title: Law School Admission Test

text: The purpose of the LSAT is to aid in predicting student success in law school. Researchers Balin, Fine, and Guinier performed research on the LSAT's ability to predict law school grades at the University of Pennsylvania. They found that the LSAT could explain about 14% of the variance in first year grades and about 15% of the variance in second year grades.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: The LSAT was the result of a 1945 inquiry of Frank Bowles, a Columbia Law School admissions director, about a more satisfactory admissions test that could be used for admissions than the one that was in use in 1945. The goal was to find a test that would correlate with first year grades rather than bar passage rates. This led to an invitation of representatives from Harvard Law School and Yale Law School who ultimately accepted the invitation and began to draft the first administration of the LSAT exam. NYU, in correspondence by memorandum, was openly unconvinced "about the usefulness of an aptitude test as a method of selecting law school students," but was open to experimenting with the idea, as were other schools that were unconvinced. At a meeting on 10 November 1947, with representatives of law schools extending beyond the original Columbia, Harvard, and Yale representatives, the design of the LSAT was discussed. At this meeting the issue of a way to test students who came from excessively "technical" backgrounds that were deficient in the study of history and literature was discussed but ultimately rejected. The first administration of the LSAT followed and occurred in 1948.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: From the test's inception until 1981, scores were reported on a scale of 200 to 800; from 1981 to 1991, a 48-point scale was used. In 1991, the scale was changed again, so that reported scores range from 120 to 180.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, The Law School Admission Council created the LSAT-Flex. The LSAT-Flex is an online proctored test that was first administrated during May 2020. While the normal LSAT test consists of four sections plus an experimental section (1 section of logic games, 1 section of reading comprehension, 2 sections of logical reasoning, and an additional random section), the LSAT-Flex consists of three sections (1 section of logic games, 1 section of reading comprehension, and 1 section of logical reasoning). Though the LSAT-Flex contains one less section than the normal LSAT test, the LSAT-Flex is scored on the normal 120–180 scale.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: The LSAC previously administered the LSAT four times per year: June, September/October, December and February. However, in June 2017, it was announced that the LSAC would be increasing the number of tests from four to six, and would instead be administering it in January, March, June, July, September, and November.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: There were 129,925 LSATs administered in the 2011–12 testing year (June 2011 – February 2012), the largest percentage decline in LSATs administered in more than 10 years, and a drop of more than 16% from the previous year, when 155,050 LSATs were administered. The number of LSATs administered fell more than 25% over a two-year period (from the 2009–10 testing year to the 2011–12 testing year). The October 2012 administration reflected a 16.4% drop in volume from its 2011 counterpart. LSAT numbers continued to drop over the next two cycles but to a lesser degree, with 13.4% and 6.2% drops, respectively, for the 2012–13 and 2013–14 cycles. February 2014 showed the first increase in test takers (1.1%) since June 2010.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: In December 2018, LSAC announced that the Microsoft Surface Go tablet will be used exclusively to administer the LSAT beginning in 2019 when the test transitions to a digital only format The writing sample section will be separate from the LSAT starting with the 3 June 2019 test administration. By registering for the June or July LSAT, candidates will be automatically eligible to complete the writing section as of the date of the LSAT and up to one year thereafter.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: The LSAT consists of four 35-minute multiple-choice sections (one of which is an unscored experimental section) followed by an unscored writing sample section that can be taken separately. Modern tests have 99–102 scored items in total. Several different test forms are used within an administration, each presenting the multiple-choice sections in different orders, which is intended to make it difficult to cheat or to guess which is the experimental section.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: As of 2021, the LSAT contains one, previously two, logical reasoning ("LR") sections, commonly known as "arguments", designed to test the taker's ability to dissect and analyze arguments. LR sections each contain 24–26 questions. Each question begins with a short argument or set of facts. This is followed by a prompt asking the test taker to find the argument's assumption, to select an alternate conclusion to the argument, to identify errors or logical omissions in the argument, to find another argument with parallel reasoning, or to choose a statement that would weaken/strengthen the argument.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: The LSAT contains one reading comprehension ("RC") section consisting of four passages of 400–500 words, and 5–8 questions relating to each passage. Complete sections contain 26–28 questions. Though no real rules govern the content of this section, the passages generally relate to law, arts and humanities, physical sciences, or social sciences. The questions usually ask the examinee to determine the author's main idea, find specific information in the passage, draw inferences from the text, and/or describe the structure of the passage.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: In June 2007, one of the four passages was replaced with a "comparative reading" question. Comparative reading presents two shorter passages with differing perspectives on a topic. Parallels exist between the comparative reading question, the SAT's critical reading section, and the science section of the ACT.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: The current LSAT contains one logic games (LG) section, officially referred to as the "analytical reasoning" section. One section contains four "games" falling into a number of categories including grouping, matching, and ordering of elements.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: Each LG section has 22–24 questions. Each game begins by outlining the premise ("there are five people who might attend this afternoon's meeting") and establishing a set of conditions governing the relationships among the subjects ("if Amy is present, then Bob is not present; if Cathy is present, then Dan is present..."). The examinee is then asked to draw conclusions from the statements ("What is the maximum number of people who could be present?"). What makes the games challenging is that the rules do not produce a "single" "correct" set of relationships among all elements of the game; rather, the examinee is tested on their ability to analyze the range of possibilities embedded in a set of rules. Individual questions often add rules or modify existing rules, requiring quick reorganization of known information. The LG section is commonly regarded by LSAT takers as the most difficult section of the test, at least at first, but it is also the section that can be most improved upon with practice.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: As part of a lawsuit settlement regarding disability accommodations, the LSAC announced it would begin researching "alternative ways to assess analytical reasoning skills," which it will phase in by 2023.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: The current test contains one experimental section which Law Services refers to as the "Variable section". It is used to test new questions for future exams. The performance of the examinee on this section is not reported as part of the final score. The examinee is not told which section of the exam is experimental, since doing so could skew the data. Previously, this section has always been one of the first three sections of any given test, but beginning with the administration of the October 2011 LSAT the experimental can be after the first three sections. LSAC makes no specific claim as to which section(s) it has appeared as in the past, and what section(s) it may appear as in the future. This section is regarded as harder than the scored sections.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: The writing sample appears as the final section of the exam. The writing sample is presented in the form of a decision prompt, which provides the examinee with a problem and two criteria for making a decision. The examinee must then write an essay arguing for one of the two options over the other. The decision prompt generally does not involve a controversial subject, but rather something mundane about which the examinee likely has no strong bias. While there is no "right" or "wrong" answer to the writing prompt, it is important that the examinee argues for his/her chosen position and also argues against the counter-position.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: LSAC does not score the writing sample. Instead, the essay is digitally imaged and sent to admission offices along with the LSAT score. Between the quality of the handwriting and of the digital image, some admissions officers regard the readability and usefulness of the writing sample to be marginal. Additionally, most schools require that applicants submit a "personal statement" of some kind. These factors sometimes result in admission boards disregarding the writing sample. However, only 6.8% of 157 schools surveyed by LSAC in 2006 indicated that they "never" use the writing sample when evaluating an application. In contrast, 9.9% of the schools reported that they "always" use the sample; 25.3% reported that they "frequently" use the sample; 32.7% responded "occasionally"; and 25.3% reported "seldom" using the sample.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: LSAC recommends advance preparation for the LSAT, due to the importance of the LSAT in law school admissions and because scores on the exam typically correspond to preparation time. The structure of the LSAT and the types of questions asked are generally consistent from year to year, which allows students to practice on question types that show up frequently in examinations.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: LSAC suggests, at a minimum, that students review official practice tests, called PrepTests, before test day to familiarize themselves with the types of questions that appear on the exams. LSAC offers one free test that can be downloaded from their website. For best results, LSAC suggests taking practice tests under actual time constraints and representative conditions in order to identify problem areas to focus on in further review.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: For preparation purposes, only tests after June 1991 are considered modern, since the LSAT was significantly modified after this date. Each released exam is commonly referred to as a PrepTest. The June 1991 LSAT was numbered as PrepTest 1, and the December 2013 LSAT was PrepTest 71. Certain PrepTests are no longer published by LSAC (among them 1–6, 8, 17, 39, and 40), despite the fact that they were in print at one time. However, these tests have been made available through some of the test preparation companies, which have licensed them from LSAC to provide only to students in their courses. For a few years, some prep companies sold digital copies of LSAT PrepTests as PDFs, but LSAC revised its licensing policy in 2016, effectively banning the sale of LSAT PDFs to the general public.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: Some students taking the LSAT use a test preparation company. Students who do not use these courses often rely on material from LSAT preparation books, previously administered exams, and internet resources such as blogs, forums, and mobile apps.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: The LSAT is a standardized test in that LSAC adjusts raw scores to fit an expected norm to overcome the likelihood that some administrations may be more difficult than others. Normalized scores are distributed on a scale with a low of 120 to a high of 180.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: The LSAT system of scoring is predetermined and does not reflect test takers' percentile. The relationship between raw questions answered correctly (the "raw score") and scaled score is determined before the test is administered, through a process called equating. This means that the conversion standard is set beforehand, and the distribution of percentiles can vary during the scoring of any particular LSAT.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: Adjusted scores lie in a bell curve, tapering off at the extremes and concentrating near the median. For example, there might be a 3–5 question difference between a score of 175 and a score of 180, but the difference between a 155 from a 160 could be 9 or more questions—this is because the LSAT uses an ordinal grading system. Although the exact percentile of a given score will vary slightly between examinations, there tends to be little variance. The 50th percentile is typically a score of about 151; the 90th percentile is around 165 and the 99th is about 173. A 178 or better usually places the examinee in the 99.9th percentile.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: Examinees have the option of canceling their scores within six calendar days after the exam, before they get their scores. LSAC still reports to law schools that the student registered for and took the exam, but releases no score. Test takers typically receive their scores by e-mail between three and four weeks after the exam. There is a formal appeals process for examinee complaints, which has been used for proctor misconduct, peer misconduct, and occasionally for challenging a question. In very rare instances, specific questions have been omitted from final scoring.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: University of North Texas economist Michael Nieswiadomy has conducted several studies (in 1998, 2006, and 2008) derived from LSAC data. In the most recent study, Nieswiadomy took the LSAC's categorization of test-takers in terms of their undergraduate college and university academic major study areas, and grouped a total of 162 major study areas into 29 categories, finding the averages of each major:


