title: Toyota Noah

text: Up until the third generation, the vehicle was specifically developed to provide variants that complies with the Japanese dimension regulations for compact vehicles with length dimensions under and width under ("class five" vehicle), which placed it in the lower end of the annual road tax bracket which contributed to its high demand. Since the fourth generation, all variants have exceeded the width limit, which made it classified as a "class three" vehicle.


title: Toyota Noah

text: The Noah was once exclusive to "Toyota Corolla Store" Japanese dealerships, the Voxy to "Netz Store", and the Esquire to "Toyopet Store". On 1 May 2020, the Noah, Voxy, and Esquire became available at all Toyota dealership sales channels in Japan ("Toyota Store", "Toyopet Store", "Corolla Store" and "Netz"). The Esquire was later discontinued in December 2021.


title: Toyota Noah

text: The first-generation Noah and Voxy were released in November 2001. The facelift model was released in August 2004, and discontinued in June 2007.


title: Toyota Noah

text: The second-generation Noah and Voxy were released in June 2007. The facelift model was released in April 2010, and discontinued in January 2014.


title: Toyota Noah

text: For 2007 models on Japanese models only, G-BOOK, a subscription telematics service was available as an option.


title: Toyota Noah

text: In Indonesia, the facelifted second-generation Noah was launched on 11 December 2012 as the Toyota NAV1, which filled the gap between the Kijang Innova and the Alphard. It was CKD-assembled at Sugity Creatives, a subsidiary of Toyota Auto Body in Bekasi, West Java, and available in two grade levels, G and V. The engine used is the 2.0-litre "3ZR-FAE" four-cylinder petrol unit mated with a continuously variable transmission. In 2014, the V Limited grade was added.


title: Toyota Noah

text: After the NAV1 was discontinued in January 2017 due to declining sales, it was replaced by the facelifted third-generation Voxy in August of the same year, which is imported from Japan. A total of 4,483 NAV1s were sold.


title: Toyota Noah

text: The third-generation Noah and Voxy were introduced in January 2014. For the first time, an engine start-stop system was used to improve fuel economy. It was also the first Toyota minivan to have one-touch sliding doors. In October 2014, the Esquire was launched, which was marketed as a more luxurious version of the Noah. The Noah/Voxy/Esquire also received Toyota's T-Connect services as well as Toyota Safety Sense C which incorporated features such as collision warning, lane assist, as well as high beam assist.


title: Toyota Noah

text: The Noah/Voxy/Esquire received a facelift on 3 July 2017 with changes to the lights, bonnet (hood), bumper and the front fender, and was discontinued in late 2021.


title: Toyota Noah

text: The facelifted third-generation Voxy was launched in Indonesia on 10 August 2017. Unlike the preceding NAV1, which was assembled locally, the Voxy was imported from Japan. Export to Indonesia began in July 2017. It was only offered in one grade equivalent to the Japanese ZS grade.


title: Toyota Noah

text: The fourth-generation Noah and Voxy were introduced on 13 January 2022, which are built on the GA-C platform. The Esquire nameplate was not continued in this generation. The Noah is offered in X, G, Z, S-G, and S-Z grade levels, while the Voxy is only available in S-G and S-Z grades. The Noah is also marketed by Suzuki in Japan as the fourth-generation Suzuki Landy since 8 August 2022 through an OEM agreement.


title: Toyota Noah

text: The fourth-generation Voxy was launched in Indonesia on 17 February 2022. Like the previous model, it is only offered in one grade with Toyota Safety Sense as standard equipment.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: Paul Albert Bissonnette (born March 11, 1985), nicknamed "Biz Nasty", is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Pittsburgh Penguins and Phoenix Coyotes.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: Bissonnette is currently a studio analyst for NHL on TNT, the color analyst for the Arizona Coyotes radio and a co-host along side former NHL defenseman Ryan Whitney on the Barstool Sports hockey podcast "Spittin' Chiclets".


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: Paul Albert Bissonnette was born March 11, 1985, in Welland, Ontario, to parents Yolande and Cam Bissonnette. Paul's mother was an office administration professor at Niagara College for 30 years in Southern Ontario. His father was a steel worker. Paul is French-Canadian, having attended French speaking schools until he was in the 7th grade, and biracial, as his mother is half black. Bissonnette is a fan of the Toronto Maple Leafs, both prior to his professional career and since retirement.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: At age 16, Bissonnette was drafted 31st overall by the Ontario Hockey League (OHL)'s North Bay Centennials in the 2001 OHL Priority Selection. He played in 57 games as a rookie and scored three goals and three assists. Following the 2001–02 season, the Centennials relocated and became the Saginaw Spirit.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: Bissonnette was named co-captain on the Spirit and also became a member of Canada's under-18 gold medal-winning team. During the 2003 Home Hardware Top Prospects Game, Bissonnette was named Team Orr player of the game after recording a goal and fighting Dion Phaneuf.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: Bissonnette was selected in the fourth round, 121st overall, of the 2003 NHL Entry Draft by the Pittsburgh Penguins. When drafted, he was playing with the Saginaw Spirit of the junior OHL. During the 2003–04 season, Bissonnette served as the Spirit captain and finished ninth in points. He played another half season with the Spirit before being traded to the Owen Sound Attack, where he finished the 2004–05 season.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: Bissonnette began his professional career in 2005 with the Wheeling Nailers of the ECHL. He appeared in 14 games for the Nailers, while also playing 55 games with the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins of the American Hockey League (AHL). On November 12, 2005, Bissonnette received his first professional fighting major when he fought Jordan Smith of the Portland Pirates. The following season, Bissonnette played 65 games with the Nailers, while spending three with the Penguins. Bissonnette scored his first professional goal in the AHL on February 25, 2006, on goaltender Maxime Ouellet of the Manitoba Moose. The following season, Bissonnette appeared in 65 games for the Nailers, while only skating in three for the Penguins. After 22 games with the Nailers during the 2007–08 season, Bissonnette was recalled by the Penguins, where he would spend the remainder of the season. While in Wilkes-Barre/Scranton, teammates Dennis Bonvie and Deryk Engelland worked with Bissonnette, often practising fighting techniques. During his time in Wheeling, he was also named to the ECHL all-star game twice.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: Bissonnette earned a spot on the Pittsburgh Penguins' roster to begin the 2008–09 season. He earned his first NHL fighting major on October 16, 2008, when he fought Matt Bradley of the Washington Capitals. During the fight, Bissonnette knocked Bradley to the ice, bloodying his nose. On January 13, 2009, Bissonnette recorded his first career NHL point, assisting on a goal by Tyler Kennedy against the Philadelphia Flyers.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: On May 5, 2009, during a playoff game between the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins and the Hershey Bears, Bissonnette was hit awkwardly by Greg Amadio and Steve Pinizzotto. He was deeply cut by the skate of one of the Hershey players on his left wrist and suffered nerve damage in his left hand.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: On October 1, 2009, Bissonnette was claimed on waivers by the Phoenix Coyotes after failing to make the Penguins' NHL roster out of training camp. On October 12, 2009, Bissonnette's first fight as a Coyote occurred against Jody Shelley of the San Jose Sharks. On November 12, 2009, Bissonnette scored his first NHL goal, against goaltender Carey Price of the Montreal Canadiens in a 4–2 loss.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: On October 5, 2011, Bissonnette signed a two-year contract extension with the Coyotes. During the 2011–12 season, on November 19, 2011, Bissonnette scored the game-winning goal, playing in front of his mother and grandparents for the first time as an NHL player. The Coyotes went on to win 4–2 over the Buffalo Sabres.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: With the 2012–13 NHL lock-out in effect, on November 1, 2012, Bissonnette signed with the Cardiff Devils of the British Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL). In ten games for the Devils, Bissonnette scored 6 goals and 19 points before returning to the Coyotes.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: Bissonnette left the Coyotes' organization after five seasons following the 2013–14 season. On September 16, 2014, he accepted a tryout agreement from the St. Louis Blues to attend their training camp. After playing the entirety of the pre-season, Bissonnette was released from his tryout on October 4.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: A few weeks later, on October 24, Bissonnette to the Cardiff Devils of the EIHL. He re-joined the team "on a temporary basis while he still looks for opportunities in the NHL". Bissonnette returned to the Coyotes' organization just three days later on October 27 when he signed a professional tryout agreement with the club's AHL affiliate, the Portland Pirates. After just eight games, Bissonnette was released from his tryout on December 9.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: On the same day, Bissonnette signed a tryout agreement with the Manchester Monarchs, the AHL affiliate of the Los Angeles Kings. After 19 games, on February 3, 2015, the Monarchs signed Bissonnette to a standard AHL contract for the remainder of the season. Bissonnette and the Monarchs won the Calder Cup after defeating the Utica Comets in five games.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: With the Monarchs joining the ECHL, the team was replaced by the Ontario Reign as the Kings' AHL affiliate. On July 8, 2015, the Reign signed Bissonnette to a one-year contract. He played 35 games for the team during the 2015–16 season. On July 6, 2016, he returned to the Reign after signing a one-year extension.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: On June 24, 2017, it was announced that Bissonnette would join the Coyotes' radio booth as a color commentator, replacing Nick Boynton. On September 7, Bissonnette officially confirmed his retirement from professional hockey on his Instagram account.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: On April 11, 2018, Bissonnette was announced as a new member of the Barstool Sports' hockey podcast, "Spittin' Chiclets", joining former Penguins' teammate Ryan Whitney.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: On May 14, 2018, Bissonnette released a mockumentary series named "BizNasty Does BC", which he co-created with Pasha Eshghi. The series features 17 past and present NHL stars and shows off the beauty of the province of British Columbia.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: In February 2019, Bissonnette partnered with CaniBrands, a CBD health and wellness company as the company's Sports and Media Ambassador.


title: Paul Bissonnette

text: In 2021, Turner Sports announced that Bissonnette would be joining the company as a pregame and intermission analyst for the NHL on TNT, alongside Wayne Gretzky, Anson Carter, and Rick Tocchet.


