title: Franz Boas

text: Boas continued to speak out against racism and for intellectual freedom. When the Nazi Party in Germany denounced "Jewish Science" (which included not only Boasian Anthropology but Freudian psychoanalysis and Einsteinian physics), Boas responded with a public statement signed by over 8,000 other scientists, declaring that there is only one science, to which race and religion are irrelevant. After World War I, Boas created the Emergency Society for German and Austrian Science. This organization was originally dedicated to fostering friendly relations between American and German and Austrian scientists and for providing research funding to German scientists who had been adversely affected by the war, and to help scientists who had been interned. With the rise of Nazi Germany, Boas assisted German scientists in fleeing the Nazi regime. Boas helped these scientists not only to escape but to secure positions once they arrived. Additionally, Boas addressed an open letter to Paul von Hindenburg in protest against Hitlerism. He also wrote an article in "The American Mercury" arguing that there were no differences between Aryans and non-Aryans and the German government should not base its policies on such a false premise.


title: Franz Boas

text: Boas, and his students such as Melville J. Herskovits, opposed the racist pseudoscience developed at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics under its director Eugen Fischer: "Melville J. Herskovits (one of Franz Boas's students) pointed out that the health problems and social prejudices encountered by these children (Rhineland Bastards) and their parents explained what Germans viewed as racial inferiority was not due to racial heredity. This "... provoked polemic invective against the latter [Boas] from Fischer. "The views of Mr.  Boas are in part quite ingenious, but in the field of heredity Mr. Boas is by no means competent" even though "a great number of research projects at the KWI-A which had picked up on Boas' studies about immigrants in New York had confirmed his findings—including the study by Walter Dornfeldt about Eastern European Jews in Berlin. Fischer resorted to polemic simply because he had no arguments to counter the Boasians' critique."


title: Franz Boas

text: Franz Boas died suddenly at the Columbia University Faculty Club on December 21, 1942, in the arms of Claude Lévi-Strauss. By that time he had become one of the most influential and respected scientists of his generation.


title: Franz Boas

text: Between 1901 and 1911, Columbia University produced seven PhDs in anthropology. Although by today's standards this is a very small number, at the time it was sufficient to establish Boas's Anthropology Department at Columbia as the preeminent anthropology program in the country. Moreover, many of Boas's students went on to establish anthropology programs at other major universities.


title: Franz Boas

text: Boas's first doctoral student at Columbia was Alfred L. Kroeber (1901), who, along with fellow Boas student Robert Lowie (1908), started the anthropology program at the University of California, Berkeley. He also trained William Jones (1904), one of the first Native American Indian anthropologists (the Fox nation) who was killed while conducting research in the Philippines in 1909, and Albert B. Lewis (1907). Boas also trained a number of other students who were influential in the development of academic anthropology: Frank Speck (1908) who trained with Boas but received his PhD from the University of Pennsylvania and immediately proceeded to found the anthropology department there; Edward Sapir (1909) and Fay-Cooper Cole (1914) who developed the anthropology program at the University of Chicago; Alexander Goldenweiser (1910), who, with Elsie Clews Parsons (who received her doctorate in sociology from Columbia in 1899, but then studied ethnology with Boas), started the anthropology program at the New School for Social Research; Leslie Spier (1920) who started the anthropology program at the University of Washington together with his wife Erna Gunther, also one of Boas's students, and Melville Herskovits (1923) who started the anthropology program at Northwestern University. He also trained John R. Swanton (who studied with Boas at Columbia for two years before receiving his doctorate from Harvard in 1900), Paul Radin (1911), Ruth Benedict (1923), Gladys Reichard (1925) who had begun teaching at Barnard College in 1921 and was later promoted to the rank of professor, Ruth Bunzel (1929), Alexander Lesser (1929), Margaret Mead (1929), and Gene Weltfish (who defended her dissertation in 1929, although she did not officially graduate until 1950 when Columbia reduced the expenses required to graduate), E. Adamson Hoebel (1934), Jules Henry (1935), George Herzog (1938),and Ashley Montagu (1938).


title: Franz Boas

text: His students at Columbia also included Mexican anthropologist Manuel Gamio, who earned his Master of Arts degree after studying with Boas from 1909 to 1911, and became the founding director of Mexico's Bureau of Anthropology in 1917; Clark Wissler, who received his doctorate in psychology from Columbia University in 1901, but proceeded to study anthropology with Boas before turning to research Native Americans; Esther Schiff, later Goldfrank, worked with Boas in the summers of 1920 to 1922 to conduct research among the Cochiti and Laguna Pueblo Indians in New Mexico; Gilberto Freyre, who shaped the concept of "racial democracy" in Brazil; Viola Garfield, who carried forth Boas's Tsimshian work; Frederica de Laguna, who worked on the Inuit and the Tlingit; anthropologist, folklorist and novelist Zora Neale Hurston, who graduated from Barnard College, the women's college associated with Columbia, in 1928, and who studied African American and Afro-Caribbean folklore, and Ella Cara Deloria, who worked closely with Boas on the linguistics of Native American languages.


title: Franz Boas

text: Boas and his students were also an influence on Claude Lévi-Strauss, who interacted with Boas and the Boasians during his stay in New York in the 1940s.


title: Franz Boas

text: Several of Boas's students went on to serve as editors of the American Anthropological Association's flagship journal, "American Anthropologist": John R. Swanton (1911, 1921–1923), Robert Lowie (1924–1933), Leslie Spier (1934–1938), and Melville Herskovits (1950–1952). Edward Sapir's student John Alden Mason was editor from 1945 to 1949, and Alfred Kroeber and Robert Lowie's student, Walter Goldschmidt, was editor from 1956 to 1959.


title: Franz Boas

text: Most of Boas's students shared his concern for careful, historical reconstruction, and his antipathy towards speculative, evolutionary models. Moreover, Boas encouraged his students, by example, to criticize themselves as much as others. For example, Boas originally defended the cephalic index (systematic variations in head form) as a method for describing hereditary traits, but came to reject his earlier research after further study; he similarly came to criticize his own early work in Kwakiutl (Pacific Northwest) language and mythology.


title: Franz Boas

text: Encouraged by this drive to self-criticism, as well as the Boasian commitment to learn from one's informants and to let the findings of one's research shape one's agenda, Boas's students quickly diverged from his own research agenda. Several of his students soon attempted to develop theories of the grand sort that Boas typically rejected. Kroeber called his colleagues' attention to Sigmund Freud and the potential of a union between cultural anthropology and psychoanalysis. Ruth Benedict developed theories of "culture and personality" and "national cultures", and Kroeber's student, Julian Steward developed theories of "cultural ecology" and "multilineal evolution".


title: Franz Boas

text: Nevertheless, Boas has had an enduring influence on anthropology. Virtually all anthropologists today accept Boas's commitment to empiricism and his methodological cultural relativism. Moreover, virtually all cultural anthropologists today share Boas's commitment to field research involving extended residence, learning the local language, and developing social relationships with informants. Finally, anthropologists continue to honor his critique of racial ideologies. In his 1963 book, "Race: The History of an Idea in America", Thomas Gossett wrote that "It is possible that Boas did more to combat race prejudice than any other person in history."


title: Third normal form

text: Third normal form (3NF) is a database schema design approach for relational databases which uses normalizing principles to reduce the duplication of data, avoid data anomalies, ensure referential integrity, and simplify data management. It was defined in 1971 by Edgar F. Codd, an English computer scientist who invented the relational model for database management.


title: Third normal form

text: A database relation (e.g. a database table) is said to meet third normal form standards if all the attributes (e.g. database columns) are functionally dependent on solely the primary key. Codd defined this as a relation in second normal form where all non-prime attributes depend only on the candidate keys and do not have a transitive dependency on another key.


title: Third normal form

text: A hypothetical example of a failure to meet third normal form would be a hospital database having a table of patients which included a column for the telephone number of their doctor. The phone number is dependent on the doctor, rather than the patient, thus would be better stored in a table of doctors. The negative outcome of such a design is that a doctor's number will be duplicated in the database if they have multiple patients, thus increasing both the chance of input error and the cost and risk of updating that number should it change (compared to a third normal form-compliant data model that only stores a doctor's number once on a doctor table).


title: Third normal form

text: Codd later realized that 3NF did not eliminate all undesirable data anomalies and developed a stronger version to address this in 1974, known as Boyce–Codd normal form.


title: Third normal form

text: The third normal form (3NF) is a normal form used in database normalization. 3NF was originally defined by E. F. Codd in 1971.


title: Third normal form

text: Codd's definition states that a table is in 3NF if and only if both of the following conditions hold:


title: Third normal form

text: A "non-prime attribute" of R is an attribute that does not belong to any candidate key of R. A transitive dependency is a functional dependency in which "X" → "Z" ("X" determines "Z") indirectly, by virtue of "X" → "Y" and "Y" → "Z" (where it is not the case that "Y" → "X").


title: Third normal form

text: A 3NF definition that is equivalent to Codd's, but expressed differently, was given by Carlo Zaniolo in 1982. This definition states that a table is in 3NF if and only if for each of its functional dependencies "X" → "A", at least one of the following conditions holds:


title: Third normal form

text: Zaniolo's definition gives a clear sense of the difference between 3NF and the more stringent Boyce–Codd normal form (BCNF). BCNF simply eliminates the third alternative ("Every element of "A" \ "X", the set difference between "A" and "X", is a prime attribute.").


title: Third normal form

text: An approximation of Codd's definition of 3NF, paralleling the traditional oath to give true evidence in a court of law, was given by Bill Kent: "[every] non-key [attribute] must provide a fact about the key, the whole key, and nothing but the key". A common variation supplements this definition with the oath "so help me Codd".


title: Third normal form

text: Requiring existence of "the key" ensures that the table is in 1NF; requiring that non-key attributes be dependent on "the whole key" ensures 2NF; further requiring that non-key attributes be dependent on "nothing but the key" ensures 3NF. While this phrase is a useful mnemonic, the fact that it only mentions a single key means it defines some necessary but not sufficient conditions to satisfy the 2nd and 3rd normal forms. Both 2NF and 3NF are concerned equally with "all" candidate keys of a table and not just any one key.