title: Law School Admission Test

text: The LSAT is considered an important part of the law school admissions process, along with GPA. Many law schools are selective in their decisions to admit students, and the LSAT is one method of differentiating candidates.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: Additionally the LSAC says the LSAT (like the SAT and ACT at the undergraduate level) serves as a standardized measure of one's ability to succeed during law school. Undergraduate grade points can vary significantly due to choices in course load as well as grade inflation, which may be pervasive at an applicant's undergraduate institution, but almost nonexistent at that of another. Some law schools, such as Georgetown University and the University of Michigan have added programs designed to waive the LSAT for selected students who have maintained a 3.8 undergraduate GPA at their schools.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: LSAC says its own research supports the use of the LSAT as a major factor in admissions, saying the median validity for LSAT alone is .41 (2001) and .40 (2002) in regard to the first year of law school. The correlation varies from school to school, and LSAC says that test scores are more strongly correlated to first year law school performance than is undergraduate GPA. LSAC says that a more strongly correlated single-factor measure does not currently exist, that GPA is difficult to use because it is influenced by the school and the courses taken by the student, and that the LSAT can serve as a yardstick of student ability because it is statistically normed. However, the American Bar Association has waived the requirement for law schools to use the LSAT as an admission requirement in select cases. This may be due to the fact that an emphasis on LSAT scores is considered by some to be detrimental to the promotion of diversity among applicants. Others argue that it is an attempt by law schools to counteract declining enrollment.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: Most admission boards use an admission index, which is a formula that applies different weight to the LSAT and undergraduate GPA and adds the results. This composite statistic can have a weaker correlation to first year performance than either GPA or LSAT score alone, depending on the weighting used. The amount of weight assigned to LSAT score versus undergraduate GPA varies from school to school, as almost all law programs employ a different admission index formula.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: Starting in September 2019, students may take the LSAT up to three times in a single LSAC year (1 June – 31 May), up to five times within the current and five past testing years (the period in which LSAC reports scores to law schools), and up to seven times over a lifetime. These restrictions will not apply retroactively; tests taken prior to September 2019 do not count toward a student's totals. Also, LSAC will implement an appeals process to grant exceptions to these restrictions under extenuating circumstances. Furthermore, starting in September 2019, no student who has obtained a perfect LSAT score of 180 within the current and five past testing years will be allowed to take the LSAT. This rule, unlike the other new rules, "will" be retroactive: a score of 180 obtained prior to September 2019 (but within the past five years) will preclude another attempt.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: Between 2017 and July 2019, students could take the LSAT as many times as it was offered. Prior to 2017, only three attempts were allowed in a two-year period.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: Every score within five years is reported to law schools during the application process, as well a separate average of all scores on record. When faced with multiple scores from repeat test takers, users of standardized assessments typically employ three indices—most recent, highest, and average scores—in order to summarize an individual’s related performance.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: How the law schools report the LSAT scores of their matriculants to the American Bar Association (ABA) has changed over the years. In June 2006, the ABA revised a rule that mandated law schools to report their matriculants' average score if more than one test was taken. The current ABA rule now requires law schools to report only the highest LSAT score for matriculants who took the test more than once. In response, many law schools began considering only the highest LSAT score during the admissions process, as the highest score is an important factor in law school rankings such as those published by "U.S. News & World Report". Many students rely heavily upon the rankings when deciding where to attend law school.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: High LSAT scores are accepted as qualifying evidence for intellectual clubs such as American Mensa, Intertel, the Triple Nine Society and the International Society for Philosophical Enquiry. The minimum scores they require depend on the selectivity of each society and time period when the test was administered. After 1982, Mensa has required students to score in the 95+ percentile rank on the LSAT for membership, while Intertel has required an LSAT score of 172 for admission since 1994, and Triple Nine has required an LSAT score of 173 for acceptance since 1991.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: Starting October 1973, those taking the LSAT were required to have fingerprints taken, after some examinees were found to have hired impostors to take the test on their behalf.


title: Law School Admission Test

text: A controversy surrounding the LSAT was the requirement that examinees submit to fingerprinting on the day of testing. Although LSAC does not store digital representations of fingerprints, there is a concern that fingerprints might be accessible by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. At the behest of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, the LSAC implemented a change as of September 2007 which exempts Canadian test takers from the requirement to provide a fingerprint and instead requires that Canadian test-takers provide a photograph. Starting with the June 2011 admission of the LSAT, LSAC expanded this policy to include test-takers in the United States and Caribbean; LSAC therefore no longer requires fingerprints from any test takers, and instead requires that they submit a photograph.


title: Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2019

text: The "Billboard" Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States. Its data, published by "Billboard" magazine and compiled by Nielsen SoundScan, is based collectively on each single's weekly physical and digital sales, as well as airplay and streaming. At the end of a year, "Billboard" will publish an annual list of the 100 most successful songs throughout that year on the Hot 100 chart based on the information. For 2019, the list was published on December 5, calculated with data from November 24, 2018 to November 16, 2019.


text: Post Malone ranked as "Billboard"s top Hot 100 artist of 2019. Of his five songs on the list, "Sunflower" (with Swae Lee) ranked the highest, as the number-two song of the year.


title: Poe Dameron

text: Poe Dameron is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise. Introduced in the 2015 film "", he is portrayed by Oscar Isaac. Poe is an X-wing fighter pilot for the Resistance who inadvertently brings renegade stormtrooper Finn (John Boyega) and Jakku scavenger Rey (Daisy Ridley) into battle against the sinister First Order. The character is featured in "The Force Awakens" media and merchandising as well as . He returns in the film's sequels "" (2017) and "" (2019), the Disney XD animated series "Star Wars Resistance" (2018–2020) and the Disney+ television specials "The Lego Star Wars Holiday Special" (2020) and "" (2021).


title: Poe Dameron

text: Isaac's performance and the character have received positive reviews, with Poe's characterization being compared to that of Han Solo (Harrison Ford) in the original "Star Wars" film trilogy.


title: Poe Dameron

text: During the development phase of "The Force Awakens", the character was initially referred to as "John Doe" and was first intended to be Jedi-like, Wedge Antilles, and then a bounty hunter with a Wookiee sidekick. This was dropped and Han Solo and Chewbacca were then included in the story.


title: Poe Dameron

text: When Oscar Isaac was offered the role, Poe was supposed to die early in "The Force Awakens". When Isaac accepted the role, writer/director J. J. Abrams said he had changed his mind, stating, "I've figured it out. You're in the whole movie now."


title: Poe Dameron

text: Isaac's casting in the film was first announced on April 29, 2014. His character was first seen in the 88-second "The Force Awakens" teaser trailer released by Lucasfilm on November 28, 2014, piloting an X-wing fighter. The name Poe Dameron was revealed by "Entertainment Weekly" in a Lucasfilm-designed Topps-style trading card mockup in December 2014. The character was one of those featured in a May 2015 "Vanity Fair" photo shoot by Annie Leibovitz. He was named after J. J. Abrams' assistant Morgan Dameron, who later went on to direct her own feature films. Comedic lines of Poe's in "The Force Awakens" (like those during his interrogation by Kylo Ren) were added in reshoots, and some were improvised by Isaac.


title: Poe Dameron

text: The film has received praise for its diverse casting, including Isaac, who is Guatemalan-American. Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" wrote that "giving starring roles to a black man, a white woman and a Latino is ... quietly history making". Targeted at Spanish-speaking viewers, an action-oriented Univision TV spot heavily featuring Poe included an introduction by Isaac in Spanish. After an initial release of promotional character posters in November 2015, a poster featuring Isaac's Poe was released the following month.


title: Poe Dameron

text: In "The Force Awakens", Poe is a skilled X-wing fighter pilot for the Resistance. The son of Rebel Alliance fighters, he is a commander in the Resistance's Starfighter Corps and "one of Leia Organa's most-trusted operatives" who is headstrong and "can fly anything". Isaac described Poe as "the best freaking pilot in the galaxy... He's been sent on a mission by a certain princess, and he ends up coming up across <nowiki>[</nowiki>Finn<nowiki>]</nowiki>, and their fates are forever intertwined."


title: Poe Dameron

text: Natalie Zutter and Chris Lough of "Tor.com" wrote, "Poe is that rare creature who knows exactly what he wants to do with his life." Isaac said of the character in 2015, "Poe's the kind of guy you want in the trenches with you. He’s straightforward, he’s honest, he's incredibly loyal and he’s got some swagger to him." Katy Waldman wrote for "Slate", "This is Poe Dameron, star pilot, heartthrob, wiseass, ace leather jacket–bestower, Finn’s OTP. When he grins up at <nowiki>[</nowiki>Kylo Ren<nowiki>]</nowiki>, all rakish charm and derring-do, we know the movie will be OK." Comic book writer Charles Soule, creator of the 2015 Marvel Comics series "", said of the character, "I think it's his charisma that really defines him, for me. Poe Dameron is one charming fellow. We've seen great pilots before, and great warriors, but his ability to lead and inspire feels pretty fresh to me, as is his somewhat snappy roguishness." Alex Segura, author of "Star Wars Poe Dameron: Free Fall", said of Poe, "I love the complexities of the character—he's charming, a bit of a scoundrel, not afraid to bend the rules—but he's also driven by loyalty and legacy, and friendship. He's a hero, but in a world where there is absolute good and absolute evil, Poe is a bit gray." Addressing Poe's early life as explored in "Free Fall", Segura said:


title: Poe Dameron

text: In "" (2015), Poe Dameron is the decorated star pilot of General Leia Organa's (Carrie Fisher) Resistance fleet, and the robot BB-8 is his astromech droid. He is sent by Leia on a mission to the planet Jakku to retrieve part of a map that will lead to the location of her brother, Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill). Before Poe can leave with the map, the First Order attacks and he is captured. The pilot has entrusted the map to BB-8, who flees into the desert as Kylo Ren (Adam Driver) tortures Poe in search of the map. Poe is saved by the renegade stormtrooper Finn (John Boyega), and they escape in a TIE fighter. They crash on Jakku; Finn is ejected from the ship and Poe is presumed dead as the destroyed craft is sucked under the sand. Poe later reappears, having also been thrown from the crash, now leading a squadron of X-wing pilots in an assault on the First Order at Maz Kanata's (Lupita Nyong’o) castle. He later leads his squadron to attack the First Order's Starkiller Base, and personally fires the shots that cause the superweapon to explode.