title: Imani Hakim

text: Imani Hakim (born 1993) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Tonya Rock on the UPN/CW sitcom "Everybody Hates Chris" as well as portraying Olympic gold medalist Gabby Douglas in the 2014 Lifetime original movie "The Gabby Douglas Story". Hakim acted in the films "Chocolate City" and "Burning Sands", and currently has a supporting role on the Apple TV+ series "Mythic Quest".


title: Imani Hakim

text: Hakim was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio. She has two older brothers and three younger brothers. When she was seven she studied acting at Karamu House Theater in Cleveland. She convinced her parents to allow her to pursue a professional acting career when she was 11 and moved to Los Angeles with her father to find work. They experienced homelessness during that time and frequently slept in their car. However, within a few months, she booked her first role as Chris's little sister Tonya on "Everybody Hates Chris". The series was on-air for four seasons, from 2005 to 2009. During that time, she was homeschooled. In California, Hakim continued to study acting at Alexander's Workshop School in Lakewood and at The Young Actor's Space in Burbank.


title: Imani Hakim

text: Hakim later starred as Olympic gymnast Gabby Douglas in the Lifetime biopic "The Gabby Douglas Story" (2014). The next year she acted in a supporting role in the film "Chocolate City" starring Robert Ri'chard.


title: Imani Hakim

text: As of 2020, she portrays Dana, a video game tester, on the Apple TV+ comedy series "Mythic Quest". The series was renewed for a third season in 2021. She also co-starred in the film "Dinner Party" in 2020.


title: Pulque

text: Pulque (; ), or octli, is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented sap of the maguey (agave) plant. It is traditional in central Mexico, where it has been produced for millennia. It has the color of milk, a rather viscous consistency and a sour yeast-like taste.


title: Pulque

text: The drink's history extends far back into the Mesoamerican period, when it was considered sacred, and its use was limited to certain classes of people. After the Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire, the drink became secular and its consumption rose. The consumption of pulque reached its peak in the late 19th century. In the 20th century, the drink fell into decline, mostly because of competition from beer, which became more prevalent with the arrival of European immigrants. There are some efforts to revive the drink's popularity through tourism. Similar drinks exist elsewhere in Latin America, such as "guarango" in Ecuador (see miske).


title: Pulque

text: Pulque is a milk-colored, somewhat viscous liquid that produces a light foam. It is made by fermenting the sap of certain types of maguey (agave) plants. In contrast, mezcal is made from the cooked heart of certain agave plants, and tequila is made all or mostly from the blue agave. About six varieties of maguey are best used for the production of pulque. The name "pulque" is derived from Nahuatl. The original name of the drink was "iztāc octli" (white pulque), the term pulque was probably mistakenly derived by the Spanish from the "octli poliuhqui" , which meant "spoiled pulque".


title: Pulque

text: It is one of two types of fermented agave drink known from Mexico at the time of European contact: pulque is made with sap taken from the stem, while the other was made with pit roasted stems and leaf bases.


title: Pulque

text: The maguey plant, also called a "century plant" in English, is native to Mexico. It grows best in the cold, dry climates of the rocky central highlands to the north and east of Mexico City, especially in the states of Hidalgo and Tlaxcala. Maguey has been cultivated at least since 200 CE in Tula, Tulancingo and Teotihuacan, and wild plants have been exploited for far longer. The plant historically has had a number of uses. Fibers can be extracted from the thick leaves to make rope or fabric, its thorns can be used as needles or punches and the membrane covering the leaves can be used as paper or for cooking. The name "maguey" was given by the Spanish, who picked it up from the Taíno. This is still its common name in Spanish, with "Agave" being its scientific generic or technical name. The Nahuatl name of the plant is "metl".


title: Pulque

text: The manufacturing process of pulque is complex and requires the death of the maguey plant. As the plant nears maturity, the center begins to swell and elongate as the plant gathers stored sugar to send up a single flower stalk, which may reach up to 20 feet in height. However, plants destined for pulque production have this flower stalk cut off, leaving a depressed surface 12-18 inches in diameter. In this center, the maguey sap, known as "aguamiel" (honeywater), collects. It takes a maguey plant 12 years to mature enough to produce the sap for pulque.


title: Pulque

text: Pulque has been drunk for at least 2000 years, and its origins are the subject of various stories and myths. Most involve Mayahuel, the goddess of the maguey. It was thought that the aguamiel collecting in the center of the plant was her blood. Other deities, such as the Centzon Totochtin (400 rabbits) are associated with it, by representing the drink's effects, and are the children of Mayahuel. Another version involving "Mayahuel" has her as a mortal woman who discovered how to collect aguamiel but someone named "Pantecatl" discovered how to make pulque.


title: Pulque

text: According to another story, pulque was discovered by the "Tlacuache" (opossum), who used his human-like hands to dig into the maguey and extract the naturally fermenting juice. He became the first drunk. "Tlacuache" was thought to set the course of rivers. The rivers he set were generally straight except when he was drunk. Then they follow "Tlacuache's" meandering path from cantina to cantina.


title: Pulque

text: Another account traces the discovery of aguamiel to the Toltec Empire, when a noble named Papantzin was trying to get the emperor to marry his daughter Xochitl. He sent her to the capital with an offering of "aguamiel", honey of the agave plant. The emperor and princess wed, and their son was named "Meconetzin" (maguey son). In other versions of the story, Xochitl is credited with discovering pulque.


title: Pulque

text: The maguey was one of the most sacred and important plants in ancient Mexico. It had a privileged place in mythology, religious rituals and the Mesoamerican economy. Pulque appears in a number of graphic representations from pre-colonial times, beginning with stone carvings from about 200 CE. The first major work involving pulque is a large mural called the "Pulque Drinkers", unearthed in 1968 at the pyramid of Cholula, Puebla. The most likely means of the discovery of aguamiel and fermented pulque was from the observation of rodents who gnaw and scratch at the plant to drink the seeping sap. Fermentation of the aguamiel can take place within the plant itself.


title: Pulque

text: For the indigenous peoples of the central highlands of Mexico, the imbibing of pulque was done only by certain people, under certain conditions. It was a ritual drink, consumed during certain festivals, such as that of the goddess Mayahuel, and the god Mixcoatl. It was drunk by priests and sacrificial victims, to increase the priests' enthusiasm and to ease the suffering of the victim. There are many references in Aztec codices, such as the Borbonicus Codex, of pulque's use by nobility and priesthood to celebrate victories. Among commoners, it was permitted only to the elderly and pregnant women. Production of pulque was ritualized and the brewers were superstitious. They would abstain from sex during the fermentation period because they believed that sexual intercourse would sour the process.


title: Pulque

text: After the Conquest, pulque lost its sacred character, and both natives and Spanish people began to drink it. The Spanish initially made no laws regarding its use. It became a lucrative source of tax revenue, but by 1672, public drunkenness had become enough of a problem that the viceregal government created regulations to curtail its consumption. A maximum of 36 "pulquerías" were permitted for Mexico City, which had to be located in open areas, be without doors and close at sundown. Food, music, dancing and the co-mingling of the sexes were prohibited. However, pulque continued to play a major role in the socioeconomic history of Mexico during colonial times and in the early years of Independence. Through this period, it was the fourth largest source of tax revenue. At the end of the 17th century, the Jesuits began large-scale production of the drink to finance their educational institutions. In this way, the making of pulque passed from being a home brew to one commercially produced.


title: Pulque

text: The casta system of racial hierarchy was created in Spanish America for elites to classify individuals into groups based on phenotype and perceived social class, and give them characteristics that were supposedly inherent to their group. Often artists portrayed mixed-race castas. This form of Mexican art portrayed castas in settings that were typical of their social group. The portrayal of pulque was used to show polarization between different castas. Before the Spanish colonization of the Americas, pulque was used for religious ceremonies in Mesoamerica, but after the Spanish conquest, pulque consumption lost its ritual meanings.


title: Pulque

text: In some casta paintings, pulque consumption was depicted. Some casta painters depicted different castas safely consuming and selling pulque. Other casta painters depicted Indigenous Americans intoxicated in the streets, and incapacitated which as a result required their families to escort them home. In one of his 1828 depictions, Italian lithographer Claudio Linati showed two Indigenous women engaged in a dispute outside of a pulquería.


title: Pulque

text: Production of pulque exploded after Independence, when the regulation of pulque producers ended, and Mexican nationalism increased. From then until the 1860s, pulque haciendas multiplied, especially in Hidalgo and Tlaxcala states. In 1866, the first railway between Veracruz and Mexico City began operations, crossing through Hidalgo. This line was soon known as the "Pulque Train" because it brought supplies of the drink daily to the capital. This production and easy shipment of the drink made Hidalgo rich, and gave rise to a "pulque aristocracy" made up of some of the most powerful families of this time: Torres Adalid, Pimenta y Fagoaga, Macedo and others. At its peak, there were about 300 pulque haciendas. Some still remain in the plains of Apan and Zempoala, in Hidalgo. Pulque hit its peak of popularity during the late 19th century, when it was enjoyed by rich and poor alike.


title: Pulque

text: Depictions of "tlaquicheros", pulquerías, and pulque haciendas were the subject of photographers in the late Porfiriato, including photographers C. B. Waite, Hugo Brehme, and Sergei Eisenstein. The "tlaquichero" "was perhaps the most widely known and successful of the images of Mexican types."


title: Pulque

text: As late as 1953, Hidalgo and Tlaxcala still obtained 30 and 50% respectively of their total revenues from pulque. This has diminished since then since irrigation, roads and other infrastructure has made possible other, more lucrative enterprises.


title: Pulque

text: In spite of its former popularity, pulque represents only 10% of the alcoholic beverages consumed in Mexico today. Pulque is still consumed in Mexico, mostly in the central highlands and predominantly in rural and poor areas. It has acquired a general connotation of being something for the lower class, while consumption of European-style beer flourished throughout the 20th century.


title: Pulque

text: The complex and delicate fermentation process of pulque had always limited the product's distribution, as it does not keep long and agitation during transport speeds degradation. Since pre-Hispanic times, its consumption has mostly been limited to the central highlands of Mexico.


