities through this subsidiary company. The official website for GAIL Global Singapore Pte Ltd. is http://www.ggspl.com/ . To know more about this subsidiary download the fact sheet.


title: GAIL

text: AGL is in operation in Indore and Ujjain and is supplying CNG to the transport sector in these cities. AGL is supplying CNG to almost 9,000 vehicles in both the cities. AGL has plans to set up five and two CNG stations in Gwalior and Ujjain respectively, and domestic supplies to households. Six daughter stations are mechanically ready for CNG dispensing, awaiting for CCOE final approval. MoPNG has authorised AGL for CGD in Indore, Gwalior and Ujjain. GAIL has 22.5% stake in the Company along with HPCL as an equal partner.


title: GAIL

text: BGL is operating six CNG stations in Vijayawada and 4 CNG stations in Hyderabad and one CNG station in the Rajamahendravaram. BGL is supplying CNG in these three cities to almost 6,000 vehicles. BGL is also operating two Auto LPG stations in Hyderabad and one Auto LPG station in Tirupati. BGL has received authorisation from MoPNG for City Gas Distribution (CGD) in Hyderabad and Vijayawada. GAIL has a 22.5% stake in the company along with HPCL as an equal partner.


title: GAIL

text: CUGL is operating 15 CNG stations in Kanpur, Unnao and two CNG stations in the Bareily. CUGL is supplying CNG to almost 45,000 vehicles in the two cities. CUGL commenced its domestic supply of PNG with connexions to 15000 households in Kanpur and Bareilly. CUGL has received authorisation from MoPNG for CGD in Kanpur, Unnao, Bareilly & Jhansi. GAIL has 25% stake in the Company along with BPCL as an equal partner. CUGL has connected 200 commercial and industrial units in both the cities.


title: GAIL

text: GGL is operating six CNG stations in Lucknow and three CNG stations in Agra. GGL is supplying CNG in the two cities. GGL has tied up for the commencement of domestic supply of PNG with connexions to households, commercial and industrial establishments. MoPNG has authorised GGL for CGD in Lucknow and Agra. GAIL has a 22.5% stake in the company along with IOCL as an equal partner.


title: GAIL

text: IGL is the largest CGD entity in terms of CNG sales and the number of vehicles supplied by CNG in India. IGL has received authorisation from MoPNG for CGD in Delhi and its suburbs viz. NOIDA (Gautam Budh Nagar), Greater NOIDA, Faridabad and Ghaziabad and part of Gurugram from State Govt. of Haryana. IGL is supplying piped gas to around 900,000 domestic, 3500 Commercial, 1600 small industrial consumers and CNG to over 10,00,000 vehicles through around 425 CNG stations in NCR. GAIL has a 22.5% stake in the company along with BPCL as an equal partner.


title: GAIL

text: MGL is a joint venture of GAIL and British Gas. MGL has set up 140 CNG stations catering to over 200,000 vehicles spread over Mumbai, Thane, Mira-Bhayandar and Navi-Mumbai areas besides supplying PNG to over 450,000 domestic customers, more than 1,000 small industrial and commercial consumers. It has received authorisation from MoPNG for CGD in Mumbai, District Thane including Navi Mumbai and Mira Bhayander. GAIL has a 49.75% stake in the company along with British Gas as an equal partner.


title: GAIL

text: MNGL is a joint venture of GAIL and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) for implementation of City Gas Projects in and around Pune city. MNGL has received authorisation from MoPNG for CGD in Nashik, Pune including Pimpri, Chinchwad, Talegaon, Hinjewadi and Chakan areas. It has started 10 stations supplying CNG to nearly 5,000 vehicles. GAIL has a 22.5% stake in the company along with BPCL as an equal partner.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL is in the process of acquiring the equity stake in ONGC Petro- additions Limited (OPaL), which is a joint venture of GAIL with Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. and Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation Ltd., for setting up Petrochemical Project at Dahej in Gujarat. OPaL is setting up a green field petrochemical complex of 1.1 million tonnes per year ethylene capacity (dual feed cracker) in Dahej, Gujarat.


title: GAIL

text: Four main players dominate the petrochemical sector, namely, Reliance Industries Ltd. (RIL), Indian oil (IOCL), Gas Authority of India Ltd. (GAIL), and Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd. A New Chapter to this Industry has been added by the evolution of ONGC Petro additions Ltd. (OPaL) on 15 November 2006 which is a joint venture company of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (GSPCL) and GAIL India Ltd. is a grass root Mega Petrochemical complex of Global scale based on dual feed i.e., C2/C3/C4 & Naphtha at Dahej special Economic Zone (SEZ), Gujarat. The complex consists of Dual Feed Ethylene cracker (with C2/ C3/ C4 and Naphtha feed ) of 1100KTPA capacity to produce Ethylene and Propylene as Petrochemical Feedstock to downstream units of Polyethylene (LLDPE, HDPE) and Polypropylene(PP) and associated unit i.e., PyGas Hydrotreating, Benzene and Butadiene extraction plants to produce other products (Pygas, 1,3- Butadiene and Benzene). Utility and offsite facilities to cater to complex requirement is built within the Complex which includes ECTS and CPP. The grass root complex is located at a distance of about 10 km to the ONGC's C2+ Extraction Plant within Special Economic zone (SEZ) at Dahej, Gulf of Khambhat.


