title: Tamarillo

text: Research and breeding should improve plantation management, fruit quality and postharvest treatment. A better understanding of plant physiology, nutritional requirements of plants and fruit set mechanisms will help to improve growing systems. Breeding goals are to break seed dormancy, to improve sweetness of fruits and to increase yield. For industrial uses, little "stones" of sodium and calcium that occasionally appear in the fruit skin form a problem. Those stones have to be eliminated by breeding.


title: Al Ain

text: Al Ain (, , ) is a city in the western side of Tuwwam region and the seat of the administrative division of its namesake, Al Ain in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. It is bordered to the east by the Omani town of Al-Buraimi in the Al Buraimi Governorate. It is the largest inland city in the Emirates, the fourth-largest city (after Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Sharjah), and the second-largest in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The freeways connecting Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, and Dubai form a geographic triangle in the country, each city being roughly from the other two.


title: Al Ain

text: Al-Ain is known as the "Garden City" () of Abu Dhabi, the UAE or the Gulf, due to its greenery, particularly with regard to the city's oases, parks, tree-lined avenues and decorative roundabouts, with there being strict height controls on new buildings, to no more than seven floors, and according to one author, an oasis around Al-Ain and Al-Hasa in Saudi Arabia are the most important in the Arabian Peninsula. That said, the region of Al-Ain and Al-Buraimi, altogether Tawam or Al-Buraimi Oasis, is of cultural and historical importance. For example, the area witnessed events relevant to the history of Islam during the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid eras, similar to Dibba and Ras Al-Khaimah. It was where Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the founder of the United Arab Emirates, spent much of his life, at least since 1927, before becoming the Ruler of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in 1966. Though it is often held that he was born in Abu Dhabi, some hold the view that he was born in Al-Ain. Al-Ain may also be the site of the oldest mosque in the country, in the premises of the Sheikh Khalifa Mosque.<ref name="Emirates24/7 10-2018"></ref>


title: Al Ain

text: Al Ain is located approximately east of the capital Abu Dhabi, and about south of Dubai. The eastern region covers an area of approximately . Oman lies to the east, Dubai and Sharjah to the north, Abu Dhabi to the west and the Empty Quarter desert and Saudi Arabia to the south. The topography of Al-Ain is unique and varies as one travels to the east. The ecologically important "Jebel Hafeet" ("Mount Hafeet"), an outlier of the main Hajar range, is considered one of the monuments of Al-Ain, lying just to the south of the city. Rising to in elevation, Jabal Hafeet is one of the highest mountains in the country, and has a number of ridges which stretch to the inner part of the city, two of which are "Jabal An-Naqfah" (which touches Al-Ain Oasis), and the Western ridge. Sand dunes of varying texture that are tinged red with iron oxide lie to the north and east of Al-Ain.


title: Al Ain

text: The city has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification "BWh"), featuring long, extremely hot summers and warm winters. In Al-Ain, the mean annual rainfall is and the average relative humidity is 60% (United Arab Emirates University, 1993). Low humidity in Al-Ain, particularly during the summers, makes it a popular destination for many people at that time of year. Boer (1997) classified the UAE climate as hyper-arid and divided it into four climatic regions: the coastal zone along the Persian Gulf, the mountain areas northeast of UAE, the gravel plains around Al Ain, and the central and southern sand desert. More rainfall and lower temperatures occur in the northeast than in the southern and western regions. The monthly average rainfall around Al-Ain was from the period 1970 to 1992.


title: Al Ain

text: To the south of the city, near Oman, there is the man-made Lake Zakher, which resulted from the release of waste water from desalination plants. Also in this region, to the east of Jebel Hafeet, lies the area of Mezyad, which has a border crossing with Oman, and is where the historic Mezyad Fort is located.


title: Al Ain

text: With a population of 766,936 (as of 2017), it has the highest proportion of Emirati nationals (30.8%) in the country, though the majority of its residents are expatriates, particularly from the Indian subcontinent. Many people are from Bangladesh and Pakistan, and a few Afghans which is in total 23,000 Afghan approximately in whole U.A.E and majority are from province of Khost.