title: Poe Dameron

text: The of "The Force Awakens" by Alan Dean Foster explains that Poe regains consciousness and is able to crash land the TIE fighter in the desert. Thrown from the wreckage, he comes upon the Blarina scavenger Naka Iit. Poe helps Naka outrun a team of pirates, and in turn Naka helps Poe get to Blowback Town.


title: Poe Dameron

text: In "" (2017), shortly after the destruction of Starkiller Base, the Resistance evacuates their base on D'Qar as the First Order closes in. Poe leads a counterattack on the First Order to give the last Resistance fighters more time board the transports. When they do so, Leia orders Poe to pull back, but he insists that they seize the opportunity to destroy one of the First Order's Dreadnoughts, and calls in a team of bombers. While they are successful in taking out the ship, all of the bombers are destroyed and their crews killed, and Leia demotes Poe to captain for his recklessness and unwillingness to follow orders. The First Order soon attacks again, having tracked the Resistance through lightspeed, a feat previously believed to have been impossible. The attack claims the lives of nearly all of the Resistance's leadership and renders Leia unconscious. While Poe assumes that he will become the acting general, Leia is instead replaced by Vice Admiral Holdo (Laura Dern), who dismisses his suggestions due to his earlier reckless actions. Poe concocts a plan with Finn and mechanic Rose Tico (Kelly Marie Tran) to disable the First Order's tracker from within their lead Star Destroyer, but keeps the operation a secret from Holdo. Discovering that Holdo's plan is to have the Resistance forces abandon their vulnerable cruiser, Poe stages a mutiny. Finn, Rose, and BB-8 fail to disable the tracker, and an awakened Leia stops Poe's mutiny and resumes command though both Leia and Holdo express respect for Poe's daring. Leia later reveals to Poe that Holdo's plan was always to use the cruiser to draw the First Order off while the transports escaped undetected. The transports take the Resistance forces to an abandoned base on the planet Crait, where they transmit a distress signal to their allies. Poe leads an offensive against the invading First Order, but is unable to stop their assault. As Luke faces off against Ren, Poe leads the remaining members of the Resistance to escape through an uncharted passage. He is among those who flee with Rey (Daisy Ridley) on the "Millennium Falcon".


title: Poe Dameron

text: In an early version of the script, Poe accompanies Finn to Canto Bight, but writer/director Rian Johnson found the storyline flat when he realized their dialogue was interchangeable. This led to the creation of the character Rose Tico, who would challenge and contrast with Finn.


title: Poe Dameron

text: In "" (2019), one year later, Poe, along with Finn and Chewbacca (Joonas Suotamo), go to retrieve information about Kylo Ren from a First Order mole. He then goes to Passanna with Rey, Finn, BB-8, Chewbacca, and C-3PO (Anthony Daniels) to meet with one of Luke's contacts, purported to know about a Sith dagger that is connected to the resurrection of Emperor Palpatine (Ian McDiarmid), revealed to be the real power behind the First Order. This contact turns out to be Lando Calrissian (Billy Dee Williams), who along with the group is located and chased by the First Order, only just managing to evade them. After Chewbacca's apparent death, they head to Kijimi and meet up with Zorii Bliss (Keri Russell), a former crew member who helps them reach a black market droidsmith who will assist them in translating the language on the Sith dagger. They get help from Babu Frik (Shirley Henderson) to help C-3PO translate the language, but at the cost of his memories.


title: Poe Dameron

text: On Kijimi, Poe's backstory is explored: Zorii reveals that he used to be a spice runner and abandoned his friends and crew when he decided to fly for the Resistance. Zorii still maintains much resentment toward Poe for having left and nearly kills him upon meeting him again in Kijimi, but decides to help when Rey defeats her in combat. Zorii, reconnecting with Poe, tells him that she plans to travel the galaxy, and invites Poe to join her. Poe, whose faith in the Resistance has been shaken by the lack of support they have received since the Battle of Crait, considers going along with her, but Zorii ultimately urges him to finish what the Resistance has started. She helps him to board the "Resurgent"-class Star Destroyer "Steadfast" to rescue Chewbacca, whom he learns is still alive. While attempting to rescue Chewbacca, Poe and Finn are captured and set to be executed by General Hux (Domnhall Gleeson); Hux, however, lets them go when he reveals that he is the mole, supporting their cause to undermine Ren. They subsequently rescue Rey and Chewbacca aboard the "Millennium Falcon" and leave for Kef Bir, the ocean moon of Endor, where the remains of the second Death Star lie. While there, Poe displays a lack of concern for Rey's wellbeing, prompting Finn to reprimand him for his poor leadership skills in comparison to Leia.


title: Poe Dameron

text: Rey leaves Endor following her confrontation with Ren, leaving Poe, Finn, and new ally Jannah (Naomi Ackie) to return to the Resistance base. There, they learn that Leia has died, having made Poe Acting General before becoming one with the Force. Poe is deeply shaken and nervous about the pressure of leading the Resistance, but receives guidance from Lando, who shares that he was able to survive because of his reliance on his friends. Poe makes Finn his co-general and, upon learning the location of Exegol, gives a rousing speech to the rest of the Resistance that they have a cause that the rest of the galaxy believes in, and that good people will fight as long as they are able to lead them. Asking Lando to recruit Resistance allies throughout the galaxy, Poe leads a major strike against the Sith Eternal forces, including the Final Order. Despite the initial successes of the attack, the Sith Eternal seems to be more than the Resistance can take and, upon the death of Poe's friend Snap Wexley (Greg Grunberg), Poe begins to believe that his efforts have been futile. However, Lando soon arrives with a major fleet of supporters throughout the galaxy, including Zorii and Wedge Antilles (Denis Lawson). With the help of these supporters, as well as the deaths of Ren and Palpatine, the Resistance is able to secure their victory against the remaining Sith forces. Back at the Resistance base, Poe shares a final moment with Zorii, and reunites with Finn and Rey in an emotional victory celebration.


title: Poe Dameron

text: In "The Lego Star Wars Holiday Special" (2020), the following Life Day, Poe arranges a party to celebrate with Finn, Max Rebo, and Chewbacca's family, oblivious to Rey's travels through time.


title: Poe Dameron

text: In "" (2021), some time later, Poe and BB-8 make an emergency landing to repair their damaged X-wing fighter on Mustafar. While waiting for it to be repaired, the duo encounter crime boss Graballa the Hutt, who is renovating the former castle of Darth Vader as a hotel intended for tourism. Embarking on a tour with Graballa, BB-8, and Graballa's young mechanic Dean, Poe listens to the castle's caretaker — Vaneé, a former servant of Vader's — as they tell three wildly inaccurate accounts of "Star Wars" history about the various artefacts present in the castle. After finishing telling Poe and the others the stories, Vaneé tricks Dean — revealed to be Force-sensitive — into opening a Sith holocron for him, before donning Sith armour and the helmet of the Knights of Ren founder Ren and using the holocron to give himself artificial Force sensitivity. While attempting to kill them and leave the castle, Vaneé is knocked into lava by Poe and Dean — impressed by Dean's abilities, Poe offers to bring him to Rey for her to train him as a Jedi, and leaves in the X-wing with BB-8 and Dean, newly repaired by Dean.


title: Poe Dameron

text: Poe also appears in multiple "Star Wars" novels and comic books, in particular the Journey to "Star Wars" line, introduced to connect the "Star Wars" sequel trilogy with previous film installments.


title: Poe Dameron

text: Poe is first mentioned in the young adult novel "" (2015) by Cecil Castellucci and Jason Fry, set between "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980) and "Return of the Jedi" (1983). Poe is featured in "" (2015) by Greg Rucka, an anthology book for young readers about the lives of Poe, Rey and Finn before the events of "The Force Awakens". "" (2019) by Rebecca Roanhorse, covers the rebuilding of the Resistance after the events of "The Last Jedi". "Star Wars: Poe Dameron: Free Fall" by Alex Segura, released on August 4, 2020, explores Poe's early life and connection to Zorii Bliss.


title: Poe Dameron

text: Yavin 4, the moon on which the Rebel base was located in the 1977 film "Star Wars", was established as Poe's homeworld in the comic series "" (2015) after the Guatemalan-born Isaac learned that the shooting location for Yavin 4 had been Tikal, Guatemala. The "Shattered Empire" series features Poe's parents, members of the Rebel Alliance: his mother is Shara Bey, an A-wing pilot who adventures with Leia, and his father is Kes Dameron, part of a special ground force known as the Pathfinders who are led by Han Solo.


title: Poe Dameron

text: A Marvel comic book series titled "", written by Charles Soule and illustrated by Phil Noto, was published between April 2016 and September 2018. The beginning of the series takes place shortly before "The Force Awakens", eventually crossing over with that film's events and going past those of "The Last Jedi".


title: Poe Dameron

text: Poe appears in the 2018 animated TV series "Star Wars Resistance", voiced by Isaac. The Lego versions of Poe and BB-8 also appear in the 2016 short form animated series "", voiced by Lex Lang, and the short "Poe Dameron vs the First Order Snowspeeder".


title: Poe Dameron

text: Poe is a playable character in the 2015 "Force Awakens" add-on to the "Disney Infinity 3.0" video game, with an "Infinity" character figurine available separately. He is also a playable character in the video games "" (2015), "" (2016) and "" (2017). He was also planned to appear in the cancelled mobile game "Star Wars: Rivals". His personal X-Wing starfighter is playable in "", the sequel to its 2015 reboot.


title: Poe Dameron

text: Hasbro has released a 3.75 inch Poe Dameron action figure, and a 6-inch figure in their line. Funko has produced three Poe Dameron figures as part of their POP! Television line of 4.5 inch vinyl figures in the Japanese super deformed style. The first features the character in his flight suit, helmet, and goggles; the second is a Hot Topic-exclusive version in Poe's leather jacket look from the beginning of the film; and a third is an f.y.e.-exclusive version in an orange First Order "prisoner suit" and facial cut. Poe and BB-8 are featured in a Lego "Star Wars" playset called Poe's X-wing Fighter, and Poe is available as a Lego Buildable Figure. Hasbro released a wearable replica of Poe's helmet as part of its "Star Wars": The Black Series line in 2017.