title: Third normal form

text: Chris Date refers to Kent's summary as "an intuitively attractive characterization" of 3NF and notes that with slight adaptation it may serve as a definition of the slightly stronger Boyce–Codd normal form: "Each attribute must represent a fact about the key, the whole key, and nothing but the key." The 3NF version of the definition is weaker than Date's BCNF variation, as the former is concerned only with ensuring that "non-key" attributes are dependent on keys. Prime attributes (which are keys or parts of keys) must not be functionally dependent at all; they each represent a fact about the key in the sense of providing part or all of the key itself. (This rule applies only to functionally dependent attributes, as applying it to all attributes would implicitly prohibit composite candidate keys, since each part of any such key would violate the "whole key" clause.)


title: Third normal form

text: Because each row in the table needs to tell us who won a particular Tournament in a particular Year, the composite key {Tournament, Year} is a minimal set of attributes guaranteed to uniquely identify a row. That is, {Tournament, Year} is a candidate key for the table.


title: Third normal form

text: The breach of 3NF occurs because the non-prime attribute (Winner's date of birth) is transitively dependent on the candidate key {Tournament, Year} through the non-prime attribute Winner. The fact that Winner's date of birth is functionally dependent on Winner makes the table vulnerable to logical inconsistencies, as there is nothing to stop the same person from being shown with different dates of birth on different records.


title: Third normal form

text: In order to express the same facts without violating 3NF, it is necessary to split the table into two:


title: Third normal form

text: Update anomalies cannot occur in these tables, because unlike before, Winner is now a candidate key in the second table, thus allowing only one value for Date of birth for each Winner.


title: Third normal form

text: A relation can always be decomposed in third normal form, that is, the relation R is rewritten to projections R, ..., R whose join is equal to the original relation. Further, this decomposition does not lose any functional dependency, in the sense that every functional dependency on R can be derived from the functional dependencies that hold on the projections R, ..., R. What is more, such a decomposition can be computed in polynomial time.


title: Third normal form

text: The definition of 3NF offered by Carlo Zaniolo in 1982, and given above, is proven in the following way: Let X → A be a nontrivial FD (i.e. one where X does not contain A) and let A be a non-key attribute. Also let Y be a key of R. Then Y → X.


title: Third normal form

text: Most 3NF tables are free of update, insertion, and deletion anomalies. Certain types of 3NF tables, rarely met with in practice, are affected by such anomalies; these are tables which either fall short of Boyce–Codd normal form (BCNF) or, if they meet BCNF, fall short of the higher normal forms 4NF or 5NF.


title: Third normal form

text: While 3NF was ideal for machine processing, the segmented nature of the data model can be difficult to consume by a human user. Analytics via query, reporting, and dashboards were often facilitated by a different type of data model that provided pre-calculated analysis such as trend lines, period-to-date calculations (month-to-date, quarter-to-date, year-to-date), cumulative calculations, basic statistics (average, standard deviation, moving averages) and previous period comparisons (year ago, month ago, week ago) e.g. dimensional modeling and beyond dimensional modeling, flattening of stars via Hadoop and data science.


title: John Wyndham

text: John Wyndham Parkes Lucas Beynon Harris (; 10 July 1903 – 11 March 1969) was an English science fiction writer best known for his works published under the pen name John Wyndham, although he also used other combinations of his names, such as John Beynon and Lucas Parkes. Some of his works were set in post-apocalyptic landscapes. His best known works include "The Day of the Triffids" (1951), filmed in 1962, and "The Midwich Cuckoos" (1957), which was filmed in 1960 as "Village of the Damned", in 1995 under the same title, and again in 2022 in Sky Max under its original title.


title: John Wyndham

text: Wyndham was born in Warwickshire and spent most of his childhood in private education in Devon and Hampshire. He tried several careers before publishing a novel and several short stories. He saw action during World War II and went back to writing afterwards, publishing several very successful novels, and influencing a number of other writers who followed him. On the plausibility of his writing, "The Guardian" states his "innocuously English backdrops are central to the power of his novels, implying that apocalypse could occur at any time — or, indeed, be happening in the next village at this moment", while "The Times"'s reviewer of "The Day of the Triffids" described it as possessing "all the reality of a vividly realised nightmare." Wyndham married Grace Wilson in 1963; he had known her for more than 30 years. They lived in Petersfield, Hampshire, where he died in 1969.


title: John Wyndham

text: Wyndham was born in the village of Dorridge near Knowle, Warwickshire (now West Midlands), England, the son of George Beynon Harris, a barrister, and Gertrude Parkes, the daughter of a Birmingham ironmaster.


title: John Wyndham

text: His early childhood was spent in Edgbaston in Birmingham, but when he was 8 years old his parents separated. His father then attempted to sue the Parkes family for "the custody, control and society" of his wife and family, in an unusual and high-profile court case, which he lost. Following this, Gertrude left Birmingham to live in a series of boarding houses and spa hotels. He and his younger brother, the writer Vivian Beynon Harris, spent the rest of their childhoods at a number of English preparatory and public schools, including Blundell's School in Tiverton, Devon, during the First World War. His longest and final stay was at Bedales School, near Petersfield in Hampshire (1918–21), which he left at the age of 18.


title: John Wyndham

text: After leaving school, Wyndham tried several careers, including farming, law, commercial art and advertising; however, he mostly relied on an allowance from his family to survive. He eventually turned to writing for money in 1925. In 1927 he published a detective novel, "The Curse of the Burdens", as by John B. Harris, and by 1931 he was selling short stories and serial fiction to American science fiction magazines. His debut short story, "Worlds to Barter", appeared under the pen name John B. Harris in 1931. Subsequent stories were credited to 'John Beynon Harris' until mid-1935, when he began to use the pen name John Beynon. Three novels as by Beynon were published in 1935/36, two of them works of science fiction, the other a detective story. He also used the pen name Wyndham Parkes for one short story in the British "Fantasy Magazine" in 1939, as John Beynon had already been credited for another story in the same issue.


title: John Wyndham

text: During these years he lived at the Penn Club, London, which had been opened in 1920 by the remaining members of the Friends Ambulance Unit, and which had been partly funded by the Quakers. The intellectual and political mixture of pacifists, socialists and communists continued to inform his views on social engineering and feminism. At the Penn Club he met his future wife, Grace Wilson, a teacher. They embarked on a long-lasting love affair, and obtained adjacent rooms in the club, but for many years did not marry, partly because of the marriage bar under which Wilson would have lost her position.


title: John Wyndham

text: During the Second World War, Wyndham first served as a censor in the Ministry of Information. He drew on his experiences as a firewatcher during the London Blitz and as a member of the Home Guard in "The Day of the Triffids".


title: John Wyndham

text: He then joined the British Army, serving as a corporal cipher operator in the Royal Corps of Signals. He participated in the Normandy landings, landing a few days after D-Day. He was attached to XXX Corps, which took part in some of the heaviest fighting, including surrounding the trapped German army in the Falaise Pocket.


title: John Wyndham

text: His wartime letters to his long-time partner, Grace Wilson, are now held in the Archives of the University of Liverpool. He wrote at length of his struggles with his conscience, his doubts about humanity and his fears of the inevitability of further war. He also wrote passionately about his love for her and his fears that he would be so tainted she would not be able to love him when he returned.


title: John Wyndham

text: After the war Wyndham returned to writing, still using the pen name John Beynon. Inspired by the success of his younger brother Vivian Beynon Harris, who had four novels published starting in 1948, he altered his writing style and, by 1951, using the John Wyndham pen name for the first time, he wrote the novel "The Day of the Triffids". His pre-war writing career was not mentioned in the book's publicity and people were allowed to assume that this was a first novel from a previously unknown writer. The book had an enormous success and established Wyndham as an important exponent of science fiction.


title: John Wyndham

text: He wrote and published six more novels under the name John Wyndham, the name he used professionally from 1951 onwards. His novel "The Outward Urge" (1959) was credited to John Wyndham and Lucas Parkes, but Lucas Parkes was another pseudonym for Wyndham himself. Two story collections, "Jizzle" and "The Seeds of Time", were published in the 1950s under Wyndham's name, but included several stories originally published as by John Beynon before 1951.


title: John Wyndham

text: John Wyndham's reputation rests mainly on the first four of the novels published in his lifetime under that name. "The Day of the Triffids" remains his best-known work, but some readers consider that "The Chrysalids" was really his best. This is set in the far future of a post-nuclear dystopia where genetic stability is compromised and women are severely oppressed if they give birth to "mutants". David Mitchell, author of "Cloud Atlas", wrote of it: "One of the most thoughtful post-apocalypse novels ever written. Wyndham was a true English visionary, a William Blake with a science doctorate."


title: John Wyndham

text: The ideas in "The Chrysalids" are echoed in "The Handmaid's Tale", whose author, Margaret Atwood, has acknowledged Wyndham's work as an influence. She wrote an introduction to a new edition of "Chocky" in which she states that the intelligent alien babies in "The Midwich Cuckoos" entered her dreams.


title: John Wyndham

text: Wyndham also wrote several short stories, ranging from hard science fiction to whimsical fantasy. Several have been filmed: "Consider Her Ways", "Random Quest", "Dumb Martian", "A Long Spoon", "Jizzle" (filmed as "Maria") and "Time to Rest" (filmed as "No Place Like Earth"). There is also a radio version of "Survival".


title: John Wyndham

text: Brian Aldiss, another British science fiction writer, disparagingly labelled some of Wyndham's novels as "cosy catastrophes", especially "The Day of the Triffids". This became a cliche about his work, but it has been rebutted by many more recent critics. L.J. Hurst commented that in "Triffids" the main character witnesses several murders, suicides and misadventures, and is frequently in mortal danger himself. Atwood wrote: "...one might as well call World War II—of which Wyndham was a veteran—a 'cozy' war because not everyone died in it."


title: John Wyndham

text: Many other writers have acknowledged Wyndham's work as an influence on theirs, including Alex Garland, whose screenplay for "28 Days Later" draws heavily on "The Day of the Triffids".


title: John Wyndham

text: In 1963, he married Grace Isobel Wilson, whom he had known for more than thirty years. They lived near Petersfield, Hampshire, just outside the grounds of Bedales School. The couple remained married until he died.


title: John Wyndham

text: Subsequently, some of his unsold work was published and his earlier work was republished. His archive was acquired by the University of Liverpool.


title: John Wyndham

text: On 24 May 2015, an alley in Hampstead that appears in "The Day of the Triffids" was formally named Triffid Alley as a memorial to him.


