title: Graça Machel

text: On 17 July 2018, Machel attended the 16th Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture, which was located at the Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg, alongside South African President Cyril Ramaphosa and former US President Barack Obama. The event was visited by nearly 15,000 people, commemorating the 100th anniversary of Nelson Mandela's birth.


title: Graça Machel

text: In the leadup to COP27, Machel advocates that Africa's youth should have a greater say in climate politics and warned that existing development aid programs covering, for example, education may well be cut and diverted to fund climate change adaptation instead.


title: Graça Machel

text: Following her retirement from the Mozambique ministry, Machel was appointed as the expert in charge of producing the groundbreaking United Nations report on the impact of armed conflict on children. From 2008 until 2009, she was a member of the High Level Taskforce on Innovative International Financing for Health Systems, co-chaired by Gordon Brown and Robert Zoellick. She served as the Chair of The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health (PMNCH) from 2013-2018. In January 2016, she was also appointed by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to the High-level Advisory Group for "Every Woman Every Child."


title: Graça Machel

text: On 17 January 2016, she was announced by the UNESCO as a Sustainable Development Goals Advocate alongside 16 others, all appointed by Secretary-General of the United Nations


title: Graça Machel

text: On 18 July 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa, Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel, and Desmond Tutu convened The Elders. Mandela announced its formation in a speech on his 89th birthday. The group works on thematic as well as geographically specific subjects. The Elders' priority issue areas include the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the Korean Peninsula, Sudan and South Sudan, sustainable development, and equality for girls and women.


title: Graça Machel

text: Machel has been particularly involved in The Elders' work on child marriage, including the founding of .


title: Graça Machel

text: Simbine married Samora Machel, the first president of Mozambique, in 1975. Together they had two children: daughter Josina (born April 1976) and son Malengane (born December 1978). Samora Machel died in office in 1986 when his presidential aircraft crashed near the Mozambique-South Africa border. Josina is a women's rights activist and in 2020 was listed as one of the BBC's 100 Women.


title: Graça Machel

text: Graça Machel Mandela married her second husband, Nelson Mandela, in Johannesburg on 18 July 1998, Mandela's 80th birthday. At the time, Mandela was serving as the first post-apartheid president of South Africa. Mandela died of pneumonia on 5 December 2013.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: South Park: The Stick of Truth is a 2014 role-playing video game developed by Obsidian Entertainment in collaboration with South Park Digital Studios and published by Ubisoft. Based on the American animated television series "South Park", the game follows the New Kid, who has moved to the eponymous town and becomes involved in an epic role-play fantasy war involving humans, wizards, and elves, who are fighting for control of the all-powerful Stick of Truth. Their game quickly escalates out of control, bringing them into conflict with aliens, Nazi zombies, and gnomes, threatening the entire town with destruction.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: The game is played from a 2.5D, third-person perspective replicating the aesthetic of the television series. The New Kid is able to freely explore the town of South Park, interacting with characters and undertaking quests, and accessing new areas by progressing through the main story. By selecting one of four character archetypes, Fighter, Thief, Mage, or Jew, each offering specific abilities, the New Kid and a supporting party of characters use a variety of melee, ranged, and magical fart attacks to combat with their enemies.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: Development began in 2009 after "South Park" creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone approached Obsidian about making a role-playing game designed to look exactly like the television series. Parker and Stone were involved throughout the game's production: they wrote its script, consulted on the design, and as in the television program, they voiced many of the characters. "The Stick of Truth"s production was turbulent; following the bankruptcy of the original publisher, THQ, the rights to the game were acquired by Ubisoft in early 2013, and its release date was postponed several times from its initial date in March 2013 to its eventual release in March 2014, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: "The Stick of Truth" was subject to censorship in some regions because of its content, which includes abortions and Nazi imagery; Parker and Stone replaced the scenes with detailed explanations of what occurs in each scene. The game was released to positive reviews, which praised the comedic script, visual style, and faithfulness to the source material. It received criticism for a lack of challenging combat and technical issues that slowed or impeded progress. A sequel, "", was released in October 2017, and "The Stick of Truth" was re-released in February 2018, for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, and on Nintendo Switch in September 2018.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: "South Park: The Stick of Truth" is a role-playing video game that is viewed from a 2.5D, third-person perspective. The player controls the New Kid as he explores the fictional Colorado town of South Park. The player can freely move around the town although some areas remain inaccessible until specific points in the story are reached. Notable characters from the seriesincluding Cartman, Butters, Stan, and Kylejoin the New Kid's party and accompany him on his quests, though only one character can be active at any time. The game features a fast travel system, allowing the player to call on the character Timmy to quickly transport them to any other visited fast travel station. At the beginning of the game, the player selects one of four character archetypes; the Fighter, Thief, Mage (which represent standard fantasy types), and the Jew. The Jew class specializes in "Jew-jitsu" and long-range attacks. Each class has specific abilities; armor and weapons are not limited by class, allowing a Mage to focus on melee attacks like a Fighter.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: The New Kid and his allies possess a variety of melee, ranged, and magic attacks. Experience points rewarded for completing tasks and winning battles allow the New Kid to level up, unlocking new abilities and upgrades such as increasing the number of enemies an attack hits or the amount of damage inflicted. Magic is represented by the characters' ability to fart; different farts are used to accomplish specific tasks. For example, the "Cup-A-Spell" allows the player to throw a fart to interact with a distant object, the "Nagasaki" destroys blockades, and the "Sneaky Squeaker" can be thrown to create a sound that distracts enemies. Attacks can be augmented with farts if the player has enough magical energy.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: The player has access to unlockable abilities that can open new paths of exploration, such as shrinking to access small areas like vents, teleportation which allows the player to reach otherwise unreachable platforms, and farts which trigger an explosion that defeats nearby enemies when combined with a naked flame. Actions committed against enemies outside of battle affects them in combat; the player or opponent who strikes first to trigger a fight will have the first turn in battle. Combat takes place in a battle area separate from the open game world. Battles use turn-based gameplay and each character takes a turn to attack or defend before yielding to the next character.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: During the player's turn, a radial wheel listing the available optionsclass-based basic melee attacks, special attacks, long-ranged attacks, and support itemsappears. Basic attacks are used to hit unarmored enemies and wear down shields; heavy attacks weaken armored enemies. A flashing icon indicates that attacks or blocks can be enhanced to inflict more damage, or mitigate incoming attacks more effectively. Each special attack costs a set amount of "Power Points" or "PP" (pronounced peepee) to activate. Only one party member can join the player in battle. Certain characters, such as Tuong Lu Kim, Mr Hankey, Jesus, and Mr. Slave can be summoned during battle to deliver a powerful attack capable of defeating several enemies simultaneously; Jesus sprays damaging gunfire, while Mr. Slave squeezes an enemy into his rectum, scaring his allies away.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: One support item can be used each turn, including items that restore health or provide beneficial status effects that improve the character's abilities. Weapons and armor can be enhanced using optional "strap-ons", such as fake vampire teeth, bubble gum, or a Jewpacabra claw. These items can cause enemies to bleed and lose health, weaken enemy armor, boost player health or steal health from opponents, and disgust foes to make them "grossed out" and cause them to vomit. Additionally, the "strap-ons" can set opponents on fire, electrocute them, or freeze them. Some enemies are immune to one or more of these effects. Enemies can deflect certain attacks entirely; those in a riposte stance will deflect any melee attack, requiring the use of ranged weapons, while those in reflect stance will deflect ranged weapons.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: The player is encouraged to explore the wider game world to find Chinpokomon toys or new friends who are added to the character's Facebook page. Collecting friends allows the player to unlock perks that permanently improve the New Kid's statistics, providing extra damage or resistance to negative effects. The character's Facebook page also serves as the game's main menu, containing the inventory and a quest journal. "The Stick of Truth" features several mini-games, including defecating by repeatedly tapping a button that rewards the player with feces that can be thrown at enemies to trigger the "grossed out" effect, performing an abortion, and using an anal probe. Some of these scenes are absent from some versions of the game because of censorship.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: "South Park: The Stick of Truth" is set in the fictional town South Park in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. The main character, whom the player controls, is the New Kidnicknamed "Douchebag"a silent protagonist who has recently moved to the town. Befriending the local boys, he becomes involved in an epic fantasy live action role-playing game featuring wizards and warriors battling for control of the Stick of Truth, a twig that possesses limitless power.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: The humans, led by Wizard King Cartman, make their home in the Kingdom of Kupa Keep, a makeshift camp built in Cartman's backyard; among their number are paladin Butters, thief Craig, Clyde, cleric Token, Tweek, and Kennya young boy who dresses as a princess. The humans' rivals are the drow elves, who live in the elven kingdom in the backyard of their leader, High Jew Elf Kyle; they also include the warrior Stan and Jimmy the bard. The boys conduct their game throughout the town, the surrounding forest, and even into Canada (represented as a pixelated overhead 16-bit RPG). Locations from the show, including South Park Elementary, South Park Mall, the Bijou Cinema, City Wok restaurant, and Tweek Bros. Coffeehouse, are featured in the game.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: "The Stick of Truth" features the following historical "South Park" characters: Stan's father Randy Marsh, school teacher Mr. Garrison, Jesus, school counsellor Mr. Mackey, former United States Vice-President Al Gore, the sadomasochism-loving Mr. Slave, sentient feces Mr. Hankey, City Wok restaurant owner Tuong Lu Kim, Stan's uncle Jimbo, Mayor McDaniels, Priest Maxi, Skeeter, Canadian celebrities Terrance and Phillip, the Underpants Gnomes, the Goth kids, the Ginger kids, the Crab People; the Christmas Critters, and local boys Timmy, Scott Malkinson, and Kevin Stoley.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: The New Kid has moved with his parents to South Park to escape his forgotten past. He quickly allies with Butters, Princess Kenny and their leader Cartman. Nicknamed "Douchebag", the New Kid is introduced to the coveted Stick of Truth. Shortly thereafter, the elves attack Kupa Keep and take the Stick. Cartman banishes Clyde from the group for failing to defend the Stick from the elves. With the help of Cartman's best warriors, Douchebag recovers the Stick from Jimmy. That night, Douchebag and several town residents are abducted by aliens. Douchebag escapes his confinement with the help of Stan's father, Randy, and crashes the alien ship into the town's mall.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: By morning, the UFO crash site has been sealed off by the US government, who has put out a cover-story that claims a Taco Bell is being built. Douchebag visits Kupa Keep and learns that the Stick has again been stolen by the elves. Cartman and Kyle task Douchebag with recruiting the Goth kids for their respective sides, each claiming that the other has the Stick. Randy agrees to help Douchebag recruit the Goths after Douchebag infiltrates the crash site and discovers that government agents are plotting to blow up the town in order to destroy an alien goo released from the ship. The goo turns living creatures into Adolf Hitler-esque Nazi Zombies; an infected person escapes government containment, unleashing the virus on South Park.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: That night, Cartman or Kyle (dependent on which character the player chooses to follow) leads his side against the other at the school. Here, the children learn that Clyde stole the Stick as revenge for his banishment. Clyde rallies defectors from the humans and elves, and uses the alien goo to create an army of Nazi Zombies. The humans and elves join together to oppose Clyde but there are too few to fight him. Later, Gnomes steal Douchebag's underpants; after defeating them, Douchebag gains the ability to change size at will.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: Out of desperation, Douchebag is told to invite the girls to play. They agree to join after Douchebag infiltrates an abortion clinic and travels across Canada to discover which of their friends is spreading gossip. Flanked by the girls, kindergarten pirates, and "Star Trek" role-players, the humans and elves attack Clyde's dark tower. Randy arrives and reveals that the government agents have planted a nuclear device in Mr. Slave's anus to blow up South Park, forcing Douchebag to shrink and enter Mr. Slave to disarm the bomb. After exiting Mr. Slave, Douchebag finally confronts Clyde and is forced to fight a resurrected Nazi Zombie Chef; Chef is defeated. Clyde decides he is not playing any more and Cartman kicks him from the tower.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: The government agents arrive, revealing that Douchebag went into hiding to escape them because of his ability to quickly make friends on social networks such as Facebook, which the government wanted to use for its own ends. Learning of the Stick's supposed power, the chief agent takes it and bargains with Douchebag to help him use it. Douchebag refuses but Princess Kenny betrays the group, uses the Stick to fight them and infects himself with the Nazi Zombie virus. Unable to defeat Nazi Zombie Princess Kenny, Cartman tells Douchebag to break their sacred rule by farting on Kenny's balls, which he does. The resulting explosion defeats Kenny and cures the town of the Nazi Zombie virus. In the epilogue as South Park is rebuilt, the group retrieves the Stick of Truth; they decide its power is too great for any person to hold and throw it into Stark's Pond.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: Development of "South Park: The Stick of Truth" took four years, beginning in 2009 when "South Park" co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone contacted Obsidian Entertainment to discuss their desire to make a "South Park" game. Parker, a fan of Obsidian games, including "" (2010), wanted to create a role-playing game, a genre which he and Stone had enjoyed since their childhoods. Parker and Stone insisted that the game must replicate the show's visual style. Parker's original concept was for a "South Park" version of the 2011 role-playing fantasy game "", and he estimated the first script he produced to be 500 pages long. The South Park Digital Studios team animated a concept of the game's opening scene to show what they wanted to accomplish with Obsidian in terms of appearance and gameplay mechanics. While the series had inspired several licensed games, such as "South Park" (1998) and "South Park Rally" (1999), Parker and Stone were not involved in these games' development and later criticized the titles' quality. Negative reaction to those games made the pair protective of their property and led to their greater involvement on "The Stick of Truth"; they refused several requests to license the series for new ventures.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: Stone and Parker worked closely with Obsidian on the project, sometimes having two-to-three-hour meetings over four consecutive days. They worked with Obsidian until two weeks before the game was shipped. Their involvement extended beyond creative input; their company initially financed the game, believing that a game based on the controversial television show would struggle to receive financial support from publishers without them placing restrictions on the content to make it more marketable. The initial funding was intended to allow Obsidian to develop enough of the game to show a more complete concept to potential publishers. In December 2011, THQ announced that they would work with Obsidian on "South Park: The Game", as it was then known. This partnership developed into a publishing arrangement after "South Park" owner Viacom, having grown wary of video games, cut its funding. Obsidian was aware when it signed with THQ that the latter was experiencing financial difficulties.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: In March 2012, Microsoft canceled Obsidian's upcoming Xbox One project codenamed "North Carolina" after seven months of development, resulting in the layoff of between 20 and 30 employees, including members of the "Stick of Truth" team. In May 2012, the game's final title was announced. In December 2012, THQ filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy after suffering several product release failures. "The Stick of Truth" remained on schedule as THQ tried to use the bankruptcy period to restructure and return its business to profit, but the company failed to find a buyer and a Delaware court ordered that THQ was worth more if its assets were sold individually.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: The rights to "The Stick of Truth" were auctioned in late December 2012; Obsidian was not made aware of the sale until the auction was announced. South Park Digital Studios filed an objection to the auction, stating that THQ did not have the authority to sell the publishing rights and that THQ had been granted exclusive use of specific "South Park" trademarks and copyrights. South Park Digital also argued that even if the rights were sold, THQ would still owe them and that they held the option of reclaiming all elements of the game and "South Park" related creations. THQ requested that the court overrule South Park Digital, stating that their rights were exclusive and thus transferable. On January 24, 2013, the United States bankruptcy court approved the sale of THQ's assets, including "The Stick of Truth".


