title: Steve Garvey

text: The home run became popular among San Diego Padres fans and was captured in a sequence of three shots by Padres team photographer Martin Mann. He was the only photographer to get a sequence of shots of the swing, and went on to sell limited edition series photos of "The Home Run", along with appearances on local television. In an interview with The San Diego Union Tribune, Martin Mann said, “It was like nothing I’ve ever seen at a baseball game. It was just a magical night. There was something about that night, I don't know what it was. It felt like something was going to happen.”


title: Steve Garvey

text: Garvey made his final appearance in a game on May 23, 1987, pinch-hitting for Lance McCullers in the ninth inning. He hit a flyout in his one appearance at the plate. In his 19-year MLB career, Garvey was a .294 hitter with 272 home runs and 1308 RBI in 2332 games played.


title: Steve Garvey

text: In his 15 years (1993–2007) on the National Baseball Hall of Fame ballot of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA), Garvey failed to reach the 75% required for induction. His highest percentage of votes was 42.6% in ; he received 21.1% in his final year on the ballot.


title: Steve Garvey

text: He was considered by the Hall of Fames's Expansion Era Committee (for the 1973–present era) in voting for and and was not elected. In 2017, he was on the 10 candidate ballot that was considered by the Hall's Modern Baseball Era Committee (for the 1970–1987 era) in voting for and fell short of the 75% threshold. In the December 2019 voting by the Modern Baseball Era's 16-member committee for the Hall of Fame class, Garvey received six votes (37.5%). The Modern Baseball Era Committee votes next in December 2023.


title: Steve Garvey

text: In 1983, Garvey started Garvey Media Group while playing for the Padres. Its strength was in sports marketing and corporate branding. In 1988, he headed Garvey Communications, mainly involved in television production including infomercials. In addition, he did motivational speaking for corporations.


title: Steve Garvey

text: Since 1990, he has served as a member of the board of the Baseball Assistance Team, a non-profit organization dedicated to helping former major league, minor league, and negro league players through financial and medical hardships.


title: Steve Garvey

text: Garvey is Irish American from his father's family. His father's roots come from County Cork, Ireland. At age 22, Garvey married Cynthia Truhan in 1971. They had two children, Krisha and Whitney. Cynthia was not very popular with most of Garvey's Dodger teammates or their wives, according to Tommy John. Cynthia left Garvey for composer Marvin Hamlisch; Garvey was already romantically involved with his secretary. Garvey and Cynthia divorced in 1983.


title: Steve Garvey

text: In July 1988, Garvey discovered that Cheryl Moulton was pregnant with his child, Ashleigh. Despite this, Garvey proposed to Rebecka Mendenhall in November 1988, telling Mendenhall about Moulton at the time of the proposal. Mendenhall learned that she was pregnant that January. Garvey broke their engagement January 1, 1989, on a phone call. Garvey and Mendenhall had been in a relationship since 1986. Their only child, Slade, was born in October 1989.


title: Steve Garvey

text: In January 1989, Garvey became engaged to Candace Thomas, whom he met at a benefit for the Special Olympics. Over the next few weeks, Garvey and Thomas began a courtship that included trips to the inauguration of President George H. W. Bush and the Super Bowl. Garvey, in the midst of what he termed a "midlife disaster", sued his ex-wife Cyndy for access to his two children. His daughters testified in court that they did not wish to see him. Under the shadow of multiple lawsuits, Garvey lost business opportunities and paid half his monthly television earnings in child support.


title: Steve Garvey

text: Garvey and Candace were married on February 18, 1989. They have three children together, Sean, Olivia and Ryan Garvey, and four from previous marriages, Taylor Abess, Shaunna Thomas Butler, Whitney Garvey, and Krisha Neither. Garvey resides in Los Angeles and Palm Desert, California.


title: Steve Garvey

text: On September 1, 2000, Garvey and his management company, Garvey Management Group, were charged by the Federal Trade Commission in the United States District Court for the Central District of California for false advertising related to a weight-loss product. In 2004, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that Garvey was not liable for the content of the infomercials as he was merely a spokesman. He had earned $1.1 million for appearing in the advertisements.


title: Julia McKenzie

text: Julia Kathleen Nancy McKenzie (born 17 February 1941) is an English actress, singer, presenter, and theatre director. She has premièred leading roles written by both Alan Ayckbourn and Stephen Sondheim. On television, she is known for her BAFTA Award nominated role as Hester Fields in the sitcom "Fresh Fields" (1984–1986) and its sequel "French Fields" (1989–1991), and as Miss Marple in "Agatha Christie's Marple" (2009–2013).


title: Julia McKenzie

text: McKenzie has also starred in numerous musicals, receiving a 1977 Tony Award nomination for her work in the Broadway revue, "Side by Side by Sondheim". A six-time Olivier Award nominee, she has twice won the Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical; for the 1982 revival of "Guys and Dolls" and the 1993 revival of Stephen Sondheim's "". She also starred in the original London productions of the Sondheim musicals "Follies" (1987) and "Into the Woods" (1990). Her film appearances include "Bright Young Things" (2003) and "Notes on a Scandal" (2006).


title: Julia McKenzie

text: McKenzie was born on 17 February 1941, in Enfield, Middlesex, England, the daughter of Kathleen Rowe and Albion McKenzie. She attended Woodside High School.


title: Julia McKenzie

text: McKenzie's early West End musical credits include "Maggie May" (1966), "Mame" (1969), and "Company" (1971). She appeared in the West End revue "Side by Side by Sondheim" in 1976, and made her Broadway debut when the show transferred to New York in 1977, receiving a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. She also received a Drama Desk Award nomination. For her role as Miss Adelaide in the 1982 West End revival of "Guys and Dolls", she won the first of two Olivier Awards for Best Actress in a Musical.


title: Julia McKenzie

text: For her role in the 1986 West End production of the Alan Ayckbourn play "Woman in Mind", McKenzie won the Evening Standard Award for Best Actress. She went on to appear in the original West End productions of two Sondheim musicals, playing Sally in "Follies" at the Shaftesbury Theatre in 1987, and the Witch in "Into the Woods" at the Phoenix Theatre in 1990. She continued her association with Stephen Sondheim when she starred as Mrs Lovett in the 1993 London revival of "". The role won her a second Olivier Award in 1994.


title: Julia McKenzie

text: McKenzie appeared in a National Theatre 80th birthday tribute to Lord Olivier, "Happy Birthday, Sir Larry", on 31 May 1987 in the presence of Olivier himself.


title: Julia McKenzie

text: McKenzie’s early television credits include the sitcom "Maggie and Her" (1978–1979), alongside Irene Handl and "That Beryl Marston...!" (1981), with Gareth Hunt. She went on to greater popularity with British viewers as Hester in the 1980s sitcom "Fresh Fields" opposite Anton Rodgers, and its 1990s sequel "French Fields", for which she was voted TV Times Favourite Female Comedy Performance for five consecutive years. The role also earned her a 1985 BAFTA nomination for Best Entertainment Performance. She appeared as Mrs Forthby in "Blott on the Landscape" and as a villager involved in a series of murders in an episode of "Midsomer Murders". Film credits include "Hotel du Lac" (1986), "Shirley Valentine" (1989), "Bright Young Things" (2003), "These Foolish Things" (2006) and "Notes on a Scandal" (2006). She has also made several appearances in BBC TV's long running variety show, The Good Old Days.


title: Julia McKenzie

text: She was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in 1981 when she was surprised by Eamonn Andrews outside the Royalty Theatre in London.


title: Julia McKenzie

text: In 2007, she was reunited with Anton Rodgers (again as a husband and wife team) in the ITV comedy "You Can Choose Your Friends". Also in 2007, she co-starred with Michael Gambon and Judi Dench in the BBC One costume drama series "Cranford", playing Mrs. Forrester, a military widow of slender means, very attached to her cow Bessie.


title: Julia McKenzie

text: In 2008, she was announced as the replacement for Geraldine McEwan as ITV's Miss Marple. She noted: "It’s difficult because Agatha Christie wrote her in two ways ... First, very much what Geraldine McEwan played: a slight, rather Victorian creature. Then, a little sturdier and tweedier. I chose the latter. A lot of people say they don’t like the tweedier version. But they’re both genuine." Also, she said: "Just about everybody in the world knows about Miss Marple and has an opinion of what she should be like, so I’m under no illusions about the size of the task ahead." McKenzie's first series of Marple comprised "A Pocket Full of Rye", "Murder Is Easy", "They Do It with Mirrors" and "Why Didn't They Ask Evans?". The second series of the show, which aired in 2010, included "The Pale Horse," "The Secret of Chimneys," "The Blue Geranium," and "The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side". A sixth series, including adaptations of "A Caribbean Mystery", "Greenshaw's Folly" and "Endless Night", began filming in September 2012 and was broadcast in 2013.


title: Julia McKenzie

text: On 26 December 2013, McKenzie appeared as the title character in the film adaption of David Walliams' book "Gangsta Granny". In February 2015, McKenzie appeared as Shirley Mollison in the BBC mini series "The Casual Vacancy".


title: Julia McKenzie

text: She is a radio performer with a long list of credits, including "Blithe Spirit", "The Country Wife" and "A Room with a View". As a director she has staged "Stepping Out", "Peter Pan", "Hey, Mr. Producer!", "Steel Magnolias", "Putting It Together" and "A Little Night Music".


title: Julia McKenzie

text: Throughout the early mid 2000s she played Ariadne Oliver in radio adaptations of Agatha Christie novels starring John Moffatt as Hercule Poirot; one such novel was "Elephants Can Remember".


title: Julia McKenzie

text: McKenzie also lent her voice to several animated works for Martin Gates Productions including three films "The Snow Queen", "Jack and the Beanstalk" and "The Snow Queen's Revenge" and the TV series "Bimble's Bucket".


title: Julia McKenzie

text: In 2018, McKenzie was cast as The Twelve in a Big Finish production "The Eighth Doctor – Time War 2".


title: Julia McKenzie

text: McKenzie is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to members of parliament in 2015 to oppose Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004.


title: Julia McKenzie

text: McKenzie was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2018 New Year Honours for services to drama.


title: Chickenfoot

text: Chickenfoot is an American hard rock supergroup formed in 2008. The group consists of vocalist Sammy Hagar (ex-Van Halen and -Montrose), bassist Michael Anthony (also ex-Van Halen), guitarist Joe Satriani, and drummer Chad Smith (Red Hot Chili Peppers). Due to Smith's consistent recording and touring commitments with the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Kenny Aronoff joined the group in 2011 as a touring replacement drummer. While the band has not formally announced a breakup, in June 2016 Smith said that he had doubts about its survival due to their busy schedules.