title: GAIL

text: Feed system: C2, C3 & C4 feed is sourced from existing C2+ recovery plant of ONGC in Dahej (at a distance of 10 km) through the pipeline. Mixed Naphtha (LAN & ARN) in definite proportionate from Hazira is sourced to Petrochemical complex through a separate pipeline.


title: GAIL

text: Saleable products: The products shall be dispatched through various modes, like bagging, truck, rail, tanker loading and through pipelines.


title: GAIL

text: PLL has been formed for setting up of LNG import and regasification facilities. PLL has a long term LNG supply contract with Qatargas, Qatar, for import of 7.5 million tonnes per year of LNG. PLL Dahej terminal in Gujarat has been expanded to 10 million tonnes per year capacity. PLL has successfully implemented a pilot project for supplying LNG through cryogenic road tankers. PLL is also coming up with an LNG terminal at Kochi, Kerala, with an initial capacity of 2.5 million tonnes per year, expandable up to 5 million tonnes per year and it was scheduled to be operational by end of 2011. GAIL has a 12.5% equity stake in PLL, along with BPCL, ONGC and IOCL as equal partners.


title: GAIL

text: RGPPL is a joint venture company between GAIL, NTPC, Financial Institutions and MSEB. The capacity of the Ratnagiri Gas & Power Station is 2,150 MW, which is the largest gas based power generation facility in the country and is producing 1,850 MW of power. RGPPL is in the process of commissioning an LNG import terminal of 5 million tonnes per year capacity. GAIL has 32.88% stake in the company along with NTPC as an equal partner.


title: GAIL

text: TNGCL is supplying gas to around 7,500 domestic, 170 commercial and industrial consumers and has set up one CNG station in Agartala, which is catering to more than 1,400 vehicles. TNGCL has received authorisation from MoPNG for CGD in Agartala. GAIL has 29% stake in the company.


title: GAIL

text: The joint venture company has been formed with an objective to pursue gas sector opportunities, mainly in China. GAIL has 50% equity interest in the company along with China Gas as the equal partner. The joint venture company is in the process of identifying projects in gas and other related areas in China.


title: GAIL

text: The joint venture company has been formed with an objective to reduce the gap between gas demand and supply, mainly in Andhra Pradesh. GAIL Gas Limited has 50% equity interest in the company along with APGIC (Andhra Pradesh Gas Infrastructure Corporation) as the equal partner.


title: GAIL

text: As a strategy of going global and further expanding global footprint, GAIL has formed a wholly owned subsidiary company, GAIL Global (Singapore) Pte Ltd. in Singapore for pursuing overseas business opportunities including LNG & petrochemical trading. GAIL has also established a wholly owned subsidiary, GAIL Global (USA) Inc. in Texas, USA. The US subsidiary has acquired 20% working interest in an unincorporated joint venture with Carrizo Oil & Gas Inc in the Eagle Ford shale acreage in the state of Texas. In addition to having two wholly owned subsidiaries in Singapore and the US, GAIL has a representative office in Cairo, Egypt to pursue business opportunities in Africa and the Middle East.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL is also an equity partner in two retail gas companies in Egypt, namely Fayum Gas Company (FGC) and National Gas Company (Natgas). Besides, GAIL is an equity partner in a retail gas company involved in city gas and CNG business in China – China Gas Holdings Limited (China Gas). Further, GAIL and China Gas have formed an equally owned joint venture company – GAIL China Gas Global Energy Holdings Limited for pursuing gas sector opportunities primarily in China.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL is a part of the consortium in two offshore E&P blocks in Myanmar and also holds participating interest in the joint venture company – South East Asia Gas Pipeline Company Limited incorporated for transportation of gas to be produced from two blocks in Burma (Myanmar) to China.


title: GAIL

text: In terms of the guidelines issued by the Department of Public Enterprises, GAIL has allocated an annual budget of 2% of the previous year's profit after tax for CSR activities, which is effectively used for carefully chosen programmes. Socially useful programmes have been undertaken in GAIL since its inception in and around the areas adjoining its major work centres under the SCP/TSP Plan. But over the years, the scope of the CSR activities, the nature of programmes undertaken and the systems adopted for the implementation of these programmes have been streamlined and strengthened and the work under SCP/TSP came under the wider scope of CSR. Today, CSR & sustainability development is accorded high priority in the organisational ethos and attempted to be interwoven in all the business activities and the projects that are being undertaken by the company. During the year 2010–11, the company has taken up programmes of a value of approximately for implementation under the seven thrust areas, which include Community Development, Infrastructure, Healthcare/Medical, Skill Development/Empowerment, Educational Aids, Environment Protection, Drinking Water/Sanitation.


title: GAIL

text: For the year 2010–11 under the thrust area Community Development, programmes worth are endorsed and the implementation of these projects is in progression.


