title: Indian Contract Act, 1872

text: "Contract Opposed to Public Policy can be Repudiated by the Court of law even if that contract is beneficial for all of the parties to the contract- What considerations and objects are lawful and what not- Newar Marble Industries Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Rajasthan State Electricity Board, Jaipur, 1993 Cr. L.J. 1191 at 1197, 1198 [Raj.]-" Agreement of which object or consideration was opposed to public policy, unlawful and void – What better and what more can be an admission of the fact that the consideration or object of the compounding agreement was abstention by the board from criminally prosecuting the petitioner-company from offense under Section 39 of the act and that the Board has converted the crime into a source of profit or benefit to itself. This consideration or object is clearly opposed to public policy and hence the compounding agreement is unlawful and void under Section 23 of the Act. It is unenforceable as against the Petitioner-Company.


title: Indian Contract Act, 1872

text: According to Section 13, "Two or more persons are said to be in consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense (consensus-ad-idem)".


title: Indian Contract Act, 1872

text: According to Section 14, "Consent is said to be free when it is not caused by coercion or undue influence or fraud or misrepresentation or mistake".


title: Indian Contract Act, 1872

text: 1. Coercion (Section 15): "Coercion" is the committing, or threatening to commit, any act forbidden by the Indian Penal Code under(45,1860), or the unlawful detaining, or threatening to detain, any property, to the prejudice of any person whatever, with the intention of causing any person to enter into an agreement. For example, "A" threatens to shoot "B" if he doesn't release him from a debt which he owes to "B". "B" releases "A" under threat. Since the release has been brought about by coercion, such release is not valid.


title: Indian Contract Act, 1872

text: 2. Undue influence (Section 16): "Where a person who is in a position to dominate the will of another enters into a contract with him and the transaction appears on the face of it, or on the evidence, to be unconscionable, the burden of proving that such contract was not induced by undue influence shall lie upon the person in the position to dominate the will of the other".


title: Indian Contract Act, 1872

text: 3. Fraud (Section 17): "Fraud" means and includes any act or concealment of material fact or misrepresentation made knowingly by a party to a contract, or with his connivance, or by his agent, with intent to deceive another party thereto of his agent, or to induce him to enter into the contract. Mere silence is not fraud. a contracting party is not obliged to disclose each and everything to the other party. There are two exceptions where even mere silence may be fraud, one is where there is a duty to speak, then keeping silence is fraud. or when silence is in itself equivalent to speech, such silence is fraud.


title: Indian Contract Act, 1872

text: 4. Misrepresentation (Section 18): "Causing, however innocently, a party to an agreement to make a mistake as to the substance of the thing which is the subject of the agreement".


title: Indian Contract Act, 1872

text: 5. Mistake of fact (Section 20): "Where both the parties to an agreement are under a mistake as to a matter of fact essential to the agreement, the agreement is void". A party cannot be allowed to get any relief on the ground that he had done some particular act in ignorance of law. Mistake may be bilateral mistake where both parties to an agreement are under mistake as to the matter of fact. The mistake must relate to a matter of fact essential to the agreement.


title: Indian Contract Act, 1872

text: In law, the relationship that exists when one person or party (the principal) engages another (the agent) to act for him, e.g. to do his work, to sell his goods, to manage his business. The law of agency thus governs the legal relationship in which the agent deals with a third party on behalf of the principal. The competent agent is legally capable of acting for this principal vis-à-vis the third party. Hence, the process of concluding a contract through an agent involves a twofold relationship. On the one hand, the law of agency is concerned with the external business relations of an economic unit and with the powers of the various representatives to affect the legal position of the principal. On the other hand, it rules the internal relationship between principal and agent as well, thereby imposing certain duties on the representative (diligence, accounting, good faith, etc.).


title: Indian Contract Act, 1872

text: The principal also cannot revoke the agent's authority after it has been partly exercised, so as to bind the principal (Section 204), though he can always do so, before such authority has been so exercised (Section 203).


title: Indian Contract Act, 1872

text: Further, as per section 205, if the agency is for a fixed period, the principal cannot terminate the agency before the time expired, except for sufficient cause. If he does, he is liable to compensate the agent for the loss caused to him thereby. The same rules apply where the agent, renounces an agency for a fixed period. Notice in this connection that want of skill continuous disobedience of lawful orders, and rude or insulting behavior has been held to be sufficient cause for dismissal of an agent. Further, reasonable notice has to be given by one party to the other; otherwise, damage resulting from want of such notice, will have to be paid (Section 206). As per section 207, the revocation or renunciation of an agency may be made expressly or impliedly by conduct. The termination does not take effect as regards the agent, until it becomes known to him and as regards third party, until the termination is known to them (Section 208). Sub-agent who is appointed by an agent for participate on behalf of his work.


title: Indian Contract Act, 1872

text: When an agent's authority is terminated, it operates as a termination of sub-agent also (Section 210).


title: Indian Contract Act, 1872

text: Enforcement of contracts is a big problem in India as legal system can be slow and litigious. India is ranked 163rd out of 191 countries surveyed by world bank in terms of ease of enforcing a contract.


title: Phil Wang

text: Philip Nathaniel Wang Sin Goi (born 22 January 1990) is a British-Malaysian stand-up comedian and comedy writer who is a member of the sketch comedy group Daphne, and co-creator of their BBC Radio 4 series, "Daphne Sounds Expensive". He currently hosts the comedy podcast ‘BudPod’ with fellow comedian and Footlights alumnus Pierre Novellie.


title: Phil Wang

text: Wang was born in Stoke-on-Trent to an English mother from Stoke and a Chinese-Malaysian father. One week after his birth, his family returned to his father's home town of Kota Kinabalu in Malaysia, where his parents had first met in 1982. His mother, a trained archaeologist, had moved to Malaysia as a volunteer with the Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO). Wang's maternal grandfather was from Derbyshire and became the manager of a tea estate in Assam, India, where his mother spent part of her childhood.


title: Phil Wang

text: Wang grew up in Malaysia, where he was taught in Malay, Mandarin and English. He took GCSEs at Jerudong International School in Brunei. When he was 16, his family moved back to the UK, to Bath, Somerset. There he attended Kingswood School. He then studied engineering at King's College, Cambridge, where he was also president of the Cambridge Footlights.


title: Phil Wang

text: Wang won the 2010 Chortle Student Comedian of the Year Award and, in 2011, Comedy Central's Funniest Student Award. In 2012, he was president of Footlights at Cambridge University, where he did a four-year engineering degree. Wang has since performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival.


title: Phil Wang

text: Wang has appeared in "The Rob Brydon Show", "Comedy Up Late", "About Tonight", "It Was Alright in the 70's", "Room 101", "Have I Got News for You", "Unspun with Matt Forde", "Would I Lie to You?", "Live at the Apollo", "8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown", "The Dog Ate My Homework", "Hypothetical", and "Insert Name Here". He has also acted in the sitcom "Top Coppers". In January 2018, he took part in Comedy Central's "Roast Battle", hosted by Jimmy Carr, in which he battled friend and fellow comedian Ed Gamble; Wang won the battle.


title: Phil Wang

text: Wang has recorded two full length stand-up shows, which are available to watch for free on his YouTube Channel. Wang has also written for "The Guardian".


title: Phil Wang

text: On 4 July 2018 it was announced that Wang would be one of the contestants in series 7 of "Taskmaster". Tasks he won included 'Make the best noise' and 'Most surprisingly beautiful thing'.


title: Phil Wang

text: Wang is currently working on a stand-up comedy series for BBC Radio 4 titled "Wangsplaining". The pilot episode aired on 19 May 2019 on BBC Radio 4.


title: Phil Wang

text: In May 2021, Wang hosted a new podcast called "Phil Wang Hates Horror", which was released on Audible.


title: Phil Wang

text: Wang's Netflix comedy special, "Phil Wang: Philly Philly Wang Wang", was released in August 2021. Shortly after, he released his first book "Sidesplitter: How to Be from Two Worlds at Once" in September 2021.


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra, a skew-symmetric (or antisymmetric or antimetric) matrix is a square matrix whose transpose equals its negative. That is, it satisfies the condition


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: In terms of the entries of the matrix, if formula_1 denotes the entry in the formula_2-th row and formula_3-th column, then the skew-symmetric condition is equivalent to


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: Throughout, we assume that all matrix entries belong to a field formula_6 whose characteristic is not equal to 2. That is, we assume that , where 1 denotes the multiplicative identity and 0 the additive identity of the given field. If the characteristic of the field is 2, then a skew-symmetric matrix is the same thing as a symmetric matrix.


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: As a result of the first two properties above, the set of all skew-symmetric matrices of a fixed size forms a vector space. The space of formula_15 skew-symmetric matrices has dimension formula_16


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: Let formula_17 denote the space of formula_15 matrices. A skew-symmetric matrix is determined by formula_19 scalars (the number of entries above the main diagonal); a symmetric matrix is determined by formula_20 scalars (the number of entries on or above the main diagonal). Let formula_21 denote the space of formula_15 skew-symmetric matrices and formula_23 denote the space of formula_15 symmetric matrices. If formula_25 then


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: Notice that formula_27 and formula_28 This is true for every square matrix formula_29 with entries from any field whose characteristic is different from 2. Then, since formula_30 and formula_31


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: Denote by formula_34 the standard inner product on formula_35 The real formula_36 matrix formula_29 is skew-symmetric if and only if


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: This is also equivalent to formula_39 for all formula_40 (one implication being obvious, the other a plain consequence of formula_41 for all formula_42 and formula_43).


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: Since this definition is independent of the choice of basis, skew-symmetry is a property that depends only on the linear operator formula_44 and a choice of inner product.


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: formula_45 skew symmetric matrices can be used to represent cross products as matrix multiplications.


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: In particular, if formula_50 is odd, and since the underlying field is not of characteristic 2, the determinant vanishes. Hence, all odd dimension skew symmetric matrices are singular as their determinants are always zero. This result is called Jacobi’s theorem, after Carl Gustav Jacobi (Eves, 1980).