title: Pulque

text: The decline of pulque began in the first decade of the 20th century, when the Mexican Revolution caused a decline in its production. In the 1930s, the government of Lázaro Cárdenas campaigned against pulque, as part of an effort to reduce alcoholic consumption in general. But the most decisive factor to the decline of pulque has been the introduction of beer.


title: Pulque

text: European immigrant beer brewers in the early 20th century had their own campaign against the native pulque, claiming that pulque producers used a "muñeca" (doll), a textile bag containing human or animal feces which was placed in the "aguamiel" to hasten the fermentation process. Some pulque producers have insisted that the "muñeca" is completely a myth, but modern historians suggest that it did happen, although only rarely. Beer producers promoted the idea that pulque was generally made this way, generally by word of mouth and insinuation. This was done to inhibit pulque sales and to promote the consumption of beer, which they claimed was "rigorously hygienic and modern".


title: Pulque

text: In part because of this strategy, pulque now generally looked down upon, and imbibed by relatively few people, with Mexican-brewed beer ubiquitous and extremely popular. Pulque's popularity is low and continues to fall. Twenty years ago, about 20 trucks would come every three days to Xochimilco (in southern Mexico City) to deliver pulque, but now the number is down to one or two. Only five pulquerias remain in this district, where there used to be 18. The situation is similar in most other parts of Mexico. The remaining pulquerias are very small establishments, selling a product made by small producers.


title: Pulque

text: In the state of Hidalgo, in which most maguey is grown, fields of this plant are disappearing, with barley taking its place. Most maguey plants here serve as boundary markers between properties. Many of these plants do not survive long, as they are often vandalized. An estimated 10,000 plants are mutilated each week by cutting off the lower leaves for barbacoa or destroying them completely to look for the edible white grubs or ant eggs that can inhabit them.


title: Pulque

text: A recent series of PBS travel shows feature pulque and say that it is once again a very popular drink and that there is a retro movement leading younger people seeking to establish their Mexican heritage to drink this beverage in large quantities. It has become a trendy drink among youth and back-to-your-roots types. The prohibition on female drinkers has also been lifted and co-ed pulquerias are now the norm.


title: Pulque

text: Also flavored syrups, seasonings and so on are now common with one pulqueria featured in the special offering 48 separate flavors.


title: Pulque

text: The production process is long and delicate. The maguey plant needs 12 years of maturation before the sap, or "aguamiel", can be extracted, but a good plant can produce for up to one year. This aguamiel can be drunk straight, but it is alcoholic only after a fermentation process that can start in the plant itself. This liquid is collected twice a day from the plant, yielding about five or six liters per day. Today, this liquid is collected with a steel scoop, but in the past, an elongated gourd was used as a tube to suck the juice out. Between gatherings, the plant's leaves are bent over the center where the juice collects to keep out bugs and dirt. This center is regularly scraped out to keep the plant's production of sap active. Most maguey plants produce this "aguamiel" for about four to six months before they finally die. Some plants can yield up to 600 L of pulque.


title: Pulque

text: The collected juice is placed into 50-liter barrels and carried from the field to the fermentation vats. These vats, called "tinas", are located in a special building called a "tinacal". This word derives from Spanish "tina" and Nahuatl "calli" that means house of vats. When pulque haciendas reached their peak in the late 19th century, hacienda life revolved around these "tinacals". It typically was a rectangular shed of stone with a wooden roof. The upper parts of the walls opened for air circulation and the façades were sometimes decorated with indigenous designs or other images associated with the making of pulque. One popular motif was the discovery of pulque by Xochitl. Other popular elements were the images of the hacienda's patron saint and the Virgin of Guadalupe. Inside were the vats, which were cowhide stretched over wooden frames lined up against the walls. In larger "tinacals", there were three or four rows of vats. Today, the "tinas" are made of oak, plastic or fiberglass and hold about 1,000 liters each.


title: Pulque

text: After placing the juice in the fermentation vats, mature seed pulque ("semilla" or "xanaxtli") is added to "jump start" the process. Unlike beer, the fermenting agent present in pulque is a bacterium of the species "Zymomonas mobilis" (syn. "Thermobacterium mobile" ) rather than yeast. Those in charge of the fermentation process guard their trade secrets, passing them on from father to son. Fermentation takes from seven to 14 days, and the process seems to be more art than science. A number of factors can affect fermenting pulque, such as temperature, humidity and the quality of the "aguamiel".


title: Pulque

text: The process is complex and delicate, and can go sour at any point. For this reason, and perhaps due to its ancient "sacred" character, there are rituals and prohibitions. Religious songs and prayers may be offered, and women, children and strangers are not allowed inside the "tinacal". Other superstitions include those against eating canned fish and wearing a hat inside the tinacal. The first is claimed to cause a bad taste in the pulque and the second is considered bad luck. To cleanse the bad luck, the offender must fill the hat with pulque and drink it down.


title: Pulque

text: Just before the peak of fermentation, the pulque is quickly shipped to market in barrels. The fermentation process is continuous, so the pulque must be consumed within a certain time before it spoils.


title: Pulque

text: Most pulque is consumed in bars called "pulquerías". At the beginning of the 20th century, more than 1,000 were located in Mexico City alone. By the early 20th century, "pulquerías" became socially accepted, and some were places of great elegance. But whether for rich or poor, two features stood out among these establishments: odd or catchy names, and murals decorating the walls. Names included (translated) "My Office", "Memories of the Future", "Drink and Go", "I'm Waiting for You Here at the Corner", and, across the street from the National Chamber of Deputies, "The Recreation Center of Those Across the Street". Diego Rivera once said one of the most important manifestations of Mexican painting was the murals that decorated the facades and interiors of "pulquerías". One tradition maintained at all" pulquerias "at the beginning of the 20th century was to put sawdust on the floor. The tradition at that time was to begin a pulque-drinking session by spilling a little on the floor or ground as an offering to Mother Earth. Traditional "pulquerías" tend to be like clubs with closed membership, with casual visitors ignored or sometimes stared at. Frequent visits and large consumption of the drink tends to win acceptance. While some establishments may forbid women, it is much more common for the establishment to provide a separate seating area for them. Intermingling of the sexes is not permitted. In the more rural areas of Hidalgo and Tlaxcala, where most pulque is made, the pulque is fresher and better. A vendor usually displays a white flag over the door when a fresh shipment has arrived.


title: Pulque

text: Traditionally, pulque is served from large barrels on ice. and served into glasses, using a "jicara", which is a half of a calabash tree gourd. The bartender is called a "jicarero". In a "pulquería", "cruzado", meaning something like "bottoms up", is a frequent salute.


title: Pulque

text: Drinking glasses have colorful names and can reflect a customer's ability to drink pulque. Large two-liter glasses are called "macetas" (flower pots), one-liter glasses are called "cañones" (cannons), half–liters are called "chivitos" (little goats), quarter-liter glasses are "catrinas" (dandies), and eighth-liter glasses are "tornillos" (screws). Traditionally, these glasses are made from a greenish, hand blown glass. Pulque can be drunk straight from the barrel or can have a number of additives, such as fruit or nuts, added. Pulque prepared this way is called "curado" or cured.


title: Pulque

text: One of the limitations to pulque's popularity has been the inability to store it for long periods or ship it far. Recently, pulque makers have found a way to preserve the beverage in cans. However, they admit this does change the flavor. The hope is that with this innovation, pulque can regain its lost market in Mexico and even achieve success as an export item, like tequila. It is already being offered in the United States by Boulder Imports, selling the brand "Nectar del Razo". The original market was Mexican-American men, but the company reports the product is having success as a health food, sought out by athletes and body builders.


title: Pulque

text: There is a saying that pulque "sólo le falta un grado para ser carne" – "it is only a bit shy of being meat", referring to the purported nutritional value of the drink. Mesoamericans allowed pregnant women and the elderly to imbibe what was normally reserved only for priests and nobility. Modern analysis of the liquid has found that it contains carbohydrates; vitamins C, B-complex, D, and E; and amino acids and minerals such as iron and phosphorus.


title: Pulque

text: From the glory days of pulque, the state of Hidalgo has about 250 pulque haciendas, many of which have been abandoned or converted to other uses, such as ranching. Their "tinacals" have either disappeared or been converted into storage or party rooms. A few remaining ones continue to make pulque, but use more modern and sanitary facilities. In Tlaxcala, the federal Secretariat of Tourism and the state government have organized a tour called the "Pulque Route", which includes the main haciendas that still make the beverage in this state. It is a two-day route which begins at the Church of La Barca de la Fe in Calpulalpan to the San Bartolo Hacienda, which is the principal exporter of canned pulque. This hacienda was the property of Ignacio Torres Adalid, who was called the "king of pulque". Today, it belongs to Ricardo del Razo. The tour also covers maguey fields like those around a town called Guillermo Ramirez.


title: Pulque

text: These old haciendas varied widely. Some were ostentatious with great architectural harmony such as the Montecillos Hacienda, of Spanish colonial style and originally built in the 17th century by the Jesuits or San Antonio Ometusco Hacienda built by architect Antonio Rivas Mercado. However, most haciendas were the result of a constructive process that started in the 16th century, with mixed architectural styles and methods of both Mexico and Europe. One characteristic feature is Neo-Gothic towers. The Santiago Tetlapayac Hacienda has murals related to charreada and attributed to the painter Icaza. The Zotoluca Hacienda has an octagonal floorplan in Neo-Moorish style and was restored in the 1950s. But the center of each of these pulque haciendas is the tinacal. They were planned and decorated befitting their importance. Almost all have interesting architectural details, such as a specially decorated main doorway, murals or sculpted windows. Some are considered works of art, such as the tinacal at the Montecillos Hacienda or the one at the San Antonio Ometusco Hacienda, which also has an elegant canopy covering the shipping dock with moulded iron columns and walls decorated with murals relating to the history of pulque.


title: Pulque

text: Awareness of pulque received a boost in the 1960s after the release of the 1966 film, "The Appaloosa". In the film, Matt Fletcher (Marlon Brando) is sitting in a cantina enjoying a pulque.


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: The Secret of My Success (sometimes stylized as "The Secret of My Succe$s") is a 1987 American comedy film produced and directed by Herbert Ross and starring Michael J. Fox and Helen Slater. The screenplay was written by A.J. Carothers, Jim Cash and Jack Epps Jr. from a story written by Carothers. It was filmed on location in Manhattan.