title: Al Ain

text: Al Ain is an important services centre for a wide area extending into Oman. There are three major shopping centres, Al Ain Mall, Al Jimi Mall and Al Bawadi Mall (opened in 2009 in Al Khrair area) as well as traditional souqs for fruit and vegetables and livestock. One such souq exists for camels near an IKEA store and Bawadi Mall on Zayed Bin Sultan Street, the road which leads to Mezyad. Industry is growing, but is still on a small scale, and includes the Coca-Cola bottling plant and the Al Ain Portland Cement Works. The water in Al-Ain is of good quality. Service industries such as car sales, mechanics and other artisans are located in the area known as Sanaiya and Pattan Market. Social and governmental infrastructure include the Higher Colleges of Technology, well-equipped medical facilities including the teaching hospital at Tawam, Al Ain International Airport, and military training areas. Al Ain also has world's largest dates processing and marketing company, Al Foah Company LLC. The place is also famous for Al Ain Dairy Farm located just outside Al Ain.


title: Al Ain

text: Part of the historically important Western Hajar region, the area of Al-Ain or Tawam has been inhabited for nearly 8,000 years, with archaeological sites showing human settlement at places like Al-Rumailah, Hili and Jabel Ḥafeet. These early cultures built "beehive" tombs for their dead and engaged in hunting and gathering in the area. The oases provided water for early farms until the modern age. In the 1950s, Sheikh Zayed discovered the tombs, and brought this to the attention of a Danish team, leading to an excavation at the tombs in 1959. In 1971, Al Ain Museum was built to house items from this area. In the 2000s, the Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture & Heritage lobbied for its recognition as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, and in 2011, Al-Ain became the first World Heritage Site in the UAE to be recognized by UNESCO.


title: Al Ain

text: Bronze Age burial sites often re-used materials from earlier burials. For instance, the Wadi Suq communal tomb at Qattara Oasis is thought to have been constructed from stones recovered from previous Umm Al Nar burials.


title: Al Ain

text: Finds at Qattara include Wadi Suq era chlorite jugs and bowls and late Bronze Age short swords and daggers. Artefacts recovered also include carnelian jewellery, often associated by UAE historians with trading links to the Indus Valley. A find of particular interest from Qattara is a Bronze Age pendant discovered in the 1970s depicting a double-bodied or entwined pair of horned animals. Made from electrum, an alloy of silver and gold, the motif is found repeated in a number of Bronze Age sites in the UAE. Iron Age finds in and around Al Ain include "aflāj" (underground water channels) in Bidaa bint Saud, Al-Ain and Al-Buraimi which have been placed several centuries prior to the qanats of the Achaemenid Empire, which had previously been credited with the innovation.


title: Al Ain

text: Al Ain was originally within the area of influence of the Dhawahir, a Bedouin tribe who settled Dhahirah before Buraimi. A later wave of settlers, the Na'im, have long had an uneasy relationship with the Dhawahir and the two tribes were frequently in dispute. Numbering 4,500, the Dhawahir consists of three subsections: the Daramikah, who populated Hili, Mutared and Qattara; the Jawabir in Al Ain and the Bani Saad who lived in Jimi. Staying in the villages for the summer date season, in winter the community would move throughout the Trucial States.


title: Al Ain

text: A number of interests jostled for influence over the tribes of Buraimi, including the Sultan of Muscat, the Wahhabis (who had made a number of incursions) and the Sheikhs of the Trucial States, particularly the Bani Yas of Abu Dhabi, who acquired large tracts of land, principally from the Dhawahir. This suzerainty over Al Ain was cemented by Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, known as 'Zayed the Great', a strong and charismatic leader who took the Dhawahir's main settlement 'Ain Dhawahir (the original name of Al Ain) when the tribe rebelled against him in 1877. He built a fort, one of a number of fortifications established by the various interests vying for control over the oasis, to underline his dominion over the oasis and established a "wali", appointing a member of the Dhawahir as his headman.