title: Chickenfoot

text: Bassist Michael Anthony asserts that the name originated from initial jam sessions between Hagar, Smith, and himself: "there are three talons on a chicken's foot and there are three of us." Anthony later stated: "it was just supposed to be a bullshit name that we'd used for a while, and then [when] the rumors spread about the band, everybody used that name so we thought, 'fuck it, let's call it Chickenfoot'—it all comes down to the music anyway." Chickenfoot's second studio album, "Chickenfoot III", was released on September 27, 2011.


title: Chickenfoot

text: According to vocalist Sammy Hagar: "Chickenfoot started off with me, Michael Anthony, and Chad Smith jamming at my club, Cabo Wabo, in Mexico. Then people started asking us when we were going to tour, make a record, etc. So I said if we're going to do this properly then we're going to have to get a guitarist, so let's talk to Joe Satriani. As far as I'm concerned he's the best guitarist in the world." Hagar, Anthony and Satriani had previously collaborated in 2002 under the name Planet Us. The band also appeared in an episode of "Aqua Teen Hunger Force".


title: Chickenfoot

text: The band's first performance together was in February 2008 at a Hagar concert in The Pearl Concert Theatre @ The Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas. The show included a three song set which included Led Zeppelin's "Rock and Roll", Traffic's "Dear Mr. Fantasy" and "Going Down", a song often performed by Hagar and Anthony in their other band, Los Tres Gusanos.


title: Chickenfoot

text: During breaks in Satriani's touring schedule, the four-piece gathered in Hagar's home to record demos, and ultimately recorded a full-length album at Skywalker Sound. The band's eponymous debut album, "Chickenfoot", was released on June 4, 2009. On its release date, Chickenfoot performed the single "Oh Yeah!" on "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien". Chickenfoot subsequently began touring in Europe and America.


title: Chickenfoot

text: In October 2009, Smith reconvened with the Red Hot Chili Peppers to begin work on their tenth studio album, ultimately causing Chickenfoot to enter a temporary hiatus. Despite this, the band still appeared on television once more to perform "Sexy Little Thing" and "Oh Yeah" on the November 6, 2009 broadcast of "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" (taped November 5).


title: Chickenfoot

text: On May 6, 2010, Chad Smith confirmed that Chickenfoot would be recording their second album in late 2010 after he completes the recording of the next Red Hot Chili Peppers album. Around the same time, Satriani confirmed that a number of songs had been written, including one called "Come Closer", which began simply as a piano and vocal number.


title: Chickenfoot

text: On September 3, 2010, Chickenfoot announced that they were preparing to record their second album. On January 21, 2011, Michael Anthony confirmed that the band would enter the studio on January 29, 2011, along with Chad Smith, who recorded the drums for the album. On March 11, 2011, Hagar confirmed that the band had been recording with Mike Fraser, a Canadian producer, engineer, and mixer. He also confirmed that they had 12 songs, and the official title for the new album is "Chickenfoot III" (three). Hagar said "It's the working title, but I guarantee it'll stick." "Chickenfoot III" was announced to be released in fall 2011 with the album cover being in 3-D. Hagar also stated the band were planning to do a third, fourth, and greatest hits albums sometime in the future.


title: Chickenfoot

text: On July 6, 2011, it was announced that the band signed a new distribution deal with eOne Music in North America. On July 8, 2011, the band posted a teaser of one of their new songs online with this message: "Attention Foot Soldiers... Get Your Boots On".


title: Chickenfoot

text: Chad Smith did not take part in the promotion or touring of "Chickenfoot III" due to his prior commitments to the Red Hot Chili Peppers, whose album "I'm with You" was released on August 30, 2011, and the album's subsequent tour. Satriani later stated that Kenny Aronoff would likely take over the drumming duties from Smith for the tour promoting the second album, and this was confirmed on August 27.


title: Chickenfoot

text: On September 27, for the release of "III", the band played a live concert via webcast from TRI Studios in California. A fan Q&A followed the performance. They also played a show at the Cabo Wabo Cantina in Mexico on October 9, 2011. The 2012 "Different Devil" summer US tour started on May 4 in South Lake Tahoe, and included at least 20 dates. It was announced on August 28, 2012, that since Chickenfoot's former record label went out of business, and the debut album couldn't be found anywhere, they are re-releasing the debut album with eOne music with bonus live tracks "Lighten Up", "Big Foot", "Last Temptation", and "Something Going Wrong", recorded during the Different Devil tour of Spring 2012. On November 30, 2012, Chickenfoot's first live album "LV" was released as part of the limited edition box set "I+III+LV" paired with their first and second album in their "Limited Edition" releases. On December 7, 2012, "LV" saw a release on its own.


title: Chickenfoot

text: In a "Rolling Stone" interview released in October 2014, Hagar stated that although he had enjoyed working with the group, disappointing album sales probably precluded a third Chickenfoot studio album. Satriani also has made similar comments about album sales being a factor that has prevented them from continuing quickly.


title: Chickenfoot

text: In September 2015, Joe Satriani confirmed that the band were working on a new song with possibly more to come: "I think all my complaining and foot stomping really had an effect, because it was really bothering me and I still, philosophically, just felt like there was a really big disconnect there between me and some of the other members of Chickenfoot". He went on to add "and I can happily tell you now that there is a track that is circulating through the band". There was no time line given for the release of the new music, but according to Satriani "there's hope".


title: Chickenfoot

text: The band briefly reunited for two shows on May 7 and 8, 2016 at Harrah's Showroom at South Lake Tahoe. During the show, the band debuted a song titled "Divine Termination".


title: Chickenfoot

text: Chad Smith discussed the future of Chickenfoot in a June 2016 interview with "Rolling Stone". He was asked if Chickenfoot was ever going to tour again, to which he replied "We just played a few weeks ago up in Tahoe, but everyone has different things going on. Sam [Hagar] has his own thing with Mike [Anthony] and Joe [Satriani] is on his own tour. We really enjoy playing together, but with my schedule I don't see us playing too much. I would love to make some new music with those guys, but we'd have to be in the same room at the same time. I just don't know. It's up in the air. I love playing with those guys, though. It's a real treat."


title: Chickenfoot

text: Hagar shared his plans for the band in November 2017, during an appearance on the "Trunk Nation" show on SiriusXM channel Volume: "Joe and I have been talking, when he finishes his [solo] tour next June, if he has enough time and if Chad's available, about doing another Chickenfoot record. And if they can't do it, if we can't all get together, then I'm gonna do a Circle record. It's gonna be one or the other. Those are my two favorite bands in the world. And I would like to do a Circle record."


title: Al Swearengen

text: Ellis Alfred Swearengen (July 8, 1845 – November 15, 1904) was an American pimp and entertainment entrepreneur who ran the Gem Theater, a notorious brothel, in Deadwood, South Dakota, for 22 years during the late 19th century.


title: Al Swearengen

text: Swearengen (sometimes spelled Swearingen, Swearengin, Swearngir, Swegen, etc.) and his twin brother Lemuel were the eldest two of eight children of Dutch American farmer Daniel J. Swearingen and Keziah "Katie" Montgomery of Oskaloosa, Iowa. Swearengen remained at home well into his adult years and only arrived in Deadwood in May 1876, with his wife, Nettie Swearengen. Nettie later divorced him on the grounds of spousal abuse. Swearengen married two more times; both of these marriages ended in divorce.


title: Al Swearengen

text: Swearengen originally owned and operated a canvas-and-lumber saloon in Deadwood known as the Cricket, which featured gambling and hosted prizefights. Shortly afterward, he closed it down and opened a larger saloon known as the Gem Theater.


title: Al Swearengen

text: The Gem functioned as a saloon, dance hall, and brothel. Swearengen lured desperate young women to Deadwood, then forced them into prostitution through a combination of bullying and physical brutality committed by him and his henchmen. Calamity Jane, who was one of his first dancers at the Gem, procured 10 girls from Sidney, Nebraska for him on one occasion.


title: Al Swearengen

text: The results were highly lucrative: the Gem earned a nightly average of $5,000, and sometimes as much as $10,000 (). The Gem burned down on September 26, 1879, along with much of the town, but Swearengen rebuilt his establishment larger and more opulent than ever, to great public acclaim.


title: Al Swearengen

text: Swearengen's talent for making canny alliances and financial payoffs kept him insulated from the general drive to clean up Deadwood, including the otherwise successful work of Seth Bullock, the town's first sheriff.


title: Al Swearengen

text: In 1899, the Gem burned down once again and was not rebuilt. The same year, Swearengen left Deadwood and married Odelia Turgeon.


title: Al Swearengen

text: It is often reported that Swearengen died penniless while trying to hop a freight train, but research suggests he was murdered. According to his rediscovered obituary and contemporaneous newspaper accounts, Swearengen was found dead in the middle of a suburban Denver street on November 15, 1904, apparently of a massive head wound. Less than two months earlier, his twin brother Lemuel had been shot by unknown assailants and survived, although suspiciously was not robbed.


title: Al Swearengen

text: From 2004 to 2006, the television series "Deadwood" depicted Swearengen as a powerful and influential figure in the early history of the town, ruthlessly murderous and abusive, but ultimately guiding it toward its development and annexation to the Dakota Territory once he comes to see this course as fitting his best interests. The series altered Swearengen to be English-born, and also changed his first name to Albert. The English actor Ian McShane won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Drama in 2005 for his portrayal of Swearengen. He was also nominated that year for Emmy and Screen Actors Guild Awards, and "TV Guide" named him #6 in its 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. The series also altered timelines; it shows the Gem (historically opened in April 1877) as a going concern during the famous events of August 1876.


title: Al Swearengen

text: McShane reprised his role of Swearengen in "" (2019), which takes place in 1889, 10 years after the series ended, and abandons any link to history.


title: OK Go

text: OK Go is an American rock band originally from Chicago, Illinois, now based in Los Angeles, California. The band is composed of Damian Kulash (lead vocals, guitar), Tim Nordwind (bass guitar and vocals), Dan Konopka (drums and percussion), and Andy Ross (guitar, keyboards and vocals), who joined them in 2005, replacing Andy Duncan. The band is known for its quirky and elaborate music videos which are often filmed in one take.


title: OK Go

text: The original members formed as OK Go in 1998 and released two studio albums before Duncan's departure. The band's video for "Here It Goes Again" won a Grammy Award for Best Music Video in 2007.