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: Brantley Foster is a recent graduate of Kansas State University who moves to New York City, where he has accepted an entry-level job as a financier. Upon arriving, he discovers that the company for which he is supposed to work has been taken over by a rival corporation. As a result, Brantley is laid off before even starting work.


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: After several interviews for another job, he is unsuccessful due to over- or underqualification, or having no experience. Brantley ends up working in the mailroom of the Pemrose Corporation, directed by his "uncle" Howard Prescott, a distant relative he's never met. Pemrose was founded by Howard's father-in-law. Howard achieved the presidency by marrying his boss's daughter, Vera Pemrose.


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: After inspecting company reports, Brantley realizes that Howard and most of his fellow "suits" (executives) are making pointless or damaging decisions. He notices an empty office in the building due to one of Howard's frequent firings. Using his access to the mailroom and his understanding of the company, he creates and assumes the identity of Carlton Whitfield, a new executive.


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: While handling two jobs (switching between casual apparel and business suits in the elevator), Brantley sparks romantic interest from Christy Wills, a fellow financial wizard who recently graduated from Harvard. He meets Vera by driving her home in a company limo at his employer's request. She persuades him to stay for a swim and seduces him.


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: Seeing Howard arrive, Brantley and Vera realize they are related by marriage. She had seduced him out of revenge against her husband for having an affair with a woman at the office. Brantley changes as fast as he can and narrowly escapes the mansion without being spotted by Howard.


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: Howard, unbeknownst to Brantley, is having an affair with Christy. When Howard asks her to spy on Carlton Whitfield he suspects as a corporate spy for Donald Davenport, she falls in love with "Whitfield", not knowing he is actually Brantley. The Pemrose Corporation is preparing for its impending takeover by the Davenport Corporation. If Davenport Corporation absorbs Pemrose, all workers get fired. Howard, unaware that Whitfield and Brantley are the same person, suspects "Whitfield" is a spy for corporate raider Davenport.


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: Brantley's double identity is discovered when he, Christy, Vera and Howard end up in the same bedroom after a party at Howard's home that all four are attending. Brantley and Christy end their blossoming relationship. He gets fired from his job as Whitfield, as does Christy for refusing to continue her affair with Howard. Vera is divorcing Howard, since she found out about his affair with Christy and his plan to propose to her.


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: While both Christy and Brantley are moving out of their offices, they end up in the same elevator and reconcile, conceiving a revenge plan together with Vera. They raise enough cash, bonds, and stocks to take control of the Pemrose Corporation, and to proceed with a hostile takeover bid of Davenport's corporation.


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: Vera, already hating Howard for his inept business practices which were driving her father's empire into the ground, tells the board about his affair with Christy. Vera promptly replaces him with Brantley, with Jean (Carlton's secretary), Christy and Melrose (Brantley's mailroom colleague) at his side. While security guards escort Howard and his aide, Art Thomas, from the Pemrose Building, Brantley and Christy start planning their future together, personal as well as professional.


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: The soundtrack was released on LP and cassette tape on April 10, 1987. Seven of the 10 tracks were produced, and either written or co-written, by David Foster, who also scored the film and has three tracks of his own on the album.


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: Not all of the songs featured in the film are included on the soundtrack, or, at least not in the same version. The film version of the song "The Secret of My Success" is slightly different, and also features a mini-instrumental version. The film version of "I Burn for You" does not feature vocals, whereas the soundtrack version does. The "Restless Heart" track from the film has a different title ("Something I Gotta Do"), and different lyrics than the soundtrack version.


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: Popular songs "Walking on Sunshine" by Katrina & The Waves and "Oh Yeah" by Yello are heard in the film but do not appear on the soundtrack.


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: The theme from the picture "The Secret of My Success", performed by Night Ranger, was one of the songs that competed for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song in 1988. The winner was "(I've Had) The Time of My Life", the theme from "Dirty Dancing", performed by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes.


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: Roger Ebert in the "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote, ""The Secret of My Success" seems trapped in some kind of time warp, as if the screenplay had been in a drawer since the 1950s and nobody bothered to update it." He concluded "Fox provides a fairly desperate center for the film. It could not have been much fun for him to follow the movie's arbitrary shifts of mood, from sitcom to slapstick, from sex farce to boardroom brawls."


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: However, Vincent Canby, writing in "The New York Times", felt it was "close to inspired when the ambitious Brantley finds himself leading two lives", although he noted that "Hanging over "The Secret of My Success" is the long shadow of Frank Loesser's classic musical "How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying"."


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: The film holds a 51% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 37 reviews with an average rating of 5.3/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "A miscast Michael J. Fox gives "The Secret of My Success" all the madcap energy he can muster, but it isn't enough to overcome confused direction and a recycled plot." On Metacritic, the film has a rating of 36/100 based on 16 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: The film opened on April 10, 1987, and debuted at number one at the box office, taking $7.8 million in its opening weekend. It stayed at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was in the top ten films for 2 months. It grossed $66,995,000 in the US, becoming the 7th highest-grossing film in the United States for the year 1987, and outgrossing such films as "RoboCop", "Predator", "Lethal Weapon" and "Dirty Dancing". The film went on to gross an additional $44,001,000 worldwide, giving it a total of $111 million. Additionally, the film made through video rentals.


title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: In 2020 a musical based on the film was mid-run for its world premiere and pre-Broadway tryout at the Paramount Theatre in March 2020 with Sydney Morton (Christy Lockhart) and Billy Harrigan Tighe (Brantley Foster/Carlton Whitfield) as leads and Greenberg directing when production was shut down due to the coronavirus pandemic. It had been scheduled to run from February 21 – March 29, and the final performance was March 12, as Illinois governor J. B. Pritzker shut down all performance venues starting March 13.


title: Epicenter

text: The epicenter, epicentre () or epicentrum in seismology is the point on the Earth's surface directly above a hypocenter or focus, the point where an earthquake or an underground explosion originates.


title: Epicenter

text: Before the instrumental period of earthquake observation, the epicenter was thought to be the location where the greatest damage occurred, but the subsurface fault rupture may be long and spread surface damage across the entire rupture zone. As an example, in the magnitude 7.9 Denali earthquake of 2002 in Alaska, the epicenter was at the western end of the rupture, but the greatest damage was about away at the eastern end. Focal depths of earthquakes occurring in continental crust mostly range from . Continental earthquakes below are rare whereas in subduction zone earthquakes can originate at depths deeper than .


title: Epicenter

text: During an earthquake, seismic waves propagate in all directions from the hypocenter. Seismic shadowing occurs on the opposite side of the Earth from the earthquake epicenter because the planet's liquid outer core refracts the longitudinal or compressional (P-waves) while it absorbs the transverse or shear waves (S-waves). Outside the seismic shadow zone, both types of wave can be detected but, because of their different velocities and paths through the Earth, they arrive at different times. By measuring the time difference on any seismograph and the distance on a travel-time graph on which the P-wave and S-wave have the same separation, geologists can calculate the distance to the quake's epicenter. This distance is called the "epicentral distance", commonly measured in ° (degrees) and denoted as Δ (delta) in seismology. The Láska's empirical rule provides an approximation of epicentral distance in the range of 2 000 − 10 000 km.


title: Epicenter

text: Once distances from the epicenter have been calculated from at least three seismographic measuring stations, the point can be located, using trilateration.


title: Epicenter

text: Epicentral distance is also used in calculating seismic magnitudes as developed by Richter and Gutenberg.


title: Epicenter

text: The point at which fault slipping begins is referred to as the focus of the earthquake. The fault rupture begins at the focus and then expands along the fault surface. The rupture stops where the stresses become insufficient to continue breaking the fault (because the rocks are stronger) or where the rupture enters ductile material. The magnitude of an earthquake is related to the total area of its fault rupture. Most earthquakes are small, with rupture dimensions less than the depth of the focus so the rupture doesn't break the surface, but in high magnitude, destructive earthquakes, surface breaks are common. Fault ruptures in large earthquakes can extend for more than . When a fault ruptures unilaterally (with the epicenter at or near the end of the fault break) the waves are stronger in one direction along the fault.


title: Epicenter

text: The macroseismic epicenter is the best estimate of the location of the epicenter derived without instrumental data. This may be estimated using intensity data, information about foreshocks and aftershocks, knowledge of local fault systems or extrapolations from data regarding similar earthquakes. For historical earthquakes that have not been instrumentally recorded, only a macroseismic epicenter can be given.


title: Epicenter

text: The word is derived from the New Latin noun "epicentrum", the latinisation of the ancient Greek adjective ἐπίκεντρος (), "occupying a cardinal point, situated on a centre", from ἐπί ("epi") "on, upon, at" and κέντρον ("kentron") "centre". The term was coined by the Irish seismologist Robert Mallet.


title: Epicenter

text: It is also used to mean "center of activity", as in "Travel is restricted in the Chinese province thought to be the epicentre of the SARS outbreak." "Garner's Modern American Usage" gives several examples of use in which "epicenter" is used to mean "center". Garner also refers to a William Safire article in which Safire quotes a geophysicist as attributing the use of the term to "spurious erudition on the part of writers combined with scientific illiteracy on the part of copy editors". Garner has speculated that these misuses may just be "metaphorical descriptions of focal points of unstable and potentially destructive environments."


title: Northrop F-89 Scorpion

text: The Northrop F-89 Scorpion was an American all-weather, twin-engined interceptor aircraft built during the 1950s, the first jet-powered aircraft designed for that role from the outset to enter service. Though its straight wings limited its performance, it was among the first United States Air Force (USAF) jet fighters equipped with guided missiles and notably the first combat aircraft armed with air-to-air nuclear weapons (the unguided Genie rocket).