title: Al Ain

text: Wilfred Thesiger visited Al-Ain in the late 1940s, during his travels across the Empty Quarter. He met Sheikh Zayed and stayed with him at Al-Muwaiji Fort. An ongoing dispute between Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi and Oman led to the Buraimi Dispute, a series of incidents which saw a Saudi armed force enter the oasis. Forces from the Trucial Oman Scouts, as well as the army of Muscat-Oman, arrived to recapture the oasis. With British intervention, the Saudi forces surrendered, leaving the oasis back in the hands of Abu Dhabi and Oman.


title: Al Ain

text: In 1971, Queen Elizabeth II visited the Hilton Hotel in the area, during her tour of the Persian Gulf. Following independence in 1971, Al Ain experienced rapid growth and investment as part of the emirate of Abu Dhabi, quickly becoming larger and more successful than Oman's Al-Buraimi. In 1972, Oman and Abu Dhabi agreed on the final borders to divide Buraimi and Al Ain. Until Sheikh Zayed's death in 2004, Al Ain's municipal code forbade construction of buildings over four stories, with the exceptions of the Hilton, Danat Al Ain Resort, and Rotana hotels. Until 2006, Buraimi and Al Ain shared an open border. This border was closed in November 2006, and passport controls were imposed.


title: Al Ain

text: The city's oases are known for their underground irrigation system ("falaj" or "qanāt") that brings water from boreholes to water farms and palm trees. Falaj irrigation is an ancient system dating back thousands of years, and is used widely in Oman, the UAE, China, Iran and other countries. There are seven oases here. The largest is Al Ain Oasis, near Old Sarooj, and the smallest is Al-Jahili Oasis. The rest are Al Qattara, Al-Muʿtaredh, Al-Jimi, Al-Muwaiji, and Hili.


title: Al Ain

text: Examples of "aflaj" include "Falaj Hazza", which is named after Sheikh Zayed's elder brother, Hazza bin Sultan Al Nahyan, and has a district named after it.


title: Al Ain

text: The city is known for its combination of modern and pre-modern buildings. The latter offer an insight into the city's and country's cultural heritage. The city used to have roundabouts in every intersection but recently it has been replaced by traffic signals.


title: Al Ain

text: Al-Ain is home to the main federal university in the UAE, the United Arab Emirates University, and to two campuses of the Higher Colleges of Technology – Al Ain Men's College and Al Ain Women's College. Al-Ain is also the home of Horizon International flight academy, Etihad Airways's cadet pilot training centre. Private higher education institutions include the Al Ain University and Abu Dhabi University (Al-Ain campus). Al-Ain also houses the eastern zone headquarters of the Abu Dhabi Department of Education and Knowledge, Abu Dhabi's education authority.


title: Al Ain

text: Many of Al-Ain's private schools, catering mainly to the expatriate population, are located in the Al-Manaseer area. They include Al-Ain International school (British curriculum, private school, part of the Aldar group), Al Ain English Speaking School, Al Dhafra Private School, Manor Hall School, Al-Sanawbar School, Liwa International School, Al-Madar International School, Global English School, Emirates Private School, a branch of the International School of Choueifat, and an Institute of Applied Technology campus. Other private schools include the CBSE affiliated school Indian School, Al-Ain, Our Own English High School, Al Adhwa Private School, Brighton College Al Ain and Al Ain Juniors School. A new British International School, Belvedere International School is located in the Al Hili district. In 1977, the Zayed Central Library was established.


title: Al Ain

text: Al-Khwarizmi International College has started a Campus at Al-Ain and is offering BBA programme and various other licensed, accredited and approved courses.


title: Al Ain

text: The first hospital in Al-Ain was Kanad Hospital (formerly known as Oasis Hospital), established in 1960 by the American missionary couple Drs. Pat and Marian Kennedy at the invitation of Sheikh Zayed. It is the oldest hospital in Al Ain and the second oldest in the United Arab Emirates.


title: Al Ain

text: Al-Ain is also the home of Tawam Hospital, a training and research hospital linked with the UAE University. It was officially inaugurated on 17 December 1979. In March 2006, Johns Hopkins Hospital (Johns Hopkins Medicine International) (JHMI) took over the management of Tawam hospital.