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: The rights were bought by Ubisoft for . Within three weeks they had decided that the game required significant changes, pushing its release date back by six months to March 2014. Parker and Stone, with input from a Ubisoft creative consultant, concluded that their original vision would take too long and would be too costly to produce. In a 2014 interview, Obsidian leader Feargus Urquhart said he could not comment on changes that were made following Ubisoft's involvement. "South Park: The Stick of Truth" was officially released to manufacturing on February 12, 2014. Following its release, Stone said that the work involved in making the game was much more than he and Parker had anticipated. He said, "I'll [admit] to the fact that we retooled stuff that we didn't like and we worked on the game longer than other people would've liked us to".


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: During early discussions with Obsidian, Parker and Stone were adamant that the game should faithfully replicate the show's unique 2D-style visuals, which are based on cutout animation. Obsidian provided proofs of concept that they could achieve the "South Park" look; Stone and Parker were satisfied with this. The show is animated using Autodesk Maya, but Obsidian produced the game assets and animations in Adobe Flash. "Skyrim" was the game's initial influence and further inspiration came from the 1995 role-playing game "EarthBound". Parker and Stone said that the blended 2D/3D visuals of "Paper Mario" and the silent protagonist Link from "The Legend of Zelda" series also provided inspiration for the design. The characters' costumes and classes are taken from the 2002 "South Park" episode "The Return of the Fellowship of the Ring to the Two Towers". Obsidian created various fantasy-styled items, armor, and weapons but Parker and Stone told them to "make it crappier" to create the impression that the children had found or made the objects themselves; weapons consisted of golf clubs, hammers, suction cup arrows and wooden swords, while bathrobes, oven mitt gloves, and towels worn as capes served as clothing. "South Park" studios provided Obsidian with access to the show's full archive of art assets, allowing Obsidian to include previously unused ideas, such as discarded Chinpokomon designs. Actors from the show provided voice work, and Obsidian was given access to "South Park"s audio resources, including sound effects, music, and the show's composer Jamie Dunlap.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: Describing the writing of a comedy script for a game in which lines of dialog may be heard repeatedly and jokes could appear dated, Stone said:


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: We write jokes, and the jokes are funny. With a game, the fourth, fifth, sixth, 80th, 100 millionth time you've seen that joke it becomes not funny, then you lose faith in it, and then you question it, and you go round this emotional circle ... We've always liked fresh-baked stuff a little better but, with a video game, it doesn't work that way. But the game isn't just a collection of funny "South Park" scenes, hopefully it's more than that.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: Like the show, "The Stick of Truth" satirizes political and social issues including abortion, race relations, anal probes, drug addiction, sex, extreme violence, and poverty. Creative consultant Jordan Thomas said, "The way we looked at [humor] was if this moment was a hot button for the audience, should we make it worse, because [Stone and Parker] love to push boundaries and their default response was definitely not to back down, but the really healthy counterbalance was, can we make it funnierand the answer was often yes".