title: Poe Dameron

text: Poe Dameron appears in the theme park attractions Star Tours – The Adventures Continue and , with Isaac reprising the role in each instance.


title: Poe Dameron

text: The character and Isaac's portrayal have received positive reviews. Michael Phillips of the "Chicago Tribune" wrote, "Oscar Isaac is a primary asset as Poe Dameron ... Like Ford's Han Solo in the original three, he's the guy you want on your team, the one who doesn't take any guff". Robbie Collin of "The Telegraph" called Poe "a dashing, dry-humoured swashbuckler—in short, he’s like Han Solo was 40 years ago". Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" described the "hotshot" pilot as "a man very much in the Solo mold", and Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times" wrote that Poe "suggests a next-generation Han". Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" noted that "Isaac has more than a bit of Han Solo swagger", and Ann Hornaday of "The Washington Post" said that "Isaac brings just the right amount of cocksure street smarts to his role". Brian Hiatt of "Rolling Stone" wrote that Poe's "loose, jazzy dialogue was the first, highly welcome clue that these new films would be more human in tone than George Lucas' prequels." "The Telegraph" also listed Poe's scenes as one of their "14 things "Star Wars" fans will love about "The Force Awakens"", writing that they "spark and fizz with energy" and that "while Han Solo will always hold the number one spot, Oscar Isaac’s Poe Dameron is definitely a serious contender for the title of Second Coolest Man in the Galaxy". Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" wrote that "Isaac oozes flyboy charm". Alex Brown of "Tor.com" called Poe "the greatest addition to "Star Wars" canon since Mara Jade", a popular character from the "Star Wars" expanded universe. Some critics believed that the revelation in "The Rise of Skywalker" that Poe spent time as a spice smuggler in his youth did not fit with what audiences already knew about the character from his film, television, novel, and comics appearances.


title: Poe Dameron

text: Both Joanna Robinson of "Vanity Fair" and Scott Mendelson of "Forbes" noted the chemistry between Poe and Finn (John Boyega), with Brian Truitt of "USA Today" calling the relationship a "bromance". Their scenes in the film, and Isaac's own comments during an interview with Ellen DeGeneres, have sparked fan and journalistic speculation that Poe could be gay, or be developed as such in future films. Several media outlets reported the wave of fan fiction and fan art created by fan "shippers", or those with a desire to see Poe and Finn in a romantic relationship. Commenting on Isaac's camaraderie with his "The Force Awakens" cast members, Robinson wrote that "the most important bond Isaac established was with John Boyega. Theirs is a flirtation that launched a thousand pieces of fan fiction." Despite fan support and Isaac's push for a romantic relationship between the characters, such a direction was not pursued in "The Rise of Skywalker". Film editor Maryann Brandon, who worked on both "The Force Awakens" and "The Rise of Skywalker", said she did not see a romance develop between the two characters in the footage for the films, noting that she was "not reading as much into it as an audience." Brandon described the characters as the "best of friends. There is a kind of brotherhood there where they understand each other, and they've got each other's back."


title: Supernatural horror film

text: Supernatural horror film is a film genre that combines aspects of horror film and supernatural film. Supernatural occurrences in such films often include ghosts and demons, and many supernatural horror films have elements of religion. Common themes in the genre are the afterlife, the Devil, and demonic possession. Not all supernatural horror films focus on religion, and they can have "more vivid and gruesome violence".


title: Supernatural horror film

text: For such films and other media, critics distinguish supernatural horror from psychological horror. Mathias Clasen writes in "Why Horror Seduces", "Supernatural horror involves some kind of suspension or breach of physical law, usually embodied in or caused by some kind of supernatural agency such as an uncanny monster or a ghost... psychological horror, on the other hand, does not involve violations of physical law, but features naturalistic (if often implausible) menaces and scenarios." Paul Meehan also distinguishes supernatural horror films from psychological horror, "The threat to societal order comes from something preternatural or anomalous: a haunted house, a curse, or a monster like a vampire or a werewolf."


title: Supernatural horror film

text: Charles Derry, writing in "Dark Dreams 2.0", contrasted supernatural horror and pseudoscientific horror as "two basic methods of explaining things away" in horror stories. Derry wrote, "Into the supernatural group one could fit all the monsters and horrors that are somehow involved with religions and ritual," highlighting witchcraft, Egyptology and reincarnation, and zombies. Aaron Smuts considers horror "to be a genre with two main sub-types, supernatural horror and realist horror" and that they "have different charms".


title: Supernatural horror film

text: Supernatural horror became prevalent in the 1920s and the early 1930s with German Expressionist films; Paul Meehan said the style created "a nightmarish netherworld of supernatural fear". The genre became more commercially popular in the 1930s with Universal Studios producing Universal Monsters films, and the films "were set in a mythical Transylvania or other Eastern European locale, in an unreal fantasy world far divorced from everyday". Meehan said, "This served to make the creatures of the night that populated these films into harmless chimeras comfortably ensconced in the faraway past." In the early 1940s, supernatural horror films had more contemporary settings, but the genre was ultimately superseded by psychological horror films. By the end of World War II, the supernatural horror genre "met its demise", being overshadowed by the atrocities of the war. By the 1950s, science fiction horror films had replaced supernatural horror films, and psychological horror films also became more popular in the same decade, ultimately eclipsing supernatural horror. The few supernatural horror films that were produced in the 1950s were often set in haunted houses, a continuation of haunted-house films prevalent in the 1940s.


title: Supernatural horror film

text: In the 1960s, horror films like "The Innocents" (1961), "The Haunting" (1963), and "Rosemary's Baby" (1968) used supernatural elements but were not directly about the paranormal. Other horror films used supernatural themes to code elements being censored by the Motion Picture Production Code (or the Hays Code). "The Haunting" featured a female protagonist interested in another woman, and she was a queer coded character. Such characters were commonplace in the history of supernatural horror films. Sue Matheson wrote of "Rosemary's Baby", "[It] popularized depictions of witchcraft, demonic activity, and the Devil on screen and generated a wave of supernatural horror movies." By the 1970s, the films "The Exorcist" (1973) and "The Omen" (1976) revived the supernatural horror genre. Literature was used as source material like with the earliest films, with the written works of Stephen King being adapted into "Carrie" (1976) and "The Shining" (1980). The film "Poltergeist" (1982) was also a genre highlight in the 1980s.


title: Supernatural horror film

text: In the 2000s, violent horror films called "torture porn" were popular. By the end of the decade, supernatural horror reclaimed their popularity. The found footage film "The Blair Witch Project" had achieved fame in 1999, and in the late 2000s, "Paranormal Activity" succeeded with the same film technique, which led to a film series that lasted until the mid-2010s.


title: Supernatural horror film

text: The highest-grossing supernatural horror film, adjusted for inflation, is "The Exorcist" (1973). It has an unadjusted gross of over with the original release and 2000 re-release combined; the estimated adjusted gross in 2019 is over . The highest-grossing supernatural horror film, unadjusted for inflation, is "It" (2017) with a worldwide gross of .


title: Supernatural horror film

text: In 2013, "Variety"s Andrew Stewart said supernatural horror films grossed more at the box office than other horror sub-genres. Stewart said, "Generally speaking, playability for that subset of horror films—meaning slasher and torture porn pics—is far less reliable... That's why filmmakers, who are looking to cash in on the often lucrative business of making low-budget horror movies, should skip the slasher genre and stick to good ole’ fashioned spectral storytelling."


title: Supernatural horror film

text: Joe Tompkins wrote that following the 1950s, many "Gothic and supernatural horror movies utilize dissonance, atonality, and unusual configurations of instruments to signify all sorts of anomalous, paranormal activity". He wrote that "Black Sunday" (1960) and "The Haunting" (1963) "make use of atonal clusters, which operate in sharp contrast to tonal music and thus provide antagonistic symbols for supernatural evil and good (respectively)". He also highlighted that "The Amityville Horror" (1979) and "Poltergeist" (1982) "employ various thematic materials ranging from soft-sounding lullabies to atonal outbursts".


title: Supernatural horror film

text: According to Janet K. Halfyard, supernatural horror-comedy films deploy various strategies to using music "to simultaneously locate the film within—or at least close to—the horror genre, while at the same time encouraging the audience to laugh instead of scream".


title: When Hope Calls

text: When Hope Calls is an American drama television series. The series is a spin-off of Hallmark Channel's "When Calls the Heart", which is based on the "Canadian West" book series by Janette Oke. It premiered on August 30, 2019 as the inaugural original programming on Hallmark Movies Now, the Hallmark Channel's digital streaming service, with new episodes being released through October 25, 2019. The series was subsequently aired on Hallmark Channel in early 2020. The series was renewed for a second season and premiered on Great American Family on December 18, 2021.


title: When Hope Calls

text: The series follows Lillian and Grace, originally introduced in "When Calls the Heart: The Greatest Christmas Blessing", as two orphaned sisters, who were separated when Lillian was seven and Grace was five. The two reunite as adults and open an orphanage in a small northwest town. The period piece is set in 1916 in the western Canadian town of Brookfield. Mountie Gabriel has a romantic interest in Lillian. Chuck, a rancher turned veterinarian, is the object of Grace's flirtations, much to the dismay of his dubious mother, Tess Stewart.


title: When Hope Calls

text: "When Hope Calls" is a spin-off of the long running prime time series "When Calls the Heart". Primary filming is at Powassan, Ontario, Canada. It is executive produced by Alfonso Moreno, Brian Bird, Brad Krevoy, Susie Belzberg Krevoy, Michael Landon Jr., Amanda Phillips Atkins, Jimmy Townsend, and Eric Jarboe. Confirmation of the project, the Hallmark Network's inaugural streaming series, was announced February 9, 2019 as part of Crown Media Family Networks' bi-annual Television Critics Association Winter Press Tour.


title: When Hope Calls

text: On September 29, 2021, it was reported that the series had renewed for a second season, but would now be broadcast on GAC Family. It was also reported that "When Calls the Heart" actress Lori Loughlin would appear in the second season premiere, in her first television acting appearance since her arrest for her role in the 2019 college admissions bribery scandal.


title: When Hope Calls

text: "When Hope Calls" premiered in back-to-back double episodes on August 30, 2019 on the Hallmark Movies Now network digital streaming service. The first season was re-broadcast on Hallmark Channel starting in February 2020. A second season premiered on December 18, 2021, and is broadcast on GAC Family instead of being released by Hallmark.