title: GAIL

text: GAIL (India) Ltd. extended its support for the reconstruction and renovation of numerous public utilities/buildings which improved living standards not only for a person or family but for the whole of the villages where this project was implemented. For the sustainable development of the whole community GAIL is also supporting integrated livelihood programmes in villages especially for small and marginal farmers. This would be considered as a drop in the vast ocean but GAIL along with other Oil PSUs is contributing towards provision of LPG connections to BPL families under Rajiv Gandhi Gramin LPG Vitrak Yojana. This collaborative combined effort of the Oil PSUs would be able to generate a huge wave in the ocean in UP region. GAIL believes that for providing better tomorrow for the community where it has its working the focus should be on the future of the community i.e. children and students. So in view of this belief GAIL is providing vehicles for distribution of a mid-day meal for underprivileged children of government schools so as to encourage the young girls and boys to educate themselves for their better and secured lives. GAIL in the minuscule of its efforts have tried to touch every aspect of life by providing Night shelters and blankets to villagers, adoption of destitute tribal children of the orphanage in the tribal area, generating AIDS awareness and a behaviour change communication programme for truckers of national highways and providing school bus for physically challenged students.


title: GAIL

text: In just two years, more than 314,000 families have benefited from the programmes under Community Development.


title: Caiaphas

text: Joseph ben Caiaphas (; c. 14 BC – c. 46 AD), known simply as Caiaphas (; ) in the New Testament, was the Jewish high priest who, according to the gospels, organized a plot to kill Jesus. He famously presided over the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus. The primary sources for Caiaphas' life are the New Testament, and the writings of Josephus. Josephus records that he was made high priest by the Roman procurator Valerius Gratus after Simon ben Camithus had been deposed.


title: Caiaphas

text: The Babylonian Talmud (Yevamot 15B) gives the family name as Kuppai, while the Jerusalem Talmud (Yevamot 1:6) mentions "Nekifi". The "Mishnah", Parah 3:5, refers to the family name as hakKof (perhaps "the Monkey", a play on his name for opposing the Pharisees).


title: Caiaphas

text: Annas, father-in-law of Caiaphas (John 18:13), had been high-priest from AD 6 to 15, and continued to exercise a significant influence over Jewish affairs. Annas and Caiaphas may have sympathized with the Sadducees, a religious movement in Judaea that found most of its members among the wealthy Jewish elite. The comparatively long eighteen-year tenure of Caiaphas suggests he had a good working relationship with the Roman authorities.


title: Caiaphas

text: In the Gospel of John (John 11), the high priests call a gathering of the Sanhedrin in reaction to the raising of Lazarus. In the parable related in the Gospel of Luke (Luke 16:28-30), the likely reaction of the "five brothers" to the possibility of the return of the beggar Lazarus has given rise to the suggestion by Claude-Joseph Drioux and others that the "rich man" is itself an attack on Caiaphas, his father-in-law, and his five brothers-in-law.


title: Caiaphas

text: Caiaphas considers, with "the Chief Priests and Pharisees", what to do about Jesus, whose influence was spreading. They worry that if they "let him go on like this, everyone will believe in him, and the Romans will come and destroy both our holy place and our nation."


title: Caiaphas

text: In the Gospel of John (John 18), Jesus is brought before Annas, whose palace was closer. Annas questioned him regarding his disciples and teaching, and then sent him on to Caiaphas. Caiaphas makes a political calculation, suggesting that it would be better for "one man" (Jesus) to die than for "the whole nation" to be destroyed. Similar ideas can be found in rabbinical discussion in Talmud and Midrash.


title: Caiaphas

text: Afterward, Jesus is taken to Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea. Pilate tells the priests to judge Jesus themselves, to which they respond they lack authority to do so. Pilate questions Jesus, after which he states, "I find no basis for a charge against him." Pilate then offers the gathered crowd the choice of one prisoner to release—said to be a Passover tradition—and they choose a criminal named Barabbas instead of Jesus.


title: Caiaphas

text: In the Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 26:56-67), Caiaphas and others of the Sanhedrin are depicted interrogating Jesus. They are looking for evidence with which to convict Jesus, but are unable to find any. Jesus remains silent throughout the proceedings until Caiaphas demands that Jesus say whether he is the Christ. Jesus replies "The words are your own: and you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of power, and coming on the clouds of heaven." (Mark 14:62) Caiaphas and the other men charge him with blasphemy and sentence him to corporal punishment for his crime.


title: Caiaphas

text: Caiaphas was the son-in-law of Annas by marriage to his daughter and ruled longer than any high priest in New Testament times. For Jewish leaders of the time, there were serious concerns about Roman rule and an insurgent Zealot movement to eject the Romans from Israel. The Romans would not perform executions for violations of Halakha, therefore a charge of blasphemy would not have mattered to Pilate. Caiaphas' position, therefore, was to establish that Jesus was guilty not only of blasphemy, but also of proclaiming himself to be the Messiah, which was understood as the return of the Davidic kingship.


title: Caiaphas

text: Later, in Acts 4, Peter and John went before Annas and Caiaphas after having healed a crippled beggar. Caiaphas and Annas questioned the apostles' authority to perform such a miracle. When Peter, full of the Holy Spirit, answered that Jesus of Nazareth was the source of their power, Caiaphas and the other priests realized that the two men had no formal education yet spoke eloquently about the man they called their saviour. Caiaphas sent the apostles away, and agreed with the other priests that the word of the miracle had already been spread too much to attempt to refute, and instead the priests would need to warn the apostles not to spread the name of Jesus. However, when they gave Peter and John this command, the two refused, saying "Judge for yourselves whether it is right in God's sight to obey you rather than God. For we cannot help speaking about what we have seen and heard."