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: The even-dimensional case is more interesting. It turns out that the determinant of formula_44 for formula_50 even can be written as the square of a polynomial in the entries of formula_44, which was first proved by Cayley:


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: This polynomial is called the "Pfaffian" of formula_44 and is denoted formula_56. Thus the determinant of a real skew-symmetric matrix is always non-negative. However this last fact can be proved in an elementary way as follows: the eigenvalues of a real skew-symmetric matrix are purely imaginary (see below) and to every eigenvalue there corresponds the conjugate eigenvalue with the same multiplicity; therefore, as the determinant is the product of the eigenvalues, each one repeated according to its multiplicity, it follows at once that the determinant, if it is not 0, is a positive real number.


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: The number of distinct terms formula_57 in the expansion of the determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of order formula_50 has been considered already by Cayley, Sylvester, and Pfaff. Due to cancellations, this number is quite small as compared the number of terms of a generic matrix of order formula_50, which is formula_60. The sequence formula_57 is


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: The number of positive and negative terms are approximatively a half of the total, although their difference takes larger and larger positive and negative values as formula_50 increases .


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: Three-by-three skew-symmetric matrices can be used to represent cross products as matrix multiplications. Consider vectors formula_66 and formula_67 Then, defining the matrix


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: This can be immediately verified by computing both sides of the previous equation and comparing each corresponding element of the results.


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: i.e., the commutator of skew-symmetric three-by-three matrices can be identified with the cross-product of three-vectors. Since the skew-symmetric three-by-three matrices are the Lie algebra of the rotation group formula_71 this elucidates the relation between three-space formula_72, the cross product and three-dimensional rotations. More on infinitesimal rotations can be found below.


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: Since a matrix is similar to its own transpose, they must have the same eigenvalues. It follows that the eigenvalues of a skew-symmetric matrix always come in pairs ±λ (except in the odd-dimensional case where there is an additional unpaired 0 eigenvalue). From the spectral theorem, for a real skew-symmetric matrix the nonzero eigenvalues are all pure imaginary and thus are of the form formula_73 where each of the formula_74 are real.


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: Real skew-symmetric matrices are normal matrices (they commute with their adjoints) and are thus subject to the spectral theorem, which states that any real skew-symmetric matrix can be diagonalized by a unitary matrix. Since the eigenvalues of a real skew-symmetric matrix are imaginary, it is not possible to diagonalize one by a real matrix. However, it is possible to bring every skew-symmetric matrix to a block diagonal form by a special orthogonal transformation. Specifically, every formula_75 real skew-symmetric matrix can be written in the form formula_76 where formula_77 is orthogonal and


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: for real positive-definite formula_74. The nonzero eigenvalues of this matrix are ±λ "i". In the odd-dimensional case Σ always has at least one row and column of zeros.


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: More generally, every complex skew-symmetric matrix can be written in the form formula_80 where formula_81 is unitary and formula_82 has the block-diagonal form given above with formula_74 still real positive-definite. This is an example of the Youla decomposition of a complex square matrix.


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: A skew-symmetric form formula_84 on a vector space formula_85 over a field formula_86 of arbitrary characteristic is defined to be a bilinear form


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: This defines a form with desirable properties for vector spaces over fields of characteristic not equal to 2, but in a vector space over a field of characteristic 2, the definition is equivalent to that of a symmetric form, as every element is its own additive inverse.


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: Where the vector space formula_85 is over a field of arbitrary characteristic including characteristic 2, we may define an alternating form as a bilinear form formula_84 such that for all vectors formula_93 in formula_85


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: A bilinear form formula_84 will be represented by a matrix formula_44 such that formula_100, once a basis of formula_85 is chosen, and conversely an formula_36 matrix formula_44 on formula_104 gives rise to a form sending formula_105 to formula_106 For each of symmetric, skew-symmetric and alternating forms, the representing matrices are symmetric, skew-symmetric and alternating respectively.


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: Skew-symmetric matrices over the field of real numbers form the tangent space to the real orthogonal group formula_107 at the identity matrix; formally, the special orthogonal Lie algebra. In this sense, then, skew-symmetric matrices can be thought of as "infinitesimal rotations".


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: Another way of saying this is that the space of skew-symmetric matrices forms the Lie algebra formula_108 of the Lie group formula_109 The Lie bracket on this space is given by the commutator:


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: The matrix exponential of a skew-symmetric matrix formula_44 is then an orthogonal matrix formula_113:


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: The image of the exponential map of a Lie algebra always lies in the connected component of the Lie group that contains the identity element. In the case of the Lie group formula_115 this connected component is the special orthogonal group formula_116 consisting of all orthogonal matrices with determinant 1. So formula_117 will have determinant +1. Moreover, since the exponential map of a connected compact Lie group is always surjective, it turns out that "every" orthogonal matrix with unit determinant can be written as the exponential of some skew-symmetric matrix. In the particular important case of dimension formula_118 the exponential representation for an orthogonal matrix reduces to the well-known polar form of a complex number of unit modulus. Indeed, if formula_118 a special orthogonal matrix has the form


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: The exponential representation of an orthogonal matrix of order formula_50 can also be obtained starting from the fact that in dimension formula_50 any special orthogonal matrix formula_113 can be written as formula_129 where formula_77 is orthogonal and S is a block diagonal matrix with formula_131 blocks of order 2, plus one of order 1 if formula_50 is odd; since each single block of order 2 is also an orthogonal matrix, it admits an exponential form. Correspondingly, the matrix "S" writes as exponential of a skew-symmetric block matrix formula_82 of the form above, formula_134 so that formula_135 exponential of the skew-symmetric matrix formula_136 Conversely, the surjectivity of the exponential map, together with the above-mentioned block-diagonalization for skew-symmetric matrices, implies the block-diagonalization for orthogonal matrices.


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: More intrinsically (i.e., without using coordinates), skew-symmetric linear transformations on a vector space formula_85 with an inner product may be defined as the bivectors on the space, which are sums of simple bivectors (2-blades) formula_138 The correspondence is given by the map formula_139 where formula_140 is the covector dual to the vector formula_141; in orthonormal coordinates these are exactly the elementary skew-symmetric matrices. This characterization is used in interpreting the curl of a vector field (naturally a 2-vector) as an infinitesimal rotation or "curl", hence the name.


title: Skew-symmetric matrix

text: An formula_36 matrix formula_44 is said to be skew-symmetrizable if there exists an invertible diagonal matrix formula_144 such that formula_145 is skew-symmetric. For real formula_36 matrices, sometimes the condition for formula_144 to have positive entries is added.


title: Battery management system

text: A battery management system (BMS) is any electronic system that manages a rechargeable battery (cell or battery pack), such as by protecting the battery from operating outside its safe operating area, monitoring its state, calculating secondary data, reporting that data, controlling its environment, authenticating it and / or balancing it.


title: Battery management system

text: A battery pack built together with a battery management system with an external communication data bus is a smart battery pack. A smart battery pack must be charged by a smart battery charger.


title: Battery management system

text: Battery thermal management systems can be either passive or active, and the cooling medium can either be air, liquid, or some form of phase change. Air cooling is advantageous in its simplicity. Such systems can be passive, relying only on the convection of the surrounding air, or active, using fans for airflow. Commercially, the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius both use active air cooling of their battery systems. The major disadvantage of air cooling is its inefficiency. Large amounts of power must be used to operate the cooling mechanism, far more than active liquid cooling. The additional components of the cooling mechanism also add weight to the BMS, reducing the efficiency of batteries used for transportation.


title: Battery management system

text: Liquid cooling has a higher natural cooling potential than air cooling as liquid coolants tend to have higher thermal conductivities than air. The batteries can either be directly submerged in the coolant or coolant can flow through the BMS without directly contacting the battery. Indirect cooling has the potential to create large thermal gradients across the BMS due to the increased length of the cooling channels. This can be reduced by pumping the coolant faster through the system, creating a tradeoff between pumping speed and thermal consistency.


title: Battery management system

text: The central controller of a BMS communicates internally with its hardware operating at a cell level, or externally with high level hardware such as laptops or an HMI.


title: Battery management system

text: Distributed or modular BMSes must use some low level internal cell-controller (Modular architecture) or controller-controller (Distributed architecture) communication. These types of communications are difficult, especially for high voltage systems. The problem is voltage shift between cells. The first cell ground signal may be hundreds of volts higher than the other cell ground signal. Apart from software protocols, there are two known ways of hardware communication for voltage shifting systems, optical-isolator and wireless communication. Another restriction for internal communications is the maximum number of cells. For modular architecture most hardware is limited to maximum 255 nodes. For high voltage systems the seeking time of all cells is another restriction, limiting minimum bus speeds and losing some hardware options. Cost of modular systems is important, because it may be comparable to the cell price. Combination of hardware and software restrictions results in a few options for internal communication:


title: Battery management system

text: To bypass power limitations of existing USB cables due to heat from electrical current, communication protocols implemented in mobile phone chargers for negotiating an elevated voltage have been developed, the most widely used of which are Qualcomm Quick Charge and MediaTek Pump Express. "VOOC" by Oppo (also branded as "Dash Charge" with "OnePlus") increases the current instead of voltage with the aim to reduce heat produced in the device from internally converting an elevated voltage down to the battery's terminal charging voltage, which however makes it incompatible with existing USB cables and relies on special high-current USB cables with accordingly thicker copper wires. More recently, the USB Power Delivery standard aims for an universal negotiation protocol across devices of up to 240 watts.


title: Battery management system

text: A BMS may protect its battery by preventing it from operating outside its safe operating area, such as:


title: Battery management system

text: A BMS may also feature a precharge system allowing a safe way to connect the battery to different loads and eliminating the excessive inrush currents to load capacitors.


title: Battery management system

text: The connection to loads is normally controlled through electromagnetic relays called contactors. The precharge circuit can be either power resistors connected in series with the loads until the capacitors are charged. Alternatively, a switched mode power supply connected in parallel to loads can be used to charge the voltage of the load circuit up to a level close enough to battery voltage in order to allow closing the contactors between battery and load circuit. A BMS may have a circuit that can check whether a relay is already closed before precharging (due to welding for example) to prevent inrush currents to occur.