title: John Wyndham

text: John Wyndham's many short stories have also appeared with later variant titles or pen names. The stories include:


title: Yashwant Ambedkar

text: Yashwant Bhimrao Ambedkar (12 December 1912 — 17 September 1977), also known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar, was an Indian socio-religious activist, newspaper editor, politician, and activist of Ambedkarite Buddhist movement. He was the first and only surviving child of Ramabai Ambedkar and B. R. Ambedkar, Indian polymath, human rights activist, and the first law minister of India. Yashwant devoted his life to Buddhism after the demise of his father and kept pace his father's struggle for social equality. He tried to keep the Ambedkarite community united and also took an active part in the Dalit Buddhist movement.


title: Yashwant Ambedkar

text: After his father died in 1956, he became the second president of the Buddhist Society of India and continued his father's struggle. In 1968, he organized an All India Buddhist Conference. After his death, his wife Mira became the president of the Buddhist Society of India. He had four children, including Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar.


title: Yashwant Ambedkar

text: Yashwant Ambedkar was born on 12 December 1912 in Bombay. On 19 April 1953, he married Meera Ambedkar in a Buddhist manner. They have four children - Prakash, Ramā, Bhimrao and Anandraj. His only daughter Rama is married to Anand Teltumbde.


title: Yashwant Ambedkar

text: On 14 October 1956, he converted to Navayana Buddhism. After the death of his father Babasaheb Ambedkar on 6 December 1956, he became the second president of the Buddhist Society of India. This position he held until his death (1956-1977). In 1958, he represented India at the World Buddhist Conference in Bangkok, Thailand.


title: Yashwant Ambedkar

text: He erected many Buddhist temples, and monuments of Babasaheb Ambedkar. On 2 August 1958, at Bhimnagar in Pune, he erected a full-sized bronze statue of Babasaheb Ambedkar.


title: Yashwant Ambedkar

text: Yashwant Ambedkar was the co-founder of the Republican Party of India, which has its roots in the Scheduled Castes Federation led by B. R. Ambedkar. On 30 September 1956, B. R. Ambedkar announced the establishment of the "Republican Party of India" by dismissing the "Scheduled Castes Federation", but before the formation of the party, he died on 6 December 1956. After that, his followers and activists planned to form this party. A meeting of the Presidency was held in Nagpur on 1 October 1957 to establish the party. At this meeting, N. Sivaraj, Yashwant Ambedkar, P. T. Borale, A. G. Pawar, Datta Katti, Dadasaheb Rupwate were present. The Republican Party of India was formed on 3 October 1957. N. Sivaraj was elected as the President of the party.


title: Yashwant Ambedkar

text: RPI President N. Sivaraj elected Ambedkar as the Mumbai State President of RPI in 1964. RPI started agitation for landless people in 1959.


title: Yashwant Ambedkar

text: He died on 17 September 1977. More than one million people attended his funeral. He was cremated in a Buddhist manner in Mumbai at the Dadar Cemetery (next to the Chaityabhoomi Stupa).


title: Skullgirls

text: Skullgirls is a 2D fighting game developed by Reverge Labs and published by Autumn Games. In "Skullgirls", players fight each other with teams of one, two, or three characters, attempting to knock out their opponents or have the most cumulative health when time runs out. The setting of the game revolves around the "Skull Heart", an artifact which grants wishes for women. If a wisher with an impure soul uses the Skull Heart, she is transformed into a monster known as the "Skullgirl". The game was first released through the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade in April 2012, and received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the animation and gameplay mechanics, while criticizing its initial roster size and online multiplayer features.


title: Skullgirls

text: Development of post-release content faced numerous setbacks. In May 2012, publisher Autumn Games was sued over allegations of fraud regarding an unrelated property, "Def Jam Rapstar", cutting off "Skullgirls"' financial support and forcing developer Reverge Labs to lay off the entire development team. The core team would eventually reform as Lab Zero Games in November 2012, launching a successful crowdfunding campaign to raise funds to continue their work. This allowed Lab Zero Games to develop the Windows version, which was released by Marvelous in August 2013.


title: Skullgirls

text: After Autumn Games severed ties with distributor Konami in December 2013, the latter formally requested to have the game removed from the PlayStation and Xbox storefronts. The game was later re-released on both platforms in 2014 as Skullgirls Encore. When the game was ported to PlayStation 4 and PC in 2015, it was renamed to Skullgirls 2nd Encore. This version was later released for Japanese arcades in October 2015, for PlayStation Vita in April 2016, for Nintendo Switch in October 2019, and is planned for Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S in 2022. A spin-off title, Skullgirls Mobile, was developed by Hidden Variable Studios and released for Android and iOS devices in May 2017. Originally published by Line, it is currently supported by Autumn Games alongside the main game.


title: Skullgirls

text: In August 2020, Autumn Games and Hidden Variable Studios severed ties with Lab Zero Games after sexual harassment allegations were raised against lead designer and programmer Mike Zaimont. Following the dissolution of Lab Zero Games, several former members founded another independent game studio, Future Club, which collaborated with Hidden Variable Studios on future content for "2nd Encore".


title: Skullgirls

text: The engine and playstyle for "Skullgirls" were intentionally modeled after "", incorporating several similar game mechanics such as tag team-based combat, character assists, snapbacks, and delayed hyper combos. The game can be played using different ratios of characters (similarly to ""), with each player able to select up to three fighters on their team. The teams are then balanced based on the number of team members. A single character possesses more health and deals more damage, while larger teams gain the ability to perform character assists and recover health when tagged out. Players can also customize their character assist attacks.


title: Skullgirls

text: The game includes a story mode, arcade mode, versus mode, training room, tutorial mode, and online play using the GGPO networking library. "Skullgirls" includes various unique features to address system and balance problems, such as infinite combo detection. When the game detects a looping combo through monitoring the players' attacks, the other player can break free of the infinite by hitting any button. In addition, "Skullgirls" offers protection against "unblockable attacks", which occur when a player, for example, uses a low-hitting move and a high-hitting assist attack at the same time, making it nearly impossible for the opponent to block. The game attempts to remedy the issue by offering a brief period of unblockable protection after successfully blocking any attack.


title: Skullgirls

text: At release, "Skullgirls Encore" saw numerous gameplay adjustments and additions, including character balance tweaks, faster gameplay, an online training mode, and a stun meter designed to limit lengthy combos without compromising creativity. A new local game mode called "Typing of the Skullgirls", a mode inspired by games like "The Typing of the Dead", was also added. When enabled, teams automatically generate meter and all attacks deal negligible damage. Super moves give typing prompts to the player, awarding damage for typing accuracy. In addition to fully voiced story modes and cross-platform play across the entire PlayStation family, "Skullgirls 2nd Encore" introduced challenges, where players fight against opponents under unique battle conditions; trials, which test players' skills by having them perform combos; and survival mode, which pits players against endless waves of enemies. The mobile version of "Skullgirls" incorporates RPG-like progression, customization, and deck-building mechanics.


title: Skullgirls

text: "Skullgirls" takes place in the fictional Canopy Kingdom, a country reminiscent of 1940s post-war America ruled by the Renoir royal family and plagued by the Medici mafia. In a corrupt and war-torn world, several individuals and organizations seek to obtain an artifact known as the Skull Heart.


title: Skullgirls

text: The Skull Heart grants one woman a wish every seven years, but it would corrupt that wish if that woman is impure while transforming her into an undead monster known as a Skullgirl. Hundreds have sought after the Skull Heart, yet none of its wielders were deemed worthy and subjected its curse. During the Grand War, a battle fought between the Canopy Kingdom and two neighboring nations, Nancy Renoir nearly brought the world to ruin when she attempted to use the Skull Heart for the sake of peace. Seven years later, a slave girl named Marie Korbel became the current Skullgirl and begun terrorizing the Canopy Kingdom to exact revenge on the Medici. The game follows several fighters and their journeys to confront Marie and claim the Skull Heart, each with their own motive for seeking the Skull Heart in either its destruction or using its power for their own interests.


title: Skullgirls

text: The "Skullgirls" roster initially consisted of eight playable characters: a schoolgirl named Filia Medici with a powerful hair-like Parasite named Samson, a circus performer named Cassandra "Cerebella" Veranos is indebted to the Medici, the Anti-Skullgirl cyborgs Patricia "Peacock" Watson and Painwheel, princess Parasoul Renoir, Ms. Nadia Fortune who ingested the Medici's Life Gem while her gang were massacred, the Skullgirl's ally Valentine, and the mysterious shapeshifting demon being known as Double.


title: Skullgirls

text: Following the conclusion of the game's Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign in 2013, an additional five downloadable characters were developed: Sienna "Squigly" Contiello who was brought back as a zombie alongside her parasite Leviathan, the Anti-Skullgirl cyborg Benjamin "Big Band" Birdland, the ancient Parasite symbiote Eliza, professional wrestler Beowulf, and the Anti-Skullgirl android Robo-Fortune. In 2014, a clone of Filia, named Fukua, was added to the game. The character was intended to be a temporary inclusion for April Fools' Day, but was kept in response to fan feedback. Between 2021 and 2023, four more playable fighters were released as part of the "Season 1 Pass": the unaging Skullgirl slayer Annie, Parasoul's younger sister Umbrella, the Medici assassin Black Dahlia, and the Skullgirl Marie.


title: Skullgirls

text: "Skullgirls" was originally conceived as several stray character designs that illustrator Alex "o_8" Ahad had been creating since high school. While attending college, Ahad had the hypothetical idea to use the character concepts for a fighting game roster. The idea would later become a reality when Ahad was introduced to fighting game enthusiast and tournament-goer Mike "Mike Z" Zaimont, who had been working on a fighting game engine during his own spare time. Early work on their new "Skullgirls" project began in 2008. Engine development and pre-production began in 2009. Ahad drew the art style and character designs based on a wide variety of his influences and inspirations, such as the works of Mike Mignola and Bruce Timm, Gainax's "FLCL", Tex Avery's "Red Hot Riding Hood", Capcom's "Darkstalkers", and artists George Kamitani and Daisuke Ishiwatari. Ahad and Zaimont pitched "Skullgirls" to several companies, eventually teaming up with recently founded independent developer Reverge Labs in 2010. They later went on to sign with publisher Autumn Games. In April 2011, Reverge Labs licensed OtterUI as its user interface solution for the development of "Skullgirls". At the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2011, Japanese developer and publisher Konami announced that they would help distribute the game.


