title: Battle of the Denmark Strait

text: The damage to "Bismarck"s forward fuel tanks, combined with a missed opportunity to refuel at Bergen earlier in the voyage, left less than of fuel remaining, not enough to operate effectively against the Atlantic convoys. The element of surprise – which was considered essential for the operation's success – had most definitely been lost; the German ships continued to be shadowed by Wake-Walker's squadron. Lütjens concluded that he needed to abort "Bismarck"s mission and head toward a convenient dockyard for repairs.


title: Battle of the Denmark Strait

text: The question was which dockyard to head for. The nearest friendly ports were Bergen and Trondheim in Norway, a little over away. Steaming in that direction meant a return passage north or south of Iceland, with the enemy's air forces now fully alerted to their presence and the possibility of other heavy units between them and Scapa Flow. Lütjens knew his intelligence was unreliable. "Hood" had been reported by Group North to be off West Africa and there had been no reports of a "King George V"-class battleship in the vicinity.


title: Battle of the Denmark Strait

text: Disregarding Lindemann's recommendation to return to Bergen, Lütjens ordered "Bismarck" to head for the French port of Saint-Nazaire. "Prince of Wales" pursued for several hours and re-engaged on several occasions before the German ships evaded pursuit. Although the French coast was further away than Bergen, Saint-Nazaire held the potential of longer nights and wider seas in which to shake off "Bismarck"s shadowers, plus the possibility of luring them across a line of U-boats. It would leave "Bismarck" poised on the edge of the British trade routes once the damage were repaired; it also meant the potential support of the battleships and . Both ships had been stationed at Brest in France, since the end of Operation Berlin earlier that year but had been kept in port for repairs and overhaul. While Brest was closer than Saint-Nazaire, it was within range of Royal Air Force bombers.


title: Battle of the Denmark Strait

text: Lütjens detached the undamaged "Prinz Eugen" to continue raiding on her own. The cruiser went further south into the Atlantic, where she refuelled from a tanker at sea. She suffered engine trouble, abandoned her commerce raiding mission without having sunk any merchant ships, and made it to Brest.


title: Battle of the Denmark Strait

text: News of Lütjens' decision was received with shock in Berlin, Wilhelmshaven and Paris. A blizzard of urgent telephone calls raced across German-occupied Europe. While the Berlin Admiralty was satisfied with Lütjens' success, it was tempered by news of "Bismarck"s damage and the decision to head for France. Grand Admiral Raeder was not clear whether Lütjens intended to steam for St. Nazaire immediately or after shaking off his pursuers and oiling in mid-Atlantic. Raeder immediately conferred with his chief of staff, Admiral Otto Schniewind, who in turn telephoned Admiral Rolf Carls, who commanded Group North in Wilhelmshaven.


title: Battle of the Denmark Strait

text: Carls had already drafted a message recalling Lütjens to Germany, but had not yet sent it. Schniewind pointed out that at noon Lütjens had crossed the demarcation line between the Northern Hebrides and Southern Greenland, thus passing from Group North's operational control to Group West; therefore, the decision to recall Lütjens was no longer Carls' to make. A subsequent call to Group West's commander, Admiral Alfred Saalwächter, revealed that he did not plan to recall Lütjens and that he felt such a decision should be discussed between Schniewind and Raeder.


title: Battle of the Denmark Strait

text: Raeder was against issuing a recall himself, telling Schniewind they did not know enough about the situation at hand and that the person who would best know would be Lütjens. He then telephoned Adolf Hitler, who was at the Obersalzberg in the Bavarian Alps. Hitler received the news of "Hood"s sinking stoically, exhibiting neither joy nor any other triumphant behaviour. After hearing Raeder's report, he turned to those who were with him and expressed his personal thoughts:


title: Battle of the Denmark Strait

text: If now these British cruisers are maintaining contact and Lütjens has sunk the "Hood" and nearly crippled the other, which was brand new and having trouble with her guns during the action, why didn't he sink her too? Why hasn't he tried to get out of there or why hasn't he turned around?


title: Battle of the Denmark Strait

text: News of "Hood"s destruction was seized upon more enthusiastically by Dr. Joseph Goebbels' Propaganda Ministry. That evening it was broadcast to the nation, accompanied by "We march against England" and other martial airs. The German public, already enjoying the news of Luftwaffe victories over the Royal Navy off Crete, received the news of "Hood"s sinking euphorically.


title: Battle of the Denmark Strait

text: The British public were shocked that their most emblematic warship had been destroyed so suddenly, with the loss of more than 1,400 of her crew. The Admiralty mobilised every available warship in the Atlantic to hunt down and destroy "Bismarck". The Royal Navy forces pursued and brought "Bismarck" to battle. The German battleship was sunk on the morning of 27 May.


title: Battle of the Denmark Strait

text: Moves were subsequently made to court-martial Wake-Walker and Captain John Leach of "Prince of Wales". The view was taken that they were wrong not to have continued the battle with "Bismarck" after "Hood" had been sunk. John Tovey, Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet, was appalled at this criticism. A row ensued between Tovey and his superior, Admiral Sir Dudley Pound. Tovey stated that the two officers had acted correctly, ensuring that the German ships were tracked and not endangering their ships needlessly. Furthermore, "Prince of Wales"s main guns had repeatedly malfunctioned and she could not have matched "Bismarck". Tovey threatened to resign his position and appear at any court-martial as 'defendant's friend' and defence witness. No more was heard of the proposal.


title: Battle of the Denmark Strait

text: A British board of enquiry quickly investigated the cause of "Hood"s explosion and produced a report. After criticism that the initial enquiry did not record all the available evidence, a second board of enquiry more extensively investigated "Hood"s loss, and examined the vulnerabilities of other large British warships still in service in light of the probable causes of the explosion. It, like the first enquiry, concluded that a shell from "Bismarck" caused the explosion of "Hood"s aft ammunition magazines. This led to refitting some older British warships with increased protection for their ammunition magazines and some other related improvements.


title: Battle of the Denmark Strait

text: Many naval historians and writers have analyzed the "Bismarck" engagement and weighed the participants' decisions. One of the most debated is Lütjens' decision to proceed into the Atlantic rather than continue the battle.


title: Battle of the Denmark Strait

text: A number of parallels could be drawn from Holland's actions in this battle and those of Admiral David Beatty in the opening stages of the Battle of Jutland. From his actions, it seems clear that Holland felt he had to engage "Bismarck" immediately, rather than support Wake-Walker in shadowing until Force 'H' could arrive. Beatty, likewise, felt he needed to engage German Admiral Franz Hipper's battlecruisers with his own forces instead of drawing the Germans toward Admiral John Jellicoe and the British Grand Fleet.


title: Battle of the Denmark Strait

text: Holland, like Beatty, possessed superiority in the number of heavy ships he possessed, yet he was encumbered by an inferiority in the fighting effectiveness of those units. Moreover, Holland's deployment of his units compared to Beatty's deployment at Jutland. Beatty and Holland both attacked while German units were well before the beam. As a result, the midship and aft turrets of Beatty's ships could barely fire on the enemy. Holland's ships could not use their aft turrets until the final turn to port just before "Hood" was sunk.


title: Battle of the Denmark Strait

text: Beatty placed his lighter-armoured battlecruisers at the head of his line, leaving the more powerful and better-armoured "Queen Elizabeth"s in the rear. Likewise, Holland placed the old and vulnerable "Hood" ahead of the better armoured (albeit new and untested) "Prince of Wales". Both admirals exercised tight tactical control over their units from their flagships. This prevented Captain Leach from manoeuvring "Prince of Wales" independently and possibly taking a different line of approach that might have confused the Germans.


title: Battle of the Denmark Strait

text: Note: The British escorting destroyers were ordered to the battle coordinates as part of the overall forces sent to intercept the German ships; they were detached the evening before the battle.


title: Brandon DiCamillo

text: Brandon DiCamillo (born 1976) is an American former television personality, actor, stunt performer, filmmaker, and musician. He was a founding member of the CKY crew and rose to fame through appearances in the "CKY" video series and MTV's "Jackass", "Viva La Bam", and "Bam's Unholy Union" series.


title: Brandon DiCamillo

text: DiCamillo was born in 1976 in West Chester, Pennsylvania. He first appeared as a member of the CKY crew in the "CKY" video series, which he co-wrote together with Bam Margera.


title: Brandon DiCamillo

text: He was cast with other members of the crew for the MTV reality comedy series "Jackass", appearing in the television series and its films. When the series ended in 2002, DiCamillo was featured in Bam Margera's film "", which DiCamillo also co-wrote. He then starred in Margera's "Viva La Bam" reality television show, which ran from 2003 to 2005. He co-starred in his own show with Rake Yohn called "Blastazoid", which only lasted two episodes until MTV canceled the show due to dispute between MTV and the makers of the show. DiCamillo then appeared in Bam Margera's "Bam's Unholy Union" TV series. In 2008, he starred in Chris Raab's short film "Hotdog Casserole". In 2009, he starred in Margera's "".


title: Brandon DiCamillo

text: DiCamillo also released prank phone call recordings. In 2001, he released a collection of calls titled "Otimen Recording Hell! (A.K.A. Bran's Freestyles)". In 2010, he released four more prank call collections, under the name Gnarkall, via digital download through his own record label, Roman Sausage. The first three volumes are available on iTunes with the fourth an exclusive to CD Baby. The fourth volume includes all the tracks from the first three volumes, as well as thirty extra minutes of prank calls.


title: Brandon DiCamillo

text: He was the comedic voice talent and vocalist of the parody band Gnarkill, and is also known by some for his prank calls and freestyle raps, some of which can be viewed in the "CKY" videos, on the "Volume 2" CD, and on the "Otimen Recording Hell" CD produced by Bam Margera.


title: Brandon DiCamillo

text: He made a cameo appearance as John Madden in the Mega64's "Mega64: Madden Rap 2012" YouTube video. Additionally, he has also provided voiceovers for the video game "Trials HD" and its sequel "Trials Evolution".