title: Al Ain

text: Tawam Hospital is one of the largest hospitals in the UAE with 503 beds, featuring 24 VIP suites, 78 isolation rooms, 48 ER beds, 9 operating theaters and 81 specialty clinics. Its oncology centre is the main national cancer treatment centre as well as a regional referral centre.


title: Al Ain

text: Al Ain Hospital (abbr: AAH, also known as Al-Jimi Hospital) is the general hospital delivering health services to all Al-Ain patients regardless of their nationality. It is centrally located in the Al-Jimi district and is linked with the UAE University. Al-Ain Hospital still occupies old 1970s buildings, but a new building is planned. AAH currently has about 450 beds and provides services in all medical disciplines. In September 2007, the Medical University of Vienna International (MUVI) took over the management of AAH.


title: Al Ain

text: Formerly, the city's largest mosque was that of Shaikha Salamah. In 2021, Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Mosque replaced it as the largest mosque in the city, and it is one of the biggest in the country.


title: Al Ain

text: Al-Ain is connected via the Dubai–Al-Ain Road to Al Faqa' and Dubai in the north, which also connects to Al Madam in the Emirate of Sharjah via Al-Shwaib. It is also connected to Abu Dhabi in the west, Al-Qu'a in the southeast, and Mezyad in the southwest. Bus and taxi services are available between these areas. The southern border area of Mezyad lies on the road to Dhank, Ibri and Nizwa in Oman. The city's airport (Al Ain International Airport) has scheduled passenger flights to Egypt, Pakistan and India.


title: Al Ain

text: Al-Ain is developing as a tourist destination. The dry desert air makes it a welcome retreat from the coastal humidity of the larger cities. Many Emirati nationals in Abu Dhabi have holiday houses in the city making it a popular weekend destination for families from the capital city. Its attractions include the Al Ain National Museum, the Al Ain Palace Museum, several restored forts and the Hili Archaeological Park site, dating back to the Bronze Age. Jebel Hafeet dominates the surrounding area. It is popular to visit to the mineral springs at Green Mubazzarah at the base of the mountain, and to drive to the mountaintop at sunset. Other attractions include Al Ain Zoo, an amusement park named "Hili Fun City", many well-maintained parks popular with families in the summer evenings, and a heritage village. Opened in 2012, Wadi Adventure is located near Jebel Hafeet and provides a range of water-based activities including surfing, kayaking and rafting. On top of Jabel Hafeet is the Mercure Hotel. Mount Hafeet and the nearby 'beehive' tombs are part of what is known as "Jebel Hafeet Desert Park" or "Mezyad Desert Park", which is meant to preserve the nature and geology of the area, besides attracting tourists.


title: Al Ain

text: Al-Ain has five major malls – Al Ain Mall in the town centre, Al-Jimi Mall in Al-Jimi District, Bawadi Mall in Al-Khrair District, Remal Mall located in the Sanaiya district, and Hili Mall located in the Hili District. Most commercial activity is centred in and around town centre. Another popular pastime for Emiratis and expatriates alike is spending time in coffee shops and shisha cafes. There are many café's in Al-Ain, ranging in size and quality. The city also has an International standard go-kart circuit. Al-Ain Raceway was selected to host the 2007 Rotax Max World Karting Finals, an event which saw 220 drivers from over 55 countries compete for the Karting world title. Al-Ain Raceway opened to the general public in May 2008 and proves a popular activity for local Emiratis and tourists alike. It was announced in late 2010 that the 2011 Rotax Max World Karting Finals will be held at Al-Ain Raceway, this will bring nearly 1000 tourists to the small garden city. Like the rest of the UAE, Al-Ain has strict laws governing the consumption and distribution of alcohol. Five facilities in the city currently serve alcohol, Four of which are hotels. Al-Ain Rotana, Hilton, Mercure Grand Jebel Hafeet and Danat Al-Ain Resort, hotels all have pubs, bars, or night clubs. In addition to the hotels, the Al Ain Equestrian, Shooting & Golf Club in Al-Maqam also serves alcohol. Currently, there are only four locations that sell alcohol for private use – Spinneys near Al-Jimi District, an outlet to the left of the Hilton hotel (next to the hotel's staff quarters), High Spirits Bottle Shop behind Lulu Hypermarket Sana‘iya and the North Africa Market in Sanaiya. The city has two English-language radio stations – 100.1 Star FM, which plays English-speaking hits alternating with Arabic-speaking hits, and 105.2 Abu Dhabi Classic FM, which plays classical music.