title: Caiaphas

text: The 1st-century Jewish historian Josephus is considered the most reliable extra-biblical literary source for Caiaphas. His works contain information on the dates for Caiaphas' tenure of the high priesthood, along with reports on other high priests, and also help to establish a coherent description of the responsibilities of the high-priestly office. Josephus ("Antiquitates Judaicae" 18.33–35) relates that Caiaphas became a high priest during a turbulent period. He also states that the Legate of Syria Lucius Vitellius the Elder deposed Caiaphas ("Antiquitates Judaicae" 18.95–97). Josephus' account is based on an older source, in which incumbents of the high priesthood were listed chronologically.


title: Caiaphas

text: According to Josephus, Caiaphas was appointed in AD 18 by the Roman prefect Valerius Gratus who preceded Pontius Pilate.


title: Caiaphas

text: According to John, Caiaphas was the son-in-law of the high priest Annas, who is widely identified with Ananus the son of Seth, mentioned by Josephus. Annas was deposed after the death of Augustus, but had five sons who served as high priest after him.


title: Caiaphas

text: In November 1990, workers found an ornate limestone ossuary while paving a road in the Peace Forest south of the Abu Tor neighborhood of Jerusalem. This ossuary appeared authentic and contained human remains. An Aramaic inscription on the side was thought to read "Joseph son of Caiaphas" and on the basis of this the bones of an elderly man were considered to belong to the High Priest Caiaphas. Since the original discovery this identification has been challenged by some scholars on various grounds, including the spelling of the inscription, the lack of any mention of Caiaphas' status as High Priest, the plainness of the tomb (although the ossuary itself is as ornate as might be expected from someone of his rank and family), and other reasons.


title: Caiaphas

text: In June 2011, archaeologists from Bar-Ilan University and Tel Aviv University announced the recovery of a stolen ossuary, plundered from a tomb in the Valley of Elah. The Israel Antiquities Authority declared it authentic, and expressed regret that it could not be studied "in situ". It is inscribed with the text: "Miriam, daughter of Yeshua, son of Caiaphas, Priest of Ma’aziah from Beth ‘Imri". Based on it, Caiaphas can be assigned to the priestly division of Ma’aziah, instituted by king David.


title: Caiaphas

text: In the thirteenth-century French text "Estoire del Saint Graal", Caiaphas is responsible for imprisoning Joseph of Arimathea. the Roman emperor Vespasian promises not to slay or burn him for information about Joseph. To punish him, he instead sets him adrift at sea.


title: Caiaphas

text: In "Inferno", Dante Alighieri places Caiaphas in the sixth realm of the eighth circle of Hell, where hypocrites are punished in the afterlife. His punishment is to be eternally crucified across the hypocrites' path, who eternally step on him.


title: Caiaphas

text: He is also depicted having an argument with Pontius Pilate regarding the passing of the death sentence against Jesus in "The Master and Margarita" by Mikhail Bulgakov.


title: Caiaphas

text: "Christ before Caiaphas," c.1490, is one of only a handful of works attributed to Antonio della Corna, who was active primarily in his native Lombardy in northern Italy.


title: Caiaphas

text: Actors who have portrayed Caiaphas include Rudolph Schildkraut in Cecil B. DeMille's film "King of Kings" (1927), Guy Rolfe in Nicholas Ray's film "King of Kings" (1961), Rodolfo Wilcock in Pier Paolo Pasolini's film "The Gospel According to St. Matthew" (1964), Martin Landau in George Stevens' film "The Greatest Story Ever Told" (1965), Bob Bingham in Norman Jewison's film "Jesus Christ Superstar" (1973), Anthony Quinn in Franco Zeffirelli's television miniseries "Jesus of Nazareth" (1977), Christian Kohlund in "Jesus" (1999),


title: Caiaphas

text: David Schofield in " The Miracle Maker" (2000), Mattia Sbragia in Mel Gibson's film "The Passion of the Christ" (2004), Bernard Hepton in "Son of Man", Adrian Schiller in the TV miniseries "The Bible" (2013) and the film "Son of God" (2014), both by same production team, Rufus Sewell in "Killing Jesus" (2015) and Richard Coyle in "A.D. The Bible Continues", an NBC miniseries by Mark Burnett and Roma Downey.


title: Loggins and Messina

text: Loggins and Messina was an American rock-pop duo consisting of Kenny Loggins and Jim Messina, who achieved their success in the early to mid-1970s. Among their well-known songs are "Danny's Song", "House at Pooh Corner", and "Your Mama Don't Dance". After selling more than 16 million records and becoming one of the leading musical duos of the 1970s, Loggins and Messina broke up in 1976. Although Messina would find only limited popularity following the breakup, Loggins went on to further success in the 1980s. In 2005 and again in 2009, Loggins and Messina reformed for tours in the United States.


title: Loggins and Messina

text: Jim Messina, formerly of Buffalo Springfield and Poco, was working as an independent record producer for Columbia Records in 1970 when he met Kenny Loggins, a little-known singer/songwriter and guitarist who was signed to ABC-Dunhill as a staff songwriter.