title: Brandon DiCamillo

text: Bam Margera stated in a 2017 Reddit post that once "Viva La Bam" concluded in 2006, he and DiCamillo lost contact. However, DiCamillo and Margera did work together on "Radio Bam", "Bam's Unholy Union" and "Minghags" in the time since "Viva La Bam" ended. Since "Minghags", DiCamillo has not appeared in any CKY-related project. It is believed he decided to move out of the public eye. This was confirmed by Joe Frantz in 2017, stating that DiCamillo formally renounced his affiliation with the CKY crew years prior in order to live a private life with his wife and children.


title: Brandon DiCamillo

text: DiCamillo previously worked for Neiman-Marcus. He dislikes Hollywood work, and has said that the CKY work for MTV was sometimes "too corporate".


title: Brandon DiCamillo

text: In September 2008, DiCamillo achieved a world record in the arcade video game "Mortal Kombat". The event was held at Challenge Arcade in Wyomissing, Pennsylvania, and was attended by approximately two dozen event participants, as well as Mark Alpiger (representing ClassicArcadeGaming.com) and Chief Referee Dave Nelson (representing TwinGalaxies.com). DiCamillo's final score was 10,226,500, which beat previous record-holder David Nelson's score of 7,691,000. In 2009, DiCamillo's world record was beaten by Isaiah-TriForce Johnson, with a score of 24,821,500, and again on September 27, 2017, by Patrick J Maher with a score of 25,402,000. DiCamillo has dropped to sixth place as of 2018.


title: WorldStarHipHop

text: WorldStarHipHop is a content-aggregating video blog. Founded in 2005, the site averages 1.2 million unique visitors a day. The site, operated by Worldstar, LLC, was founded by Lee "Q" O'Denat, a Hollis, Queens–based hip-hop fan who attended Grover Cleveland High School before graduating. Described by "Vibe" as a "remnant of the Geocities generation", the site regularly features shocking events caught on video, music videos and assorted content targeted to young audiences. O'Denat who referred to himself as a "Haitian ghetto nerd", described WorldStarHipHop as the "CNN of the ghetto".


title: WorldStarHipHop

text: Lee "Q" O'Denat started the website in August 2005 with Ari Armani as a distributor of mixtapes. Shortly after the website's launch, hackers destroyed the website. O'Denat later restarted it as a content aggregator. Thereon, WorldStar focused on hip hop beefs which were previously popular through "street DVDs" such as "Smack", "The Come Up" and others. O'Denat used the setup of OnSmash.com, a website which had already been distributing similar material. O'Denat said that this led to tension between the two websites. He added "Once we went 100 percent video, showing that original hood stuff, we prevailed."


title: WorldStarHipHop

text: The P. Diddy promotional video of Cîroc vodka premiered on WorldStar. By 2012, BET had voted WorldStarHipHop as the "top hip hop and urban culture website" for three years in a row. On August 5, 2014, "Deadline" reported that Paramount was working on a film based on the site with Russell Simmons expected to produce the film.


title: WorldStarHipHop

text: The website first became infamous for posting shock videos; however, today it focuses primarily on music. Many of the early videos of shocking events had gone viral. "The site's popularity has created a sort of voyeuristic feedback loop, in which disassociated bystanders immediately videotape shocking incidents and act as if they're already watching a video on the Internet". Jeff Himmelman of "The New York Times" stated in 2013 that the website "does many things but mostly hosts videos of fights."


title: WorldStarHipHop

text: David Zurawik of "The Baltimore Sun" said in 2012 that "Now in its sixth year, WorldStar is seen by many critics as yet another example of the coarsening of U.S. culture and life—another low on a downward continuum that extends from the Jerry Springer-style trash-talk shows of the 1980s and 1990s through to the TMZ.com and RadarOnline websites of today." Some media observers argued that, in the words of Zurawik, "because of its African-American identity, it has the potential to be used by some viewers to create or fuel stereotypes of urban America as an out-of-control, chaotic space dominated by young, violent, African-American men." Nsenga Burton, the editor at large of "The Root" and an associate professor at Goucher College, described the site as "basically shock video. They comb the pop cultural landscape for videos that are shocking on multiple levels and feed into peoples' voyeuristic tendencies."


title: WorldStarHipHop

text: In some videos of violent fights, people chant "World Star" in recognition that the video may be posted on the website.


title: WorldStarHipHop

text: One 2012 video, showing an Elyria, Ohio (Greater Cleveland) woman, Tashay D. Edwards, beating another woman, went viral. Edwards became so well known that it trended on Twitter along with the name "WorldStarHipHop". The video received about one million views in a single day.


title: WorldStarHipHop

text: On January 23, 2017, founder and CEO Lee "Q" O'Denat died of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease at the age of 43, with morbid obesity as a contributing factor.


title: WorldStarHipHop

text: Bill O'Reilly attacked WorldStarHipHop and its president after watching a video of a kid talking about his plans to kill then-president George W. Bush. O'Reilly said, "I believe the Secret Service should arrest the parents of this kid and the purveyor of the website (Q)", calling it a "crime" that this was allowed up after the video was banned on other sites.


title: WorldStarHipHop

text: WorldStarHipHop has been in cases involving lawsuits for copyright infringement. In one case, "Scott v. WorldStarHipHop", a video surfaced of a fight between a man (Scott) and his current and former girlfriend. The video was recorded by a Mr. Seymour and posted to the site. WSHH names the video "Disgraceful: College Fight In NYC Breaks Out Between A Guy, His Girl & Another Girl In Class! (Man Strong Arm's [sic] The Student. Hitting Her With Body Shots)." Shortly after the video was posted Scott was given copyright to the video by Mr. Seymour. He filed for a takedown notice so that WSHH would take down the video. He explained that WS did not have his permission to put up the video of the fight.


title: WorldStarHipHop

text: Rapper 50 Cent (Curtis Jackson) also sued WorldStarHipHop in 2009 for using his image on their site without his permission. Jackson claimed that WorldStar and O'Denat used his images on the website which led people to believe that he was one of the owners of the site. He explained that O'Denat tarnished his image by having his image up on the site without his permission. After a five-year battle, Jackson finally won the case against WorldStar.


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: My Bloody Valentine 3D is a 2009 American slasher film directed and co-edited by Patrick Lussier, and written by Todd Farmer and Zane Smith from a screen story by Stephen Miller (producer and co-writer of the original film). Serving as a remake of the 1981 Canadian slasher film of the same name, it stars Jensen Ackles, Jaime King, Kerr Smith, Tom Atkins, and Kevin Tighe. The film focuses on the residents of a small town that is plagued by a serial killer in mining gear on Valentine's Day.


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: After filming on location in Pennsylvania, the film was given a 3D theatrical release in the United States by Lionsgate. It was the first R-rated film to be projected in RealD technology and to have a wide release (1,000 locations) in 3D-enabled theaters.


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: "My Bloody Valentine 3D" was released in the United States on January 16, 2009, by Lionsgate. The film grossed $100.7 million worldwide on a budget of $14 million and received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, who praised its performances and production values, but some critics found it to be "formulaic" and "generic", criticizing its screenplay, the wooden characters and the 3-D technology.


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: On Valentine's Day 1997, six miners are trapped underground by an explosion at the Hanniger mine in the small mining community of Harmony. By the time rescuers reach the miners, they find only comatose Harry Warden still alive. Further investigation reveals that Warden killed the other miners to conserve oxygen. Tom Hanniger, son of the mine's owner, is blamed for the explosion as he forgot to vent the methane lines that caused the collapse.


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: One year later, Warden has awakened from his coma and is now murdering as an act of revenge. He starts by killing numerous patients and staff at the hospital where he was a patient, leaving a victim's heart in a box of chocolates. While Tom, his girlfriend Sarah, their friends Irene and Axel, and other teenagers party inside the mine, Warden – wearing mining gear and a gas mask – attacks them with a pickaxe. Sarah, Irene, and Axel escape but Tom is left behind with Warden. Sheriff Burke arrives and shoots Warden before he can kill the severely traumatized Tom, but Warden staggers away deeper into the mine.


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: Ten years later, Tom returns to Harmony after his father dies. He is selling the mine, which angers mine manager Ben Foley. Axel, now the town's sheriff, has married Sarah but is having an affair with her coworker Megan. At the motel where Tom is staying, a masked assailant murders Irene and two other people. Camera footage from the scene reveals the killer dressed as a miner, starting rumors that Warden has returned. Axel receives a chocolate box containing Irene's heart. Meanwhile, Tom reconnects with Sarah and apologizes for his ten-year absence.


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: Looking for Foley in the mine, Tom is locked inside a utility cage by the Miner, who murders the worker accompanying Tom and vanishes before help arrives. Tom insists that Warden has returned, but Axel reveals that Foley and Sheriff Burke found and killed Warden after his attack ten years ago. The group visits the woods where Warden's body was buried, but find that the grave is empty. Tom resolves to track down and stop Warden. Searching the woods, he finds the shack that Axel and Megan have been using for their affair. That night, the Miner kills Foley and leaves his body in Warden's grave. Axel realizes the killer must be one of the few people aware of the grave, and he becomes increasingly suspicious of Tom.


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: The Miner attacks Sarah and Megan, killing Megan just before Axel arrives. Sarah is hospitalized with minor wounds. The Miner then kills former sheriff Burke as well as the maid of Axel and Sarah's home. Tom shows up at the hospital, telling Sarah he has to show her something he found in Axel's cabin. She checks herself out and accompanies Tom. As they drive, Tom suggests that Axel is the killer. Axel calls and urges Sarah to get away from Tom, whom he says is the killer; Axel has discovered that Tom spent the last seven years in a mental institution. Tom becomes increasingly agitated and Sarah, believing Axel, grabs the wheel and crashes the car before escaping into the woods.


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: Sarah hides in Axel's cabin. There she discovers evidence of Axel's affair and a tower of empty valentine gift boxes. The Miner appears and chases her into the mine. She is hiding in the mine when Axel arrives, and Sarah grabs his gun. Tom shows up, and Sarah holds the two men at gunpoint as they each accuse the other of being the killer. Tom, however, mentions the way Megan was killed, inadvertently revealing he is the killer. As Sarah points the gun at him, Tom hallucinates, revealing the Miner is his split personality. A flashback shows him digging up Warden's mining gear and committing the murders. After a struggle, Sarah shoots Tom, and the bullet strikes a fuel tank, which explodes. Sarah and Axel are rescued from the resulting cave-in. Tom also survives, murdering the rescue worker who finds him and escaping in the worker's gear.


