title: M. Pokora

text: After the success of "Dangerous", Pokora released a second single "They Talk Sh#t About Me" that features the young English rapper Natalia Kills credited on the release by her stage name Verse. The single unlike "Dangerous" (that had reached #1) was not played heavily on French radio because of English-language content and managed to reach only #24. A third release from "MP3", namely "Catch Me If You Can" was made with the music video featuring Julie Ricci. She is known for her appearances on "Top Model" in 2007 on M6 and in "Secret Story" in its 4th season on TF1. The single failed to make it to the French charts, but was successful in Poland reaching #11. The follow up "Through The Eyes" was also a relative success in Poland reaching #31 in the Polish charts.


title: M. Pokora

text: To coincide with "MP3" release, M. Pokora launched his "Catch Me Tour 2008" ending with a concert in Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy on 18 November 2008. He also toured Belgium (6 December), Switzerland (13 December) ending with a final concert in Lyon, France on 14 December 2008.


title: M. Pokora

text: Fourth studio album titled Mise à jour was released on 23 August 2010. The lead single "Juste une photo de toi" was released on 7 June 2010 and was a big hit reaching #4 in the French Albums Chart. It includes collaborations with Wayne Beckford, Gee Futuristic, X-Plosive, Astro Boyz, Tarz, STX and Bionix. Simultaneously a "Mis à jour Édition Deluxe" was released that in addition to the original 15 tracks of "Mis à jour" also contained seven new tracks exclusive for the Deluxe edition (including six in English).


title: M. Pokora

text: The first single from the album was "Juste une photo de toi" released concurrently with the launching of the album. On 22 January 2011, during the NRJ Music Awards, the song was chosen as "Song of the Year" in addition to M. Pokora being chosen "French Male Artist of the Year".


title: M. Pokora

text: To consolidate his international drive started with the "MP3" album, he announced that an English version was under preparation. Finally the English version titled "Updated" was launched on 14 March 2011, containing 11 songs, mostly adaptations of the French-language hits on "Mise à jour". Six of the titles were already known by the French public through the August 2010 "Mise à jour Édition Deluxe" release.


title: M. Pokora

text: For promotion of the album, he organized a mini tour and a series of open-air concerts rather than concerts in halls.


title: M. Pokora

text: In November 2010, a follow-up single "Mirage" was released accompanied with a new music video. The single received a great number of downloads, but not enough physical sales to reach the top of the charts and the single made only up to #64 despite the top position in downloads.


title: M. Pokora

text: In January 2011, "Oblivion" an English-language version of "Mirage" was released with same arrangement but with new English lyrics for the international markets. The single was an opener for the release of "Updated", destined for non-French markets of "Mis à jour" songs, but was made available for French markets as well.


title: M. Pokora

text: In March 2011, M. Pokora announced a tour of 15 French cities, venues in Belgium and a final show in the Olympia. As a prelude, he also appeared in French, Belgian and Swiss clubs with dates from April to June 2011.


title: M. Pokora

text: He also launched in March 2011 "Mise à jour Version 2.0" that included extra materials including the Jean-Jacques Goldman, Carole Fredericks and Michael Jones classic "À nos actes manqués" which was destined to be his new single. It immediately became the number one physical single sales and reached the Top 10. The album "Mise à jour Version 2.0" was made available on 18 April 2011, containing 17 titles including 14 form the original, the Jean-Jacques Goldman cover single three English-language titles from "Updated" and a new French track "Si on échangeait les rôles", the French version of "Updated"s "Finally Found Ya".


title: M. Pokora

text: The fifth studio album "À la poursuite du bonheur" by French singer M. Pokora, was released on 20 March. The album's leading single "Juste un instant" was released on 30 January 2012 and reached number eighteen on the French singles chart. The album entered the French albums chart at number two. The second single from the album was "On est là" released in April 2012. In order to promote the album, M. Pokora embarked in a national tour in May 2012. The third single from the album was announced in the end of May; "Merci d'être" was officially released on 2 July 2012. The album is set to be re-issued on 19 November 2012; the new edition is set to include five new tracks, including the Jean-Jacques Goldman cover "Envole-moi" with singer Tal.


title: M. Pokora

text: M. Pokora's sixth studio album, "R.E.D. / Rythmes Extrêmement Dangereux" was released in France in February 2015.


title: M. Pokora

text: M. Pokora's seventh studio album, "My Way" was released in France on 21 October 2016, topping the French Album Charts in its initial week of release.


title: M. Pokora

text: M. Pokora's eighth studio album, "Pyramide" was released in France on 12 April 2019. The album reached the top of the French Charts upon its release.


title: M. Pokora

text: In 2011 Pokora voiced Duncan Rosenblatt, the main character of "Firebreather", in the French dub of the Cartoon Network movie.


title: M. Pokora

text: M. Pokora appeared in the lead role of Robin Hood in the French musical comedy "Robin des Bois" (full title "Robin des Bois: Ne renoncez jamais") that premiered on 26 September 2013 in Palais des congrès de Paris with performances in that venue extending to 10 November 2013. The act then toured all over France. The musical, a Gilbert Coullier, Roberto Ciurleo and RDB-P presentation, with musical mise en scène by Michel Laprise and text and music by Patrice Guirao and Lionel Florence is tipped as the musical event of 2013 in France.


title: M. Pokora

text: The soundtrack for the musical was released on Capitol Records / EMI on 22 March 2013 and entered the SNEP official French Albums Chart in its first week of release eventually reaching number 3 and also reaching number 4 in the Belgian (Wallonia) francophone Singles Chart. It was released in two versions, the standard edition and the digipack limited edition.


title: M. Pokora

text: Two tracks from the album as performed by M. Pokora have been released as singles. The first was "Le jour qui se rêve", a solo performance by Pokora, and "À nous", a hit performed by M. Pokora (Robin des Bois), Nyco Lilliu as Frère Tuck (Friar Tuck) and Marc Antoine as Petit Jean (Little John).


title: M. Pokora

text: M. Pokora was troubled by the divorce of his parents and remained greatly attached to his mother after the divorce. He lived with her in Strasbourg before renting an apartment in Paris. His autobiographical song "Sur ma route" co-written by Jack Robinson, M. Pokora and Jordan Houyez from his album "MP3" is about his experiences as a child in a broken home. He keeps contact with his father, who actively supports him.


title: M. Pokora

text: He is an avid football fan and dreamed of a professional football career very early on. He is a big supporter of the French football club Olympique de Marseille, and takes part in many football events.


title: M. Pokora

text: M. Pokora has been friends for many years with his personal choreographer Hakim Ghorab and his wife Aline and is godfather to their daughter Lola. He is also a friend of footballer Djibril Cissé and is godfather to one of his sons. He added a tattoo reading X as a tribute to him, because Cissé makes the X sign with his hands every time he scores. Cissé carries a similar X tattoo himself.


title: M. Pokora

text: Pokora has been in a relationship with Christina Milian since August 2017. In January 2020, Milian gave birth to their son. In December 2020, a French magazine reported they were married, and that they were expecting a second child. In April 2021, they welcomed their second son.


title: M. Pokora

text: From the start, and over many years, M. Pokora has been a great supporter of charity causes particularly HIV/AIDS and children charities. In 2004, he took part in the charity single "Chanter qu'on les aime", in support of "Association Mondiale des Amis de l'Enfance" (AMADE). In 2005, he was in "Protège-toi", an AIDS charity single for "Collectif Protection Rapprochée". In the same year, he was in "Et puis la terre...", a charity single for the tsunami victims under the name "Artistes Solidaritie Ici pour Eux" (A.S.I.E.) with a great number of French artists.


title: M. Pokora

text: In 2006, he sang in "L'Or de nos vies", a charity single from "Fight Aids". In 2007, he took part in two renditions: "Je fais de toi mon essentiel" by Emmanuel Moire and "S'aimer est interdit" by Anne-Laure Girbal both featured on the charity album "Le Roi Soleil – De Monaco à Versailles (LIVE) – Fight Aids".


title: M. Pokora

text: In 2010, he appeared in "Collectif Kilomaitre" charity single "Un Respect mutuel", with many other hip hop and urban artists. He was associated with AIDES project and in 2010 sang a solo cover of Tracy Chapman's "Talking About a Revolution", on the charity album "Message" (AIDES)"


title: Babar the Elephant

text: Babar the Elephant (, ; ) is an elephant character who first appeared in 1931 in the French children's book "Histoire de Babar" by Jean de Brunhoff.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff's wife, Cécile, had invented for their children. It tells of a young elephant, named Babar, whose mother is killed by a hunter. Babar escapes, and in the process leaves the jungle in exile, visits a big city, and returns to bring the benefits of civilization to his fellow elephants. Just as he returns to his community of elephants, their king dies from eating a bad mushroom. Because of his travels and civilization, Babar is chosen king of the elephant kingdom. He marries his cousin, Celeste, and they subsequently have children and teach them valuable lessons.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: After Babar's mother is shot and killed by a hunter, he flees the jungle and finds his way to an unspecified big city with no particular characteristics. He is befriended by the Old Lady, who buys him clothes and hires him a tutor. Babar's cousins Celeste and Arthur find him in the big city and help him return to the Elephant realm. Following the death of the King of the Elephants, who had eaten a poisonous mushroom (the illustrations indicate that it is a fly agaric), a council of old elephants approach Babar, saying that as he has "lived among men and learnt much", he would be suitable to become the new King. Babar is crowned King of the Elephants and marries his cousin, Celeste.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: In Jean de Brunhoff's second Babar book, "The Travels of Babar", when the married couple leave by balloon on their honeymoon:


title: Babar the Elephant

text: ...stormy winds down the balloon on an island, and yet again will the royal couple escape by whale, be marooned on an even smaller island and be rescued by a passing ocean liner only to be turned over to an animal trainer and put to work in a circus. And when they escape and return home, what awaits them but war with the rhinoceroses.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: It was sparked when Arthur tied a firecracker to the tail of Lord Rataxes. Babar wins the war by having the elephants paint monster faces on their backsides, which cause the frightened rhinoceroses to run away. After the victory celebrations, the book ends with Babar, Celeste and the Old Lady sitting together and discussing how Babar can rule wisely and make all the elephants happy.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: In the third book, "Babar the King", Babar founds the city of Celesteville. After many dromedaries are found, they help with building the city. Each elephant citizen is given a job to do. Once the city is built, everyone celebrates. However, problems arise; the Old Lady is bitten by a snake, and Cornelius' home catches fire. Babar has a dream where he is visited by Misfortune and other demons which are chased away by elephant angels representing Courage, Hope, and other virtues. The morning after the hopeful dream, the Old Lady and Cornelius make full recoveries.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: Among Babar's other associates in the various incarnations of the series are the monkey Zephir, the old elephant counsellor Cornelius (also later Pompadour who was created for the "Babar" television series), Babar's cousin Arthur, and Babar's children, Pom, Flora, and Alexander. A younger daughter, Isabelle, is later introduced. The Old Lady comes to live in the Kingdom as an honored guest.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: Despite the presence of these counsellors, Babar's rule seems to be totally independent of any elected body, and completely autocratic. However, his leadership style seems to strive for the overall benefit of his elephant subjects—a form of benevolent dictatorship.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: Besides his Westernizing policies, Babar engages in battle with the warlike rhinoceroses of a hostile bordering nation, led by Lord Rataxes. Much later, in "Babar and the Adventures of Badou", Pom grows to become the father of Prince Babar II (known as Badou).