title: OK Go

text: The band's lead singer, Damian Kulash, met bassist Tim Nordwind at Interlochen Arts Camp near Traverse City, Michigan, when they were 11. The band name comes from an inside joke developed at Interlochen; they had an often high art teacher who would repeatedly say, "OK... Go!" while they were drawing. They kept in touch after camp, often exchanging mixtapes which influenced each others' musical tastes and the band's future sound. They met the band's future guitarist and keyboardist Andy Duncan in high school. Nordwind and Duncan moved to Chicago for college, and, with drummer Dan Konopka, formed the band Stanley's Joyful Noise. After graduating from Brown University, Kulash moved to Chicago. The quartet formed OK Go with the name being "an obvious choice for us" according to Nordwind.


title: OK Go

text: The band marketed themselves aggressively, putting up posters all around Chicago and touring heavily. Within a year the group had shared the stage with international artists such as Elliott Smith, the Promise Ring, the Olivia Tremor Control and Sloan. At the end of 2000, the band was invited by radio host Ira Glass to serve as the house band for live performances of "This American Life". Glass also helped the band creatively after asking Kulash the question, "Do you see yourselves as being earnest or clever?" Kulash struggled with the question before deciding that the answer was "earnest." "I wanted to write a full-on rock song, one that made me feel like Queen songs made me feel," after which he wrote Get Over It.


title: OK Go

text: The band self-released two EPs, titled "Brown EP" (2000) and "Pink EP" (2001), which were culled from an album's worth of songs recorded in February 2000 with producer Dave Trumfio, to serve as demos. The demos did not land the band a label deal, but got them the attention of booking agent Frank Riley, who offered them shows with They Might Be Giants, a relationship that led to OK Go opening for the band numerous times during this period. OK Go was introduced to the band's manager by Giants' singer John Flansburgh, who had initially wanted to co-manage the group himself. In 2001 the group moved to Los Angeles, although they considered their Chicago roots important even a decade later.


title: OK Go

text: Though the band had offers from bigger labels, they signed to Capitol Records in April 2001 believing that, as the first signing by newly hired label president Andy Slater, they would get more attention and support.


title: OK Go

text: The band released its debut album, "OK Go", on September 17, 2002, after it was pushed back by the label from its original June release date. The album was recorded at the Capitol Studios in Los Angeles and, though the original plan was to do minor tweaks to the original demos, the band ended up rerecording everything and adding five new songs, including the first single "Get Over It," which later appeared in "Triple Play Baseball," "Madden NFL 2003," and "Guitar Hero 5" video games. To promote the release, the label sent out miniature ping pong tables to press outlets, a reference to the "Get Over It" video directed by Francis Lawrence. In support of the album, the band toured with a diverse group of acts including the Vines, Phantom Planet, Superdrag, the Donnas, Fountains of Wayne, and Mew, and played a number of festival shows including Leeds in 2002 and 2003, and NoisePop, Reading, Witnness, and T in the Park in 2003.


title: OK Go

text: In the United States, the album reached #1 on the "Billboard" Heatseekers Chart and #107 on the "Billboard" 200 Chart. In the United Kingdom, the first single "Get Over It" debuted at no. 27, in the UK singles chart on March 16, 2003, and the band performed it on that week's edition of "Top of the Pops". Also that week, the single's video was named video of the week by "Q magazine".


title: OK Go

text: The band's second album, "Oh No", was recorded in Malmö, Sweden, in the fall of 2004 and was produced by Tore Johansson (the Cardigans, Franz Ferdinand) and mixed by Dave Sardy (Nine Inch Nails, Jet, System of a Down). After recording, in February 2005, Andy Duncan left the band citing creative differences, major label pressures, and the band's rigorous touring schedule. Duncan was replaced by Andy Ross, who won the job over thirty-four other guitarists who auditioned for the role, in a process that ended with each candidate being asked about his or her willingness to do a choreographed dance on stage. Ross introduced himself to the band's fans by writing a blog entitled "The Will To Rock," in which he detailed life on the road beginning with his first show with the band on February 18, 2005.


title: OK Go

text: The album was released in August 2005. "Oh No" gained popularity for its first single, "A Million Ways". Guitarist Andy Ross invented, designed and programmed a web application hosted at a1000000ways.com which allowed people to hear the single and to share it with their friends in exchange for free downloads from the iTunes music store. The video for "A Million Ways" featured the band in a backyard performing a dance choreographed by lead singer Kulash's sister, Trish Sie. By August 2006, the video had become the most downloaded music video ever with over 9 million downloads. The band performed the dance live on British TV show "Soccer AM", as well as on the late-night American comedy show "Mad TV". The US version of the album includes "9027 km", a 35-minute track of lead singer Damian Kulash's girlfriend sleeping that is not listed on the album art. Fans speculated that the track's name is derived from the distance between Los Angeles, California, and Malmö, Sweden, where the album was recorded and that the track was included to prevent the band's label from using the extra space for digital rights management (DRM) software. On December 6, 2005, Kulash published an op-ed piece in "The New York Times" advocating against record labels' use of DRM software.


title: OK Go

text: In support of "Oh No", the band toured extensively, sharing dates with bands such as Death Cab For Cutie, Panic! at the Disco, Kaiser Chiefs, and Snow Patrol, as well as a slew of special performances including free shows on New Year's Eve in New York City's Times Square and in the parking lot before the University of Michigan vs Michigan State University football game, and festivals such as the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, Bennicassim in Spain, Formoz Festival in Taiwan, Summer Sonic in Japan, and Incheon Pentaport in South Korea.


title: OK Go

text: On November 7, 2006, after the success of the "Here It Goes Again" video, the band released a deluxe DVD version of the album. The DVD contains a documentary on the making of the album, the four official Capitol Records videos, a video of the band's appearance on "Chic-a-Go-Go", a 'super cut' of the hundreds of fan versions of the "A Million Ways" dance, a behind-the-scenes video of the making of the "Here It Goes Again", rehearsals for the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards, an acoustic performance of "What to Do," a video for "There's A Fire" featuring video game characters, a dance booth version of "Don't Ask Me," and live versions of "Do What You Want" and "You're So Damn Hot."


title: OK Go

text: After visiting New Orleans in 2007, the band returned to record an EP with New Orleans funk rock band Bonerama and producer Mark Nevers, to raise money for musicians who were still displaced by the 2005 Hurricane Katrina. The EP, entitled "You're Not Alone", was released on Mardi Gras, February 5, 2008. The title is taken from a line in David Bowie's "Rock 'n' Roll Suicide," a cover of which appears on the EP, along with renditions of Bob Dylan's "I Shall Be Released" and three songs from "Oh No." The EP was sold exclusively through iTunes and raised over $40,000, which helped buy a new home for New Orleans musician Al "Carnival Time" Johnson in the Musicians Village. Johnson, who sings on "I Will Be Released," the final song on the EP, moved into his new home in December 2008. In support of the EP, OK Go and Bonearama played two benefit shows, one on January 11, 2008, at Tipitina's in New Orleans, and the other on February 2, 2008, at the 9:30 Club in Washington DC, which was streamed live by NPR and featured on a subsequent NPR podcast.


title: OK Go

text: On October 12, 2008, OK Go announced that the members had finished writing new songs for its third album and were in the studios in upstate New York with producer Dave Fridmann (the Flaming Lips, MGMT). The band previewed its third album, titled "Of the Blue Colour of the Sky", on a short sling of dates on the East Coast of the United States that March, starting in Philadelphia on March 6, 2009, at the TLA Theatre. The name of the album comes from a pseudo-scientific book written by Augustus Pleasonton in 1876 entitled "The Influence of the Blue Ray of the Sunlight and of the Blue Colour of the Sky". The members of the band have stated that these songs are the "danciest, most anthemic, most heartbroken, and honest songs" of their career, and the album itself takes a much more funky, dance-prone, yet melancholy sound to it, drawing influence from Prince. On May 7, 2009, a song from the album, titled "Skyscrapers," was released for streaming online. The first single, "WTF?", was released on November 17, 2009. On January 8, 2010, OK Go appeared on "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien" and performed a song from the album, "This Too Shall Pass". "Of the Blue Colour of the Sky" was released on January 12, 2010.


title: OK Go

text: After the first two videos for "Of the Blue Colour of the Sky" were posted to YouTube in 2009, the band was quickly met with complaints from fans who were only able to view them on YouTube. In response, Kulash posted a long letter on the band's website explaining the record label's policies. The letter itself went viral, after being reprinted in Gizmodo, cited as "required reading" on BoingBoing, and excerpted on many other websites. At the end of the letter, Kulash included embed codes for the band's most recent video in direct opposition to the desires of the label. On February 20, 2010, the New York Times printed an Op-Ed in which Kulash furthered the arguments he made in his open letter.


title: OK Go

text: On March 9, 2010, the band uploaded a video to YouTube entitled "OK Go Announces new label," in which Kulash, accompanied by two dogs in neckties, announces the creation of Paracadute. On March 10, 2010, the band announced it had cut ties with EMI and Capitol and formed the independent label Paracadute. The split became official on April 1, 2010. Paracadute then assumed ownership of the album, "Of the Blue Colour of the Sky", though the band's first two albums, "OK Go" and "Oh No" remained catalog items of EMI. That night OK Go performed a single from its newly independent record on Late Night with Jimmy Kimmel. Now charting its own destiny as an independent entity, the band has attempted to plot a new course for itself, as Kulash puts it: "We're trying to be a DIY [do-it-yourself] band in a post-major label world."


title: OK Go

text: The first wholly new release on the band's label "Paracadute Recordings" was "180/365", a live album recorded over several shows in 2010, mixed by producer David Fridmann, and released on June 21, 2011. The album title refers to the number of concerts the band played in the course of one year. A stream of the album premiered on the technology website Mashable before its official street date.<ref name="180/365/mashable"></ref> To celebrate the release, the band printed and sold two hundred signed copies of "180/365: The Book", a limited edition book of tour photographs by Nathaniel Wood which was made available only to purchasers of the album. The album was sold digitally and on CD in six-panel eco-friendly "Tron Pack" packaging from Norway.


title: OK Go

text: In July 2012, the band partnered with the Humble Bundle for a pay-what-you-will release of the remix collection "Twelve Remixes Of Four Songs", alongside titles from MC Frontalot, They Might Be Giants, Christopher Tin, Hitoshi Sakimoto, and Jonathan Coulton.