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: The film was shot in Southwestern Pennsylvania, taking advantage of the state's tax incentives for film productions as well as the topographical and architectural versatility of the Pittsburgh Metro area. Filming began on May 11, 2008 in Armstrong County along the Route 28 corridor, in locations including Sprankle's Market in Kittanning, the Ford City police station, and the exterior of the Logansport Mine in Bethel. Kittanning served as the main street in the film's fictional town of Harmony. The production spent 13 days filming scenes in the Tour-Ed Mines in the Pittsburgh suburb of Tarentum, a mine that has been out of production since the 1960s and now operates as a museum. The inside of Valliant's Diner in Ross Township was used as a location for one scene, and a house on Hulton Road in Oakmont, a suburb of Pittsburgh, was also used as a location. The scenes at the Thunderbird motel were shot at the Fort Pitt Motel in Oakdale, PA.


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: The film was shot entirely digitally in 4K resolution. The filmmakers used the Red One from Red Digital Cinema Camera Company, and the SI-2K Digital Cinema Camera by Silicon Imaging as digital cameras. Max Penner, the film's stereographer, found these lighter and smaller cameras easier to use. "My Bloody Valentine" was the first R-rated film to be projected in RealD technology and to have a wide release (1,000 locations) in 3D-enabled theaters. The film was also available in 2D for theaters that were not equipped to process digital 3D technology.


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: On its 4-day opening weekend, the film grossed $24.1 million, ranking #3 for the weekend, behind "Gran Torino" at #2, and "" at #1. In its second weekend, the movie grossed estimated $10.1 million, ranking number 6 at the domestic box office. The film grossed $51 million in the United States and Canada, and $49 million in other markets for a worldwide total of $100.7 million worldwide.


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 61% of 109 critics gave the film a positive review, with the consensus reading: "This gory, senses-assaulting slasher film is an unpretentious, effective mix of old-school horror stylings and modern 3D technology". On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 51 based on 11 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: Joe Leydon of "Variety" said "director and co-editor Lussier (a frequent Wes Craven collaborator) plays the 3-D gimmick for all it's worth: Everything from tree branches and gun barrels to bloody pickaxes and bloodier body parts appears to jump off the screen. He also makes effective use of the depth-of-field illusion, allowing audiences long views of various chest cavities from which hearts have been rudely ripped. At the very least, the overall tech package is a great deal more impactful than that of the 3-D-lensed "Friday the 13th Part III" (1982)". He added, in spite of the "state-of-the-art 3-D camera trickery, which helmer Patrick Lussier shamelessly exploits to goose the audience with cheap thrills and full-bore gore, "My Bloody Valentine" is at heart an unabashedly retro work, reveling in the cliches and conventions of the slasher horror pics that proliferated in the early 1980s".


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: Mark Olsen of the "Los Angeles Times" said, the implemented 3-D technology enables "startling effects, but after a while the minor thrill of the trick is gone. Advances in digital technology have allowed the filmmakers to largely avoid the physical headaches that are perhaps the biggest hallmark of the cyclical attempts at 3-D moviemaking". He added, "wooden performances by forgettable, generic actors -- again, just like in the original -- don't aid in making things any less leaden", concluding "My Bloody Valentine 3D" is "just good enough to not be annoying".


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: Jeannette Catsoulis of "The New York Times" said, "the creaky screenplay (by Todd Farmer and Zane Smith) is mercilessly at odds with the director's fine sense of pacing. From the moment you duck a flying mandible and gaze, mesmerized, at a severed hand oozing two inches from your nose, you'll be convinced that the extra dimension was worth seeking out. A strange synergy of old and new, "My Bloody Valentine 3D" blends cutting-edge technology and old-school prosthetics to produce something both familiar and alien: gore you can believe in".


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: Clark Collis of "Entertainment Weekly" graded the film a C+ and said that it "starts in spectacular fashion. But what really leaps out at you about "My Bloody Valentine 3-D" is its lack of imagination". Frank Scheck of "The Hollywood Reporter" felt: "While the concept of adding 3-D to the horror genre is hardly new ... Patrick Lussier's film is the most accomplished example. The 3-D effects come fast and furious, rendered with a technical skill and humor that gives this otherwise strictly formulaic slasher picture whatever entertainment value it possesses". He added that "the three leads actually manage to invest their roles with some depth, but the real acting treats come courtesy of veteran character actors Kevin Tighe and Atkins, whose presence provides a comforting bridge to horror films past".


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: "My Bloody Valentine 3D" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on May 19, 2009 and has grossed in excess of $19.7 million, with DVD sales and theater gross revenue totaling over $119.9 million.


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: Both home release versions have both a standard 2D version and the 3D version on the same disc using seamless branching.


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: In October 2010, Lionsgate Home Entertainment released "My Bloody Valentine 3D" on Blu-ray 3D which requires a 3D-capable HDTV, 3D Blu-ray player and 3D glasses. The disc also includes a 2D version of the film and all bonus materials included in the 2D Blu-ray version released after the film's initial theater run.


title: My Bloody Valentine 3D

text: In March 2020, in an interview with Bloody Disgusting, writer Todd Farmer revealed that himself and director Patrick Lussier both pitched a script for a sequel to the remake to Lionsgate executives John Sacchi and Michael Paseornek two weeks ahead of the film's release. After the film received mixed reviews from critics, Lionsgate lost interest. The sequel would have been more psychological and would have brought back survivors from the remake as well as expanded upon its backstory. Farmer's script had also planned to kill off Sarah (Jaime King).


title: 2021–22 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: The 2021–22 Los Angeles Lakers season was the 75th season of the franchise, its 74th season in the National Basketball Association (NBA), its 62nd season in Los Angeles, and its 23rd season playing home games at Crypto.com Arena. The team was coached by Frank Vogel in his third and final year as Lakers head coach. They competed as a member of the Western Conference's Pacific Division, finishing the season 11th with a 33–49 record, one game behind the last spot for the NBA Play-In Tournament. It was the team's worst record since 2016–17, slightly better than the Lakers' worst five seasons.


title: 2021–22 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: After the acquisitions of Russell Westbrook and Carmelo Anthony in the offseason, the Lakers were widely considered by experts to be the favorites to win the Western Conference. The team remained stable with a .500 percentage for the last direct playoff access spot until January 7, and remained within play-in contention until March 30. Despite LeBron James' best points per game average since 2005–06, and a number of scoring and age-related records, the Lakers disappointed, with a combination of injury and underperformances, plus an aged and mismanaged roster.


title: 2021–22 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: On April 5, the Lakers were eliminated from both playoff and play-in contention for the first time since 2018–19 and the seventh time in nine years after a 121–110 loss to the Phoenix Suns. It was the fourth time in James' career that he missed the NBA playoffs and the second time in his four years with the Lakers. It was also the third time and first since 2015 that Westbrook missed the playoffs when he played for the Oklahoma City Thunder, having previously only missed the playoffs in his debut in 2009. The Lakers' failure to make the play-in/playoffs was widely regarded by experts to be one of the greatest underachievements in NBA history. James, Davis, Westbrook, and Anthony were selected to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team, the Lakers being the team with the most active players.


title: 2021–22 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: James was the only Laker to make the All-Star cut, with Anthony Davis having a second consecutive injury-laden season. Due to injuries, the Lakers used 41 different starting lineups, and the trio of James, Davis, and Westbrook played only 21 games together, compiling an 11–10 record; the Lakers were just 20–33 when only two of the three were playing together. They were the only team to not have a single five-man lineup that played 100 minutes, finished in the bottom 10 in both offensive and defensive efficiency, and ranked 21st in defensive rating after finishing third in 2019–20 and first in 2020–21. Due to an ankle injury in March, James fell out of a close three-player race for the NBA scoring title, finishing with only 56 games played, two less than necessary to qualify; aged 37, he would have broken Michael Jordan's record of oldest scoring leader at 35.


title: 2021–22 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: Following the season, head coach Frank Vogel was fired on April 11, 2022. Vogel led the team in 2020 to their first title since 2010 and one first-round exit in 2021, and he finished with an overall 127–98 record.


title: 2021–22 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: The Lakers concluded the 2020–21 season with a 42–30 record, finishing with the third seed in the Pacific Division and the seventh seed in the Western Conference, which was not enough for a direct playoff spot. In the NBA Play-In Tournament, they defeated the Golden State Warriors to earn them the seventh seed in the 2021 NBA playoffs. The Lakers lost to the Phoenix Suns in the first round in six games despite being up 2–1, making it the first time that LeBron James lost in the first round of the playoffs. Anthony Davis suffered a strained left groin in Game 4, and he was also sidelined in Game 5, when the Suns took a 3–2 lead. He returned in Game 6 but played only five minutes after reaggravating the injury. The Lakers were eliminated 4–2.


title: 2021–22 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: In August 2021, the Lakers traded for Russell Westbrook in a trade that also sent two future 2nd round draft picks (2024 and 2028) to the Lakers and Montrezl Harrell, Kyle Kuzma, Kentavious Caldwell-Pope, and the 22nd pick of the 2021 NBA draft to the Washington Wizards. This trade formed a new superteam of LeBron James, Anthony Davis, and Westbrook in the Western Conference.


title: Combat Outpost Keating

text: Combat Outpost Keating was a small American military outpost in Nurestan Province, in Afghanistan. Plans were drawn up in the summer of 2006 by the US Army's 10th Mountain Division as part of Operation Mountain Lion. Combat Outpost Keating is best known as the setting of the Battle of Kamdesh which occurred on October 3rd, 2009.