title: Babar the Elephant

text: In 1931, Jean de Brunhoff introduced Babar in "Histoire de Babar", and Babar enjoyed immediate success. In 1933, A.A. Milne introduced an English-language version, "The Story of Babar", in Britain and the United States.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: Before his death in 1937, Jean de Brunhoff published six more stories. His son Laurent de Brunhoff, also a writer and illustrator, carried on the series from 1946, beginning with "Babar et Le Coquin d'Arthur".


title: Babar the Elephant

text: An animated television series, "Babar" was produced in Canada by Nelvana Limited and the Clifford Ross Company, originally running from 3 January 1989 to 5 June 1991, with 65 episodes. An additional 13 episodes aired in 2000. The character has also appeared in a number of films. The first two of Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books have inspired two major concert works: "L'Histoire de Babar, le petit éléphant" ("The Story of Babar, the Little Elephant") by Francis Poulenc in 1940; and "The Travels of Babar (Le Voyage de Babar)" by Raphael Mostel in 1994. In 2010, a sequel and spin-off, "Babar and the Adventures of Badou", was released, introducing new characters, including Badou, Babar's grandson and Pom's son. It takes place several years after the original series.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: Babar, who likes to wear a bright green suit, introduces a very French form of Western civilization to the elephants, and they soon dress in Western attire. The attention to stylish clothing perhaps reflects the fact that the original publisher of the books was "Editions du Jardin des Modes", owned by Condé-Nast. The Babar books were the first Condé-Nast publications not specifically about fashion.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: Like an extravagant piece of poetry, the interplay between few words and many pictures, commonly called the picture book, is a difficult, exquisite, and most easily collapsible form that few have mastered...Jean de Brunhoff was a master of this form. Between 1931 and 1937 he completed a body of work that forever changed the face of the illustrated book.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: The series has over 100 licensees worldwide, and the "Babar" brand has a multi-generational following. There are 12 Babar stores in Japan. A global cultural phenomenon, whose fans span generations, Babar stands along with Disney's Mickey Mouse as one of the most recognized children's characters in the world. There are now over 30,000 Babar publications in over 17 languages, and over 8 million books have been sold. Laurent de Brunhoff's "Babar's Yoga for Elephants" is a top seller in the U.S. with over 100,000 copies sold to date. The Babar series of books are recommended reading on former First Lady Laura Bush's national reading initiative list. All 78 episodes of the TV series are broadcast in 30 languages in over 150 countries, making Babar one of the largest distributed animation shows in history. Babar has been a perennial favourite for years at the White House Easter Egg Roll.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: Since 2001, the Babar franchise has been owned by Corus Entertainment's Nelvana in conjunction with the artist, Clifford Ross.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: Babar made a nameless appearance in "The New Traveller's Almanac" (part of "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen" series). Babar and his elephants escort Mina Murray and Allan Quatermain through the African jungle. Mina considers them "civilized and gentle", but Allan denies that their leader is really wearing a crown.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: In the 1988 comedy film "Coming to America", the Joffer royal family have a pet elephant named "Babar". In 1993, de Brunhoff's elephant inspired the BaBar experiment, an international hadron physics collaboration based in the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: Some writers, notably Herbert R. Kohl and Vivian Paley, have argued that, although superficially delightful, the stories can be seen as a justification for colonialism. Others argue that the French civilization described in the early books had already been destroyed by World War I and the books were originally an exercise in nostalgia for pre-1914 France. Ariel Dorfman's "The Empire's Old Clothes" is another highly critical view, in which he concludes, "In imagining the independence of the land of the elephants, Jean de Brunhoff anticipates, more than a decade before history forced Europe to put it into practice, the theory of neocolonialism."


title: Babar the Elephant

text: "Babar's Travels" was removed from the shelves by library staff in East Sussex in response to parental complaints for what was perceived as stereotypes of Africans.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: Alternatively, in the 2008 "New Yorker" article "Freeing the Elephants", staff writer Adam Gopnik writes that it "is not an unconscious expression of the French colonial imagination; it is a self-conscious comedy about the French colonial imagination and its close relation to the French domestic imagination. The gist ... is explicit and intelligent: the lure of the city, of civilization, of style and order and bourgeois living is real, for elephants as for humans." He concludes that the satisfaction derived from "Babar" is based on the knowledge that "while it is a very good thing to be an elephant, still, the life of an elephant is dangerous, wild, and painful. It is therefore a safer thing to be an elephant in a house near a park."


title: Babar the Elephant

text: Jean de Brunhoff wrote and illustrated seven "Babar" books; the series was continued by his son, Laurent de Brunhoff.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: English translations of the original Babar books are routinely republished in the UK and in the US, individually and in collections.


title: Babar the Elephant

text: Mindscape released "Babar and the Royal Coin Caper" for the PC in 2005. The Danish game company The Game Factory published "Babar to the Rescue" for the Game Boy Advance in 2006.


title: Aimee Allen

text: Aimee Allen is an American singer-songwriter based in Los Angeles, California. She is currently the lead vocalist for the ska-punk band the Interrupters under the moniker Aimee Interrupter. As a singer-songwriter, she has collaborated with Mark Ronson, Sublime with Rome, Tim Armstrong of Rancid, Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day, Linda Perry, Lee "Scratch" Perry, Jimmy Cliff, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Travis Barker, Dirty Heads, and Tom Morello.


title: Aimee Allen

text: Allen was born in Montana. on February 2nd, 1979. She has said that she had a "rough upbringing", and "ended up in a foster home at a young age and moved from school to school". Growing up, Joan Jett was a big influence and inspiration for Allen.


title: Aimee Allen

text: Allen began singing in bands in Montana and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 18 to pursue a career in music. In Los Angeles, she was lead singer of a punk band with members of No Motiv called Forum. After the band's record deal with MCA fell through, Allen signed a solo deal with Elektra Records in 2002.


title: Aimee Allen

text: Allen was signed to Elektra after producer Randy Jackson saw her band perform live and heard her demo. Her debut album "I'd Start a Revolution (If I Could Get Up in the Morning)", featuring tracks produced by Mark Ronson and Don Gilmore, was recorded in 2003 but never released due to the label being absorbed by Atlantic Records in 2004. The label did, however, release her first single "Revolution", which was the theme for the WB television series "Birds of Prey".


title: Aimee Allen

text: Allen contributed to the writing of Unwritten Law's 2005 album "Here's to the Mourning", including the single "Save Me (Wake Up Call)", which was co-written and produced by Linda Perry and reached number 5 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart. A brief romantic relationship between Allen and Unwritten Law lead singer Scott Russo resulted in a side project called Scott & Aimee. Their album "Sitting in a Tree" was released in 2007 by Side Tracked Records.


title: Aimee Allen

text: In 2007, her song "Stripper Friends" was re-worked and recorded by Kevin Michael featuring Lupe Fiasco as "We All Want the Same Thing". That year, Allen sang the song "Cooties" on the soundtrack to the 2007 film "Hairspray".


title: Aimee Allen

text: In 2008, Allen supported presidential hopeful Ron Paul by recording "Ron Paul Revolution Theme Song", and performing at events during the 2008 campaign. She sang backing vocals on Lee "Scratch" Perry’s 2008 album "Repentance". Also in 2008, she was co-host of the Suicide Girls radio show on Indie 103.1 FM in Los Angeles.


title: Aimee Allen

text: Allen released her self-produced first solo album, "A Little Happiness", on July 21, 2009, on Side Tracked Records with ADA/Warner Brothers. It debuted at No. 27 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart. In support of "A Little Happiness", Allen opened for Sugar Ray on their 2009 tour.


title: Aimee Allen

text: In 2011, Allen contributed vocals to the Sublime with Rome debut album "Yours Truly", and was featured on the song "Safe and Sound".


title: Aimee Allen

text: Aimee was frequently involved with Tim Armstrong's Tim Timebomb and Friends project, which saw the online-release of a song a day for an entire year from 2012 to 2013. She was featured on the songs "Dance Dance Dance", "Let My Love Open The Door", "Safety Pin Stuck In My Heart", "Too Much Pressure", "Concrete Jungle", "Sidekick", and many more. She was also a member of the touring group.


title: Aimee Allen

text: Allen was featured on two songs on the Mad Caddies album "Punk Rocksteady", singing on the covers of "Sleep Long", originally by Operation Ivy, and "She's Gone", originally by NOFX.


title: Aimee Allen

text: The Bar Stool Preachers released their album "Grazie Governo" on August 3, 2018, Allen was featured on the track "Choose My Friends".


title: Aimee Allen

text: In 2019, Aimee Interrupter was featured on the Ratboy song "Night Creature" off his album "Internationally Unknown".


title: Aimee Allen

text: On January 25, 2021, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones released a new single titled, "the Final Parade" which features a guest appearance from Aimee Interrupter, as well members of Rancid, Fishbone, Dance Hall Crashers, Los Skanarles, The Specials, and others.


title: Aimee Allen

text: On June 4, 2021, Tom Morello announced a new collaborative project with The Bloody Beetroots called "The Catastrophists EP". The first single "Radium Girls" featured four women: Aimee Interrupter, Nadya Tolokonnikova of Pussy Riot, Mish Way of White Lung, & Delila Paz of The Last Internationale. The song is about the true story of the Radium Girls, young Illinois factory workers who were the victims of one of the most heinous crimes in US industrial history.


title: Aimee Allen

text: On July 16, 2021, The Dirty Heads released "Rage", a song featuring Aimee Interrupter and produced by Travis Barker of Blink-182. The music video featured graffiti artist RISK.