title: Battery management system

text: In order to maximize the battery's capacity, and to prevent localized under-charging or over-charging, the BMS may actively ensure that all the cells that compose the battery are kept at the same voltage or State of Charge, through balancing. The BMS can balance the cells by:


title: Battery management system

text: The requirements for a BMS in mobile applications (such as electric vehicles) and stationary applications (like stand-by UPSes in a server room) are quite different, especially from the space and weight constraint requirements, so the hardware and software implementations must be tailored to the specific use. In the case of electric or hybrid vehicles, the BMS is only a subsystem and cannot work as a stand-alone device. It must communicate with at least a charger (or charging infrastructure), a load, thermal management and emergency shutdown subsystems. Therefore, in a good vehicle design the BMS is tightly integrated with those subsystems. Some small mobile applications (such as medical equipment carts, motorized wheelchairs, scooters, and fork lifts) often have external charging hardware, however the on-board BMS must still have tight design integration with the external charger.


title: Bistro

text: A bistro or bistrot , is, in its original Parisian incarnation, a small restaurant, serving moderately priced simple meals in a modest setting. Bistros are defined mostly by the foods they serve. French home-style cooking, and slow-cooked foods like cassoulet, a bean stew, are typical.


title: Bistro

text: Bistros likely developed out of the basement kitchens of Parisian apartments where tenants paid for both room and board. Landlords could supplement their income by opening their kitchen to the paying public. Menus were built around foods that were simple, could be prepared in quantity and would keep over time. Wine and coffee were also served.


title: Bistro

text: Today, bistros are mostly still part of the hospitality industry. They are often connected with hotels, bars, and pubs. They still often serve cheaper, simplified menus or menus that are not tied to a specific cultural cuisine.


title: Bistro

text: The etymology is unclear, and is presumed to come from a regional word: bistraud, bistingo, bistouille, or bistrouille. The first recorded use of the word appears in 1884. A popular folk etymology of the word claims that it originated among Russian troops who occupied Paris following the Napoleonic Wars (from быстро, "quickly"), which was allegedly shouted by Russian officers or Cossacks who wanted to be served quickly. This etymology has been discredited by some French linguists, as there is no attestation to the occurrence of this word until the end of the 19th century.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: Anjaana Anjaani () is a 2010 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy drama film directed by Siddharth Anand and produced by Sajid Nadiadwala. The film stars Priyanka Chopra and Ranbir Kapoor as two suicidal strangers who meet and make a pact to commit suicide in 20 days on New Year's Eve. In the interim, the couple fulfil their personal wishes and eventually fall in love. The soundtrack of the film, composed by Vishal–Shekhar and lyrics by various artists including the duo themselves, received widespread critical acclaim and was a moderate commercially successful.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: Wanting to make an unusual romance film, Anand struggled to find unconventional ideas while he was writing. His wife Mamta then came up with the core narrative of the film, which excited him and changed his perspective. Anand approached novelist Advaita Kala who developed the story into a feature-length script, and later co-wrote the screenplay with him. Principal photography was done entirely in New York City, Las Vegas and San Francisco.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: Made on a production and marketing budget of 380 million, "Anjaana Anjaani" released on 1 October 2010, grossing over 685 million at the box office, thus proving to be a commercial success. It received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, with praise for its novel concept, music, cinematography, humor, costumes and the leads' performances, but criticism for its screenplay and pacing.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: At the 56th Filmfare Awards, Vishal–Shekhar received a nomination for Best Music Director for the soundtrack of the film.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: Akash lives in New York City; he has bankrupted his company and is in need of $12 million for paying the shareholders, but is unable to obtain a loan due to a stock market crash. He decides to jump off the George Washington Bridge. He meets Kiara, from San Francisco, who is also suicidal after catching her fiancé Kunal cheating on her. Akash and Kiara attempt to kill themselves, but are prevented from doing so by the Coast Guard. Still suicidal, Akash deliberately allows himself to be hit by a car, and Kiara falls on the bridge and breaks her neck. Their suicide attempts are unsuccessful, and they end up in hospital together. When they are discharged, Kiara takes Akash to her apartment because his house has been seized by the bank.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: The pair try to kill themselves five times, failing each time. Eventually, they make a pact to end their lives on 31 December 2009. With 20 days left before their deadline, they decide to fulfill their unrealised wishes and begin a journey together. Kiara helps Akash find a date and shares with him how Kunal cheated on her. The next day, Akash cleans Kiara's messy apartment. Though he cannot swim, Akash is forced to fulfil Kiara's wish to swim in the cold Atlantic Ocean. However, at sea Kiara falls overboard and Akash rescues her. Their yacht drifts away, stranding them. As the 2 slowly succumb to hypothermia, Kiara continues telling her story to Akash. They are rescued again by the Coast Guard who intervened on the bridge.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: After returning to land, Kiara's depression continues. She attempts to kill herself by drinking bleach and is rushed to hospital. After she is discharged, Akash realises his love for her, and tries everything to make her happy. The 2 venture to Las Vegas, as Akash has never gone on a holiday, and they end up in bed together. Kiara tells Akash that she still loves Kunal. Akash insists that she move back in with her parents and give Kunal a second chance. He moves in with his friend and colleague Deven, and plans to return to India on the night of 31 December to start afresh.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: Akash attends the bank settlement and reconciles with several friends with whom he had fallen out, including his best friend Gaurav, as well as with his estranged father. Meanwhile, Kiara cannot stop thinking about Akash, and on the 31st she realises that she has fallen for him. Kunal discovers this and drops Kiara off at the airport. She reaches the bridge, but finds herself alone, believing she will never see Akash again. Just then he arrives. The pair go out to sea to die. Akash throws a beer bottle with a note in it, which Kiara gets and reads before he proposes to her. Surprised, she accepts, and the couple share a kiss while the Coast Guard rescues them. As the credits roll, Akash and Kiara are shown 2 years later, married with their 2 year old son.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: After having directed 3 back-to-back romantic comedies, namely "Salaam Namaste" (2005), "Ta Ra Rum Pum" (2007) and "Bachna Ae Haseeno" (2008) (also starring Ranbir Kapoor in the lead), Siddharth Anand wanted his next film to be a romance, yet different from the usual films which were being made at the time. Anand felt he had run out of plot ideas, believing he was writing just "another story". His wife Mamta then came up with the core narrative concept about "2 suicidal strangers meeting and falling in love". Anand revealed that this changed his viewpoint, saying: "It was a scene that got me completely excited and we started writing immediately. It is a scene that dictates the story."


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: Anand then approached novelist Advaita Kala to develop the story into a feature-length script. Although a bit hesitant, she accepted the offer. Intrigued by the premise of the story, Kala started sketching the characters over the next few days, and began writing the script, which she found very different from writing novels. Anand helped her understand the process of writing screenplays and co-wrote with her. Kala wrote the first draft, approaching it like writing a book, and sent it as chapters to Anand, saying: "Writing a screenplay can also be a lonely process like writing a novel, but along the way when others get involved, it becomes a fun, collaborative effort."