title: Combat Outpost Keating

text: After an attack on October 3, 2009, where the base was nearly overrun, and 8 Americans and 4 Afghan defenders were killed, the base was abandoned and demolished by a bombing from an American B-1 bomber on the night of October 6th, 2009. A day after, on October 7, Taliban fighters were seen among the ruins of the outpost. According to army records, the Taliban commander of the attack on Keating, Abdul Rahman Mustaghni, was killed by the following drone strike along with thirteen other insurgents. Two Americans, Staff Sergeants Clinton L. Romesha and (then Specialist) Ty Carter were awarded the Medal of Honor for their role in defending the base.


title: Combat Outpost Keating

text: Amy Davidson Sorkin, writing in "The New Yorker", tried to answer the question why the base had not been moved, when it was found to be unsuitable. She noted two claims the military put forward in its report: first, the resources to relocate the base had not been available because the brigade was concentrating on guarding a village that Hamid Karzai, president of Afghanistan, considered strategically important. Second, the search for Bowe Bergdahl, in June 2009, had used up so many resources none were available to address the base's unsuitable location.


title: Combat Outpost Keating

text: In May 2016 "CBS News" profiled Staff Sergeant Romesha, after he published an account of his experiences at the base, entitled "Red Platoon: A True Story of American Valor." Romesha was critical of the choice of site for the base, describing it as "like being in a fishbowl or fighting from the bottom of a paper cup."


title: Combat Outpost Keating

text: On November 9, 2018, the Netflix series "Medal of Honor" featured two separate episodes for both Romesha and Carter's personal accounts of the events that took place at COP Keating during the Battle of Kamdesh.


title: Combat Outpost Keating

text: The films "The Outpost" and "Red Platoon" are based on the events that occurred in the Battle of Kamdesh. The former of which is based on the book "The Outpost: An Untold Story of American Valor" by journalist Jake Tapper.


title: Union (set theory)

text: In set theory, the union (denoted by ∪) of a collection of sets is the set of all elements in the collection. It is one of the fundamental operations through which sets can be combined and related to each other.


title: Union (set theory)

text: The union of two sets "A" and "B" is the set of elements which are in "A", in "B", or in both "A" and "B". In set-builder notation,


title: Union (set theory)

text: For example, if "A" = {1, 3, 5, 7} and "B" = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7} then "A" ∪ "B" = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. A more elaborate example (involving two infinite sets) is:


title: Union (set theory)

text: As another example, the number 9 is "not" contained in the union of the set of prime numbers {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ...} and the set of even numbers {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ...}, because 9 is neither prime nor even.


title: Union (set theory)

text: Sets cannot have duplicate elements, so the union of the sets {1, 2, 3} and {2, 3, 4} is {1, 2, 3, 4}. Multiple occurrences of identical elements have no effect on the cardinality of a set or its contents.


title: Union (set theory)

text: Thus the parentheses may be omitted without ambiguity: either of the above can be written as formula_6 Also, union is commutative, so the sets can be written in any order.


title: Union (set theory)

text: The empty set is an identity element for the operation of union. That is, formula_7 for any set formula_8 Also, the union operation is idempotent: formula_9 All these properties follow from analogous facts about logical disjunction.


title: Union (set theory)

text: The power set of a set formula_12 together with the operations given by union, intersection, and complementation, is a Boolean algebra. In this Boolean algebra, union can be expressed in terms of intersection and complementation by the formula


title: Union (set theory)

text: One can take the union of several sets simultaneously. For example, the union of three sets "A", "B", and "C" contains all elements of "A", all elements of "B", and all elements of "C", and nothing else. Thus, "x" is an element of "A" ∪ "B" ∪ "C" if and only if "x" is in at least one of "A", "B", and "C".


title: Union (set theory)

text: A finite union is the union of a finite number of sets; the phrase does not imply that the union set is a finite set.


title: Union (set theory)

text: The most general notion is the union of an arbitrary collection of sets, sometimes called an "infinitary union". If M is a set or class whose elements are sets, then "x" is an element of the union of M if and only if there is at least one element "A" of M such that "x" is an element of "A". In symbols:


title: Union (set theory)

text: This idea subsumes the preceding sections—for example, "A" ∪ "B" ∪ "C" is the union of the collection {"A", "B", "C"}. Also, if M is the empty collection, then the union of M is the empty set.


title: Union (set theory)

text: The notation for the general concept can vary considerably. For a finite union of sets formula_17 one often writes formula_18 or formula_19. Various common notations for arbitrary unions include formula_20, formula_21, and formula_22. The last of these notations refers to the union of the collection formula_23, where "I" is an index set and formula_24 is a set for every formula_25. In the case that the index set "I" is the set of natural numbers, one uses the notation formula_26, which is analogous to that of the infinite sums in series.


title: Union (set theory)

text: When the symbol "∪" is placed before other symbols (instead of between them), it is usually rendered as a larger size.


title: Lord Nicholas Windsor

text: Lord Nicholas Charles Edward Jonathan Windsor (born 25 July 1970) is a relative of the British royal family, youngest child of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent. As a Catholic convert, he has forfeited his right of succession to the throne. Lord Nicholas has voiced strong anti-abortion views.


title: Lord Nicholas Windsor

text: Lord Nicholas Windsor was born on 25 July 1970 at King's College Hospital in Denmark Hill, London, to Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Katharine, Duchess of Kent. He has an older brother, Lord St Andrews, and a sister, Lady Helen Taylor. He was baptised on 11 September 1970 at Windsor Castle. His godparents included Charles III, at the time the Prince of Wales, and Donald Coggan, at the time Archbishop of York and later Archbishop of Canterbury.


title: Lord Nicholas Windsor

text: Windsor was educated at Westminster Under School and then Harrow School. He later attended Harris Manchester College, Oxford, where he studied theology.


title: Lord Nicholas Windsor

text: Windsor's mother, Katharine, Duchess of Kent, had been received into the Catholic Church in 1994, and in 2001, in a private ceremony, Nicholas himself was also received into the Catholic Church. This meant that he forfeited his right of succession to the British throne under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701.


title: Lord Nicholas Windsor

text: On 14 July 2011, he became an Honorary Vice-president of the Friends of the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham, an Anglican Ordinariate within the Catholic Church.


title: Lord Nicholas Windsor

text: He has voiced strong views on the issue of abortion, which he has stated is, as a societal threat, "worse than al-Qaeda".


title: Lord Nicholas Windsor

text: Windsor met his future wife, Paola Doimi de Lupis Frankopan Šubić Zrinski, at a party in New York City in 1999 to mark the Millennium. He became engaged to her in July 2006. Following a civil ceremony on 19 October 2006 in a London register office, the couple had a religious marriage on 4 November 2006 in the Church of St Stephen of the Abyssinians in the Vatican and by the marriage the bride became Lady Nicholas Windsor. As required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772, the Queen of the United Kingdom consented to the marriage. A House of Commons Early Day Motion welcomed "the first overt marriage within the rites of the Catholic Church of a member of the Royal Family since the reign of Queen Mary I, and the first marriage of a member of the Royal Family to take place within the Vatican City State".


title: Lord Nicholas Windsor

text: Lord and Lady Nicholas Windsor had their first child, a son, Albert Louis Philip Edward Windsor, on 22 September 2007 at the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London. Albert is the eighth grandchild for the Duke and Duchess of Kent. The child is the first Windsor to carry the name Albert since King George VI. An Early Day Motion in the House of Commons welcomed the baptism of Albert as the first royal child to be baptised a Catholic since 1688. Albert was baptised on 20 February 2008 in a Catholic ceremony held in the Queen's Chapel adjoining St James's Palace in London.


title: Lord Nicholas Windsor

text: Lady Nicholas gave birth to the couple's second child, Leopold Ernest Augustus Guelph Windsor, on 8 September 2009 at the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital. Leopold was baptised by Cardinal Angelo Comastri in St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican on 29 May 2010. A third son, Louis Arthur Nicholas Felix Windsor, was born on 27 May 2014 at the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, and like his brother Albert was baptized with Catholic rites in the Queen's Chapel at St James's Palace in London.


title: Lord Nicholas Windsor

text: Lord Nicholas and his sons are still in the line of succession to the Dukedom of Kent, the inheritance of which is not regulated by the Act of Settlement. He and his sons are third, fourth, fifth and sixth in line of succession to the Dukedom of Kent respectively.


title: Lord Nicholas Windsor

text: In 2011, Windsor was appointed to the Pontifical Academy for Life. He is co-signatory of the San José Articles which are focused on anti-abortion activism.


title: Lord Nicholas Windsor

text: In 2007, Windsor accepted the invitation to become Patron of Bromley Mind. The position is a public statement of his support for its work, and he makes a practical contribution from time to time by supporting special events and fundraising campaigns.


title: Lord Nicholas Windsor

text: Windsor has worked for the Refugee Council in London, the DePaul Trust for the homeless and in a school for autistic children. He was a visiting fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Centre in Washington DC. He is a Trustee of the Catholic National Library UK and The Right to Life Charitable Trust, which focuses on anti-abortion activism. Windsor is the Royal Patron, along with his wife Paola of the Christian Heritage Centre at Stonyhurst, a charitable endeavour to make the historic collections of Stonyhurst College and the story they tell more widely accessible particularly to young people in the surrounding areas.


title: Lord Nicholas Windsor

text: He wrote for the American journal "First Things" on the subject of abortion, an article which was entered into the United States Congressional Record by Congressman Chris Smith. He has written in "The Daily Telegraph" and "The Catholic Herald" on anti-abortion issues.


title: Functional medicine

text: Functional medicine is a form of alternative medicine that encompasses a number of unproven and disproven methods and treatments. Its proponents claim that it focuses on the "root causes" of diseases based on interactions between the environment and the gastrointestinal, endocrine, and immune systems to develop "individualized treatment plans." It has been described as pseudoscience, quackery, and at its essence a rebranding of complementary and alternative medicine.


title: Functional medicine

text: In the United States, functional medicine practices have been ruled ineligible for course credits by the American Academy of Family Physicians because of concerns they may be harmful.


title: Functional medicine

text: Functional medicine was created by Jeffrey Bland. Bland founded The Institute for Functional Medicine (IFM) in the early 1990s as part of one of his companies HealthComm. IFM, which promotes functional medicine, became a registered non-profit in 2001. Today Mark Hyman is one of the leading proponents.