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: The game underwent several changes during its development. While the final game features four playable character types (Fighter, Thief, Mage, and Jew), an early version featured five playable classes: Paladin, Wizard, Rogue, Adventurer, and Jew. The latter was described as a cross between a Monk and a Paladin, that is "high risk, high reward" and strongest when closest to death. The game had included other enemies and locations, including vampire children who were fought in a cemetery and church, hippies, a mission to recover Cartman's doll from the Ginger children, and boss fights against a large, winged monster, and celebrity Paris Hiltonher main attack being called the "vag blast". The Crab People had a larger role and shared a demilitarized zone with the Underpants Gnomesonly one Crab Person appears in the final gameand Mr. Hankey and his family lived in a large, Christmas-themed village which became a small house in the town's sewers. Urquhart later said that when development began, video games were less protected by freedom of speech laws than other media, restricting the content that could be included in "The Stick of Truth". While under THQ's publishing deal, the developers planned that the Xbox 360 version would support the console's input device, Kinect, enabling players to give characters voice commands, taunt enemies, and insult Cartmanto which the character would respond. Exclusive Xbox 360 downloadable content (DLC) including the "Mysterion Superhero" pack and "Good Times with Weapons" packs each featuring a unique weapon, outfit, and special attack, and three story-based campaign expansions was announced. These features were not present in the Ubisoft release.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: "South Park: The Stick of Truth" was released in North America on March 4, 2014, for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles, and Microsoft Windows. It was released on March 6 in Australia and on March 7 in Europe. The game had been scheduled for release on March 5, 2013, but this was postponed two months by then-publisher THQ. After THQ filed for bankruptcy in January 2013, Ubisoft purchased the rights to publish the game and did not specify a release date. By May 2013, Ubisoft had confirmed that it would be released that year after it was omitted from their upcoming games release schedule. On September 26, 2013, Ubisoft announced that "The Stick of Truth" would be released in December 2013, but in October 2013 the game's release was again postponed until March 2014. The game was scheduled for release on March 6, 2014 in Germany and Austria, but it was delayed after the localized version of the game was found to contain Nazi references. Alongside the Steam version of the game, "The Stick of Truth" received a digital download release for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on June 13, 2016. The console versions were only available as a free pre-order incentive to customers who pre-ordered its sequel, "The Fractured but Whole". A stand-alone physical and digital download was released on for February 13, 2018, for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. A Nintendo Switch version, available as a digital download, was released on September 25, 2018.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: A collector's edition called the "Grand Wizard Edition" containing the game, a 6-inch figure of Grand Wizard Cartman created by Kidrobot, a map of the South Park kingdom, and the "Ultimate Fellowship" DLC was made available. The "Ultimate Fellowship" content includes four outfits with different abilities; the Necromancer Sorcerer outfit provides increased fire damage, the Rogue Assassin outfit rewards the player with extra money, the Ranger Elf outfit raises weapon damage, and the Holy Defender outfit increases defense. Additional content included the "Super Samurai Spaceman" pack containing three outfits; the Superhero costume provides a buff at the start of battle, the Samurai costume provides a buff on defeating an enemy, and the Spaceman costume provides a defensive shield.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: In November and December 2013, the "South Park" television series featured the "Black Friday" trilogy of episodes"Black Friday", "A Song of Ass and Fire", and "Titties and Dragons"which was a narrative prequel to the game and featured the characters wearing outfits and acting out roles similar to those in the game. The episodes satirized the game's lengthy development; in "Black Friday" Cartman tells Kyle not to "pre-order a game that some assholes in California haven’t even finished making yet", referring to California-based Obsidian, while "Titties and Dragons" concludes with an advertisement announcing the game's release date accompanied by Butters declaring his skepticism. Discussing "Black Friday", "IGN" said that it "felt like a sneak peek" and provided some marketing for Stick of Truth.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: Shortly before the game's release, Ubisoft announced that it would voluntarily censor seven scenes, calling it a "market decision made by Ubisoft EMEA" and not a response to input from censors. PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were affected in European territories, the Middle East, Africa, and Russia, while the Microsoft Windows version remained uncensored. The censorship affected all formats in Australia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Germany, Austria, and Taiwan. The North American release was the only version that was uncensored on all formats. The German version was specifically censored because of the use of Nazi and Hitler-related imagery, including swastikas and Nazi salutes, which are illegal in that country. A spokesman for the European video game content rating system Pan European Game Information (PEGI) confirmed that the uncensored version had been submitted and approved for release with an 18 rating, meaning the game would be acceptable for people over eighteen years of age. Ubisoft resubmitted the censored version without input from PEGI; this version was passed with an 18-rating.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: The scenes Ubisoft removed depict anal probing by aliens and the player-character performing an abortion. In their place, the game displays a still image of a statue holding its face in its hand, with an explicit description of events depicted in the scene. In Australia, the same scenes were removed because the Australian Classification Board refused to rate the game for release due to the depiction of sexual violencespecifically the child player-character being subjected to anal probing and the interactive abortion scene. Like the European version, these scenes were replaced with a placeholder card with an explanation of what was removed on a background image of a koala crying.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: Discussing the situation, Stone said he had been told changes were required for the game to be released and that he and Parker inserted the placeholder images so the censorship would not be hidden. He called the censorship a double standard that the pair resisted, and said he felt it did not ruin the game and the cards allowed them to mock the changes. A post-release user-created game modification was released for the Microsoft Windows version that disabled the censorship.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: "South Park: The Stick of Truth" received positive reviews from critics. Aggregating review website Metacritic provides a score of 85 out of 100 from 48 critics for the Microsoft Windows version, 85 out of 100 from 31 critics for the PlayStation 3 version, and 82 out of 100 from 33 critics for the Xbox 360 version.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: The game was considered a successful adaptation of licensed material to a video game, with critics describing it as one of the most faithful video game adaptations ever, such that moving the player-character was like walking on the set of the show. "GamesRadar+" said that "The Stick of Truth" was to "South Park" as "" was to the "Batman" franchise in terms of reverence to the source material while breaking new ground in video games. They praised the "open-world South Park to explore, with a solid 12–14 hours of inside jokes, obscure references, and humor that pulls from 17 TV seasons' worth of social commentary and offensive humor." "Computer and Video Games" said that the game contained so many references to the show's history that it made "" appear sparse. "Destructoid" said that the ability to walk around the detailed town provided a sense of wonderment similar to exploring "The Simpsons"s home town in "". The visual translation was highlighted as a significant component of the game's success, appearing indistinguishable from an episode of the show and providing a consistent aesthetic that remained faithful to the series while being original to gaming. Some reviewers said that the art style was occasionally detrimental, obscuring objects and prompts, and that repetitive use of animations grew stale over the course of the game. "Computer and Video Games" said that Obsidian had built a game world that seemed as though it had always existed.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: Reviewers consistently highlighted its comedic achievement. "Game Informer" said it is frequently hilarious, ranking it among the best comedic games ever released. "IGN" praised "The Stick of Truth" for its witty and intelligent satire of the role-playing genre, while others said that as well as being consistently funny, the game was suitably boisterous, shocking, provocative, self-effacing, and fearless in its desire to offend. Many reviewers agreed that much of the content was more appealing to "South Park" fans; some jokes are lost on the uninitiated but others said that enough context was provided for most jokes to be funny regardless of players' familiarity with the source material. "IGN" said that it is the game "South Park" fans have always wanted, but some reviewers said that without the "South Park" license, the game's shallowness would be more obvious.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: Combat received a polarized response; critics alternately called the battles deep and satisfying or shallow and repetitive. Reviewers considered the combat mechanics to be simplistic while allowing for complex tactics, and others said that the requirement to actively defend against enemy attacks and enhance offense kept fights engaging. Others also praised the combat but considered the mechanics to be robust and elaborate, presenting a solid role-playing combat system concealed under the intentionally simplistic visuals. Some reviewers said that a lack of depth made combat gradually become repetitive; they said that even when combat is funny and engaging, by the end of the game the battles can become routine. "Joystiq" stated that defense was more interesting than offense because it relied on time-sensitive reactions to creative enemy attacks such as Al Gore giving a presentation. "Destructoid" said there are too few powers available for offense for the game to remain interesting for long. "GameSpot" found combat was too easy and lacking in challenge because of an abundance of supplement items such as health packs that were found more frequently than they were used, and powerful abilities that quickly subdued opponents. Others disagreed, stating that the variety offered in combat, such as character abilities, allies, weapons, armor, and upgrades, ensured it always felt fun. The effects of the enhancements were sometimes considered to be confusing, and typically relying on simply equipping the highest level item available. "Joystiq" said the special characters that can be summoned during battle were extreme in terms of power and entertainment value.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: "IGN" said that the difference between character classes such as Thief and Jew were disappointingly minimal, offering little variety or incentive to replay as another class. "IGN" also said some missions and side quests were tedious, and were elevated by their setting rather than their quality, while the reviewer thought the environmental puzzles were a clever option for avoiding combat and were rare enough to be enjoyable when available. However, "GameSpot" said the puzzles felt scripted and simple. Reviewers said that many of the gameplay functions and controls were poorly explained, making them difficult to activate; others were critical of excessive loading times upon entering new locations and slow menus such as the Facebook panel.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: During the first week of sales in the United Kingdom, "South Park: The Stick of Truth" became the best-selling game on all available formats (In terms of boxed sales), replacing "Thief". The Xbox 360 version accounted for 53% of sales, followed by the PlayStation 3 (41%), and Microsoft Windows (6%). In its second week, sales fell 47% and the game dropped to third place behind "Titanfall" and "Dark Souls II". "South Park: The Stick of Truth" was the top-selling game on the digital-distribution platform Steam between March 2 and 15, 2014. It was the third best-selling game of March 2014, behind "Titanfall" and "Thief", and the thirty-first best-selling physical game of 2014.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: In North America, "South Park: The Stick of Truth" was the third best-selling physical game of March 2014, behind "Titanfall" and "Infamous Second Son". Digital distribution accounted for 25% of the game's sales, making it Ubisoft's most downloaded title at the time. It was the ninth best-selling downloadable game of 2014 on the PlayStation Store. In May 2015, Ubisoft confirmed that the game had sold 1.6 million copies as of March 2015. As of February 2016, Ubisoft had shipped 5 million copies of the game.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: At the 2012 Game Critics Awards, "The Stick of Truth" was named the "Best Role-Playing Game". At the 2014 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAVGTR) awards the game received awards for "Writing in a Comedy", "Animation" in the artistic category, and best non-original role playing game. It also received nominations for "Game of the Year", "Original Light Mix Score (Franchise)" and "Sound Effects". Parker's multi-character voice work won him the award for "Performance in a Comedy, Supporting"; Stone was also nominated. At the 2014 Golden Joystick Awards, "The Stick of Truth" received three nominations for "Game of the Year", "Best Storytelling", and "Best Visual Design". At the inaugural Game Awards event, Trey Parker won for "Best Performance" for his multiple roles, and the game received two nominations for "Best Role-Playing Game", and "Best Narrative". At the 2015 South by Southwest festival, the game received the "Excellence in Convergence" award for achievements in adapting material from another entertainment medium. The game received a D.I.C.E. Award nomination for Outstanding Achievement in Story.