title: Aimee Allen

text: In 2011, Allen formed the ska/punk band the Interrupters with brothers Kevin, Justin, and Jesse Bivona. They met in 2009 on a tour that had Allen, a solo artist at the time, and the Bivona brothers' band, The Telacasters, supporting Dirty Heads and Sugar Ray. Allen and Kevin started writing songs together and brought Kevin's brothers, twins Jesse and Justin, in to play drums and bass leading to the formation of the Interrupters.


title: Aimee Allen

text: The Interrupters' debut self-titled record was released August 5, 2014 on Hellcat/Epitaph Records. The album debuted at No. 95 on the iTunes US Albums chart.


title: Aimee Allen

text: The Interrupters' sophomore record "Say It Out Loud" was released June 24, 2016 on Hellcat/Epitaph Records. Produced again by Tim Armstrong, the album peaked at No. 7 on the Billboard Heatseekers Album chart, No. 25 on the Billboard Independent albums chart, No. 38 on the Billboard Top Rock Albums chart, No. 22 on the Billboard Vinyl Albums chart, and debuted at No. 56 on the iTunes US Albums chart.


title: Aimee Allen

text: In support of "Say It Out Loud", the band played on the entire Vans Warped Tour during the summer of 2016, embarked on their first US headlining tour, and supported Green Day on the Revolution Radio Tour in Europe, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and South America.


title: Aimee Allen

text: On May 2, 2018, the Interrupters announced the album "Fight the Good Fight", produced by Tim Armstrong, released on June 29 on Hellcat/Epitaph. The lead single, "She's Kerosene", peaked at number 4 on "Billboard"s Alternative Songs chart, it reached number 1 on the Canadian Rock Music Charts, and was certified gold in Canada. The second single "Gave You Everything" peaked at number 21 on "Billboard"s Alternative Songs chart and number 2 on the Canadian Rock Music Charts. The album has reached number 2 on the "Billboard" Independent Albums, and number 141 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Aimee Allen

text: On July 26, 2018, the Interrupters made their live television debut on Jimmy Kimmel Live! performing "She's Kerosene" and "Take Back The Power".


title: Aimee Allen

text: The band was featured on the cover of "Kerrang!" magazine in May 2019 and was nominated for "Best International Breakthrough" at the 2019 Kerrang! Awards.


title: Aimee Allen

text: On June 18, 2021, the Interrupters released "Live In Tokyo!", a live album recorded at the Summer Sonic Festival in 2019.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: "Shaken, not stirred" is how Ian Fleming's fictional British Secret Service agent James Bond prefers his martini cocktail.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: The catchphrase first appears in the novel "Diamonds Are Forever" (1956), though Bond himself does not actually say it until "Dr. No" (1958), where his exact words are "shaken and not stirred." In the film adaptations of Fleming's novels, the phrase is first uttered by the villain, Dr. Julius No, when he offers the drink in "Dr. No" (1962), and it is not uttered by Bond himself (played by Sean Connery) until "Goldfinger" (1964). It is used in numerous Bond films thereafter with the notable exceptions of "You Only Live Twice" (1967), in which the drink is wrongly offered as "stirred, not shaken", to Bond's response "Perfect", and "Casino Royale" (2006) in which Bond, after losing millions of dollars in a game of poker, is asked if he wants his martini shaken or stirred and snaps, "Do I look like I give a damn?"


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: The earliest form of the "shaken, not stirred" motif appears in the first Bond novel, "Casino Royale" (1953). After meeting his CIA contact Felix Leiter for the first time, Bond orders a drink from a barman while at the casino.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: The drink will later be referred to as a "Vesper", after the original Bond girl, Vesper Lynd. A Vesper differs from Bond's usual cocktail of choice, the martini, in that it uses both gin and vodka, Kina Lillet instead of vermouth, and lemon peel instead of an olive. In the same scene Bond gives more details about the Vesper, telling the same barman that vodka made from grain instead of potatoes makes the drink even better. Kina Lillet is no longer available, but can be approximated by using the sweeter Lillet Blanc along with a dash of Angostura Bitters. Another Kina (or quinine) apertif which has the bite and approximate flavour is Cocchi Americano. Russian and Polish vodkas were also always preferred by Bond if they were in stock. Although there is a lot of discussion on the Vesper, it is only ordered once throughout Fleming's novels and by later books Bond is ordering regular vodka martinis, though he also drinks regular gin martinis. In total, Bond orders 19 vodka martinis and 16 gin martinis throughout Fleming's novels and short stories.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: The American Film Institute honoured "Goldfinger" and the phrase on 21 July 2005 by ranking it #90 on a list of best movie quotes in the past 100 years of film.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: The shaken Martini is mentioned twice in the first Bond film "Dr. No" (1962). When Bond has presumably ordered a drink from room service to his hotel room, it is mixed by a waiter, who says "one medium dry vodka martini mixed like you said, sir, but not stirred." (A slice of lime was in the bottom of the glass.) Later, Dr. No presents Bond with a drink—"A medium dry vodka martini, lemon peel. Shaken, not stirred."


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: Bond did not vocally order one himself until "Goldfinger" (1964). In the 1967 film "You Only Live Twice," Bond's contact, Dikko Henderson, prepares a martini for Bond and says, "That's, um, stirred not shaken. That was right, wasn't it?" To which Bond replies politely, "Perfect."


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: In George Lazenby's only film as Bond, "On Her Majesty's Secret Service," Bond never actually orders himself a drink, but when he meets Marc-Ange Draco for the first time, Draco tells his assistant, Olympe, to get a dry martini for Bond. Draco then adds, "Shaken, not stirred."


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: Roger Moore's Bond never actually ordered one himself, but has one ordered for him several times, nonetheless. In the 1977 film "The Spy Who Loved Me," Anya Amasova orders him one. In "Moonraker," his drink is prepared by Manuela. In "Octopussy," the title character (Maud Adams) herself greets Bond by mixing his drink.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: Timothy Dalton's Bond ordered his trademark Martini in each of his films. In "The Living Daylights" he and Kara arrive in Austria where he orders a martini "Shaken, not stirred" shortly after entering their hotel. For his second film, "Licence to Kill" he doesn't directly order it. Instead, he tells Pam Bouvier what drink he'd like as he plays Blackjack, only to end up disappearing shortly after, leaving Bouvier to down the entire martini in one long gulp—much to her disgust.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: In "GoldenEye", Bond orders the drink in a casino while talking with Xenia Onatopp, and later, Zukovsky refers to Bond as a "charming, sophisticated secret agent. Shaken, but not stirred." In "Tomorrow Never Dies", Paris Carver orders the drink for Bond after the two meet again after years apart. While Paris' choice of drink had changed, Bond's had not. In "The World Is Not Enough", Bond orders the drink in Zukovsky's casino. In "Die Another Day", Bond is coming back on a rather turbulent British Airways flight. The air hostess (played by Roger Moore's daughter Deborah) serves him his martini, to which Bond replies, "Luckily I asked for it shaken". Later in the film, when Bond travels to Gustav Graves' ice palace in Iceland, he orders another martini, sarcastically telling the bartender "Plenty of ice, if you can spare it."


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: The Vesper was reused in the 2006 film version of "Casino Royale", while Bond is playing poker to defeat Le Chiffre. Daniel Craig's Bond ordered the drink, providing great detail about how it should be prepared. The other poker players order the Vesper as well, with Felix Leiter telling the bartender to "Keep the fruit" with his. Later, after Bond loses money to Le Chiffre, he orders another martini, but when the barman asks whether he would like it shaken or stirred, Bond snaps, "Do I look like I give a damn?"


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: In "Quantum of Solace", the bartender on an aeroplane gives the precise recipe for the Vesper from Fleming's novel "Casino Royale", which was a minor anachronism, since Kina Lillet was reformulated (removing the Kina) in 1986, 22 years before the film's production. Bond is purported to have drunk six of them.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: In "Skyfall", when talking to Bond girl Sévérine at a casino bar, the bartender is seen shaking Bond's martini before pouring it, to which Bond comments "perfect".


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: In "Spectre", Bond orders his signature drink in a mountaintop resort, only to be told to his disdain that he is at a health clinic and that the bar does not serve alcohol. Q instead orders Bond an unpleasant-looking green-coloured "prolytic digestive enzyme shake", and a disgusted Bond asks the barman "Do me a favour, will you? Throw that down the toilet. Cut out the middleman."


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: In "No Time to Die", Bond orders his signature drink Vodka Martini and drinks it with Paloma in honor of Felix Leiter. Paloma finishes the drink very quickly, to calm her nervousness.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: Biochemists and martini connoisseurs have investigated the difference between a martini shaken and a martini stirred. The Department of Biochemistry at the University of Western Ontario in Canada studied whether preparation of a martini affects its antioxidant capacity; the study found that the shaken gin martinis were able to break down hydrogen peroxide and leave only 0.072% of the peroxide, while the stirred gin martini left 0.157%. Thus a shaken martini has more antioxidants than a stirred one.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: Andrew Lycett, an Ian Fleming biographer, believed that Fleming liked his martinis shaken, not stirred, because Fleming thought that stirring a drink diminished its flavour. Lycett also noted that Fleming preferred gin and vermouth for his martini. Fleming was a fan of martinis shaken by Hans Schröder, a German bartender.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: Harry Craddock's "Savoy Cocktail Book" (1930) prescribes shaking for all its martini recipes. However, many bartenders stir any cocktail whose ingredients are all transparent—such as martinis, manhattans, and negronis—to maintain clarity and texture. Shaking a drink introduces air bubbles into the mixture and can chip off small pieces from the ice cubes when they hit each other or the wall of the shaker. Both of these factors lead to a cloudy appearance and a different texture compared with a stirred drink. However, when any ingredients are opaque (such as citrus juices, dairy, or eggs), changes in clarity and texture are less important.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: Both shaking and stirring a drink with ice serve to chill and dilute the drink. Both techniques are equally effective, but shaking is much faster. Bartenders do not stir long enough to reach the matching temperature and dilution.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: Some connoisseurs believe that shaking gin "bruises" the gin (gives it a slight bitter taste). Fleming's novel "Casino Royale" states that Bond "watched as the deep glass became frosted with the pale golden drink, slightly aerated by the bruising of the shaker," suggesting that Bond was requesting it shaken because of the vodka it contained. Prior to the 1960s, vodka was, for the most part, refined from potatoes (usually cheaper brands). This element made the vodka oily. To disperse the oil, Bond ordered his martinis shaken; thus, in the same scene where he orders the martini, he tells the barman about how vodka made from grain rather than potatoes makes his drink even better. Shaking is also said to dissolve the vermouth better, making it less oily tasting.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: Properly called a Bradford, a shaken martini also appears cloudier than when stirred. This is caused by the small fragments of ice present in a shaken martini. This also brings into question the movie versions, which are never cloudy. Diluting the drink may be deliberate.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: In "Stirred", an episode of "The West Wing", President Josiah Bartlet disagrees with Bond in a conversation with his aide Charlie Young: "Shaken, not stirred, will get you cold water with a dash of gin and dry vermouth. The reason you stir it with a special spoon is so not to chip the ice. James is ordering a weak martini and being snooty about it."