title: Functional medicine

text: The discipline of functional medicine is vaguely defined by its proponents. Oncologist David Gorski has written that the vagueness is a deliberate tactic that makes functional medicine difficult to challenge, but that in general its practice centers on unnecessary and expensive testing procedures performed in the name of "holistic" health care.


title: Functional medicine

text: Proponents of functional medicine oppose established medical knowledge and reject its models, instead adopting a model of disease based on the notion of "antecedents", "triggers", and "mediators". These are meant to correspond to the underlying causes, the immediate causes, and the particular characteristics of a person's illness respectively. A functional medicine practitioner will devise a "matrix" from these factors which acts as a basis for treatment.


title: Functional medicine

text: Functional medicine practitioners claim to diagnose and treat conditions that have been found by research studies to not exist, such as adrenal fatigue and numerous imbalances in body chemistry. Despite lacking evidence or studies to back up his claim, Joe Pizzorno, a major figure in functional medicine, purports that 25% of people in the United States have heavy metal poisoning and need to undergo detoxification. Scientists state that claimed detox supplements are a waste of time and money.


title: Functional medicine

text: In 2014, the American Academy of Family Physicians withdrew granting of course credits for functional medicine courses, having identified some of its treatments as "harmful and dangerous" In 2018, it partly lifted the ban, but only to allow teaching an overview of functional medicine, not to teach its practice.


title: Functional medicine

text: The opening of centers for functional medicine at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation and at the George Washington University has been described by Gorski as an "unfortunate" example of pseudoscientific quackery infiltrating medical academia.


title: Cooku with Comali

text: Cooku with Comali, also known by the acronym CWC, is an Indian Tamil-language comedy-based cooking competition show aired on Star Vijay and streams on Disney+ Hotstar where the contestants are paired each week with comedians (comalis) who are amateur cooks. The first season premiered on 16 November 2019 and ended on 23 February 2020. The second season was premiered on 14 November 2020 and ended on 14 April 2021. The third season was premiered on 22 January 2022 and ended on 24 July 2022. The contestants along with their comalis are challenged every week and judged by Chef Damu and Chef Venkatesh Bhat.


title: Cooku with Comali

text: Every week, the show starts with celebrity chefs getting paired with their "Comalis." Then the teams compete in Advantage Task 1 and Task 2. The teams then compete in Main Task and Immunity/Elimination Task. The Advantage task involves a minimal task in which a team does a small task and the winner of the Advantage task is given an advantage during the main task where the team can choose a time frame to work without any obstacles. During the Main task, every team is given a challenge or an obstacle that will make the cooking harder. The teams are given a specific time limit where they must cook with that time frame. Most of the cooking tasks are to be done by "Comalis." The cook that gets Immunity is safe from next week's elimination and does not participate in that week. Some week are celebration rounds with no elimination.


title: Cooku with Comali

text: The series gained popularity only during its rerun in the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020. Following which the launch of the second season became one of the top rated Tamil reality television program both on television and on the digital platform Hotstar.


title: Cooku with Comali

text: The grand finale of season 2 aired on 14 April 2021 for 6 hours garnered a high viewership rating of 11.1 TVR in urban and 8.1 TVR overall with 6.58 million impressions.


title: McDonnell Douglas MD 500 Defender

text: The McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems MD 500 Defender is a light multi-role military helicopter based on the MD 500 light utility helicopter and OH-6 Cayuse Light Observation Helicopter.


title: McDonnell Douglas MD 500 Defender

text: The original OH-6 Cayuse helicopter proved its worth during the Vietnam War in the light helicopter role. The designers at Hughes realized there was a market for a light multi-mission helicopter with an improved equipment fit than the OH-6 and Model 500M. The resulting design was the "Model 500MD Defender" which first flew in 1976. It was tailored for specific roles including unarmed observation and an armed scout helicopter equipped with TOW anti-tank missiles. An anti-submarine version was developed with a search radar, magnetic anomaly detector and the capability to carry lightweight aerial torpedoes.


title: McDonnell Douglas MD 500 Defender

text: The helicopter was popular with customers like Kenya who could buy a capable anti-armor helicopter for less than half the cost of a gunship such as the AH-1 Cobra or the AH-64 Apache. Israel used the Defender extensively during the conflicts of the late 1970s and 1980s against Syrian armored forces.


title: McDonnell Douglas MD 500 Defender

text: The Defender was later built as an improved version as the "MD530MG", with increased engine power, handling, avionics, and a redesigned forward fuselage. Later developments included a mast mounted sight (MMS).


title: McDonnell Douglas MD 500 Defender

text: In December 2012, Boeing demonstrated their Unmanned Little Bird to the South Korean Army. The pilotless aircraft flew autonomously in a 25-minute demonstration for the purpose of showing unmanned capabilities technologies, such as enhanced ISR and resupply, in the system that could be integrated into Army MD 500 helicopters. In October 2015, Korean Air Aerospace Division (KAL-ASD) unveiled a mock-up of their unmanned MD 500, designated the Korean Air Unmanned System-Vertical Helicopter (KUS-VH), featuring blacked out windows, a large fuel tank where the rear seats would be that extends endurance to four hours, and an armament of two Hellfire missiles and a 2.75 in (70 mm) rocket pod; unlike Boeing's optionally manned and unarmed ULB, the KUS-VH is completely unmanned and armed as well as having an EO/IR sensor. The KUS-VH is envisioned to perform missions including ISR, attack, aerial delivery, coast guard, amphibious landing support, and emergency reinforcement to back up manned helicopter units. A KUS-VH unit would consist of two to four aircraft and sensor packages, a ground control system and ground support system, and it could operate alone or in conjunction with manned attack helicopters. A request for proposals for an unmanned scout helicopter is expected in 2016-2017, for which the company says making the up to 175 MD 500s unmanned would be a cheap way of reusing them after retirement from service over the next 10 years for safely performing dangerous attack missions.


title: McDonnell Douglas MD 500 Defender

text: MD Helicopters had submitted a version called the "MD 540F" in the U.S. Army's Armed Aerial Scout program. This caused Boeing to try to block MD Helicopters from participating, citing agreements the companies struck in 2005 to offer the Mission Enhanced Little Bird in the Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter program. As part of the venture, MD Helicopters sold intellectual property related to the aircraft's design. The two companies lost the bid and the program was ultimately cancelled. When MD Helicopters disclosed plans to offer the MD 540F in the AAS program in April 2012, Boeing claimed that they could not sell any "similarly configured" aircraft to any U.S. or foreign military organization. Boeing offered their AH-6 in the competition. MD Helicopters said Boeing did not object to previous sales to armed forces and governments in Japan, Jordan, and Italy, as well as to U.S. special operations, and local U.S. police forces. Restrictions on selling aircraft similar to the Little Bird, domestically or to foreign users, would have put the company out of business. In July 2013, a federal court ruled that MD Helicopters could not be blocked from offering their aircraft. The Army ended the AAS program in late 2013.


title: Douglas Lima

text: Douglas Lima (born 5 January 1988) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist who competes in the welterweight division of Bellator MMA, where he is a former three-time Bellator Welterweight Champion. He is also the former MFC Welterweight Champion. He is currently ranked the #3 Welterweight in the world by USA Today/MMAjunkie and the #6 Welterweight fighter in the world by MMA ranking site Fight Matrix, and he was widely regarded as the best MMA Welterweight fighter outside of the UFC in 2019. Lima and his brother Dhiego Lima own American Top Team - Team Lima in Lawrenceville, Georgia.


title: Douglas Lima

text: Lima was born in Brazil and moved to the state of Georgia in the United States graduating from Joseph Wheeler High School. He began training with American Top Team Atlanta. Son to Fausto and Cologera Lima. He trains with Roan Carneiro. Lima began his professional mixed martial arts career with decent success, soon compiling a record of 5–0.


title: Douglas Lima

text: In February 2007, Lima faced the future "Ultimate Fighter" competitor Matt Brown for the ISCF (International Sport Combat Federation) Pro East Coast Welterweight Title. Brown dealt Lima his first professional loss by defeating him via TKO due to punches in the second round.


title: Douglas Lima

text: In May 2008, Lima had his first defense of the title against Brent Weedman. Weedman was reportedly brought in to the fight to showcase Lima's skills, as Weedman was expected to be an easy fight. Weedman threatened early on with a triangle choke which was unsuccessful. Late in the second round, Weedman again caught Lima in a triangle choke, but transitioned to an armbar, which forced Lima to submit, giving Weedman the title. Weedman would later go on to say "They brought me in because Douglas Lima would make a great champ for them. Now, it's my turn to step up. I feel good about the fact that I did a one-fight deal with them. We're going to talk a multi-fight contract now." Following the loss, Lima never appeared for the AFL promotion again.


title: Douglas Lima

text: Following another win via TKO, Lima joined World Extreme Cagefighting. His debut fight was scheduled to take place at WEC 39 against Justin Haskins. However, Lima was forced to withdraw from the card while waiting on papers to arrive from the U.S. Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services. Lima's WEC debut never transpired, as instead, he joined King of the Cage, where he faced another future "Ultimate Fighter" competitor in Charles Blanchard, losing by unanimous decision.


title: Douglas Lima

text: In September 2010, Douglas Lima joined the Maximum Fighting Championship, facing off against Ryan Ford. In front of Ford's hometown fans, Lima was able to defeat Ford via armbar, early in the second round.


title: Douglas Lima

text: With the win, Lima was given an MFC Welterweight title shot against Jesse Juarez at MFC 27. Lima went on to defeat Juarez via armbar, midway through the final round.


title: Douglas Lima

text: Lima entered into the . He fought Steve Carl in the opening round held at Bellator 49 and won the fight via unanimous decision. Lima fought Chris Lozano in the semifinals at Bellator 53 and won via KO in the second round. In the finals, he faced Ben Saunders and won via KO in the second round.


title: Douglas Lima

text: Lima got his title shot against welterweight champion Ben Askren at Bellator 64 on April 6, 2012. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Douglas Lima

text: Lima defeated Jacob Ortiz via head kick and knee at 4:50 of the third round at Bellator 79 on November 2, 2012.