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: In an interview with the "Deccan Herald", Anand talked about how the American sitcom "Friends" influenced the film's 2 characters revealing he wanted viewers to respond to Kiara and Akash in similar way. He said: "I remember when I watched "Friends" I wanted to meet and know every character. That's how I want audiences to feel about Chopra and Kapoor." He also wanted the 2 to resonate with the audience the way the characters in "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge" (1995) did. In another interview discussing the film, Anand revealed that he wanted to make it different from his earlier films, aiming for it to be a "subdued romance," which is not sexy. He said: "Everyone is going to be covered up in scarves and mufflers and trench coats and boots. This is a rare instance that you’ll see Indian actors dressed full up without skin show."(sic) In September 2009, it was announced that Sajid Nadiadwala would produce the film as he was highly impressed by the script.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: Priyanka Chopra and Ranbir Kapoor were the original choice for the film and their casting was confirmed by Anand in August 2009. After Chopra had starred earlier in Nadiadwala's "Mujhse Shaadi Karogi" (2004), both had wanted to work together again, but nothing had materialized. Much later, Nadiadwala reached out to her to discuss a film he was developing with Anand and Kapoor. Chopra met Anand to discuss the script, but the project did not work out. Later when Nadiadwala approached her again with the script of "Anjaana Anjaani", Chopra accepted the role. Manish Malhotra designed Chopra's clothes, while Mamta Aanand designed Kapoor's. Salim-Sulaiman composed the background score, while Rameshwar S. Bhagat edited the film.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: Principal photography began in New York City in late December 2009. The setting of the film required filming in winter during the festive season of Christmas leading up to New Year's Eve. Ravi K. Chandran handled the cinematography, while Sharmishtha Roy handled the film's production design. Filming was done in various locations in New York City, Las Vegas and San Francisco. Anand wanted to capture the distinct flavor of each city.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: Anand selected the cities to augment the characters' backgrounds. San Francisco was chosen to depict Chopra's character Kiara as he thought it was "the right backdrop to highlight her life and character". He chose New York City for Kapoor's character Akash. Anand described "Blush", the car driven by Chopra's character, as the film's third lead character as it is featured extensively. After going through several car options, he chose a vintage red 1963 Ford Falcon Sprint, which was later purchased especially for the film as Anand thought the car should represent all of Kiara's attributes. This allowed the art director to modify the car's interior with a lot of detailing to suit Kiara's character.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: The ice-skating scenes were filmed at Wollman Rink in Central Park, requiring the rink to close to the public for 3 consecutive days. Some scenes with the leads were also shot at Cafe Lalo, the same restaurant where "When Harry Met Sally..." (1989) was shot. The film was also shot at the Rockfeller Center. The producers had earlier scouted for a public bridge in India that they could use for 4 days, but due to the 2008 Mumbai attacks obtaining permission from a local government was difficult. The search ended in Kuala Lumpur, where a scene of Kiara and Akash attempting suicide was shot. The opening suicide attempt sequence was filmed at the Golden Gate Bridge. Several scenes were shot in Nevada, Las Vegas. Additional filming was done in Malaysia and Thailand.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: Ahmed Khan choreographed the songs. In June 2010, it was announced that a new song would be shot for the film. Shooting ended in July 2010 after filming for the club track was completed. In September 2010, a promotional video for the remix ballad version of "Tujhe Bhula Diya" was shot in Film City, Mumbai.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: The soundtrack was composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar and consists of nine compositions – seven original, and a remix and an unplugged version of 2 original songs. The lyrics are written by: Neelesh Misra, Vishal Dadlani, Shekhar Ravjiani, Amitabh Bhattacharya, Anvita Dutt Guptan, Kumaar, Kausar Munir and Irshad Kamil. The vocals were performed by: Nikhil D'Souza, Monali Thakur, Lucky Ali, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Shekhar Ravjiani, Caralisa Monteiro, Mohit Chauhan, Shruti Pathak, Vishal Dadlani, Shilpa Rao and Abhijit Vaghani. The album was released on 20 August 2010 by T-Series.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: The soundtrack received widespread critical acclaim, with praise for the fresh compositions, and considered it to be Vishal–Shekhar's best soundtrack to date. Joginder Tuteja gave a rating of 4 out of 5, calling it "fantastic," writing: "This one has a classy touch all through with a mix of club tracks and soulful songs that rock the show in a big way [...] this is their best work till date." "Hindustan Times" gave it another positive review, calling it a "complete Bollywood album". Giving a rating of 8.5 out of 10, "Planet Bollywood" thought that "the musical duo have genuinely struck gold," writing: "The soundtrack has the right blend of fun, youthfulness, romance, and melancholy. Terrific sound design, superb arrangement and remarkable mixing of the songs in the soundtrack give an international feel." "BBC" also praised the album noting that the music duo have produced a gem.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: "Anjaana Anjaani" was one of the most anticipated films of the year due to the debut pairing of the lead actors. Exclusive stills from the film were released to the media on 4 October 2010. Chopra released a one-minute teaser trailer on 6 August 2010 on her Twitter account. It received positive feedback from critics and audiences, many calling it "promising" and "intriguing". "The Indian Express" wrote: "In a single minute, it has pretty much managed to convey the fun mood of this Sajid Nadiadwala-production which appears to come with a good mix of a new storyline, fresh new pairing, catchy music, high production values and a distinct touch of director Siddharth Anand." Following the teaser release, the first trailer appeared on 9 August 2010. The film's first song was released around the same time.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: "Anjaana Anjaani" was initially slated to release on 24 September 2010. It was postponed by one week, just 4 days before the expected date because this would coincide with the controversial Ayodhya dispute verdict, which many anticipated would be disputed and cause chaos in the country. Trade experts were against postponing the film, and questioned Nadiadwala's decision, as the government had already taken precautionary measures with the Commonwealth Games around the corner. They also felt that the postponement would send mixed signals and confuse viewers as the promotional campaign centered around the 25 September release. Additionally, the film would lose the advantage of being the only new release. Changing the release date would mean "Anjaana Anjaani" would clash with the big-budget science fiction film "Enthiran" starring Rajinikanth and Aishwarya Rai, which might affect the film's box-office performance. Despite this, the film was postponed to 1 October 2010. Later, the Ayodhya verdict was itself postponed to 3 days before the film's new release date. Industry insiders started speculating again about the film's release being postponed by another week, causing rumours to spread in the media. However, Sajid Nadiadwala confirmed that the news was false and the film was releasing on 1 October 2010.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: Made on a production and marketing budget of 380 million, the film immediately recovered 430 million, slightly more than its entire budget, before its release. This included 220 million from satellite rights, 80 million from music rights, and 130 million from distribution sales in territories other than Mumbai and Delhi, where the film was distributed directly by Eros. "Bollywood Hungama" noted that "the revenue generated from these territories, besides Home Video, will add to the profits of the film". The film's box office revenue on its opening day was 80 million. "Anjaana Anjaani" made over 257 million at the domestic box office and a further 1.7 million from overseas, for a worldwide opening weekend of over 382 million. During its theatrical run, the film grossed over 544 million in India, and over 3.1 million in the overseas market, for a total of 685 million. The film was declared a hit by Box Office India.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: Distributed by Eros International, "Anjaana Anjaani" was released on DVD on 16 November 2010 in all regions on a single NTSC-format disc. The film's Video CD was released at the same time. A 2-disc DVD edition was also released later, which included a poster autographed by Kapoor and Chopra.


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: Taran Adarsh of "Bollywood Hungama" gave the film a rating of 4 out of 5, calling it "a must-see for its interpretation of modern-day romance... "Anjaana Anjaani" is an unpretentious romantic saga that revels in the exuberance of newly found love." He also broadly praised the acting, styling and cinematography, writing: "The film bears a magnificent look all through and the panoramic and exotic locales of America only make every frame stand out." "Daily News and Analysis" gave it a rating of 3.5 out of 5, saying that it stood apart from "other done-to-death rom-coms in Hindi cinema in the sheer exclusivity of its screenplay and the way the subject is developed ... Here, at last, is a romantic comedy from Bollywood that actually does what rom-coms are supposed to do. "Anjaana Anjaani" tugs at your heartstrings while at the same time tickling your funny bone." It also praised Chopra's performance as "engagingly brilliant".


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: "The Times of India" gave the film a score of 3 out of 5, praising the lead pair and their chemistry as "vibrant, spontaneous, and a finely nuanced performance." However, it criticized the script and narrative for being trite, saying that "all it promises is some fun moments, a peppy music score by Vishal-Shekhar, [and] alluring performances by Chopra and Kapoor." Subhash K. Jha wrote another positive review, saying that the film "sets off a tender saucy engaging trip. It somewhere loses its way. But still gets to its targeted destination because of the lead players who appear to know all the signposts and U-turns." He particularly cited Chopra's performance as "redeeming the film's flaws", noting that she provided a strong match to Kapoor's talent. Sarita Tanwar of "Mid-Day" gave a rating of 3 out of 5, noting that although the film might not be "a complicated love story, it's still heartfelt and even heartbreaking at times ... A film of this kind is largely dependent on the screenplay and the chemistry between the lead pair. That's what makes [it] unique in its own way and rather different from what you've seen in the year so far."


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: Sonia Chopra from "Sify" also scored the film 3 out of 5, noting that the characters were "written with an over-the-top quirky edge which adds to the fun." She also praised the lead pair's performance writing that "Chopra maintains her cool, effortless acting style and her comic timing is a revelation. Kapoor is suitably restrained and, at times, in keeping with his reticent character, often overshadowed by Chopra's exuberance. Together, the pair is eminently watchable, balancing each other's dispositions nicely." Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" gave the film 2.5 out of 5, complimenting the lead performers who "play well together", but are forced to "boost a limp story." "India Today" also scored it 2.5 out of 5, calling it "a pastiche of a pastiche ... The comedy is restricted to usual [...] jokes that find their way into most Bollywood comedies."


title: Anjaana Anjaani

text: Writing for "NDTV", Anupama Chopra gave the film 2 out of 5, criticizing the slow screenplay and artificial characters who "are supposed to be unemployed, lonely, and desperately sad, but they always look like they've stepped out of the pages of a fashion magazine, which could have been overlooked if there was any depth in their angst, but these 2 seem like spoilt kids playing suicide-suicide." Rajeev Masand of "News18" was critical of the film, calling it "deathly boring [and] a challenge to sit through for 2 reasons in particular – the film has no script to speak of, and the characters are hard to sympathize with. It lacks in terms of interesting plot and consistent characterization." "The Hindu" in its review said "For a film that showed promise, at least in its promos, "Anjaana Anjaani" is unfortunately not about that beautiful romance between strangers."


title: Grotto

text: A grotto is a natural or artificial cave used by humans in both modern times and antiquity, and historically or prehistorically. Naturally occurring grottoes are often small caves near water that are usually flooded or often flooded at high tide. Sometimes, artificial grottoes are used as garden features. The "Grotta Azzurra" at Capri and the grotto at Tiberius' Villa Jovis in the Bay of Naples are examples of popular natural seashore grottoes.


title: Grotto

text: Whether in tidal water or high up in hills, grottoes are generally made up of limestone geology, where the acidity of standing water has dissolved the carbonates in the rock matrix as it passes through what were originally small fissures.


title: Grotto

text: The word "grotto" comes from Italian "grotta", Vulgar Latin "grupta", and Latin "crypta" ("a crypt"). It is also related by a historical accident to the word "grotesque". In the late 15th century, Romans accidentally unearthed Nero's "Domus Aurea" on the Palatine Hill, a series of rooms, decorated with designs of garlands, slender architectural framework, foliage, and animals. The rooms had sunk underground over time. The Romans who discovered this historical monument found it very strange, partly because it was uncovered from an "underworld" source. This led the Romans of that era to give it the name "grottesca", from which came the French "grotesque".


title: Grotto

text: Grottoes were very popular in Greek and Roman culture. Spring-fed grottoes were a feature of Apollo's oracles at Delphi, Corinth, and Clarus. The Hellenistic city of Rhodes was designed with rock-cut artificial grottoes incorporated into the city, made to look natural. At the great Roman sanctuary of Praeneste south of Rome, the oldest portion of the primitive sanctuary was situated on the second lowest terrace, in a grotto in the natural rock where a spring developed into a well. According to tradition, Praeneste's sacred spring had a native nymph, who was honored in a grotto-like watery nymphaeum.


title: Grotto

text: Tiberius, the Roman emperor, filled his grotto at Sperlonga with sculptures to create a sense of mythology, perhaps channeling Polyphemus' cave in the "Odyssey". The numinous quality of the grotto is still more ancient: in a grotto near Knossos in Crete, Eileithyia was venerated even before Minoan palace-building. Even farther back in time, the immanence of the divine in a grotto is seen in the sacred caves of Lascaux.


title: Grotto

text: In Ticino, the Italian-speaking part of Switzerland, grottoes were places where wine and food were stored and preserved. They were built by exploiting the morphology of rocks and boulders, to create rooms with a cool climate suitable for food, particularly milk and cheese, as well as potatoes, sausages, and wine storage.


title: Grotto

text: The importance of these cellars is demonstrated in their number; for example, there are 40 grotti in Maggia, no fewer in Moghegno, and about 70 in Cevio behind Case Franzoni. Some grotti have been opened to the public, as in Avegno, but most have lost their original character as they became rustic restaurants which serve basic local food and drink. A true grotto is dug out under a rock or between two boulders, where subterranean air currents keep the room cool. Often a grotto had a second floor with another one or two rooms for the fermentation cask and tools of the vintage. In front of the grotto were a table and benches of stone, where the farmers could rest and refresh themselves.