title: Northrop F-89 Scorpion

text: The Scorpion stemmed from a United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Air Technical Service Command specification ("Military Characteristics for All-Weather Fighting Aircraft") for a night fighter to replace the P-61 Black Widow. The preliminary specification, sent to aircraft manufacturers on 28 August 1945, required two engines and an armament of six guns, either machine guns or autocannon. The revised specification was issued on 23 November; it did not specify jet propulsion, but the desired maximum speed of virtually dictated that all the submissions would be jet-powered. The aircraft was to be armed with aerial rockets stored internally and six guns split between two flexible mounts, four guns forward and two in the rear. Each mount had to be capable of 15° of movement from the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. Each mount's guns were to be automatically controlled by radar. For ground attack, it had to be capable of carrying bombs and to be able to carry a minimum of eight rockets externally. Bell Aircraft, Consolidated-Vultee, Douglas Aircraft, Goodyear, Northrop and Curtiss-Wright all submitted proposals. In March 1946, the USAAF selected the Curtiss-Wright XP-87 Blackhawk, adapted from their proposed XA-43 attack aircraft and the Northrop N-24 design, one of four submitted by the company.


title: Northrop F-89 Scorpion

text: The N-24, designed by Jack Northrop, was a slim-bodied swept-wing aircraft with a two-man pressurized cockpit and conventional landing gear. To reduce drag, the two Allison J35 turbojet engines were buried in the lower fuselage, directly behind their air intakes, and they exhausted underneath the rear fuselage. The horizontal stabilizer was mounted just above the junction of the vertical stabilizer with the fuselage and had some dihedral.


title: Northrop F-89 Scorpion

text: A contract for two aircraft, now designated the XP-89, and a full-scale mock-up was approved on 13 June, although construction of the mock-up had begun immediately after the USAAF announced that the N-24 had been selected. It was inspected on 25 September and the USAAF had some reservations. The inspectors believed that the radar operator needed to be moved forward, closer to the pilot, with both crewmen under a single canopy, the magnesium alloy components of the wing replaced by aluminum alloy, and the fuel tankage directly above the engines moved. Other changes had to be made as wind tunnel and other aerodynamic tests were conducted. The swept wings proved to be less satisfactory at low speeds, and a thin straight wing was selected instead. Delivery of the first prototype was scheduled for November 1947, 14 months after the inspection. The position of the horizontal stabilizer also proved to be unsatisfactory, as it was affected by the engine exhaust, and it would be "blanked-out" by airflow from the wing at high angles of attack. It was moved halfway up the tail, but its position flush with the leading edge of the vertical stabilizer proved to cause extra drag through turbulence and reduced the effectiveness of the elevators and rudder. Moving the horizontal stabilizer forward solved the problem. Another major change occurred when USAAF revised its specification to delete the rear gun installation on 8 October. Another inspection of the mock-up was held on 17 December, and the inspectors suggested only minor changes, even though the fuselage fuel tanks were still above the engines. Northrop's efforts to protect the fuel tanks were considered sufficient, as the only alternative was to redesign the entire aircraft.


title: Northrop F-89 Scorpion

text: The XP-89 had a thin, straight, mid-mounted wing and a crew of two, seated in tandem. The slim rear fuselage and the high-mounted horizontal stabilizer led Northrop employees calling it the Scorpion—a name later formally adopted by the Air Force. The intended armament of four 20-millimeter M24 cannon in a small nose turret was not ready when the XP-89 was completed in 1948. Pending the availability of either of the two turrets under development, an interim six-gun fixed installation, with 200 rounds per gun, was designed for the underside of the nose. The thin wing had an aspect ratio of 5.88, a thickness-to-chord ratio of 9% and used a NACA 0009-64 section, which was selected for its low drag at high speed and stability at low speeds. A further advantage of the straight wing was that it could accommodate heavy weights at the wingtips. The wing could not fit the circular-type (rotating) spoilerons used in the P-61, so Northrop used the "decelerons" designed for the unsuccessful XP-79 prototype. These were clamshell-style split ailerons, which could be used as conventional ailerons, as dive brakes, or function as flaps as needed. All flying surfaces, the flaps and the landing gear were hydraulically powered. The thin wing dictated tall, thin, high-pressure () mainwheel tires, while the low height of the fuselage required the use of dual wheels for the nose gear.


title: Northrop F-89 Scorpion

text: The terms of the initial contract were revised and formalized on 21 May 1947 with the price increased to $5,571,111. The delivery date of the first aircraft was scheduled 14 months (July 1948) from signing and the second 2 months after that. A month before the prototype made its first flight on 16 August 1948 at Muroc Army Air Field, the USAF changed its designation for fighter aircraft from "P" to "F". The XF-89 was fitted with Allison J35-A-9 turbojets and proved to be seriously underpowered. Initial flights were made with conventional ailerons, decelerons not being installed until December.


title: Northrop F-89 Scorpion

text: Several months earlier the Air Force conducted a competitive evaluation of the three existing all-weather interceptor prototypes, the XF-87, the XF-89, and the US Navy's XF3D. The evaluators were qualified night-fighter pilots, radar operators, and experienced maintenance non-commissioned officers. The pilots were not impressed with any of the aircraft and recommended procurement of an interim aircraft that resulted in the development of the Lockheed F-94 Starfire from the training version of the Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star. The F-89 proved to be the fastest of the three contenders, although it was in last place in cockpit arrangement and ease of maintenance. One pilot claimed that the XF-89 was the only real fighter and compared the XF-87 to a medium bomber and the XF3D to a trainer. The full Committee on Evaluation overruled those evaluators, preferring the Northrop design, as it had the greatest potential for development. The Air Force subsequently canceled the production contract for the F-87 to free up money for the Scorpion.


title: Northrop F-89 Scorpion

text: By November 1949 the second aircraft was virtually complete, but the Air Force was concerned about the design's poor thrust-to-weight ratio and decided to implement a weight-reduction program, as well as upgrading the engines to the more powerful Allison J33-A-21 fitted with an afterburner. Other major changes included the replacement of the nose gun turret by the Hughes-designed six-gun nose, AN/ARG-33 radar, and Hughes E-1 fire-control system, permanent wing-tip fuel tanks, and the ability to lower the complete engine for better maintenance access. The new nose added to the length of the aircraft. It was redesignated YF-89A to better reflect its role as a pre-production testbed to evaluate equipment and changes planned for the F-89A production aircraft. The aircraft was essentially complete by February 1950.


title: Northrop F-89 Scorpion

text: After repairs from a crash landing on 27 June 1949, the XF-89 was flown to March AFB to participate in the RKO movie "Jet Pilot" in February 1950. Shortly afterward, the aircraft crashed on 22 February, killing the observer, when flutter developed in the elevator and the subsequent vibrations caused the entire tail to break off. Construction of the production models was suspended until the reasons for the accident were discovered. Engineering and wind-tunnel tests revealed that the geometry of the rear fuselage and the engine exhaust created flutter-inducing turbulence that was aggravated by the high-frequency acoustic energy from the exhaust. Fixes for the problem involved the addition of a "jet wake fairing" at the bottom rear of the fuselage between the engines, external ("ice tong") mass balances for the elevator, pending the design of internal mass balances, and the addition of exhaust deflectors to the fuselage to reduce the turbulence and the consequent flutter.


title: Northrop F-89 Scorpion

text: Well before the YF-89A was complete, a $39,011,622 contract was awarded to Northrop on 13 May 1949 for 48 F-89A aircraft, one static test airframe and the modifications made to the YF-89A.


title: Northrop F-89 Scorpion

text: Production was authorized in January 1949, with the first production F-89A flying in September 1950. It had AN/APG-33 radar and an armament of six 20-millimeter T-31 cannon with 200 rounds per gun. The swiveling nose turret was abandoned, and fuel tanks were permanently fitted to the wingtips. Underwing racks could carry 16 aerial rockets or up to of bombs.


title: Northrop F-89 Scorpion

text: Only 18 F-89As were completed, which were mainly used for tests and trials, before the type was upgraded to F-89B standard, with new avionics. The type entered service with the 84th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron in June 1951, experiencing considerable problems with engines and other systems, and soon gave way to the F-89C. Despite repeated engine changes, problems persisted, compounded by the discovery of structural problems with the wings that led to the grounding of the F-89 and forced a refit of 194 -A, -B, and -C models.


title: Northrop F-89 Scorpion

text: The major production model was the F-89D, which first flew 23 October 1951 and entered service in 1954. It removed the cannon in favor of a new Hughes E-6 fire control system with AN/APG-40 radar and an AN/APA-84 computer. Armament was two pods of fifty-two "Mighty Mouse" FFAR rockets. A total of 682 were built. In August 1956 a pair of F-89D interceptors were scrambled from Oxnard Air Force Base to shoot down a runaway F6F-5K drone leading to the so-called Battle of Palmdale.


title: Northrop F-89 Scorpion

text: Proposed re-engined F-89s, designated F-89E and F-89F, were not built, nor was a proposed F-89G that would have used Hughes MA-1 fire control and GAR-1/GAR-2 Falcon air-to-air missiles like the Convair F-106 Delta Dart.


title: Northrop F-89 Scorpion

text: The subsequent F-89H, which entered service in 1956, had an E-9 fire control system like that of the early F-102 and massive new wingtip pods each holding three Falcons (usually three semi-active radar homing GAR-1s and three infrared GAR-2s) and 21 FFARs, for a total of six missiles and 42 rockets. Problems with the fire-control system delayed the -H's entry into service, by which time its performance was notably inferior to newer supersonic interceptors, so it was phased out of USAF service by 1959.


title: Northrop F-89 Scorpion

text: The final variant was the F-89J. This was based on the F-89D, but replaced the standard wingtip missile pod/tanks with fuel tanks and fitted a pylon under each wing for a single MB-1 Genie nuclear rocket (sometimes supplemented by up to four conventional Falcon air-to-air missiles). The F-89J became the only aircraft to fire a live Genie as the "John" Shot of Operation Plumbbob on 19 July 1957. There were no new-build F-89Js, but 350 -Ds were modified to this standard. They served with the Air Defense Command, later renamed the Aerospace Defense Command (ADC), through 1959 and with ADC-gained units of the Air National Guard through 1969. This version of the aircraft was extensively used within the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) air-defense system.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: Charlotte Letitia Crosby (born 17 May 1990) is an English television personality, known for appearing in the MTV reality series "Geordie Shore" and winning the twelfth series of "Celebrity Big Brother". In 2017, she began presenting "Just Tattoo of Us", and in 2018, Crosby began starring in her own reality series, "The Charlotte Show".