title: Douglas Lima

text: Lima faced Russian MMA prospect Michail Tsarev in Season Eight Welterweight Tournament on January 24, 2013 at . He won the fight via TKO due to leg strikes in round 2. In the semi-finals, he was scheduled to face Brent Weedman. Weedman suffered an injury and was replaced by Bryan Baker at on February 21, 2013. He won the fight via knock out in the first round. He was expected to face Ben Saunders in a rematch in the tournament final at . Lima suffered a broken hand.


title: Douglas Lima

text: The rematch with Saunders eventually took place at on September 20, 2013. Lima once again won in the second round, this time via a brutal head kick knockout.


title: Douglas Lima

text: Lima faced judo olympian Rick Hawn at Bellator 117 on April 18, 2014. After several knockdowns due to leg kicks, Lima won via TKO due to corner stoppage to win the vacant Bellator Welterweight Championship.


title: Douglas Lima

text: Lima was scheduled to make his first title defense against Paul Daley on February 27, 2015 at Bellator 134. However, in January, it was announced that Lima had pulled out of the fight due to injury. Lima was replaced by fellow Brazilian André Santos.


title: Douglas Lima

text: After 15 months away from the sport due to knee injuries, Lima returned to defend his title against winner Andrey Koreshkov at Bellator 140 on July 17, 2015. He lost the fight and title by unanimous decision.


title: Douglas Lima

text: After nearly a year away from the sport, Lima returned to the Bellator cage to replace Josh Koscheck against Paul Daley at Bellator 158 on July 16, 2016. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Douglas Lima

text: The win over Daley earned Lima a rematch against Bellator Welterweight Champion Andrey Koreshkov. The two met in the main event at Bellator 164 on November 10, 2016. Lima regained his title by winning by knockout in the third round.


title: Douglas Lima

text: For the first defense of his second title reign, Lima faced Lorenz Larkin at Bellator NYC on June 24, 2017. He won the fight via a unanimous decision (50–45, 48–47, and 48–47) to retain the Bellator welterweight championship.


title: Douglas Lima

text: For the second defense of his title, Lima faced Rory MacDonald at Bellator 192 on January 20, 2018. He lost the back-and-forth fight by unanimous decision.


title: Douglas Lima

text: Lima faced Andrey Koreshkov in a third match as part of the opening round of the Bellator Welterweight World Grand Prix on September 29, 2018 at Bellator 206. He won the fight via a rear-naked choke in the fifth round.


title: Douglas Lima

text: In the tournament semifinals, Lima faced the undefeated Michael Page in the co-main event at Bellator 221 on May 11, 2019. Lima won the fight via knockout in round two.


title: Douglas Lima

text: In the Bellator Welterweight World Grand Prix final, Lima challenged Rory MacDonald in a rematch for the welterweight title at Bellator 232 on October 26, 2019. He won the fight by unanimous decision to become a three-time Bellator welterweight champion and the 2019 Welterweight Grand Prix winner, receiving the $1,000,000 prize.


title: Douglas Lima

text: As the first fight of his new, multi-year contract, Lima was scheduled to face Gegard Mousasi for the vacant Bellator Middleweight World Championship at Bellator 242 on May 9, 2020. However, it was later announced that Bellator 242 and Lima's fight against Mousasi were being postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Instead, Lima faced Mousasi on October 29 at Bellator 250. Lima lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Douglas Lima

text: In the first defense of his title in his third reign as Bellator Welterweight World Champion, Lima faced undefeated Yaroslav Amosov at Bellator 260 on June 11, 2021. He lost the bout by unanimous decision.


title: Douglas Lima

text: Lima faced Michael Page in a rematch on October 1, 2021 at Bellator 267. He lost the bout via split decision. 6 out of 7 media outlets scored the bout as a win for Lima.


title: Douglas Lima

text: Lima was scheduled to face Jason Jackson on May 13, 2022 at Bellator 281. However, due to unknown reasons, the bout was pulled from the event and was rescheduled for July 22, 2022 at Bellator 283. After the main event was scrapped and the reshuffling of the bouts, Lima vs. Jackson was upgraded to the main event and 5 rounds. At the weigh-ins, Douglas Lima, came in at 172.8 lbs, 1.8 pounds heavy for his headlining welterweight bout. The bout proceeded at a catchweight and Lima was fined a percentage of his individual purse, which went to Jackson. Lima lost the bout via unanimous decision, getting controlled on the ground for 5 rounds.


title: Insular cortex

text: The insular cortex (also insula and insular lobe) is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes) within each hemisphere of the mammalian brain.


title: Insular cortex

text: The insulae are believed to be involved in consciousness and play a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotion or the regulation of the body's homeostasis. These functions include compassion, empathy, taste, perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning, interpersonal experience, and awareness of homeostatic emotions such as hunger, pain and fatigue. In relation to these, it is involved in psychopathology.


title: Insular cortex

text: The insular cortex is divided into two parts: the anterior insula and the posterior insula in which more than a dozen field areas have been identified. The cortical area overlying the insula toward the lateral surface of the brain is the operculum (meaning "lid"). The opercula are formed from parts of the enclosing frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes.


title: Insular cortex

text: The anterior insula receives a direct projection from the basal part of the ventral medial nucleus of the thalamus and a particularly large input from the central nucleus of the amygdala. In addition, the anterior insula itself projects to the amygdala.


title: Insular cortex

text: One study on rhesus monkeys revealed widespread reciprocal connections between the insular cortex and almost all subnuclei of the amygdaloid complex. The posterior insula projects predominantly to the dorsal aspect of the lateral and to the central amygdaloid nuclei. In contrast, the anterior insula projects to the anterior amygdaloid area as well as the medial, the cortical, the accessory basal magnocellular, the medial basal, and the lateral amygdaloid nuclei.


title: Insular cortex

text: The posterior insula connects reciprocally with the secondary somatosensory cortex and receives input from spinothalamically activated ventral posterior inferior thalamic nuclei. It has also been shown that this region receives inputs from the ventromedial nucleus (posterior part) of the thalamus that are highly specialized to convey homeostatic information such as pain, temperature, itch, local oxygen status, and sensual touch.


title: Insular cortex

text: A human neuroimaging study using diffusion tensor imaging revealed that the anterior insula is interconnected to regions in the temporal and occipital lobe, opercular and orbitofrontal cortex, triangular and opercular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus. The same study revealed differences in the anatomical connection patterns between the left and right hemisphere.


title: Insular cortex

text: The 'circular sulcus of insula' (or sulcus of Reil) is a semi-circular sulcus or "fissure" that separates the insula from the neighboring gyri of the operculum in the front, above, and


title: Insular cortex

text: The insular cortex has regions of variable cell structure or cytoarchitecture, changing from granular in the posterior portion to agranular in the anterior portion. The insula also receives differential cortical and thalamic input along its length. The anterior insular cortex contains a population of spindle neurons (also called "von Economo neurons"), identified as characterising a distinctive subregion as the agranular frontal insula.


title: Insular cortex

text: The insular cortex is considered a separate lobe of the telencephalon by some authorities. Other sources see the insula as a part of the temporal lobe. It is also sometimes grouped with limbic structures deep in the brain into a limbic lobe. As a paralimbic cortex, the insular cortex is considered to be a relatively old structure.


title: Insular cortex

text: There is evidence that, in addition to its base functions, the insula may play a role in certain higher-level functions that operate only in humans and other great apes. The spindle neurons found at a higher density in the right frontal insular cortex are also found in the anterior cingulate cortex, which is another region that has reached a high level of specialization in great apes. It has been speculated that these neurons are involved in cognitive-emotional processes that are specific to primates including great apes, such as empathy and metacognitive emotional feelings. This is supported by functional imaging results showing that the structure and function of the right frontal insula is correlated with the ability to feel one's own heartbeat, or to empathize with the pain of others. It is thought that these functions are not distinct from the lower-level functions of the insula but rather arise as a consequence of the role of the insula in conveying homeostatic information to consciousness. The right anterior insula is engaged in interoceptive awareness of homeostatic emotions such as thirst, pain and fatigue, and the ability to time one's own heartbeat. Moreover, greater right anterior insular gray matter volume correlates with increased accuracy in this subjective sense of the inner body, and with negative emotional experience. It is also involved in the control of blood pressure, in particular during and after exercise, and its activity varies with the amount of effort a person believes he/she is exerting.


title: Insular cortex

text: The insular cortex also is where the sensation of pain is judged as to its degree. Further, the insula is where a person imagines pain when looking at images of painful events while thinking about their happening to one's own body. Those with irritable bowel syndrome have abnormal processing of visceral pain in the insular cortex related to dysfunctional inhibition of pain within the brain.


title: Insular cortex

text: Another perception of the right anterior insula is the degree of nonpainful warmth or nonpainful coldness of a skin sensation. Other internal sensations processed by the insula include stomach or abdominal distension. A full bladder also activates the insular cortex.


title: Insular cortex

text: One brain imaging study suggests that the unpleasantness of subjectively perceived dyspnea is processed in the right human anterior insula and amygdala.


title: Insular cortex

text: The cerebral cortex processing vestibular sensations extends into the insula, with small lesions in the anterior insular cortex being able to cause loss of balance and vertigo.


title: Insular cortex

text: Other noninteroceptive perceptions include passive listening to music, laughter and crying, empathy and compassion, and language.


title: Insular cortex

text: In motor control, it contributes to hand-and-eye motor movement, swallowing, gastric motility, and speech articulation. It has been identified as a "central command” centre that ensures that heart rate and blood pressure increase at the onset of exercise. Research upon conversation links it to the capacity for long and complex spoken sentences. It is also involved in motor learning and has been identified as playing a role in the motor recovery from stroke.


title: Insular cortex

text: It plays a role in a variety of homeostatic functions related to basic survival needs, such as taste, visceral sensation, and autonomic control. The insula controls autonomic functions through the regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. It has a role in regulating the immune system.


title: Insular cortex

text: The insula has been identified as playing a role in the experience of bodily self-awareness, sense of agency, and sense of body ownership.


