title: Houston Oilers

text: The Oilers appeared in the first three AFL championships. They scored an important victory over the NFL when they signed LSU's Heisman Trophy winner, All-America running back Billy Cannon. Cannon joined other Oiler offensive stars such as quarterback George Blanda, flanker Charlie Hennigan, running back Charlie Tolar, and guard Bob Talamini. After winning the first-ever AFL championship over the Los Angeles Chargers in 1960, they repeated over the same team (then in San Diego) in 1961. (In 2012, the retail outlet Old Navy earned infamy for selling a shirt that misidentified the 1961 AFL champions as the Houston Texans, who did not exist until 2002.) The Oilers lost to the Dallas Texans in the classic 1962 double-overtime AFL championship game, at the time the longest professional football championship game ever played. In 1962, the Oilers were the first AFL team to sign an active NFL player away from the other league, when wide receiver Willard Dewveall left the Bears to join the champion Oilers. Dewveall that year caught the longest pass reception for a touchdown in professional American football history, 99 yards, from Jacky Lee, against the San Diego Chargers.


title: Houston Oilers

text: The Oilers won the AFL Eastern Division title again in 1967, then became the first professional football team to play in a domed stadium, when they moved into Houston's Astrodome, then home of MLB's Houston Astros for the 1968 season. Previously, the Oilers had played at Jeppesen Stadium at the University of Houston (later called Robertson Stadium) from 1960 to 1964, and Rice University's stadium from 1965 to 1967. Adams had intended the team play at Rice from the first, but Rice's board of regents initially rejected the move. After the Astrodome opened for business, Adams attempted to move there, but could not negotiate an acceptable lease with the Houston Sports Association (owners of the Houston Astros) from whom he would sublease the Dome. The 1969 season, the last as an AFL team, saw Houston begin 3–1, but tumble afterwards. They qualified for the playoffs, but were defeated by the Raiders 56–7, to finish the year with a record of 6–7–2.


title: Houston Oilers

text: The years immediately after the AFL-NFL Merger were not as kind to the Oilers, who sank to the bottom of the AFC Central division. After going 3–10–1 in 1970, they went 4–9–1 in 1971, and then suffered back-to-back 1–13 seasons in 1972–73. But by 1974, the Oilers led by Hall of Fame coach Sid Gillman brought the team back to respectability by reaching .500 at season's end.


title: Houston Oilers

text: The next year, Bum Phillips arrived and with talented stars like Elvin Bethea and Billy "White Shoes" Johnson, the Oilers had their first winning season of the decade going 10–4 but did not make the playoffs. Injuries and inadequate offense doomed them to a 5–9 season in 1976, but the team improved to 8–6 the following year, and in 1978, the Oilers' fortunes improved when they drafted University of Texas football star Earl Campbell, known as the "Tyler Rose", who was Rookie of the Year that year and led the Oilers to their first playoff appearance since the merger.


title: Houston Oilers

text: Defeating Miami in the wild-card round, they then trumped New England, leading to immediately rebuilding of the Patriots. But in the AFC Championship, the Steelers routed them 34–5. In spite of the lopsided defeat, the Oilers returned home to a packed Astrodome for a pep-rally uncommon in professional sports.


title: Houston Oilers

text: The 1979 season was a near rerun of 1978 as the Oilers finished 11–5 with Campbell gaining 1,600 yards in the regular season, and again earned a wild card spot. Beating the Broncos in the first home playoff game in Houston in over a decade, the Oilers' performance suffered with injuries to Campbell, quarterback Dan Pastorini and top receiver Ken Burrough. They did manage to edge past the high-flying San Diego of Dan Fouts in the divisional round, partly thanks to the play of Vernon Perry (4 INTs and a blocked FG) as well as the outstanding line coached by Joe Bugel. The Oilers returned to the AFC Championship game for the second year in a row, only to get knocked down by the Pittsburgh Steelers again, in spite of a terrific effort by Dan Pastorini—the Steelers had shut the ailing Campbell down, yet Pastorini nearly succeeded with the modest receiving corps of Mike Renfro, Rich Caster, and Ronnie Coleman venturing into the Steelers excellent defense. A controversial out-of-bounds call nullified a touchdown by wide receiver Mike Renfro resulting in a 27–13 victory for Pittsburgh. Once again, after a tough loss, the Oilers returned to their then-adoring fans who packed the Astrodome for an impromptu pep-rally for the second year in a row.


title: Houston Oilers

text: Before the 1980 season Pastorini was traded to the Oakland Raiders in exchange for Hall of Fame quarterback Ken Stabler. 1980 saw the Oilers go 11–5 and achieve a wild card spot for the third year in a row, but they were quickly vanquished by Oakland, 27–7. Bud Adams fired Bum Phillips, who was succeeded by Ed Biles. Afterwards began a long playoff drought as the Oilers fell to 7–9 in 1981, and 1–8 in the strike-shortened 1982 season. In 1983, Houston went 2–14. Biles resigned in Week 6 and was succeeded by Chuck Studley, who served merely as an interim coach until Hugh Campbell was hired in the off-season. In 1984, the Oilers won a bidding war for free-agent former CFL quarterback Warren Moon (who played for Campbell with the Edmonton Eskimos), but didn't return to the playoffs that year either, with two wins and fourteen losses. The aging Earl Campbell was traded to New Orleans during the off-season and was replaced by Mike Rozier, a refugee from the USFL. In week 14 of the 1985 season, Campbell was replaced by Jerry Glanville, who saw the team through the last two games to finish 5–11. A 31–3 rout of Green Bay in the 1986 season opener looked promising, but in the end Houston only managed another 5–11 record. Another strike in 1987 reduced the season to 15 games, three by substitute players. After ending 9–6, the team achieved its first winning record and playoff berth in seven years. After beating the Seahawks in overtime, they fell to Denver in the divisional round. Going 10–6 in 1988, the Oilers again got into the playoffs as a wild card, beat Cleveland in a snowy 24–23 match, and then lost to Buffalo a week later. 1989 saw a 9–7 regular season, but the team gained a wild card berth. In a messy, penalty-ridden game, they were beaten by Pittsburgh.


title: Houston Oilers

text: The Oilers' resurgence came in the midst of a battle for the franchise's survival. In 1987, Adams threatened to move the team to Jacksonville, Florida (later the home of Jacksonville Jaguars), unless the Astrodome was "brought up to date". At the time the Astrodome seated about 50,000 fans, the smallest capacity in the NFL. Not willing to lose the Oilers, Harris County responded with $67 million in improvements to the Astrodome that included new AstroTurf, 10,000 additional seats and 65 luxury boxes. These improvements were funded by increases in property taxes and the doubling of the hotel tax, as well as bonds to be paid over 30 years. However, Adams' increasing demands for greater and more expensive accommodations to be funded at taxpayer expense sowed seeds of tension that assisted the team's departure from Houston.


title: Houston Oilers

text: The Oilers briefly rose to become a league power once again in the first half of the 1990s. In 1991, the Oilers won their first division title in 25 years, and their first as an NFL team. However, only two minutes away from their first conference title game in 13 years, they were the victims of an 80-yard march by John Elway and the Denver Broncos before David Treadwell kicked a 28-yard field goal to win the game 26–24. In 1992, the Oilers compiled a 10–6 regular season record, but made history against the Buffalo Bills in the AFC Wild Card playoffs by blowing an NFL record 35–3 lead and eventually losing 41–38 in overtime, a game now known simply as "The Comeback".


title: Houston Oilers

text: In the 1993 season, the Oilers finished with a 12–4 record, their best record ever in Texas, and another AFC Central title, but lost in the second round to the Chiefs. However, the 1993 season is best remembered as being a turbulent season for the team, as internal conflict plagued the team with a 1–4 start before they eventually won their final 11 games of the season. One notable part of the turbulence was a brawl between offensive coordinator Kevin Gilbride and defensive coordinator Buddy Ryan (who did not get along very well at all) on the final game of the regular season (nationally broadcast on ESPN) against the New York Jets. After the season ended, Moon was traded to the Minnesota Vikings. Without Moon, the Oilers finished the next season 2–14, the third-worst record for a full season in franchise history. The Oilers would never make the playoffs again in Texas. However, they did draft Steve McNair in 1995.


title: Houston Oilers

text: At the same time, Adams again lobbied the city for a new stadium, one with club seating and other revenue generators present in recently built NFL stadiums, and he committed to pay for 25% of the cost of a new stadium. His idea called for a downtown domed stadium that could also be reconfigured to accommodate the NBA's Houston Rockets–similar to San Antonio's Alamodome. Mayor Bob Lanier initially supported Adams' bid for a new stadium privately, but refused to publicly support the project. Although Houstonians wanted to keep the Oilers, they were leery of investing more money on a stadium so soon after the Astrodome improvements. The city was also still struggling to recover from the oil collapse of the 1980s. Adams, sensing that he was not going to get the stadium he wanted, began shopping the Oilers to other cities. He was particularly intrigued by Nashville, and opened secret talks with mayor Phil Bredesen. At the end of the 1995 season, Adams announced that the Oilers would be moving to Nashville for the 1998 season. City officials there promised to contribute $144 million toward a new stadium, as well as $70 million in ticket sales.


title: Houston Oilers

text: Soon after the move was announced, support for the Oilers in the Houston area dried up almost overnight. As a result, the 1996 season was an unmitigated disaster. Only three games attracted crowds of more than 30,000 people. Games were so quiet that it was possible to hear conversations on the field from the grandstand. Meanwhile, the team's radio network, which once stretched across the state of Texas, was reduced to flagship KTRH in Houston and a few affiliates in Tennessee. By October 1996, KTRH was cutting off games prior to their finish in favor of Houston Rockets preseason games. The Oilers got off to a 5–2 start, but a stretch of four losses in five games took them out of playoff contention. The team went 8–8, finishing 6–2 in road games and only 2–6 in home games. The team's final game in Houston, against the Bengals on December 15, attracted just over 15,000 people—by at least one estimate, the smallest crowd in franchise history. Adams, the city and the league were unwilling to see this continue for another season, so a deal was reached on May 8, 1997 to let the Oilers out of their lease a year early and move to Tennessee. The Oilers lost their final game in Houston 21–13.


title: Houston Oilers

text: In 1999, Robert McNair was awarded, at a cost of $1 billion, an expansion team which replaced the Oilers in Houston. The franchise became the Houston Texans, which adopted a similar red, white and blue team color tandem, albeit in darker shades and inherited the sports complex the Oilers had played in, but not the Oilers' former home; what is now called NRG Stadium (formerly Reliant Stadium) would be built next door to the Astrodome in 2002.


title: Houston Oilers

text: Bud Adams established the Titans/Oilers Hall of Fame after the 40th season of the franchise to honor past players and management.