title: Skullgirls

text: Following the game's release, the "Skullgirls" team began teasing future content for the game, including new voice packs, color palettes, and downloadable characters. However, shortly thereafter, Autumn Games was hit with a series of lawsuits regarding "Def Jam Rapstar", which "gummed up everything related to Autumn's funding." The entire "Skullgirls" development team was laid off by Reverge Labs in June 2012 after Autumn Games and Reverge Labs allowed their contract to expire without agreeing upon a new one. This prompted the team to reform under a new moniker, Lab Zero Games, to continue work on the PC release and downloadable content. Autumn Games, revealed to be in full possession of the IP, claimed it was "fully behind the new studio" and promised to "continue to work with [Lab Zero Games] in the future on all "Skullgirls"-related endeavors."


title: Skullgirls

text: From January through February 2013, fighting game website Shoryuken hosted a charity donation drive to determine the final game to be featured in the 2013 Evolution Championship Series' tournament lineup, with all proceeds sent to the Breast Cancer Research Foundation. The "Skullgirls" community raised over , placing second to eventual winner "Super Smash Bros. Melee", which raised over $94,000. Although the game did not win, Shoryuken announced that EVO 2013 event organizers would support the "Skullgirls" side tournament by providing prize money and exhibition support due to their effort in the fundraiser.


title: Skullgirls

text: Despite Autumn Games' support and desire to expand "Skullgirls", their continued litigation prevented the publisher from providing any financial backing. Attempting to pick up where they left off, Lab Zero Games decided to ask its fanbase for help once more, following the success of the EVO 2013 charity drive. On February 25, 2013, Lab Zero Games set up an Indiegogo page for "Skullgirls", in an effort to raise $150,000 for the development of the game's first DLC character, Squigly. Contributors received various rewards, including desktop wallpapers, a digital copy of the official soundtrack, Steam keys for the PC release, Steam keys for "Half-Minute Hero", and the chance to add a background character to the game, among others. The campaign reached its initial goal in less than 24 hours, while the stretch goal of a second DLC character, Big Band, secured funding in just over 2 weeks. A third DLC character, determined by fan vote, was funded during the final two days, along with a playable robotic version of Ms. Fortune named Robo-Fortune. An additional stretch goal that would provide a free license for the game's engine, Z-Engine, to the developers of "Them's Fightin' Herds" (at the time called "Fighting is Magic") was also funded. With minutes left before the end of the drive, the last stretch goal was met, securing funding for another fan-selected DLC character. The Indiegogo campaign raised nearly $830,000 of its original $150,000 goal. Several alternate character and announcer voice packs were also funded. All downloadable characters and voice packs were free to download on all platforms within the first three months of their release.


title: Skullgirls

text: On November 7, 2013, Lab Zero Games announced that Autumn Games had severed ties with Konami, citing Konami's unresponsiveness as a major hurdle to the release of further console patches. Following the dissolution of the partnership, Konami requested the removal of "Skullgirls" from the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade by the end of 2013. In response, Lab Zero Games announced on December 17, 2013 that "Skullgirls" would be re-released on consoles as "Skullgirls Encore", a new build including up-to-date changes and additions, in January 2014. "Encore" marked the transition of the console versions to its new publishers, Marvelous and CyberFront, and coincided with the console releases of Squigly and the "Character Color Bundle" DLC. While "Encore" was released as a title update for the Xbox 360 version, the PlayStation 3 version required owners to re-download the game at no cost; leaderboard rankings, save data, and trophies were not carried over. The PC version was later patched to reflect the new title.


title: Skullgirls

text: In June 2020, multiple allegations of misconduct were made against lead designer and programmer Mike Zaimont. Two individuals claimed that Zaimont had made inappropriate sexual comments towards them, which triggered an internal investigation of Zaimont's behavior within Lab Zero Games. A decision was reached by Lab Zero Games' board to request Zaimont's resignation. According to senior art producer Brian Jun, Zaimont refused to resign unless a series of demands were met, which Jun deemed "unrealistically high and potentially illegal". Zaimont's demands were rejected by the board. In response, Zaimont disbanded the board and assumed sole ownership of Lab Zero Games. Senior animator Jonathan Kim claimed that Zaimont delivered an ultimatum wherein he gave all unsatisfied employees until August 31 to leave the company. In late August, Kim, Jun, and lead animator Mariel Cartwright resigned from Lab Zero Games and individually issued statements denouncing Zaimont's actions.


title: Skullgirls

text: Within a day of the series of resignations, Hidden Variable Studios and Autumn Games severed their ties with Mike Zaimont and Lab Zero Games in a joint statement. In the statement, both parties expressed intent to work with the employees who resigned from Lab Zero Games on the continued development of "Skullgirls". Shortly after the resignations, Zaimont retaliated by firing the rest of the staff, leaving him the sole employee and owner of Lab Zero Games. Cartwright raised money for the staff, who had been fired without severance, by selling her sketchbooks. Additional inappropriate interactions with the community came to light after the resignations. Several former Lab Zero Games members, including Cartwright and Kim, then went on to establish a new cooperatively-structured independent game studio called Future Club.


title: Skullgirls

text: In February 2021, Autumn Games revealed the development of the "Season 1 Pass", which included four DLC characters, a digital artbook, and an updated soundtrack. The publisher also teased the possibility of a fifth DLC fighter, along with other free content, depending on the success of the season pass. In March 2021, Future Club formally announced their collaboration with Hidden Variable Studios in developing "2nd Encore"s DLC content.


title: Skullgirls

text: The "Skullgirls Original Soundtrack" consists of 28 original compositions. The album features music by Michiru Yamane, Vincent Diamante, Blaine McGurty, and Brenton Kossak. The soundtrack was released on April 24, 2012 on iTunes. People who donated at least $10 to the "Skullgirls" Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign received a digital copy of the soundtrack. An exclusive, physical CD release of the "Skullgirls Original Soundtrack" was offered, among other rewards, to those who donated $150 or more to the drive.


title: Skullgirls

text: On April 20, 2011, Reverge Labs officially announced that they had enlisted Yamane, primarily known for her work on Konami's "Castlevania" series, to help create the soundtrack for "Skullgirls". According to Richard Wyckoff, CEO of Reverge Labs, the developers sought out Yamane because "[they] knew her mixture of haunting gothic themes, jazz and rock would lend itself perfectly to Skullgirls' 'Dark Deco' style." When Reverge Labs requested Yamane to write "jazzy" music, she "played a bit with the rhythm and different sounds to try and heighten the impact and almost primal nature of the unique graphics."


title: Skullgirls

text: "Skullgirls" was released on the PlayStation Network in North America on April 10, 2012, and the Xbox Live Arcade on April 11, 2012. Europe and Australia later received the PlayStation Network version on May 2, 2012. The game was released in Japan by CyberFront on the PlayStation Network on February 14, 2013, and was also brought to Japanese arcades through the NESiCAxLive digital distribution system by game developer M2. The public beta test for the Microsoft Windows version of "Skullgirls" began on July 4, 2013. The official Microsoft Windows version was released by Marvelous on August 22, 2013.


title: Skullgirls

text: "Skullgirls Encore" launched on the PlayStation Network in North America on February 11, 2014, and Europe on March 19, 2014. The Xbox Live Arcade version of "Skullgirls" received an update for "Encore" on April 22, 2014.


title: Skullgirls

text: On July 10, 2014, Lab Zero Games announced that "Skullgirls Encore" would be released on PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita sometime in 2014. This port, later titled "Skullgirls 2nd Encore", would eventually be delayed until 2015. "2nd Encore" was released for PlayStation 4 on July 7, 2015 in North America, and July 23, 2015 in Europe. PlayStation Vita would only receive the game on April 5, 2016 in North America and April 14, 2016 in Europe. On April 14, 2016 "2nd Encore" was also published for both platforms in Japan by Arc System Works. In North America, Hidden Variable Studios and Limited Run Games produced a limited physical edition of "2nd Encore", which included a disc-based copy of the game, a slip cover, a full-color instruction manual, and a special selection soundtrack.


title: Skullgirls

text: Back in May 2013, when Lab Zero Games was asked on their official Twitter account about a potential release for Nintendo's Wii U console, the developer replied that while it was possible, it "[wasn't] looking likely", citing the console's low sales and not having an established "digital presence" at the time. During Anime Expo in July 2018, Lab Zero Games confirmed that a port of "Skullgirls 2nd Encore" was in development for its successor, Nintendo Switch. The Nintendo Switch release would include all content, and be available both physically and digitally. In February 2019, Lab Zero Games announced that the Nintendo Switch port of "Skullgirls 2nd Encore" would be released the following month, and that an Xbox One port would be released at the same time, courtesy of Skybound Games. However, despite this announcement, the game was eventually released for the Nintendo Switch on October 22 of that year, whilst the Xbox One version was "postponed indefinitely due to unforeseen development and production challenges". In May 2022, it was announced that the Xbox One and Xbox Series X and Series S versions are in development, now targeting the 2022 release window.


title: Skullgirls

text: The free-to-play spin-off for Android and iOS, titled "Skullgirls Mobile", was released on May 25, 2017 in North America, South America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines. It was developed by Hidden Variable Studios and published by Line Corporation, creators of the Line communications app. Eventually, Line Corporation has decided to part ways with the project, with Autumn Games taking over the publishing duties. As such, the old version of the game, preemptively renamed "LINE Skullgirls", was removed from all storefronts on January 15, 2018. A new version, sometimes called "Skullgirls 2.0" by the developer, was released on January 18, 2018 and allowed existing players to carry over their progress. As a result of the move, the developer has promised more transparency over the game's microtransactions, namely in its gacha rates, as well as more consistent release of new content. Currently, "Skullgirls Mobile" is supported alongside "2nd Encore", and shares many of its updates.


title: Skullgirls

text: "Skullgirls" received "generally positive" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.


title: Skullgirls

text: Several reviewers praised the presentation and animation. Ryan Clements of IGN praised the graphics, claiming that the game created "some of the best hand-drawn character sprites ever used in gaming." Clements also gave the game an Editor's Choice award. John Learned of GamesRadar also praised the art style, stating that the art deco design gave playable characters and backgrounds added flair. However, some reviewers criticized the art style and overtly sexualized all-female cast, including accusations of sexism. Dan Ryckert of "Game Informer" stated that while "Skullgirls" was beautifully animated, some animations were "juvenile and unnecessary". Ryckert expressed disappointment with the artistic focus on "anatomy and fetishistic outfits."


title: Skullgirls

text: Reviewers also praised the gameplay and system mechanics. Maxwell McGee of GameSpot credited the ability to adjust team sizes, adding that the trade-off between strength and versatility helped to accommodate a wider skill range of players. Neidel Crisan of 1UP praised the tutorial system for teaching beginner players about the fundamentals of the fighting game genre. Daniel Maniago of G4 complimented the custom assists, anti-infinite system, and online play, praising Reverge Labs for utilizing feedback from the fighting game community during development.