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: "IGN" listed it as the 50th-best game of the contemporary console generation, and "Giant Bomb" named it the "Best Surprise" of 2014 for overcoming its development issues. "Shacknews" and "Financial Post" labeled it the seventh-best game of 2014, while "The Guardian" named it as the 12th-best. "Kotaku" listed Dunlap's score as one of the best of the year, saying that it was "a really good tongue-in-cheek "Skyrim" knockoff that captured bright musicality." In 2017, "IGN" listed the pixelated Canada area at number 98, on its list of the Top 100 Unforgettable Video Game Moments, and "PC Gamer" named it one of the best role playing games of all time. In 2018, "Game Informer" labeled it the 82nd-best RPG of all time, stating "in the world of licensed video games, few titles stand out as exceptional or worthy of the source material."


title: South Park: The Stick of Truth

text: In March 2014, Stone said that he and Parker were open to making a sequel, depending on the reception for "The Stick of Truth". A sequel, "South Park: The Fractured but Whole", was announced in June 2015. The game was developed by Ubisoft San Francisco, replacing Obsidian Entertainment, for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows. The sequel was released worldwide on October 17, 2017 to generally positive reviews. In it, the player again controls the New Kid, joining the children of South Park as they role-play superheroes. A Nintendo Switch version, adapted by Ubisoft Pune, was released in 2018.


title: UTF-16

text: UTF-16 (16-bit Unicode Transformation Format) is a character encoding capable of encoding all 1,112,064 valid code points of Unicode (in fact this number of code points is dictated by the design of UTF-16). The encoding is variable-length, as code points are encoded with one or two 16-bit "code units". UTF-16 arose from an earlier obsolete fixed-width 16-bit encoding, now known as UCS-2 (for 2-byte Universal Character Set), once it became clear that more than 2 (65,536) code points were needed.<ref name="unicode.org/faq"></ref>


title: UTF-16

text: UTF-16 is used by systems such as the Microsoft Windows API, the Java programming language and JavaScript/ECMAScript. It is also sometimes used for plain text and word-processing data files on Microsoft Windows. It is rarely used for files on Unix-like systems.


title: UTF-16

text: UTF-16 is often claimed to be more space-efficient than UTF-8 for East Asian languages, since it uses two bytes for characters that take 3 bytes in UTF-8. Since real text contains many spaces, numbers, punctuation, markup, and control characters, which take only one byte in UTF-8, this is only true for artificially constructed dense blocks of text. In addition GB 18030 (which supports all of Unicode as well) is always shorter than UTF-16.


title: UTF-16

text: UTF-16 is the only web-encoding incompatible with ASCII and never gained popularity on the web, where it is declared by under 0.002% (little over 1 thousandth of 1 percent) of web pages, and even then UTF-8 is often used, even though UTF-16 is (also) specified (i.e. because of "contradictory character encoding specifications" and/or "incorrect character encoding defined"). UTF-8, by comparison, accounts for 98% of all web pages. The Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) considers UTF-8 "the mandatory encoding for all [text]" and that for security reasons browser applications should not use UTF-16.


title: UTF-16

text: It is used by SMS (i.e. the variable-length UTF-16 needed to support all emoji characters, the SMS standard specifies its predecessor fixed-width UCS-2 which do not support most of them).


title: UTF-16

text: In the late 1980s, work began on developing a uniform encoding for a "Universal Character Set" (UCS) that would replace earlier language-specific encodings with one coordinated system. The goal was to include all required characters from most of the world's languages, as well as symbols from technical domains such as science, mathematics, and music. The original idea was to replace the typical 256-character encodings, which required 1 byte per character, with an encoding using 65,536 (2) values, which would require 2 bytes (16 bits) per character.


title: UTF-16

text: Two groups worked on this in parallel, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 and the Unicode Consortium, the latter representing mostly manufacturers of computing equipment. The two groups attempted to synchronize their character assignments so that the developing encodings would be mutually compatible. The early 2-byte encoding was originally called "Unicode", but is now called "UCS-2".


title: UTF-16

text: When it became increasingly clear that 2 characters would not suffice, IEEE introduced a larger 31-bit space and an encoding (UCS-4) that would require 4 bytes per character. This was resisted by the Unicode Consortium, both because 4 bytes per character wasted a lot of memory and disk space, and because some manufacturers were already heavily invested in 2-byte-per-character technology. The UTF-16 encoding scheme was developed as a compromise and introduced with version 2.0 of the Unicode standard in July 1996. It is fully specified in RFC 2781, published in 2000 by the IETF.


title: UTF-16

text: In the UTF-16 encoding, code points less than 2 are encoded with a single 16-bit code unit equal to the numerical value of the code point, as in the older UCS-2. The newer code points greater than or equal to 2 are encoded by a compound value using "two" 16-bit code units. These two 16-bit code units are chosen from the UTF-16 surrogate range which had not previously been assigned to characters. Values in this range are not used as characters, and UTF-16 provides no legal way to code them as individual code points. A UTF-16 stream, therefore, consists of single 16-bit code points outside the surrogate range for code points in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), and pairs of 16-bit values within the surrogate range for code points above the BMP.


title: UTF-16

text: UTF-16 is specified in the latest versions of both the international standard ISO/IEC 10646 and the Unicode Standard. "UCS-2 should now be considered obsolete. It no longer refers to an encoding form in either 10646 or the Unicode Standard." UTF-16 will never be extended to support a larger number of code points or to support the code points that were replaced by surrogates, as this would violate the Unicode Stability Policy with respect to general category or surrogate code points. (Any scheme that remains a self-synchronizing code would require allocating at least one BMP code point to start a sequence. Changing the purpose of a code point is disallowed.)


title: UTF-16

text: Each Unicode code point is encoded either as one or two 16-bit "code units". How these 16-bit codes are stored as bytes then depends on the endianness of the text file or communication protocol.


title: UTF-16

text: A "character" may need from as few as two bytes to fourteen or even more bytes to be recorded. For instance an emoji flag character takes 8 bytes, since it is "constructed from a pair of Unicode scalar values" (and those values are outside the BMP and require 4 bytes each).


title: UTF-16

text: Both UTF-16 and UCS-2 encode code points in this range as single 16-bit code units that are numerically equal to the corresponding code points. These code points in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) are the "only" code points that can be represented in UCS-2. As of Unicode 9.0, some modern non-Latin Asian, Middle-Eastern, and African scripts fall outside this range, as do most emoji characters.


title: UTF-16

text: Code points from the other planes (called Supplementary Planes) are encoded as two 16-bit "code units" called a "surrogate pair", by the following scheme:


title: UTF-16

text: The "high surrogate" and "low surrogate" are also known as "leading" and "trailing" surrogates, respectively, analogous to the leading and trailing bytes of UTF-8.


title: UTF-16

text: Since the ranges for the "high surrogates" (), "low surrogates" (), and valid BMP characters (0x0000–0xD7FF, 0xE000–0xFFFF) are disjoint, it is not possible for a surrogate to match a BMP character, or for two adjacent "code units" to look like a legal "surrogate pair". This simplifies searches a great deal. It also means that UTF-16 is "self-synchronizing" on 16-bit words: whether a code unit starts a character can be determined without examining earlier code units (i.e. the type of "code unit" can be determined by the ranges of values in which it falls). UTF-8 shares these advantages, but many earlier multi-byte encoding schemes (such as Shift JIS and other Asian multi-byte encodings) did not allow unambiguous searching and could only be synchronized by re-parsing from the start of the string. UTF-16 is not self-synchronizing if one byte is lost or if traversal starts at a random byte.


title: UTF-16

text: Because the most commonly used characters are all in the BMP, handling of surrogate pairs is often not thoroughly tested. This leads to persistent bugs and potential security holes, even in popular and well-reviewed application software (e.g. ).


title: UTF-16

text: The Supplementary Planes contain emojis, historic scripts, less used symbols, less used Chinese ideographs, etc. Since the encoding of Supplementary Planes contains 20 significant bits (10 of 16 bits in each of the "high" and "low surrogates"), 2 code points can be encoded, divided into 16 planes of 2 code points each. Including the separately-handled Basic Multilingual Plane, there are a total of 17 planes.


title: UTF-16

text: The Unicode standard reserves these code point values for the high and low surrogates, and they will never be assigned a character, so there should be no reason to encode them. The official Unicode standard says that no UTF forms, including UTF-16, can encode these code points. However, Windows allows unpaired surrogates in filenames and other places, which generally means they have to be supported by software in spite of their exclusion from the Unicode standard.


title: UTF-16

text: UCS-2, UTF-8, and UTF-32 can encode these code points in trivial and obvious ways, and a large amount of software does so, even though the standard states that such arrangements should be treated as encoding errors.


title: UTF-16

text: It is possible to unambiguously encode an "unpaired surrogate" (a high surrogate code point not followed by a low one, or a low one not preceded by a high one) in the format of UTF-16 by using a code unit equal to the code point. The result is not valid UTF-16, but the majority of UTF-16 encoder and decoder implementations do this then when translating between encodings.


title: UTF-16

text: The following table summarizes this conversion, as well as others. The colors indicate how bits from the code point are distributed among the UTF-16 bytes. Additional bits added by the UTF-16 encoding process are shown in black.


title: UTF-16

text: UTF-16 and UCS-2 produce a sequence of 16-bit code units. Since most communication and storage protocols are defined for bytes, and each unit thus takes two 8-bit bytes, the order of the bytes may depend on the endianness (byte order) of the computer architecture.


title: UTF-16

text: To assist in recognizing the byte order of code units, UTF-16 allows a byte order mark (BOM), a code point with the value U+FEFF, to precede the first actual coded value. (U+FEFF is the invisible zero-width non-breaking space/ZWNBSP character.) If the endian architecture of the decoder matches that of the encoder, the decoder detects the 0xFEFF value, but an opposite-endian decoder interprets the BOM as the value U+FFFE reserved for this purpose. This incorrect result provides a hint to perform byte-swapping for the remaining values.