title: Loggins and Messina

text: The two recorded a number of Loggins' compositions in Messina's home living room. When Columbia signed Loggins to a six-album contract (with the assistance of Messina), recording began in earnest for Loggins' debut album, with Messina as producer. Messina originally intended to lend his name to the Loggins project only to help introduce the unknown Loggins to Messina's well-established Buffalo Springfield and Poco audiences. However, by the time the album was completed, Messina had contributed so much to the album – in terms of songwriting, arrangement, instrumentation, and vocals – that an "accidental" duo was born.


title: Loggins and Messina

text: Their debut album was released November 1971 as "Kenny Loggins with Jim Messina Sittin' In". The album's first single release, the Caribbean-flavored "Vahevala" (or "Vahevella" or "Vaheevella"), found top 3 success on Chicago's WCFL on 18 May 1972. "Vahevala" and "Nobody But You" both reached the Hot 100. Although at first the album went unnoticed by radio upon release, it eventually gained traction by autumn 1972, particularly on college campuses, where the pair toured heavily. Loggins' and Messina's harmonies meshed so well that what was begun as a one-off album became an entity unto itself. Audiences regarded the pair as a genuine duo rather than as a solo act with a well-known producer. Instead of just continuing to produce Loggins as a sole performer, they decided to record as a duo – Loggins and Messina.


title: Loggins and Messina

text: On March 3, 1973 Loggins and Messina played Carnegie Hall. Ian Dove in the "New York Times" called it a "near-perfect rock 'n' roll concert".


title: Loggins and Messina

text: "When our first album, "Sittin' In", came out, we started receiving a lot of excitement about the music and good sales," Messina recalled in 2005. "We had a choice. It was either I now go on and continue to produce him and we do the solo career or we stay together and let this work. For me, I did not desire to go back out on the road. I had had enough of that, and I wanted to produce records. But Clive Davis (then president of the record company) intervened and said, 'You know, I think you'd be making a mistake if you guys didn't take this opportunity. Things like this only happen once in a lifetime. It may merit you sleeping on it overnight and making a decision that will be in your best interest.' He was absolutely correct. Kenny made the decision as well. It delayed his solo career, but it gave him an opportunity, I think, to have one."


title: Loggins and Messina

text: Messina assembled The Kenny Loggins Band by summoning old friends, bassist Larry Sims and drummer Merel Bregante, formerly of The Sunshine Company, multireedist Jon Clarke, and violinist/multireedist Al Garth. Famed Grammy-winning keyboardist, songwriter and record producer Michael Omartian played on the debut album, but did not join them on tour, although he played keyboards on the second and third albums. Los Angeles-based session percussionist Milt Holland played on each of the duo's studio albums, but like Omartian, he did not tour with them either.


title: Loggins and Messina

text: Over the next four years they produced five more original albums, plus one album of covers of other artists' material, and two live albums. They sold 16 million records and were the most successful duo of the early 1970s, surpassed later in the decade only by Hall & Oates. They charted three top 20 singles from the second and third albums: "Your Mama Don't Dance" (#4), "Thinking of You" (#18), and "My Music" (#16). Their work was covered by other prominent artists, including Lynn Anderson, who recorded "Listen to a Country Song" in 1972 and reached #3 on the charts, and Anne Murray, who reached the U.S. top ten with "Danny's Song" in early 1973 and the U.S. top twenty with "A Love Song" in early 1974. A greatest-hits album, "The Best of Friends", was released a year after the duo separated. The later studio albums often found both Loggins and Messina more as two solo artists sharing the same record rather than as a genuine partnership. As both Loggins and Messina noted in 2005, their collaboration eventually became more a competition.


title: Loggins and Messina

text: Never really a team of true equals because of the teacher–apprentice nature of their music experience levels, the pair had by early 1976 quietly, amicably parted to pursue solo careers, following the release of "Native Sons". Prior to the duo's final tour, Loggins accidentally cut his hand with a craft knife while practicing his wood-carving hobby at home, which required surgery and prevented him from playing guitar for most of their final tour. After a final concert in Hawaii, the duo split and went on to solo careers. Messina found solo success elusive, but Loggins went on to become one of the biggest hit makers of the 1980s.


title: Loggins and Messina

text: The two reunited in 2005 to choose tracks for an expanded compilation album of singles and album cuts "", which proved successful enough for them to embark on tour together. Their successful "Sittin' In Again" tour was launched in mid-2005 and played out the remainder of the year. They also released an album that year of the tour. "Every couple of years we'd talk about it, but I was having too much fun as a solo artist," Loggins said that summer. "It was very rewarding for me, and I wasn't ready to share the reins. I still had a lot of stuff to do on my own, to prove myself and to express myself, in a way that wouldn't have fit in with Loggins and Messina."


title: Loggins and Messina

text: The two were pleased enough to consider future Loggins and Messina projects and the two also toured in 2009. "Like most relationships, we were a moment in time," Loggins said. "It's just really fun to be able to go back and celebrate that and just sort of really honor each other as grown men, in a way we never really did back then. We were young and competitive and didn't realize that it wasn't necessarily all about getting your way, but you learn that if you grow up."