title: Skullgirls

text: "Skullgirls" received its share of criticism. IGN's Ryan Clements criticized the small selection of gameplay modes, missing character move lists, and overly aggressive AI. GameTrailers criticized the limited roster size, stating that the tag-based battling felt underdeveloped as a result. Simon Parkin of Eurogamer pointed out the lack of online features, such as a spectator mode, replays, and endless lobbies. Jordan Mallory of Joystiq reprimanded the game for its "goofy and immature" premise, sexualized art style, and unoriginal character movesets. Mallory concluded that the series would have been better off spending another year in development.


title: Skullgirls

text: "Skullgirls" received Best Fighting Game nominations from IGN, 1UP, and the Official E3 Game Critics Awards. The game was nominated for 2012 Best Animated Video Game at the 40th Annual Annie Awards. "Skullgirls" was also recognized in the 2013 "Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition" for the most frames of animation per character, reaching 11,515 total frames for its initial eight characters and averaging 1,439 frames per fighter. In 2017, "Skullgirls 2nd Encore" was listed in "Game Informer"'s list of "The 10 Most Underrated Games Of This Generation".


title: Skullgirls

text: "Skullgirls" sold over 50,000 copies across both platforms within ten days, becoming the highest selling game on the Xbox Live Arcade upon its release and third best-selling title on PlayStation Network for April 2012. The game saw a similar performance in Japan, climbing to the top of PSN's list of best-selling downloadable PlayStation 3 titles within a week. According to Peter Bartholow, CEO of Lab Zero Games, "Skullgirls" met Japanese publisher CyberFront's lifetime sales expectations in the first two weeks of release. The PS4 version entered the Japanese charts at #17. On September 4, 2017, Zaimont announced that "Skullgirls" had sold one million copies on Steam.


title: Skullgirls

text: At the 2019 Anime Expo, an upcoming webcomic series published by Webtoon was announced. The webcomic, written by Mike Exner III and illustrated by Wiirdo and Leigha, began publishing weekly on November 19th, 2022.


title: Joni Eareckson Tada

text: Joni Eareckson Tada (born October 15, 1949) is an evangelical Christian author, radio host, artist, and founder of Joni and Friends, an organization "accelerating Christian ministry in the disability community".


title: Joni Eareckson Tada

text: Joni Eareckson was born in 1949 in Baltimore, Maryland, the youngest of four daughters, to John and Lindy Eareckson. Joni was named for her father, John Eareckson, so her name is pronounced like "Johnny". Her father participated in the 1932 Summer Olympics as an alternate for the United States wrestling team and was honored as a Distinguished Member of the National Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum in 1996.


title: Joni Eareckson Tada

text: With the example of her parents, Tada lived a very active life all through her growing-up years, enjoying riding horses, hiking, tennis, and swimming. On July 30, 1967, when she was 17 years old, she dove into the Chesapeake Bay after misjudging the shallowness of the water. She had a fracture between the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae and became a quadriplegic (or tetraplegic), paralyzed from the shoulders down. During Tada's two years of rehabilitation, according to her autobiography "Joni", she experienced anger, depression, suicidal thoughts, and religious doubts. However, during occupational therapy, she learned to paint with a brush between her teeth and began selling her artwork. She also writes this way, although for most writing tasks she relies on voice recognition software. To date, she has written over forty books, recorded several musical albums, and starred in an autobiographical movie of her life, and is an advocate for people with disabilities.


title: Joni Eareckson Tada

text: Tada wrote of her experiences in her 1976 international best-selling autobiography, "Joni: The unforgettable story of a young woman's struggle against quadriplegia & depression", which has been distributed in many languages. The book was made into a 1980 feature film of the same name, starring herself. Her second book, "A Step Further", was released in 1978.


title: Joni Eareckson Tada

text: She founded Joni and Friends in 1979, an organization to "accelerate Christian ministry in the disability community" throughout the world. In 2007 the Joni and Friends International Disability Center in Agoura Hills, California, was established. Led by Tada (founder and CEO) and John Nugent (president and COO), the Joni and Friends International Disability Center runs a multi-faceted non-profit covering a number of program outlets. The longest-running program is "Joni and Friends Radio", a five-minute radio program begun in 1982. It now runs four minutes in length and can be heard each weekday on over 1,000 broadcast outlets. Tada also records a one-minute radio feature, "Diamonds in the Dust", that airs daily. Both programs have received awards: "Joni and Friends Radio" received the "Radio Program of the Year" award from National Religious Broadcasters in 2002, and "Diamonds in the Dust" won the same award in 2011 in the short program.


title: Joni Eareckson Tada

text: Other Joni and Friends programs include Family Retreats (a camp/retreat experience for families affected by disability), Wounded Warrior Getaways (which offer a similar experience for families of Wounded Warriors), and Wheels for the World (which collects manual wheelchairs and other mobility devices to be refurbished by volunteers in prison restoration shops, then shipped overseas, where the wheelchairs are fitted by physical therapists to people in developing nations). Joni and Friends also has produced 51 episodes of "Joni and Friends TV", and overseen the formation of the Christian Institute on Disability (a training and advocacy arm of Joni and Friends), among other ventures. While the main office of Joni and Friends remains in Agoura Hills, California, smaller offices can be found across the United States.


title: Joni Eareckson Tada

text: In 2005, Tada was appointed to the Disability Advisory Committee of the U.S. State Department. Tada served on the National Council on Disability under presidents Reagan and Bush in 1988. The first draft of the Americans with Disabilities Act was authored by this council.


title: Joni Eareckson Tada

text: Tada is a conference speaker. Her articles have been published in "Christianity Today", "Today's Christian Woman", "The War Cry" (Salvation Army), and newspapers around the world. Tada has appeared several times on "Larry King Live". In 1989, Tada was a plenary speaker at the Second International Congress on World Evangelization in Manila. She served until 2013 in her appointment as the Lausanne Senior Associate for Disability Concerns. , Tada is still a board member of the Lausanne Movement.


title: Joni Eareckson Tada

text: Joni sang "Alone Yet Not Alone" (music by Bruce Broughton, lyrics by Dennis Spiegel) for the film of the same name, which was nominated for an Oscar in the Original Song category, but the academy's board of governors voted to rescind the nomination. With limited lung capacity due to her disability, Tada, had her husband, Ken, pushing on her diaphragm while she recorded the song to give her enough breath to hit the high notes. Tada has no professional training in music.


title: Joni Eareckson Tada

text: , Tada is an adviser on many organizations, such as the Board of Reference for the Christian Medical and Dental Society, Young Life Capernaum Board, CBM International, National Institute for Learning Disabilities, and the American Leprosy Mission. She also served on Love and Action, the Institute on Learning Disabilities, the Disability Advisory Committee, New Europe Communications, and the Christian Writers Guild, and as honorary co-chair of the Presidential Prayer Team. She has been interviewed by the "Chicago Tribune", Ligonier Ministries, and the "Los Angeles Times".


title: Joni Eareckson Tada

text: In November 2009, Tada signed an ecumenical statement known as the "" calling on evangelicals, Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christians to work towards changing laws which permit abortion, and other matters that go against their religious consciences.


title: Joni Eareckson Tada

text: Tada received media attention in 2014 for her performance of the title song from the Christian film "Alone yet Not Alone". While the song's writers initially received an Academy Award nomination for Best Song, the nomination was later revoked for what the academy deemed improper campaigning by the composer, Bruce Broughton. Some controversy followed this decision, and subsequent media attention helped the song's official YouTube video, featuring Tada, surpass one million views.


title: Joni Eareckson Tada

text: Tada is the author of over 48 books on the subjects of disability and Christianity. Several of them have been children's books, including "Tell Me The Promises", which received the Evangelical Christian Publishers' Association's (ECPA) Gold Medallion and the silver medal in the 1997 C.S. Lewis Awards, and "Tell Me The Truth", which received the ECPA Gold Medallion in 1998. The life story of Tada was used by Czech composer Ivan Kurz in his opera "Vecerní shromáždení ketho" ("Evening Divine service").


title: Joni Eareckson Tada

text: Joni married Ken Tada in 1982. For many years, Ken was a high school history teacher and coach, though he is now retired. Ken is sansei, meaning that he is the third generation to be born in the United States after his family relocated from Japan. Ken and Joni live in Calabasas, California.


title: Joni Eareckson Tada

text: In 2010, Tada announced that she had been diagnosed with Stage III breast cancer. She underwent a mastectomy and chemotherapy. Her treatment proved successful, and she was declared cancer-free in 2015. In November 2018, Tada was diagnosed with a malignant nodule on her chest wall near the site of her original cancer. Radiation treatments for the nodule proved successful, and, in July 2019, she announced that she had once again been declared cancer-free.


title: C17 (C standard revision)

text: C17 is the informal name for ISO/IEC 9899:2018, the most recent standard for the C programming language, prepared in 2017 and published in June 2018. It replaced C11 (standard ISO/IEC 9899:2011). C17 will be superseded by C2x.


title: C17 (C standard revision)

text: Since it was under development in 2017, and officially published in 2018, C17 is also commonly referred to as C18. GCC, for example, treats the commands codice_1 and codice_2 as equivalent, and the C-Standard page on the ISO-9899 wiki refers to ISO/IEC 9899:2018 as C18, only noting later that the standard is sometimes called C17.


title: C17 (C standard revision)

text: For a detailed list of changes from the previous standard, see "Clarification Request Summary for C11".


title: Rich Franklin

text: Richard Jay Franklin II (born October 5, 1974) is an American businessman and retired mixed martial artist. He is best known for competing in the Ultimate Fighting Championship, where he is a member of the UFC Hall of Fame and a former UFC Middleweight Champion. Franklin has been the Vice President of Singaporean combat sports promotion ONE Championship since May 2014.


title: Rich Franklin

text: Franklin was born to Richard Sr. and Vaila Franklin. The couple divorced when Franklin was five years old. He has one biological brother, Greg, and five half-siblings.


title: Rich Franklin

text: Franklin graduated from William Henry Harrison High School. He earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics and later earned a master's degree in education at the University of Cincinnati. He taught mathematics at the Oak Hills High School in Cincinnati, Ohio.