title: Grotto

text: The popularity of artificial grottoes introduced the Mannerist style to Italian and French gardens of the mid-16th century. Two famous grottoes in the Boboli Gardens of Palazzo Pitti were begun by Vasari and completed by Ammanati and Buontalenti between 1583 and 1593. One of these grottoes originally housed the "Prisoners" of Michelangelo. Before the Boboli grotto, a garden was laid out by Niccolò Tribolo at the Medici Villa Castello, near Florence. At Pratolino, in spite of the dryness of the site, there was a Grotto of Cupid (surviving), with water tricks for the unsuspecting visitor. The Fonte di Fata Morgana ("Fata Morgana's Spring") at Grassina, not far from Florence, is a small garden building, built in 1573–74 as a garden feature in the extensive grounds of the Villa "Riposo" (rest) of Bernardo Vecchietti. It is decorated with sculptures in the Giambolognan manner.


title: Grotto

text: The outsides of garden grottoes are often designed to look like an enormous rock, a rustic porch, or a rocky overhang. Inside, they are decorated as a temple or with fountains, stalactites, and imitation gems and shells (sometimes made in ceramic); herms and mermaids, mythological subjects suited to the space; and naiads, or river gods whose urns spilled water into pools. Damp grottoes were cool places to retreat from the Italian sun, but they also became fashionable in the cool drizzle of the Île-de-France. In the Kuskovo Estate, there is the Grotto Pavilion, built between 1755-61.


title: Grotto

text: Grottoes could also serve as baths; an example of this is at the Palazzo del Te, in the 'Casino della Grotta', where a small suite of intimate rooms is laid out around a grotto and "loggetta" (covered balcony). Courtiers once bathed in the small cascade that splashed over the pebbles and shells encrusted in the floor and walls.


title: Grotto

text: Grottoes have also served as chapels, or at Villa Farnese at Caprarola, a little theater designed in the grotto manner. They were often combined with cascading fountains in Renaissance gardens.


title: Grotto

text: The grotto designed by Bernard Palissy for Catherine de' Medici's château in Paris, the Tuileries, was renowned. There are also grottoes in the gardens designed by André Le Nôtre for Versailles. In England, an early garden grotto was built at Wilton House in the 1630s, probably by Isaac de Caus.


title: Grotto

text: Grottoes were suitable for less formal gardens too. Pope's Grotto, created by Alexander Pope, is almost all that survives of one of the first landscape gardens in England, at Twickenham. Pope was inspired after seeing grottoes in Italy during a visit there. Efforts are underway to restore his grotto. There are grottoes in the landscape gardens of Painshill Park, Stowe, Clandon Park, and Stourhead. Scott's Grotto is a series of interconnected chambers, extending 67 ft (20 metres) into the chalk hillside on the outskirts of Ware, Hertfordshire. Built during the late 18th century, the chambers and tunnels are lined with shells, flints, and pieces of colored glass. The Romantic generation of tourists might not actually visit Fingal's Cave, on the remote isle of Staffa in the Scottish Hebrides, but they have often heard of it, perhaps through Felix Mendelssohn's "Hebrides Overture", better known as "Fingal's Cave", which was inspired by his visit. In the 19th century, when miniature Matterhorns and rock gardens became fashionable, a grotto was often found, such as at Ascott House. In Bavaria, Ludwig's Linderhof contains an abstraction of the grotto under Venusberg, which is figured in Wagner's "Tannhäuser".


title: Grotto

text: Although grottoes have largely fallen from fashion since the British Picturesque movement, architects and artists occasionally try to redefine the grotto in contemporary design works. Such examples include Frederick Kiesler's "Grotto of Meditation for New Harmony" (1964), ARM'st post-modern "Storey Hall" (1995), Aranda/Lasch's "Grotto Concept," (2005), Callum Moreton's "Grotto" pavilion (2010), and Antonino Cardillo's "Grottoes" series (2013–2016).


title: Grotto

text: Today, artificial grottoes are purchased and built for ornamental and devotional purposes. They are often used as shrines in which to place statues of saints, particularly the Virgin Mary, in outdoor gardens.


title: Grotto

text: Many Roman Catholics visit a grotto where Bernadette Soubirous saw apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes. Numerous garden shrines are modeled after these apparitions. They can commonly be found displayed in gardens and churches, among other places (see Lourdes grotto).


title: Vikas Khanna

text: Vikas Khanna (born 14 November 1971) is an Indian chef, restaurateur, cookbook writer, filmmaker and humanitarian. He is one of the judges of Star Plus series "MasterChef India". He is based in New York City.


title: Vikas Khanna

text: Khanna was born in Amritsar, India, to Davinder and Bindu Khanna. His mother still lives there. He did his schooling at St. Francis School, Amritsar. He was born with a leg deformity (club foot) and wasn't able to run until he was 13 years old. He was inspired by his Biji (grandmother) who loved to cook, and her kitchen became a part of his foundational training.


title: Vikas Khanna

text: Khanna began developing recipes at a very young age and opened Lawrence Gardens Banquets to host weddings and family functions when he was 17. He graduated from Welcomgroup graduate school of hotel administration a constituent of Manipal Academy of Higher Education in 1991.


title: Vikas Khanna

text: Vikas Khanna also received an honorary doctorate at GD Goenka University as a recognition for his outstanding work in culinary art philanthropy, altruism and humanitarianism and his global reach as a chef.


title: Vikas Khanna

text: While in India, Khanna worked for the Taj Hotels, Oberoi group, Welcom group, and Leela Group of Hotels.


title: Vikas Khanna

text: Khanna had worked at Salaam Bombay and The Café at the Rubin Museum of Art in New York before he joined Junoon, an upscale Indian restaurant in Flatiron district of Manhattan. Junoon received a favorable review from Sam Sifton in "The New York Times" in its inaugural year and was awarded a Michelin star by the Michelin Guide for six consecutive years since 2011.


title: Vikas Khanna

text: He has also worked with top chefs including Gordon Ramsay, Eric Ripert, Bobby Flay and Jean-Georges Vongerichten.


title: Vikas Khanna

text: In 2019, he opened a restaurant called Kinara in Dubai. In 2020, he opened a restaurant called Ellora in Dubai.


title: Vikas Khanna

text: From 2011, Khanna hosted five seasons of "MasterChef India" (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) a series based on the original British version. He has been hosting all the seasons of the show since then. Khanna was invited as a guest judge on "MasterChef Australia" in Season 6.


title: Vikas Khanna

text: Khanna was featured as a Consultant chef to help a failing Indian restaurant named Purnima on the Gordon Ramsay TV series "Kitchen Nightmares".


title: Vikas Khanna

text: Khanna appeared as a judge and an Indian-cuisine specialist on the two-part season finale of "Hell's Kitchen".


title: Vikas Khanna

text: He has appeared on "Throwdown! with Bobby Flay" as a judge and as a guest chef on "The Martha Stewart Show".


title: Vikas Khanna

text: Khanna has produced a documentary series named "Holy Kitchens", which explores the bond between faith and food. The series has been showcased at Harvard, Princeton, Columbia and Oxford Universities and Film Festivals.


title: Vikas Khanna

text: His documentary "Kitchens of Gratitude" was featured at Marche du Film at the 69th Cannes Film Festival.


title: Vikas Khanna

text: His directorial debut "The Last Color" is a film about the daily struggles for survival on the streets of the ancient city of Banaras, India. The teaser of the film featuring veteran Indian actress Neena Gupta was released at the 71st Cannes Film Festival. The film made it to the final list of Oscar 2020 Eligibility for Best Film.


title: Vikas Khanna

text: Khanna launched the foundation "South Asian Kid's Infinite Vision" (SAKIV) to focus on worldwide issues that demand urgent action such as Tsunami Relief, Hurricanes of the Gulf Coast, Haiti. In collaboration with charitable institutions, such as Save the Children, the foundation has hosted many events worldwide - from The Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt to the Taj Mahal in India.


title: Vikas Khanna

text: In 2018 Vikas Khanna built the first Culinary museum of India at his alma mater Welcomgroup Graduate School of Hotel Administration, Manipal.


title: Vikas Khanna

text: "Cooking for Life" founded by Khanna in 2001 in New York along with the world's top chefs supports several social causes.


title: Vikas Khanna

text: "Vision of Palate" is his award-winning workshop developed to educate people with visual disabilities about the sense of taste, flavor and aromas.


title: Vikas Khanna

text: On 14 May 2012, Khanna cooked for a fundraiser hosted for President Obama at the Rubin Museum of Art in New York City


title: Vikas Khanna

text: Khanna is the goodwill ambassador for Smile Foundation and supports the cause of malnutrition in India. He has pledged to raise 1 million US dollars for the same.


title: Vikas Khanna

text: In April 2020, during the COVID-19 global pandemic, he started a "Feed India" initiative which is backed by Pepsi, India Gate, Quaker Oats, Hyatt Regency and Global Funds for Widows and delivers food and supplies to those in need in India.


title: Israel Broussard

text: Isaiah Israel Broussard (; born August 22, 1994) is an American actor. He made his film debut in the comedy-drama "Flipped", and is known for his roles in the crime film "The Bling Ring" (2013), the drama "Perfect High" (2015), the thriller "H8RZ" (2015), the comedy "Good Kids" (2016), the slasher film "Happy Death Day" (2017) as well as its 2019 sequel "Happy Death Day 2U", and the teen romance film "To All the Boys I've Loved Before" (2018).


title: Israel Broussard

text: Isaiah Israel Adams was born in Gulfport, Mississippi, to Angela (née Clapp), a Mary Kay cosmetics consultant, and Lawrence Clayton Adams (1957–1999), who died when Broussard was four. He was raised in Saucier, Mississippi by his mother and stepfather, Gil Broussard, a computer programmer, who later adopted him and his older sister. He has one younger half-brother from his mother's remarriage.


title: Israel Broussard

text: Broussard began his career with small roles as Garrett Einbinder in the comedy-drama "Flipped" (2010) and Josh in the comedy "The Chaperone" (2011), before landing the role of Marc Hall in Sofia Coppola's crime film "The Bling Ring" (2013). He earned praise for his performance in the latter, which was based on the real-life group of teenage burglars, the Bling Ring.