title: UTF-16

text: If the BOM is missing, RFC 2781 recommends that big-endian (BE) encoding be assumed. In practice, due to Windows using little-endian (LE) order by default, many applications assume little-endian encoding. It is also reliable to detect endianness by looking for null bytes, on the assumption that characters less than U+0100 are very common. If more even bytes (starting at 0) are null, then it is big-endian.


title: UTF-16

text: The standard also allows the byte order to be stated explicitly by specifying UTF-16BE or UTF-16LE as the encoding type. When the byte order is specified explicitly this way, a BOM is specifically "not" supposed to be prepended to the text, and a U+FEFF at the beginning should be handled as a ZWNBSP character. Most applications ignore a BOM in all cases despite this rule.


title: UTF-16

text: For Internet protocols, IANA has approved "UTF-16", "UTF-16BE", and "UTF-16LE" as the names for these encodings (the names are case insensitive). The aliases UTF_16 or UTF16 may be meaningful in some programming languages or software applications, but they are not standard names in Internet protocols.


title: UTF-16

text: UTF-16 is used for text in the OS API of all currently supported versions of Microsoft Windows (and including at least all since Windows CE/2000/XP/2003/Vista/7) including Windows 10. In Windows XP, no code point above U+FFFF is included in any font delivered with Windows for European languages. Older Windows NT systems (prior to Windows 2000) only support UCS-2. Files and network data tend to be a mix of UTF-16, UTF-8, and legacy byte encodings.


title: UTF-16

text: While there's been some UTF-8 support for even Windows XP, it was improved (in particular the ability to name a file using UTF-8) in Windows 10 insider build 17035 and the May 2019 update. As of May 2019, Microsoft recommends software use UTF-8 instead of other 8-bit encodings. It is unclear if they are recommending usage of UTF-8 over UTF-16.


title: UTF-16

text: The IBM i operating system designates CCSID (code page) 13488 for UCS-2 encoding and CCSID 1200 for UTF-16 encoding, though the system treats them both as UTF-16.


title: UTF-16

text: UTF-16 is used by the Qualcomm BREW operating systems; the .NET environments; and the Qt cross-platform graphical widget toolkit.


title: UTF-16

text: Symbian OS used in Nokia S60 handsets and Sony Ericsson UIQ handsets uses UCS-2. iPhone handsets use UTF-16 for Short Message Service instead of UCS-2 described in the 3GPP TS 23.038 (GSM) and IS-637 (CDMA) standards.


title: UTF-16

text: The Joliet file system, used in CD-ROM media, encodes file names using UCS-2BE (up to sixty-four Unicode characters per file name).


title: UTF-16

text: The Python language environment officially only used UCS-2 internally since version 2.0, but the UTF-8 decoder to "Unicode" produces correct UTF-16. Since Python 2.2, "wide" builds of Unicode are supported which use UTF-32 instead; these are primarily used on Linux. Python 3.3 no longer ever uses UTF-16, instead an encoding that gives the most compact representation for the given string is chosen from ASCII/Latin-1, UCS-2, and UTF-32.


title: UTF-16

text: JavaScript may use UCS-2 or UTF-16. As of ES2015, string methods and regular expression flags have been added to the language that permit handling strings from an encoding-agnostic perspective.


title: UTF-16

text: In many languages, quoted strings need a new syntax for quoting non-BMP characters, as the C-style codice_1 syntax explicitly limits itself to 4 hex digits. The following examples illustrate the syntax for the non-BMP character "𝄞" (U+1D11E, MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF):


title: UTF-16

text: String implementations based on UTF-16 typically define lengths of the string and allow indexing in terms of these 16-bit "code units", not in terms of code points. Neither code points nor code units correspond to anything an end user might recognize as a “character”; the things users identify as characters may in general consist of a base code point and a sequence of combining characters (or might be a sequence of code points of some other kind, for example Hangul conjoining jamos) Unicode refers to this construct as a "grapheme cluster" and as such, applications dealing with Unicode strings, whatever the encoding, must cope with the fact that this limits their ability to arbitrarily split and combine strings.


title: UTF-16

text: Swift, version 5, Apple's preferred application language, switched from UTF-16 to UTF-8 as the preferred encoding.


title: UTF-16

text: While UTF-16 is half as space-efficient than UTF-8 for ASCII, it is more efficient for (some characters of) East Asian languages, the Chinese Unicode encoding standard GB 18030 always produces files the same size or smaller than UTF-16 (or UTF-8) for all languages, not just for Chinese. Additionally, ASCII files can be decoded (are a subset of GB 18030), i.e. ASCII characters are encoded with 1 byte per letter, unlike UTF-16. It takes 2 bytes per letter for e.g. Devanagari and Bengali, while in UTF-8 they take 3 bytes.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: Accrington Stanley Football Club is a professional association football club based in Accrington, Lancashire, England. The club competes in League One, the third tier of the English football league system. They have spent their complete history playing at the Crown Ground. The club came to national prominence in 1989 due to the Milk Marketing Board's popular television advert that featured the slogan "Accrington Stanley, Who Are They?".