title: OK Go

text: The band's most successful example of its new business model was a partnership with State Farm Insurance at a point when the company was looking to tap into a younger audience by creating a piece of interesting digital content. The collaboration resulted in a music video for "This Too Shall Pass" featuring a large Rube Goldberg machine built in a warehouse. Released on March 1, 2010, the video quickly went viral, with 1.4 million YouTube views in the first 48 hours and over 50 million total views . Since the "This Too Shall Pass" Rube Goldberg Machine video, OK Go has employed a similar brand partnership model in projects with Range Rover, Yahoo, Cisco, Samsung, Google Chrome, Jose Cuervo, and Chevrolet.


title: OK Go

text: In December 2012, OK Go released a collection of rare songs, B-sides and covers called "Twelve Days of OK Go". The collection was released for free on the band's website and includes covers of songs by the Beatles, They Might Be Giants, the Kinks, Adam and the Ants, and Pixies.


title: OK Go

text: Following "Twelve Days of OK Go", in January 2013 the band announced "Twelve Months of OK Go", a free long form release of new and rare recordings, B-sides, and covers distributed one song per month through the band's email list and free mp3 web store. The collection includes covers of songs by the Breeders, the Specials, and Nelly. In March 2013, OK Go released a new single "I'm Not Through" through "Twelve Months of OK Go" and in partnership with advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi for The Saatchi & Saatchi Music Video Challenge.


title: OK Go

text: On April 3, 2013, OK Go announced on its YouTube channel that the band was in the process of recording its fourth album.


title: OK Go

text: On May 6, 2014, OK Go announced that its fourth studio album, "Hungry Ghosts", would be released in October 2014. The album was made available for pre-order on the direct-to-fan platform, PledgeMusic. The first official single, "The Writing's on the Wall" was released on June 17, 2014, along with a music video that had reached over one million views within a day.


title: OK Go

text: On October 14, 2014, "Hungry Ghosts" was released. Since then, the Pledge Music campaign has stopped. A music video for "I Won't Let You Down" was released on October 27, 2014. In its first two weeks, the video hit 12 million views on YouTube. The video features a cameo from the J-pop band Perfume (see Other appearances).


title: OK Go

text: The video for "Upside Down & Inside Out" was released on February 11, 2016, where the band perform the song while moving about in microgravity, with the aid of a reduced-gravity aircraft provided by the Russian S7 Airlines.


title: OK Go

text: On July 20, 2016, OK Go released "I Don't Understand You," a stand-alone single that was a collaboration with Perfume.


title: OK Go

text: On November 24, 2016, OK Go released the music video for "The One Moment", featuring multiple seemingly unconnected events filmed in the span of a few seconds. The video is then slowed down to reveal each action being played in perfect synchronization with the song.


title: OK Go

text: On November 23, 2017, OK Go released the music video for "Obsession." 567 printers were used to create a multicolored backdrop in the video.


title: OK Go

text: In early 2020, during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Kulash and his wife fell ill with the 2019 novel coronavirus. After his recovery, while the band members were following stay-at-home orders at their individual homes, they wrote and recorded "All Together Now" and filmed a video for it over two months as a tribute to the healthcare workers battling the infection. The song and video were released on May 12, 2020, with proceeds going to Partners in Health. In early 2021, the band released an acoustic cover of "This Will Be Our Year" by The Zombies, which they also covered in 2004. The band has also uploaded several alternate music videos for "All Together Now" on YouTube, including various different clips sent to them by fans.


title: OK Go

text: Damian Kulash once stated in a livestream that he has been working on some new music, but not specifically in an album form. Kulash also hinted in an interview that he might do another video in zero gravity for a future song similarly to "Upside Down and Inside Out."


title: OK Go

text: OK Go has earned considerable fame for the band's creative and often low-budget music videos, most of which have been promoted through Internet video sharing sites like YouTube. Many of these have become viral videos; the 2006 video for "Here It Goes Again", in which the band performed a complex routine with the aid of motorized treadmills, received over 50 million views on YouTube within four years. The band's video for "Needing/Getting", released February 5, 2012, in partnership with Chevrolet, debuted during Super Bowl XLVI and has over 47 million views on YouTube. Samuel Bayer, who produced many music videos in the 1990s, asserted that OK Go's promotion of music videos on the Internet was akin to Nirvana's ushering in the grunge movement. Many of the videos also use long or single-shot takes, which "Salon"s Matt Zoller Seitz claims "restore[s] a sense of wonder to the musical number by letting the performers' humanity shine through and allowing them to do their thing with a minimum of filmmaking interference". The success of OK Go's music first won the band the 14th Annual Webby Special Achievement Award for Film and Video Artist of the Year. The video for "This Too Shall Pass" was named both "Video of the Year" and "Best Rock Video" at the 3rd annual UK Music Video Awards. "This Too Shall Pass" won the LA Film Fest's Audience Award for Best Music Video, UK MVA Awards – Music Video of the Year Winner 2010, among others.


title: OK Go

text: The band has worked with directors including Francis Lawrence, Olivier Gondry (brother of Michel Gondry), Brian L. Perkins, Scott Keiner, and Todd Sullivan. The videos have been screened and displayed at museums, art galleries, and film festivals around the world including the Guggenheim Museum, the Museum of the Moving Image, the Edinburgh International Film Festival, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Los Angeles Film Festival, and the Saatchi & Saatchi New Director's Showcase.


title: OK Go

text: In 2008, Damian Kulash said that the band had not produced the music videos as part of any overt "Machiavellian" marketing campaign. "In neither case did we think, 'A-ha, this will get people to buy our records.' It has always been our position that the reason you wind up in a rock band is you want to make stuff. You want to do creative things for a living." On the release of the band's video for "The Writing's on the Wall" in 2014, Kulash explained to "Rolling Stone" that the band continued to make such quirky videos following their success after "Here It Goes Again" because the band worried about being considered a one-hit wonder: "We could go in two directions: We could either try to out-cool it – try to out-run it like Radiohead did with 'Creep' – or just embrace it and go, OK, what really worked here."


title: OK Go

text: "Get Over It" is featured in the EA Sports video games "Triple Play 2002" and "Madden NFL 2003", while a censored version of "Don't Ask Me" is featured in "MVP Baseball 2003" and as background to the transitions in the British TV show The Inbetweeners.


title: OK Go

text: Also, "Here It Goes Again" was featured in "Rock Band", "Guitar Hero 5" and "SSX on Tour"; while "Do What You Want" was featured in a back to school television campaign for J. C. Penney and the video games EA Sports "NHL 06", "", and "Burnout Revenge". "Invincible" was a theme song for ABC's "Saturday Night Football" for the 2006 season. The band's song "A Million Ways" was featured in "Band Hero".


title: OK Go

text: The band contributed a cover of the Zombies "This Will Be Our Year" as the lead track of "Future Soundtrack for America", a political benefit album put out by Barsuk Records in the fall of 2004. Lead singer Damian Kulash wrote a how-to-guide entitled "How Your Band Can Fire Bush" for bands hoping to help unseat President George W. Bush.


title: OK Go

text: After visiting New Orleans in 2006, the band recorded an EP with New Orleans funk rock band Bonerama, to raise money for musicians who were still displaced by the 2005 Hurricane Katrina. The EP, entitled "You're Not Alone", was released on February 5, 2008.


title: OK Go

text: In 2007, OK Go wrote the fight song for a Chicago soccer team, Chicago Fire S.C. The song was offered on the team's official website as a free download. Also in 2007, OK Go covered the Pixies "Gigantic" for American Laundromat Records "Dig for Fire: A Tribute to Pixies" CD.


title: OK Go

text: The band's song Do What You Want could also be heard on the in-game radio in the LucasArts published video game "". "Here It Goes Again" is also featured in the minigame Stunt Rider.


title: OK Go

text: In 2009, the band appeared as the wedding band Tastes Like Chicken in DreamWorks' "I Love You, Man" starring Paul Rudd and Jason Segel.


title: OK Go

text: In April 2010, OK Go collaborated with Brett Doar of Syyn Labs to build a speciality Rube Goldberg Machine called "The Colbert Machine" for the band's appearance on "The Colbert Report". At the end of the episode, the band performed "This Too Shall Pass" with host Stephen Colbert singing lead vocals. Later that year, the OK Go song "Here It Goes Again" was included in the soundtrack for the children's film "Ramona and Beezus".


title: OK Go

text: In 2011, OK Go were featured in the meta-documentary "The Greatest Movie Ever Sold" by Morgan Spurlock with the song "The Greatest Song I Ever Heard". In the film, Damian Kulash says: "Does that mean... Hold on, if we make the theme for "The Greatest Movie Ever Sold", does that mean that we're the greatest rock band ever to write a theme song?" whereby Spurlock responds: "Absolutely."


title: OK Go

text: On May 9, 2013, the band, through its label Paracadute, released "Say The Same Thing", a collaborative word guessing game app for iOS and Android in which two players attempt to guess the same word, by finding common points between two random starting words. The app, which was created by guitarist Andy Ross during the band's down time, is based on an improv game which the band plays together while on tour. The band advertised the app by releasing a comedic video that introduces and explains the game. On May 15, 2013, "Say The Same Thing" became the 50 billionth download in Apple's App Store.


title: OK Go

text: OK Go also contributed a song to the 2015 film "Hot Tub Time Machine 2" titled, "You're a Fucking Nerd and No One Likes You."


title: OK Go

text: In February 2015, the band was featured in a segment created to help children learn colors in a premiere for "The Cookie Thief", a Sesame Street movie special.


title: OK Go

text: In March 2015, OK Go made a cameo appearance in the music video for "Pick Me Up" by Japanese electropop group Perfume, following Perfume's cameo appearance at the beginning of OK Go's "I Won't Let You Down".


title: OK Go

text: In June 2019, the band was featured in the Ripley's Believe It or Not television program on the Travel Channel, showing the making of the music video for their song "The One Moment."


title: OK Go

text: In 2021, the band recorded the theme for the Apple TV+ children's show Hello, Jack!, entitled "Try a A Little Act Of Kindness", and appeared as themselves in the last episode of season 1.