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: A general study of Bond's consumption of alcohol in the series of novels by Fleming was published by three scientists.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: Bond's drinking habits mirror those of his creator, Ian Fleming. Fleming, as well as Bond throughout the novels, had a preference for bourbon whiskey. Fleming himself had a fondness for gin, drinking as much as a bottle a day; however, he was converted to bourbon at the behest of his doctor who informed him of his failing health.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: Otherwise, in the films James Bond normally has a fondness for vodka that is accompanied by product placement for a brand. For instance, Smirnoff was clearly shown in 1962's "Dr. No" and in 1997's "Tomorrow Never Dies", in which Bond sits drinking a bottle while in his hotel room in Hamburg. Other brands featured in the films have included Absolut Vodka, Stolichnaya and Finlandia. In the film "GoldenEye", Bond suggests cognac when offered a drink by M, who gives him bourbon instead, as it is her preference. The whiskey poured is in fact Jack Daniel's, which markets itself as a Tennessee Whiskey, which is legally a sub-category of bourbon—often distinguished from bourbon itself.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: In "Goldfinger", Bond drinks a mint julep at Auric Goldfinger's Kentucky stud farm, and in "Thunderball", Largo gives Bond a Rum Collins. Bond is also seen in "Quantum of Solace" drinking bottled beer when meeting with Felix Leiter in a Bolivian bar. The following Bond movies of Craig's tenure show Bond's preferred beer to be Heineken. In "Die Another Day", Bond drinks a mojito. In "Casino Royale", Bond orders Mount Gay Rum with soda. In that film, he also invents the famous "Vesper" cocktail—a variation on a martini—originally included in the novel but not seen in the films until the reboot. In "Skyfall", the villain Raoul Silva says he believes 50-year-old Macallan single malt whisky to be one of Bond's favourites.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: Also in "Goldfinger" during a briefing on the villain, their host offers a refill with, "Have a little more of this rather disappointing brandy."


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: Bond replies, "I'd say it was a 30-year-old Fine [as in Fine brandy] indifferently blended, Sir... with an overdose of Bon bois." Bon bois is a Cognac region known for its poor soils. It is a low quality Cognac, and Bond is saying that too much of this was used in the blend.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: In the novel "Moonraker", it is noted in the card club Blades, Bond adds a single pinch of black pepper to his glass of fine Wolfschmidt vodka, much to M's consternation, to which Bond says he got into the habit in joints that served villainous home brew. It sinks all the poisons to the bottom, and Bond got to like the taste. However, he does admit that he should not have insulted the Club Wolfschmidt.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: Never primarily a red wine drinker, Bond tended to favour Château Mouton Rothschild; a 1947 vintage in "Goldfinger", and half a bottle "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", a 1934 ordered by M in "Moonraker", and a '55 in "Diamonds are Forever"—where Bond unveiled the assassin Wint posing as a waiter because the latter didn't know that Mouton-Rothschild is a claret. In the Jeffery Deaver novel "Carte Blanche", Bond expresses a knowledge and appreciation of South African wine.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: In the film of "Diamonds Are Forever", Bond savours a glass of sherry and fools M into thinking Bond has made a mistake when he pronounces a year of make ("'51"). When Bond is informed that sherry has no vintage, he replies (to a non-plussed M) that he was discerning the vintage of the wine on which the sherry is based—1851.


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: In the film "You Only Live Twice", Bond opts for sake over his usual martini, indicating that he especially likes it when it's served at what he says is the correct temperature of . Tiger, his host, is impressed and tells Bond he is exceptionally cultured—for a European. In "Licence to Kill" when in the dive bar called Barrelhead Bar, he orders the same as his contact, Pam Bouvier, a "Bud with a lime."


title: Shaken, not stirred

text: Aside from alcoholic beverages, Bond is a coffee drinker and eschews tea with a passion, believing it to have been a factor in the fall of the British Empire and referring to it as "a cup of mud" (in Fleming's "Goldfinger"). In the novel "Live and Let Die", he expresses his fondness for Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee—while in the film adaptation he is shown operating a La Pavoni Europiccola lever coffee machine in the kitchen of his flat. In the Fleming novel "From Russia With Love" he is shown to own a Chemex Coffeemaker and prefers his coffee brewed that way, while in the film version he orders coffee "very black" for breakfast from his hotel's room service; in Kerim Bey's office he asks for his Turkish coffee "medium sweet" as it is customary to specify the level of sweetness when ordering. He also accepts a cup, refusing cream or sugar, from Franz Sanchez in "Licence to Kill"—whereas in "Moonraker" he refuses a cup of tea offered by Hugo Drax. In "The Living Daylights", Bond tastes a cup of café coffee he is served in the Prater Amusement Park, Vienna, making a face when it is not up to his standards.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Chinese Filipinos (also known as Filipino Chinese in the Philippines) are Filipinos of Chinese descent, mostly of southern Fujianese ancestry, where the majority are born and raised in the Philippines. Chinese Filipinos are one of the largest overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. Chinese immigration to the Philippines occurred mostly during the Spanish colonization of the islands between the 16th and 19th centuries, attracted by the lucrative trade of the Manila galleons and since the late 20th century. In 2013, according to the Senate of the Philippines, there were approximately 1.35 million ethnic (or pure) Chinese within the Philippine population, while Filipinos with any Chinese descent comprised 22.8 million of the population. However, the actual current figures are not known since the Philippine census does not usually take into account questions about ethnicity.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Chinese Filipinos are a well established middle class ethnic group and are well represented in all levels of Filipino society. Chinese Filipinos also play a leading role in the Philippine business sector and dominate the Philippine economy today. Most in the current list of the Philippines' richest each year comprise Taipan billionaires of Chinese Filipino background. Some in the list of the political families in the Philippines are also of Chinese Filipino background, meanwhile the bulk are also of Spanish-colonial-era Chinese mestizo ("mestizo de Sangley") descent, of which, many families of such background also compose a considerable part of the Philippine population especially its bourgeois, who during the late Spanish Colonial Era in the late 19th century, produced a major part of the "ilustrado" intelligentsia of the late Spanish Colonial Philippines, that were very influential with the creation of Filipino nationalism and the sparking of the Philippine Revolution as part of the foundation of the First Philippine Republic and subsequent sovereign independent Philippines.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The term "Chinese Filipino" may or may not be hyphenated. The website of the organization "Kaisa para sa Kaunlaran" (Unity for Progress) omits the hyphen, adding that the former is the adjective where the latter is the noun, depending on whichever perspective logic one understands that identity. "The Chicago Manual of Style" and the APA, among others, also recommend dropping the hyphen. When used as an adjective as a whole, it may take on a hyphenated form or may remain unchanged.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: "Indigenous Filipino" or simply "Filipino", is used in this article to refer to the Austronesian inhabitants prior to the Spanish Conquest of the islands. During the Spanish Colonial Period, the term "Indio" was used.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: However, intermarriages occurred mostly during the Spanish colonial period because Chinese immigrants to the Philippines up to the 19th century were predominantly male. It was only in the 20th century that Chinese women and children came in comparable numbers. Today, Chinese Filipino male and female populations are practically equal in numbers. These Chinese mestizos, products of intermarriages during the Spanish colonial period, then often opted to marry other Chinese or Chinese mestizos. Generally, Chinese mestizos is a term referring to people with one Chinese parent.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: By this definition, the ethnically Chinese Filipino comprise 1.8% (1.35 million) of the population. This figure however does not include the Chinese mestizos who since Spanish times have formed a part of the middle class in Philippine society nor does it include Chinese immigrants from the People's Republic of China since 1949.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Ethnic Han Chinese sailed around the Philippine Islands from the 9th century onward and frequently interacted with the local Austronesian people. Chinese and Austronesian interactions initially commenced as bartering and items. This is evidenced by a collection of Chinese artifacts found throughout Philippine waters, dating back to the 10th century. Since Song dynasty times in China and precolonial times in the Philippines, evidence of trade contact can already be observed in the Chinese ceramics found in archaeological sites, like in Santa Ana, Manila.<gallery caption="Chinese (Sangley) in Precolonial/Early Spanish Philippines, c. 1590 via Boxer Codex">


title: Chinese Filipino

text: File:客家 Xaque - Hakka Couple in the Philippines - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|She or Hakka Chinese Merchant with Wife from Ming Dynasty China


title: Chinese Filipino

text: File:文官 Mandarin Letrado - Mandarin Official from China - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|Mandarin Bureaucrat with Wife from Ming dynasty, c. 1590


title: Chinese Filipino

text: File:大子 Principe - Prince and Princess from China - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|Chinese nobility from Ming Dynasty China, c. 1590