title: Redin Kingsley

text: Redin Kingsley is an Indian actor and comedian who predominantly works in the Tamil film industry. He is best known for his loud style of speech in films.


title: Redin Kingsley

text: Redin was initially working as an event organizer for government exhibitions in Chennai and Bangalore before he was entering into the film industry. His debut film, a 2016 project directed by Nelson Dilipkumar, was shelved. Later in 2018, he appeared in Nayanthara's "Kolamaavu Kokila", again directed by Nelson.


title: Redin Kingsley

text: After appearing in minor roles in a few films, Kingsley rose to fame following roles in "Netrikann" in 2021 and "Doctor" . He has also starred in Rajinikanth's "Annaatthe" (2021) and in Vijay's "Beast" (2022), both produced by Sun Pictures. He is set to star in Vadivelu's comedy film "Naai Sekar Returns".


title: BMD-1

text: The BMD-1 is a Soviet airborne amphibious tracked infantry fighting vehicle, which was introduced in 1969 and first seen by the West in 1970. BMD stands for "Boyevaya Mashina Desanta" (Боевая Машина Десанта, which literally translates to "Combat Vehicle of the Airborne"). It can be dropped by parachute and although it resembles the BMP-1 it is in fact much smaller. The BMD-1 was used as an IFV by the Soviet Army's airborne divisions. An improved variant of the BMD-1 was developed, the BMD-2. The BMD-1 also provided a basis for the BTR-D airborne multi-purpose tracked APC.


title: BMD-1

text: In the wake of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the army was instructed to consider putting more emphasis on means to project power outside of the normal sphere of Soviet influence. As a result, there was a major effort to develop the VDV (Soviet airborne forces) as a rapid deployment force. Soviet studies of airborne operations had shown that lightly armed paratroops were unable to deal with armoured forces. Also, in the early 1960s, the BMP-1 infantry fighting vehicle was being developed. Before the BMP-1 entered service in 1966, the Soviet Army high command decided to equip the newly created airborne divisions with similar vehicles.


title: BMD-1

text: The use of Antonov An-12 aircraft at the time of the BMD development allowed the transport of only light armoured vehicles for an airborne drop that weighed less than seven tons. Because the existing BMP-1 weighed 13 tonnes, it was effectively ruled out of being considered for the VDV service.


title: BMD-1

text: The task of designing the BMD fell to the Volgograd Tractor Factory, which had produced an unsuccessful competitor to the Ob'yekt 764 that eventually became the BMP-1 – the Ob'yekt 914. The BMD design, Ob'yekt 915, was basically a trimmed down version of the Ob'yekt 914 – smaller, lighter aluminium armour, while retaining the 73 mm 2A28 "Grom" low pressure smoothbore short-recoil semi-automatic gun. The compromise made is the extremely cramped crew compartment.


title: BMD-1

text: Development started in 1965 and trials began in 1967. A limited production began in 1968. After operational trials, it was commissioned on 14 April 1969 and serial production started in 1970, although the vehicle weighed 500 kg more than what the requirements stated (7.5 tonnes and 13.3 tonnes when loaded with equipment).


title: BMD-1

text: Starting from 1977 a new modernized vehicle received a designation BMD-1P following adoption of the new 9P135M-1 ATGM launcher instead of 9S428 ATGM launcher, firing the 9M113 Konkurs (AT-5 Spandrel) and 9M111M Fagot or 9M111-2 (standard load: two 9M113 and one 9M111M missiles). Most of older BMD-1s were subsequently modernized this way.


title: BMD-1

text: In 1983, based on the combat experience in Afghanistan, a decision was made to produce a new variant of the BMD with a weapon capable of engaging targets such as those faced by the airborne troops in that conflict. This resulted in "Ob'yekt 916", which later became the BMD-2.


title: BMD-1

text: A lengthened BMD-1 chassis served as the basis for the BTR-D airborne multi-purpose tracked APC, which itself served as a basis for many specialized airborne vehicles.


title: BMD-1

text: The BMD-1 can be thought of as a BMP intended for airborne troops. The vehicle therefore must be lighter and smaller in order to meet airdrop weight requirements (the BMD-1 is secured to a pallet and parachute-dropped from cargo planes).


title: BMD-1

text: The BMD-1 has an unconventional layout for an IFV. From the front to the back of the vehicle, the compartments are located in the following formation: steering, fighting, troop and engine. This is because the BMD-1 is based on Ob'yekt 914, which in turn is based on the PT-76 amphibious light tank (refer Prototypes section in the BMP-1 article for details). This meant that transported troops had to mount and dismount the vehicle via the roof hatches, which made them an easy target on the battlefield when these actions were performed.


title: BMD-1

text: The crew consist of four soldiers: driver, commander, gunner and bow machine gunner, two of which (commander and machine gunner) are included in the number of soldiers carried. The driver's station is located centrally in the front of the vehicle and has a hatch that is opened by raising it and rotating it to the right. The driver is provided with three periscope vision blocks, which allow him to view the outer environment when his hatch is closed. The center one can be replaced with a night vision device for use in night and bad visibility conditions or with an extended periscope for swimming with the trim vane erected. The commander's station is on the driver's left. It is provided with a hatch, one periscope vision block, an outer environment observation device and an R-123 radio set for communications. He also fires the left bow machine gun. The right one is operated by a bow machine gun gunner, who sits to the right of the driver. The gunner's station is located on the left side of the turret, like in the BMP-1, and has the same equipment (see Gunner's station section in BMP-1 article for details).


title: BMD-1

text: The vehicle is armed with a 73 mm 2A28 Grom gun and a 7.62 mm PKT coaxial tank machine gun. Mounted on the mantlet is the 9S428 ATGM launcher capable of firing 9M14 Malyutka (NATO: AT-3A Sagger A) and 9M14M Malyutka-M (NATO: AT-3B Sagger B) ATGMs (for which the vehicle carries two ATGMs in the turret). There are also two 7.62 mm PKT machine guns in fixed mounts, one in each corner of the bow.


title: BMD-1

text: The vehicle is powered by a 5D-20 6-cylinder 4-stroke V-shaped liquid-cooled 15.9-liter diesel engine, which develops 270 hp (201 kW) at 2,600 revolutions per minute. The engine drives a manual gearbox with five forward and one reverse gear.


title: BMD-1

text: The BMD-1 has a maximum road speed of 80 kilometers per hour, reducing to around 45 kilometers per hour off-road and 10 kilometers per hour while swimming.


title: BMD-1

text: The BMD-1 can climb vertical obstacles, cross trenches and 30% side slopes. It can climb 60% gradients. The BMD-1 has a ground pressure of 0.57 kg/cm².


title: BMD-1

text: The 230 mm wide track is driven at the rear and passes over five small evenly spaced road wheels suspended on independent torsion bars. On each side there is an idler wheel at the front, a rear drive sprocket and four track-return rollers. The independent suspension combines a hydraulic system for altering the ground clearance and maintaining the track tension with pneumatic springs, which enables the ground clearance to be altered from 100 mm to 450 mm. Alterable ground clearance allows easier transportation in an airplane.


title: BMD-1

text: The BMD-1 is fully amphibious, it can swim after switching on the two electric bilge pumps, erecting the two-piece trim vane which improves vehicle's stability and displacement in water and prevents the water from flooding the bow of the tank and switching the driver's periscope for a swimming periscope that enables the driver to see over the trim vane. When not in use the trim vane is placed in its laying position in the front of the bow under the barrel of the main gun and serves as additional armour. There is also a manual bilge pump for emergency use. The bilge pumps keep the vehicle afloat even if it is hit, damaged or leaks. In water it is propelled by two hydrojets, one in each side of the hull, with the entrance under the hull and exits at the rear of the hull. The rear exits have lids that can be fully or partially closed, redirecting the water stream to the forward-directed exits at the sides of the hull, thus enabling the vehicle to turn or float reverse, for example, to go left, the left water-jet is covered, to go right, the right water-jet is covered and to make a 180° turn the left water-jet sucks in water and the right water-jet pushes it out.


title: BMD-1

text: The vehicle can be transported by An-12, An-22, Il-76, An-124 airplanes and Mi-6 and Mi-26 helicopters.


title: BMD-1

text: The BMD was originally dropped under the MKS-350-9 multi-canopy parachute with a descending speed between 15 m/s and 20 m/s. The intention was to drop the vehicle without the crew. This proved to be very problematic, since the crew frequently landed at a considerable distance from the vehicle and often had trouble finding it. Also, the vehicle itself could easily land in a location from which it couldn't be extracted (either because of a lack of suitable equipment or because of the location being virtually inaccessible). Several experiments were done in the 1970s in order to find a way to circumvent these limitations, including dropping the BMD with the two key crew members, the driver and gunner, seated inside the vehicle during the descent. The first such test took place on 23 January 1976 with Lieutenant-Colonel Leonid Shcherbakov and Major , and the concept was proved to be valid in a subsequent series of tests.


title: BMD-1

text: A rocket parachute, the PRSM-915, was developed to ensure the vehicle's safe landing. To use the parachute, the BMD is first packed onto a special pallet before take-off. To drop the BMD, a drogue chute is released that initially drags the BMD out of the Il-76 transport plane. Once clear of the plane a single large main chute opens. The deployment of the main chute triggers the deployment of four long rods which hang beneath the pallet. As soon as the rods touch the ground a retrorocket fires, slowing the BMD to a descending speed between 6 m/s and 7 m/s and giving it a relatively soft landing. This system entered service in 1975 and allows a BMD to be relatively safely parachuted with both the driver and the gunner.


title: BMD-1

text: An alternative radio location system also exists. Each crew member is given a radio receiver locked onto a transponder in its particular BMD, allowing each BMD crewman to quickly locate his respective vehicle after the airdrop.


title: BMD-1

text: The BMD-1's armour is made of ABT-101 an alloy composed of 91% Aluminum, 6% Zinc and 3% Magnesium. The BMD-2 on the other-hand is composed of ABT-102, which 94% Aluminum, 4% Zinc and 2% Magnesium.


title: BMD-1

text: Armour thickness is 23 mm at 42° on the front of the turret, 19 mm at 36° on the sides of the turret, 13 mm at 30° on the rear of the turret, 6 mm on the top of the turret, 15 mm on the front of the hull and 10 mm on the rest of the hull. The hull's front armour has two sections: upper and lower. The upper section is angled at 78° while the lower one is angled at 50°. It is resistant to small arms fire and shrapnel.


title: BMD-1

text: Many compromises had to be made to the design in order to save the necessary weight, not least to crew comfort. The BMD-1 has an extremely cramped interior space, which is much smaller than that found in the BMP-1 and BMP-2 IFVs. It can carry five infantrymen, comprising vehicle's commander, bow machine gunner and three soldiers seated behind a turret.