title: Al Ain

text: Al-Ain is a cultural retreat for residents of the cities of Dubai and Abu Dhabi. It is home to a major festival of classical music, and is the home of Al Ain Football Club, which is one of the most successful football clubs in the UAE and Asia. It has many titles and championships to its name. Al-Ain Club contains also eight other games which are: handball, volleyball, basketball, swimming, Table Tennis, Athletics, Jiu jitsu, and Taekwondo.


title: Al Ain

text: Hili Fun City hosts two ice hockey teams, the Al Ain Vipers and Ghantoot. Each team has adult and youth teams starting from age 4. The Al-Ain Vipers Men's Team won the Emirates Hockey League in the 2009–10 season.


title: Al Ain

text: The Palm Resort to the west of the town hosts a popular rugby club with adult and youth teams, and the Al-Ain International Soccer Club which has three youth teams, including one for 7-9-year-old's. There is a water sports centre called "Wadi Adventure", with a wave pool and surf instructors. Additionally, the park has facilities for kayaking and rafting on an artificial river.


title: The Great Raid

text: The Great Raid is a 2005 war film about the Raid at Cabanatuan on the island of Luzon, Philippines during World War II. It is directed by John Dahl and stars Benjamin Bratt, James Franco, Connie Nielsen, Marton Csokas, Joseph Fiennes with Motoki Kobayashi and Cesar Montano. The principal photography took place from July 4 to November 6, 2002, but its release was delayed several times from the original target of fall 2003. The film received mixed reviews from critics and was a commercial failure.


title: The Great Raid

text: The film showcases the efforts of American soldiers and the Filipino resistance guerrilla, rescuing Allied prisoners of war from a Japanese POW camp.


title: The Great Raid

text: In 1945, American forces were closing in on the Japanese-occupied Philippines. The Japanese held around 500 American prisoners who had survived the Bataan Death March in a notorious POW camp at Cabanatuan and subjected them to brutal treatment and summary execution, as the Japanese code of bushido viewed surrender as a disgrace. Many prisoners were also stricken with malaria.


title: The Great Raid

text: The film opens with the massacre of prisoners of war on Palawan by the Kempeitai, the Imperial Japanese military's secret police (though it was committed by the Japanese Fourteenth Area Army).


title: The Great Raid

text: At Lingayen Gulf, the 6th Ranger Battalion under Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Mucci is ordered by Lt. Gen. Walter Krueger to liberate all of the POWs at Cabanatuan prison camp before they are killed by the Japanese. The film chronicles the efforts of the Rangers, Alamo Scouts from the Sixth Army and Filipino guerrillas as they undertake the Raid at Cabanatuan.


title: The Great Raid

text: Throughout the film, the viewpoint switches between the POWs at Cabanatuan, the Rangers, the Filipino resistance and the Japanese.


title: The Great Raid

text: The film covers the resistance work undertaken by nurse Margaret Utinsky, who smuggled medicine into the POW camps. The Kempeitai arrested her and sent her to Fort Santiago prison. She was eventually released but spent six weeks recovering from gangrene as a result of injuries sustained from beatings. The movie ends with the prisoners being liberated.


title: The Great Raid

text: The Americans used a Northrop P-61 Black Widow night fighter to divert Japanese attention while the Rangers were crawling toward the camp; the aircraft used in the movie was a Lockheed Hudson, because none of the four surviving P-61s were airworthy when the film was made.


title: The Great Raid

text: The movie was filmed in south-east Queensland, Australia utilising a huge, authentic recreation of a prisoner of war camp. In addition, numerous local Asian students were employed to play Japanese soldiers.