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: The current club was formed in 1968, two years after the collapse of the original Accrington Stanley, which played in the Football League from 1921 to 1962 after initially competing in the Lancashire Combination. The town's original club, named simply Accrington, were founder members of the Football League in 1888, though folded just six years later. The current incarnation of the club entered the Lancashire Combination and moved on to the Cheshire County League after winning the Combination title in 1977–78. Stanley won Division Two of the Cheshire County League in 1980–81 and became founder members of the North West Counties League in 1982, before being placed in Division One of the Northern Premier League five years later. They were promoted to the Premier Division in 1990–91, though were relegated in 1999.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: The early 21st century saw the club win three promotions over the course of seven seasons under the stewardship of John Coleman to gain a place in the Football League. They won three divisional titles in each of their three promotions: Northern Premier League Division One (1999–2000), Northern Premier League Premier Division (2002–03) and the Conference National (2005–06). They then spent 12 seasons mostly in the bottom half of the table in League Two, though did also lose two play-off semi-finals, before Coleman led them to promotion into League One as League Two champions in 2017–18.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: Accrington had been without a football team following the collapse of the original Accrington Stanley in 1966. The original team had been formed in 1891 and played in the Football League from 1921 to March 1962, but had spent its final four seasons in the Lancashire Combination. At a meeting at Bold Street Working Men's Club in 1968 the revival was initiated, and in August 1970 the new club played at a new ground, the Crown Ground. Eric Whalley, a local businessman, took control of the club in 1995 and began the development of the club's ground. After the club was relegated in 1999, Whalley appointed John Coleman as manager.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: The club's rise to the Football League is attributed in part to the windfall of hundreds of thousands of pounds reaped by the sell-on clause in the December 2001 transfer of former Stanley star Brett Ormerod to Southampton, which paid Blackpool over a million pounds for his contract. Stanley had taken £50,000 from Blackpool in 1997, with the agreement that Blackpool would pay Accrington a quarter of what it might have received if it in turn transferred Ormerod to another team. The 2002–03 championship of the Northern Premier League followed quickly on Accrington getting the cash.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: In May 2003, the club was promoted for the first time in history to the Football Conference, following its win of the Northern Premier League. The club's first-ever game in the league was away to another reformed club, Aldershot Town, on Sunday 10 August 2003. The game was shown live on Sky Sports and resulted in a 2–1 loss. The season was a success, with a final league position of 10th being achieved. The highlight of that first season in the 5th tier was a run to the FA Cup 3rd round, losing in a replay at League One side Colchester United.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: In 2004, Accrington Stanley turned professional. The following 2004–05 season, Stanley yet again achieved a final position of 10th placed, with Stanley legend Paul Mullin amongst the top goal scorers yet again, adding another 20 to his tally.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: Stanley's stay in the Conference didn't last long, with the club returning to the Football League at the end of the 2005–06 season. Finishing on 91 points, the club went on a 19-game unbeaten run stretching from October to March, leaving the club an easy passage to League Two. The likes of Paul Mullin, Rob Elliot and Gary Roberts led the club back to the league after 46 years away.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: The club's first Football League game took place on 5 August 2006 away to now-defunct club Chester City; it resulted in a 2–0 loss. The club was involved in a relegation battle throughout its first season in the 4th tier. A run of 5 wins in the last 9 games of the season led to a 20th-place finish and was enough to save the club from relegation in its first season back in the Football League.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: Highlights of that first season back included the club's first-ever Football League Cup match against former European Cup Winners Nottingham Forest. The game resulted in a 1–0 win, leaving the club a 2nd-round away tie against then Premier League team Watford, eventually losing 6–5 on penalties after a 0–0 draw and extra-time. The club also took part in the Football League Trophy for the first time as a league club (after playing in the two previous seasons as one of 12 Conference sides, beating Bradford City away in September 2004) and, after defeating Carlisle United and Blackpool in the early rounds, were knocked out by Doncaster Rovers in the Area Quarter-finals.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: The 2007–08 season produced more of the same, with the club involved in another relegation battle with strugglers Chester City, Wrexham and Mansfield Town. 5 wins in the final 12 games were enough to secure a 17th-place finish and another season in the 4th tier of English Football. However, the club failed to win a game in the FA Cup and League Cup, losing to Huddersfield Town and Leicester City respectively.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: Performance during the 2008–09 season improved, with the club achieving a modest 16th-place finish in League Two. A run of 6 League wins in the last 12 games was a nice way to finish the season. This season saw the emergence of young prospect Bobby Grant, who finally fulfilled the early promise seen in previous seasons. The club again failed to make it past the early round of any of the domestic cups, losing in the first round to Wolverhampton Wanderers in the League Cup and Tranmere Rovers in both the FA Cup (albeit after a replay) and Football League Trophy.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: The 2009–10 season was far better, with the club pushing for a playoff place at the turn of the year. A run of 9 wins in 10 League games saw the club with a chance of making the playoffs, only for this to fade in March/April. The emergence of the Michael Symes and Bobby Grant partnership was a key aspect and, following their achievements throughout the season, both moved on to bigger clubs. In terms of cup performance the club was superb, reaching the 2nd round of the League Cup losing only 2–1 to Queens Park Rangers, the quarter-finals of the Football League Trophy losing 2–0 to Leeds United, and the 4th round of the FA Cup losing 3–1 to Premier League team Fulham.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: The club reached the Football League Two play-offs during the 2010–11 season, one of the most successful in its history. A run of 1 loss in 19 games, from February till May, saw the club finish in a best-ever 5th position, eventually losing to League Two newcomers Stevenage in the Playoff Semi-finals. The season saw the emergence of Jimmy Ryan as a star in the making, along with a number of others, including goalkeeper Alex Cisak and midfielder Sean McConville. In the domestic cups, Stanley reached the 2nd round of the League Cup, losing 3–2 to Premier League team Newcastle United. The club actually won the 1st-round game of the Football League Trophy away to Tranmere Rovers, but was then forced to resign from the competition after fielding the ineligible Ray Putterill in the game. The club also reached the 2nd round of the FA Cup, but lost to fellow League Two side Port Vale.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: 2011–12 was a season of transition for the club. The loss of no less than six of the playoff-chasing side of the previous season was a tough act to follow. Following a shaky start to the season the arrival of Bryan Hughes in October transformed the club's fortunes. A run of 6 wins in 7 games over the Christmas period saw the club briefly enter the play-offs. However, following the sale of club captain Andrew Procter to Preston North End in the January 2012 transfer window, the third-longest serving management team of John Coleman and Jimmy Bell departed for Rochdale. Former Burnley and club favourite Paul Cook was brought in as manager, along with the promotion of Leam Richardson from caretaker manager to full-time assistant. Only 3 wins in the final 17 games of the season was a pretty poor finish the season. However, this meant the club achieved a solid mid-table finish in 14th position. In terms of the domestic cups Stanley exited both the League Cup and FA Cup at the 1st round stages, losing to Scunthorpe United and Notts County respectively. The club reached the second round of the Football League Trophy, after knocking out holders Carlisle United, but lost to Tranmere Rovers in the 2nd round after an eventual replay. This was following a serious head injury to young defender Thomas Bender in the initial tie.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: On 28 October 2015, the board of Accrington Stanley voted to approve local businessman Andy Holt's takeover of the club. Holt, whose company What More UK sponsored, and still sponsor, Stanley's Wham Stadium, attained a majority share of 75% in Accrington Stanley, in return for clearing the club's £1.2m debt as well as providing the club with further funds of £600,000. Stanley's chairman, Peter Marsden, remained as chairman whilst five new people joined the club's board. At the time of the takeover, Stanley had been on the verge of folding due to crippling debts and its inability to fund day-to-day running costs, including wages and its suppliers. Due to its precarious financial situation, the club had been accepting sponsorship deals at a value lower than what should have been demanded.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: Holt's involvement with Stanley began in July 2015, when Holt attended Stanley's pre-season friendly at home against local rivals Burnley, which they won 4-2. It was during this game that Holt got an insight into the dire state of Stanley, having discovered that the club's bar was unable to serve spectators as a result of its failure to pay its suppliers. In his first season as owner of the club, the 2015-16 Football League Two season, the club narrowly missed out on promotion to League One on the final day of the season, having been held to a 0-0 draw with Stevenage. Stanley were then defeated in the semi-final of the League Two play-offs, losing 3-2 on aggregate to AFC Wimbledon, with Wimbledon going on to defeat Plymouth Argyle 2-0 in the play-off final. At the end of the season, Stanley lost several of its players who had helped spur them on a promotion push, such as Tom Davies, Ross Etheridge and Josh Windass, who had agreed contracts with clubs in a position to offer higher wages than Stanley had been able to. With Windass and Crooks being under-24, Stanley received £120,000 for the duo's transfer to Rangers.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: During the 2016-17 pre-season, Stanley made several improvements to the facilities on offer at the Crown Ground, including the replacement of vendors with its own in-house service. It was also during the 2016-17 pre-season that Stanley's chairman, Marsden, stepped down after a decade at the helm of the club. Marsden was replaced by Holt in the position. In the following 2016-17 Football League Two season, Stanley finished mid-table in 13th position, having struggled to replicate its promotion push from the season before. The club had, however, enjoyed a run to the fourth round of the FA Cup, with a 1-0 defeat away to Middlesbrough putting an end to their cup campaign.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: It was during the 2017-18 Football League season that Stanley gained promotion to League One, with their 2-0 win over Yeovil Town on 17 April 2018 sealing the League Two title for the club. In their first season in League One, Stanley went on to a stable mid-table finish, ending the season in 14th place.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: In January 2020, Stanley icon Billy Kee announced his retirement from professional football, having battled with mental health issues that had seen Kee last appear for Stanley the previous season. In honour of the forward, Stanley announced that they were to retire Kee's 29 shirt number.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: The original town club, Accrington, was amongst the twelve founder members of the Football League in 1888, before resigning from the league after just five years. A team called Stanley Villa already existed at the time, named as such because they were based at the Stanley W.M.C. on Stanley Street in Accrington. With the demise of Accrington, Stanley Villa took the town name to become Accrington Stanley.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: Since leaving Peel Park, the club has played at the Crown Ground, currently known as the Wham Stadium as part of a three-year £200,000 sponsorship deal with What More UK Ltd.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: Prior to Holt's takeover of Stanley, the Crown Ground had a reputation for being one of the poorest grounds within the top four leagues of English football. However, Holt's stewardship of the club lead to changes at the Crown Ground, with initial changes including improved match day facilities before the construction of a new Whinney Hill Stand, which was built and completed in late-2018.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: The following season, Stanley invested around £300,000 in a new playing field, a move which saw new draining and a levelled pitch installed to overcome the club's issue with recurring floods towards the Coppice End.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: In January 2021, work begun on the construction of a new and improved Jack Barrett Stand, work which will see a new bar and hospitality area provided as part of the plans.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: According to a survey conducted in August 2019, Stanley supporters consider traditional Lancashire clubs Rochdale, Morecambe and Bury to be their biggest rivals, with near neighbours Blackburn Rovers and Burnley following.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: In the 1980s, the club was mentioned in a British advert for milk, which briefly brought the club to the attention of the general public. The advertisement featured two boys in Liverpool replica shirts played by young actors Carl Rice and Kevin Staine. It made reference to Accrington Stanley's obscurity in comparison to Liverpool's success at the time.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: Boy 2: "Yeah. And he said if I didn't drink lots of milk, when I grow up, I'll only be good enough to play for Accrington Stanley."


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: In the weekly football show, "Soccer AM", the phrase "Accrington Stanley, who are they?" is said every time a fixture is read out that has the club in it, referring to the milk advert.


title: Accrington Stanley F.C.

text: In a PFA Fans' Favourites survey published by the Professional Footballers' Association in December 2007, Chris Grimshaw was listed as the all-time favourite player amongst Accrington Stanley fans.


title: Real estate development

text: Real estate development, or property development, is a business process, encompassing activities that range from the renovation and re-lease of existing buildings to the purchase of raw land and the sale of developed land or parcels to others. Real estate developers are the people and companies who coordinate all of these activities, converting ideas from paper to real property. Real estate development is different from construction or housebuilding, although many developers also manage the construction process or engage in housebuilding.


title: Real estate development

text: Developers buy land, finance real estate deals, build or have builders build projects, develop projects in joint venture, create, imagine, control, and orchestrate the process of development from the beginning to end. Developers usually take the greatest risk in the creation or renovation of real estate and receive the greatest rewards. Typically, developers purchase a tract of land, determine the marketing of the property, develop the building program and design, obtain the necessary public approval and financing, build the structures, and rent out, manage, and ultimately sell it.


title: Real estate development

text: Sometimes property developers will only undertake part of the process. For example, some developers source a property and get the plans and permits approved before selling the property with the plans and permits to a builder at a premium price. Alternatively, a developer that is also a builder may purchase a property with the plans and permits in place so that they do not have the risk of failing to obtain planning approval and can start construction on the development immediately.


title: Real estate development

text: Developers work with many different counterparts along each step of this process, including architects, city planners, engineers, surveyors, inspectors, contractors, lawyers, leasing agents, etc. In the Town and Country Planning context in the United Kingdom, 'development' is defined in the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 s55.


title: Real estate development

text: Many aspects of the real estate development process require local or state licensing, such as acting as a real estate broker or sales agent. A real estate developer is not a professional designation; there are no schools or associations who recognize or protect the term as a trademark.


title: Real estate development

text: No single path automatically leads to success in real estate development. Developers come from a variety of disciplines— construction, urban planning, lending, architecture, law and accounting, among others. Recent specialized programs that award a Master of Real Estate Development (MRED) degree are also available. The graduate programs in real estate development are the most comprehensive education in the real estate industry. Other formal education includes a Master of Science in Real Estate (MSRE), or an MBA.


title: Real estate development

text: A development team can be put together in one of several ways. At one extreme, a large company might include many services, from architecture to engineering. At the other end of the spectrum, a development company might consist of one principal and a few staff who hire or contract with other companies and professionals for each service as needed.


title: Real estate development

text: Assembling a team of professionals to address the environmental, economic, private, physical and political issues inherent in a complex development project is critical. A developer's success depends on the ability to coordinate and lead the completion of a series of interrelated activities efficiently and at the appropriate time.


title: Real estate development

text: Development process requires skills of many professionals: architects, landscape architects, civil engineers and site planners to address project design; market consultants to determine demand and a project's economics; attorneys to handle agreements and government approvals; environmental consultants and soils engineers to analyze a site's physical limitations and environmental impacts; surveyors and title companies to provide legal descriptions of a property; and lenders to provide financing. The general contractor of the project hires subcontractors to put the architectural plans into action.