title: BMD-1

text: Nevertheless, it is equipped with periscope vision blocks on the sides and rear of the vehicle. There are only three firing ports, one on each side of the hull and one in the rear. As standard, the vehicle carries the following weapons inside the troop compartment: an RPG-7 or RPG-16 shoulder-launched anti-tank rocket propelled grenade launcher, which is to be operated by two soldiers, RPKS light machine gun and five AKMS assault rifles. It also carries portable launchers for 9M14M Malyutka missiles (9M111/9M113 missiles in BMD-1P).


title: BMD-1

text: The vehicle has electric and manual bilge pumps, Gpk-S9 gyro-compass, engine pre-heater, TDA smoke-generating equipment, FTP-100M NBC system, R-123 transceiver, R-124 intercom and a centralized methyl bromide fire extinguishing system, the same as the one fitted to other former Soviet armoured vehicles.


title: BMD-1

text: The BMD-1 entered serial production in 1968. It was produced by Volgograd Tractor Plant. Two airborne regiments of each airborne division were equipped with BMD-1 IFVs. Overall, each division operated 220 BMD-1 IFVs. It was displayed publicly for the first time during the Dvina exercise in the USSR in 1970. The BMD-1 was showcased for the second time during the Moscow Red Square parade in November 1973. Western governments originally classified the BMD-1 as a light tank before its true nature was known. Because of its small crew, the introduction of the BMD led to a reduction in the number of soldiers in an airborne battalion, from 610 to 316 men. The firepower of the BMD also meant that some of the battalion's integral fire support could be done away with. In 1973, the BMD-1 completely replaced the ASU-57 airborne assault guns in the Soviet airborne forces, increasing the firepower and maneuverability of the airborne division. Since 1977 a number of Soviet BMD-1 IFVs underwent a modernization to BMD-1P standard.


title: BMD-1

text: In 1978, a force of 70 Cuban Army BMD-1s and ASU-57s fighting on behalf of the Ethiopian government was airlifted by Mi-6 helicopters behind the lines of Somali forces holding the town of Jijiiga. This attack formed a pincer with a conventional Cuban armored push and routed the Somali forces in Ogaden.


title: BMD-1

text: It was widely used by airborne units during Soviet–Afghan War. During the initial Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, BMD-1s of the Soviet 103rd Guards Airborne Division and 345th Separate Parachute Regiment were airlanded by IL-76 transports into Kabul airport and Bagram Airfield, enabling the rapid seizure of critical cities and facilities throughout Afghanistan. The 56th Air Assault Brigade executed a similar capture of Kunduz. For the remainder of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan through 1989, airborne forces under the 40th Army used BMD-1s as infantry fighting vehicles for transportation and fire support in operations against the mujahideen.


title: BMD-1

text: BMD-1 IFVs were not suited for fighting in the hot mountain regions of Afghanistan, as they were originally developed to provide airborne units with an IFV to give them a chance in engagements with enemy armour and allow them to operate in Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC) warfare conditions. In Afghanistan, the main enemies were not AFVs but land mines and ambushes prepared by skillful Afghan Mujahideen armed with light anti-tank weapons, which meant that the BMD-1's anti-tank firepower was useless. Many BMD-1 IFVs fell victim to Mujahideen attacks and, especially, antitank landmines like quite a lot of Soviet light AFVs sent there. The Soviet Army lost 1,317 APCs and IFVs of all types during nine years of war in Afghanistan.


title: BMD-1

text: In 1990, BMD-1 IFVs were used by the Iraqi Army during the First Gulf War. They were used for a second time during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.


title: BMD-1

text: BMD-1 and BMD-1PK IFVs are used by the Russian airborne units in KFOR. BMD-1 IFVs were used by Russian airborne units in SFOR.


title: BMD-1

text: During the Russo-Georgian War, BMD-1s of the 104th Airborne Assault Regiment of the 76th Guards Air Assault Division advanced into South Ossetia and successfully engaged Georgian Army troops and vehicles. However, the BMDs visual and sighting equipment was criticized as being primitive.


title: BMD-1

text: During the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 in Eastern Ukraine, BMD-1s were used both by mechanized units of the Ukrainian Army and in smaller number by the separatists of the Donetsk People's Republic. It was claimed that a BMD-1 was one of the six armored vehicles in Separatist forces defending Sloviansk when it was besieged.


title: BMD-1

text: As of now, BMD-1 and vehicles based on it are used by the following units of Russian Airborne Troops or are stationed in following bases (this list does not include BTR-D APCs and BTR-D variants):


title: BMD-1

text: 76th Guards Air Assault Division (CDO) from Pskov, which is part of Leningrad Military District (210 BMD vehicles as of 2000), the subunits of this division include 104th airborne regiment from Pskov (51 BMD-1) and 234th airborne regiment from Pskov (98 BMD-1).


title: BMD-1

text: 98th Guards Airborne Division from Ivanovo (220 BMD vehicles as of 2000), the subunits of this division include 217th Guards Airborne Regiment from Ivanovo (109 BMD-1) and 331st airborne regiment from Kostroma (102 BMD-1).


title: BMD-1

text: 106th Guards Airborne Division from Tula, which is a part of the Moscow Military District (306 BMD as of 2000), the subunits of this division include 51st airborne regiment from Tula (93 BMD-1) and 137th airborne regiment from Ryazan (10 BMD-1).


title: BMD-1

text: 7th Guards Airborne Mountain Division CDO from Novorossyysk (190 BMD and BMP vehicles as of 2000), the subunits of this division include 108th Guards Air Assault Regiment from Novorossyysk (70 BMD-1) and 743rd commandos battalion from Novorossyysk (6 BMD-1).


title: BMD-1

text: 31st Separate Airborne Brigade from Ul'yanovsk, which is a part of the Volga-Ural Military District (26 BMD-1 as of 2000).


title: BMD-1

text: 99th Internal Troops division from Rostov, Persianovka, which is a part of the North Caucasus Military District (4 BMD-1 and 33 BMD-1 IFVs in the Cherkmen regiment).


title: BMD-1

text: The Russian military was considering replacing the BMD series altogether with the GAZ-3937. This very lightweight wheeled armoured personnel carrier that incorporates plastic and carbon fibre in its construction, as well as aluminum. The GAZ-3937 can be air-dropped like the BMD, but is considerably lighter and less expensive to manufacture. Since the GAZ-3937 lacks the armor protection, cross-country mobility, and heavy armament of the BMD series, and is armed only with a 7.62 mm PKM machine gun in front of the commander's hatch, the BMD-4 (an upgraded BMD-3) has been selected for the future use of the Russian airborne and naval infantry. The BMD-4 uses the same 100 mm main gun with 30 mm autocannon and 7.62 mm medium machine gun turret on an improved, larger hull raising overall weight to the 15-ton class. The waterjet swim propulsion systems of the BMD-3/4 are strong enough to enable ship-to-shore transport, resulting in Russian naval infantry use.


title: Claude Picasso

text: Claude Ruiz Picasso (born 15 May 1947) is a French photographer, cinematographer, movie director, visual artist, graphic designer, and businessman. He is a child of Françoise Gilot and Pablo Picasso and the older brother of Paloma Picasso. By a wish on Gilot's part, he was named after Claude Gillot, a pioneering French Rococo artist and mentor to fellow artist Jean-Antoine Watteau. His name was Claude Gilot until age 12. In 1968 he met Sara Lavner (Schultz), a young woman from Brooklyn. Sara and Claude married in 1969 and divorced in 1972. He was a photographer in New York City when his father died. At the time, he had experienced a period of estrangement from his father due to his mother's memoir "Life with Picasso". His father's legacy nevertheless proved important to him and he established the "Picasso Administration" to look after copyright and other legal matters.


title: Claude Picasso

text: Claude lived in New York between 1967 and 1974. He was Richard Avedon's photographic assistant for almost a year, and studied cinema and mise-en-scène at the Actors Studio. He also worked as a photojournalist for Time Life, "Vogue" and "Saturday Review".


title: Claude Picasso

text: Claude Picasso has been decorated with the Legion d'Honneur in 2011 for his personal work as photographer, cinematographer, and visual artist, as well as his efforts to administer his father's heritage.


title: Tomoaki Maeno

text: He attended the Amusement Media Academy and the Japan Narration Actors Institute. He worked as a part time assistant and experienced three years of custody, recruiting registration and six years of laying down. He won the New Actor Award at the 4th Seiyu Awards.


title: Tomoaki Maeno

text: In 2020, Maeno announced that he had married voice actress Mikako Komatsu. On 17 August 2022, they announced that Komatsu was pregnant with their first child.


title: The Love Bug

text: The Love Bug is a 1968 American comedy film directed by Robert Stevenson and the first in a franchise by Walt Disney Productions and distributed by Buena Vista Distribution that starred an anthropomorphic pearl-white, fabric-sunroofed 1963 Volkswagen racing Beetle named Herbie. It was based on the 1961 book "Car, Boy, Girl" by Gordon Buford.


title: The Love Bug

text: The movie follows the adventures of Herbie, Herbie's driver, Jim Douglas (Dean Jones), and Jim's love interest, Carole Bennett (Michele Lee). It also features Buddy Hackett as Jim's enlightened, kind-hearted friend, Tennessee Steinmetz, a character who creates "art" from used car parts. English actor David Tomlinson portrays the villainous Peter Thorndyke, the owner of an auto showroom and an SCCA national champion who sells Herbie to Jim and eventually becomes his racing rival.


title: The Love Bug

text: Race car driver Jim Douglas has been reduced to competing in demolition derby races against drivers half his age. As part of his overall life of poverty, Jim lives in an old fire house overlooking San Francisco Bay with his friend and mechanic, Tennessee Steinmetz. Steinmetz, a claimant of Buddhist spiritual enlightenment, is a sculptor who uses old car parts. After yet another race ends in a crash, Jim must find a new car to drive. At an upmarket European car showroom, Douglas meets sales assistant and mechanic Carole Bennett, and the dealership's owner, Peter Thorndyke, who abuses a white Volkswagen Beetle.


title: The Love Bug

text: Douglas, lacking money, leaves Thorndyke's showroom with nothing, but the abused Beetle follows him home. After a police run-in on charges of grand theft, Thorndyke agrees to Douglas's offer to lease-purchase the tiny car. Douglas then enters himself and the Beetle in a series of races. To the astonishment of spectators and the growing hatred of rival driver Thorndyke, the "Love Bug" repeatedly wins. Frustrated, Thorndyke finally infiltrates Tennessee's garage, the night before the next race, and sabotages the upstart vehicle by pouring Irish coffee into the gas tank. A disgusted Douglas, with his eyes now on the upcoming El Dorado road race, decides to switch out the underpowered vehicle for a brand new Lamborghini 400GT. In despair, the Beetle drives itself away from the Douglas/Tennessee garage with the goal of throwing itself off the Golden Gate Bridge. By the barest of margins, the car is saved when a repentant Jim Douglas risks his own life to save "Herbie." With a financial backer, Chinese-American businessman Tang Wu (Benson Fong), Jim and Herbie are ready for the El Dorado.