title: Chinese Filipino

text: When the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines, there was already a significant population of migrants from China all of whom were male due to the relationship between the "barangays" (city-states) of the island of Luzon and the Ming dynasty.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The first encounter of the Spanish authorities with the Chinese occurred when several Chinese pirates under the leadership of Limahong attacked and besieged the newly established capital of Manila in 1574. The pirates tried to capture the city but were defeated by the combined Spanish and native forces under the leadership of Juan de Salcedo in 1575. Almost simultaneously, the Chinese imperial admiral Homolcong arrived in Manila where he was well received. On his departure he took with him two priests, who became the first Catholic missionaries in China sent from the Philippines. This visit was followed by the arrival of Chinese ships in Manila in May 1603 bearing Chinese officials with the seal of the Ming Empire. This led to suspicions that the Chinese had sent a fleet to try to conquer the islands. However, seeing the city's strong defenses, the Chinese made no hostile moves. They returned to China without showing any particular motive for the journey and without either side mentioning the apparent motive. Fortifications of Manila were started, with a Chinese settler in Manila named Engcang, who offered his services to the governor. He was refused and a plan to massacre the Spaniards quickly spread among the Chinese inhabitants of Manila. The revolt was quickly crushed by the Spaniards, ending in a large-scale massacre of the non-Catholic Sangley in Manila. Throughout the Spanish Colonial Period, the China citizens who were mostly of mixed Arab, Iranian and Tanka trader descent called Sangley outnumbered the Spanish colonizers by ten to one due to extensive intermarriage with the native Filipinos, and at least on two occasions tried to seize power, but their revolts were quickly put down by joint forces composed of indigenous Filipinos, Japanese and Spanish.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Following the mostly unpleasant initial interaction with the Spaniards, most of the mixed raced Arab and Iranian Sangley in Manila and in the rest of the Philippines started to focus on retail trade and service industry in order to avoid massacres and forced deportations to China. The Spanish authorities started restricting the activities of the Chinese immigrants and confined them to the "Parían" near Intramuros. With low chances of employment and prohibited from owning land, most of them engaged in small businesses or acted as skilled artisans to the Spanish colonial authorities.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The Spanish authorities differentiated the Chinese immigrants into two groups: "Parían" (unconverted) and "Binondo" (converted). Many immigrants converted to Catholicism and due to the lack of Chinese women, intermarried with indigenous women and adopted Hispanized names and customs. The children of unions between indigenous Filipinos and Chinese were called Mestizos de Sangley or Chinese mestizos, while those between Spaniards and Chinese were called Tornatrás. The Chinese population originally occupied the Binondo area although eventually they spread all over the islands, and became traders, moneylenders and landowners.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: During the Philippine Revolution of 1898, "Mestizos de Sangley" (Chinese mestizos) would eventually refer to themselves as "Filipino", which during that time referred to Spaniards born in the Philippines. The Chinese mestizos would later fan the flames of the Philippine Revolution. Many leaders of the Philippine Revolution themselves have substantial Chinese ancestry. These include Emilio Aguinaldo, Andrés Bonifacio, Marcelo del Pilar, Antonio Luna, José Rizal and Manuel Tinio.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Sometime in the year 1750, an adventurous young man named Wo Sing Lok, also known as "Sin Lok" arrived in Manila, Philippines. The 12-year-old traveler came from Amoy, the old name for Xiamen, an island known in ancient times as "Gateway to China"—near the mouth of Jiulong "Nine Dragon" River in the southern part of Fujian Province.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Earlier in Manila, immigrants from China were herded to stay in the Chinese trading center called "Parian". After the Sangley Revolt of 1603, this was destroyed and burned by the Spanish authorities. Three decades later, Chinese traders built a new and bigger Parian near Intramuros.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: For fear of a Chinese uprising similar to that in Manila, the Spanish authorities implementing the royal decree of Gov. Gen. Juan de Vargas dated July 17, 1679, rounded up the Chinese in Iloilo and hamletted them in the parian (now Avanceña Street). It compelled all local unmarried Chinese to live in the Parian and all married Chinese to stay in Binondo. Similar Chinese enclaves or "Parian" were later established in Camarines Sur, Cebu and Iloilo.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Sin Lok together with the progenitors of the Lacson, Sayson, Ditching, Layson, Ganzon, Sanson and other families who fled Southern China during the reign of the despotic Qing dynasty (1644–1912) in the 18th century and arrived in Maynilad; finally, decided to sail farther south and landed at the port of Batiano river to settle permanently in "Parian" near La Villa Rica de Arevalo in Iloilo.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: During the American colonial period, the Chinese Exclusion Act in the United States was also put into effect in the Philippines Nevertheless, the Chinese were able to settle in the Philippines with the help of other Chinese Filipinos, despite strict American law enforcement, usually through "adopting" relatives from Mainland or by assuming entirely new identities with new names.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The privileged position of the Chinese as middlemen of the economy under Spanish colonial rule quickly fell, as the Americans favored the "principalía" (educated elite) formed by Chinese mestizos and Spanish mestizos. As American rule in the Philippines started, events in Mainland China starting from the Taiping Rebellion, Chinese Civil War and Boxer Rebellion led to the fall of the Qing dynasty, which led thousands of Chinese from Fujian Province in China to migrate "en masse" to the Philippines to avoid poverty, worsening famine and political persecution. This group eventually formed the bulk of the current population of unmixed Chinese Filipinos.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Beginning in World War II, Chinese soldiers and guerrillas joined in the fight against the Japanese Imperial Forces during the Japanese Occupation in the Philippines (1941–1945). On April 9, 1942, many Chinese Filipino Prisoners of War were killed by Japanese Forces during the Bataan Death March after the fall of Bataan and Corregidor in 1942. Chinese Filipinos were integrated in the U.S. Armed Forces of the First & Second Filipino Infantry Regiments of the United States Army. After the Fall of Bataan and Corregidor in 1942, Chinese Filipinos joined as soldiers in a military unit of the Philippine Commonwealth Army under the U.S. military command as a ground arm of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) which started the battles between the Japanese Counter-Insurgencies and Allied Liberators from 1942 to 1945 to fight against the Japanese Imperial forces. Some Chinese Filipinos who joined as soldiers were integrated into the 11th, 14th, 15th, 66th & 121st Infantry Regiment of the U.S. Armed Forces in the Philippines – Northern Luzon (USAFIP-NL) under the military unit of the Philippine Commonwealth Army started the Liberation in Northern Luzon and aided the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Abra, Mountain Province, Cagayan, Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya in attacking Imperial Japanese forces. Many Chinese Filipinos joined the guerrilla movement of the Philippine-Chinese Anti-Japanese guerrilla resistance fighter unit or Wha-Chi Movement, the Ampaw Unit under Colonel Chua Sy Tiao and the Chinese Filipino 48th Squadron since 1942 to 1946 in attacking Japanese forces. Thousands of Chinese Filipino soldiers and guerrillas died of heroism in the Philippines from 1941 to 1945 during World War II. Thousands of Chinese Filipino veterans are interred in the Shrine of Martyr's Freedom of the Filipino Chinese in World War II located in Manila. The new-found unity between the ethnic Chinese migrants and the indigenous Filipinos against a common enemy – the Japanese, served as a catalyst in the formation of a Chinese Filipino identity who started to regard the Philippines as their home.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Under the administration of Ferdinand Marcos, Chinese Filipinos called "lao cao" (Philippine Hokkien , meaning "old people" or literally, "old monkey" (a comedic reference to the Monkey King (Sun Wukong) from the old famous Chinese classical novel, "Journey to the West")), i.e., Chinese in the Philippines who acquired citizenship, referred only to those who arrived in the country before World War II. Those who arrived after the war were called the "jiu qiao" (Mandarin ). They were residents who came from China (also usually southern Fujian) via British Hong Kong, such as through North Point, Causeway Bay, or Kowloon Bay, between the 1950s to 1980s.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Chinese schools in the Philippines, which were governed by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China (Taiwan), were transferred under the jurisdiction of the Philippine government's Department of Education. Virtually all Chinese schools were ordered closed or else to limit the time allotted for Chinese language, history and culture subjects from four hours to two hours and instead devote them to the study of Filipino languages and culture. Marcos' policies eventually led to the formal assimilation of the Chinese Filipinos into mainstream Filipino society, the majority were granted citizenship, under the administration of Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Following the February 1986 People Power Revolution (EDSA 1), the Chinese Filipinos quickly gained national spotlight as Cory Aquino, a Tarlac Chinese mestiza from the influential Cojuangco family took up the Presidency.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Despite getting better protections, crimes against Chinese Filipinos were still present, the same way as crimes against other ethnic groups in the Philippines, as the country was still battling the lingering economic effects of the Marcos regime. All these led to the formation of the first Chinese Filipino organization, Kaisa Para Sa Kaunlaran, Inc. (Unity for Progress) by Teresita Ang-See which called for mutual understanding between the ethnic Chinese and the native Filipinos. Aquino encouraged free press and cultural harmony, a process which led to the burgeoning of the Chinese-language media During this time, the third wave of Chinese migrants came. They are known as the "xin qiao" (Mandarin ) , tourists or temporary visitors with fake papers, fake permanent residencies or fake Philippine passports that started coming starting the 1990s during the administration of Fidel Ramos and Joseph Estrada.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: More Chinese Filipinos were given Philippine citizenship during the 21st century. Chinese influence in the country increased during the pro-China presidency of Gloria Arroyo. Businesses by Chinese Filipinos were said to have improved under Benigno Aquino's presidency, while mainland Chinese migration into the Philippines decreased due to Aquino's pro-Filipino and pro-American approach in handling disputes with China. "Xin qiao" Chinese migration from mainland China into the Philippines intensified from 2016 up to the present, due to controversial pro-China policies by the Rodrigo Duterte presidency, prioritizing Chinese POGO businesses.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The Chinese Filipino community have expressed concerns over the ongoing disputes between China and the Philippines, which majority preferring peaceful approaches to the dispute to safeguard their own private businesses.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Virtually most all Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines belong to Hokkien-speaking group of the Han Chinese ethnicity. Many Chinese Filipinos are either third, fourth or second generation or in general natural-born Philippine citizens who can still look back to their Chinese roots and have Chinese relatives both in China as well as in other Southeast Asian or Australasian or North American countries.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Chinese Filipinos who have roots as Hokkien people (福建人/閩南人) predominantly have ancestors who came from Southern Fujian and usually speak or at least have Philippine Hokkien as heritage language. They form the bulk of Chinese settlers in the Philippines during or after the Spanish Colonial Period, and settled or spread primarily from Metro Manila and key cities in Luzon such as Angeles City, Baguio, Dagupan, Ilagan, Laoag, Lucena, Tarlac and Vigan, as well as in major Visayan and Mindanao cities such as Bacolod, Cagayan de Oro, Cotabato, Metro Cebu, Metro Davao, Dumaguete, General Santos, Iligan, Metro Iloilo, Ormoc, Tacloban, Tagbilaran and Zamboanga.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Hokkien peoples, also known in or in Philippine Hokkien or in Mandarin , form 98.7% of all unmixed ethnic Chinese in the Philippines. Of the Hokkien peoples, about 75% are from Quanzhou Prefecture (especially around Jinjiang City), 23% are from Zhangzhou Prefecture and 2% are from Xiamen City.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: According to a study of around 30,000 gravestones in the Manila Chinese Cemetery which writes the birthplace or family ancestral origins of those buried there, 66.46% were from Jinjiang City (Quanzhou), 17.63% from Nan'an, Fujian (Quanzhou), 8.12% from Xiamen in general, 2.96% from Hui'an County (Quanzhou), 1.55% from Longxi County (now part of Longhai City, Zhangzhou), 1.24% from Enming (Siming District, Xiamen), 1.17% from Quanzhou in general, 1.12% from Tong'an District (Xiamen), 0.85% from Shishi City (Quanzhou), 0.58% from Yongchun County (Quanzhou) and 0.54% from Anxi County (Quanzhou).