title: Loggins and Messina

text: Their backing band changed from album to album, with the core members listed below. Many albums featured backing members who were well known in their own right; John Townsend and Ed Sanford, later of the Sanford-Townsend Band ("Smoke from a Distant Fire"), contributed vocals and songwriting to the "Native Sons", their final studio album.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: Electronic data interchange (EDI) is the concept of businesses electronically communicating information that was traditionally communicated on paper, such as purchase orders, advance ship notices, and invoices. Technical standards for EDI exist to facilitate parties transacting such instruments without having to make special arrangements.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: EDI has existed at least since the early 70s, and there are many EDI standards (including X12, EDIFACT, ODETTE, etc.), some of which address the needs of specific industries or regions. It also refers specifically to a family of standards. In 1996, the National Institute of Standards and Technology defined electronic data interchange as "the computer-to-computer interchange of a standardized format for data exchange. EDI implies a sequence of messages between two parties, either of whom may serve as originator or recipient. The formatted data representing the documents may be transmitted from originator to recipient via telecommunications or physically transported on electronic storage media." It distinguished mere electronic communication or data exchange, specifying that "in EDI, the usual processing of received messages is by computer only. Human intervention in the processing of a received message is typically intended only for error conditions, for quality review, and for special situations. For example, the transmission of binary or textual data is not EDI as defined here unless the data are treated as one or more data elements of an EDI message and are not normally intended for human interpretation as part of online data processing." In short, EDI can be defined as the transfer of structured data, by agreed message standards, from one computer system to another without human intervention.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: Like many other early information technologies, EDI was inspired by developments in military logistics. The complexity of the 1948 Berlin airlift required the development of concepts and methods to exchange, sometimes over a 300 baud teletype modem, vast quantities of data and information about transported goods. These initial concepts later shaped the first TDCC (Transportation Data Coordinating Committee) standards in the US. Among the first integrated systems using EDI were Freight Control Systems. One such real-time system was the London Airport Cargo EDP Scheme (LACES) at Heathrow Airport, London, UK, in 1971. Implementing the direct trader input (DTI) method, it allowed forwarding agents to enter information directly into the customs processing system, reducing the time for clearance. The increase of maritime traffic and problems at customs similar to those experienced at Heathrow Airport led to the implementation of DTI systems in individual ports or groups of ports in the 1980s.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: EDI provides a technical basis for automated commercial "conversations" between two entities, either internal or external. The term EDI encompasses the entire electronic data interchange process, including the transmission, message flow, document format, and software used to interpret the documents. However, EDI standards describe the rigorous format of electronic documents, and the EDI standards were designed, initially in the automotive industry, to be independent of communication and software technologies.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: EDI documents generally contain the same information that would normally be found in a paper document used for the same organizational function. For example, an EDI 940 ship-from-warehouse order is used by a manufacturer to tell a warehouse to ship a product to a retailer. It typically has a 'ship-to' address, a 'bill-to' address, and a list of product numbers (usually a UPC) and quantities. Another example is the set of messages between sellers and buyers, such as request for quotation (RFQ), bid in response to RFQ, purchase order, purchase order acknowledgement, shipping notice, receiving advice, invoice, and payment advice. However, EDI is not confined to just business data related to trade but encompasses all fields such as medicine (e.g., patient records and laboratory results), transport (e.g., container and modal information), engineering and construction, etc. In some cases, EDI will be used to create a new business information flow (that was not a paper flow before). This is the case in the Advanced Shipment Notification (ASN) which was designed to inform the receiver of a shipment, the goods to be received and how the goods are packaged. This is further complemented with the shipment's use of the shipping labels containing a GS1-128 barcode referencing the shipment's tracking number.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: Many of these standards first appeared in the early to mid-1980s. The standards prescribe the formats, character sets, and data elements used in the exchange of business documents and forms. The complete X12 Document List includes all major business documents, including purchase orders and invoices.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: The EDI standard prescribes mandatory and optional information for a particular document and gives the rules for the structure of the document. The standards are like building codes. Just as two kitchens can be built "to code" but look completely different, two EDI documents can follow the same standard and contain different sets of information. For example, a food company may indicate a product's expiration date while a clothing manufacturer would choose to send colour and size information.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: EDI can be transmitted using any methodology agreed to by the sender and recipient, but as more trading partners began using the Internet for transmission, standardized protocols have emerged.