title: OK Go

text: In 2007, the band released "You're Not Alone", a charity EP whose proceeds raised money for musicians displaced by Hurricane Katrina. The successful EP, which helped purchase a home for New Orleans musician Al "Carnival Time" Johnson, was the most public example of the band's increasing interest in politics and social issues, as the campaign included promotional appearances on "Late Night with David Letterman" as well as charity concerts. Earlier examples of the band's activism include a ten-page PDF titled "How Your Band Can Fire Bush," which was written by Kulash and distributed on the band's website. Other efforts have included direct appeals to fans of the band via the band's email newsletter, auctioning themselves off on behalf of Sweet Relief Musician's Fund, and the Burrito Project in which the group enlisted fans to join them in handing out burritos to homeless people before concerts. In Chicago, the band partnered with the Inspiration Corporation, a local provider of services to the homeless. The band has played several high-profile political and charity events, including a Super Tuesday Voter Awareness show hosted by Stella in 2008, and a star-studded benefit in Los Angeles led by Frank Black, and including Weird Al, Tenacious D, and others. Lead singer Damian Kulash has written op-eds in "The New York Times" on digital rights management and net neutrality, an issue he also testified about in front of the House Judiciary Antitrust Task Force about in March 2008, and also discussed with the FCC commissioner. The day after that meeting, it was announced that the Internet would be reclassified under Title 2 of the telecommunications act — one of the band's short-term goals, which the band members nodded to in their five-word Webby acceptance speech: "Fight for Net Neutrality now."


title: OK Go

text: The band has also used the massive popularity of its videos to further its favored causes. Downloads of the "White Knuckles" video went to ASPCA and were earmarked for rural animal shelters, and the video itself ends with a call to support animal rescue. A marching band costume from "This Too Shall Pass" was auctioned off to feed the homeless and eleven of the signed Gretsch guitars and amplifiers used in "Needing/Getting" were sold to benefit the Fender Music Foundation, which provides instruments to music education programs.


title: OK Go

text: OK Go has also allowed its music on benefit albums, most notably "Dear New Orleans," a 31-song online compilation that benefits a variety of New Orleans organizations. Lyrics from the band's contribution, "Louisiana Land", reference a number of New Orleans personalities and institutions, which the "New Orleans Times-Picayune" called "indicative of just how deeply the members of OK Go waded into the local gestalt." and the "Future Soundtrack for America," a compilation released by Barsuk Records that benefited MoveOn.org and Music for America, which included OK Go's cover of "This Will Be Our Year" by The Zombies.


title: OK Go

text: On January 18, 2017, two days before Donald Trump was inaugurated as the 45th President of the United States, OK Go released a cover of the politically charged Morrissey song "Interesting Drug". The music video includes images of Trump and other prominent political figures as bad people and ends with a list of organizations the band recommends viewers support. Fans of the band had mixed reactions, prompting this status update on OK GO's Facebook page: "Morrissey Official wrote this song almost 30 years ago but it seems truer to us now than ever. The comments we’ve gotten over the past day are fascinating. We especially applaud those who disagree with us without abandoning civility or respect. You give us hope."


title: OK Go

text: In recent years, OK Go has worked on OK Go Sandbox to create music videos and educational tools with the Playful Learning Lab (a partnership with the University of St. Thomas in St. Paul, Minnesota).


title: OK Go

text: From 2002 to 2005, OK Go toured across North America and Europe on tours with the Vines, Phantom Planet, Superdrag, the Music, Fountains of Wayne, Kaiser Chiefs, the Redwalls, Brendan Benson, and She Wants Revenge.


title: OK Go

text: On October 20, 2005, OK Go appeared on "Good Morning America" to teach and perform the dance from the "A Million Ways" video.


title: OK Go

text: On December 31, 2005, the band performed surrounded by pyrotechnics and confetti on the Pontiac Garage Stage in New York City for the Times Square New Year's Eve Celebration.


title: OK Go

text: In May 2006, OK Go toured with Panic! at the Disco; in September the band toured the U.K. supporting Motion City Soundtrack before returning to the United States to tour with Death Cab for Cutie in late 2006 and Snow Patrol in Spring 2007. In Summer 2007, OK Go opened for the Fray on its North American tour.


title: OK Go

text: On February 4, 2008, OK Go headlined a fundraiser for the Barack Obama presidential campaign at Bowery Ballroom in New York City on the night before the Super Tuesday elections. The event was hosted by singer/songwriter Craig Wedren and the comedy group Stella.


title: OK Go

text: On February 23, 2008, the band performed at the release party for Ben Karlin's collection of essays "Things I've Learned From Women Who've Dumped Me" at the Steve Allen Theater in Hollywood. Lead singer Damian Kulash contributed an essay for the collection entitled "A Dog Is Not A Reason To Stay Together." Comedians Stephen Colbert, Will Forte, Andy Richter, Dan Savage, and Patton Oswalt also contributed essays to the collection.


title: OK Go

text: From 2009 to 2011, OK Go headlined an extensive tour across North America, Europe, South America, and Asia in support of "Of the Blue Colour of the Sky", including festival appearances at Kanrocksas Music Festival (Kansas City, U.S.A.), Festival Cultura Quente (Caldas de Reis, Spain), and Positivus Festival (Salacgrīva, Latvia).


title: OK Go

text: On May 6, 2010, "The Baltimore Sun" reported that OK Go was selling USB flash drives with recordings of each show on the Spring 2010 U.S. Tour


title: OK Go

text: On May 23, 2010, the band performed live underwater on stage at Maker Faire in San Mateo California. The band members' heads were each submerged in water bubbles attached to breathing apparatuses for the duration of the performance, with lead singer Damian Kulash completely submerged in a tank of water.


title: OK Go

text: On June 10, 2010, the band was the surprise musical guest at Apple Inc.'s 2010 World Wide Developers Conference.


title: OK Go

text: In October 2010, OK Go performed acoustic versions of "White Knuckles", "Here It Goes Again", and "This Too Shall Pass", along with a handbell version of "Return", at the Poptech! Conference in Camden, ME.


title: OK Go

text: On November 17, 2010, OK Go visited the "Today Show" for a special "Today Goes Viral" series and helped hosts Ann Curry, Meredith Vieira, Matt Lauer, and Al Roker create a stop motion video set to "White Knuckles." In the video, the hosts were enclosed in glass containers filled with brightly colored ping pong balls.


title: OK Go

text: On November 27, 2010, OK Go joined the "Yo Gabba Gabba!" Party In My City tour for a special guest performance at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles.


title: OK Go

text: On June 23, 2011, the band gave a free concert at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, to celebrate the 14th anniversary of the Millennium Stage. During the show, the band performed "Return" on handbells. In advance of the performance, the Kennedy Center invited 15 Twitter followers and guests to film the show, in order to produce the organization's first crowd-sourced concert video.


title: OK Go

text: On August 3, 2011, OK Go performed at Barack Obama's 50th birthday party, along with musicians Jennifer Hudson and Herbie Hancock at the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago.


title: OK Go

text: On August 10, 2011, the band did a live television performance of the dance the members created with Pilobolus for their "All Is Not Lost" interactive video on the NBC show America's Got Talent


title: OK Go

text: On January 31, 2012, OK Go appeared on the children's television show "Sesame Street" in a video called "3 Primary Colors" meant to teach the young audience about red, yellow, blue, and the colors made when you mix them. "3 Primary Colors" was simultaneously released as a game on the "Sesame Street" website.


title: OK Go

text: On May 10, 2012, OK Go was the featured band on "This American Life Live!", a special performance of the show telecast live to movie theaters across the US and Canada. By downloading a smartphone app coded by guitarist Andy Ross, viewers were able to play along with the band's handbell performance of "Needing/Getting".


title: OK Go

text: OK Go's music style has generally been regarded as alternative rock, power pop, pop rock, indie rock, and indie pop.


title: Shore Temple

text: The Shore Temple (c. 725 AD) is a complex of temples and shrines that overlooks the shore of the Bay of Bengal. It is located in Mahabalipuram, about south of Chennai in Tamil Nadu, India.


title: Shore Temple

text: It is a structural temple, built with blocks of granite, dating from the 8th century AD. At the time of its creation, the site was a busy port during the reign of Narasimhavarman II of the Indian Pallava dynasty. As one of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, it has been classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1984. It is one of the oldest structural (versus rock-cut) stone temples of Southern India.


title: Shore Temple

text: Marco Polo and the European merchants who came to Asia after him called the site Seven Pagodas. One of these is believed to be the Shore Temple. The temple probably acted as a landmark for seafarers. As it appears like a Pagoda, the name became familiar to the seafarers.


title: Shore Temple

text: This structural temple complex was the culmination of the architectural creations that were initiated by the King Narasimhavarman II in mid 7th century starting with the Cave temples and the monolithic Rathas. Even though the architectural creation of sculpturing cut-in and cut-out structures continued during subsequent periods, as seen in the Atiranachanda cave, the Pidari rathas and the Tiger cave, the main credit for the architectural elegance of the Shore Temple complex in the category of structural temples goes to the King Rajasimha (700–28 AD), also known as Narasimhavarman II, of the Pallava Dynasty. It is now inferred that this temple complex was the last in a series of temples that seemed to exist in the submerged coastline; this is supported by the appearance of an outline of its sister temples off the coast during the Tsunami of 2004 which struck this coastline. The architecture of the Shore Temple was continued by the Cholas (in the temples that they built) who ruled Tamil Nadu after defeating the Pallavas.


title: Shore Temple

text: The tsunami of December 2004 that struck the coastline of Coromandel exposed an old collapsed temple built entirely of granite blocks. This has renewed speculation that Mahabalipuram suitshakesiye was a part of the Seven Pagodas described in the diaries of Europeans, of which six temples remain submerged in the sea. The tsunami also exposed some ancient rock sculptures of lions, elephants, and peacocks that used to decorate walls and temples during the Pallava period during the 7th and 8th centuries.


title: Shore Temple

text: Though the tsunami of 26 December 2004 that occurred in the Indian Ocean struck the temple and the surrounding garden, the Shore Temple was not badly damaged, as the water level returned to its normal level within a few minutes. The damage was to the foundation of the "bali peetam" (sacrificial altar) in front of the temple, the steps leading to the boat jetty, and the small shrine with the Varaha (Boar) sculpture at the basement of the Shore temple. As the temple foundation is on hard granite rock, it could sustain the waves created by the tsunami; the groynes erected around the temple area on the coastline also aided its protection.


title: Shore Temple

text: According to the two inscriptions found in the slab of smaller Shiva temple, the names of the three temples mentioned are as "Kshatriyasimha Pallavesvara-gruham", "Rajasimha Pallavesvara-gruham" and "Pllikondaruliya-devar". The entire temple complex is called as "Jalashayana" (lying in water). This confirms that the Vishnu shrine was the first shrine to be excavated here. The inscription on the lintel of the Vishnu shrine also mentions this as "Narapatisimha Pallava Vishnu Griha" where "Narapatisimha" is a title of Rajasimha.