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The Hokkien-descended Chinese Filipinos currently dominate the light industry and heavy industry, as well as the entrepreneurial and real estate sectors of the Philippine economy. Many younger Hokkien-descended Chinese Filipinos are also entering the fields of banking, computer science, engineering, finance and medicine.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: To date, most emigrants and permanent residents from Mainland China, as well as the vast majority of Taiwanese people in the Philippines are also of Hokkien background.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: They migrated in large numbers to the Philippines during the Spanish Period to the main Luzon island of Philippines, but later on were eventually assimilated by intermarriage with the mainstream Hokkien.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Chinese Filipinos who have roots as Cantonese people (Cantonese ) have ancestors who came from Guangdong Province and speak or at least have Cantonese or Taishanese as heritage language. They settled down in Metro Manila, as well as in major cities of Luzon such as Angeles City, Naga and Olongapo. Many also settled in the provinces of Northern Luzon (e.g., Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte).


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The Cantonese people (Philippine Hokkien , Mandarin ) form roughly 1.2% of the unmixed ethnic Chinese population of the Philippines, with large numbers of descendants originally from either Canton (Guangzhou), Macau, Taishan or nearby areas transiting from Guangzhou (Canton). Many are not as economically prosperous as the Hokkien Chinese Filipinos. Barred from owning land during the Spanish Colonial Period, most Cantonese were into the service industry, working as artisans, barbers, herbal physicians, porters ("cargadores / coulis"), soap makers and tailors. They also had no qualms in intermarrying with other local Filipinos and most of their descendants are now assimilated as Chinese mestizos, rather than identifying as Chinese Filipino. Presently, they are into small-scale entrepreneurship and in education.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: There are also some ethnic Chinese from neighboring Asian countries and territories, most notably from Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Taiwan and Hong Kong who are naturalized Philippine citizens and have since formed part of the Chinese Filipino community. Many of them are also Hokkien speakers, with a sizeable number of Cantonese and Teochew speakers.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Temporary resident Chinese businessmen and envoys include people from Beijing, Shanghai and other major cities and provinces throughout China.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The exact number of all Filipinos with some Chinese ancestry is unknown. Various estimates have been given from the start of the Spanish Colonial Period up to the present ranging from as low as 1% to as large as 18–27%. The National Statistics Office does not conduct surveys of ethnicity.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: According to a research report by historian Austin Craig who was commissioned by the United States in 1915 to ascertain the total number of the various races of the Philippines, the pure Chinese, referred to as "Sangley", number around 20,000 (as of 1918), and that around one-third of the population of Luzon have partial Chinese ancestry. This comes with a footnote about the widespread concealing and de-emphasising of the exact number of Chinese in the Philippines.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Another source dating from the Spanish Colonial Period shows the growth of the Chinese and the Chinese mestizo population to nearly 10% of the Philippine population by 1894.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The vast majority (74.5%) of Chinese Filipinos speak Filipino as their native language. Most Chinese Filipinos (77%) still retain the ability to understand and speak Hokkien as a second or third language.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The use of Hokkien as a first language is seemingly confined to the older generation and to Chinese Filipino families living in traditional Chinese Filipino centers, such as Caloocan, Davao Chinatown, and the Binondo district of Manila. In part due to the increased adoption of Philippine nationality during the Marcos era, most Chinese Filipinos born from the 1970s to the mid-1990s tend to use English, Filipino (Tagalog) and perhaps other Philippine regional languages, which they frequently code-switch between as Taglish or mix together with Hokkien as Hokaglish. Among the younger generation (born from the mid-1990s onward), the preferred language is often English besides also, of course, knowing Filipino (Tagalog) and, in most regions of the Philippines, other regional languages. Recent arrivals from Mainland China or Taiwan, despite coming mostly from traditionally Hokkien-speaking areas, typically now use Mandarin among themselves.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Unlike other overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia, which feature an assortment of dialect groups, Chinese Filipinos descend overwhelmingly from Hokkien-speaking regions in Southern Fujian. Hence, Hokkien remains the main heritage language among Chinese Filipinos. Mandarin, however, is perceived as the most prestigious Chinese language, so it is taught in Chinese Filipino schools and used in all official and formal functions within the Chinese Filipino community despite the fact that very few Chinese Filipinos are conversant in Mandarin or have it as a heritage language.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: For the Chinese mestizos, Spanish used to be the most important prestige language and the preferred first language at the turn of the century, especially during the Spanish colonial era. Starting from the American period, the use of Spanish gradually decreased and is now completely replaced by either English or Filipino.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Since most Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines trace their ancestry to Southern Fujian in Fujian Province of Mainland China, the Hokkien language, specifically the Philippine Hokkien dialect, is the "heritage language" of most Chinese Filipinos. Currently, it is typically the elderly and those of the older generations, such as the Silent Generation, the Baby boomer generation and part of Generation X, who speak Philippine Hokkien as their first or second language, especially as first- or second-generation Chinese Filipinos. The younger generations, such as part of Generation X and most Millennials and Generation Z youth, sparsely use Hokkien as a second or third language and even more seldom as a first language. This is due to Hokkien nowadays only being used and heard within family households and no longer being taught at schools. As a result, most of the youth can either only understand Hokkien by ear or do not know it at all, using instead English, Filipino (Tagalog) and in some cases one or more other Philippine languages.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The variant of Hokkien spoken in the Philippines, Philippine Hokkien, is locally called "Lannang-ue" (Philippine Hokkien ). Philippine Hokkien is mutually intelligible to a certain degree with other Hokkien variants in mainland China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, etc. and is particularly close to the variant spoken in Quanzhou, especially around Jinjiang. Its unique features include its conservative nature that preserves old vocabulary and pronunciations, the presence of a few loanwords from Philippine Spanish and Filipino and frequent code-switching with Philippine English, Filipino/Tagalog and other Philippine languages (such as Visayan languages), excessive use of shortenings and colloquial words (e.g., ""pīⁿ-chhù"" [病厝]: literally, "sick-house", instead of the Taiwanese Hokkien term ""pīⁿ-īⁿ"" [病院] to refer to "hospital" or ""chhia-thâu"" [車頭]: literally, "car-head", instead of the Taiwanese Hokkien term ""su-ki"" [司機] to refer to a "driver") and use of vocabulary terms from various variants of Hokkien, such as from the Quanzhou, Amoy (Xiamen) and Zhangzhou dialects of the Hokkien language.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Mandarin is currently the subject and medium of instruction for teaching Standard Chinese (Mandarin) class subjects in Chinese Filipino schools in the Philippines. However, since the language is rarely used outside of the classroom besides jobs and interactions related to Mainland China and Taiwan, most Chinese Filipinos would be hard-pressed to converse in Mandarin.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: As a result of longstanding influence from the ROC Ministry of Education of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Council of the Republic of China (Taiwan) since the early 1900s up to 2000, the Mandarin variant (known in many schools in Hokkien ) taught and spoken in many older Chinese Filipino schools in the Philippines closely mirrors that of Taiwanese Mandarin, using Traditional Chinese characters and the Zhuyin phonetic system (known in many schools in Hokkien ) being taught, though in recent decades Simplified Chinese characters and the Pinyin phonetic system were also introduced from China and Singapore. Some Chinese Filipino schools now also teach Mandarin in Simplified characters with the Pinyin system, modeled after those in China and Singapore. Some schools teach both or either of the systems.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Currently, due to the relatively small population of Chinese Filipinos who are or claim to be of Cantonese ancestry, most Filipinos of Cantonese ancestry, such as Spanish-colonial-era Chinese mestizos ("Mestizos de Sangley") that originally trace back to Macau or Canton (Guangzhou), especially the younger generations thereof, do not speak Cantonese or Taishanese and can only speak the local languages, such as Filipino (Tagalog), English and other Philippine languages such as Cebuano. Some families of Cantonese ancestry within the Chinese Filipino community also speak Philippine Hokkien, especially those that intermarried with Chinese Filipinos of Hokkien ancestry. There may still be a dwindling few families of Cantonese ancestry that use Taishanese or Cantonese privately or among other families of the same ancestry. There may also be some Chinese Filipino families of Hokkien ancestry that speak Cantonese due to a family history of having lived in Hong Kong, such as around the districts of North Point (), Kowloon Bay or Causeway Bay, during the Cold War period, when many families fled the communist advance to British Hong Kong and then later to countries in Southeast Asia such as the Philippines.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Just like most other Filipinos, the vast majority of Chinese Filipinos who grew up in the Philippines are fluent in English, especially Philippine English (which descends from American English) as taught in schools in the Philippines. They are usually natively bilingual or even multilingual since both English and the Filipino language are required subjects in all grades of all schools in the Philippines, as English serves as an important formal prestige language in Philippine society. Due to this, around 30% of all Chinese Filipinos, mostly those belonging to the younger generations, use English as their preferred first language. Others have it as their second language or third language, being natively bilingual or multilingual together with Filipino and sometimes one or more other Philippine languages.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The majority of Chinese Filipinos who were born, were raised, or have lived long enough in the Philippines are at least natively bilingual or multilingual. Along with English, Chinese Filipinos typically speak Filipino (Tagalog) and, in non-Tagalog regions, the dominant regional Philippine language(s), such as the Visayan languages (Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray, etc.) spoken in the Visayas and Mindanao.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Many Chinese Filipinos, especially those living in the provinces, speak the regional language(s) of their province as their first language(s), if not English or Filipino. Just like most other Filipinos, Chinese Filipinos frequently code-switch either with Filipino or Tagalog and English, known as Taglish, or with other regional provincial languages, such as Cebuano and English, known as Bislish. This frequent code-switching has produced a trilingual mix with the above Philippine Hokkien, known as Hokaglish, which mixes Hokkien, Tagalog and English. However, in provinces where Tagalog is not a native language, the equivalent dominant regional language(s) may be mixed instead of Tagalog or along with Tagalog in a mix of four or more languages due to the normalcy of code-switching and multilingualism as part of Philippine society.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: During the Spanish colonial period and subsequent few decades before its replacement by English, Spanish used to be the formal prestige language of Philippine society and hence, Sangley Chinese (Spanish-era unmixed Chinese), Chinese mestizos (Spanish-era mixed Chinese Filipinos) and "Tornatras" (Spanish-era mixed Chinese-Spanish or Chinese-Spanish-Native) mestizos also learned to speak Spanish throughout the Spanish colonial period to the early to mid 20th century when its role was eventually eclipsed by English and later largely dissipated from mainstream Philippine society. Most of the elites of Philippine society during the Spanish colonial era and American colonial era were Spanish mestizos or Chinese mestizos, which later intermixed together to an unknown degree and now frequently treated as one group known as Filipino mestizos. Due to this history in the Philippines, many of the older generation Chinese Filipinos (mainly those born before WWII), whether pure or mixed, can also understand some Spanish, due to its importance in commerce and industry. The Chinese community of the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era used to also speak a sort of Spanish pidgin variety known as ""Caló Chino Español"" or ""Kastilang tindahan"". This was especially the case with the local Sangley Chinese that intermarried during Spanish colonial times. They brought forth Spanish-speaking Chinese Mestizos of varying proficiency, from the accented pidgin Spanish of the new Chinese immigrants to the fluent Spanish of Sangley Chinese old-timers.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Chinese Filipinos are unique in Southeast Asia in being overwhelmingly Christian (83%). but many families, especially Chinese Filipinos in the older generations still practice traditional Chinese religions. Almost all Chinese Filipinos, including the Chinese "mestizos" but excluding recent migrants from either Mainland China or Taiwan, had or will have their marriages in a Christian church.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The majority (70%) of Christian Chinese Filipinos are Catholic. Many Catholic Chinese Filipinos still tend to practice the traditional Chinese religions alongside Catholicism, due to the recent openness of the Church in accommodating Chinese beliefs such as ancestor veneration.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Unique to the Catholicism of Chinese Filipinos is the religious syncretism that is found in Chinese Filipino homes. Many have altars bearing Catholic images such as the "Santo Niño" (Child Jesus) as well as statues of the Buddha and Taoist gods. It is not unheard of to venerate the Blessed Virgin Mary, saints, or the dead using joss sticks and otherwise traditional offerings, much as one would have done for Guan Yin or Mazu.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Chinese Filipinos comprise a large percentage of membership in some of the largest evangelical churches in the Philippines, many of which are also founded by Chinese Filipinos, such as the Christian Gospel Center, Christ's Commission Fellowship, United Evangelical Church of the Philippines and the Youth Gospel Center.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: In contrast to Roman Catholicism, Protestantism forbids traditional Chinese practices such as ancestor veneration, but allows the use of meaning or context substitution for some practices that are not directly contradicted in the Bible (e.g., celebrating the Mid-Autumn Festival with moon cakes denoting the moon as God's creation and the unity of families, rather than the traditional Chinese belief in Chang'e). Many also had ancestors already practicing Protestantism while still in China.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Unlike native and mestizo Filipino-dominated Protestant churches in the Philippines which have very close ties with North American organizations, most Protestant Chinese Filipino churches instead sought alliance and membership with the Chinese Congress on World Evangelization, an organization of Overseas Chinese Christian churches throughout Asia.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: A small number of Chinese Filipinos (2%) continue to practise traditional Chinese religions solely. Mahayana Buddhism, specifically, Chinese Pure Land Buddhism, Taoism and ancestral worship (including Confucianism) are the traditional Chinese beliefs that continue to have adherents among the Chinese Filipino.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Buddhist and Taoist temples can be found where the Chinese live, especially in urban areas like Manila. Veneration of the Guanyin (觀音), known locally as "Kuan-im" either in its pure form or seen a representation of the Virgin Mary is practised by many Chinese Filipinos. The Chinese Filipino community also established indigenous religious denominations like Bell Church (钟教), which is a syncretic religion with ecumenical and interfaith in orientation. There are several prominent Chinese temples like Seng Guan Temple (Buddhist) in Manila, Cebu Taoist Temple in Cebu City and Lon Wa Buddhist Temple in Davao City.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Around half (40%) of all Chinese Filipinos regardless of religion still claim to practise "ancestral worship". The Chinese, especially the older generations, have the tendency to go to pay respects to their ancestors at least once a year, either by going to the temple, or going to the Chinese burial grounds, often burning incense and bringing offerings like fruits and accessories made from paper.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: There are very few Chinese Filipino Muslims, most of whom live in either Mindanao or the Sulu Archipelago and have intermarried or assimilated with their Moro neighbors. Many of them have attained prominent positions as political leaders. They include Datu Piang, Abdusakur Tan and Michael Mastura, among such others.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Others are also members of the Iglesia ni Cristo, Jehovah's Witnesses or the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Some younger generations of Chinese Filipinos also profess to be atheists.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: There are 150 Chinese schools that exist throughout the Philippines, slightly more than half of which operate in Metro Manila. Chinese Filipino schools typically include the teaching of Standard Chinese (Mandarin), among other school class subjects, and have an international reputation for producing award-winning students in the fields of science and mathematics, most of whom reap international awards in mathematics, computer programming, and robotics Olympiads.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The first school founded specifically for the Chinese in the Philippines, the Anglo-Chinese School (now known as Tiong Se Academy) was opened in 1899 on the Qing Dynasty Chinese Embassy grounds. The first curriculum called for rote memorization of the four major Confucian texts (the Four Books and Five Classics) along with Western science and technology. This was followed suit in the establishment of other Chinese schools, such as Hua Siong College of Iloilo, established in Iloilo in 1912, the Chinese Patriotic School, established in Manila in 1912 (the first school for the Cantonese Chinese), Saint Stephen's High School, established in Manila in 1915 (the first sectarian school for the Chinese), and the Chinese National School, established in Cebu in 1915.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Burgeoning of Chinese schools throughout the Philippines, including in Manila, occurred from the 1920s until the 1970s, with a brief interlude during World War II, when all Chinese schools were ordered closed by the Japanese and their students were forcibly integrated into Japanese-sponsored Philippine public education. After World War II, the Third Republic of the Philippines and the Republic of China (ROC) signed the Sino-Philippine Treaty of Amity, which provided for the direct control of Chinese schools throughout the archipelago by the Republic of China (Taiwan)'s Ministry of Education. In the late 20th century, despite Mandarin taking the place of Amoy Hokkien as the usual Chinese course taught in Chinese schools, some schools still tried to teach Hokkien as well, deeming it more practical in the Philippine-Chinese setting.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Such a situation continued until 1973, when amendments made during the Marcos Era to the Philippine Constitution effectively transferred all Chinese schools to the authority of the Republic of the Philippines' Department of Education (DepEd). With this, the medium of instruction for teaching Standard Chinese (Mandarin) was shifted from Amoy Hokkien Chinese to Mandarin Chinese (or in some schools to English). Teaching hours relegated to Chinese language and arts, which featured prominently in the pre-1973 Chinese schools, were reduced. Lessons in Chinese geography and history, which were previously subjects in their own right, were incorporated into the Chinese language subject(s), whereas Filipino (Tagalog) and Philippine history, civics and culture became newly required subjects.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The changes in Chinese education initiated with the 1973 Philippine Constitution led to a large shifting of mother tongues, reflecting the assimilation of the Chinese Filipinos into general Philippine society. The older generation of Chinese Filipinos, who were educated in the old curriculum, typically use Philippine Hokkien at home, while most younger-generation Chinese Filipinos are more comfortable conversing in English, Filipino (Tagalog), and/or other Philippine languages like Cebuano, including their code-switching forms like Taglish and Bislish, which are sometimes varyingly admixed with Philippine Hokkien to make Hokaglish.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Chinese Filipino schools typically feature curriculum prescribed by the Philippine Department of Education (DepEd). The limited time spent in Chinese instruction consists largely of language arts.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The three core Chinese subjects are "Chinese Grammar" (), "Chinese Composition" (), and "Chinese Mathematics" (). Other schools may add other subjects such as "Chinese Calligraphy" (). Chinese history, geography and culture are also integrated in all the three core Chinese subjects – they stood as independent subjects of their own before 1973. Many schools currently teach at least just one Chinese subject, known simply as just "Chinese" (). It also varies per school if either or both Traditional Chinese with Zhuyin (known in many schools in Hokkien ) and/or Simplified Chinese with Pinyin is taught. Currently, all Chinese class subjects are taught in Mandarin Chinese (known in many schools in Hokkien ) and in some schools, students are prohibited from speaking any other language, such as English, Filipino (Tagalog), other regional Philippine languages, or even Hokkien during Chinese classes, when decades before, there were no such restrictions.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Many Chinese Filipino schools are sectarian, being founded by either Roman Catholic or Chinese Protestant Christian missions. These include Grace Christian College (Protestant-Baptist), Hope Christian High School (Protestant-Evangelical), Immaculate Conception Academy (Roman Catholic-Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception), Jubilee Christian Academy (Protestant-Evangelical), LIGHT Christian Academy (Protestant-Evangelical), Makati Hope Academy (Protestant-Evangelical), MGC-New Life Christian Academy (Protestant-Evangelical), Saint Peter the Apostle School (Roman Catholic-Archdiocese of Manila), Saint Jude Catholic School (Roman Catholic-Society of the Divine Word), Saint Stephen's High School (Protestant-Episcopalian), Ateneo de Iloilo, Ateneo de Cebu and Xavier School (Roman Catholic-Society of Jesus).