title: Real estate development

text: Subdivision of land is the principal mechanism by which communities are developed. Technically, subdivision describes the legal and physical steps a developer must take to convert raw land into developed land. Subdivision is a vital part of a community's growth, determining its appearance, the mix of its land uses, and its infrastructure, including roads, drainage systems, water, sewerage, and public utilities.


title: Real estate development

text: Land development can pose the most risk, but can also be the most profitable technique as it is dependent on the public sector for approvals and infrastructure and because it involves a long investment period with no positive cash flow.


title: Real estate development

text: After subdivision is complete, the developer usually markets the land to a home builder or other end user, for such uses as a warehouse or shopping center. In any case, use of spatial intelligence tools mitigate the risk of these developers by modeling the population trends and demographic make-up of the sort of customers a home builder or retailer would like to have surrounding their new development.


title: Natural American Spirit

text: Natural American Spirit (often referred to as American Spirit) is an American brand of cigarettes and other tobacco products, currently owned by Reynolds American and manufactured by the Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company.


title: Natural American Spirit

text: The company was founded in 1982 by Bill Drake, author of "The Cultivators Handbook of Natural Tobacco", Robert Marion, Chris Webster, and Eb Wicks, a plumbing contractor who took out a loan to finance the startup. In January 2002, the company was acquired by Reynolds American and is now a wholly owned independent subsidiary of Reynolds American, which is in turn owned by British American Tobacco. Japan Tobacco announced in September 2015 that it acquired the right to sell Natural American Spirit products in markets outside the United States.


title: Natural American Spirit

text: Natural American Spirit cigarettes have been sold in the United States, Canada, Netherlands, Belgium, Brazil, Luxembourg, United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Tunisia, Japan, Spain, Italy, France, Greece, Finland and Denmark.


title: Natural American Spirit

text: Natural American Spirit offers various types of select filter cigarettes which are color-coded to denote the nicotine and tar contents, which are altered by using different filters and cigarette paper. American Spirit also has a "Perique Blend Filter cigarette", which contains 10% Perique tobacco, and an "Organic Filter cigarette", which contains organic tobacco.


title: Natural American Spirit

text: California Attorney General Jerry Brown announced on March 1, 2010, that his office had secured an agreement with the Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company to clearly disclose that its organic tobacco is "no safer or healthier" than other tobacco products. Attorneys General from 32 other states and the District of Columbia signed onto the agreement.


title: Natural American Spirit

text: The use of Native American/American Indian imagery by the brand, such as the depiction of an Indigenous person on the package and the use of fake folktales, has been criticized as cultural appropriation and promoting stereotypes. Research found that the use of this imagery led to many smokers, including Indigenous peoples, having the misperception that the brand was owned or operated by a tribe/on tribal land and that it was more "natural" and thus healthier. In response, Robin Sommers, the CEO and majority owner of Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company, stated that "Native Americans are not a target market for American Spirit", stating that the use of this imagery was due to the company's goal to bring tobacco usage more in line with a perceived "moderation" by Indigenous peoples in the 15th century and that proceeds from sales support Native communities.


title: Mary Jo Buttafuoco

text: Mary Jo Buttafuoco (née Connery; born May 15, 1955) is an American author and motivational speaker. In 1992, she was shot in the face by Amy Fisher, a teenager against whom her husband had committed statutory rape.


title: Mary Jo Buttafuoco

text: On May 19, 1992, Buttafuoco was shot in the face by Amy Fisher, who at the time was having an affair with Buttafuoco's then husband Joey. Fisher had come to the Buttafuocos' house to confront Buttafuoco about Joey, with whom she had been having an affair since July 1991 after Fisher brought her vehicle to Buttafuoco's auto body shop in Baldwin, Nassau County, New York. When Buttafuoco answered the door, Fisher—posing as her own (fictitious) sister Ann Marie—offered, as proof of the affair, a T-shirt that Joey had given her with the logo of his auto body shop on it. This confrontation escalated when Buttafuoco demanded that Fisher leave. She turned to go into the house and call Joey when Fisher shot her in the face with a .25 caliber semiautomatic pistol. Once Buttafuoco regained consciousness, she identified Fisher as her assailant from the t-shirt Fisher had shown her before the shooting. Buttafuoco was left deafened in one ear and her face partially paralyzed.


title: Mary Jo Buttafuoco

text: Fisher was sentenced to five to 15 years in prison. She served seven years and was granted parole in May 1999. Joey Buttafuoco pleaded guilty to one count of statutory rape and served four months in jail. Buttafuoco and her husband later moved to Southern California. She stayed defensively loyal to her husband for several years. She even defended him when he was arrested in 1995 for sexual solicitation in Los Angeles. During this time, Buttafuoco consistently blamed others, such as Fisher, instead of her husband. She eventually filed divorce papers in Ventura County Superior Court on February 3, 2003.


title: Mary Jo Buttafuoco

text: In 2006, Buttafuoco underwent a facial reanimation procedure with facial plastic surgeon Babak Azizzadeh, involving static facial suspension, face lift, and eye lift procedures. These surgeries restored balance and gave her back her ability to smile. Next was surgery to widen the ear canal, which improved her hearing and prevented future infections. She also underwent physical therapy to strengthen her facial muscles, which she explained in an appearance on "The Oprah Winfrey Show". Buttafuoco is still paralyzed on one side of her face and deaf in one ear.


title: Mary Jo Buttafuoco

text: Sixteen years after the incident, Buttafuoco wrote a book telling her story, "Getting It Through My Thick Skull: Why I Stayed, What I Learned, and What Millions of People Involved with Sociopaths Need to Know". She was inspired to write the book after her son referred to her ex-husband as a sociopath. Not knowing what the word meant, she looked it up and had a realization which led to her going public with her story. The title of the book comes from a saying her mother often used with her, "when are you going to get it through your thick skull?" The memoir describes her life, not just focusing on her shooting. She describes how she felt manipulated to stay with a person who was a sociopath. "Booklist" called the book, which was published in July 2009, "strangely compelling," and said that "Readers will want to know – why "did" she stay with him?"


title: Mary Jo Buttafuoco

text: Buttafuoco has two children: Paul Buttafuoco and Jessica Buttafuoco. In 2012, Buttafuoco married Stu Tendler in Las Vegas. Tendler died from cancer in 2018.


title: Carmela Zumbado

text: Carmela Zumbado (born February 27, 1991) is an American actress. She portrayed Delilah Alves in the Netflix thriller series "You" (2019), which is her breakthrough role. She subsequently earned praise for playing Ximena Arista in the drama film "The Wall of Mexico" (2019), and has additionally played Jeny B in the sports film "Need for Speed" (2014) and Denise Martinez on the musical series "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend" (2019).


title: Carmela Zumbado

text: Zumbado began acting in 2012, making her debut with two appearances on the television crime series "America’s Most Wanted", appearing first as Karen Martinez, then as Teresa Martinez. In the same year, she appeared in the television film "Freestyle Love Supreme" as Rachel, a film which was later adapted onto Broadway.


title: Carmela Zumbado

text: Zumbado continued to make appearances on shows such as "Necessary Roughness" and "Graceland" in 2013, and in the same year made a cameo appearance in the film "Identity Thief", as a salesperson at a salon.


title: Carmela Zumbado

text: In 2014, she made her film debut starring as Jeny B in the sports-action film "Need for Speed". The film was a commercial success, however, it was received negatively. She made appearances on various television shows that same year, which include making a cameo appearance in the Netflix series "Bloodline", and appearing as Riley's Decoy in an episode of the MTV horror series "Scream".


title: Carmela Zumbado

text: Zumbado also had a recurring role as Windi Stewart in the crime series "", and also appeared as Susan in the crime series "". In 2016, she had a guest role as Denise Martinez on the comedic television series "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend", which she later reprised in 2019.


title: Carmela Zumbado

text: In 2019, she starred as Ximena Arista in the drama film "The Wall of Mexico", which was favorably received. In the same year, it was announced that she was cast in the role of Delilah Alves in the Netflix thriller series "You", which she portrayed for its second season.


title: Carmela Zumbado

text: Recently, Zumbado starred in a guest role as Paloma Ball on the final season of the television series "The Magicians", and played Gwen, the ex-wife of character Freddie Benson on the sitcom reboot "iCarly".


title: Show Me the Money (South Korean TV series)

text: Show Me The Money (SMTM; Korean: 쇼미더머니; RR: "Syomideomeoni") is a South Korean rap competition TV show that airs on Mnet. The show has grown in popularity since the first season aired in 2012 to the eleventh season in 2022, and it is credited for increasing the South Korean public's interest in hip hop.


text: When SMTM first aired in 2012"," it was the only show on South Korean television to focus on hip hop, and the first show on Mnet about hip hop since the music channel cancelled "Hip Hop the Vibe" in 2004. Han Dong-chul, the chief producer of SMTM, later said of the show, "My goal was to let people know that there is more than just idol dance music in Korea."


text: The format of each season varies, but generally consists of contestants going head to head in a series of challenges until only one rapper remains. The show includes a mixture of rookie and experienced rappers, with the experienced rappers typically serving as "producers," a role that includes being both mentors and judges.


text: The first season of SMTM began airing on June 22, 2012, and was hosted by Eun Ji-won of the K-pop group Sechs Kies. The season paired experienced rappers Double K, Verbal Jint, 45RPM, MC Sniper, Miryo, Hoony Hoon, Joosuc, and Garion with rookie rappers. Notable contestants included Cheetah, one of the show's few female rappers, who would later become the winner of the first season of SMTM spin-off, "Unpretty Rapstar."


text: Rookie rapper Loco, under the mentorship of Double K, won the competition and went on to sign with hip hop label AOMG. He later appeared on season 4 as a producer.