title: Grimdark

text: Grimdark is a subgenre of speculative fiction with a tone, style, or setting that is particularly dystopian, amoral, and violent. The term is inspired by the tagline of the tabletop strategy game "Warhammer 40,000": "In the grim darkness of the far future there is only war."


title: Grimdark

text: Whether grimdark is a genre in its own right or an unhelpful label has also been discussed. Valentine noted that while some writers have embraced the term, others see it as "a dismissive term for fantasy that's dismantling tropes, a stamp unfairly applied."


title: Grimdark

text: According to Roberts, grimdark is an "anti-Tolkien" approach to fantasy writing. George R. R. Martin's popular grimdark fantasy series "A Song of Ice and Fire" is characterized, in Roberts' view, by its reaction to Tolkien's idealism, even though it owes a lot to Tolkien. According to Garrad, grimdark is associated with the gothic movement of the 1990s and its negativity and emphasis on loss.


title: Grimdark

text: Writing in "The Guardian" in 2016, Damien Walter summarized what he considered grimdark's "domination" of the fantasy genre as "bigger swords, more fighting, bloodier blood, more fighting, axes, more fighting", and a "commercial imperative to win adolescent male readers". He saw this trend as being in opposition to "a truly epic and more emotionally nuanced kind of fantasy" that delivered storytelling.


title: Grimdark

text: Grimdark fantasy has been written since the 1980s by Glen Cook, George R. R. Martin, Joe Abercrombie, Richard K. Morgan, Steven Erikson, Paul Kearney and Mark Lawrence. In a broader sense, the "pervasively gritty, bleak, pessimistic, or nihilistic view of the world" characteristic of grimdark fiction is found in much popular fiction from the 2000s, including "Batman" comics, the television series "Breaking Bad", and the media franchise "The Walking Dead".


title: Grimdark

text: In 2017, the writer Alexandra Rowland proposed that the "opposite of grimdark" is "hopepunk", a trend that emphasizes what grimdark rejects: the importance of hope and the sense that ideals are worth fighting for despite adversity. The novelist Derek B. Miller defined hopepunk as "stories that free the soul from darkness. That necessitates situating the characters and action in a dark world and then directing the drama and activity towards the light. Whether they reach it or not is part of the story."


title: Grimdark

text: Another style proposed to provide a contrast to grimdark is "noblebright", which takes as its premise that not only are there good fights worth fighting, but that they are also winnable and result in a happy ending.


title: William Clark

text: William Clark (August 1, 1770 – September 1, 1838) was an American explorer, soldier, Indian agent, and territorial governor. A native of Virginia, he grew up in pre-statehood Kentucky before later settling in what became the state of Missouri.


title: William Clark

text: Along with Meriwether Lewis, Clark led the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804–1806 across the Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific Ocean, the first major effort to explore and map much of what is now the Western United States and to assert American claims to the Pacific Northwest. Before the expedition, he served in a militia and the United States Army. Afterward, he served in a militia and as governor of the Missouri Territory. From 1822 until his death in 1838, he served as Superintendent of Indian Affairs.


title: William Clark

text: William Clark was born in Caroline County, Virginia, on August 1, 1770, the ninth of ten children of John and Ann Rogers Clark. His parents were natives of King and Queen County, and were of English and possibly Scots ancestry. The Clarks were planters in Virginia and owned several modest estates and a few slaves. They were members of the Anglican Church.


title: William Clark

text: Clark did not have any formal education; like many of his contemporaries, he was tutored at home. In later years, he was self-conscious about his convoluted grammar and inconsistent spelling—he spelled "Sioux" 27 different ways in his journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition—and sought to have his journals corrected before publication. The spelling of American English was not standardized in Clark's youth, but his vocabulary suggests he was well read.


title: William Clark

text: Clark's five older brothers fought in Virginia units during the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), but William was too young. His oldest brother, Jonathan Clark, served as a colonel during the war, rising to the rank of brigadier general in the Virginia militia years afterward. His second-oldest brother, George Rogers Clark, rose to the rank of general, spending most of the war in Kentucky fighting against British-allied American Indians. After the war, the two oldest Clark brothers made arrangements for their parents and family to relocate to Kentucky.


title: William Clark

text: William, his parents, his three sisters, and the Clark family's slaves arrived in Kentucky in March 1785, having first traveled overland to Redstone Landing in present-day Brownsville, Pennsylvania. They completed the journey down the Ohio River by flatboat. The Clark family settled at "Mulberry Hill", a plantation along Beargrass Creek near Louisville. This was William Clark's primary home until 1803. In Kentucky, his older brother George Rogers Clark taught William wilderness survival skills.


title: William Clark

text: Kentuckians fought the Northwest Indian War against American Indians, who were trying to preserve their territory north of the Ohio River. In 1789, 19-year-old William Clark joined a volunteer militia force under Major John Hardin. Clark kept a detailed journal of the expedition, beginning a lifelong practice. Hardin was advancing against the Wea Indians, who had been raiding settlements in Kentucky, on the Wabash River. In error, the undisciplined Kentucky militia attacked a peaceful Shawnee hunting camp, where they killed a total of eight men, women, and children.


title: William Clark

text: In 1790, Clark was commissioned by General Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory, as a captain in the Clarksville, Indiana militia. One older source says he was sent on a mission to the Creek and Cherokee, whom the US hoped to keep out of the war, in the Southeast. His responsibilities are unclear. He may have visited New Orleans at that time. His travels prevented him from participating in General Josiah Harmar's disastrous campaign into the Northwest Territory that year.


title: William Clark

text: In 1791, Clark served as an ensign and acting lieutenant with expeditions under generals Charles Scott and James Wilkinson. He enlisted in the Legion of the United States and was commissioned as a lieutenant on March 6, 1792, under Anthony Wayne. On September 4, 1792, he was assigned to the 4th Sub-Legion. He was involved in several skirmishes with Indians during the continuing Northwest Indian War. At the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, Clark commanded a company of riflemen who drove back the enemy on the left flank, killing a number of Native Americans and Canadians. This decisive US victory brought the Northwest Indian War to an end. In 1795, Clark was dispatched on a mission to New Madrid, Missouri. Clark also served as an adjutant and quartermaster while in the militia.


title: William Clark

text: William Clark resigned his commission on July 4, 1796, and retired due to poor health, although he was only 26 years old. He returned to Mulberry Hill, his family's plantation near Louisville.


title: William Clark

text: In 1803, Meriwether Lewis recruited Clark, then age 33, to share command of the newly formed Corps of Discovery, whose mission was to explore the territory of the Louisiana Purchase, establish trade with Native Americans, and consolidate the sovereignty of the US. They were to find a waterway from the US to the Pacific Ocean and claim the Oregon territory for the United States before European nations did. Clark spent three years on the expedition to the Pacific Coast. A slave owner known to deal harshly with his slaves, he brought York, one of his slaves, with him. The indigenous nations treated York with respect, and many of the Native Americans were interested in his appearance, which "played a key role in diplomatic relations".


title: William Clark

text: Although Clark was refused a promotion to the rank of captain when Jefferson asked the Senate to appoint him, at Lewis' insistence, he exercised equal authority, and continued the mission. Clark concentrated chiefly on the drawing of maps, the management of the expedition's supplies, and leading hunting expeditions for game.


title: William Clark

text: In 1807, President Jefferson appointed Clark as the brigadier general of the militia in the Louisiana Territory, and the US agent for Indian affairs. At the time, trade was a major goal and the US established the factory system. The government and its appointees licensed traders to set up trading posts in Native American territory. Native American relations were handled in what became the War Department. Clark set up his headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri, where he would live for most of the rest of his life.


title: William Clark

text: There he became a member of the Freemasons, a secret fraternal group. The records of his initiation do not exist, but on September 18, 1809, Saint Louis Lodge No. 111 issued a traveling certificate for Clark.


title: William Clark

text: As a reward for their contributions during their expedition to the Pacific Lewis and Clark were given government positions. Jefferson appointed Meriwether Lewis territorial governor of Upper Louisiana, commander-in-chief of the militia, and superintendent of Indian Affairs. Although he was in charge of Indian affairs, Clark was under the supervision of the Governor of the Louisiana Territory. The governor had final say of all decisions made in the territory. Although Clark had primary duties in dealing with the Native Americans, "the territorial governor held the title of ex officio superintendent of Indian affairs.


title: William Clark

text: Clark's experiences during his cross-continent expedition gave him the tools to be the ideal candidate for a diplomat to the Native Americans. That was Jefferson's motives behind giving Clark these duties, although it would not be until Madison's presidency that Clark's title became official. President James Madison appointed Clark as Missouri territorial governor and thus "ex officio" superintendent of Indian affairs in that region, during the summers of 1808 and 1813. In the earlier period, Clark performed the same duties that he would have if he held the title. During the years while Clark held position under Governor Lewis, he was continuously involved in decision-making with him. Clark was consulted on affairs on a regular basis. In Louisiana and Missouri, Clark served the United States government for the longest term in history as diplomat to the Native American peoples.


title: William Clark

text: Indian diplomacy occupied much of Clark's time; the dutiful soldier and bureaucrat never wavered in his commitment to an expansionist national agenda that expected Indians to surrender their lands, abandon their traditional ways, and acquiesce to the dictates of the U.S. government. But he was aware of the consequences and he demonstrated genuine concern for the plight of destitute native people increasingly threatened with extinction, so much so that Indian-hating frontier settlers called him an "Indian lover". Clark's expeditions and frontier settlement gave him unique views and feelings toward Native Americans. He felt as though he held a firm hand when he had to, but at the same time he had passion towards them as people still deserving of rights. At times he was said to be too compassionate. Clark took his position as one of extreme importance to not only the government of the United States, but to the Native American people as well.


title: William Clark

text: Clark recognized Indians' nationalism, their history, language, culture, and territory and negotiated treaties between the various nations and his. He tried to protect Indians and preserve their culture by removing them from the influences of white society, providing life-saving inoculations, having their portraits painted, and assembling a museum of Indian artifacts. At the same time, he removed Indians from their ancestral lands; encouraged federal "civilization" and "education" programs to change native lifestyles, religious beliefs, and cultural practices; and usually promoted the interests of American citizens over Indian needs and desires.