title: The Love Bug

text: The El Dorado, an out-and-back open road race, runs through the Sierra Nevada mountains from Yosemite Valley to Virginia City and back. On the outbound leg, rival driver Thorndyke and his assistant Havershaw (acting as the "Thorndyke Special's" co-driver), carry out a series of dirty tricks against Herbie. As a result of Thorndyke's shenanigans, Jim (with Carole and Tennessee as co-drivers) limps home last with Herbie missing two wheels and having to use a wagon wheel to get to the first finish line. Having come in last on Day 1, Herbie, Jim, Carole, and Tennessee must make a slow start on the race's Day 2, the homeward leg. Thanks to some ingenious shortcuts, Jim is able to make up for lost time in the second leg. As Herbie and the "Thorndyke Special" race towards the second finish line, Herbie succumbs to metal fatigue and breaks in two. The Beetle's back half (carrying Tennessee and the engine) crosses the line just ahead of Thorndyke, while the front (carrying Jim and Carole) rolls over the line just behind. The Love Bug has taken both first "and" third place.


title: The Love Bug

text: As the Love Bug's backer, Wu takes over Thorndyke's car dealership. He hires Tennessee as his assistant and demotes Thorndyke and Havershaw to the mechanics' shop. Rewelded into shape, Herbie chauffeurs the newlywed Jim and Carole away on their honeymoon.


title: The Love Bug

text: Dean Jones credited the film's success to the fact that it was the last live action Disney film produced under Walt Disney's involvement, released just two years after his death in 1966. Although Jones tried to pitch him a serious, straightforward film project concerning the story of the first sports car ever brought to the United States, Walt suggested a different car story for him, which was "Car, Boy, Girl", a story written in 1961 by Gordon Buford.


title: The Love Bug

text: "Car, Boy, Girl;" "The Magic Volksy;" "The Runaway Wagen;" "Beetlebomb;" "Wonderbeetle;" "Bugboom" and "Thunderbug" were among the original development titles considered for the film before the title was finalized as "The Love Bug."


title: The Love Bug

text: Herbie competes in the Monterey Grand Prix, which, except for 1963, was not a sports car race. The actual sports car race held at Monterey was the Monterey Sports Car Championships. The 1968 Monterey Grand Prix was in fact a Can Am Series race and did not feature production cars.


title: The Love Bug

text: Peter Thorndyke's yellow "Special" is actually a 1965 Apollo GT, a rare sports car sold by International Motorcars of Oakland, California. It used an Italian-built body and chassis from Intermeccanica paired with a small-block Buick V8 engine that was installed in Oakland. This car exists today, is in the hands of a private collector, and has been restored as it was seen in the film with its yellow paint and number 14 logo.


title: The Love Bug

text: Before the film entered production, the titular car was not specified as a Volkswagen Beetle, and Disney set up a casting call for a dozen cars to audition. In the lineup, there were a few Toyotas, a TVR, a handful of Volvos, an MG and a pearl white Volkswagen Beetle. The Volkswagen Beetle was chosen as it was the only one that elicited the crew to reach out and pet it.


title: The Love Bug

text: The Volkswagen brand name, logo or shield does not feature anywhere in the film, as the automaker did not permit Disney to use the name. The only logos can be briefly seen in at least two places, however. The first instance is on the brake pedals during the first scene where Herbie takes control with Jim inside (on the freeway when Herbie runs into Thorndyke's Rolls Royce), and it is shown in all the future scenes when Jim is braking. The second instance is on the ignition key, when Jim tries to shut down the braking Herbie. The later sequels produced, however, do promote the Volkswagen name (as sales of the Beetle were down when the sequels were produced). The VW "Wolfsburg" castle emblem on the steering wheel hub is also seen throughout the car's interior shots. Within the script, the car was only ever referred to as "Herbie", "the small car" or "the Bug"—the latter, although a common nickname for the Beetle, was not trademarked by Volkswagen at the time of filming.


title: The Love Bug

text: The car was later given the name "Herbie" from one of Buddy Hackett's skits about a ski instructor named Klaus, who speaks with a German accent as he introduces his fellow ski instructors, who are named Hans, Fritz, Wilhelm, and Sandor. At the end of the skit, Hackett would say "If you ain't got a Herbie (pronounced ""hoy-bee"), I ain't going."


title: The Love Bug

text: Herbie's trademark "53" racing number was chosen by producer Bill Walsh, who was a fan of Los Angeles Dodgers baseball player Don Drysdale (Drysdale's jersey number, later retired by the team, was 53).


title: The Love Bug

text: Walsh also gave Herbie his trademark red, white and blue racing stripes presumably for the more patriotic color and came up with the film's gags such as Herbie squirting oil and opening the doors by himself.


title: The Love Bug

text: Benson Fong, who played Mr. Wu, said that when he and the others were dragged along the dirt by Herbie, it was like being pulled by 40 horses. The 1961–1965 Volkswagen Beetles actually were rated by the SAE at in factory configuration (though only by the European DIN system which measured engine output as installed in the car with cooling fan and exhaust system attached).


title: The Love Bug

text: Herbie has his own cast billing in the closing credits, the only time this was done in the entire series of films.


title: The Love Bug

text: Today, only a handful of the original Herbie cars are known to exist. Car #10 was recovered from a warehouse in Pennsylvania and has been preserved—still sporting its original paint from the film.


title: The Love Bug

text: A scene shot, but not included in the final cut of the film, featured Jim calling at a used car lot prior to his visiting Thorndyke's auto showroom. This missing sequence has long since been lost, and all that remains is the script and a single black-and-white photograph of Jim talking with the salesman at the lot.


title: The Love Bug

text: An unfilmed scene at the end of the story that was scripted and storyboarded was to have shown Herbie playing with children at a nearby playground prior to taking the newly married Jim and Carole off on their honeymoon.


title: The Love Bug

text: The opening scene of the demolition derby cars is footage from the film "Fireball 500." Parts of this scene can also be found in a 1966-model year dealer promotional film by Chevrolet, titled "Impact '66".


title: The Love Bug

text: Some of the racetrack scenes were shot at the Riverside International Raceway in Riverside, California. Others were filmed at Laguna Seca Raceway in Monterey, California, Willow Springs Raceway in Willow Springs, California and Paramount Ranch in Agoura Hills, California. Additional scenes depicting the El Dorado race were filmed near the San Bernardino Mountains in Big Bear City, California.


title: The Love Bug

text: Andy Granatelli, who was popular at the time as a presence at the Indianapolis 500 as well as the spokesman for STP, appears as himself as the racing association president. Announcer Gary Owens (of "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In" fame) and Los Angeles Lakers play-by-play man Chick Hearn also appear as themselves. The driving scenes were choreographed by veteran stunt man Carey Loftin.


title: The Love Bug

text: Drivers in the film billed in the opening credits include Dale Van Sickel, Reg Parton, Regina Parton, Tom Bamford, Bob Drake, Marion J. Playan, Hall Brock, Bill Hickman, Rex Ramsay, Hal Grist, Lynn Grate, Larry Schmitz, Richard Warlock, Dana Derfus, Everett Creach, Gerald Jann, Bill Couch, Ted Duncan, Robert Hoys, Gene Roscoe, Jack Mahoney, Charles Willis, Richard Brill, Roy Butterfield, Rudy Doucette, J.J. Wilson, Jim McCullough, Bud Ekins, Glenn Wilder, Gene Curtis, Robert James, John Timanus, Bob Harris, Fred Krone, Richard Ceary, Jesse Wayne, Jack Perkins, Fred Stromsoe, Ronnie Rondell, and Kim Brewer.


title: The Love Bug

text: During one scene in the film, Herbie has lost one of his wheels, and Tennessee is hanging out of the passenger side door to balance him. The door opens, and there is no "53" logo on the door. This image was used heavily to promote the film.


title: The Love Bug

text: "The Love Bug" was the second-highest-grossing film of 1969, earning over $51.2 million at the domestic box office. It received mostly positive reviews from critics, later earning a 78% "Fresh" rating from 18 critics on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes.


title: The Love Bug

text: Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" panned the film as "a long, sentimental Volkswagen commercial ... which has the form of fantasy-comedy, lots of not-very-special effects and no real humor."


title: The Love Bug

text: "Variety" wrote, "For sheer inventiveness of situation and the charm that such an idea projects, 'The Love Bug' rates as one of the better entries of the Disney organization."


title: The Love Bug

text: brisk, active, bright, technically impeccable, simple-minded, full of tricky effects and free of all but the most glancing resemblances to nasty old reality. It is a formula picture, and such troubles as there are arise mainly from the fact that the formula has known much stronger ingredients (Fred MacMurray and flubber, let's say) in the past.


title: The Love Bug

text: "The Monthly Film Bulletin" declared that "this very engaging mechanical fantasy is the best piece of work from the Disney studios for some time. The caper appears to have had the effect of injecting life into Robert Stevenson's usually pedestrian style, since with the exception of one glutinously sentimental episode the pace never lets up."


title: The Love Bug

text: Four theatrical sequels followed: "Herbie Rides Again", "Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo", "Herbie Goes Bananas", and "". Some parts of the racing sequences from the film were later reused for Herbie's dream sequence in "Herbie Rides Again", responding to Grandma Steinmetz's telling Willoughby Whitfield that Herbie used to be a famous racecar.


title: The Love Bug

text: A five-episode television series, titled "Herbie, the Love Bug", aired on CBS in the United States in 1982. Directed by Vincent McEveety, the series acted as a continuation of the films, with Dean Jones reprising his role as Jim Douglas. In 1997, there was a made-for-television sequel which included a Dean Jones cameo, tying it to the previous films. The most recent sequel, "", was released on June 22, 2005, by Walt Disney Pictures.


title: The Love Bug

text: At Disney's All-Star Movies Resort at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida, Herbie has been immortalized in the "Love Bug" buildings 6 and 7.


title: The Love Bug

text: The film was released on VHS on March 4, 1980. It was re-released on November 6, 1985, September 11, 1991 and on October 28, 1994 with "Herbie Rides Again". It was soon re-released again on September 16, 1997 along with the entire "Herbie the Love Bug" film series. It was released on DVD for the first time on May 20, 2003. It was released again with its sequels in a four movie collection in 2012. A 45th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray Disc was released on December 16, 2014 as a Disney Movie Club exclusive title.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: Robert James Reid (born 11 May 1993) is a Filipino-Australian singer-songwriter, actor, dancer, model, record producer and record label executive. He began his professional acting career in the early 2010s after being named as Big Winner of "". He came into prominence for his leading role in the film "" (2014). Reid has since starred in Philippines movies, such as "Talk Back and You're Dead" (2014), "Para sa Hopeless Romantic" (2015), "This Time" (2016) and "Never Not Love You" (2018). He also starred in the Philippine TV series "Good Vibes" (2011), "On the Wings of Love" (2015–16), and "Till I Met You" (2016–17).