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: Crosby was born in Sunderland and educated at St Anthony's Girls' Catholic Academy, where she completed her A level exams. Originally considering studying criminology at university, she successfully auditioned and was cast to appear in the Tyne and Wear-based reality series, "Geordie Shore".


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: Crosby was an original cast member of MTV's reality series "Geordie Shore", which she had starred in since 2011. She featured in 12 series of the show. She became known for an on/off relationship with fellow cast member Gaz Beadle. In June 2016, she announced her departure from the show via Twitter.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: In November 2012, alongside her "Geordie Shore" cast members, Crosby guest appeared at the 2012 MTV Europe Music Awards where they presented the award for Best Male, which Justin Bieber won. In February 2013, Crosby appeared on "The Sarah Millican Television Programme", alongside her "Geordie Shore" cast members Gary Beadle, James Tindale and Holly Hagan.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: On 23 August 2013, Crosby participated in the twelfth series of "Celebrity Big Brother". On 13 September, she was crowned winner of the series.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: In 2013, Crosby hosted the BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards. Crosby was also a regular panellist on "This Morning" for the fashion strand 'Rate or Slate', and regularly appeared on panels for ITV series including "Britain's Got More Talent", "Xtra Factor" and "Celebrity Juice." In January 2014, it was confirmed that Crosby would have her own reality series on TLC, where she would spend time in different cultures and live with some of the world's unique communities. "I am bursting with excitement about my new show with TLC. I literally want to run around shouting about it from the rooftops!" The series was titled "The Charlotte Crosby Experience."


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: In January 2015, MTV UK announced that Crosby was set to star in the second series of reality series "Ex on the Beach". The series premiered later that month. Crosby joined the cast in the villa in the series fifth episode, appearing as an ex of fellow "Geordie Shore" cast member Gary Beadle.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: Crosby occasionally hosts MTV News and also had a regular column in Star Magazine. On 19 September 2015, Crosby and her home appeared on comedy panel game show "Through the Keyhole". She has also made guest appearances on programmes such as "Staying In", "Fake Reaction", "Most Shocking Celebrity Moments", "50 Funniest Moments" and "Utterly Outrageous Moments".


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: Crosby's autobiography, "ME ME ME", was published in July 2015. The book topped the Sunday Times bestseller list. On 4 August 2015, Crosby appeared on BBC Radio 1's Innuendo Bingo.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: In 2016, Crosby had her own special on Chart Show TV, titled "Charlotte Crosby's Propa Mint Party", where she played a collection of her favourite music videos. In 2016, she was a contributor to the Channel 4 documentary series "A Granny's Guide to the Modern World". She offered an insight on life as a celebrity to the older generation. In August 2016, Crosby narrated Channel 5 documentary-reality series "Tattoo Disasters U.K."


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: In August 2016, she announced that she was set to appear in E4 dating series "Celebs Go Dating". The series ran from the end of August until the middle of September 2016. In October 2016, Crosby appeared on "Celebrity Storage Hunters UK" and later that month, she appeared on "".


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: In December 2016, Crosby was the star of "MTV Asks Charlotte Crosby", set in her house in the North East of England. Later that month, she made a guest appearance on the Christmas special of "In Bed with Jamie" on E4, which was also set in her home. On 25 December 2016, Crosby made her radio presenting debut on Heat Radio where she co-presented an afternoon show with Lucie Cave.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: From 27 February to 3 March 2017, Crosby was a stand-in presenter on the Capital North East breakfast show whilst the regular hosts took a week off. She reprised this role in February 2018, June 2018 and September 2018. In June 2017, Crosby published her second autobiography, "Brand New Me". In contrast to her first book, it was published in a diary format. The book became a Sunday Times bestseller, the second of Crosby's books to peak at number 1.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: In January 2019, Crosby appeared on the fourth series of "Celebrity Coach Trip", alongside boyfriend Josh Ritchie. The couple reached the final and finished as runner-ups. In August 2019, Crosby began appearing in the seventh series of "Celebs Go Dating" to undergo ‘couples coaching’ alongside Ritchie. She had previously starred in the first series.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: On 2 January 2020, Crosby was revealed as the second contestant participating in the sixth series of the Australian version of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!".


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Crosby remotely presented "MTV Games Night with Charlotte Crosby" for MTV's digital strand for six weeks. Crosby undertook self-filming and production roles to facilitate airing the show. Crosby followed this project by remotely presentening the comedy clip show "Charlotte Crosby’s Lockdown Laughs" for MTV networks globally.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: In 2018, it was confirmed Crosby would star in her own MTV reality series. The series, titled "The Charlotte Show", premiered on 28 March 2018.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: The second series premiered on 30 January 2019. After the series finale, it was confirmed that "The Charlotte Show" would return for a third series, which premiered on 18 June 2019.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: The series broadcasts on all major MTV networks globally. The show debuted on free-to-air television in Australia on 10 Shake in September 2020 alongside "Just Tattoo of Us".


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: In 2014, Crosby launched a fashion line titled "Nostalgia", in association with British online fashion retailer In The Style. Since then, she has continued to launch regular collections; however, it is no longer marketed under the "Nostalgia" brand, simply being referred to by Crosby's name.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: On 26 December 2014, Crosby released her first fitness DVD, "Charlotte's 3 Minute Belly Blitz". The workout DVD featured Richard Callendar and weight loss expert David Souter. It became the UK's fastest selling fitness DVD, selling 101,000 copies in its first four weeks on sale. Within a month, it became the sixth best-selling fitness DVD of the decade. At the end of 2015, it was the 31st biggest selling DVD of the year. Since the release of the DVD, it has continually remained at the top ends of the Sports & Fitness DVD charts.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: In 2015, Crosby released her second fitness DVD, "Charlotte's 3 Minute Bum Blitz". The object of the DVD is to get a 'more peachy bum'. It uses the same trainers as "3 Minute Belly Blitz".


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: In April 2016, Crosby published her first health and fitness book, "Live Fast, Lose Weight: Fat to Fit." The book details her tips and tricks on keeping fit and 80 recipes for a healthy lifestyle.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: In January 2018, Crosby published her second health and fitness book, "30 Day Blitz". She promoted the book with a series of signings throughout the UK.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: From December 2015 to April 2016, Crosby and Gaz Beadle started a relationship outside of filming "Geordie Shore". This came to an end following Crosby's ectopic pregnancy. Crosby had surgery at St John and Elizabeth hospital, in London, which involved the removal of her left Fallopian tube. At the same time, Beadle cheated on her, leading to the end of their relationship. From 2018 to 2019, Crosby was in a relationship with Josh Ritchie. In early 2020, she dated Liam Beaumont, a videographer and content creator she reportedly met in Dubai but the two split in August 2021.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: Since late 2021, Crosby started dating businessman Jake Ankers.On 12 April 2022, Crosby announced on Instagram that she and Ankers were expecting their first child.On 20 June 2022, she revealed on her Instagram that she's expecting a girl.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: In 2012, Crosby was convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol, she received an 18-month driving ban and a £250 fine.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: In 2016, Crosby was arrested in Newcastle City Centre when police pulled her over in a Range Rover after witnesses reported seeing it driving erratically. She was found to be almost three times the legal drink drive limit and was subsequently convicted for driving under the influence for a second time and was banned from driving for three years and was fined £1,185.


title: Charlotte Crosby

text: In March 2022, Crosby was added to the UK's Advertising Standards Agency list of "non-compliant social media influencers" for improperly advertising products on her social media channels without disclosing her conflicts of interest or the fact that the products were part of an advertising campaign.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: Barcelona Sporting Club () is an Ecuadorian sports club based in Guayaquil, known best for its professional football team. Internationally known as Barcelona de Ecuador, in Ecuador it is simply referred as Barcelona, El Idolo (BSC) or Barce. They currently play in the Ecuadorian Serie A, the highest level of football in the country, and hold the distinction of being the only club in Ecuadorian top flight to not have played in the Serie B.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: Barcelona Sporting Club is the most successful football team in Ecuador, having won the Serie A title a record 16 times, most recently in 2020. They have also won six regional titles (five in the professional era), and were the first Ecuadorian club to make it to the Copa Libertadores finals, but lost on both occasions.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: Barcelona Sporting Club was founded on 1 May 1925, by Eutimio Pérez, a Spanish immigrant who named the club after his home city of Barcelona. Since then, Barcelona Sporting Club has become the most popular club in the country. The club holds a long-standing rivalry with Emelec, where matches between the two teams are considered the most important Derby in Ecuador, commonly referred to as "El Clásico del Astillero". The club plays their home matches in Estadio Monumental Banco Pichincha, the largest stadium in the country.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: In addition to football, the club has teams in professional basketball, bowling, boxing, swimming, volleyball, baseball, athletics, and tennis. In 2008, its basketball team was the champion in the Ecuadorian National Basketball League.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: "Barcelona Sporting Club" was founded on 1 May 1925 by Eutimio Pérez, a Spanish immigrant who decided to name the club after his home city of Barcelona, Spain. The team was named after Pérez's return to Ecuador, and BSC's Barça-like crest was adopted later on. The team competed in the provincial amateur tournament organized by Asociación de Fútbol del Guayas (AFG), which included clubs from around the Guayas Province in Ecuador. In the 1940s, Barcelona's popularity grew partly by its notoriety in playing matches against important Colombian teams, such as Deportivo Cali and Millionarios, two of the best teams from Colombia's golden era of football. Barcelona defeated Millionarios twice in Guayaquil, by scores of 3–2 and 1–0.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: A curious fact is that everything started from the same place where the club which at the end would be its most intense sports rival was founded, the Club Sport Emelec, since both clubs were born from the same neighborhood of Guayaquil; barrio de astillero de Guayaquil