title: William Clark

text: During the War of 1812, Clark led several campaigns, among them in 1814, one along the Mississippi River, up to the Prairie du Chien area. He established the short-lived Fort Shelby, the first post in what is now Wisconsin. Soon, the post was captured by the British. When the Missouri Territory was formed in 1813, Clark was appointed as the governor by President Madison. He was reappointed to the position by Madison in 1816, and in 1820 by President Monroe.


title: William Clark

text: William Clark appeared before Supreme Court Judge John B.C. Lucas in St. Louis on July 6, 1813, to take the oath of office as governor of the Missouri Territory. Clark's road to a gubernatorial appointment was long and complex. Upon Lewis' appointment by Jefferson, Clark backed him and at times filled the role of governor without holding official position, due to Lewis' complications in life, whether it was debt, loneliness, or drinking. Upon the death of Lewis in 1809, Clark declined to take office for varying reasons.


title: William Clark

text: By the time he was appointed governor, Clark appreciated his own capabilities and embraced them rather than turning them away. When he took office, America was involved in the War of 1812 with the British. Clark feared the influence the British would have on the Native Americans. British tactics would include the use of Indians as allies in the fighting against the United States. In return for British victory, Indians would either be able to continue to occupy their current land or receive lands back that were taken from them previously by the United States Government. Clark held office for the next seven years until he was voted out of office in 1820, in the first election after Missouri became a state. He was defeated by Alexander McNair.


title: William Clark

text: In 1822, Clark was appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs by President James Monroe, a new position created by Congress after the factory system was abolished. Clark served in that position until his death; his title changed with the creation of the Office of Indian Affairs in 1824 and finally the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1829, both within the War Department. From 1824 to 1825, he was additionally appointed surveyor general of Illinois, Missouri, and the Territory of Arkansaw. It was around this time that Clark received a rare smoking pipe or calumet as a gift from a Potowatomi chief in Missouri. The pipe is held in the British Museum's collection.


title: William Clark

text: As the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Clark was the most important man on Native American matters west of the Mississippi. As superintendent at St. Louis, Clark took on some additional duties: he issued licenses and granted passports to traders and travelers; provided payments for injuries and injustices to both whites and Indians; invoked military force to arrest lawbreakers; prevented or terminated hostilities between tribes; removed unauthorized persons from Indian country or confiscated their property; established, marked, and surveyed boundaries; distributed annuities and made sure that treaty provisions were delivered; and conducted treaty councils. Of the four superintendents of Indian affairs, the others were the governors of Michigan, Florida, and Arkansas territories; Clark had by far the largest superintendency.


title: William Clark

text: Though Clark tried to maintain peaceful relations with indigenous nations and negotiated peace treaties, he was in charge of implementing President Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy. He managed retaliation against Black Hawk and those allied with him in the Black Hawk War, when hostilities arose between them and the Americans. Clark issued "an extermination order", which he gave to Lewis Cass, a man who played a central role in Jackson's removal policy.


title: William Clark

text: Clark believed in the Jeffersonian ideology in which assimilation would be the best course of action for Native Americans. However, in the end, relocation of the Indians from their native lands became the government's primary goal, and even the assimilated Five Civilized Tribes were moved by force (threat of military action). Clark's government position on Native American affairs kept him at the forefront of countless relocations. He expressed sympathy for those uprooted tribes and promoted their interests as he understood them, nevertheless, he agreed with and implemented the policy of Indian removal, negotiating 37, or one-tenth, of all ratified treaties between American Indians and the United States. Over the course of his career, millions of acres passed from Indian to U.S. ownership through Clark's hand.


title: William Clark

text: After returning from his cross-country expedition, Clark married Julia Hancock on January 5, 1808, at Fincastle, Virginia. They had five children: Meriwether Lewis Clark, Sr. (1809–1881), named after his friend and expedition partner; William Preston Clark (1811–1840); Mary Margaret Clark (1814–1821); George Rogers Hancock Clark (1816–1858), named after Clark's older brother; and John Julius Clark (1818–1831), named after his oldest brother Jonathan and Clark's wife.


title: William Clark

text: After Julia's death in 1820, William Clark married Julia's first cousin, Harriet Kennerly Radford. They had three children together: Jefferson Kearny Clark (1824–1900), named after the president; Edmund Clark (1826–1827), named after another of his older brothers; and Harriet Clark, named after her mother (dates unknown; died as child). His second wife Harriet died in 1831.


title: William Clark

text: Clark allegedly had a Nez Perce son, Tzi-Kal-Tza/Halahtookit. Clark also served as a guardian to Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, the son of Sacagawea and Toussaint Charbonneau.


title: William Clark

text: William Clark died in St. Louis on September 1, 1838, at age 68. Clark was originally buried at his nephew John O'Fallon's property, in 1838. That area is now known as O'Fallon Park. The funeral procession stretched for more than a mile and cannons fired a military salute. The entire city of St. Louis mourned his passing.


title: William Clark

text: Clark and six of his family members were later buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery on October 23, 1860. The monument that marks their graves, a gray granite obelisk, was dedicated in 1904 on the centennial anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase. Clark's son, Jefferson Kearney Clark, designed the monument and paid $25,000 for it ($425,000 in 2005 figures). Jefferson Clark's wife had to complete the building of the monument after Jefferson died in 1900. Many years later, the monument was restored and rededicated on May 21, 2004, to mark the bicentennial of the Corps of Discovery's departure from St. Charles, Missouri. Members of the Shoshone, Osage, and Mandan tribes spoke at the ceremony, marking Clark's service to these Indian nations during the final years of his life.


title: The Final Problem (Sherlock)

text: "The Final Problem" is the third episode of the fourth series of the British television series "Sherlock" and the thirteenth episode overall. The episode was first broadcast on BBC One, PBS, Channel One and 1+1 on 15 January 2017.


title: The Final Problem (Sherlock)

text: A panic-stricken little girl wakes up on an aeroplane and finds everybody asleep. She picks a mobile phone up and hears Jim Moriarty announce, "Welcome to the final problem".


title: The Final Problem (Sherlock)

text: Mycroft Holmes is at home, where Sherlock and Watson trick him into revealing that their sister, Eurus, exists. At 221B Baker Street, Mycroft explains that Eurus was an era-defining genius on a par with Isaac Newton, with intellectual capacities far greater than Sherlock's and Mycroft's, coupled with a total lack of normal sensation and emotion. Mycroft reveals that their parents sent Eurus to a mental institution after she kidnapped and drowned Sherlock's dog Redbeard and after she burned their home down. Mycroft withheld this from Sherlock because Eurus had traumatized him as a child, taunting him with an enigmatic song, and leading ultimately to Mycroft having his memories 'rewritten', he'd also been lying to their parents about Eurus not surviving the blaze she had set. An adult Mycroft then sent her to a Government 'Black site' and maximum-security facility, a "Prison within a prison", in the North Sea, Sherrinford, unknown to anyone outside very high ranking government officials and only on a need to know basis. When Mycroft insists that she is secured, a quadcopter carrying a motion-activated grenade flies into Sherlock's flat. John, Sherlock, and Mycroft flee as the bomb detonates, blasting Holmes and Watson out of the windows.


title: The Final Problem (Sherlock)

text: Later, John and Sherlock hijack a fishing trawler to travel to Sherrinford, carrying out a diversionary plan so that Sherlock can reach Eurus' cell. Mycroft and John corner the prison governor, discovering that he has explicitly disobeyed Mycroft's protocol and has allowed Eurus to interact with prison staff. Using her skill to "reprogram" everyone she speaks with, Eurus has effectively ruled the prison. Meanwhile, Sherlock talks to Eurus, but she attacks him and knocks him unconscious. The guards lock Sherlock, John, Mycroft, and the governor together in Eurus's old cell.


title: The Final Problem (Sherlock)

text: Mycroft reveals that five years before, he granted Eurus an unsupervised five-minute interview with Moriarty as a Christmas present in exchange for detecting national security threats to Britain. During that time, Moriarty agreed to record video messages for her. After forcing the governor to commit suicide, Eurus mentally torments Sherlock, Mycroft, and Watson, forcing them into sinister games to save their lives while videos of Moriarty heckle them. Although Eurus forces Sherlock onward with the prospect of saving the girl on the aeroplane, he eventually stops the games by threatening to shoot himself when she orders him to murder either John or Mycroft. Furious, Eurus uses tranquilliser darts on the three of them.


title: The Final Problem (Sherlock)

text: Sherlock wakes up near the burnt-out wreckage of his family's old house. He speaks to the girl in the aeroplane to guide her in landing safely. John wakes up chained at the bottom of a well. As Eurus raises the water level in the well, John finds a human skull there. Sherlock realizes that what he thought was his dog Redbeard was his childhood friend, Victor Trevor. Eurus threw him into the well and left him for dead because she felt left out of Sherlock's attention as a child. Sherlock then deciphers the song's real meaning that Eurus originally taunted him with when Victor went missing, which reveals that she wants him to find her. Sherlock deduces that the girl in the plane is Eurus's mental metaphor and that the game has been a cry for help. With Eurus' puzzle solved, Sherlock sends her back to Sherrinford after rescuing John.


title: The Final Problem (Sherlock)

text: Mycroft explains to his and Sherlock's parents, who are angry that they had been told that Eurus was dead, that she refuses to speak to people anymore. Sherlock visits her, and they play the violin together, giving performances for their parents and Mycroft. While helping Sherlock repair his destroyed flat, John receives a video sent by Mary before she died, encouraging him to continue working with Sherlock.


title: The Final Problem (Sherlock)

text: The title of the episode is a reference to "The Final Problem" (1893). The riddle presented by Eurus in the form of a song is a reference to "The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual" (1893), which it directly references. Watson's mention of the east wind and the name of Eurus Holmes are a reference to "His Last Bow" (1917), where Holmes says, "There's an east wind coming, Watson." The three Garrideb brothers seen in a puzzle sequence are an adaptation of "The Adventure of the Three Garridebs" (1924). The character Victor Trevor is a reference to "The Adventure of the "Gloria Scott"" (1893), where he appears as Holmes' first ever close friend, albeit in university rather than in childhood. Jim Moriarty's brother is mentioned as a broadcast station master, a reference to "The Valley of Fear" (1915), where James Moriarty's brother is noted to be a railway station master. The message on the coffin lid is a reference to "The Disappearance of Lady Frances Carfax" (1911). The closing shot shows Holmes and Watson exiting "Rathbone Place", a reference to Basil Rathbone, who played Sherlock Holmes in fourteen films and a radio series.