title: Rich Franklin

text: His nickname, "Ace," comes from his resemblance to the actor Jim Carrey, who played the character Ace Ventura. Joe Rogan once called Franklin "Angry Jim Carrey".


title: Rich Franklin

text: In 2002, Franklin and his business partner, Jeff Adler, created the American Fighter athletic clothing brand. The brand featured t-shirts, but quickly grew to feature a full line of athletic training clothing, casual wear and training gear for martial arts. In 2012, Affliction Clothing expressed interest in the name and its widespread appeal. They acquired the majority of the company and brought the brand to mainstream retailers, where it continues to grow.


title: Rich Franklin

text: In October 2013, Franklin and friend and business partner, Billy Zebe, launched Ze/Lin Organic Juice & Fusion Café in Beverly Hills, California. It closed nine months later and the company focused on wholesaling and distribution for the bottled juices.


title: Rich Franklin

text: In May 2014, Franklin signed on as a vice president in the ONE Championship organization, a Singapore-based combat sports promotion which officially launched on July 14, 2011. Franklin serves as a face of the brand and travels throughout the US and Asia hosting seminars and speaking engagements, promoting fights and working with the fighters. He hosts "Rich Franklin's ONE Warrior Series", where he recruits up-and-coming martial artists for the promotion.


title: Rich Franklin

text: According to Franklin, he first learned karate at the Harrison Okinawan Karate Dojo in the early 1990s under Bill George and Steve Rafferty. He also studied submission fighting from instructional video tapes. He has been associated with and trained with Meat Truck, Inc. and currently trains at facilities run by Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt Jorge Gurgel, (New Generation Martial Arts); Neal Rowe, a Muay Thai instructor (Sacan Martial Arts); and Rob Radford, a boxing instructor (Boxing 4 Fitness).


title: Rich Franklin

text: Franklin is currently ranked as a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu under Jorge Gurgel, which he earned on October 11, 2014. After losing his title to Anderson Silva, Franklin started training under Matt "The Wizard" Hume.


title: Rich Franklin

text: Franklin began his UFC career with a perfect 3–0 start, including a victory over MMA veteran Evan Tanner at UFC 42, Edwin Dewees at UFC 44 and Jorge Rivera at UFC 50.


title: Rich Franklin

text: On April 5, 2005, Franklin fought in the main event of The Ultimate Fighter 1 Finale, which was the first live UFC card on free cable TV. He faced former UFC champion Ken Shamrock. Franklin defeated Shamrock by TKO at 2:42 of the first round, becoming the first person to stop Shamrock via strikes. The win established Franklin as one of the UFC's biggest stars and ensured him a title opportunity.


title: Rich Franklin

text: A title shot came at UFC 53 on June 5, 2005. Franklin defeated Evan Tanner for a second time to win the UFC Middleweight Championship. The victory led to Franklin being named a coach, along with welterweight champion Matt Hughes, on the second season of "The Ultimate Fighter".


title: Rich Franklin

text: At UFC 56 on November 19, 2005, Franklin defended his title against Nate Quarry, a competitor from season 1 of The Ultimate Fighter. Franklin won the fight via a first-round knockout.


title: Rich Franklin

text: At UFC 58 on March 4, 2006, Franklin defeated David Loiseau in a unanimous five-round decision to retain his title. Franklin broke his left hand early in the second round. The injury required surgery, including a metal plate and screws, and Franklin was out of action for six months.


title: Rich Franklin

text: At UFC 64 on October 14, 2006, Franklin lost his title to Anderson Silva. Their fight was stopped by TKO (knees) at 2:49 of the first round after Franklin received a knee to the face. Franklin was caught in a clinch by Silva and received a flurry of knees and kicks that rendered him unable to continue. On October 19, Franklin underwent surgery due to a nasal fracture he received during the fight.


title: Rich Franklin

text: Franklin made his return at UFC 68 on March 3, 2007 against Jason MacDonald. Franklin showed superior striking during the fight, mounted MacDonald in the closing seconds of the second round and caused significant injury and swelling around MacDonald's left eye. MacDonald's corner advised ending the fight and Franklin was declared the winner by TKO (corner stoppage) between rounds. After the fight, Franklin called Anderson Silva to the octagon and said that he and Dana White had agreed to a fight for the title in Franklin's hometown of Cincinnati.


title: Rich Franklin

text: Franklin fought world ranked Yushin Okami at UFC 72 in Belfast, Northern Ireland on June 16, 2007. Franklin defeated the top middleweight contender by unanimous decision to be officially announced as the number one contender for Silva's middleweight title. The bout was only his second overall fight to go the full distance (due to being a non-title fight, it was three rounds). All three judges scored the bout 29–28 to Franklin. He also became the first person to fight in a UFC main event in Northern Ireland.


title: Rich Franklin

text: Franklin fought Silva for a second time at UFC 77 on October 20, 2007. Prior to the bout, he signed a six-fight contract with the UFC. Silva was able to effectively neutralize Franklin in the clinch, eventually defeating the former champion via TKO (knees) at 1:07 of the second round.


title: Rich Franklin

text: After his second loss to Anderson, Franklin began making regular trips to Seattle, WA to train with Matt Hume of AMC Pankration. At UFC 83 on April 19, 2008, Franklin faced Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt Travis Lutter. During the bout, Lutter was able to secure a tight, high-level armbar, though Franklin was able to escape and go on to win the bout via TKO (strikes) at 3:01 of round two.


title: Rich Franklin

text: At UFC 88 on Sept. 6, 2008, Franklin made his return to the light heavyweight division against close friend and training partner Matt Hamill. Franklin won by TKO following a kick to Hamill's liver, which prompted the referee to call a stop to the fight at 0:39 of round three.


title: Rich Franklin

text: Franklin faced former PRIDE welterweight and middleweight champion Dan Henderson at UFC 93 in Dublin, Ireland on January 17, 2009 and lost by controversial split decision. Franklin became the first person to fight in a UFC main event in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.


title: Rich Franklin

text: At UFC 99 in Cologne, Germany on June 13, 2009, Franklin defeated former Pride middleweight champion Wanderlei Silva via unanimous decision at a catchweight of 195 lbs. Franklin became the first person to fight in the UFC in four different countries in four consecutive fights.


title: Rich Franklin

text: At UFC 103 on September 19, 2009, Franklin lost to former UFC light heavyweight champion Vitor Belfort. This was Belfort's first bout in the UFC since February 2005. After a lengthy feeling-out process, Belfort connected with a left hook that dropped Franklin and followed up with a flurry of left hands that ended the contest via TKO at 3:02 in the first round. Though it was logged as a clear win for Belfort, there was discussion over multiple illegal blows to the back of Franklin's head.


title: Rich Franklin

text: Franklin was rumored to face multiple-time UFC champion Randy Couture at UFC 115, but was eventually confirmed to face former UFC light heavyweight champion Chuck Liddell on June 12, 2010, following the withdrawal of Liddell's original opponent, Tito Ortiz. During the contest, Liddell showed improved striking from that seen in his recent fights and more proficient kicks. In the final seconds of the opening round, Liddell connected with a head kick and moved forward to attack a stunned Franklin, only to be knocked out by a compact counter right hand at 4:55 of the round. During the post-fight press conference, Franklin confirmed that his left forearm had been broken by a head kick Liddell threw during the middle of the round. The injury did not require surgery, which allowed Franklin to recover faster.


title: Rich Franklin

text: Franklin faced former UFC light heavyweight champion Forrest Griffin on February 5, 2011 at UFC 126 and lost via unanimous decision.


title: Rich Franklin

text: Franklin was scheduled to face Antônio Rogério Nogueira at UFC 133 on August 6, 2011 in Philadelphia. Nogueira was forced out of the bout due to a shoulder injury. Unable to find a suitable replacement on short notice, the UFC pulled Franklin from the card.


title: Rich Franklin

text: Franklin faced Wanderlei Silva in a rematch, replacing Vitor Belfort, who suffered a hand injury, in the main event at catchweight on June 23, 2012 at UFC 147. Franklin won the fight via unanimous decision, with both participants earning "Fight of the Night" honors for their performances.


title: Rich Franklin

text: Franklin returned to the middleweight division against former Strikeforce middleweight champion Cung Le on November 10, 2012 in the main event at UFC on Fuel TV 6. He lost the fight via knockout in the first round.


title: Rich Franklin

text: After teasing the possibility of one more MMA fight before retiring, Franklin instead announced his retirement on September 28, 2015. He penned a column on theplayerstribune.com explaining that a recent conversation with his mother helped make the decision, along with the understanding that “his body has slowed down.”


title: Rich Franklin

text: During the April 13, 2019 broadcast of UFC 236, it was announced that Franklin would be inducted into the UFC Hall of Fame.


title: Rich Franklin

text: Franklin made his acting debut in a film called "Cyborg Soldier," in which he played an escaped super soldier and partnered with Tiffani Thiessen. In 2010, he starred in "The Hammer", a story inspired by the life of deaf UFC fighter Matt Hamill. Franklin played MMA Coach Billings in the 2014 comedy "Mantervention".


title: Prathap C. Reddy

text: Prathap Chandra Reddy (born 5 February 1933) is an Indian entrepreneur and cardiologist who founded the first corporate chain of hospitals in India, the Apollo Hospitals. "India Today" ranked him 48th in its 2017 list of India's 50 most powerful people.


title: Prathap C. Reddy

text: Reddy was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1991 and received the Padma Vibhushan, which is India's second-highest civilian award, in 2010.