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: When some people compared the synchronous protocol 2400 bit/s modems, CLEO devices, and value-added networks used to transmit EDI documents to transmitting via the Internet, they equated the non-Internet technologies with EDI and predicted erroneously that EDI itself would be replaced along with the non-Internet technologies. In most cases, these non-internet transmission methods are simply being replaced by Internet protocols, such as FTP, HTTP, telnet, and e-mail, but the EDI documents themselves still remain.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: In 2002, the IETF published <nowiki>RFC 3335</nowiki>, offering a standardized, secure method of transferring EDI data via e-mail. On July 12, 2005, an IETF working group ratified RFC4130 for MIME-based HTTP EDIINT (a.k.a. AS2) transfers, and the IETF has prepared a similar RFC for FTP transfers (a.k.a. AS3). EDI via web services (a.k.a. AS4) has also been standardized by the OASIS standards body. While some EDI transmission has moved to these newer protocols, the providers of value-added networks remain active.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: As more organizations connected to the Internet, eventually most or all EDI was pushed onto it. Initially, this was through ad hoc conventions, such as unencrypted FTP of ASCII text files to a certain folder on a certain host, permitted only from certain IP addresses. However, the IETF has published several informational documents (the "Applicability Statements"; see below under Protocols) describing ways to use standard Internet protocols for EDI.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: As of 2002, Walmart has pushed AS2 for EDI. Because of its significant presence in the global supply chain, AS2 has become a commonly adopted approach for EDI.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: Organizations that send or receive documents from each other are referred to as "trading partners" in EDI terminology. The trading partners agree on the specific information to be transmitted and how it should be used. This is done in human-readable specifications (also called Message Implementation Guidelines). While the standards are analogous to building codes, the specifications are analogous to blueprints. (The specification may also be called a "mapping," but the term mapping is typically reserved for specific machine-readable instructions given to the translation software .) Larger trading "hubs" have existing Message Implementation Guidelines which mirror their business processes for processing EDI and they are usually unwilling to modify their EDI business practices to meet the needs of their trading partners. Often in a large company, these EDI guidelines will be written to be generic enough to be used by different branches or divisions and therefore will contain information not needed for a particular business document exchange. For other large companies, they may create separate EDI guidelines for each branch/division.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: Trading partners are free to use any method for the transmission of documents (as described above in the Transmission protocols section). Further, they can either interact directly or through an intermediary.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: Trading partners can connect directly to each other. For example, an automotive manufacturer might maintain a modem-pool that all of its hundreds of suppliers are required to dial into to perform EDI. However, if a supplier does business with several manufacturers, it may need to acquire a different modem (or VPN device, etc.) and different software for each one.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: As EDI and web technology have evolved, new EDI software technologies have emerged to facilitate direct (also known as point-to-point) EDI between trading partners. Modern EDI software can facilitate exchanges using any number of different file transmission protocols and EDI document standards, reducing costs and barriers to entry.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: To address the limitations in peer-to-peer adoption of EDI, VANs (value-added networks) were established decades ago. A VAN acts as a regional post office. It receives transactions, examines the 'from' and the 'to' information, and routes the transaction to the final recipient. VANs may provide a number of additional services, e.g. retransmitting documents, providing third party audit information, acting as a gateway for different transmission methods, and handling telecommunications support. Because of these and other services VANs provide, businesses frequently use a VAN even when both trading partners are using Internet-based protocols. Healthcare clearinghouses perform many of the same functions as a VAN, but have additional legal restrictions.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: It is important to note that there are key trade-offs between VANs and Direct EDI, and in many instances, organizations exchanging EDI documents can in fact use both in concert, for different aspects of their EDI implementations. For example, in the U.S., the majority of EDI document exchanges use AS2, so a direct EDI setup for AS2 may make sense for a U.S.-based organization. But adding OFTP2 capabilities to communicate with a European partner may be difficult, so a VAN might make sense to handle those specific transactions, while direct EDI is used for the AS2 transactions.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: In many ways, a VAN acts as a service provider, simplifying much of the setup for organizations looking to initiate EDI. Due to the fact that many organizations first starting out with EDI often do so to meet a customer or partner requirement and therefore lack in-house EDI expertise, a VAN can be a valuable asset.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: However, VANs may come with high costs. VANs typically charge a per-document or even per-line-item transaction fee to process EDI transactions as a service on behalf of their customers. This is the predominant reason why many organizations also implement an EDI software solution or eventually migrate to one for some or all of their EDI.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: On the other hand, implementing EDI software can be a challenging process, depending on the complexity of the use case, technologies involved and availability of EDI expertise. In addition, there are ongoing maintenance requirements and updates to consider. For example, EDI mapping is one of the most challenging EDI management tasks. Companies must develop and maintain EDI maps for each of their trading partners (and sometimes multiple EDI maps for each trading partner based on their order fulfilment requirements).