title: Insular cortex

text: The anterior insula processes a person's sense of disgust both to smells and to the sight of contamination and mutilation — even when just imagining the experience. This associates with a mirror neuron-like link between external and internal experiences.


title: Insular cortex

text: In social experience, it is involved in the processing of norm violations, emotional processing, empathy, and orgasms.


title: Insular cortex

text: The insula is active during social decision making. Tiziana Quarto et al. measured emotional intelligence (EI) (the ability to identify, regulate, and process emotions of themselves and of others) of sixty-three healthy subjects. Using fMRI EI was measured in correlation with left insular activity. The subjects were shown various pictures of facial expressions and tasked with deciding to approach or avoid the person in the picture. The results of the social decision task yielded that individuals with high EI scores had left insular activation when processing fearful faces. Individuals with low EI scores had left insular activation when processing angry faces.


title: Insular cortex

text: The insular cortex, in particular its most anterior portion, is considered a limbic-related cortex. The insula has increasingly become the focus of attention for its role in body representation and subjective emotional experience. In particular, Antonio Damasio has proposed that this region plays a role in mapping visceral states that are associated with emotional experience, giving rise to conscious feelings. This is in essence a neurobiological formulation of the ideas of William James, who first proposed that subjective emotional experience (i.e., feelings) arise from our brain's interpretation of bodily states that are elicited by emotional events. This is an example of embodied cognition.


title: Insular cortex

text: In terms of function, the insula is believed to process convergent information to produce an "emotionally relevant context for sensory experience". To be specific, the anterior insula is related more to "olfactory, gustatory, viscero-autonomic, and limbic function", whereas the posterior insula is related more to "auditory-somesthetic-skeletomotor" function. Functional imaging experiments have revealed that the insula has an important role in pain experience and the experience of a number of basic emotions, including anger, fear, disgust, happiness, and sadness.


title: Insular cortex

text: The anterior insular cortex (AIC) is believed to be responsible for emotional feelings, including maternal and romantic love, anger, fear, sadness, happiness, sexual arousal, disgust, aversion, unfairness, inequity, indignation, uncertainty, disbelief, social exclusion, trust, empathy, sculptural beauty, a ‘state of union with God’, and hallucinogenic states.


title: Insular cortex

text: Functional imaging studies have also implicated the insula in conscious desires, such as food craving and drug craving. What is common to all of these emotional states is that they each change the body in some way and are associated with highly salient subjective qualities. The insula is well-situated for the integration of information relating to bodily states into higher-order cognitive and emotional processes. The insula receives information from "homeostatic afferent" sensory pathways via the thalamus and sends output to a number of other limbic-related structures, such as the amygdala, the ventral striatum, and the orbitofrontal cortex, as well as to motor cortices.


title: Insular cortex

text: A study using magnetic resonance imaging found that the right anterior insula is significantly thicker in people that meditate. Other research into brain activity and meditation has shown an increase in grey matter in areas of the brain including the insular cortex.


title: Insular cortex

text: Another study using voxel-based morphometry and MRI on experienced Vipassana meditators was done to extend the findings of Lazar et al., which found increased grey matter concentrations in this and other areas of the brain in experienced meditators.


title: Insular cortex

text: The strongest evidence against a causative role for the insula cortex in emotion comes from Damasio et al. (2012) which showed that a patient who suffered bilateral lesions of the insula cortex expressed the full complement of human emotions, and was fully capable of emotional learning.


title: Insular cortex

text: Functional neuroimaging research suggests the insula is involved in two types of salience. Interoceptive information processing that links interoception with emotional salience to generate a subjective representation of the body. This involves, first, the anterior insular cortex with the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann area 33) and the anterior and posterior mid-cingulate cortices, and, second, a general salience network concerned with environmental monitoring, response selection, and skeletomotor body orientation that involves all of the insular cortex and the mid-cingulate cortex. A related idea is that the anterior insula, as part of the salience network, interacts with the mid-posterior insula to combine salient stimuli with autonomic information, leading to a high state of physiological awareness of salient stimuli.


title: Insular cortex

text: An alternative or perhaps complementary proposal is that the right anterior insular regulates the interaction between the salience of the selective attention created to achieve a task (the dorsal attention system) and the salience of arousal created to keep focused upon the relevant part of the environment (ventral attention system). This regulation of salience might be particularly important during challenging tasks where attention might fatigue and so cause careless mistakes but if there is too much arousal it risks creating poor performance by turning into anxiety.


title: Insular cortex

text: Recent research indicates that the insular cortex is involved in auditory perception. Responses to sound stimuli were obtained using intracranial EEG recordings acquired from patients with epilepsy. The posterior part of the insula showed auditory responses that resemble those observed in Heschl’s gyrus, whereas the anterior part responded to the emotional contents of the auditory stimuli.


title: Insular cortex

text: Direct recordings from the posterior part of the insula showed responses to unexpected sounds within regular auditory streams, a process known as auditory deviance detection. Researchers observed a mismatch negativity (MMN) potential, a well known event related potential, as well as the high frequency activity signals originating from local neurons.


title: Insular cortex

text: Progressive expressive aphasia is the deterioration of normal language function that causes individuals to lose the ability to communicate fluently while still being able to comprehend single words and intact other non-linguistic cognition. It is found in a variety of degenerative neurological conditions including Pick's disease, motor neuron disease, corticobasal degeneration, frontotemporal dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. It is associated with hypometabolism and atrophy of the left anterior insular cortex.


title: Insular cortex

text: A number of functional brain imaging studies have shown that the insular cortex is activated when drug users are exposed to environmental cues that trigger cravings. This has been shown for a variety of drugs, including cocaine, alcohol, opiates, and nicotine. Despite these findings, the insula has been ignored within the drug addiction literature, perhaps because it is not known to be a direct target of the mesocortical dopamine system, which is central to current dopamine reward theories of addiction. Research published in 2007 has shown that cigarette smokers suffering damage to the insular cortex, from a stroke for instance, have their addiction to cigarettes practically eliminated. These individuals were found to be up to 136 times more likely to undergo a disruption of smoking addiction than smokers with damage in other areas. Disruption of addiction was evidenced by self-reported behavior changes such as quitting smoking less than one day after the brain injury, quitting smoking with great ease, not smoking again after quitting, and having no urge to resume smoking since quitting. The study was conducted on average eight years after the strokes, which opens up the possibility that recall bias could have affected the results. More recent prospective studies, which overcome this limitation, have corroborated these findings This suggests a significant role for the insular cortex in the neurological mechanisms underlying addiction to nicotine and other drugs, and would make this area of the brain a possible target for novel anti-addiction medication. In addition, this finding suggests that functions mediated by the insula, especially conscious feelings, may be particularly important for maintaining drug addiction, although this view is not represented in any modern research or reviews of the subject.


title: Insular cortex

text: A recent study in rats by Contreras et al. corroborates these findings by showing that reversible inactivation of the insula disrupts amphetamine conditioned place preference, an animal model of cue-induced drug craving. In this study, insula inactivation also disrupted "malaise" responses to lithium chloride injection, suggesting that the representation of negative interoceptive states by the insula plays a role in addiction. However, in this same study, the conditioned place preference took place immediately after the injection of amphetamine, suggesting that it is the immediate, pleasurable interoceptive effects of amphetamine administration, rather than the delayed, aversive effects of amphetamine withdrawal that are represented within the insula.


title: Insular cortex

text: A model proposed by Naqvi et al. (see above) is that the insula stores a representation of the pleasurable interoceptive effects of drug use (e.g., the airway sensory effects of nicotine, the cardiovascular effects of amphetamine), and that this representation is activated by exposure to cues that have previously been associated with drug use. A number of functional imaging studies have shown the insula to be activated during the administration of addictive psychoactive drugs. Several functional imaging studies have also shown that the insula is activated when drug users are exposed to drug cues, and that this activity is correlated with subjective urges. In the cue-exposure studies, insula activity is elicited when there is no actual change in the level of drug in the body. Therefore, rather than merely representing the interoceptive effects of drug use as it occurs, the insula may play a role in memory for the pleasurable interoceptive effects of past drug use, anticipation of these effects in the future, or both. Such a representation may give rise to conscious urges that feel as if they arise from within the body. This may make addicts feel as if their bodies need to use a drug, and may result in persons with lesions in the insula reporting that their bodies have forgotten the urge to use, according to this study.


title: Insular cortex

text: A common quality in mystical experiences is a strong feeling of certainty which cannot be expressed in words. Fabienne Picard proposes a neurological explanation for this subjective certainty, based on clinical research of epilepsy.


title: Insular cortex

text: According to Picard, this feeling of certainty may be caused by a dysfunction of the anterior insula, a part of the brain which is involved in interoception, self-reflection, and in avoiding uncertainty about the internal representations of the world by "anticipation of resolution of uncertainty or risk". This avoidance of uncertainty functions through the comparison between predicted states and actual states, that is, "signaling that we do not understand, i.e., that there is ambiguity." Picard notes that "the concept of insight is very close to that of certainty," and refers to Archimedes' "Eureka!" Picard hypothesizes that during ecstatic seizures the comparison between predicted states and actual states no longer functions, and that mismatches between predicted state and actual state are no longer processed, blocking "negative emotions and negative arousal arising from predictive uncertainty," which will be experienced as emotional confidence. Picard concludes that "[t]his could lead to a spiritual interpretation in some individuals."


title: Insular cortex

text: The insular cortex has been suggested to have a role in anxiety disorders, emotion dysregulation, and anorexia nervosa.


title: Insular cortex

text: The insula was first described by Johann Christian Reil while describing cranial and spinal nerves and plexuses. Henry Gray in Gray's Anatomy is responsible for it being known as the "Island of Reil". John Allman and colleagues showed that anterior insular cortex contains spindle neurons.


title: Betting in poker

text: In the game of poker, the play largely centers on the act of betting, and as such, a protocol has been developed to speed up play, lessen confusion, and increase security while playing. Different games are played using different types of bets, and small variations in etiquette exist between cardrooms, but for the most part the following rules and protocol are observed by the majority of poker players.