title: Israel Broussard

text: In 2013, Broussard appeared alongside Lily Collins in the music video for M83's "Claudia Lewis", directed by Bryce Dallas Howard. He then portrayed Carson Taft in the Lifetime film "Perfect High" (2015). The following year, Broussard starred as Mike "Spice" Jennings in the comedy film "Good Kids".


title: Israel Broussard

text: Broussard starred as Carter Davis, opposite Jessica Rothe, in Christopher Landon's slasher film "Happy Death Day" (2017). In 2018, he had a leading role in the alien invasion thriller "Extinction", and played Josh Sanderson in the film adaptation of Jenny Han's young adult romance novel "To All the Boys I've Loved Before", the latter directed by Susan Johnson. Broussard then reprised his role as Carter Davis in the 2019 sequel "Happy Death Day 2U".


title: Israel Broussard

text: On August 21, 2018, days after the release of "To All the Boys I've Loved Before", a collection of tweets by Broussard resurfaced that were deemed insensitive and racist by commentators, including on the subject of the Black Lives Matter movement. For instance, after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Broussard tweeted: "Dogs can sense earthquakes. Too bad Japan ate them all." In addition, he was also found to have liked tweets promoting Sandy Hook conspiracy theories and anti-Muslim tweets. He released an apology on Twitter, stating, "I am dedicated to becoming a more informed and educated version of myself."


title: ISO week date

text: The ISO week date system is effectively a leap week calendar system that is part of the ISO 8601 date and time standard issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) since 1988 (last revised in 2019) and, before that, it was defined in ISO (R) 2015 since 1971. It is used (mainly) in government and business for fiscal years, as well as in timekeeping. This was previously known as "Industrial date coding". The system specifies a "week year" atop the Gregorian calendar by defining a notation for ordinal weeks of the year.


title: ISO week date

text: The Gregorian leap cycle, which has 97 leap days spread across 400 years, contains a whole number of weeks (). In every cycle there are 71 years with an additional 53rd week (corresponding to the Gregorian years that contain 53 Thursdays). An average year is exactly 52.1775 weeks long; months ( year) average at exactly weeks.


title: ISO week date

text: An ISO week-numbering year (also called "ISO year" informally) has 52 or 53 full weeks. That is 364 or 371 days instead of the usual 365 or 366 days. These 53 week years occur on all years that have Thursday as the 1st of January and on leap years that start on Wednesday the 1st. The extra week is sometimes referred to as a "leap week", although ISO 8601 does not use this term.


title: ISO week date

text: Weeks start with Monday and end on Sunday. Each week's year is the Gregorian year in which the Thursday falls. The first week of the year, hence, always contains 4 January. ISO week year numbering therefore usually deviates by 1 from the Gregorian for some days close to 1 January.


title: ISO week date

text: A precise date is specified by the ISO week-numbering year in the format YYYY, a week number in the format ww prefixed by the letter 'W', and the weekday number, a digit d from 1 through 7, beginning with Monday and ending with Sunday. For example, the Gregorian date , corresponds to day number in the week number of , and is written as (in extended form) or (in compact form). The ISO year is slightly offset to the Gregorian year; for example, Monday 30 December 2019 in the Gregorian calendar is the first day of week 1 of 2020 in the ISO calendar, and is written as 2020-W01-1 or 2020W011.


title: ISO week date

text: The ISO week year number deviates from the Gregorian year number in one of three ways. The days differing are a Friday through Sunday, or a Saturday and Sunday, or just a Sunday, at the start of the Gregorian year (which are at the end of the previous ISO year) and a Monday through Wednesday, or a Monday and Tuesday, or just a Monday, at the end of the Gregorian year (which are in week 01 of the next ISO year). In the period 4 January to 28 December the ISO week year number is always equal to the Gregorian year number. The same is true for every Thursday.


title: ISO week date

text: The ISO 8601 definition for week 01 is the week with the first Thursday of the Gregorian year (i.e. of January) in it.


title: ISO week date

text: The following definitions based on properties of this week are mutually equivalent, since the ISO week starts with Monday:


title: ISO week date

text: If it is on a Saturday, it is part of the last week of the previous year which is numbered W52 in a common year and W53 in a leap year.


title: ISO week date

text: The last week of the ISO week-numbering year, i.e. W52 or W53, is the week before W01 of the next year.


title: ISO week date

text: Hence the earliest possible last week extends from Monday 22 December to Sunday 28 December, the latest possible last week extends from Monday 28 December to Sunday 3 January.


title: ISO week date

text: The "long years", with 53 weeks in them, can be described by any of the following equivalent definitions:


title: ISO week date

text: The number of weeks in a given year is equal to the corresponding week number of 28 December, because it is the only date that is always in the last week of the year since it is a week before 4 January which is always in the first week of the following year.


title: ISO week date

text: Using only the ordinal year number "y", the number of weeks in that year can be determined from a function, formula_1, that returns the day of the week of 31 December:


title: ISO week date

text: On average, a year has 53 weeks every = 5.6338... years; there are 43 times when these long years are 6 years apart, 27 times when they are 5 years apart, and once they are 7 years apart (between years 296 and 303).


title: ISO week date

text: The Gregorian years corresponding to the other 329 short years (neither starting nor ending with Thursday) can also be subdivided as follows:


title: ISO week date

text: The ISO standard does not define any association of weeks to months. A date is either expressed with a month and day-of-the-month, or with a week and day-of-the-week, never a mix.


title: ISO week date

text: Weeks are a prominent entity in accounting where annual statistics benefit from regularity throughout the years. Therefore, a fixed length of 13 weeks per quarter is usually chosen in practice. These quarters may then be subdivided into 5 + 4 + 4 weeks, 4 + 5 + 4 weeks or 4 + 4 + 5 weeks. The final quarter has 14 weeks in it when there are 53 weeks in the year.


title: ISO week date

text: When it is necessary to allocate a week to a single month, the rule for first week of the year might be applied, although ISO 8601-1 does not consider this case explicitly. The resulting pattern would be irregular. There would be 4 months of 5 weeks per normal, 52-week year, or 5 such months in a long, 53-week year. They meet one of the following three criteria:


title: ISO week date

text: For all years, 8 days have a fixed ISO week number (between W01 and W08) in January and February. With the exception of leap years starting on Thursday, dates with fixed week numbers occur in all months of the year (for 1 day of each ISO week W01 to W52).


title: ISO week date

text: During leap years starting on Thursday (i.e. the 13 years numbered 004, 032, 060, 088, 128, 156, 184, 224, 252, 280, 320, 348, 376 in a 400-year cycle), the ISO week numbers are incremented by 1 from March to the rest of the year. This last occurred in 1976 and 2004, and will next occur in 2032. These exceptions are happening between years that are most often 28 years apart, or 40 years apart for 3 pairs of successive years: from year 088 to 128, from year 184 to 224, and from year 280 to 320.


title: ISO week date

text: The day of the week for these days are related to the "Doomsday" algorithm, which calculates the weekday that the last day of February falls on.


title: ISO week date

text: The dates listed in the table are all one day after the Doomsday, except that in January and February of leap years the dates themselves are Doomsdays. In leap years, the week number is the rank number of its Doomsday.


title: ISO week date

text: Some other weeks, i.e. W09, W19 through W26, W31 and W35 never share their days of the month ordinals with any other week of the same year.


title: ISO week date

text: Solar astronomic phenomena, such as equinoxes and solstices, vary in the Gregorian calendar over a range spanning three days, over the course of each 400-year cycle, while the ISO Week Date calendar has a range spanning 9 days. For example, there are March equinoxes on 1920-W12-6 and 2077-W11-5 in UT.


title: ISO week date

text: The year number of the ISO week very often differs from the Gregorian year number for dates close to 1 January. For example, 29 December 1986 is ISO 1987-W01-1, i.e., it is in year 1987 instead of 1986. A programming bug confusing these two year numbers is probably the cause of some Android users of Twitter being unable to log in around midnight of 29 December 2014 UTC.


title: ISO week date

text: The ISO week calendar relies on the Gregorian calendar, which it augments, to define the new year day (Monday of week 01). As a result, extra weeks are spread across the 400-year cycle in a complex, seemingly random pattern. (However, a relatively simple algorithm to determine whether a year has 53 weeks from its ordinal number alone is shown under "Weeks per year" above.) Most calendar reform proposals using leap week designs strive to simplify and harmonize this pattern, some by choosing a different leap cycle (e.g. 293 years).


title: ISO week date

text: Not all parts of the world consider the week to begin with Monday. For example, in some Muslim countries, the normal work week begins on Saturday, while in Israel it begins on Sunday. In much of the Americas, although the work week is usually defined to start on Monday, the calendar week is often considered to start on Sunday.


title: ISO week date

text: The week number (WW or "woy" for "week of year") of any date can be calculated, given its ordinal date (i.e. day of the year, "doy" or DDD, 1–365 or 366) and its day of the week (D or "dow", 1–7).


title: ISO week date

text: When using serial numbers for dates (e.g. in spreadsheets), "doy" is the serial number for a date minus the serial number for 31st December of the previous year, or alternatively minus the serial number for 1st January the same year plus one.


title: ISO week date

text: If the ordinal date is not known, it can be computed from the month (MM or "moy") and day of the month (DD or "dom") by any of several methods; e.g. using a table such as the following.


title: ISO week date

text: The US system has weeks from Sunday through Saturday, and partial weeks at the beginning and the end of the year, i.e. 52 full and 1 partial week of 1 or 2 days if the year starts on Sunday or ends on Saturday, 52 full and 2 single-day weeks if a leap year starts on Saturday and ends on Sunday, otherwise 51 full and 2 partial weeks. An advantage is that no separate year numbering like the ISO year is needed. Correspondence of lexicographical order and chronological order is preserved (just like with the ISO year-week-weekday numbering), but partial weeks make some computations of weekly statistics or payments inaccurate at the end of December or the beginning of January or both.


title: ISO week date

text: The US broadcast calendar designates the week containing 1 January (and starting Monday) as the first of the year, but otherwise works like ISO week numbering without partial weeks. Up to six days of the previous December may be part of the first week of the year.


title: ISO week date

text: A mix of those, wherein weeks start Sunday and "containing 1 January" defines the first week, is used in US accounting, resulting in a system with years having also 52 or 53 weeks.


title: Hudson Yang

text: Hudson David Yang (born October 24, 2003) is an American actor. From 2015 to 2020, he starred as the lead, Eddie Huang, in the ABC television series "Fresh Off the Boat".


title: Hudson Yang

text: Yang was born on October 24, 2003 in New York City, New York, to Jeff Yang, a Taiwanese American writer, journalist, businessman, and business/media consultant, and Heather Ying, a Taiwanese American physician assistant who worked in cardiothoracic surgery.


title: Hudson Yang

text: Up until 2015, Yang attended NEST+M (New Explorations into Science Technology + Math) and The New York Performing Arts Academy's "FutureStar" Program.


title: Hudson Yang

text: On May 9, 2014, he was interviewed by the Angry Asian Man as the Angry Reader of the Week, where he joked "it's all about the bling - cha-ching, cha-ching". "Fresh Off the Boat", adapted from by chef Eddie Huang, was picked up by ABC on May 10, 2014, and premiered on February 4, 2015 with the first of the two preview episodes garnering 7.93 million viewers, becoming the second highest rated comedy premiere that season.


title: Hudson Yang

text: He appeared on "The View" on February 3, 2015 ahead of the show's debut and portrayed Henry in the mystery drama film "The Sisterhood of Night".