title: Prathap C. Reddy

text: Reddy has four daughters including Preetha Reddy, Sangita Reddy, Suneeta Reddy (married to P Obul Reddy's son P. Dwarakanath Reddy) and Shobana Kamineni, all of whom are serving as directors in the Apollo Hospitals. Reddy's grand-daughter Upasana is married to Ram Charan, one of the most popular actors in Telugu cinema.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: OpTic Gaming is an American professional esports and entertainment organization headquartered in Frisco, Texas. The organization currently operates a "Call of Duty" team in the Call of Duty League, OpTic Texas, they also operate a "Overwatch" team in the Overwatch League, Dallas Fuel, as well as "Rocket League", "Halo", "Valorant" and "Apex Legends" teams. They previously competed in ", Gears of War 4, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, Fortnite Battle Royale, Dota 2," and "League of Legends". The organization is currently owned by Hector "H3CZ" Rodriguez and Hastro.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: OpTic Gaming was established in 2006 by OpTic "KR3W" and OpTic Enigma as a "Call of Duty 2" (Xbox 360) competitive team that specialized mainly in Search and Destroy and Team Deathmatch. In 2008, the group of friends would eventually grow older and the team began to dissipate. With OpTic Enigma then long gone, OpTic KR3W stepped down to hand over the team to long-time member Hector "H3CZ" Rodriguez. The team made its new beginnings under OpTic H3CZ on the MLG scene starting in 2010 with "" on the Xbox 360. In 2016, the team, along with e-sports commentator Ryan "Fwiz" Wyatt, released the book "OpTic Gaming: The Making of eSports Champions", which details the players' individual "Call of Duty" esports careers and their contributions to the team's success. The book became a "New York Times" best-seller, and film and television rights were acquired by producers John Sacchi and Matt Groesch. In 2017, Texas Rangers co-owner Neil Leibman and co-investor Chris Chaney were sold a majority interest in the organization. They created Infinite Esports & Entertainment, a holding company that includes OpTic Gaming and Houston Outlaws as well as other esports verticals operating out of a new Dallas headquarters. OpTic Gaming is currently the third most followed esports team by social media following.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: On June 12, 2019, Immortals Gaming Club (IGC) announced the acquisition of Infinite Esports & Entertainment, the parent organization of OpTic Gaming. On September 15, 2019, it was announced by Immortals Gaming Club and Hector “H3CZ” Rodriguez, that Hector would be leaving from OpTic as its CEO for new and independent opportunities. Shortly after it was announced that Hector Rodriguez had joined NRG Esports as co-CEO.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: On November 6, 2020, it was announced that 100 Thieves, an organization created by former OpTic Gaming player Matthew "Nadeshot" Haag, had acquired Immortals Gaming Club's LA CDL slot and would rebrand the team in the 2021 season as the "Los Angeles Thieves". Shortly after, on November 11, 2020, it was announced by Immortals Gaming Club and Hector Rodriguez that the latter had fully reacquired the rights to the OpTic Gaming name, thus regaining full ownership of the organization while also relinquishing his minority ownership of Immortals' League of Legends roster in the deal; that same day, it was announced that the Chicago Huntsmen, the Call of Duty League Chicago slot owned by NRG Esports, would be rebranded to OpTic Chicago, thus signifying the return of the "real OpTic" to the Call of Duty esports scene.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: In November 2021, it was announced that Envy Gaming would acquire the OpTic Gaming brand as part of a merger. OpTic Gaming leader Hector “HECZ” Rodriguez joined the combined companies’ ownership group and was to serve as President of OpTic Gaming. This also brought the OpTic Texas roster for Activision Blizzard's Call of Duty League into the Envy family.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: On April 28, 2022, they announced they signed Knoqd, SkittleCakez, and Dooplex to a competitive Apex Legends roster.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: On June 27, 2022, it was announced Envy Gaming would retire the Envy brand, and fully become OpTic Gaming. The Envy Foundation, a grant program helping North Texas middle schools and high schools, is now the OpTic Foundation. Envy's "Rocket League" team has also become OpTic's Rocket League team. The Dallas Fuel team in the Overwatch League will remain as is, going into its fifth season in the Overwatch League.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: OpTic took 8th in the Online "" National Championships before placing 4th at the MLG National Championships 2010 and picking up $500 before the start of the next "" season.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: Matt Haag was dropped from the team for the "Call of Duty: Black Ops" 2011 season which was the first season of Call of Duty on the Major League Gaming since "Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare". He briefly returned to the OpTic Competitive team, replacing a player who felt ill, at MLG Dallas where OpTic Gaming finished 3rd with virtually no practice as a squad. Subsequently, after mentioning the possibility of replacing the teammate that had fallen sick he did not get picked up. Haag played on several different teams in the professional scene and created his own OpTic Nation competitive team and started making videos and streaming footage. For the next two events he played for Team EnVyUs finishing 8th at MLG Anaheim and then 3rd at MLG Raleigh before playing on Surreal Legacy for the final two events of the year placing 7th at MLG Orlando and then finishing in 15th at the MLG Providence national championships to finish off the "" Major League Gaming season.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: With "" looming, "Call of Duty" announced Call of Duty XP where Activision hosted a $1 million tournament to showcase the newest edition of the franchise. With two members of the OpTic Gaming team not being available to play, Haag was picked up again. They made it to the Grand Final. They took the series 3–1 and the team won $400,000 and the trophy. Again, Matt 'NaDeSHoT' Haag was not picked up for the main OpTic Gaming team and instead created his own OpTic team under the OpTic Nation brand, which did not go on to win any events. MW3 did not make the MLG 2012 season, reportedly due to the absence of a LAN function in the game. Because of this, only a few tournaments were held (notably 360 iCoNs and EGL) in North America. However, at Blackpool's EGL 8 Haag placed 7/8th playing under Leverage with notable players TeePee, ACHES and John.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: On November 12, 2012, "Treyarch" released "," the second title in the Black Ops series for Call of Duty. . The game was a success competitively and attracted a bigger audience through the season. With Frag Cup 4, an annual online tournament at the start of a new "Call of Duty" title, coming up a member of the OpTic Gaming competitive team was unable to play due to gambling restrictions in his province, and after impressing early on in the game, OpTic Gaming picked up NaDeSHoT, who rejoined the OpTic Gaming competitive team on a permanent basis. They finished in the 7th/8th position in Frag Cup 4 before going to the first LAN event which was UMG Chicago. OpTic Gaming started the tournament strong, making their way to the finals without losing. The team then lost the first series in the final. However, because they were the winners of the 'winners final' the match went into a final and decisive series, in which they were able to win 3–2 and become the first "" champions.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: The next tournament was MLG Dallas. Here, the top 8 teams qualified to compete at that year's "Call of Duty" Championships, which was an annual $1,000,000 event. OpTic Gaming went onto finish in the 5th/6th position.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: At the "Call of Duty" Championships, OpTic Gaming finished in third place losing to the eventual winners of the tournament. They then played in Gfinity 1 (G1) in London, United Kingdom and MLG Anaheim in Anaheim, California where they were placed in third respectively at both events. The next event OpTic attended was Gfinity (G2) in London. However, their new roster finished 9th–12th. Their performance at the MLG Fullsail Invitational, where the four highest ranked Black Ops II teams competed, (and which was to be OpTic Gaming and MLG's final event of the "" competitive season) was much improved, finishing in second place.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: The next title of the "Call of Duty" franchise was "" which MLG announced that it would be their featured FPS title for the upcoming season again. OpTic Gaming disappointed at both of their first two events which were to be MLG Columbus (13–16th place) and UMG Philadelphia (9–12th place) before a roster change occurred with one player retiring, two leaving and one later rejoining. During this time Haag teamed with Christopher Duarte, who goes by the name of 'Parasite'. At this time, the team consisted of 'NaDeSHoT', 'Clayster', 'Ricky' and 'Parasite'. However, after only a handful of days, 'Parasite' and 'Ricky' left OpTic to join Curse Las Vegas. OpTic then picked up 'Saints' and 'MBoZe', before 'Scumpii' rejoined OpTic to replace the departing 'Saints', who returned to Strictly Business. After the retirement of 'BigTymer' following UMG Philadelphia, NaDeSHoT became the captain of OpTic Gaming.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: OpTic qualified for the "" national qualifiers for the annual Call of Duty Championship $1,000,000 tournaments after qualifying via MLG's online qualifying tournament. At the US Championship Finals OpTic Gaming finished in 7th place to qualify for the Call of Duty World Championship, after eliminating Curse New York in an elimination game in a best of 5 series. This allowed the team to qualify for the annual $1 million tournament. The OpTic Gaming squad played in the MLG Pro Circuit Season 1 online league where after a promising start they suffered problems online and were not able to qualify for the MLG PAX East Championship; eventually, OpTic Gaming finished bottom of the league in 10th place. OpTic Gaming later announced they were hosting the winners of the US Regional finals, Strictly Business Gaming for a pre-LAN event for the World Championships.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: At the "Call of Duty" World Championships, OpTic were placed in a group with Epsilon eSports, NSP, and SSOF. Controversy was caused when 'SSOF' were disqualified and OpTic only had two teams in their group. OpTic first played 'NSP' and beat them 3-0 leading to a group decider against Epsilon where OpTiC Gaming lost 3–0. However, they advanced as the second seed and faced tK in the first round of the winners bracket. OpTic had a 3–0 victory against a team considered to be a top-three team by many. In the second round OpTic was to come up against Strictly Business Gaming who they had hosted in a pre-LAN event, however, they won 3–2 and played Australian team Trident T1 Dotters for a guaranteed top-three finish. OpTic Gaming won the series 3–1 and guaranteed themselves 3rd and $120,000. OpTic were then to face CompLexity who were undefeated on "" and came up short in the winners bracket finals losing 3–2. OpTic then lost to Team EnVyUs in the losers bracket finals, finishing with a top three finish and winning $30,000.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: On April 15, 2014, OpTic Gaming announced that Marcus 'MBoZe' Blanks would be leaving the team in order for Jordan 'ProoFy' Cannon to join the team. The OpTic Gaming roster for UGC Niagara and for the 2014 season "" season was Seth "Scump" Abner, James 'Clayster' Eubanks and Jordan 'ProoFy' Cannon.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: At the new roster's first tournament together, a disappointing first day led to them having to play the world's best team, and eventual winners of UGC Niagara, CompLexity Gaming, who proved too strong for the OpTic team. They narrowly won every map to take a 3–0 series win and knock Haag and his OpTic Gaming team out of the tournament. Before and after UGC Niagara OpTic competed at the MLG Pro Circuit Season 2 in order to qualify for MLG Anaheim's pro team tournament to contest for a $70,000 prize pool. OpTic qualified, being second place in the league.