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: In 1950,Barcelona Sporting Club won its first AFG amateur title; the following year, the Association turned professional, and between 1951 and 1967, Barcelona racked up five professional regional titles and finished as runners-up six times, tying crosstown rival Emelec for the most titles. In 1957, as one of the top two finishers in the Guayas regional tournament, Barcelona was invited to participate in the newly organized Serie A de Ecuador, which would crown a national championship from among the top two teams from both the AFG and the Interandino tournament disputed by teams from Quito and Ambato. Barcelona of Guayaquil finished second in their first participation. Barcelona won its first national title in 1960, and became the first Ecuadorian team to compete in the Copa Libertadores.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: By the 1970s, Barcelona had established themselves as one of Ecuador's more popular teams after winning a number of provincial and national championships. Despite their national success, their performance in the Copa Libertadores had been lackluster, having exited the tournament early in competition. That changed in 1971, when they reached the semi-finals of the tournament with a star-studded squad that featured players such as Brazilian international Jose Paes, Peruvian World Cup player Pedro Pablo León, and Ecuadorian legend Alberto Spencer. Although they failed to reach the finals, at that time Estudiantes de La Plata was undefeated 4 years in row in home matches in Copa Libertadores, they managed to defeat three-time tournament winner Estudiantes de La Plata 1–0 in La Plata, later it would be recognized as "La Hazaña de la Plata". In 1972, they reached the semi-finals again, establishing themselves in the international stage.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: The first two years of the decade were in stark contrast to the remainder; after the 1972 season, the club entered a dry spell that would last nine years. Barcelona did not win a national title, nor did it qualify for the Copa Libertadores, until the 1980s.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: In the 1980s, Barcelona shed the shackles of the prior decade and resurged on the international and domestic fronts. In 1980, the team won their first national title since 1971, going on to win four more before the end of the decade, making the 1980s the team's most successful period in terms of national titles; Barcelona became the first Ecuadorian squad to win 10 national championships. During this period, Barcelona competed in six editions of the Copa Libertadores, reaching the semi-finals twice in 1986 and 1987. In 1988, the club hosted a historic meeting against FC Barcelona from Spain, which the Ecuadorian club derived its name from, during the Guayaquil City Cup friendly; the Ecuadorian Barcelona emerged victoriously 2–1.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: In 1987, Barcelona inaugurated a new home ground, the Estadio Monumental. With an opening capacity of almost 90,000 spectators, the "Monumental" is still the largest stadium in Ecuador, and was the second-largest in South America, after the Estádio do Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro. The capacity has been reduced to just under 60,000 due to safety concerns like most South American stadiums.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: In 1990, under a new president, and with the firm intention of conquering the Copa Libertadores for the first time (and the first time for a team in Ecuador), the club acquired key international players: former Argentine international and World Cup champion in 1986 Marcelo Trobbiani, Argentine international Alberto Acosta, and Uruguayan Marcelo Saralegui. With the inclusion of the foreign players and a batch of young as well as experienced Ecuadorian players, they played a fantastic tournament.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: In 1990 Copa Libertadores edition, a dramatic semi-final home and away series, Barcelona beat River Plate of Argentina in a penalty shoot-out, to finally reach the long-awaited final. Unfortunately they would come short, losing against Olimpia of (Paraguay) 2–0 in the away game, and tying 1–1 in the home game. Many considered the referee had affected the outcome in favor of the Paraguayan team. But with the runner up title, they would finally be considered among the best and most respected teams in South America.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: In 1992, they put together another great team, beating the previous champions Colo-Colo (Chile) and reaching the Libertadores Cup semi-finals once again, but losing against the powerful Brazilian team of São Paulo, who at the time was coached by Tele Santana. Among their stars, São Paulo had players such as Zetti, Cafu, Raí, Müller and Palhinha.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: This decade also proved to show a negative side in the team's history. On 26 December 1993, three days after Barcelona had achieved the second place in the Ecuadorian league and earning a spot in the next Libertadores cup, Ecuadorian striker Carlos Muñoz died in a car accident at the age of 26.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: After winning the Ecuadorian league title in 1997 (their last until 2012) with the help of such players as former Bolivian international Marco "El Diablo" Etcheverry, former Colombian international Anthony "El Pipa" De Avila and former Ecuadorian international Agustin "Tin" Delgado, they would go on to play the 1998 Libertadores Cup with mostly old players that seemed to be on their way out. But against all odds, they would reach their second Libertadores Cup final, losing both championship games against Brazilian team Vasco Da Gama, 2–0 in the away game and 2–1 in the home game.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: 1998 was their last appearance in the Copa Libertadores final as of 2022, ultimately meaning that their intention of capturing the Copa Libertadores that they wanted since the turn of the decade turned out to be a missed opportunity and was disappointing to many fans as they expected to win at least one continental title. The glory of being the first Ecuadorian team instead went to bitter rivals L.D.U. Quito who won the 2008 Copa Libertadores and leaving Barcelona further stings of what could have been.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: Barcelona did not win a national title for 15 years since 1997, and participated in only two editions of the Copa Libertadores in the 2000s (decade). Despite the lack of titles in recent years, the club remains among the most successful teams in the league, having managed three Serie A runners-up finishes in the decade. Barcelona continues to be among the top contributors to the Ecuador national team, and remains one of the most popular teams in Ecuador. The derby with crosstown team Emelec, remains the most popular football rivalry in Ecuador.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: During November 2007, Eduardo Maruri was elected President of Barcelona for the 2007–11 period. Maruri and Noboa (Barcelona's Vice President) introduced the slogan "La Renovación" (The Renovation), thereby promising to bring in key international players as well as the best Ecuadorian players and to clean up the mess that had prevented Barcelona from winning the national title. However, the 2009 season was Barcelona's worst season in its history in the Serie A. Such teams as Deportivo Quito, ESPOLI, Deportivo Cuenca and LDU Portoviejo came out and spoke about their concern: if Barcelona were relegated, it would enormously impact those teams' economic situations, since when they would play at home against Barcelona it would almost guarantee a sell-out. (This was because Barcelona had the most fans of any team in Ecuador.) On 3 October 2009, more than 70,000 fans showed up at the Estadio Monumental Banco del Pichincha to support "El Idolo del Ecuador" so that it would not be relegated to the Serie B. In an intense match, Barcelona defeated LDU Portoviejo 2–0 with goals from José Luis Perlaza (46th minute) and Juan Samudio (90th minute). This allowed Barcelona to remain the only Ecuadorian team that has never played a game in Serie B.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: On 5 November 2009, Barcelona's President, Eduardo Maruri, announced the hiring of a multimedia communications group from Spain, MediaPro, to help them as a consultant and guide them through the new decade in the aspects of advertisement, finance, and sport. This was done with the hope of bringing Barcelona back to international prominence and giving the fans what they most desired, the elusive 14th domestic title.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: However, Eduardo Maruri resigned the presidency of Barcelona during a surprise press conference on 22 December 2010, stating that he was doing so because of "family issues". Maruri was resigning one year before the scheduled completion of his term. After Maruri resigned, Juan Carlos Estrada was designated as the new President of Barcelona. Estrada also resigned the next day and Alfonso Harb Viteri assumed the presidency. Harb stated that he was going to step down as President and announced that Barcelona's presidential elections would be held on 11 June of the following year.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: The businessman Antonio Noboa with his slogan "Primero Barcelona", defeated his opponent Jose Herrera and was sworn as the new president of Barcelona SC on June 11, 2011. During the Noboa era, Barcelona managed to win the 2012 Serie A, ending a 14-year without a title.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: Former goalkeeper José Francisco Cevallos assume the presidency of Barcelona on December 13, 2015 against Universidad Católica in Barcelona's home stadium, "El Monumental". His term ended in 2020, but was renewed. In his tenure, Barcelona won the 2016 Ecuadorian Serie A, qualifying them for the 2017 Copa Libertadores, which they reached the semi-finals for the first time since 1998. This run was a great one, qualifying 2nd in their group after River Plate and alongside Independiente Medellín, and Melgar. In the knockouts, they beat Brazilian Sides Palmeirasin the round of 16 and Botafogo in the Quarterfinals, before losing to eventual champion Grêmio in the Semifinals. His term ended with a gleeful 2020 Ecuadorian Serie A Championship, and then was re-elected Club President. The next year, Barcelona reached the semifinals of the 2021 Copa Libertadores. This run saw Barcelona top a group with Boca Juniors, the previous year's runner-up Santos, and The Strongest. In the knockouts, they beat Vélez Sarsfield in the Round of 16 and Fluminense in the Quarterfinals before falling to finalists Flamengo in the Semifinals. In the 2022 Ecuadorian Serie A, despite winning the first phase, they fell short of the Championship to first time winners Aucas.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: The crest of Barcelona has changed over the years. The teams' first crest consisted of a modified version of the city of Barcelona's Coat of Arms in dark blue borders. The team used this crest for two years until 1927. In 1935, the first major change came when they used Barcelona's flag in a circle, with a triangle behind it bearing the team's initials. In 1955, after the team won their first Guayas Championship, the team adopted their current crest, which is similar to FC Barcelona's. Changes they made to it included the number of spikes, the colour of the ball, border colour, and the initials.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: The team's traditional colors are yellow and red, with the home kit being all yellow since moorlands era 2015


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: Prior to that, the teams used to play in black and white kits. For a period early in their history, the team used a kit similar to FC Barcelona's, but after a series of losses in that uniform, the team president swore never to wear those colors again. In the 1940s, yellow was introduced, and would eventually become the team's primary color, replacing white altogether; red would become the secondary color, used in their alternate kit.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: Barcelona has played in three stadiums. Their first stadium was Estadio George Capwell, with whom they shared with crosstown rival Emelec as it was the only stadium in Guayaquil.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: In 1959, they moved to the Guayaquil's brand new stadium Estadio Modelo. This was the stadium in which the teams played in during the golden years. For several years Barcelona shared this stadium with Emelec and Patria.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: After Estadio Modelo's success, the president of Barcelona, Isidro Romero Carbo, initiated the project to give Barcelona their own stadium. Romero talked with Jaime Nebot, Guayaquil's mayor, and León Febres Cordero, then President of Ecuador (both of whom are Barcelona fans) about the idea; they decided to help. Nebot donated a huge ground, for construction and Febres Cordero helped him with money. In 1986, Romero put up the first block of the stadium in 1986. In 1987, Estadio Monumental opened for the first time. The stadium was the first in Ecuador to have suites, and became the largest in terms of capacity, with space for close to 90,000 fans.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: Recently the team signed a ten-year deal with Latin America Futbol Corporation to install a state of the art LED perimeter board in the Estadio Monumental Banco Pichincha. The 243-meter LED perimeter board was installed in September 2008 and is the first LED perimeter board in an Ecuadorian soccer stadium. The deal is a 50–50 partnership between the two groups. On July 12, 2015 a Giant LED perimeter board was debuted in the Estadio Monumental Banco Pichincha, the biggest in South America, which is located in the north sector in parish Tarqui of Guayaquil. A aerial lift or cable car currently under construction will connect the stadium with the "Aerovia" Julian Coronel station in downtown Guayaquil, which service is scheduled to start in the second half of August 2021.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: Barcelona has the largest fanbase of any team in Ecuador. When Barcelona plays away, many of their followers from the city of the home team show up to the stadium to root for Barcelona.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: Barcelona's ultras are known as "La Sur Oscura" (English: "The Dark south"). During home matches, they are located in the southern end of the Estadio Monumental. In Quito, Barcelona's ultras are known as "Sur Oscura Quito" (English: "Dark South Quito"). Another group of Barcelona's ultras are known as "Zona Norte" (English: "North Zone").