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Location hypotheses of Atlantis are hypotheses about real-world events that could have inspired Plato's fictional story of Atlantis, told in the "Timaeus" and "Critias". While Plato's story was not part of the Greek mythic tradition and his dialogues use it solely as an allegory about hubris, researchers have speculated about real natural disasters that could have served as inspiration. Additionally, many works of pseudohistory and pseudoarchaeology treat the story as fact, offering reinterpretations which tie to national mysticism or theories of ancient aliens. While Plato's story explicitly locates Atlantis in the Atlantic Ocean near the Pillars of Hercules, location hypotheses include Helike, Thera, Troy, and the North Pole.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Most theories of the placement of Atlantis center on the Mediterranean, influenced largely by the geographical location of Egypt from which the story allegedly is derived.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Robert Graves in his "The Greek Myths" (1955), argues Atlantis was the Island of Pharos off the western coast of the Nile Delta, that is, before Alexander the Great connected the island to mainland Egypt by building a causeway.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: The story of Atlantis has been argued to preserve a cultural memory of the Thera eruption, which destroyed the town of Akrotiri and affected some Minoan settlements on Crete. Recent arguments for Akrotiri being Atlantis have been popularized on television in shows such as The History Channel show "Lost Worlds" episode "Atlantis".


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: The classicist Robert L. Scranton argued in an article published in "Archaeology" that Atlantis was the "Copaic drainage complex and its civilization" in Lake Copais, Boeotia. Modern archaeological discoveries have revealed a Mycenaean-era drainage complex and subterranean channels in the lake.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: An American architect, Robert Sarmast, claims that Atlantis lies at the bottom of the eastern Mediterranean within the Cyprus Basin. In his book and on his web site, he argues that images prepared from sonar data of the sea bottom of the Cyprus Basin southeast of Cyprus show features resembling man-made structures on it at depths of 1,500 meters. He interprets these features as being artificial structures that are part of the lost city of Atlantis as described by Plato. According to his ideas, several characteristics of Cyprus, including the presence of copper and extinct Cyprus dwarf elephants and local place names and festivals (Kataklysmos), support his identification of Cyprus as once being part of Atlantis. As with many other theories concerning the location of Atlantis, Sarmast speculates that its destruction by catastrophic flooding is reflected in the story of Noah's Flood in "Genesis".


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: In part, Sarmast bases his theory that Atlantis can be found offshore of Cyprus beneath 0.9 mile (1.5 km) of water on an abundance of evidence that the Mediterranean Sea dried up during the Messinian Salinity Crisis when its level dropped by 2 to 3 miles (3.2 to 4.9 km) below the level of the Atlantic Ocean as the result of tectonic uplift blocking the inflow of water through the Strait of Gibraltar. Separated from the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea either partly or completely dried up as the result of evaporation. As a result, its formerly submerged bottom turned into a desert with large saline and brackish lakes. This whole area was flooded when a ridge collapsed allowing the catastrophic flooding through the Straits of Gibraltar. However, Sarmast disagrees with mainstream geologists, oceanographers, and paleontologists in arguing that the closing of the Straits of Gibraltar; the desiccation and subaerial exposure of the floor of the Mediterranean Sea; and its catastrophic flooding has occurred "forty times or more times in its long and turbulent existence" and that "the age of each of these events is unknown." In the same interview, he also contradicts what mainstream geologists, oceanographers, and paleontologists argue in claiming that "Scientists know that roughly 18,000 years ago, there was not just one Mediterranean Sea, but three." However, he does not specify who these scientists are; nor does he cite peer-reviewed scientific literature that supports this claim.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Marine and other geologists, who have also studied the bottom of the Cyprus basin, and professional archaeologists completely disagree with his interpretations. Investigations by Dr. C. Hübscher of the Institut für Geophysik, Universität Hamburg, Germany, and others of the salt tectonics and mud volcanism within the Cyprus Basin, eastern Mediterranean Sea, demonstrated that the features which Sarmast interprets to be Atlantis consist only of a natural compressional fold caused by local salt tectonics and a slide scar with surficial compressional folds at the downslope end and sides of the slide. This research collaborates seismic data shown and discussed in the "Atlantis: New Revelations 2-hour Special" episode of "Digging for the Truth", a History Channel documentary television series. Using reflection seismology, this documentary demonstrated techniques that what Sarmast interpreted to be artificial walls are natural tectonic landforms.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Furthermore, the interpretation of the age and stratigraphy of sediments blanketing the bottom of the Cyprus Basin from sea bottom cores containing Pleistocene and older marine sediments and thousands of kilometers of seismic lines from the Cyprus and adjacent basins clearly demonstrates that the Mediterranean Sea last dried up during the Messinian Salinity Crisis between 5.59 and 5.33 million years ago. For example, research conducted south of Cyprus as part of Leg 160 of the Ocean Drilling Project recovered from Sites 963, 965, and 966 cores of sediments underlying the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea at depths as shallow as 470, 1506, and 1044 meters (1540, 4940, and 3420 ft) below sea level. Thus, these cores came from parts of sea bottom of the eastern Mediterranean Sea that either lie above or at the depth of Sarmast's Atlantis, which lies at depths between 1470 and 1510 meters (4820 and 4950 ft) below mean sea level. These cores provide a detailed and continuous record of sea level that demonstrates that for millions of years at least during the entire Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene epochs that the feature that Sarmast interprets to be Atlantis and its adjacent sea bottom were always submerged below sea level. Therefore, the entire Cyprus Basin, including the ridge where Sarmast claims that Atlantis is located, has been submerged beneath the Mediterranean Sea for millions of years. Since its formation, the sea bottom feature identified by Sarmast as "Atlantis" has always been submerged beneath over a kilometer of water.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: A number of classical scholars have proposed that Plato's inspiration for the story came from the earthquake and tsunami which destroyed Helike in 373 BC, just a few years before he wrote the relevant dialogues. The claim that Helike is the inspiration for Plato's Atlantis is also supported by Dora Katsonopoulou and Steven Soter.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: The concept of the identification of Atlantis with the island of Sardinia is the idea that the Italians were involved in the Sea Peoples movement (a similar story to Plato's account), that the name "Atlas" may have been derived from "Italos" via the Middle Egyptian language, and Plato's descriptions of the island and the city of Atlantis share several traits with Sardinia and its Bronze Age culture.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Luigi Usai has claimed Atlantis could be beneath Sardinia and Corsica. Atlantis would be the bathymetrically submerged island whose plateaus form what we know as the islands of Sardinia and Corsica outside the surface of the water. The capital would have its center on a hill near the small town of Santadi, in the province of Cagliari. Starting from the hill next to Santadi, it's possible to see the perfectly circular development of all the town planning. He has also said there are also many toponymic references to the myth of Atlantis, including the two hot and cold water sources placed by Poseidon: the cold water source of Zinnigas, which still remains today also in the name of the "Castello d'Acquafredda" di Siliqua (Coldwater Castle), and the hot water source, present in the toponymy in three neighborhoods next to the small town of nuxis, still called "Acquacadda" (Hotwater), "S'Acqua Callenti de Susu" and "S'Acqua Callenti de Basciu" (Upper hotwater and Down hotwater), which are small villages next to Santadi.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Malta, being situated in the dividing line between the western and eastern Mediterranean Sea, and being home to some of the oldest man-made structures in the world, is considered a possible location of Atlantis both by some current researchers and by Maltese amateur enthusiasts.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: In the 19th century, the antiquarian Giorgio Grognet de Vassé published a short compendium detailing the theory that Malta was the location of Atlantis. His theory was inspired by the discovery of the megalithic temples of Ġgantija and Ħaġar Qim during his lifetime.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: In "Malta fdal Atlantis" ("Maltese remains of Atlantis") (2002), Francis Galea writes about several older studies and hypotheses, particularly that of Maltese architect Giorgio Grongnet, who in 1854 thought that the Maltese Islands are the remnants of Atlantis. However, in 1828, the same Giorgo Grongnet was involved in a scandal concerning forged findings which were intended to provide a "proof" for the claim that Malta was Atlantis.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Peter James, in his book "The Sunken Kingdom", identifies Atlantis with the kingdom of Zippasla. He argues that Solon did indeed gather the story on his travels, but in Lydia, not Egypt as Plato states; that Atlantis is identical with Tantalis, the city of Tantalus in Asia Minor, which was (in a similar tradition known to the Greeks) said to have been destroyed by an earthquake; that the legend of Atlantis' conquests in the Mediterranean is based on the revolution by King Madduwattas of Zippasla against Hittite rule; that Zippasla is identical with Sipylus, where Greek tradition placed Tantalis; and that the now vanished lake to the north of Mount Sipylus was the site of the city.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: The geoarchaeologist Eberhard Zangger has proposed the hypothesis that Atlantis was in fact the city state of Troy. He both agrees and disagrees with Rainer W. Kühne: He too believes that the Trojans-Atlanteans were the sea peoples, but only a minor part of them. He proposes that all Greek speaking city states of the Aegean civilization or Mycenae constituted the sea peoples and that they destroyed each other's economies in a series of semi-fratricidal wars lasting several decades.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: German researchers Siegfried and Christian Schoppe locate Atlantis in the Black Sea. Before 5500 BC, a great plain lay in the northwest at a former freshwater-lake. In 5510 BC, rising sea level topped the barrier at today's Bosporus. They identify the Pillars of Hercules with the Strait of Bosporus. They gave no explanation how the ships of the merchants coming from all over the world had arrived at the harbour of Atlantis when it was 350 feet below global sea-level.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: They claim Oreichalcos means the obsidian stone that used to be a cash-equivalent at that time and was replaced by the spondylus shell around 5500 BC, which would suit the red, white, black motif. The geocatastrophic event led to the neolithic diaspora in Europe, also beginning 5500 BC.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: The Great Atlantis Flood, by Flying Eagle & Whispering Wind, locates Atlantis in the Sea of Azov. The theory proposes that the Dialogues of Plato present an accurate account of geological events, which occurred in 9,600 BC, in the Black Sea-Mediterranean Corridor. Glacial melt-waters, at the end of the Younger Dryas Ice Age caused a dramatic rise in the sea level of the Caspian Sea. An earthquake caused a fracture, which allowed the Caspian Sea to flood across the fertile plains of Atlantis. Simultaneously the earthquake caused the vast farmlands of Atlantis to sink, forming the present day Sea of Azov, the shallowest sea in the world.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Andalusia is a region in modern-day southern Spain which once included the "lost" city of Tartessos, which disappeared in the 6th century BC. The Tartessians were traders known to the Ancient Greeks who knew of their legendary king Arganthonios. The Andalusian hypothesis was originally developed by the Spanish author Juan de Mariana and the Dutch author Johannes van Gorp (Johannes Goropius Becanus), both of the 16th century, later by José Pellicer de Ossau Salas y Tovar in 1673, who suggested that the metropolis of Atlantis was between the islands Mayor and Menor, located almost in the center of the Doñana Marshes, and expanded upon by Juan Fernández Amador y de los Ríos in 1919, who suggested that the metropolis of Atlantis was located precisely where today are the 'Marismas de Hinojo'. These claims were made again in 1922 by the German author Adolf Schulten, and further propagated by Otto Jessen, Richard Hennig, Victor Berard, and Elena Wishaw in the 1920s. The suggested locations in Andalusia lie outside the Pillars of Hercules, and therefore beyond but close to the Mediterranean itself.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: In 2005, based upon the work of Adolf Schulten, the German teacher Werner Wickboldt also claimed this to be the location of Atlantis. Wickboldt suggested that the war of the Atlanteans refers to the war of the Sea Peoples who attacked the Eastern Mediterranean countries around 1200 BC and that the Iron Age city of Tartessos may have been built at the site of the ruined Atlantis. In 2000, Georgeos Diaz-Montexano published an article explaining his theory that Atlantis was located somewhere between Andalusia and Morocco.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: An Andalusian location was also supported by Rainer Walter Kühne in his article that appeared in the journal "Antiquity". Kühne's theory says: "Good fiction imitates facts. Plato declared that his Atlantis tale is philosophical fiction invented to describe his fictitious ideal state in the case of war. Kühne suggests that Plato has used three different historical elements for this tale. (i) Greek tradition on Mycenaean Athens for the description of ancient Athens, (ii) Egyptian records on the wars of the Sea Peoples for the description of the war of the Atlanteans, and (iii) oral tradition from Syracuse about Tartessos for the description of the city and geography of Atlantis." According to Wickboldt, Satellite images show two rectangular shapes on the tops of two small elevations inside the marsh of Doñana which he hypothesizes are the "temple of Poseidon" and "the temple of Cleito and Poseidon".