title: Betting in poker

text: Players in a poker game act in turn, in clockwise rotation (acting out of turn can negatively affect other players). When it is a player's turn to act, the first verbal declaration or action they take does NOT bind them to their choice of action; this rule allows a player to think out loud at the table without being penalized for doing so.


title: Betting in poker

text: Until the first bet is made each player in turn may "check", which is to not place a bet, or "open", which is to make the first bet. After the first bet each player may "fold", which is to drop out of the hand losing any bets they have already made; "call", which is to match the highest bet so far made; or "raise", which is to increase the previous high bet.


title: Betting in poker

text: A player may fold by surrendering one's cards. (Some games may have specific rules regarding how to fold: for example in stud poker one must turn one's upcards face down.) A player may check by tapping the table or making any similar motion. All other bets are made by placing chips in front of the player, but not directly into the pot ("splashing the pot" prevents other players from verifying the bet amount).


title: Betting in poker

text: In general, the person to the left of the dealer acts first and action proceeds in a clockwise fashion. If any player has folded earlier, action proceeds to next player. In games with blinds, the first round of betting begins with the player to the left of the blinds. In stud games, the action begins with the player showing the strongest cards and proceeds clockwise. If there is a bring-in, the first round of betting begins with the player obliged to post the bring-in.


title: Betting in poker

text: If no one has yet opened the betting round, a player may pass or check, which is equivalent to betting zero and/or to call the current bet of zero. When checking, a player declines to make a bet; this indicates that they do not wish to open, but do wish to keep their cards and retain the right to call or raise later in the same round if an opponent opens. In games played with blinds, players may not check on the opening round because the blinds are live bets and must be called or raised to remain in the hand. A player who has posted the big blind has the right to raise on the first round, called the option, if no other player has raised; if they decline to raise they are said to check their option. If all players check, the betting round is over with no additional money placed in the pot (often called a free round or free card). A common way to signify checking is to tap the table, either with a fist, knuckles, an open hand or the index finger(s).


title: Betting in poker

text: If in any betting round it is a player's turn to act and the action is unopened, then the player can open action in a betting round by making a bet—the act of making the first voluntary bet in a betting round is called opening the round. On the first betting round, it is also called opening the pot, though in variants where "blind bets" are common, the blind bets "open" the first betting round and other players call and/or raise the "big blind" bet. Some poker variations have special rules about opening a round that may not apply to other bets. For example, a game may have a betting structure that specifies different allowable amounts for opening than for other bets, or may require a player to hold certain cards (such as "Jacks or better") to open.


title: Betting in poker

text: Normally, a player makes a bet by placing the chips they wish to wager into the pot. Under normal circumstances, all other players still in the pot must either call the full amount of the bet or raise if they wish to remain in, the only exceptions being when a player does not have sufficient stake remaining to call the full amount of the bet (in which case they may either call with their remaining stake to go "all-in" or fold) or when the player is already all-in.


title: Betting in poker

text: To raise is to increase the size of an existing bet in the same betting round. A player making the second (not counting the open) or subsequent raise of a betting round is said to re-raise. A player making a raise after previously checking in the same betting round is said to check-raise. The sum of the opening bet and all raises is the amount that all players in the hand must call in order to remain eligible to win the pot, subject to the table stakes rules described in the previous paragraph.


title: Betting in poker

text: A bluff is when a player bets or raises when it is likely they do not have the best hand; it is often done in hopes that (an) opponent(s) will fold mediocre yet stronger hands. When a player bets or raises with a weak hand that has a chance of improvement on a later betting round, the bet or raise is classified as a semi-bluff. On the other hand, a bet made by a player who hopes or expects to be called by weaker hands is classified as a value bet.


title: Betting in poker

text: In no-limit and pot-limit games, there is a minimum amount that is required to be bet in order to open the action. In games with blinds, this amount is usually the amount of the big blind. Modern poker rules require that raises must be at least equal to the amount of the previous bet or raise. For example, if an opponent bets $5, a player must raise by at least another $5, and they may not raise by only $2. If a player raises a bet of $5 by $7 (for a total of $12), the next re-raise would have to be by at least another $7 (the previous raise) more than the $12 (for a total of at least $19). The primary purpose of the minimum raise rule is to avoid game delays caused by "nuisance" raises (small raises of large bets, such as an extra $1 over a current bet of $50, that have little effect on the action but take time as all others must call). This rule is overridden by table stakes rules, so that a player may in fact raise a $5 bet by $2 if that $2 is their entire remaining stake.


title: Betting in poker

text: In no-limit and pot-limit games, if a player opens action in a betting round by placing any number of chips in the pot without a verbal declaration, or if they place two or more chips in the pot of sufficient value to raise an outstanding bet or raise without a verbal declaration, then the full amount placed in the pot will be assumed to be the amount of the bet or raise. Sometimes, a player will not have enough chips in smaller denominations that would be needed to make a bet or raise in the desired amount—for example, a player may be out of $1 and $5 chips and still have $25 chips—if the pot is currently $70 and the player wants to open action by betting half the pot, they will want to bet $35. In such cases, instead of slowing down the game by asking the dealer or another player to provide "change" a player may simply verbally declare the amount they are betting while placing (a) chip(s) of sufficient value to make good on the bet. Any "change" will be returned to them by the dealer if necessary.


title: Betting in poker

text: Also in no-limit and pot-limit games, a raise may be expressed as either a "raise by $X" or a "raise to $X". For example, suppose Alice opens by betting $5. If Dianne subsequently announces "I raise "by" $15" she will be raising by $15 "over and above" the opening bet of $5, for a total bet of $20. On the other hand, if Dianne subsequently announces "I raise "to" $15" she will be raising by only $10 for a "total bet" of $15. Today, most public cardrooms prefer for players to use the "raise to" standard as opposed to the "raise by" standard. In the event of any ambiguity in a player's verbal action while raising, the player will normally be bound to raise "to" the stated amount. For example, if Alice were to have opened with a $5 bet and Dianne subsequently announced "raise, $15" while putting $15 into pot (making the pot $20), in most public cardrooms Dianne would be bound to a "total bet" of $15 and the "excess" $5 would be returned to her.


title: Betting in poker

text: In fixed-limit games, the size of bets and raises is determined by the specified stakes. For example, in $3/$6 fixed limit Hold 'em, during the first two betting rounds (preflop and flop) the big blind is $3, the opening bet after the flop must be for $3 and all raises must be for $3. For the last two betting rounds (turn and river) the opening bet must be for $6 and all raises must be for $6. As in no-limit and pot-limit games, these amounts will be over-ridden by table stakes rules (so for example, in $3/$6 fixed limit Hold 'em a player could bet, raise or call for only $2 at any time if that is their remaining stake).


title: Betting in poker

text: Also, in fixed-limit and spread-limit games most casinos cap the total number of raises allowed in a single betting round (typically three or four, not including the opening bet of a round). For example, in a casino with a three-raise rule, if one player opens the betting for $5, the next raises by $5 making it $10, a third player raises another $5, and a fourth player raises $5 again making the current bet $20, the betting is said to be capped at that point, and no further raises beyond the $20 level will be allowed on that round. It is common to suspend this rule when there are only two players betting in the round (called being heads-up), since either player can call the last raise if they wish. Pot-limit and no-limit games do not have a limit on the number of raises.


title: Betting in poker

text: If, because of opening or raising, there is an amount bet that the player in-turn has not paid, the player must at least match that amount, or must fold; the player cannot pass or call a lesser amount (except where table stakes rules apply).


title: Betting in poker

text: To call is to match a bet or match a raise. A betting round ends when all active players have bet an equal amount. If no opponents call a player's bet or raise, the player wins the pot.


title: Betting in poker

text: The second and subsequent calls of a particular bet amount are sometimes called overcalls. This term is also sometimes used to describe a call made by a player who has put money in the pot for this round already. A player calling a raise before they have invested money in the pot in that round is cold calling. For example, if in a betting round, Alice bets, Dianne raises, and Carol calls, Carol "calls two bets cold". A player calling instead of raising with a strong hand is smooth calling or flat calling, a form of slow play.


title: Betting in poker

text: Calling in the final betting round when a player thinks they do not have the best hand is called a crying call. Calling when a player has a relatively weak hand but suspects their opponent may be bluffing is called a hero call. Calling a bet prior to the final betting round with the intention of bluffing on a later betting round is called a float.


title: Betting in poker

text: In public cardrooms, placing a single chip in the pot of "any" value sufficient to call an outstanding bet or raise without a verbal action declaring otherwise always constitutes a call. If necessary, any "change" from the chip will be returned to the player at the end of the betting round, or perhaps even sooner if this can conveniently be done. If, when it is a player's turn to act, the player already has an oversized chip in the pot that has not yet been "changed" and that is of sufficient value to call an outstanding bet or raise, then the player may call by tapping the table as if checking.


title: Betting in poker

text: In public cardrooms and casinos where verbal declarations are binding, the word "call" is such a declaration. In public card rooms, the practice of saying "I call, and raise $100" is considered a string raise and is not allowed. Saying "I call" commits the player to the action of calling, and only calling.


title: Betting in poker

text: Note that the verb "see" can often be used instead of "call": "Dianne saw Carol's bet", although the latter can also be used with the bettor as the object: "I'll see you" means 'I will call your bet'. However, terms such as "overseeing" and "cold seeing" are not valid.


title: Betting in poker

text: To fold is to discard one's hand and forfeit interest in the current pot. No further bets are required by the folding player, but the player cannot win. Folding may be indicated verbally or by discarding one's hand face down into the pile of other discards called the muck, or into the pot (uncommon). For this reason it is also called "mucking". In stud poker played in the United States, it is customary to signal folding by turning all of one's cards face down. Once a person indicates a fold or states "I fold", that person cannot re-enter the hand. In casinos in the United Kingdom, a player folds by giving their hand as is to the "house" dealer, who spreads the cards face up for the other players to see before mucking them.


title: Betting in poker

text: When participating in the hand, a player is expected to keep track of the betting action. Losing track of the amount needed to call, called the bet to the player, happens occasionally, but multiple occurrences of this slow the game down and so it is discouraged. The dealer may be given the responsibility of tracking the current bet amount, from which each player has only to subtract their contribution, if any, thus far.