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Major non-sectarian schools include Chiang Kai Shek College, Manila Patriotic School, Philippine Chen Kuang High School, Philippine Chung Hua School, Philippine Cultural College – the oldest Chinese Filipino secondary school in the Philippines, and Tiong Se Academy – the oldest Chinese Filipino school in the Philippines.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Chiang Kai Shek College is the only college in the Philippines accredited by both the Philippine Department of Education (DepEd) and the Republic of China (Taiwan) Ministry of Education.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Most Chinese Filipinos attend Chinese Filipino schools until Secondary level and then transfer to non-Chinese colleges and universities to complete their tertiary degree, due to the dearth of Chinese language tertiary institutions.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Many Chinese who lived during the Spanish naming edict of 1849 eventually adopted Spanish name formats, along with a Spanish given name (e.g., Florentino Cu y Chua). Some adopted their entire Chinese name romanized as a surname for the entire clan (e.g., Jose Antonio Chuidian (); Alberto Cojuangco ()). Chinese mestizos, as well as some Chinese who chose to completely assimilate into the local Filipino or Spanish culture during Spanish colonial times also adopted Spanish surnames, just as any other Filipino, either as per christening of a new Christian name under Catholic Christian baptismal under the Spanish friars or through the 1849 decree of Gov-Gen. Narciso Claveria that distributed surnames from the "Catálogo alfabético de apellidos", most of which listed there were Spanish surnames.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Newer Chinese migrants who came during the American Colonial Period use a combination of an adopted Spanish (or rarely, English) name together with their Chinese name (e.g., Carlos Palanca Tan Quin Lay or Vicente Go Tam Co). This trend was to continue up to the late 1970s.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: As both exposure to North American media as well as the number of Chinese Filipinos educated in English increased, the use of English names among Chinese Filipinos, both common and unusual, started to increase as well. Popular names among the second generation Chinese community included English names ending in "-son" or other Chinese-sounding suffixes, such as "Anderson", "Emerson", Jackson, Jameson, Jasson, "Patrickson", "Washington", among such others. For parents who are already third and fourth generation Chinese Filipinos, English names reflecting American popular trends are given, such as "Ethan", "Austin" and "Aidan".