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: On satellite images parts of several "rings" are recognizable, similar in their proportion with the ring system by Plato. It is not known if any of these shapes are natural or manmade and archaeological excavations are planned. Geologists have shown that the Doñana National Park experienced intense erosion from 4000 BC until the 9th century AD, where it became a marine environment. For thousands of years until the Medieval Age, all that occupied the area of the modern Marshes Doñana was a gulf or inland sea-arm, but there was not even a small island with sufficient space to house a small village.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Two hypotheses have put Spartel Bank, a submerged former island in the Strait of Gibraltar, as the location of Atlantis. The more well-known hypothesis was proposed in a September 2001 issue of "Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences" by French geologist Jacques Collina-Girard. The lesser-known hypothesis was first published by Spanish-Cuban investigator Georgeos Díaz-Montexano in an April 2000 issue of Spanish magazine "Más Allá de la Ciencia" (Beyond Science), and later in August 2001 issues of Spanish magazines "El Museo" (The Museum) and "Año Cero" (Year Zero). The origin of Collina-Girard's hypothesis is disputed, with Díaz-Montexano claiming it as plagiarism of his own earlier hypothesis, and Collina-Girard denying any plagiarism. Both individuals claim the other's hypothesis is pseudoscience.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Collina-Girard's hypothesis states that during the most recent Glacial Maximum of the Ice Age sea level was 135 m below its current level, narrowing the Gibraltar Strait and creating a small half-enclosed sea measuring 70 km by 20 km between the Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean. The Spartel Bank formed an archipelago in this small sea with the largest island measuring about 10 to 12 kilometers across. With rising ocean levels the island began to slowly shrink, but then at around 9400 BC (11,400 years ago) there was an accelerated sea level rise of 4 meters per century known as Meltwater pulse 1A, which drowned the top of the main island. The occurrence of a great earthquake and tsunami in this region, similar to the 1755 Lisbon earthquake (magnitude 8.5-9) was proposed by marine geophysicist Marc-Andrè Gutscher as offering a possible explanation for the described catastrophic destruction (reference — Gutscher, M.-A., 2005. Destruction of Atlantis by a great earthquake and tsunami? A geological analysis of the Spartel Bank hypothesis. Geology, v. 33, p. 685-688.) . Collina-Girard proposes that the disappearance of this island was recorded in prehistoric Egyptian tradition for 5,000 years until it was written down by the first Egyptian scribes around 4000-3000 BC, and the story then subsequently inspired Plato to write a fictionalized version interpreted to illustrate his own principles.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: A detailed review in the Bryn Mawr Classical Review comments on the discrepancies in Collina-Girard's dates and use of coincidences, concluding that he "has certainly succeeded in throwing some light upon some momentous developments in human prehistory in the area west of Gibraltar. Just as certainly, however, he has not found Plato's Atlantis."


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: According to Michael Hübner, Atlantis core region was located in South-West Morocco at the Atlantic Ocean. In his papers an approach to the analysis of Plato's dialogues Timaeus and Critias is described. By means of a hierarchical constraint satisfaction procedure, a variety of geographically relevant indications from Plato's accounts are used to infer the most probable location of Plato's "Atlantis Nesos". The outcome of this is the Souss-Massa plain in today's South-West Morocco. This plain is surrounded by the High "Atlas", the Anti-"Atlas", the Sea of "Atlas" (Atlantis Thalassa, today's Atlantic Ocean). Because of this isolated position, Hübner argued, this plain was called "Atlantis Nesos", the "Island of Atlas" by ancient Greeks before the Greek Dark Ages. The Amazigh (Berber) People actually call the Souss-Massa plain "island". Of major archaeological interest is the fact that in the North-West of the Souss-Massa plain a large annular caldera-like geomorphologic structure was discovered. This structure has almost the dimensions of Plato's capital of Atlantis and is covered with hundreds of large and small prehistoric ruins of different types. These ruins were made out of rocks coloured red, white and black. Hübner also shows possible harbour remains, an unusually geomorphological structure, which applies to Plato's description of "roofed over docks, which were cut into red, white and black bedrock". These 'docks' are located close to the annular geomorphological structure and close to "Cape Ghir", which was named "Cape Heracles" in antiquity. Hübner also argued, that Agadir is etymologically related to the semitic "g-d-r" and probably to Plato's "Gadir". The semitic "g-d-r" means "enclosure", "fortification" and "sheep fold". The meaning of "enclosure", "sheep fold" corresponds to the Greek translation of the name "Gadeiros" (Crit. 114b) which is "Eumelos" = "Rich in Sheep".


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: The Richat Structure in Mauritania has also been proposed as the site of Atlantis. This structure is generally considered to be a deeply eroded domal structure that overlies a still-buried alkaline igneous intrusion. From 1974 onward, prehistoric artifacts of the area were mapped, finding an absence of prehistoric artifacts or Paleolithic or Neolithic stone tools from the structure's innermost depressions. Neither recognizable midden deposits nor manmade structures were found nor reported in the area, thus concluding that the area was used only for short-term hunting and stone tool manufacturing during prehistoric times.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: In September 2018 the YouTube channel "Bright Insight" claimed that the Richat Structure's features match Solon's description of Atlantis. "Bright Insight" claimed that matching features included 5 concentric circles, the diameter (127 stadia or 23.5 km), a waterway outlet to the south, salty groundwater everywhere except below the centerpoint, and mountains with waterfalls sheltering the city on the north. The present location, elevated and away from any body of water was explained by the lakes and rivers once present across the Sahara, and by a gradual rise of the land of about 2.5 cm per year.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: It has been thought that when Plato wrote of the "Sea of Atlantis", he may have been speaking of the area now called the Atlantic Ocean. The ocean's name, derived from Greek mythology, means the "Sea of Atlas". Plato remarked that, in describing the origins of Atlantis, this area was allotted to Poseidon. In Ancient Greek times the terms "Ocean" and "Atlas" both referred to the 'Giant Water' which surrounded the main landmass known at that time by the Greeks, which could be described as Eurafrasia (although this whole supercontinent was far from completely known to the Ancient Greeks), and thus this water mass was considered to be the 'end of the (known) world', for the same reason the name "Atlas" was given to the mountains near the Ocean, the Atlas Mountains, as they also denoted the 'end of the (known) world'.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: One of the suggested places for Atlantis is around the Azores Islands, a group of islands belonging to Portugal located about 900 miles (1500 km) west of the Portuguese coast. Some people believe the islands could be the mountain tops of Atlantis. Ignatius L. Donnelly, an American congressman, was perhaps the first one to talk about this possible location in his book "Atlantis: The Antediluvian World". Ignatius L. Donnelly also makes a connection to the mythical Aztlán.