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: OpTic Gaming team were invited to the MLG X Games on the Xbox One after finishing in the top 3 at the Call of Duty World Championships. They went into the event as underdogs after a disappointing tournament at UGC Niagara, however Haag and his team were able to win their group after beating Team EnVyus and FaZe Red 3–1 to set up a semi-final match against Evil Geniuses,(formerly known as CompLexity). Evil Geniuses were favorites to win the event after a dominant year at LAN events, but OpTic were able to beat them 3–1 to face Team Kaliber in the Grand Finals. They managed to beat Team Kaliber in a match that came down to a Game 5, Round 10 in Search & Destroy, and Haag was able to win a gold medal and his first MLG Championship at the X Games in Austin, Texas.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: NaDeSHoT was voted by fans as The Game Awards 2014 eSports Player of the Year. He went to Las Vegas with some of his teammates and sponsors to accept this award.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: Advanced Warfare was the next installment in the "Call Of Duty" Franchise for the e-sports circuit. The season began in November 2014. On October 28, 2014, OpTic Gaming, participated in an exclusive "" streaming event at the so-called 'OpTic House' which they competed vs other teams in Chicago, in order to promote the new edition in the franchise for its creators, Sledgehammer Games.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: In season opening competition, MLG Columbus on November 28–30, OpTic achieved second place, losing out to FaZe in the Grand Final. They hadn't dropped a map all day until the grand finals. Faze narrowly took the victory, going all the way to a second best of five series.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: The second tournament of the year was UMG Orlando on January 1–2. OpTic achieved first place this time around. They went 0–2 in the first day of competition but his team managed to bounce back and with their other two games in pool play on the second day of competition. On Championship Sunday OpTic beat a young team called Stunner Gaming 3–1 in the grand finals.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: OpTic was one of twelve teams to qualify for Pro League Season 1, the others being Prophecy, FaZe, Justus, Aware, Automatic Reload, EnVyUs, Denial, eLevate, Rise Nation, Team KaLiBeR and OpTic Nation. The Pro League ran from December 8 through February 28. OpTic Gaming went 38–6 in the MLG Season 1 "" and qualified with the number one seed for the playoffs which they completed at with a $75,000 prize pool. OpTic Gaming went into the event led by NaDeSHoT and hoped to become the first team to win a LAN tournament without dropping a map. After defeating Rise Nation 3–0, they faced off against a team of younger players in Aware Gaming, who they defeated losing only one map. However, this ruined the team's goal of being the first team to win a LAN tournament with a perfect map-win record. Following a narrow 3–2 victory over Team Kaliber in the winners bracket final, OpTic defeated Denial eSports 3–0 to win their second event in a row. This was OpTic's first win of an MLG event since winning previously at X Games during the "" season.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: At the Call of Duty Championships on March 27–29, OpTic officially announced their long-awaited sponsorship with Red Bull, following members Matt "NaDeSHoT" Haag and Michael "FlameSword" Chavez who had been individually sponsored. OpTic placed disappointingly at the event in the 7th-8th position following losses to Denial eSports in the winners bracket and FaZe Clan in the losers bracket, the former of which went on to win the event.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: On April 4, 2015, NaDeSHoT announced that he was stepping down as captain and member of the OpTic Gaming pro-team, partially due to disappointment from OpTic's CoD Championships placement. He said that he would become a full-time content creator as well as co-owner of the OpTic organization. He was replaced on the lineup by Damon "Karma" Barlow. However, Karma missed ESWC 2015 and the Gfinity Spring Masters competitions because of a pending United States citizenship application. He was replaced by Ian "Enable" Wyatt.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: In February 2019, Activision confirmed that they would be launching a city-based franchise league for Call of Duty. On July 1, 2019, Activision confirmed that Immortals Gaming Club would operate the Los Angeles spot in the newly formed league, with the spot being presented by OpTic Gaming. Additionally, the current OpTic Gaming roster will have the opportunity to sign Call of Duty League contracts adhering to the new regulations of the league.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: In September 2019 Ian “Crimsix” Porter decided to leave OpTic and become a free agent to any team participating in the 2020 Call of Duty League.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: On September 23, 2019, OpTic Gaming's Twitter page announced the signing of Eric “Muddawg” Sanders as the first GM of OpTic Gaming Los Angeles for the inaugural season of Call of Duty League in 2020.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: On January 8, 2020, they announced the signing of Jonathan “Pacman” Tucker as the new head coach via their Twitter and YouTube channel.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: On November 11, 2020, it was announced by Immortals Gaming Club and Hector Rodriguez that the latter had fully reacquired the rights to the OpTic Gaming name, thus regaining full ownership of the organization while also relinquishing his minority ownership of Immortals' League of Legends roster in the deal; that same day, it was announced that the Chicago Huntsmen, the Call of Duty League Chicago slot owned by NRG Esports, would be rebranded to OpTic Chicago, thus signifying the return of the "real OpTic" to the Call of Duty esports scene.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: OpTic Chicago's roster for the Call of Duty: Cold War season consisted of Seth "Scump" Abner, Matthew "Formal" Piper, Brandon "Dashy" Otell, and Dylan "Envoy" Hannon, Optic Valtec Haley.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: On November 8, 2021, it was announced that OpTic Gaming would be merging with their new parent company Envy Gaming to found OpTic Texas for the Call of Duty: Vanguard season. This would subsequently mark the end of OpTic Gamings partnership with NRG esports. The same date had the team announcing the roster for the upcoming CDL season which consists of the following players; Anthony "Shottzy" Cuevas-Castro, Indervir "Illey" Dhaliwal, Seth "Scump" Abner, and Brandon "Dashy" Otell.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: On June 27, 2022, Envy Gaming's Dallas Fuel transitioned to being under OpTic Gaming as a result of the merge of both organizations.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: After the merger of Envy Gaming and OpTic Gaming in 2021, OpTic took over Team Envy's "Halo" division.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: On June 27, 2022, Team Envy's roster transitioned to OpTic Gaming as a result of the merge of both organizations.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: After the merger of Envy Gaming and OpTic Gaming in 2021, OpTic took over Team Envy's "Valorant" division. After the announcement of the franchising league in Valorant, in which OpTic failed to join, FNS, yay, crashies, Victor, and Chet all announced free agency from the organization.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: Optic Gaming started its CS:GO roster by picking up the North American roster of Conquest ahead of ELEAGUE Road to Vegas, consisting of Damian "daps" Steele, William "RUSH" Wierzba, Keith "NAF" Markovic, Shazeeb "ShahZaM" Khan and Peter "stanislaw" Jarguz. The team would not disappoint winning and having the first shot at an international tournament ELEAGUE Season 1 later in the year. After the team lost to Splyce in Columbus Minor and then failed to beat Winterfox in last Chance Minor a roster move was inevitable. OpTic brought in Oscar "mixwell" Cañellas from gBots eSports Club. The Spanish FPL star replaced ShahZaM. The team's first ESL Pro League season under the OpTic banner was a success, making the Season 3 Finals and narrowly missing out on making the Playoffs losing narrowly to the eventual champions, Luminosity Gaming. Finally, OpTic's group at ELEAGUE Season 1 would materialise. The team won only a third of that which they played being knocked out in 15th-16th. The team's disappointing ELEAGUE event was not to be a norm for the roster. With the Cologne Major looming and OpTic attending the minor, a loss here could be catastrophic. Luckily OpTic won the American Minor making their way to the offline qualifier for the German-held major.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: The Americans and their lone Spaniard managed to make the major by beating FLuffy Gangsters, FlipSid3 Tactics and HellRaisers during their run at The Cologne Offline qualifier. Their major run was short with the team coming dead last managing only 4 rounds against NiP. A series of poor results where the team struggled against even their American rivals. Fractures began to emerge, stanislaw was the first to be released but was quickly brought back in replace of daps. Tarik "tarik" Celik was brought in for their replacement from Counter Logic Gaming. The team made Season 4 Finals but managed a 5th-6th losing again to the eventual champions, Cloud9. The result seemed to light a spark in the OpTic boys as their next event Northern Arena Montreal was a success. The team came second in their group making the playoffs and were tasked with taking on the Danish roster of Heroic. They beat them in a hard-fought series taking it 2–1. In the final they were faced G2. Another long battle would break out with G2 taking the first. OpTic would fight back and win Northern Arena Montreal. The team's next tournament would be Dreamhack Winter where they would lose to their American counterparts Cloud9 and finish in last place. ELEAGUE Season 2 which they qualified for a few months earlier was the next international tournament. After the dismal performance in Sweden the team needed to bounce back on home soil down in Atlanta and rectify their results. A group with Swedish powerhouse Fnatic and EnVyUs seemed like a tough task for the boys in Green. This would not be the case as they managed to get out of their group with Dignitas. Their playoff's run was smooth beating Nikola "NiKo" Kovač's mousesports 2-0 and then defeating FaZe Clan decisively. The final was against Astralis whose recent resurgence was frightening, this was for all teams except OpTic. In a hard-fought slog OpTic managed to beat the Danes in 3 including on their home map Overpass. With $400,000 in the bank and a huge tournament win in the bag the team laid eyes on ECS Season 2 Finals. Again OpTic managed to come out of a remarkably hard group along with Astralis who were the only team to beat OpTic. Their semifinal against the Boys in Blue was quick with a succinct 2–0 victory. A grand final rematch was to be had at ECS Season 2 Finals as OpTic were to be taking on the team they beat only a week ago at ELEAGUE. Astralis dominated the Americans in two maps showing who really is the boss of Overpass taking it 16–6. OpTic made the ELEAGUE 2017 Major but again lost in the groups. stanislaw left for Team Liquid soon after. OpTic saw constant replacements from here on out with Spencer "Hiko" Martin, Ryan "fREAKAZOiD" Abadir, Jason "jasonR" Ruchelski and James "hazed" Cobb all doing their part for the roster. Luis "peacemaker" Tadeu and hazed both tried out as coaches for the team though neither of them stayed in the team or in the role long term. It was to no avail as the team only managed to win the online tournament of CyberPowerPC Extreme Gaming Series in Spring 2017. In July 2017, Chet "ImAPet" Singh joined as a coach but in August 2017, RUSH and tarik left for Cloud9, hazed was then released leaving only NAF and mixwell. The North American line up had run its course and a new line up needed to be curated.


title: OpTic Gaming

text: With NAF being placed on the transfer list, where he would later join Renegades, H3CZ decided to create a European line-up. Headlining this would be mixwell and former NiP veteran, Adam “friberg” Friberg acting as in-game leader. The roster brought in ex-FaZe AWPer Aleksi "allu" Jalli, ex-North rifler Emil "Magisk" Reif and PENTA Sports young up and comer Kevin "HS" Tarn. At the online event CyberPowerPC Extreme Gaming Series Fall 2017 they managed only a 3rd-4th place. Their online league results were promising but did not lead to LAN success. The European Boston Minor was their first LAN Event but they failed to make it to the , coming 3rd in the Minor. The team managed to win the North American Qualifier for IEM Oakland but came 5th- 6th in the main event, losing 2–0 to SK Gaming. Due to impressive online results, they showed up to Pro league Finals coming 5th-6th the same result at ECS Season 4 finals. These unsuccessful results lead to the dropping of the roster.