title: Electronic data interchange

text: "EDI translation software" provides the interface between internal systems and the EDI format sent/received. For an "inbound" document, the EDI solution will receive the file (either via a value-added network or directly using protocols such as FTP or AS2), take the received EDI file (commonly referred to as an "envelope"), and validate that the trading partner who is sending the file is a valid trading partner, that the structure of the file meets the EDI standards, and that the individual fields of information conform to the agreed-upon standards. Typically, the translator will either create a file of either fixed length, variable length or XML tagged format or "print" the received EDI document (for non-integrated EDI environments). The next step is to convert/transform the file that the translator creates into a format that can be imported into a company's back-end business systems, applications or ERP. This can be accomplished by using a custom program, an integrated proprietary "mapper" or an integrated standards-based graphical "mapper," using a standard data transformation language such as XSLT. The final step is to import the transformed file (or database) into the company's back-end system.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: For an "outbound" document, the process for integrated EDI is to export a file (or read a database) from a company's information systems and transform the file to the appropriate format for the translator. The translation software will then "validate" the EDI file sent to ensure that it meets the standard agreed upon by the trading partners, convert the file into "EDI" format (adding the appropriate identifiers and control structures) and send the file to the trading partner (using the appropriate communications protocol).


title: Electronic data interchange

text: Another critical component of any EDI translation software is a complete "audit" of all the steps to move business documents between trading partners. The audit ensures that any transaction (which in reality is a business document) can be tracked to ensure that they are not lost. In the case of a retailer sending a Purchase Order to a supplier, if the Purchase Order is "lost" anywhere in the business process, the effect is devastating to both businesses. To the supplier, they do not fulfil the order as they have not received it thereby losing business and damaging the business relationship with their retail client. For the retailer, they have a stock outage and the effect is lost sales, reduced customer service and ultimately lower profits.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: In EDI terminology, "inbound" and "outbound" refer to the direction of transmission of an EDI document in relation to a particular system, not the direction of merchandise, money or other things represented by the document. For example, an EDI document that tells a warehouse to perform an outbound shipment is an inbound document in relation to the warehouse computer system. It is an outbound document in relation to the manufacturer or dealer that transmitted the document.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: EDI and other similar technologies save the company money by providing an alternative to or replacing, information flows that require a great deal of human interaction and paper documents. Even when paper documents are maintained in parallel with EDI exchange, e.g. printed shipping manifests, electronic exchange and the use of data from that exchange reduces the handling costs of sorting, distributing, organizing, and searching paper documents. EDI and similar technologies allow a company to take advantage of the benefits of storing and manipulating data electronically without the cost of manual entry. Another advantage of EDI is the opportunity to reduce or eliminate manual data entry errors, such as shipping and billing errors, because EDI eliminates the need to re-key documents on the destination side. One very important advantage of EDI over paper documents is the speed at which the trading partner receives and incorporates the information into their system greatly reducing cycle times. For this reason, EDI can be an important component of just-in-time production systems.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: According to the 2008 Aberdeen report "A Comparison of Supplier Enablement around the World", only 34% of purchase orders are transmitted electronically in North America. In EMEA, 36% of orders are transmitted electronically and in APAC, 41% of orders are transmitted electronically. They also report that the average paper requisition to order costs a company in North America, in EMEA and in APAC. With an EDI requisition to order, costs are reduced to in North America, in EMEA and in APAC.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: There are a few barriers to adopting electronic data interchange. One of the most significant barriers is the accompanying business process change. Existing business processes built around paper handling may not be suited for EDI and would require changes to accommodate automated processing of business documents. For example, a business may receive the bulk of their goods by 1 or 2-day shipping and all of their invoices by mail. The existing process may, therefore, assume that goods are typically received before the invoice. With EDI, the invoice will typically be sent when the goods ship and will, therefore, require a process that handles large numbers of invoices whose corresponding goods have not yet been received.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: Another significant barrier is the cost in time and money in the initial setup. The preliminary expenses and time that arise from the implementation, customization and training can be costly. It is important to select the correct level of integration to match the business requirement. For a business with relatively few transactions with EDI-based partners, it may make sense for businesses to implement inexpensive "rip and read" solutions, where the EDI format is printed out in human-readable form, and people — rather than computers — respond to the transaction. Another alternative is outsourced EDI solutions provided by EDI "Service Bureaus". For other businesses, the implementation of an integrated EDI solution may be necessary as increases in trading volumes brought on by EDI force them to re-implement their order processing business processes.


title: Electronic data interchange

text: The key hindrance to a successful implementation of EDI is the perception many businesses have of the nature of EDI. Many view EDI from the technical perspective that EDI is a data format; it would be more accurate to take the business view that EDI is a system for exchanging business documents with external entities, and integrating the data from those documents into the company's internal systems. Successful implementations of EDI take into account the effect externally generated information will have on their internal systems and validate the business information received. For example, allowing a supplier to update a retailer's accounts payable system without appropriate checks and balances would put the company at significant risk. Businesses new to the implementation of EDI must understand the underlying business process and apply proper judgment.


title: Henry H. Arnold

text: Henry Harley Arnold (June 25, 1886 – January 15, 1950) was an American general officer holding the ranks of General of the Army and later, General of the Air Force. Arnold was an aviation pioneer, Chief of the Air Corps (1938–1941), commanding general of the United States Army Air Forces, the only United States Air Force general to hold five-star rank, and the only officer to hold a five-star rank in two different U.S. military services. Arnold was also the founder of Project RAND, which evolved into one of the world's largest non-profit global policy think tanks, the RAND Corporation, and was one of the founders of Pan American World Airways.


title: Henry H. Arnold

text: Instructed in flying by the Wright Brothers, Arnold was one of the first military pilots worldwide, and one of the first three rated pilots in the history of the United States Air Force. He overcame a fear of flying that resulted from his experiences with early flight, supervised the expansion of the Air Service during World War I, and became a protégé of General Billy Mitchell.


title: Henry H. Arnold

text: Arnold rose to command the Army Air Forces immediately prior to the American entry into World War II and directed its hundred-fold expansion from an organization of little more than 20,000 men and 800 first-line combat aircraft into the largest and most powerful air force in the world. An advocate of technological research and development, his tenure saw the development of the intercontinental bomber, the jet fighter, the extensive use of radar, global airlift and atomic warfare as mainstays of modern air power.


title: Henry H. Arnold

text: Arnold's most widely used nickname, "Hap", was short for "Happy", attributed variously to work associates when he moonlighted as a silent film stunt pilot in October 1911, or to his wife, who began using the nickname in her correspondence in 1931 following the death of Arnold's mother. His family called him Harley during his youth, and his mother and wife called him "Sunny". His West Point classmates called Arnold "Pewt" or "Benny" and his immediate subordinates and headquarters staff referred to him as "The Chief".