title: The Great Raid

text: The movie was shot in 2002 but it was pulled from its original 2003 release schedule on several occasions. It was finally released in August 2005, by Miramax Films, which coincided with the formal departure of co-founders Bob and Harvey Weinstein from the company.


title: The Great Raid

text: As of August 2014, the film had a score of 48 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 29 reviews. , on Rotten Tomatoes, the film had an approval rating of 38%, based on 119 reviews with an average score of 5.32/10. The consensus on Rotten Tomatoes was that the film was too long with too many subplots, although the actual raid was exciting. However, it received more praise from "Chicago Sun-Times" critic Roger Ebert, who gave it three stars.


title: The Great Raid

text: Ebert praised the film, saying, "Here is a war movie that understands how wars are actually fought." He continued, "[The film] has been made with the confidence that the story itself is the point, not the flashy graphics. The raid is outlined for the troops (and for the audience), so that, knowing what the rescuers want to do, we understand how they're trying to do it. Like soldiers on a march, it puts one step in front of another, instead of flying apart into a blizzard of quick cuts and special effects. Like the jazzier but equally realistic "Black Hawk Down", it shows a situation that has moved beyond policy and strategy and amounts to soldiers in the field, hoping to hell they get home alive." He also said the film gave "full credit" to the Filipino guerrillas who assisted the Rangers. He concluded, "it is good to have a film that is not about entertainment for action fans, but about how wars are won with great difficulty, risk, and cost."


title: The Great Raid

text: Wesley Morris of "The Boston Globe" criticized a lack of character development and the pace of the film, saying, "On screen, at least, the raid to free the prisoners isn't all that great – just a bunch of explosions and combat maneuvers. Still, it's the one sequence in the film where everybody works with the same conviction. The audience, meanwhile, has to sit around with the prisoners, waiting for this to happen. It's a long wait." He concluded that the film "amounts to a noble failure."


title: The Great Raid

text: Stephen Hunter of "The Washington Post" praised the film as "a riveting, even inspirational account of an American feat of arms about which few know but about which many more should." He said the film was made more in the style of movies from the 1940s, with the hero being the unit involved in the action instead of individuals, a technique which is rarely used today and explains the "essentially starless" cast drawing mainly from television or film supporting roles. He praised its accuracy, saying, "The war stuff is first-rate all the way through. A great deal of effort has been made to achieve a level of anthropological correctness: The weapons are right, the uniforms are right, the equipment is right...The raid itself is a dynamo of action filmmaking, exactly like what the real thing must have been – swift and brutal, with a lot of shooting and no prisoner-taking."


title: The Great Raid

text: Joel Selvin of the "San Francisco Chronicle" called the film "very boring"; a "story without irony, perspective or any leavening that would make it something other than an ordinary military-action caper. The story line is telegraphed from word one and the meticulous unfolding plot plods ahead inexorably without the slightest bit of suspense."


title: The Great Raid

text: Roger Moore of the "Orlando Sentinel" said, "[The characters are] all real people, and much of this really happened. But director John Dahl (Joy Ride) and the screenwriters have conjured a dreary, old-fashioned 'last roundup' of war movie and prisoner-of-war movie cliches, small but forgivable sins. Less forgivable is how Dahl squanders tension for an hour and a half cutting between the suffering prisoners and resistance intrigues in Manila and the long march of the Rangers, and a fictionalized romance story that might have made a nice little movie by itself."


title: The Great Raid

text: James Plath of Movie Metropolis wrote, "In many ways, "The Great Raid" adheres to the genre right down to the character types and before-battle thoughts, but it's also a curious combination of modern war tale in the manner of "Saving Private Ryan" and the kind of patriotic films that were made in the waning years of the war and in the fifties. It has both a realistic sheen, and an element of idealistic flag-waving. "The Great Raid" isn't a perfect film, but it's an engaging one, and, at times, a powerful one."