title: James Reid (actor)

text: Reid is popularly referred to as the country's “Multimedia Prince” by multiple media outlets and has bagged a FAMAS Award, an MTV Europe Music Award and 2 SBS Pop Asia Award. He has released two studio albums: "Palm Dreams" (2017) and "lovescene:" (2022), both self-produced under his own record label, Careless; and three extended plays: "We Are Whatever" (2011) with Bret Jackson, the self-titled album "James Reid" (2013) and the gold record "Reid Alert" (2015).


title: James Reid (actor)

text: Reid was born as Robert James Reid in Sydney, Australia, on 11 May 1993 to an Australian father and a Filipino mother. He has four half-brothers and two half-sisters from his father's side (including model Lauren Reid), and one half-sister from his mother's side. His parents separated when he was two years old, and Reid lived in Australia until he was fifteen. With his father, Reid moved to the Philippines due to financial issues. Reid has stated before that he found it difficult to adjust to his new life in the Philippines, especially due to the different academic and social skills required, as well as language difficulties. Back in Australia, he was a gymnast and swimmer. He was enrolled in Makati Science High School, but his father enrolled him in Karabar High School Distance Education Centre, an Australian distance-learning center located in Karabar, New South Wales, Australia.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: Reid was only 17 years old when he entered the "Pinoy Big Brother" house as one of the 10 "Teenternational" housemates on 30 April 2010 (Day 22). He celebrated his 17th birthday inside the house with his co-teenternational housemates giving him a surprise pool party. Reid was the only teenternational housemate who had Filipino blood. Reid was almost evicted twice during his stay inside the house. The first one occurred on 21 May 2010 (Day 43) when Reid was brought to the hospital due to chest pains, discoloration, and shortness of breath while the second one happened on 1 June 2010 (Day 53), when he was again brought to the hospital for the same health issues but this time together with fellow housemate Angelo Pasco. At first, the doctors diagnosed Reid with costochondritis (muscle pains in the rib/chest area), but during his second visit at the hospital, the doctors found a hole in one of his lungs that is causing him difficulties in his breathing. After the complications, Reid was able to return to the Big Brother House, with conditions of having to rest frequently as well as wearing an oxygen tube for 1 week 24/7. One 8 June 2010 (Day 60), Reid was notified by the producers of Big Brother that he was no longer required to use the oxygen tube, he was only required to use it when he is sleeping.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: On 26 June 2010 (Day 78), he was crowned as the "" Big Winner after receiving 179, 294 (19.75%) of the total votes just 1.05% ahead of the total votes received by the 2nd Teen Big Placer, Ryan Bang who got 169, 697 (18.70%) of the total votes, these mark as the closest race ever to become the Big Winner in the history of "Pinoy Big Brother". As the Big Winner, Reid won P1,000,000 (plus the same amount to his chosen charity) from Jack n' Jill, a laptop computer from Sony Vaio, a 42-inch flat screen TV from Sony Bravia, an Asian tour package for two care of Von Dutch, P1,500,000 worth of bottled purified water business from Crystal Clear, and a condominium unit worth P3,000,000 courtesy of Globe Asiatique.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: On 24 July 2011, Reid, together with Bret Jackson, launched their first digital EP entitled "We Are Whatever" on ASAP Rocks. Reid and Jackson featured four original songs including "Can't dance" featuring their co-housemates Ann Li and Fretzie Bercede.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: Right after winning "PBB", Reid was paired with his co-housemate Devon Seron in some ABS-CBN shows like "Shoutout!" and "Good Vibes". He was offered a 2-year Star Magic contract with ABS-CBN. He was also paired with Yen Santos in "Pintada".


title: James Reid (actor)

text: In 2012, Reid left Star Magic and signed with Viva Artists Agency. A year later, he launched his first solo release, a self-titled EP, with two covers and four original songs, two of which composed by Reid himself.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: In 2014, he starred in his launching movie "Diary ng Panget" together with Nadine Lustre, Yassi Pressman and Andre Paras. The movie was released on 2 April 2014 and became a box-office hit earning at least 119.5 million pesos during its 5-week run. He also lent his voice to the official soundtrack of the film.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: On 2 June 2014, it was confirmed that he and Lustre would star in another film titled "Talk Back and You're Dead" together with Yassi Pressman and Joseph Marco. The film is also based on the best-selling book of the same name by Alesana Marie. The movie was released two months later, on 20 August 2014, co-produced by Viva Films and Skylight Films. During its 4-week run the movie has grossed 79.8 million pesos according to Box Office Mojo. Just like in his previous film, he also lent his voice to the official soundtrack of the film.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: On 22 October 2014, it was announced that he and Lustre will do another movie entitled "Para sa Hopeless Romantic" together with Julia Barretto, Iñigo Pascual, AJ Muhlach and Shy Carlos. The movie is based on a book written by Marcelo Santos III and will be under Viva Films and Skylight Films. The film was released on 13 May 2015. His performance garnered him a nomination for Outstanding Achievement By An Actor In a Leading Role.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: On 26 August 2014, Reid signed a two-year contract with ABS-CBN that marked his exclusivity to the network "again" after two years of freelancing and becoming a talent of Viva Artists Agency, as ABS-CBN gave him popularity. As part of the contract, Reid and his onscreen partner Nadine Lustre starred in their first TV series together as a loveteam entitled "Wansapanataym Presents: My App #Boyfie" which was also based on Wattpad story.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: On 2 January 2015, Reid revealed that he will be releasing his second solo album within the year. It was reported that the album will include songs in collaboration with Canadian music producer Adam Hurstfield who has written and/or produced for artists such as Ashley Tisdale, Ne-Yo, Aly Michalka, Loverboy, Elise Estrada and many more. On 10 January, Reid's new music video for the song "Huwag Ka Nang Humirit", composed by Thyro Alfaro and Yumi Lacsamana, premiered on Viva's YouTube channel. After its release, the music video began trending on social media and went viral in less than a week.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: On 21 January 2015, the music video for the song entitled "Hanap Hanap" premiered in MTV Pinoy. The song is his fourth collaboration with Nadine Lustre after "No Erase", "Rocketeer" and "Bahala Na". It was also used as the theme song for his then upcoming movies with Lustre such as "Diary Ng Panget", "Talk Back You're Dead", and "Para sa Hopeless Romantic".


title: James Reid (actor)

text: Reid's third EP "Reid Alert" was released on Valentine's Day of 2015 by Viva Records. It debuted at #2 in Philippine iTunes pop music album charts behind Taylor Swift's "1989". On 28 January 2016, he released "Randomantic", as the third single from "Reid Alert".


title: James Reid (actor)

text: On 20 February 2016, Reid and his on-screen partner, Nadine Lustre, had their first major concert titled "JaDine In Love" at the Smart Araneta Coliseum. Due to the clamor of JaDine fans overseas, Reid and Lustre embarked on the "JaDine Love World Tour" presented by TFC in March. They visited Doha, Dubai, London and Milan.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: In June 2016, it was announced that Reid and Lustre will be making their small screen comeback through the series, "Till I Met You," with JC Santos, Angel Aquino, Carmina Villaroel, and Zoren Legaspi.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: In March 2017, it was confirmed that Reid's first studio album is entitled "Palm Dreams". Reid stated that he wrote all the tracks in the album alongside rapper and music producer, Paulo Tiongson. On 16 June 2017, Reid released "Cool Down" as the album's lead single. The album was released on 8 July 2017 and marked the foundation of Reid's own independent record label, Careless. "Palm Dreams" spawned two more singles; "Turning Up" and "The Life".


title: James Reid (actor)

text: In March 2018, Reid and Lustre made their big screen comeback with the Antoinette Jadaone film "Never Not Love You". His performance in the film garnered him his second nomination for Outstanding Achievement By An Actor In a Leading Role at the 67th FAMAS Awards.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: In August 2018, James starred in a remake of the Korean film "Miss Granny" with Sarah Geromino in the title role. Reid was also set to star in the new Pedro Penduko adaptation of Viva Films, which was based on the re-imagined version written by Regene Estolatan under Epik Studios. Reid, however, decided to withdraw from the project after sustaining a spinal injury during training. In 2019, Reid decided to leave Viva Artists Agency, with his father Robert Malcolm Reid taking over as his manager. Transitioning to an independent artist, Reid said he would take a break from acting to focus on his music career and working on Careless.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: In 2020, Reid was slated to perform at the "Overpass Music Festival" which was to be held at Oak Canyon Park in Orange County. However, the festival was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In August, it was announced that the Overpass Music Festival was going to be held as a virtual concert. On May 30, Reid participated in "Our Identity: ProjectBlue Marble," an online musical event which also served as a global fundraising effort in the fight against COVID-19 and to combat xenophobia affecting Asian communities. In October 2020, Reid signed with Far East Movement's Transparent Arts label, which is based on Los Angeles.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: In September 2022, Reid released "u & i" as a single off his second studio album, "lovescene:", which was released in October of the same year.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: In December 2022, Reid announced his first North American Tour which will start on January 2023 to promote his "Lovescene" album.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: Reid announced in February 2016 that he and his on-screen partner, Nadine Lustre, were in a relationship. On January 20, 2020, after nearly four years of a relationship, the couple announced their split.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: Reid is an avid listener of R&B music, he cites Chris Brown as an early influence for him. After his stint in the "Pinoy Big Brother" house, Reid signed with Star Magic and would often perform in mall shows. He would sing pop rock and alternative pop songs. He has mentioned that he likes to listen to Maroon 5 and The Script and often sang their songs in his live performances.


title: James Reid (actor)

text: Reid also cited Sam Concepcion and Gary Valenciano as some of his local musical inspirations. Discussing Concepcion, Reid has said, "Watched him live, he blows my mind away. I’m so jealous. Not even sure if I idolize him, I’m just jealous." He has also mentioned being influenced by Thyro Alfaro, Yumi Lacsamana, who wrote most of Reid's tracks from his LP and EP releases under Viva Records. Discussing Alfaro and Lacsamana, Reid has said, "for me they are the king and queen of Filipino, of OPM music." He also considers Michael Jackson and Justin Timberlake as his "idols". Reid has also expressed his love for Mario's "Turning Point" album, saying "I learned to sing because of Chris brown but I learned to love R&B because of THIS album"


title: James Reid (actor)

text: Aside from R&B and EDM, Reid has also said that he enjoys listening to indie rock and future bass. He has mentioned Australian band Last Dinosaurs and St. Lucia as some of his favorites. Reid is also a fan of OPM indie band Oh, Flamingo.