title: Chinese Filipino

text: It is thus not unusual to find a young Chinese Filipino, for example, named "Chase Tan", whose father's name is "Emerson Tan" and whose grandfather's name is "Elpidio Tan Keng Kui", reflecting the depth of immersion into the English language as well as into the Philippine society as a whole.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Chinese Filipinos whose ancestors came to the Philippines from 1898 onward usually have monosyllabic Chinese surnames. On the other hand, most Chinese ancestors came to the Philippines prior to 1898 usually have multisyllabic surnames such as Gokongwei, Ongpin, Pempengco, Yuchengco, Teehankee and Yaptinchay among such others. These were originally full Chinese names which were transliterated in Spanish orthography and adopted as surnames.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Common Chinese Filipino surnames are: Tan/Chan (陳/陈), Dy/Dee/Lee/Li (李), Sy/See/Siy/Sze (施), Lim/Lam (林), Chua/Choa/Choi (蔡), Yap/Ip (葉/叶), Co/Ko/Kho (許/许), Ko/Gao/Caw (高), Ho/Haw/Hau/Caw (侯), Cua/Kua/Co/Kho/Ko (柯), Coo/Khoo/Cu/Kuh (邱), Go/Ngo/Wu (吳/吴), Ong/Wong (王), Ang/Hong/Hung (洪), Lao (劉/刘), Tiu/Chang (張/张), Yu/Young (楊/杨), Auyong/Awyoung (歐陽/欧阳), Ng/Uy/Wee/Hong/Wong/Huang (黃), Tiu/Chiu/Chio/Chu (趙/赵), Chu/Chiu/Chow (周), King (龔), Chan (曾), Ty/Tee (鄭/郑), Ching/Cheng/Chong (莊/庄), Que/Cue/Kwok (郭), Leong/Liong/Leung (梁), etc.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: On the other hand, most Chinese Filipinos whose ancestors came to the Philippines prior to 1898 use a Hispanicized surname "(see below)". Many Filipinos who have Hispanicized Chinese surnames are no longer pure Chinese, but are Chinese mestizos.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Chinese Filipinos and Chinese mestizos usually have multisyllabic surnames such as Angseeco (from ang/see/co/kho) Aliangan (from liang/gan), Angkeko, Apego (from ang/ke/co/go/kho), Chuacuco, Chuatoco, Chuateco, Ciacho (from Sia), Cinco (from Go), Cojuangco, Corong, Cuyegkeng, Dioquino, Dytoc, Dy-Cok, Dypiangco, Dysangco, Dytioco, Gueco, Gokongwei, Gundayao, Kimpo/Quimpo, King/Quing, Landicho, Lanting, Limcuando, Ongpin, Pempengco, Quebengco, Siopongco, Sycip, Tambengco, Tambunting, Tanbonliong, Tantoco, Tiolengco, Yuchengco, Tanciangco, Yuipco, Yupangco, Licauco, Limcaco, Ongpauco, Tancangco, Tanchanco, Teehankee, Uytengsu and Yaptinchay among such others. These were originally full Hokkien Chinese names which were transliterated in Latin letters with Spanish orthography and adopted as Hispanicized surnames.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: There are also multisyllabic Chinese surnames that are Spanish transliterations of Hokkien words. Surnames like Tuazon (Eldest Grandchild, 大孫, "Tuā-sun"), Tiongson/Tiongzon (Eldest Grandchild, 長孫, "Tióng-sun")/(Second/Middle Grandchild, 仲孫, "Tiōng-sun"), Sioson (Youngest Grandchild, 小孫, "Sió-sun"), Echon/Ichon/Itchon/Etchon/Ychon (First Grandchild, 一孫, "It-sun"), Dizon (Second Grandchild, 二孫, "Dī-sun"), Samson/Sanson (Third Grandchild, 三孫, "Sam-sun"), Sison (Fourth Grandchild, 四孫, "Sì-sun"), Gozon/Goson/Gozum (Fifth Grandchild, 五孫, "Gǒ͘-sun"), Lacson (Sixth Grandchild, 六孫, "La̍k-sun"), Sitchon/Sichon (Seventh Grandchild, 七孫, "Tshit-sun"), Pueson (Eighth Grandchild, 八孫, "Pueh-sun"), Causon/Cauzon (Ninth Grandchild, 九孫, "Káu-sun"), are examples of transliterations of designations that use the Hokkien suffix -son/-zon/-chon (Hokkien ) used as surnames for some Chinese Filipinos who trace their ancestry from Chinese immigrants to the Philippines during the Spanish Colonial Period. The surnames 孫, 仲孫, 長孫 are listed in the classic Chinese text Hundred Family Surnames, perhaps shedding light on the Hokkien suffix -son/-zon/-chon used here as a surname alongside some sort of accompanying enumeration scheme.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The Chinese who survived the massacre in Manila in the 1700s fled to other parts of the Philippines and to hide their identity, some also adopted two-syllable surnames ending in "son" or "zon" and "co" such as: Yanson = Yan = 燕孫, Ganzon = Gan = 颜孫(Hokkien), Guanzon = Guan/Kwan = 关孫 (Cantonese), Tiongson/Tiongzon = Tiong = 仲孫 (Hokkien), Cuayson/Cuayzon = 邱孫 (Hokkien), Yuson = Yu = 余孫, Tingson/Tingzon = Ting = 陈孫 (Hokchew), Siason = Sia = 谢孫 (Hokkien).


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Many also took on Spanish or native Filipino surnames (e.g. Alonzo, Alcaraz, Bautista, De la Cruz, De la Rosa, De los Santos, Garcia, Gatchalian, Mercado, Palanca, Robredo, Sanchez, Tagle, Torres, etc.) upon naturalization. Today, it can be difficult to identify who are Chinese Filipino based on surnames alone.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: A phenomenon common among Chinese migrants in the Philippines dating from the 1900s would be to purchase their surname, particularly during the American Colonial Period, when the Chinese Exclusion Act was applied to the Philippines. Such law led new Chinese migrants to purchase the Hispanic or native surnames of native and mestizo Filipinos and thus pass off as long-time Filipino residents of Chinese descent or as native or mestizo Filipinos. Many also purchased the Alien Landing Certificates of other Chinese who have gone back to China and assumed his surname and/or identity. Sometimes, younger Chinese migrants would circumvent the Act through adoption – wherein a Chinese with Philippine nationality adopts a relative or a stranger as his own children, thereby giving the adoptee automatic Filipino citizenship – and a new surname.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Traditional "Tsinoy" cuisine, as Chinese Filipino home-based dishes are locally known, make use of recipes that are traditionally found in China's Fujian Province and fuse them with locally available ingredients and recipes. These include unique foods such as "hokkien chha-peng" (Fujianese-style fried rice), "si-nit mi-soa" (birthday noodles), "pansit canton" (Fujianese-style e-fu noodles), "hong ma" or "humba" (braised pork belly), "sibut" (four-herb chicken soup), "hototay" (Fujianese egg drop soup), "kiampeng" (Fujianese beef fried rice), "machang" (glutinous rice with adobo) and "taho" (a dessert made of soft tofu, "arnibal" syrup and pearl sago).


title: Chinese Filipino

text: However, most Chinese restaurants in the Philippines, as in other places, feature Cantonese, Shanghainese and Northern Chinese cuisines, rather than traditional Fujianese fare.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: With the increasing number of Chinese with Philippine nationality, the number of political candidates of Chinese-Filipino descent also started to increase. The most significant change within Chinese Filipino political life would be the citizenship decree promulgated by former President Ferdinand Marcos which opened the gates for thousands of Chinese Filipinos to formally adopt Philippine citizenship.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Chinese Filipino political participation largely began with the People Power Revolution of 1986 which toppled the Marcos dictatorship and ushered in the Aquino presidency. The Chinese have been known to vote in blocs in favor of political candidates who are favorable to the Chinese community.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Important Philippine political leaders with Chinese ancestry include the current president Bongbong Marcos, and former presidents Rodrigo Duterte, Emilio Aguinaldo, Benigno Aquino III, Cory Aquino, Sergio Osmeña, Manuel Quezon and Ferdinand Marcos, former senators Nikki Coseteng, Alfredo Lim, Raul Roco, Panfilo Lacson, Vicente Yap Sotto, Vicente Sotto III and Roseller Lim, as well as several governors, congressmen and mayors throughout the Philippines. Many ambassadors and recent appointees to the presidential cabinet are also Chinese Filipinos like Arthur Yap, Jesse Robredo, Jose Yulo, Manuel Yan, Alberto Lim, Danilo Lim, Karl Chua and Bong Go.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The late Cardinal Jaime Sin, the late Cardinal Rufino Santos and Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle also have Chinese ancestry.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: The Chinese Filipino are mostly business owners and their life centers mostly in the family business. These mostly small or medium enterprises play a significant role in the Philippine economy. A handful of these entrepreneurs run large companies and are respected as some of the most prominent business tycoons in the Philippines.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Chinese Filipinos attribute their success in business to frugality and hard work, Confucian values and their traditional Chinese customs and traditions. They are very business-minded and entrepreneurship is highly valued and encouraged among the young. Most Chinese Filipinos are urban dwellers. An estimated 50% of the Chinese Filipino live within Metro Manila, with the rest in the other major cities of the Philippines. In contrast with the Chinese mestizos, few Chinese are plantation owners. This is partly due to the fact that until recently when the Chinese Filipino became Filipino citizens, the law prohibited the non-citizens, which most Chinese were, from owning land.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: As with other Southeast Asian nations, the Chinese community in the Philippines has become a repository of traditional Chinese culture common to unassimilated ethnic minorities throughout the world. Whereas in mainland China many cultural traditions and customs were suppressed or destroyed during the Cultural Revolution or simply regarded as old-fashioned nowadays, these traditions have remained largely preserved in the Philippines.


title: Chinese Filipino

text: Many new cultural twists have evolved within the Chinese community in the Philippines, distinguishing it from other overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. These cultural variations are highly evident during festivals such as Chinese New Year and Mid-Autumn Festival. The Chinese Filipino have developed unique customs pertaining to weddings, birthdays and funerary rituals.