text: The second season of SMTM began airing on June 7, 2013, and was again hosted by Eun Ji-won. Contestants were split into two hip hop crews, "Meta Crew," led by MC Meta of the group Garion, and "D.O Crew," led by Lee Hyun Do, formerly of '90s hip hop duo Deux. The season's contestants included several rappers who would go on to become well-known artists, including LE of EXID, DinDin, Mad Clown, and Swings.


text: The third season of SMTM saw a number of prominent Korean hip hop figures' participation. The producers split themselves loosely along the lines of larger Korean hip hop labels, leading to Tablo and Masta Wu representing "Team YG," Dok2 and The Quiett representing "Team Illionaire," Swings and San E representing "Team Brand New Music," and "Team YDG".


text: The season was won by Bobby from K-Pop boy group iKON, (and the only idol who win SMTM title until now) together with his producers Dok2 and The Quiett of Team Illionaire.


text: Mnet's fourth season of SMTM features YG judges Jinusean and Tablo, San E and Verbal Jint from Brand New Music, AOMG judges Jay Park and Loco (first season winner came back as a producer), and judges Zico of Block B and Paloalto (Hi-Lite Records). No contestants auditioned this year with more idol rappers, most notably, Song Min-ho of Winner, and veterans such as Black Nut and P-Type. Many of the contestants from Season 3 came back as well.


text: The winner of this season was Basick with his producers team San E and Verbal Jint from Brand New Music.


text: The fifth season of SMTM featured four different producer teams consisting of: AOMG judges Simon Dominic & Gray, YG Entertainment judges Kush & Zion T, judges Dok2 & The Quiett of Illionaire Records and Gill & Mad Clown. This season held open auditions in LA for the first time with guest judge Timbaland. It also saw the participation of many popular and well known artists in the Korean hip hop scene as well as notable participants of past seasons such as G2, Reddy, C Jamm, BewhY, Bizniz, Onesun, Jin Doggae, J'Kyun, Xitsuh, Snacky Chan, One, Sanchez, Dayday, Junoflo, Myundo, Super Bee and Flowsik.


text: Mnet's “Show Me the Money 6” began airing on June 30, 2017, and ended on September 1, 2017. The sixth season had four producer teams, Zico & Dean, Choiza & Gaeko of Dynamic Duo, Tiger JK & Bizzy and Jay Park & Dok2. Both rappers from previous seasons and new rappers participated, including Nucksal, QWALA, Hash Swan, LTAK, NO:EL, Woo Won-jae, Hanhae, Punchnello, Penomeco, JJK, Junoflo, J'Kyun, Ja Mezz, Rhythm Power members Boi-B, Geegoin, and Hangzoo, Microdot, Young B (winner of High School Rapper), New Champ, IGNITO, Kebee, Sleepy (Untouchable), Killagramz, Born Kim, Jin Doggae, Rudals, BIGONE (former 24K member Kim Daeil), and former SMTM1 producer, Double K.


text: American artist and producer Swizz Beatz was a special judge for the New York auditions of the show. "Show Me the Money 6" landed in New York and Los Angeles on May 6 and May 9, respectively.


text: This season drew more participants than ever before. For “Show Me the Money 5”, approximately 9,000 people auditioned to have a chance to compete on the show. “Show Me the Money 6” had over 12,000 people interested in auditioning for the show—the largest applicant pool the show ever had. As a result of the huge number of applicants, the first round of auditions in Korea took place over the course of two days. First round auditions occurred April 29–30 at Samsan World Gymnasium in Incheon. This was also the first time that auditions were held in New York City. The format for the New York auditions will be the same as the first round auditions in South Korea. New York auditions took place on May 6 at Brooklyn Studios. The Los Angeles auditions were held on May 9 at LA Anderson Warehouse.


text: The winner for this season was Rhythm Power's Hangzoo with his producer team of Zico and Dean of FANXYCHILD.


text: Season 7 was known as "Show Me The Money 777 (read as Triple 7)" and began airing on September 7, 2018. This season marked the seventh season of the show. The seventh season featured four producer teams, Swings & Giriboy, Deepflow & Nucksal, Code Kunst & Paloalto, and The Quiett & Changmo. Rappers from previous seasons or from Mnet's High School Rapper series and new rappers have participated.


text: Different from previous seasons, this season did not have the first preliminary round. Instead, the production crew watched over 13,000 audition videos and selected about 1,000 contestants. These selected contestants then were judged by the producers teams, and the qualified ones moved on to the second round, the usual One-minute rap round. This season, the difference in the round was that it was viewed by all remaining contestants. There was also a new betting system used in the show.


text: Season 8 began airing from July 26, 2019. Different from previous seasons, when there were four producer teams, the eighth season featured two producer crews, one consisting of Swings, Mad Clown, Kid Milli and Boycold, with the other consisting of Verbal Jint, Giriboy, BewhY and Millic. Rappers from previous seasons or from Mnet's High School Rapper series and new rappers have participated.


text: Similar to the previous season, the production crew watched about 16,000 audition clips and selected about 2,000 contestants to be judged by the crews in the first round. The difference in the first round in this season is that if a contestant failed the first judging from a member of one crew, he/she can choose to go for the second judging by a member of the other crew. If the contestant managed to pass the second judging, he/she can move to the second round.


text: Season 9 aired its first episode on October 16, 2020. The season consists of four producing teams: Dynamic Duo & Bewhy, Paloalto & Code Kunst, Zion.T & Giriboy, and Justhis & GroovyRoom. Rappers from previous seasons or from Mnet's High School Rapper series and new rappers have participated.


text: For this season, there are about 23,000 applicants. The season's winner will be labelled as the "Young Boss". In addition, the winner will have ₩100,000,000 in cash and the launching of a one-year project label for his/her music activities, totaling up to ₩500,000,000.


text: The winner for this season was Lil Boi with Team Zion.T x Giriboy as the winning producer team. With this win, Giriboy becomes the first ever three-time winning producer of the show after winning three straight seasons. (previously won in season 777 with Team Just Music, and in season 8 with BGM-v crew)


text: The tenth season of "Show Me the Money" (known as Show Me the Money 10: The Original) premiered on October 1, 2021. It broadcasts every Friday at 23:00 (KST) on Mnet. The season will feature four new producer teams Yumdda & Toil, Gaeko & Code Kunst, Gray & Mino, Zion.T & Slom.


text: This season saw approximately 27,000 applicants. The increase in the number of contestants joining the show is mainly due to the increasing financial difficulties most rappers face due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. With the lack of in-person concerts, events, and gigs happening right now, most of them now focus on online streaming and web-content platforms which does not provide as much income. With the great success of season 9, the contestants see the show as a path to success where they can be discovered and produce chart-hitting songs.


text: This season will also carry out a "10th Anniversary Project" that crosses broadcasting, online and Over The Top platforms under the concept of "The Original", celebrating the show's rich history of serving as a forefront of the Korean Hip-Hop scene, as well as the emergence of up and coming Korean artists who joined the show.


text: The winner of this season is Jo Gwang-il, with Team Gaeko x Code Kunst as the winning producer team. He will receive a prize money of ₩300,000,000 plus album production and a one-month stay in a luxury suite.


text: The eleventh season of "Show Me the Money" (Show Me the Money 11: The New One) began airing from October 21, 2022. The season features four new producer teams in Lil Boi & GroovyRoom, Jay Park & Slom, The Quiett & Leellamarz, and Justhis & R. Tee. Open auditions for the season were held from July 1 to 30, 2022. Auditions were also held in Los Angeles, United States on August 13 and 14, with Jay Park and Justhis judging the contestants who auditioned for it. This was the show's first auditions in the United States after 5 years, when it was done for Season 6.


text: In 2017, CJ E&M, the production company behind "Show Me The Money," accused the creators of the Chinese rap competition show, "The Rap of China", of plagiarism. A spokesperson for CJ E&M said that even though the logo, rules, and formats of the two shows were strikingly similar, "The Rap of China" was not a licensed version of the original South Korean show.


title: Vaporware

text: In the computer industry, vaporware (or vapourware) is a product, typically computer hardware or software, that is announced to the general public but is late or never actually manufactured nor officially cancelled. Use of the word has broadened to include products such as automobiles.


title: Vaporware

text: Vaporware is often announced months or years before its purported release, with few details about its development being released. Developers have been accused of intentionally promoting vaporware to keep customers from switching to competing products that offer more features. "Network World" magazine called vaporware an "epidemic" in 1989 and blamed the press for not investigating if developers' claims were true. Seven major companies issued a report in 1990 saying that they felt vaporware had hurt the industry's credibility. The United States accused several companies of announcing vaporware early enough to violate antitrust laws, but few have been found guilty.


title: Vaporware

text: "Vaporware" was coined by a Microsoft engineer in 1982 to describe the company's Xenix operating system and first appeared in print in a newsletter by entrepreneur Esther Dyson in 1983. It became popular among writers in the industry as a way to describe products they felt took too long to be released. "InfoWorld" magazine editor Stewart Alsop helped popularize it by lampooning Bill Gates with a "Golden Vaporware" award for the late release of his company's first version of Windows in 1985.


title: Vaporware

text: Vaporware first implied intentional fraud when it was applied to the Ovation office suite in 1983; the suite's demonstration was well received by the press, but the product was never released.


title: Vaporware

text: "Vaporware", sometimes synonymous with "vaportalk" in the 1980s, has no single definition. It is generally used to describe a hardware or software product that has been announced, but that the developer has no intention of releasing any time soon, if ever.


title: Vaporware

text: The first reported use of the word was in 1982 by an engineer at the computer software company Microsoft. Ann Winblad, president of Open Systems Accounting Software, wanted to know if Microsoft planned to stop developing its Xenix operating system as some of Open System's products depended on it. She asked two Microsoft software engineers, John Ulett and Mark Ursino, who confirmed that development of Xenix had stopped. "One of them told me, 'Basically, it's vaporware'," she later said. Winblad compared the word to the idea of "selling smoke", implying Microsoft was selling a product it would soon not support.