title: The Final Problem (Sherlock)

text: In the final sequence, "The Adventure of the Dancing Men" (1903) is referenced with the following cipher seen on a chalkboard, which reads "AM HERE ABE SLANEY":


title: The Final Problem (Sherlock)

text: This idea (pictorial coded messages) was previously used as inspiration for the earlier series 1 episode "The Blind Banker".


title: The Final Problem (Sherlock)

text: The setting for Sherrinford, the high-security prison, was filmed at St Catherine's Fort, St Catherine's Island off Castle Beach in Tenby, Pembrokeshire, Wales.


title: The Final Problem (Sherlock)

text: Musician Paul Weller made a cameo appearance, in a non-speaking role as a man lying on the floor in a Viking costume, seen near the end of the episode.


title: The Final Problem (Sherlock)

text: On 14 January, one day before the episode's broadcast, it was released online with Russian dialogue. Both the official "Sherlock" Twitter account and members of the "Sherlock" team acknowledged this and asked people to not share it and keep the Internet free of spoilers.


title: The Final Problem (Sherlock)

text: On 16 January Channel One Russia, the network holding the rights to the broadcast in Russia, issued an apology, having determined that the material had been hacked from their system. Channel One Russia announced it was conducting an investigation, while BBC, through BBC Worldwide, announced its own full-scale investigation of the leak.


title: The Final Problem (Sherlock)

text: "The Final Problem" received mixed reviews from critics. Among the more positive reviews was Sean O'Grady of "The Independent" who gave the episode four out of five stars, stating that "Benedict Cumberbatch and Tim Freeman are their usual accomplished double act" although suggesting "Maybe Sherlock needs a little more reimagining". Meanwhile, Michael Hogan of "The Daily Telegraph" gave the episode five out of five stars, praising that "the dazzling script delivered laughs, excitement, and emotion .. we were left with a wiser Holmes and Watson." He also commented about the possibility of series 4 being the last series for Sherlock, stating "if this was the last-ever episode, which it surely won't be, it worked well as a sign off." Louisa Mellor of "Den of Geek" wrote "this was fun to watch. Fun and ultra-tense with a terrific, whooshing sense of momentum. It went like the clappers, held its breath, went like the clappers again, held its breath some more until you thought you might pass out with the dizziness." Neela Debnath of the "Daily Express" was also positive, writing "I can't fault the thrill ride that The Final Problem takes viewers on from the beginning to the end. Sherlock has clawed itself back from the edge." Two separate reviews in "The Observer" or "The Guardian" were positive, with one describing it as too byzantine, but "much better than it looked" and the other writing "with a visual swagger far beyond the budget – and including an eerily beautiful high-security violin duet for Sherlock and Eurus – this was a fine way to go."


title: The Final Problem (Sherlock)

text: However, some reviews were more critical. A third "Guardian" review was negative, stating Holmes had "become a parody of himself". Kaite Welsh of "IndieWire" scored the episode a grade of B−, writing "Steven Moffatt and Mark Gatiss wrap up their 13th episode on an elegiac note, musing on the legend that is Sherlock and Watson. It's just a shame the rest of the episode was such a mess, really". Ian Hyland of "The Daily Mirror" stated that he preferred it "when Holmes and Watson were just solving fairly believable mysteries. If it went back to that I'd welcome another series or two with open arms." He compared the series to the BBC series "Taboo", suggesting that the latter would be a better television series for those who love Sherlock. Aja Romano of "Vox" also criticized the episode, praising the usual drama of Sherlock, but being critical of the fact that the episode "collapses into a muddled mess of melodrama and confusion ... there is even less logic." Romano considered the episode to be an anticlimax, saying "the episode feels like a window dressing on a completely different story."


title: The Final Problem (Sherlock)

text: Issues of representation within the episode were raised by some commentators. Gavia Baker-Whitelaw of "The Daily Dot" called the episode the "most sexist" of the TV show. She noted that Eurus, a stereotypical female villain, "ticks every box for the kind of madwoman who gets locked up in an asylum in a 19th century melodrama" and commits crimes only motivated "by a desire for male attention."


title: Anna Petrakova

text: Anna Viktorovna Petrakova-Parker (, born 4 December 1984) is a Russian professional basketball player. She was part of the Russia women's national basketball team that placed fourth at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She won the 2011–12 EuroCup Women with Dynamo Kursk and the 2012–13 EuroLeague Women and the 2013 FIBA Europe SuperCup Women with UMMC Ekaterinburg.


title: Anna Petrakova

text: Petrakova married WNBA player Candace Parker in 2019. Their son, Airr Larry Petrakov Parker, was born in February 2022.


title: Yvette Monreal

text: Yvette Monreal is an American actress. she is known for her work as Senna Galan in "Matador" (2014), Reagan in MTV's "Faking It" (2014), and Yolanda Montez/Wildcat in The CW’s "Stargirl" (2020). She also appears in the action film "" as John Rambo's caretaker's granddaughter.


title: Yvette Monreal

text: Monreal grew up in London, California. She became interested in acting after taking drama classes in high school. She feels that her mother inspired her to make this decision. Monreal is of half Chilean and half Mexican descent. As a child, she had enjoyed Halle Berry playing "Catwoman" and wanted to be like her. She has said her upbringing was "very Catholic".


title: Sleep Token

text: Sleep Token are an anonymous British rock collective. Their second album "This Place Will Become Your Tomb" was elected by "Loudwire" as the 12th best rock/metal album of 2021.


title: Sleep Token

text: The members of Sleep Token are a masked, anonymous collective of musicians said to be united in their worship of an ancient deity identified by them as "Sleep", who appeared to the band's lead singer, "Vessel", in a dream.


title: Sleep Token

text: The band was scheduled to play at Knotfest 2020, but the event was cancelled due to concerns regarding the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The band has previously toured their home country of the United Kingdom and also opened for Issues in the United States. On 18 June 2021, the band performed at Download Pilot, where they headlined the second stage. On 29 April 2022, Vessel performed a special acoustic show, dubbed 'From The Room Below', at Lafayette in London, during which they performed the live debuts of 'Shelter' and a cover of Leonard Cohen's 'Hallelujah'. In May 2022, they supported Architects in the UK on their "For those that wish to exist" tour.


title: Beth Broderick

text: Elizabeth Alice Broderick (born February 24, 1959) is an American actress. She portrayed Zelda Spellman in the ABC/WB television sitcom "Sabrina the Teenage Witch" (1996–2003). She also had recurring roles as Diane Janssen in the ABC mystery drama series "Lost" (2005–2008) and as Rose Twitchell in the CBS science fiction drama series "Under the Dome" (2013).


title: Beth Broderick

text: Beth Broderick was born in Falmouth, Kentucky, the daughter of Nina Lou (née Bowden) and Thomas Joseph Broderick. She grew up in Huntington Beach, California. Even as a child, she was interested in theatre. She graduated from high school at sixteen, and then from the American Academy of Arts in Pasadena, California, at the age of 18. Afterwards, she moved to New York City to pursue an acting career. She has two sisters.


title: Beth Broderick

text: Billed as Elizabeth Alice Broderick, and later as Norris O'Neal, she made her debut in two adult films, "In Love" (1983) and "Bordello: House of the Rising Sun" (1985). Both roles portrayed her as a lesbian and were financially unsuccessful. Again as Norris O'Neal, she appeared in the mainstream comedy "Sex Appeal" (1986). In 1986 she had small roles in "If Looks Could Kill", "Student Affairs", "Young Nurses in Love", and "Slammer Girls", a spoof of the women in prison film genre.


title: Beth Broderick

text: Her first significant role was in "Stealing Home" (1988), in which she played Leslie, a young woman who seduces a teenager (played by Jonathan Silverman). In 1990, she had a small part in "The Bonfire of the Vanities". Her movie credits include "Man of the Year" (1995), "Maternal Instincts" (1996), "Breast Men" (1997), "Psycho Beach Party" (2000) and "The Inner Circle" (2003). She also played a small role in the movie "Fools Rush In" (1997), with Matthew Perry and Salma Hayek, as a business woman. In the film "Timber Falls", she played a crazy religious woman, who together with her husband and brother, torture couples who break the rules of chastity while camping.


title: Beth Broderick

text: Her television credits include "Married... with Children", "The 5 Mrs. Buchanans", "Hearts Afire", "Supernatural" and "Glory Days". She guest starred on "Northern Exposure" in the 1992 episode "It Happened In Juneau", playing a lusty doctor hunting for a one-night stand with Dr. Joel Fleischman, played by Rob Morrow. In 1997 she appeared in the racy Showtime series "" ("The Bitter and the Sweet" 2:17). She had a minor, recurring role in the hit ABC series "Lost" as Kate Austen's mother, Diane. She played a minor role in "" during a tsunami where she played a neighbor of CSI Ryan Wolfe's uncle. More recently, she had guest starring roles on "Leverage" and "Castle". In 2019, she was in "Sister of the Bride", a Hallmark channel movie.


title: Beth Broderick

text: She has appeared in several theater productions like "Carnal Knowledge", "Triplets in Uniform" and "Zastrozzi, the Master of Discipline" (which she also co-produced). In New York she has starred in "The Mousetrap", "The Lion in Winter" and many more. She was recently in the Chicago Northlight Theatre production of the one-woman show titled "Bad Dates".


title: Beth Broderick

text: She directed three episodes of "Sabrina, the Teenage Witch": "Guilty!" (2002), "Cloud Ten" (2002), and "Making the Grade" (2001).


title: Beth Broderick

text: Broderick had a year-long romance with director Brian De Palma during production of "The Bonfire of the Vanities" (1990). In 1998, Broderick married Brian Porizek, and the couple divorced on July 11, 2000. She married Scott Paetty on April 29, 2005.


title: Beth Broderick

text: Broderick is a founding member of Momentum, one of the first organizations in New York established to assist people with AIDS. She is also a founding member of the Celebrity Action Council of the City Light Women's Rehabilitation Program, which provides hands-on service to homeless women, helping them overcome substance abuse and learn job skills.