title: Shore Temple

text: All the three Temples of the Shore Temple complex are built on the same platform. Viewed from the northern end, the temples appear to be a replica of the Dharmaraja Ratha. The main Shore Temple, which faces east so that the sun rays shine on the main deity of Shiva Linga in the shrine, is a five-storied structural Hindu temple rather than rock-cut as are the other monuments at the site. Built with sculpted granite stones hauled from a nearby quarry, it is the earliest important structural temple in South India. Its pyramidal structure is high and sits on a square platform. There is a small temple in front which was the original porch. It is made out of finely cut local granite.


title: Shore Temple

text: The shore temple is one of the most popular temples in Mahabalipuram. Excavations in early 2000s have revealed new structures here under the sand.


title: Shore Temple

text: The temple is a combination of three shrines. The main shrine is dedicated to Shiva, as is the smaller second shrine. A small third shrine, between the two, is dedicated to a reclining Vishnu and may have had water channelled into the temple, entering the Vishnu shrine. The two Shiva shrines are orthogonal in configuration. The entrance is through a transverse barrel vault gopuram. The two shikharas have a pyramidal outline, each individual tier is distinct with overhanging eaves that cast dark shadows. The outer wall of the shrine to Vishnu and the inner side of the boundary wall are extensively sculptured and topped by large sculptures of Nandi. The temple's outer walls are divided by pilasters into bays, the lower part being carved into a series of rearing lions. The temple walls are surrounded by sculptures of Nandi.


title: Shore Temple

text: The temple has a garbhagriha (sanctum sanctorum) in which the deity, Sivalinga, is enshrined, and a small mandapa surrounded by a heavy outer wall with little space between for circumambulation. At the rear are two shrines facing in opposite directions. The inner shrine dedicated to "Ksatriyasimnesvara" is reached through a passage while the other, dedicated to Vishnu, is facing outwards. The Durga is seated on her lion "vahana". A small shrine may have been in the cavity in the lion's chest. The Shore Temples, like many major Hindu temples, include both Shaivism and Vaishnavism temples and iconography.


title: Shore Temple

text: The roofs of the temples have ornamentation similar to the Pancha Rathas. The roofs have finials on the top, indicative of its religious functional nature, as it was a completed temple. The octagonal shape of the shikaras of the two temples dedicated to Shiva are in the Dravidian architectural style. Beneath the towers, the sanctuary walls are mostly blank without any decorations but the columns are carved over lion mounted bases. The decorations on the outer faces of these shrines are similar to those seen on the Pancha Rathas, though due to their closeness to the sea, are partially eroded due to salty winds.


title: Shore Temple

text: The most distinctive feature of the temple are the Dharalinga and the Somaskanda panel, which are enshrined in the interior walls of the sanctum of the east facing Kshatriyasimhesvara temple. The Dharalinga is deified in the "garbhagriha", which is in square shape of and the height is . The Dharalinga or Shivalinga is in Rajasimha style, carved out of black basalt stone. It has sixteen faces with slight fluting to create a crown at the top. The top portion of the linga is damaged. Its total height is with one foot embedded in the foundation to provide stability. A bas-relief, which is a family image of Shiva and his consort Parvati with their child Kartikeya built over a stone slab is located in a small shrine in the temple. This is also called the Somaskanada panel, a carved stone panel. Two more similar panels are seen at the entrance porch of the temple. This type of panel is also depicted in the nearby Dharmaraja Ratha of the Paramesvarvarman's era. The "ardhamantapa" or half chamber which is the first chamber before entering the sanctum sanctorum, also has sculptures of Brahma on the south wall and Vishnu on its north wall. Sculptures of Shiva as Tripurantaka and Durga are seen on the back side of the north wall of the main shrine. There is also a circumambulatory passage to go round the main shrine in a clockwise direction.


title: Shore Temple

text: The smaller Shiva temple behind the main temple is a double storied structure with a stepped pyramidal tower with an octagonal "shikhara" built over a circular "griva." A "kalasa" and finial are fitted above the "shikhara." "kudus" (horseshoe-arch dormer like projections) and small shrines are part of the cornices at both levels of the structure. A Somaskanda panel decorates the back wall of the inner shrine. There is no "mantapa" (hall) in front of this shrine (probably damaged). The external walls display two panels. One is called "Ekapadamurti", an eye-legged form of Shiva with Brahma and Vishnu emanating from his sides. The second panel is of Nagaraja (king of serpents) standing below a five-hooded serpent.


title: Shore Temple

text: Anantashayi Vishnu (reclining posture of Vishnu lying on the serpent Ananta) is enshrined in a small rectangular shrine between the large Kshatriyasimhesvara temple and the Rajasimha Pallaveshvara temple. Vishnu is depicted with four arms but his attributes are missing (damaged). The temple structure's rectangular tower is missing. The typical design of "kudus" and small square shrines are part of the cornice arrangement. The external walls have carvings of Krishna slaying the demon Kesi, Krishna dancing over Kaliya (the seven hooded serpent), and Vishnu seated on his vehicle Garuda in the act of saving Gajendra (elephant) from the mouth of a crocodile. Inscription noted in Pallava Grantha script is on the lintel indicating it as the earliest shrine of the complex.


title: Shore Temple

text: The entire compound wall surrounding the temples is sculpted with large sculptures of Nandi, the vehicle or mount of Shiva, and also with Yalis and Varahas (boars).


title: Shore Temple

text: A monolith sculpture of a partly carved and partly sculpted lion with a hole in its torso is erected within the compound wall of the temple complex. A miniature image of Durga is sculpted on the back of the image, which is a depiction of Durga as Mahishasuramardini. The open mouth of the lion is inferred as representation of its role as the favourite lion.


title: Shore Temple

text: In 1990, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) discovered a miniature shrine with the Bhuvaraha image in a well type enclosure. This is dated to the Pallava King Narasimhavarman Mamalla's (AD 638–660) reign. It was enclosed with an elliptical well built during Rajasimha's (AD 700–728) period. These are carved on the bedrock that also has the reclining Vishnu in the Shore Temple complex. The miniature shrine is also dedicated to Shiva.


title: Shore Temple

text: It has sixteen-sided base which is carved from bedrock. The circular wall and superstructure are of structural type. There are lions depicted on the pilasters. It is reported as a unique single tiered temple and not seen in other temples of the Pallava period. Its circular shikara, is in vesara style architecture. The shikhara is erected on a circular "griva", which has "kudus" and "maha-nasikas" on its four sides and each "nasika" has an image of Ganesha. The kalasa above the shikara is missing. The carving of the Bhuvaraha depicts Varaha as the boar incarnation of Vishnu. This image is in unusual form, unlike another Varaha depictions in other regions of the country, as there is no Bhudevi shown nor an ocean. The depiction is in the form of Varaha performing a diving act into the ocean to rescue Bhudevi or mother earth. The symbolism of this act denotes the myth, only when the temple is submerged in water, as it is below the ground level. The sculpture is seen broken and the base has an inscription referring to titles of the Pallava king Rajasimha. The wall that surrounds the shrine to prevent intrusion of sand from the sea also has an inscription on the topmost layer, in Pallava-Grantha script, which equates the king with Arjuna.


title: Shore Temple

text: ASI has constructed break-water wall all around the sea shore to save the temple from further damage. The temple structures, affected by rough Sea and winds with salt content are being conserved by the Archaeological Survey of India by building protective groynes, treatment with wall paper pulp, and by planting casuarina trees along the affected coast line. The pulp treatment absorbs the saline water. In addition, chemical treatment is also given the monument to prevent water seepage into the rock. This kind of treatment is also reported to take out water stored inside the rock thus allowing the stone to breathe and preserve its strength. The area around the Shore Temple, has been beautified. The horticulture wing of the ASI has created a green lawn of 11 acres (4.4 hectares) around the Shore Temple. Fixing of signages with information on the monuments and creating fountains was also part of the beautification programme planned by ASI.


title: Shore Temple

text: The Mamallapuram Dance Festival is held every year during Dec-Jan in Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu. This dance festival is organised by Department of Tourism, Govt. of Tamil Nadu. Exponents of Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Kathak, Odissi, Mohini Attam and Kathakali perform against this magnificent backdrop of the Pallava rock sculptures. It is vibrant festival of dance where enormous audience enjoys this one month long festival.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and types of mutations called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: The human Y-chromosome accumulates roughly two mutations per generation. Y-DNA haplogroups represent major branches of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree that share hundreds or even thousands of mutations unique to each haplogroup.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: The Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (Y-MRCA, informally known as Y-chromosomal Adam) is the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) from whom all currently living humans are descended patrilineally. Y-chromosomal Adam is estimated to have lived roughly 236,000 years ago in Africa. By examining other bottlenecks most Eurasian men (men from populations outside of Africa) are descended from a man who lived in Africa 69,000 years ago (Haplogroup_CT). Other major bottlenecks occurred about 50,000 and 5,000 years ago and subsequently the ancestry of most Eurasian men can be traced back to four ancestors who lived 50,000 years ago, who were descendants of African (E-M168).


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: Y-DNA haplogroups are defined by the presence of a series of Y-DNA SNP markers. Subclades are defined by a "terminal SNP", the SNP furthest down in the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. The Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) developed a system of naming major Y-DNA haplogroups with the capital letters A through T, with further subclades named using numbers and lower case letters (YCC longhand nomenclature). YCC shorthand nomenclature names Y-DNA haplogroups and their subclades with the first letter of the major Y-DNA haplogroup followed by a dash and the name of the defining terminal SNP.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature is changing over time to accommodate the increasing number of SNPs being discovered and tested, and the resulting expansion of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. This change in nomenclature has resulted in inconsistent nomenclature being used in different sources. This inconsistency, and increasingly cumbersome longhand nomenclature, has prompted a move toward using the simpler shorthand nomenclature.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: Haplogroup A is the NRY (non-recombining Y) macrohaplogroup from which all modern paternal haplogroups descend. It is sparsely distributed in Africa, being concentrated among Khoisan populations in the southwest and Nilotic populations toward the northeast in the Nile Valley. BT is a subclade of haplogroup A, more precisely of the A1b clade (A2-T in Cruciani et al. 2011), as follows:


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: The defining mutations separating CT (all haplogroups except for A and B) are M168 and M294. The site of origin is likely in Africa. Its age has been estimated at approximately 88,000 years old, and more recently at around 100,000 or 101,000 years old.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: The groups descending from haplogroup F are found in some 90% of the world's population, but almost exclusively outside of sub-Saharan Africa.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: F xG,H,I,J,K is rare in modern populations and peaks in South Asia, especially Sri Lanka. It also appears to have long been present in South East Asia; it has been reported at rates of 4–5% in Sulawesi and Lembata. One study, which did not comprehensively screen for other subclades of F-M89 (including some subclades of GHIJK), found that Indonesian men with the SNP P14/PF2704 (which is equivalent to M89), comprise 1.8% of men in West Timor, 1.5% of Flores 5.4% of Lembata 2.3% of Sulawesi and 0.2% in Sumatra. F* (F xF1,F2,F3) has been reported among 10% of males in Sri Lanka and South India, 5% in Pakistan, as well as lower levels among the Tamang people (Nepal), and in Iran. F1 (P91), F2 (M427) and F3 (M481; previously F5) are all highly rare and virtually exclusive to regions/ethnic minorities in Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, South China, Thailand, Burma, and Vietnam. In such cases, however, the possibility of misidentification is considered to be relatively high and some may belong to misidentified subclades of Haplogroup GHIJK.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: Haplogroup G (M201) originated some 48,000 years ago and its most recent common ancestor likely lived 26,000 years ago in the Middle East. It spread to Europe with the Neolithic Revolution.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: It is found in many ethnic groups in Eurasia; most common in the Caucasus, Iran, Anatolia and the Levant. Found in almost all European countries, but most common in Gagauzia, southeastern Romania, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Tyrol, and Bohemia with highest concentrations on some Mediterranean islands; uncommon in Northern Europe.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: G-M201 is also found in small numbers in northwestern China and India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and North Africa.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: Haplogroup H (M69) probably emerged in South Central Asia or South Asia, about 48,000 years BP, and remains largely prevalent there in the forms of H1 (M69) and H3 (Z5857). Its sub-clades are also found in lower frequencies in Iran, Central Asia, across the middle-east, and the Arabian peninsula.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: However, H2 (P96) is present in Europe since the Neolithic and H1a1 (M82) spread westward in the Medieval era with the migration of the Roma people.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: K(xLT,K2a,K2b) – that is, K*, K2c, K2d or K2e – is found mainly in Melanesia, Aboriginal Australians, India, Polynesia and Island South East Asia.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: Haplogroup T (M184, M70, M193, M272) is found at high levels in the Horn of Africa (mainly Cushitic-speaking peoples), parts of South Asia, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean. T-M184 is also found in significant minorities of Sciaccensi, Stilfser, Egyptians, Omanis, Sephardi Jews, Ibizans (Eivissencs), and Toubou. It is also found at low frequencies in other parts of the Mediterranean and South Asia.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: The only living males reported to carry the basal paragroup K2* are indigenous Australians. Major studies published in 2014 and 2015 suggest that up to 27% of Aboriginal Australian males carry K2*, while others carry a subclade of K2.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: Haplogroup N possibly originated in eastern Asia and spread both northward and westward into Siberia, being the most common group found in some Uralic-speaking peoples.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: Haplogroup O (M175) is found with its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific, Central Asia, South Asia, and islands in the Indian Ocean ("e.g." Madagascar, the Comoros).


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: No examples of the basal paragroup K2b1* have been identified. Males carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: P*, P1* and P2 are found together only on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. In particular, P* and P1* are found at significant rates among members of the Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon. While, P1* is now more common among living individuals in Eastern Siberia and Central Asia, it is also found at low levels in mainland South East Asia and South Asia. Considered together, these distributions tend to suggest that P* emerged from K2b in South East Asia.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: Q is defined by the SNP M242. It is believed to have arisen in Central Asia approximately 32,000 years ago. The subclades of Haplogroup Q with their defining mutation(s), according to the 2008 ISOGG tree are provided below. ss4 bp, rs41352448, is not represented in the ISOGG 2008 tree because it is a value for an STR. This low frequency value has been found as a novel Q lineage (Q5) in Indian populations


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: Haplogroup R is defined by the SNP M207. The bulk of Haplogroup R is represented in the descendant subclade R1 (M173), which likely originated on the Eurasian Steppes. R1 has two descendant subclades: R1a and R1b.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: R1a is associated with the proto-Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic peoples, and is now found primarily in Central Asia, South Asia, and Eastern Europe.


title: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

text: Haplogroup R1b is the dominant haplogroup of Western Europe and is also found sparsely distributed among various peoples of Asia and Africa. Its subclade R1b1a2 (M269) is the haplogroup that is most commonly found among modern Western European populations, and has been associated with the Italo-Celtic and Germanic peoples.


title: Fritz Von Erich

text: Jack Barton Adkisson Sr. (August 16, 1929 – September 10, 1997), better known by his ring name Fritz Von Erich, was an American professional wrestler, wrestling promoter, and the patriarch of the Von Erich family. He was a 3-time world champion and a record 20-time NWA United States Champion. He was also the owner of the World Class Championship Wrestling territory.


title: Fritz Von Erich

text: Adkisson attended Southern Methodist University, where he threw discus and played football. He has been reported to have played with the now defunct Dallas Texans of the NFL (not the AFL team which became the Kansas City Chiefs), but this is not true. He was signed as a guard but was cut. He then tried the Canadian Football League (CFL).


title: Fritz Von Erich

text: While in Edmonton, he met legendary wrestler and trainer Stu Hart, and Hart decided to train and book him in his Klondike Wrestling promotion, naming him Fritz Von Erich and teaming him with "brother" Waldo Von Erich as a pair of "evil German" brothers. Adkisson's oldest son Jack Barton Adkisson Jr. was born September 21, 1952. He died in 1959 after an accidental electrocution and drowning, and Jack Sr. stopped traveling to the east coast, allowing former partner Waldo to use the Von Erich name in the World Wide Wrestling Federation.


title: Fritz Von Erich

text: Despite Jack Jr.'s death, Adkisson continued to travel and wrestle. Adkisson won both versions of the AWA World title in 1963. His major circuit was Sam Muchnick's NWA territorial stronghold in St. Louis, Missouri. He wrestled there until 1967, when he voluntarily left the territory after losing a match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship against then-champion Gene Kiniski.<ref name="WON 1/9/08">Dave Meltzer, Wrestling Observer Newsletter, January 9, 2008</ref> In the late 1960s, with Muchnick's backing, Adkisson became the promoter for the Dallas territory, effectively overseeing the Houston and San Antonio territories, as well.


title: Fritz Von Erich

text: Adkisson was a part of rebuilding Japanese wrestling after the stabbing death of Rikidōzan. He became a star due to his feuds with Antonio Inoki and Giant Baba, and his "Iron Claw" hold, which became one of the most popular wrestling moves in Japan.


title: Fritz Von Erich

text: In 1982, he held his first retirement match against King Kong Bundy in the newly renamed World Class Championship Wrestling promotion, based in Dallas. The promotion was known for its high production values, use of entrance music and the use of television syndication. The promotion was one of the most successful territories in the United States, with major draws like his sons, The Fabulous Freebirds, Chris Adams, Abdullah the Butcher, Bruiser Brody, Gino Hernandez and Rick Rude. He wrestled his last match on November 27, 1986 defeating Abdullah the Butcher by disqualification in Dallas. By the end of the 1980s, the promotion's talent pool was thin and it was eventually merged with Jerry Jarrett's Continental Wrestling Association to create the United States Wrestling Association in 1989.


title: Fritz Von Erich

text: Adkisson married Doris J. Smith on June 23, 1950. Together, they had six sons: Jack Barton Jr. (September 21, 1952 – March 7, 1959), Kevin (born May 15, 1957), David (July 22, 1958 – February 10, 1984), Kerry (February 3, 1960 – February 18, 1993), Mike (March 2, 1964 – April 12, 1987) and Chris (September 30, 1969 – September 12, 1991). Of Adkisson's six sons, Kevin was the only one still living by the time Adkisson died. The couple later separated and Doris divorced her husband on July 21, 1992 after 42 years of marriage.


title: Fritz Von Erich

text: Adkisson died of brain and lung cancer on September 10, 1997. His funeral service was held at the First Baptist Church in Dallas, Texas. His body was cremated with his ashes interred in the same plot as his fourth son, Kerry.


title: Big Sky Conference

text: The Big Sky Conference (BSC) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA's Division I with football competing in the Football Championship Subdivision. Member institutions are located in the western United States in the eight states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. Four affiliate members each participate in one sport: two from California are football–only participants and two from the Northeast participate only in men's golf.


title: Big Sky Conference

text: Initially conceived for the Big Sky was founded on July 1, 1963, with six members in four of the charter members have been in the league from its founding, and a fifth returned in 2014 after an 18-year absence.


title: Big Sky Conference

text: The name "Big Sky" came from the popular 1947 western novel by A. B. Guthrie Jr.; it was proposed by Harry Missildine, a sports columnist of the "Spokesman-Review" just prior to the founding meetings of the conference in Spokane in February 1963, and was adopted with the announcement of the new conference five days later.


title: Big Sky Conference

text: Starting in 1968, the conference competed at the highest level (university division) in all sports except football (college division). The sole exception was Idaho, in the university division for football through 1977 (except 1967, 1968).


title: Big Sky Conference

text: In 1974, half of the Big Sky's ten sports were dropped (baseball, skiing, swimming, golf, and tennis), leaving football, basketball, wrestling, track and cross country.


title: Big Sky Conference

text: Women's sports were added in 1988, moving from the women's-only Mountain West Athletic Conference (1982–88).


title: Big Sky Conference

text: The 2012–13 season marked the completion of a half century of athletic competition and a quarter century sponsoring women's collegiate athletics. Before the season the league introduced a new logo to celebrate this.


title: Big Sky Conference

text: The 25th season of women's athletics also marked a first for the league, as Portland State won the league's inaugural softball championship. From 1982 to 1988, women's sports were conducted in the Mountain West Athletic Conference.


title: Big Sky Conference

text: The Big Sky sponsors championships in sixteen sports, including men's and women's cross country, golf, indoor and outdoor track and field, basketball, and tennis. There are also championships in football, and in women's volleyball, soccer, and softball. It is the only Division I all-sports conference that does not sponsor baseball.


title: Big Sky Conference

text: † Northern Arizona is the only Big Sky program to win D1 team national titles outside of the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS).


title: Big Sky Conference

text: As of the 2022–23 school year, the Big Sky sponsors championships in seven men's and nine women's NCAA sanctioned sports. Each core member institution is required to participate in all of the 13 core sports. Men's core sports are basketball, cross country, football, indoor track and field, outdoor track and field, and tennis. Women's core sports are basketball, cross country, golf, indoor track and field, outdoor track and field, tennis, and volleyball.