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: "El Clásico del Astillero" is a match played against Barcelona's old rival Emelec. It was not until August 22, 1943 that the two sides faced each other for the first time, in a Guayaquil League match. Sporting their distinctive yellow jerseys, Los Canarios defeated El Eléctrico 4–3, with Pedro Villalta scoring a late winner for Barcelona. It was a match that would forever be remembered as The Derby of the Posts due to the number of times that the Emelec forwards struck the woodwork.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: In 1948, the local derby received a name of its own in a preview in the newspaper El Universo, becoming known forever more as El Clásico del Astillero (The Shipyard Derby).


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: In 1990, proved to be a very special year in the history of El Clásico del Astillero, with the two sides facing off in a Copa Libertadores quarter-final second leg on August 29. Barcelona de Guayaquil advanced to the semi-finals after a 1–0 win.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: The rivalries between these two teams is immense in Ecuador and international that it caught the eye of international filmmaker Filmadora Panamericana and in 1973 a movie was made titled "El derecho de los pobres", starting Spanish-Mexican actor Enrique Rambal, Mexican actor Enrique Rocha and Ecuadorian soccer player Alberto Spencer, proclaimed the best Ecuadorian soccer player of all times, makes his cinema debut.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: On social media, the rivalry between the two teams comes up more frequently. The fans take advantage of any slip of the opposite team to create memes and videos to laugh down, especially the day after a game. The most used phrase to highlight the existing rivalry is "Barcelona, tu papá." (English: "Barcelona is your father"), referring to the fact that Barcelona has always occupied a most important hierarchical position than Emelec in many aspects.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: This rivalry has gained special significance with the recent success of both teams in Serie A play, with Barcelona winning in 2012, and Emelec winning in 2013 and 2014. The 2014 championship was decided by a 3–0 Emelec win over Barcelona.


title: Barcelona S.C.

text: The following players were chosen to represent their country at the FIFA World Cup while contracted to Barcelona SC.


title: Musteloidea

text: Musteloidea is a superfamily of carnivoran mammals united by shared characters of the skull and teeth. Musteloids are the sister group of pinnipeds, the group which includes seals.


title: Musteloidea

text: The Musteloidea consists of the families Ailuridae (red pandas), Mustelidae (mustelids: weasels, otters,


title: Musteloidea

text: martens and badgers), Procyonidae (procyonids: raccoons, coatis, kinkajous, olingos, olinguitos, ringtails and cacomistles), and Mephitidae (skunks and stink badgers).


title: Musteloidea

text: In North America, ursoids and musteloids first appear in the Chadronian (late Eocene). In Europe, ursoids and musteloids first appear in the early Oligocene immediately following the Grande Coupure.


title: Musteloidea

text: The cladogram is based on molecular phylogeny of six genes in Flynn (2005), with the musteloids updated following the multigene analysis of Law et al. (2018).


title: Bully Kutta

text: The Bully Kutta is a type of large dog that originated in the Indian subcontinent, dating back to the 16th century. The Bully Kutta is a working dog used for hunting and guarding. The type is popular in the Punjab region of India, including Haryana and Delhi, as well as in Tamil Nadu.


title: Bully Kutta

text: Bully Kutta literally translates to "heavily wrinkled dog". The word "Bully" comes from the root word of the Hindustani and Punjabi languages "Bohli" which means "heavily wrinkled". "Kutta" means dog in the Hindi-Urdu languages.


title: Bully Kutta

text: The Sindhi mastiff resembles the mastiff, and is notable for its hardiness and size. The colour is black and white with some red in places. The tail curls up and is long and bushy, with the coat being long and thick.


title: Bully Kutta

text: The Bully Kutta originated in the Indian subcontinent, either in the Thanjavur and Tiruchi districts of Madras or the Sind region of medieval India. In Thanjavur, the Bully Kutta was a favorite pet of ruling families. The Mughal emperor Akbar owned a Bully Kutta, which he used for hunting.


title: Bully Kutta

text: The Second International Dog Show at Islington Agricultural Hall, held on 28 May 1864 in London, showcased the Indian Mastiff among several other dog breeds. The previous year, Edward, the Prince of Wales, and Princess Alexandra, entered an Indian Mastiff in the same show, along with a Newfoundland, Russian Tracker and two Borzois. In 1884, "Littell's Living Age" said that historically, a "large Indian mastiff" was employed by kings "in the chase of wild beasts".


title: Bully Kutta

text: Bully Kuttas have been described as intelligent, alert, responsive, energetic and aggressive. A well-known veterinary Dr. L.N. Gupta from Agra, India has stated that Bully Kuttas are a dominating canine and should only be handled by well-experienced owners.


title: Bully Kutta

text: The American Humane Association has stated that "on tests conducted in 2009 by the American Temperament Test Society, bullies scored better than several breeds that are rarely associated with aggression, including beagles and collies." However, this is misleading, as the ATTS test is not an aggression test, it tests "different aspects of temperament such as stability, shyness, aggressiveness, and friendliness as well as the dog’s instinct for protectiveness towards its handler and/or self-preservation in the face of a threat", and Beagles and Collies fail the test not due to aggression, but due to fear of hostile strangers.


title: Bully Kutta

text: Bully Kuttas have been illegally used for dog fighting in India, including areas such as Delhi, Gurugram, and Noida. In June 2018, police in Indian Punjab filed First Information Report (FIR) for the first time against organizers of a dog fight. Many non-profit organizations are now working against illegal fighting and creating awareness among the people.


title: Bully Kutta

text: The Bully Kutta is popular in the Punjab region of India. In India, breeders from several rural areas of Punjab and Sri Ganganagar in Rajasthan rear the Bully Kutta; and it is recognized by the Indian National Kennel Club. They have been part of many competitions in India. According to the "Times of India", it has importance among Indian youth of having a macho image.


title: Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba

text: Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba (; born January 1981) is a Burkinabé military officer who served as interim president of Burkina Faso from 31 January 2022 to 30 September 2022, when he was removed in a coup d'état, by his own military colleague Ibrahim Traoré. Damiba had come to power just eight months earlier, on 24 January 2022, when he removed President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré in a coup.


title: Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba

text: Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba graduated from the École militaire in Paris. During his studies, he met with future Guinean president Mamady Doumbouya, who was also training there. He holds a master's degree in criminology from the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM) in Paris and a defense expert certification in management, command and strategy. From 2010 to 2020, he held training exercises in the United States.


title: Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba

text: Damiba is a lieutenant colonel and commander of the third military region covering Ouagadougou, Manga, Koudougou and Fada N'gourma. He is a former member the Regiment of Presidential Security, the former presidential guard of Blaise Compaoré. Damiba left the RSP in 2011 after an army mutiny.


title: Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba

text: In 2019, Damiba testified in the trial of conspirators behind a 2015 coup in Burkina Faso that briefly deposed a transitional government, according to reports from the time in Burkinabe media.


title: Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba

text: Damiba has gained popularity for his actions during the Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso. He called in the past for the Burkinabé government to recruit mercenaries from the Russian Wagner Group against Islamist rebels. The government of Roch Marc Kaboré was strictly opposed to the proposal, on the grounds that doing so would alienate Burkina Faso from the West.


title: Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba

text: In late 2021, an army of jihadists overran the base of a gendarmerie in Inata, Soum, killing 49 gendarmes and four civilians. A significant uproar rose in response to the attack, spurred on by revelations about the poor treatment of the gendarmes by the government prior to the raid, forcing numerous government officials to resign or have their ministries shuffled. According to online African-American reference center BlackPast.org "It later came to light that the gendarmes at Inata had not received food rations for two weeks... [they] were forced to slaughter animals in the vicinity to stay alive." Kaboré appointed Damiba, who by then was deeply moved by the events at Inata, as the head of an "anti-terrorist operations" ministry that would seek security for Eastern Burkina Faso and Ouagadougou.


title: Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba

text: In 2021, Damiba published a book about the fight against Islamists, "West African Armies and Terrorism: Uncertain Responses?"


title: Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba

text: Damiba has received training through a number of United States programs. In 2010 and 2020, he participated in the Flintlock Joint Combined Exchange Training exercises including raising awareness of human rights and laws of armed conflicts. In 2013, Damiba participated in the U.S. State Department funded African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance course. In 2013 and 2014, Damiba attended the Military Intelligence Basic Officer Course for Africa. In 2018 and 2019, he trained in Burkina Faso with a U.S. Defense Department Civil Military Support Element.


title: Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba

text: On 24 January 2022, Damiba led the a coup deposing and detaining President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré and Prime Minister Lassina Zerbo. While people were celebrating the coup in Ouagadougou, some supporters carried Russian flags, as a sign of their call to receive help from Russia in their fight against Islamist terrorism. After the announcement, the military declared that the National Assembly and the Government had been dissolved, while the Constitution had been suspended. On 31 January, the military junta restored the Constitution and appointed Damiba as the interim president.