title: Patricia Belcher

text: Patricia Belcher (born 1954) is an American film, stage and television actress, known for her roles as Ms. Dabney in the Disney Channel sitcom "Good Luck Charlie", and as United States Attorney Caroline Julian in the FOX crime procedural comedy-drama series "Bones". In film, she is known for starring in "Jeepers Creepers" (2001), "500 Days of Summer" (2009), "Bad Words" (2013), "Kajillionaire" (2020), and "Gatlopp" (2022).


title: Patricia Belcher

text: Belcher was born in Helena, Montana. She is partly of African-American descent. Prior to becoming an actress, Belcher was a contestant on "Jeopardy!" losing to then attorney Ron Black in one of his 5 games. She studied acting under the guidance of many drama teachers, including the Oscar-nominated actress, Beah Richards.


title: Patricia Belcher

text: Belcher is known for playing judges, doctors, nurses, government officials, and other authority figures, often to comic effect. She has made many appearances in films and television series including "The Number 23", "Unknown", "Jeepers Creepers", "Heartbreakers" and "(500) Days of Summer". She also has made appearances in television series, including "The Norm Show" (on which she had a recurring role), "Everybody Loves Raymond", "Boston Legal", "The Jake Effect", "Twins", "The Proud Family", "Seinfeld", "Sister, Sister", "In Plain Sight", "The Middle", "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia", "Still Sitting down", "Beverly Hills, 90210", Bones, and "How to Get Away with Murder". She is also one of the most active actors appearing in commercials. Products include GEICO, Staples, Time Warner, American Cancer Society and Wells Fargo.


title: Patricia Belcher

text: In 2001, Belcher was cast as Jezelle Gay Hartman, a psychic, in the horror film "Jeepers Creepers". The film received mixed reviews from critics, however received positive awards from audiences.


title: Patricia Belcher

text: The film was a commercial success, opening in 2,944 theaters and took in a domestic gross of $37,904,175; it later made $21,313,614 internationally, making a total of $59,217,789 worldwide.


title: Patricia Belcher

text: In 2009, she played Millie in the romantic comedy "(500) Days of Summer". The film received positive reviews from critics upon its release. Based on over 214 professional reviews, it obtained a "Certified Fresh" seal on Rotten Tomatoes with an approval rating of 86% and an average score of 7.6 out of 10. The film was a box office success as well, becoming a "sleeper hit" and earning over $60 million in worldwide returns, far exceeding its $7.5 million budget. Also that year through 2010, Belcher had a recurring role on "Better Off Ted" as Janet S. Crotum, the head of human resources of Veridian Dynamics.


title: Patricia Belcher

text: On May 13, 2010, ABC officially canceled the series due to low viewing figures. After the cancellation of "Better Off Ted" Belcher moved on and began another recurring role on the Disney Channel sitcom "Good Luck Charlie", playing the strict and easily annoyed neighbor, Estelle Dabney. It ran for four seasons ending in 2014.


title: Patricia Belcher

text: In 2013, she appeared as Ingrid in "Bad Words", and she voiced Chimamanda Lobo in the video game "". Later that year Belcher again teamed with "Jeepers Creepers" writer and director Victor Salva for his horror film "Dark House". As well as appearing on "The Millers", and "Partners".


title: Patricia Belcher

text: In 2015, she appeared in the GEICO commercial with the band Europe. She was Grandmother in Wells Fargo's 2017 commercial "Lost Debit Card". She also appeared in 2 other GEICO commercials, once as a DMV picture taker and a waitress in a 24 hour diner.


title: Patricia Belcher

text: In 2022, she made a brief appearance in the film "Father Stu" playing the role of a meat and seafood grocery store clerk. She also began recurring on another Disney Channel sitcom, "The Villains of Valley View".


title: University College Dublin

text: University College Dublin (commonly referred to as UCD) () is a public research university in Dublin, Ireland, and a member institution of the National University of Ireland. With 33,284 students, it is Ireland's largest university, and amongst the most prestigious universities in the country. Five Nobel Laureates are among UCD's alumni and current and former staff. Additionally, four Irish Taoiseach (Prime Ministers) and three Irish Presidents have graduated from UCD, along with one President of India.


title: University College Dublin

text: UCD originates in a body founded in 1854, which opened as the Catholic University of Ireland on the feast of St. Malachy with John Henry Newman as its first rector; it re-formed in 1880 and chartered in its own right in 1908. The Universities Act, 1997 renamed the constituent university as the "National University of Ireland, Dublin", and a ministerial order of 1998 renamed the institution as "University College Dublin – National University of Ireland, Dublin".


title: University College Dublin

text: Originally located at St Stephen's Green in the Dublin city centre, all faculties have since relocated to a campus at Belfield, six kilometres to the south of the city centre. In 1991, it purchased a second site in Blackrock. This currently houses the Michael Smurfit Graduate Business School.


title: University College Dublin

text: A report published in May 2015 showed the economic output generated by UCD and its students in Ireland amounted to €1.3 billion annually.


title: University College Dublin

text: UCD can trace its history to the institution founded in 1854 as the Catholic University of Ireland. Renamed University College in 1883 and put under the control of the Jesuits in 1883, It became University College Dublin in 1908, a constituent college of the National University of Ireland under the Universities Act.


title: University College Dublin

text: After the Catholic Emancipation period of Irish history, Archbishop of Armagh attempted to provide for the first time in Ireland higher-level education for followers of the Catholic Church and taught by such people. The Catholic Hierarchy demanded a Catholic alternative to the University of Dublin's Trinity College, whose Anglican origins the Hierarchy refused to overlook. Since the 1780s, the University of Dublin had admitted Catholics to study; a religious test, however, hindered the efforts of Catholics in their desire to obtain membership of the university's governing bodies. Thus, in 1850 at the Synod of Thurles, it was decided to open a university in Dublin for Catholics.


title: University College Dublin

text: As a result of these efforts, a new "Catholic University of Ireland" opened in 1854 on St Stephen's Green, with John Henry Newman appointed as its first rector. The Catholic University opened its doors on the feast of St Malachy, 3 November 1854. In 1855, the Catholic University Medical School was opened on Cecilia Street.


title: University College Dublin

text: As a private university, Catholic University was never given a royal charter, and so was unable to award recognised degrees and suffered from chronic financial difficulties. Newman left the university in 1857. In 1861, Bartholomew Woodlock was appointed Rector and served until he became Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise in 1879. Henry Neville was appointed Rector to replace Woodlock.


title: University College Dublin

text: In 1880, the Royal University of Ireland was established and allowed students from any college to take examinations for a degree.


title: University College Dublin

text: In 1882, Catholic University reorganised, and the St. Stephen's Green institution (the former Arts school of the Catholic University) run by the Irish Jesuits, was renamed University College, and it began participating in the Royal University system. In 1883, Fr William Delany SJ was appointed the first president of University College. The college attracted academics from around Ireland, including Fr. Gerard Manley Hopkins and James Joyce. Some notable staff and students at the school during this period included Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, Patrick Pearse, Hugh Kennedy, Eoin MacNeill, Kevin O'Higgins, Tom Kettle, James Ryan, Douglas Hyde and John A. Costello.


title: University College Dublin

text: In 1908, the National University of Ireland was founded and the following year the Royal University was dissolved. This new university was brought into existence with three constituent University Colleges – Dublin, Galway and Cork. Following the establishment of the NUI, D. J. Coffey, Professor of Physiology, Catholic University Medical School, became the first president of UCD. The Medical School in Cecilia Street became the UCD Medical Faculty and the Faculty of Commerce was established. Under the Universities Act, 1997, University College Dublin was established as a constituent university within the National University of Ireland framework.


title: University College Dublin

text: In 1911, land donated by Lord Iveagh helped the university expand in Earlsfort Terrace/Hatch Street/ St Stephen's Green. Iveagh Gardens was part of this donation.


title: University College Dublin

text: UCD is a major holder of archives of national and international significance relating to the Irish War of Independence.


title: University College Dublin

text: In 1913, in response to the formation of the Ulster Volunteers, Eóin MacNeill, professor of early Irish history, called for the formation of an Irish nationalist force to counteract it. The Irish Volunteers were formed later that year and MacNeill was elected its Chief-of-staff. At the outbreak of World War I, in view of the Home Rule Act 1914 and the political perception that it might not be implemented, the leader of the Home Rule Party, John Redmond, urged the Irish Volunteers to support the British war effort as a way of supporting Irish Home Rule. This effort on behalf of Home Rule included many UCD staff and students. Many of those who opposed this move later participated in the Easter Rising.


title: University College Dublin

text: Several UCD staff and students participated in the rising, including Pádraig Pearse, Thomas MacDonagh, Michael Hayes and James Ryan, and a smaller number, including Tom Kettle and Willie Redmond, fought for the British in World War I.


title: University College Dublin

text: Many UCD staff, students and alumni fought in the Irish War of Independence. Following the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, four UCD graduates joined the government of the Irish Free State.


title: University College Dublin

text: UCD graduates have since participated in Irish political life – three of the nine Presidents of Ireland and six of the fourteen Taoisigh have been either former staff or graduates.


title: University College Dublin

text: In 1926, the University Education (Agriculture and Dairy Science) Act transferred the Royal College of Science in Merrion Street and Albert Agricultural College in Glasnevin to UCD. In 1933, Belfield House was purchased for sporting purposes.


title: University College Dublin

text: By the early 1940s, the college had become the largest third-level institution in the state and the college attempted to expand the existing city-centre campus. It was later decided that the best solution would be to move the college to a larger greenfield site outside of the city centre and create a modern campus university. This move started in the early 1960s when the faculty of science moved to the new park campus at Belfield in a suburb on the south side of Dublin. The Belfield campus developed into a complex of modern buildings and inherited Georgian townhouses, accommodating the colleges of the university as well as its student residences and many leisure and sporting facilities.


title: University College Dublin

text: One of UCD's previous locations, the "Royal College of Science" on Merrion Street is now the location of the renovated Irish Government Building, where the Department of the Taoiseach (Irish prime minister) is situated. University College Dublin also had a site in Glasnevin for much of the last century, the Albert Agricultural College, the southern part of which is now occupied by Dublin City University, the northern part is where Ballymun town is located.


title: University College Dublin

text: The new campus was largely designed by A&D Wejchert & Partners Architects and includes several notable structures, including the UCD Water Tower which was built in 1972 by John Paul Construction. The Tower won the 1979 Irish Concrete Society Award. It stands 60 metres high with a dodecahedron tank atop a pentagonal pillar. The Tower is part of the UCD Environmental Research Station.