title: Big Sky Conference

text: Cal Poly and UC Davis participate as football-only affiliates, otherwise participating in the Big West Conference. Binghamton and, through the 2022–23 season, Hartford are affiliates in men's golf only, with Binghamton otherwise participating in the America East Conference and Hartford as a D-I independent before it departs for Division III in July 2023. Before the 2014–15 school year, the latter two schools had participated in men's golf alongside five full Big Sky members in the single-sport America Sky Conference. The return of Idaho brought the number of members participating in men's golf to six, which led to the Big Sky adding men's golf and absorbing the America Sky Conference.


title: Big Sky Conference

text: The Big Sky is unusual among Division I all-sports conferences in not sponsoring baseball, a distinction that it shares only with the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference, and which it held alone prior to the 2022–23 school year. The conference originally sponsored baseball in 1964, with all members participating. When Boise State and Northern Arizona arrived for the 1971 season, competition was split into two divisions of four teams each, with the winners in a best-of-three championship series. Montana State and Montana soon dropped the sport and by the 1973 season, only six teams remained but the divisions were kept, and Boise State moved over to the North Division for


title: Big Sky Conference

text: In May 1974, the Big Sky announced its intention to discontinue five of its ten sponsored sports. It retained football, basketball, cross-country, track, and wrestling, and dropped conference competition in baseball, golf, tennis, swimming, and skiing. Of the eleven Big Sky baseball titles, four each went to Idaho and Gonzaga, and three to Weber State. Gonzaga won the final title in 1974 over Idaho State in three games, after losing the first game in Pocatello. Southern division champion Idaho State chose to end its baseball program weeks following the conference's announcement, and Gonzaga, Idaho, and Boise State joined the new Northern Pacific Conference (NorPac) for baseball Boise State and Idaho competed in the NorPac for six seasons, then discontinued baseball after the


title: Big Sky Conference

text: In 2016, North Dakota announced in April that it was their last baseball season. Since then, only Northern Colorado and Sacramento State have competed in the sport, both as affiliate members in the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) until Northern Colorado baseball moved to the Summit League after the 2021 season.


title: Big Sky Conference

text: Through the 1987 season, the conference sponsored wrestling. Boise State and Idaho State dominated in most years, winning ten and eight conference titles, respectively. BSU won seven consecutive from 1974 to 1980. Montana State and Weber State also had some good years; Montana won their only conference title in the last year Big Sky sponsored the sport.


title: Big Sky Conference

text: Since 1968, the Big Sky champion has received a berth in the NCAA tournament; the conference tournament winner has been the representative since its introduction in 1976.


title: Big Sky Conference

text: The best finish by a Big Sky team came in 1977, when the Idaho State Bengals of Jim Killingsworth advanced to the Elite Eight, with a one-point upset of UCLA in the Sweet Sixteen in Provo, Utah. Two days later, the Bengals led UNLV by a point at halftime, but lost by seventeen and finished at


title: Big Sky Conference

text: Seeding was introduced in 1979 when it expanded to forty teams, and the highest seed granted a Big Sky team was in 1982: ranked eighth in the final polls with a record, the Idaho Vandals under Don Monson were seeded third in the West regional. After a first round bye, they beat Lute Olson's Iowa Hawkeyes in nearby Pullman in overtime, but lost to second-seeded (and fourth-ranked) Oregon State in the regional semifinals (Sweet Sixteen), also played in Provo. (Idaho had defeated OSU by 22 points in December in the Far West Classic at Portland.)


title: Big Sky Conference

text: Other Big Sky teams that advanced to regional semifinals (Sweet Sixteen) include the Weber State Wildcats in 1969 and 1972, when the total field was 25 teams, and the Montana Grizzlies under Jud Heathcote in the 32-team field in 1975. The Griz fell to UCLA by just three points, who went on to win another title in John Wooden's final year as head coach. (A year later, Heathcote was hired at Michigan State with Monson as an assistant for the first two years; in his third season, the Spartans won the national title in 1979.)


title: Big Sky Conference

text: Since 1982, only three teams from the Big Sky have advanced within the NCAA tournament, and none past the round of 32. Weber State won in 1995 and 1999, coached by Ron Abegglen, and Montana in 2006, led by alumnus Larry Krystkowiak. Prior to Idaho in 1982, the Big Sky had been seeded seventh (Weber State, 1979 & 1980; and Idaho, 1981); the highest seed for the conference since 1982 is ninth (Weber State, 1983), and the highest since expanding to 64 teams in 1985 is twelfth (Weber State in 2003; Montana in 2006).


title: Big Sky Conference

text: Through 2022, the Big Sky has yet to receive an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament. The first NIT appearance for the conference was Idaho in 1983; two Big Sky teams advanced to the NIT's round of 16: Weber State (1984) and Boise State (1987).


title: Big Sky Conference

text: This list includes former member North Dakota and excludes current member Idaho. Records do not match NCAA record book.


title: Steamship

text: A steamship, often referred to as a steamer, is a type of steam-powered vessel, typically ocean-faring and seaworthy, that is propelled by one or more steam engines that typically move (turn) propellers or paddlewheels. The first steamships came into practical usage during the early 1800s; however, there were exceptions that came before. Steamships usually use the prefix designations of "PS" for "paddle steamer" or "SS" for "screw steamer" (using a propeller or screw). As paddle steamers became less common, "SS" is assumed by many to stand for "steamship". Ships powered by internal combustion engines use a prefix such as "MV" for "motor vessel", so it is not correct to use "SS" for most modern vessels.


title: Steamship

text: As steamships were less dependent on wind patterns, new trade routes opened up. The steamship has been described as a "major driver of the first wave of trade globalization (1870–1913)" and contributor to "an increase in international trade that was unprecedented in human history".


title: Steamship

text: Steamships were preceded by smaller vessels, called steamboats, conceived in the first half of the 18th century, with the first working steamboat and paddle steamer, the "Pyroscaphe", from 1783. Once the technology of steam was mastered at this level, steam engines were mounted on larger, and eventually, ocean-going vessels. Becoming reliable, and propelled by screw rather than paddlewheels, the technology changed the design of ships for faster, more economic propulsion.


title: Steamship

text: Paddlewheels as the main motive source became standard on these early vessels. It was an effective means of propulsion under ideal conditions but otherwise had serious drawbacks. The paddle-wheel performed best when it operated at a certain depth, however when the depth of the ship changed from added weight it further submerged the paddle wheel causing a substantial decrease in performance.


title: Steamship

text: Within a few decades of the development of the river and canal steamboat, the first steamships began to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The first sea-going steamboat was Richard Wright's first steamboat "Experiment", an ex-French lugger; she steamed from Leeds to Yarmouth in July 1813.


title: Steamship

text: The first iron steamship to go to sea was the 116-ton "Aaron Manby", built in 1821 by Aaron Manby at the Horseley Ironworks, and became the first iron-built vessel to put to sea when she crossed the English Channel in 1822, arriving in Paris on 22 June. She carried passengers and freight to Paris in 1822 at an average speed of 8 knots (9 mph, 14 km/h).


title: Steamship

text: The American ship first crossed the Atlantic Ocean arriving in Liverpool, England, on June 20, 1819, although most of the voyage was actually made under sail. The first ship to make the transatlantic trip substantially under steam power may have been the British-built Dutch-owned "Curaçao", a wooden 438-ton vessel built in Dover and powered by two 50 hp engines, which crossed from Hellevoetsluis, near Rotterdam on 26 April 1827 to Paramaribo, Surinam on 24 May, spending 11 days under steam on the way out and more on the return. Another claimant is the Canadian ship in 1833.


title: Steamship

text: The first steamship purpose-built for regularly scheduled trans-Atlantic crossings was the British side-wheel paddle steamer built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1838, which inaugurated the era of the trans-Atlantic ocean liner.


title: Steamship

text: The , built in Britain in 1839 by Francis Pettit Smith, was the world's first screw propeller-driven steamship for open water seagoing. She had considerable influence on ship development, encouraging the adoption of screw propulsion by the Royal Navy, in addition to her influence on commercial vessels. The first screw-driven propeller steamship introduced in America was on a ship built by Thomas Clyde in 1844 and many more ships and routes followed.


title: Steamship

text: The key innovation that made ocean-going steamers viable was the change from the paddle-wheel to the screw-propeller as the mechanism of propulsion. These steamships quickly became more popular, because the propeller's efficiency was consistent regardless of the depth at which it operated. Being smaller in size and mass and being completely submerged, it was also far less prone to damage.


title: Steamship

text: James Watt of Scotland is widely given credit for applying the first screw propeller to an engine at his Birmingham works, an early steam engine, beginning the use of a hydrodynamic screw for propulsion.


title: Steamship

text: Steam engines had to be designed with the power delivered at the bottom of the machinery, to give direct drive to the propeller shaft. A paddle steamer's engines drive a shaft that is positioned above the waterline, with the cylinders positioned below the shaft. SS" Great Britain" used chain drive to transmit power from a paddler's engine to the propeller shaft - the result of a late design change to propeller propulsion.


title: Steamship

text: An effective stern tube and associated bearings were required. The stern tube contains the propeller shaft where it passes through the hull structure. It should provide an unrestricted delivery of power by the propeller shaft. The combination of hull and stern tube must avoid any flexing that will bend the shaft or cause uneven wear. The inboard end has a stuffing box that prevents water from entering the hull along the tube. Some early stern tubes were made of brass and operated as a water lubricated bearing along the entire length. In other instances a long bush of soft metal was fitted in the after end of the stern tube. "Great Eastern" had this arrangement fail on her first transatlantic voyage, with very large amounts of uneven wear. The problem was solved with a lignum vitae water-lubricated bearing, patented in 1858. This became standard practice and is in use today.


title: Steamship

text: Since the motive power of screw propulsion is delivered along the shaft, a thrust bearing is needed to transfer that load to the hull without excessive friction. SS" Great Britain" had a 2 ft diameter gunmetal plate on the forward end of the shaft which bore against a steel plate attached to the engine beds. Water at 200 psi was injected between these two surfaces to lubricate and separate them. This arrangement was not sufficient for higher engine powers and oil lubricated "collar" thrust bearings became standard from the early 1850s. This was superseded at the beginning of the 20th century by floating pad bearing which automatically built up wedges of oil which could withstand bearing pressures of 500 psi or more.


title: Steamship

text: Steam-powered ships were named with a prefix designating their propeller configuration i.e. single, twin, triple-screw. Single-screw Steamship SS, Twin-Screw Steamship TSS, Triple-Screw Steamship TrSS. Steam turbine-driven ships had the prefix TS. In the UK the prefix RMS for Royal Mail Steamship overruled the screw configuration prefix.