title: Beth Broderick

text: Broderick lived in Austin, Texas as of 2014, where she appears in indie films and local theater productions.


title: Blood urea nitrogen

text: Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a medical test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen found in blood. The liver produces urea in the urea cycle as a waste product of the digestion of protein. Normal human adult blood should contain 6 to 20 mg/dL (2.1 to 7.1 mmol/L) of urea nitrogen. Individual laboratories will have different reference ranges as the assay used can vary between laboratories. The test is used to detect renal problems. It is not considered as reliable as creatinine or BUN/creatinine ratio blood studies.


title: Blood urea nitrogen

text: The main causes of an increase in BUN are: high protein diet, decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (suggestive of kidney failure), decrease in blood volume (hypovolemia), congestive heart failure, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, fever, rapid cell destruction from infections, athletic activity, excessive muscle breakdown, and increased catabolism.


title: Blood urea nitrogen

text: Hypothyroidism can cause both decreased GFR and hypovolemia, but BUN-to-creatinine ratio has been found to be lowered in hypothyroidism and raised in hyperthyroidism.


title: Blood urea nitrogen

text: The main causes of a decrease in BUN are severe liver disease, anabolic state, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone.


title: Blood urea nitrogen

text: Another rare cause of a decreased BUN is ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, which is a genetic disorder inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. OTC deficiency is also accompanied by hyperammonemia and high orotic acid levels.


title: Blood urea nitrogen

text: BUN (urea-N) is mg/dL in the United States, Mexico, Italy, Austria, and Germany. Elsewhere, the concentration of urea is reported in SI unit as mmol/L, which is generally depending on the lab.


title: Blood urea nitrogen

text: formula_1 represents the mass of nitrogen within urea/volume, not the mass of whole urea. Each molecule of urea has two nitrogen atoms, each of molar mass 14g/mol. To convert from mg/dL of blood urea nitrogen to mmol/L of urea:


title: Blood urea nitrogen

text: Note that molar concentrations of urea and urea nitrogen are equal, because both nitrogen gas and urea has two nitrogen atoms.


title: Miletus

text: Miletus (; ; Hittite transcription "Millawanda" or "Milawata" (exonyms); ; ) was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia, near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Ionia. Its ruins are located near the modern village of Balat in Aydın Province, Turkey. Before the Persian rule that started in the 6th century BC, Miletus was considered among the greatest and wealthiest of Greek cities.


title: Miletus

text: Evidence of first settlement at the site has been made inaccessible by the rise of sea level and deposition of sediments from the Maeander. The first available evidence is of the Neolithic. In the early and middle Bronze Age the settlement came under Minoan influence. Legend has it that an influx of Cretans occurred displacing the indigenous Leleges, and the site was renamed Miletus after a place in Crete.


title: Miletus

text: Recorded history at Miletus begins with the records of the Hittite Empire, and the Mycenaean records of Pylos and Knossos, in the Late Bronze Age. Miletus was a Mycenaean stronghold on the coast of Asia Minor from c. 1450 to 1100 BC.


title: Miletus

text: The 13th century BC saw the arrival of Luwian language speakers from south central Anatolia calling themselves the Carians. Later in that century other Greeks arrived. The city at that time rebelled against the Hittite Empire. After the fall of that empire the city was destroyed in the 12th century BC and starting about 1000 BC was resettled extensively by the Ionian Greeks. Legend offers an Ionian foundation event sponsored by a founder named Neleus from the Peloponnesus.


title: Miletus

text: The Greek Dark Ages were a time of Ionian settlement and consolidation in an alliance called the Ionian League. The Archaic Period of Greece began with a sudden and brilliant flash of art and philosophy on the coast of Anatolia. In the 6th century BC, Miletus was the site of origin of the Greek philosophical (and scientific) tradition, when Thales, followed by Anaximander and Anaximenes (known collectively, to modern scholars, as the Milesian school), began to speculate about the material constitution of the world, and to propose speculative naturalistic (as opposed to traditional, supernatural) explanations for various natural phenomena.


title: Miletus

text: The earliest available archaeological evidence indicates that the islands on which Miletus was originally placed were inhabited by a Neolithic population in 3500–3000 BC. Pollen in core samples from Lake Bafa in the Latmus region inland of Miletus suggests that a lightly grazed climax forest prevailed in the Maeander valley, otherwise untenanted. Sparse Neolithic settlements were made at springs, numerous and sometimes geothermal in this karst, rift valley topography. The islands offshore were settled perhaps for their strategic significance at the mouth of the Maeander, a route inland protected by escarpments. The graziers in the valley may have belonged to them, but the location looked to the sea.


title: Miletus

text: The prehistoric archaeology of the Early and Middle Bronze Age portrays a city heavily influenced by society and events elsewhere in the Aegean, rather than inland.


title: Miletus

text: The earliest Minoan settlement of Miletus dates to 2000 BC. Beginning at about 1900 BC artifacts of the Minoan civilization acquired by trade arrived at the site. For some centuries the location received a strong impulse from that civilization, an archaeological fact that tends to support but not necessarily confirm the founding legend—that is, a population influx from Crete. According to Strabo:Ephorus says: Miletus was first founded and fortified above the sea by Cretans, where the Miletus of olden times is now situated, being settled by Sarpedon, who brought colonists from the Cretan Miletus and named the city after that Miletus, the place formerly being in possession of the Leleges.The legends recounted as history by the ancient historians and geographers are perhaps the strongest; the late mythographers have nothing historically significant to relate.


title: Miletus

text: Recorded history at Miletus begins with the records of the Hittite Empire and the Mycenaean records of Pylos and Knossos, in the Late Bronze Age.


title: Miletus

text: Miletus was a Mycenaean stronghold on the coast of Asia Minor from c. 1450 to 1100 BC. In c. 1320 BC, the city supported an anti-Hittite rebellion of Uhha-Ziti of nearby Arzawa. Muršili ordered his generals Mala-Ziti and Gulla to raid Millawanda, and they proceeded to burn parts of it; damage from LHIIIA found on-site has been associated with this raid. In addition the town was fortified according to a Hittite plan.


title: Miletus

text: Miletus is then mentioned in the "Tawagalawa letter", part of a series including the Manapa-Tarhunta letter and the Milawata letter, all of which are less securely dated. The Tawagalawa letter notes that Milawata had a governor, Atpa, who was under the jurisdiction of "Ahhiyawa" (a growing state probably in LHIIIB Mycenaean Greece); and that the town of Atriya was under Milesian jurisdiction. The Manapa-Tarhunta letter also mentions Atpa. Together the two letters tell that the adventurer Piyama-Radu had humiliated Manapa-Tarhunta before Atpa (in addition to other misadventures); a Hittite king then chased Piyama-Radu into Millawanda and, in the Tawagalawa letter, requested Piyama-Radu's extradition to Hatti.


title: Miletus

text: The Milawata letter mentions a joint expedition by the Hittite king and a Luwian vassal (probably Kupanta-Kurunta of Mira) against Miletus, and notes that the city (together with Atriya) was now under Hittite control.


title: Miletus

text: Homer mentions that during the time of the Trojan War, Miletus was an ally of Troy and was city of the Carians, under Nestor and Amphimachus.


title: Miletus

text: In the last stage of LHIIIB, the citadel of bronze age Pylos counted among its female slaves a " mi-ra-ti-ja", Mycenaean Greek for "women from Miletus", written in Linear B syllabic script.


title: Miletus

text: During the collapse of Bronze Age civilization, Miletus was burnt again, presumably by the Sea Peoples.


title: Miletus

text: Mythographers told that Neleus, a son of Codrus the last King of Athens, had come to Miletus after the "Return of the Heraclids" (so, during the Greek Dark Ages). The Ionians killed the men of Miletus and married their widows. This is the mythical commencement of the enduring alliance between Athens and Miletus, which played an important role in the subsequent Persian Wars.


title: Miletus

text: The city of Miletus became one of the twelve Ionian city-states of Asia Minor to form the Ionian League.


title: Miletus

text: Miletus is known to have early ties with Megara in Greece. According to some scholars, these two cities had built up a "colonisation alliance". In the 7th/6th century BC they acted in accordance with each other.


title: Miletus

text: Both cities acted under the leadership and sanction of an Apollo oracle. Megara cooperated with that of Delphi. Miletus had her own oracle of Apollo "Didymeus Milesios" in Didyma. Also, there are many parallels in the political organisation of both cities.


title: Miletus

text: According to Pausanias, the Megarians said that their town owed its origin to Car, the son of Phoroneus, who built the city citadel called 'Caria'. This 'Car of Megara' may or may not be one and the same as the 'Car of the Carians', also known as Car (King of Caria).


title: Miletus

text: In the late 7th century BC, the tyrant Thrasybulus preserved the independence of Miletus during a 12-year war fought against the Lydian Empire. Thrasybulus was an ally of the famous Corinthian tyrant Periander.


title: Miletus

text: Miletus was an important center of philosophy and science, producing such men as Thales, Anaximander and Anaximenes. Referring to this period, religious studies professor F. E. Peters described "pan-deism" as "the legacy of the Milesians".


title: Miletus

text: By the 6th century BC, Miletus had earned a maritime empire with many colonies, but brushed up against powerful Lydia at home, and the tyrant Polycrates of its neighbor to the west, Samos.


title: Miletus

text: When Cyrus of Persia defeated Croesus of Lydia in the middle of the 6th century BC, Miletus fell under Persian rule. In 499 BC, Miletus's tyrant Aristagoras became the leader of the Ionian Revolt against the Persians, who, under Darius the Great, quashed this rebellion and punished Miletus by selling all of the women and children into slavery, killing the men, and expelling all of the young men as eunuchs, thereby assuring that no Miletus citizen would ever be born again. A year afterward, Phrynicus produced the tragedy "The Capture of Miletus" in Athens. The Athenians fined him for reminding them of their loss.


title: Miletus

text: In 479 BC, the Greeks decisively defeated the Persians on the Greek mainland at the Battle of Plataea, and Miletus was freed from Persian rule. During this time several other cities were formed by Milesian settlers, spanning across what is now Turkey and even as far as Crimea. The city's gridlike layout became famous, serving as the basic layout for Roman cities.


title: Miletus

text: In 387 BC, the Peace of Antalcidas gave the Persian Achaemenid Empire under king Artaxerxes II control of the Greek city-states of Ionia, including Miletus.