title: University College Dublin

text: In 1964, Jeremiah Hogan was appointed president and Thomas E. Nevin led the science faculty to move to a new campus at Belfield. Also that year, UCD became the first University in Europe to launch an MBA programme. In 1967, Donogh O'Malley proposed a plan to merge UCD and Trinity. Between 1969 and 1970, the Faculties of Commerce, Arts and Law moved to Belfield. In 1972, Thomas Murphy was appointed president. In 1973, the library opened. In 1980, the college purchased Richview and 17.4 acres and the architecture faculty moved there. In 1981, the Sports Complex opened. In 1986, Patrick Masterson was appointed president.


title: University College Dublin

text: During the 1990s, some of the students of Women's Studies petitioned to rename their Gender Studies building after Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington to honour her contribution to women's rights and equal access to third-level education. Her husband Francis Sheehy-Skeffington was himself an alumnus of the university and Hanna of the Royal University, a sister university of UCD. Their campaign was successful and the building was renamed the Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington Building. In 1990, the UCD purchased Carysfort College, Blackrock, and became the location of the Smurfit Graduate school of business. The first student village, Belgrove, opened that year as well. In 1992, the second student village, Merville, opened and the Centre for Film studies was established. In 1993, Art Cosgrove was appointed president. In 1994, O'Reilly Hall was opened.


title: University College Dublin

text: In Malaysia, UCD, together with the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), owns a branch campus within George Town, the capital city of the State of Penang. Established in 1996, the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and University College Dublin Malaysia Campus (RUMC) offers a twinning programme in Medicine where students spend the first half of their course in either RCSI or UCD, before completing their clinical years at RUMC.


title: University College Dublin

text: In 2003, NovaUCD, a Euro Innovation and Technology Transfer Centre opened. In 2004, Hugh Brady was appointed president. In 2006, UCD Horizons begins. In 2009, Trinity and UCD announce the Innovation Alliance. In 2010, NCAD and UCD form an academic alliance. In 2012 the expanded Student and Sports Centre opened. In 2012, the college closed the athletics track and field facilities and students demanded an apology. In 2013, the UCD O'Brien Centre for Science opened and the UCD Sutherland School of Law opened. It is now the largest Common Law law school in the European Union. In 2015, UCD opened a global centre in the US. In 2019, UCD became the first Irish university to launch a Black Studies module, coordinated by Dr Ebun Joseph and Prof Kathleen Lynch. In March 2022 Prof Andrew Deeks resigned to take up the role of vice-Chancellor at Murdoch University, in Perth, Western Australia. Prof Mark Rogers was appointed acting president.


title: University College Dublin

text: UCD consists of six colleges, their associated schools (37 in total) and multiple research institutes and centres. Each college also has its own Graduate School, for postgraduates.


title: University College Dublin

text: The UCD College of Business is made up of the Quinn School of Business, the Michael Smurfit Graduate Business School, and UCD Business International Campus. The former constituent school, the UCD Quinn School of Business (commonly The Quinn School), is the building in which the UCD College of Business's undergraduate programme is based. It is located in a three-story building on the Belfield campus and is named after Lochlann Quinn, one of the main financial contributors to the school. Other donors included Bank of Ireland, AIB, Irish Life & Permanent, Accenture, KPMG, PwC, Dunnes Stores and Ernst & Young. When first opened in 2002, it claimed to be the only business school in Europe with a specific focus on technology and e-learning.


title: University College Dublin

text: At the beginning of the 2005/2006 academic year, UCD introduced the "Horizons" curriculum, which completely semesterised and modularised all undergraduate courses. Under the new curriculum, students choose ten core modules from their specific subject area and two other modules, which can be chosen from any other programme at the university.


title: University College Dublin

text: UCD is also home to UCD Professional Academy, which offers career development through a broad range of professional diplomas.  Subject areas include Business, IT, Management, Marketing and Design.


title: University College Dublin

text: Undergraduate fees are funded in part by the Irish State (for EU citizens) and by students themselves.


title: University College Dublin

text: Amongst the most recent patrons include actor Gregory Peck, who was a founding patron of the School of Film. Other benefactors include Lochlann Quinn (UCD Quinn School of Business), Michael Smurfit (Michael Smurfit Graduate Business School), Peter Sutherland (Sutherland School of Law), Tony O'Reilly (O'Reilly Hall) and Denis O'Brien (O'Brien Science Centre).


title: University College Dublin

text: The 2020 "QS World University Rankings" for employability and reputation rate UCD as first in Ireland and 78th in the world.


title: University College Dublin

text: The 2022 "Times Higher Education World University Rankings" placed UCD in the range of 201–250. It also ranked it 22nd in the 2021 Impact Rankings.


title: University College Dublin

text: The 2022 "U.S. News & World Report" ranked UCD as the second best university in Ireland and 244th globally.


title: University College Dublin

text: UCD's Michael Smurfit Graduate Business School is ranked 21st in the Financial Times' ranking of leading European Business Schools in 2019. The business school's Masters in International Management is ranked eighth in the world.


title: University College Dublin

text: The School of Physics hosts research groups in Astrophysics, space science and relativity theory (members of the VERITAS and INTEGRAL experiments) and Experimental particle physics (participating in the Large Hadron Collider experiments LHCb and CMS).


title: University College Dublin

text: The most prominent UCD-related company is the IE Domain Registry; many UCD academics continue to sit on the board of directors. UCD originally gained control of the .ie domain in the late 1980s.


title: University College Dublin

text: The NovaUCD initiative is UCD's innovation and technology transfer centre, funded through a public-private partnership. In 2004, Duolog relocated its Dublin headquarters to NovaUCD.


title: University College Dublin

text: The Educational Irish Research Satellite 1 or EIRSAT-1 is a 2U CubeSat under development at UCD and will be Ireland's first satellite.


title: University College Dublin

text: The students' union in the college has been an active part of campaigns run by the National Union, USI, and has played a role in the life of the college since its foundation in 1974.


title: University College Dublin

text: The Union has also taken stances on issues of human rights that have attracted attention in Ireland and around the world; in particular, it implemented a ban of Coca-Cola products in Student Union controlled shops on the basis of alleged human and trade union rights abuses in Colombia. This ban was overturned in 2010.


title: University College Dublin

text: UCD competes in the most popular Irish field sports of Gaelic Games, Hurling, Soccer and Rugby Union. UCD is the only Irish university to compete in both the major Irish leagues for rugby and soccer with University College Dublin A.F.C. and University College Dublin R.F.C. competing in the top leagues of their respective competitions. UCD GAA have won the most Sigerson Cup (Gaelic Football) whilst they have the second most Fitzgibbon Cup (hurling) wins, both the major University competitions in the sports in Ireland.


title: University College Dublin

text: UCD sport annually compete in the Colours Match with Trinity College Dublin in a range of sports, most notably in rugby. The rugby side has won 35 of the 57 contests. UCD RFC has produced 13 British and Irish Lions as well 70 Irish Rugby International and 5 for other nations.


title: University College Dublin

text: In 1985, UCD drew with Everton F.C. in the first round of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, which Everton went on to win.


title: University College Dublin

text: Other notable team sports in the college basketball side, UCD Marian, victors in the 2012 Irish Basketball Superleague.


title: University College Dublin

text: The Belfield campus is home to a wide range of sports facilities. Facilities include the National Hockey stadium (which has previously hosted the Women's Hockey World Cup Finals and the Men's Hockey European Championship Finals) and UCD Bowl a 3,000 capacity stadium used for rugby and soccer. UCD has one of the largest fitness centres in the country, squash courts, tennis courts, an indoor rifle range, over twenty sports pitches (for rugby, soccer and Gaelic games), an indoor climbing wall and two large sports halls. The Sportscenter was added to in 2012 with the competition of an Olympic-size swimming pool, a tepidarium and a revamped fitness center as part of the re-development of the UCD Student Centre.


title: University College Dublin

text: Leinster Rugby's headquarters and training facility are located on campus, housing the academy, senior squad and administrative arms of the rugby club. Their facilities include an office block and a high performance facility, located next to the Institute of Sport and Health (ISH). They also use UCD's pitches. It was completed in 2012 at a cost of 2.5 million euro.


title: University College Dublin

text: UCD has currently more than sixty student societies. They cater for many interests ranging from large-scale party societies such as Ag Soc, Arts Soc, Commerce and Economics Society, ISS (and its subgroup AfricaSoc), INDSoc(Indian Society) and MSoc(Malaysian Society) who have the largest student communities of Indian and Malaysian students in Ireland. There are also religiously interested groups such as the Christian Union, the Islamic Society, the Atheist and Secular Society, a television station Campus Television Network, academic-oriented societies like the Economic Society, UCD Philosophy Society, Mathsoc, Classical Society, and An Cumann Gaelach, an Irish-language society and such charities as St. Vincent de Paul, UCDSVP. There are two main societies for international students, ESN UCD (part of the Erasmus Student Network) and the International Student's Society.


title: University College Dublin

text: Many UCD societies engage in voluntary work on-campus and across Dublin. For example, the UCD Student Legal Service is a student-run society that provides free legal information clinics to the students of UCD.


title: University College Dublin

text: Irish political parties are represented on campus including Ógra Fianna Fáil, Young Fine Gael, and UCD Labour Youth. The college has two debating unions.


title: University College Dublin

text: The oldest societies are the Literary and Historical Society, which is currently in its 160th session, An Cumann Gaelach who are entering their 110th session, the Commerce & Economics Society who are entering their 105th session and the Law Society which was founded in 1911. The L&H and Law Society are the major debating societies of the college and two of the leading ones in Ireland. Ireland's most prestigious competition, the Irish Times Debate the L&H has 11 team wins and 12 individual ones with the Law Society achieving 2 team wins and 2 individual wins respectively. The two societies have also been successful further afield at the UK and Ireland John Smith Memorial Mace (formerly The Observer Mace) with the L&H winning 5 titles and Lawsoc 2 titles. UCD has hosted the World University Debating Championships twice, most recently in 2006. At the start of the 12/13 Academic Year, the Literary and Historical Society achieved a membership of 5143 becoming the largest student society in UCD and in Europe. The UCD Dramsoc is the university drama society, it is noted for an active membership and a number of notable alumni. The university also has a successful sinfonia called University College Dublin Symphony Orchestra.


title: University College Dublin

text: UCD has two student newspapers currently published on campus, the broadsheet "University Observer" and the tabloid "College Tribune"


title: University College Dublin

text: "The University Observer" won the Newspaper of the Year award at the National Student Media Awards in April 2006, an accolade it has achieved many times, most recently in April 2014. Founded in 1994, its first editors were Pat Leahy and comedian Dara Ó Briain. Many figures in Irish journalism have held the position of editor including "The Irish Times" duty editor Roddy O'Sullivan and political editor Pat Leahy, AFP business reporter Enda Curran, "The Irish Examiner" political editor Daniel McConnell, RTÉ News reporter Samantha Libreri; Virgin Media News political correspondent Gavan Reilly; and TV researcher Alan Torney. The efforts of its staff were noted by the prestigious "Guardian" Student Media Awards with a nomination for "Best Newspaper", the first Irish student publication to receive such recognition. In 2001, in addition to several Irish National Student Media Awards, the "University Observer" under McConnell and Curran took the runner up prize for "Best Publication" at the Guardian Student Media Awards in London. To date, "The University Observer" has won 29 Irish Student Media Awards.


title: University College Dublin

text: The main sections within the paper are campus, national and international news, comment, opinion and sport. In addition, each issue is accompanied by an arts and culture supplement called "O-Two", with music interviews, travel, fashion and colour pieces. "The University Observer" is funded by the UCD Students' Union, but its content, in theory, remains editorially independent.


title: University College Dublin

text: The "College Tribune" was founded in 1989, with the assistance of noted political commentator Vincent Browne. Then an evening student at UCD, Browne noted the lack of an independent media outlet for students and staff and set about rectifying this with the establishment of a student newspaper. The paper was initially established with links to the "Sunday Tribune", though over time these links faded and ultimately, the "Tribune" would long outlast its national counterpart. The paper has since its inception supported itself financially through commercial advertising in its print edition. Operating under such a model theoretically allows the paper and its staff to maintain genuine editorial independence from both university authorities and the Students' Union. The "Tribune" has been recognised on a number of occasions at the national student media awards, particularly in sports writing, of which the paper maintains a strong tradition. In addition to winning Student Newspaper of the Year at the 1996 USI & Irish Independent Media Awards, then editor Conor Lally was also awarded Student Journalist of the Year. 2003 saw "Tribune" stalwart Peter Lahiff win Diversity Writer of the Year at the Guardian Student Media Awards, to-date the only Irish based recipient of a Guardian award.


title: University College Dublin

text: "College Tribune" sections include news, sport, features, arts, film and entertainment, music, fashion, business, and politics & innovation. These are contained in both the paper proper and its arts culture supplement "The Trib". The paper is also noted among students for the launch of "The Evil Gerald", a satirical 'paper within a paper'.


title: University College Dublin

text: UCD also has a student radio station, Belfield FM, broadcasting throughout the academic year online on the station's website. The station is independently run by the UCD Broadcasting Society and has produced well known Irish radio presenters such as Ryan Tubridy and Rick O'Shea (of RTÉ fame) and Barry Dunne of 98FM.


title: University College Dublin

text: Belfield FM is the successor to UCD FM, which was operated within the entertainment office of the students' union as a service for students. Initially launched in 1992, the station rebranded in 2000 and has operated since then under the current name. As a result of the implementation of the students' union's new constitution at the beginning of the 2012 / 2013 academic year, the station now operates as a student society.


title: University College Dublin

text: In later years students have been given a scarf of St Patrick's blue, navy and saffron at the President's Welcome Ceremony when they are officially welcomed. These colours have replaced "Faculty" colours and are now worn at graduation also.


title: University College Dublin

text: Irish revolutionaries Pádraig Pearse and Thomas MacDonagh, two of the leaders of the Easter Rising and signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic were, respectively, a student and member of faculty at the university. As well as former president Douglas Hyde and Pádraig Pearse, UCD Professor Eóin MacNeill had a key role in the Gaelic revival in Ireland.


title: University College Dublin

text: Since the foundation of the Irish state in 1922, UCD has produced the largest number of Justices of the Supreme Court of Ireland, the largest number of Chief Justices and the largest number of Attorneys General of Ireland of any Irish institution of higher education. Alumna Síofra O'Leary is Judge at the European Court of Human Rights and three of the six current justices of the Supreme Court are UCD alumni.


title: University College Dublin

text: In 2010, UCD School of Medicine graduate and cardiothoracic surgeon Eilis McGovern was elected 168th President of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and thereby became the first female President of any surgical Royal College in the world.


title: University College Dublin

text: Distinguished writers include James Joyce, Kate O'Brien, Austin Clarke, Benedict Kiely, Pearse Hutchinson, Thomas Kinsella, James Plunkett (Kelly), John Jordan, John McGahern, Paul Lynch and Hugh McFadden. Dee Forbes, Director General RTÉ and Miriam O'Callaghan, presenter of RTÉ's leading current affairs show, Prime Time, are alumni, as are comedians Dermot Morgan (1952–1998) and Dara Ó Briain who were major figures in the university's debating scene for many years.


title: University College Dublin

text: UCD has produced a number of well-known athletes, mainly in the popular Irish field sports of Gaelic games and rugby union. Many played within the university's club sides such as Brian O'Driscoll who played for University College Dublin R.F.C. The club has produced numerous British and Irish Lions including O'Driscoll, with several others attending as students. Notable GAA athletes include Rena Buckley, one of the most decorated players in GAA history, having won a total of 17 All-Ireland senior medals; Seán Murphy, a medical school graduate and member of the Gaelic Football Team of the Millennium; and Nicky Rackard, included in the Hurling Team of the Century. Kevin Moran, formerly a Gaelic football but also a soccer player for Manchester United, graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce in 1976.


title: University College Dublin

text: A number of catholic religious figures, studied or played significant roles in UCD, include Cardinals Tomás Ó Fiaich and Desmond Connell as well as the founding rector Cardinal Newman. Clerical students from Clonliffe College, All Hallows College, St. Joseph's, Blackrock (Vincentians), the Holy Ghost Fathers (Spiritans) in Blackrock College and Kimmage Manor, St. Mary's Priory (Dominicans) and the Jesuit Milltown Park (and Rathfarnham Castle) would have studied for degrees in UCD, while studying Theology in their seminaries, theology prohibited by the Royal University and National University of Ireland until 1996.


title: University College Dublin

text: Amongst the number of humanitarians to attend are John O'Shea founder of GOAL and Tom Arnold the CEO of Concern Worldwide.


title: University College Dublin

text: Former faculty include Dennis Jennings of the School of Computing, considered to be an Internet pioneer for his leadership of NSFNET, the network that became the Internet backbone. Other notable faculty include Patrick Lynch, logician and philosopher Jan Łukasiewicz, and Professor of Science and Society James Heckman who won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2000.


title: University College Dublin

text: James Joyce’s novel "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" is partially set in UCD (when it was sited on Earlsfort Terrace) where Stephen Dedalus (now the name of the IT building) is enrolled as a student. Joyce's posthumously-published autobiographical novel "Stephen Hero" contains stories of his time in UCD. Flann O'Brien's novel "At Swim-Two-Birds" features a UCD student who writes a meta-novel wherein the author is put on trial by the characters of his novel. Maeve Binchy's novel, "Circle of Friends", deals with three female friends starting college in UCD in the 1950s. However, shots of Trinity College were used in the 1995 film. The second Ross O'Carroll-Kelly novel, "The Teenage Dirtbag Years", follows Ross as he enters UCD.


title: University College Dublin

text: Christy Moore wrote a tongue in cheek song about UCD's Literary and Historical Society called "The Auditor of the L and H". Johnny Jurex & The Punk Pistols, predecessors to Rocky De Valera & The Gravediggers had a song called "Anarchy in Belfield" which they played at their only gig during Rag Week in 1976.


title: University College Dublin

text: Conor McPherson's third film "Saltwater" was filmed in Belfield, UCD. In "Boston Legal", Season 2, Episode 21 "Word Salad Day", there is a reference to a study from UCD that "found that the effects of divorce on children are far more damaging than the death of a parent" although it is not clear whether this is University College Dublin or University of California, Davis.


title: Draught beer

text: Draught beer, also spelt draft, is beer served from a cask or keg rather than from a bottle or can. Draught beer served from a pressurised keg is also known as


title: Draught beer

text: Until Joseph Bramah patented the beer engine in 1785, beer was served directly from the barrel and carried to the customer. The Old English "" ("carry; pull") developed into a series of related words including "drag", "draw", and "draught". By the time Bramah's beer pumps became popular, the use of the term "draught" to refer to the acts of serving or drinking beer was well established and transferred easily to beer served via the hand pumps. In time, the word came to be restricted to only such beer. The usual spelling is now "draught" in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand and more commonly "draft" in North America, although it can be spelt either way. Regardless of spelling, the word is pronounced or depending on the region the speaker is from.


title: Draught beer

text: Canned draught is beer served from a pressurised container featuring a widget. Smooth flow (also known as cream flow, nitrokeg, or smooth) is the name brewers give to draught beers pressurised with a partial nitrogen gas blend.


title: Draught beer

text: In 1691, an article in the "London Gazette" mentioned John Lofting, who held a patent for a fire engine: "The said patentee has also projected a very useful engine for starting of beer, and other liquors which will draw from 20 to 30 barrels an hour, which are completely fixed with brass joints and screws at reasonable rates".


title: Draught beer

text: In the early 20th century, draught beer started to be served from pressurised containers. Artificial carbonation was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1936, with Watney's experimental pasteurised beer Red Barrel. Though this method of serving beer did not take hold in the UK until the late 1950s, it did become the favored method in the rest of Europe, where it is known by such terms as "en pression". The carbonation method of serving beer subsequently spread to the rest of the world; by the early 1970s the term "draught beer" almost exclusively referred to beer served under pressure as opposed to the traditional cask or barrel beer.


title: Draught beer

text: In Britain, the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) was founded in 1971 to protect traditional—unpressurised—beer and brewing methods. The group devised the term "real ale" to differentiate between beer served from the cask and beer served under pressure. The term "real ale" has since been expanded to include bottle-conditioned beer.


title: Draught beer

text: Keg beer is often filtered and/or pasteurised, both of which are processes that render the yeast inactive.


title: Draught beer

text: In brewing parlance, a keg is different from a cask. A cask has a tap hole near the edge of the top, and a spile hole on the side used for conditioning the unfiltered and unpasteurised beer. A keg has a single opening in the centre of the top to which a flow pipe is attached. Kegs are artificially pressurised after fermentation with carbon dioxide or a mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas or especially in Czech Republic solely compressed air.


title: Draught beer

text: "Keg" has become a term of contempt used by some, particularly in the UK, since the 1960s when pasteurised draught beers started replacing traditional cask beers.


title: Draught beer

text: Keg beer was replacing traditional cask ale in all parts of the UK, primarily because it requires less care to handle. Since 1971, CAMRA has conducted a consumer campaign on behalf of those who prefer traditional cask beer. CAMRA has lobbied the British Parliament to ensure support for cask ale and microbreweries have sprung up to serve those consumers who prefer traditional cask beer.