title: The Great Raid

text: Scott Weinberg of DVD Talk gave it a positive review, and described the film as "truly an 'old-fashioned' war movie...based on, and adhering very closely to, actual events that occurred in early 1945[.] "The Great Raid" is not a hyper-kinetic flash-banger like "Pearl Harbor", nor it is a cerebral rumination like "The Thin Red Line"; it's just a well-hewn and efficient re-telling of true story that's worthy of remembrance." He opined that the film was delayed not because it was bad, but because its old-fashioned style is a "tough sell...in today's marketplace."


title: The Great Raid

text: Mike Clark of "USA Today" said, "Just about any golden age Hollywood hack could have made a zestier drama about one of the greatest rescue missions in U.S. military history," and criticized "Franco's droning voice-over" for spelling out "every sliver of historical context", and also said "a huge chunk of time is given to an uncompelling romance between a major...and a widowed nurse."


title: The Great Raid

text: "Entertainment Weekly" said it "lacks a center. It's an exhausted sprawl with multiple story foci, none of them terribly compelling," concluding, "Dahl does vividly re-create that least heralded burden of war: the boredom."


title: The Great Raid

text: Steven Rea of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" wrote, ""The Great Raid", which documents the largest rescue mission in U.S. military history (and ends with archival footage of many of the real soldiers portrayed in the film), lacks the visceral sweep of "Saving Private Ryan". But Spielberg's story, for all its gut-wrenching intensity, was a fiction. Dahl's movie, slower in pace and conscious of its own artifice, addresses the same issues of courage and sacrifice – and tells a true story. That's worth something. In fact, it's worth a lot."


title: The Great Raid

text: The movie was a box-office bomb, covering only 12% of its $80 million budget. "The Great Raid" was released on August 12, 2005, and opened at #10 at the box office, gathering $3,376,009 in the opening weekend. Its worldwide gross stands at $10,769,311.


title: Whoopi Goldberg on screen and stage

text: Whoopi Goldberg is an American actress, comedian, and singer. The following is her filmography throughout her entire acting career. She has won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards. She won the Academy Award for the Best Supporting Actress for the film "Ghost" (1990).


title: Erwin König

text: Erwin König was a German "Wehrmacht" sniper reportedly killed by the Soviet sniper Vasily Zaytsev during the Battle of Stalingrad.


title: Erwin König

text: König is mentioned both in Zaytsev's memoirs "Notes of a Sniper" (a "Major Konings", potentially "SS") and William Craig's 1973 non-fiction book "". According to Zaytsev, the duel between him and König took place over a period of three days in the ruins of Stalingrad. In a post-war visit to Berlin, Zaytsev was allegedly confronted by a woman who told him that she was König's daughter, with Soviet authorities quickly evacuating Zaytsev to avoid any confrontation.


title: Erwin König

text: A fictionalized account of the duel in the film "Enemy at the Gates" portrays Erwin König—played by Ed Harris—as the head of the "Wehrmacht" Sniper School. He is sent to Stalingrad to take on the increasingly aggressive Soviet snipers. Initially he is successful, killing four of Zaytsev's partners, but eventually he is outwitted by the Russian, portrayed by Jude Law.


title: Erwin König

text: König appears in the 1999 novel "War of the Rats" by David L. Robbins in which he is an SS Colonel named Heinz Thorvald.


title: Hill of Tara

text: The Hill of Tara ( or ) is a hill and ancient ceremonial and burial site near Skryne in County Meath, Ireland. Tradition identifies the hill as the inauguration place and seat of the High Kings of Ireland; it also appears in Irish mythology. Tara consists of numerous monuments and earthworks—dating from the Neolithic to the Iron Age—including a passage tomb (the "Mound of the Hostages"), burial mounds, round enclosures, a standing stone (believed to be the "Lia Fáil" or "Stone of Destiny"), and a ceremonial avenue. There is also a church and graveyard on the hill. Tara forms part of a larger ancient landscape and Tara itself is a protected national monument under the care of the Office of Public Works, an agency of the Irish Government.


title: Hill of Tara

text: The name "Tara" is an anglicization of the Irish name or ('hill of Tara'). It is also known as ('Tara of the kings'), and formerly also ('the grey ridge'). The Old Irish form is . It is believed this comes from Proto-Celtic and means a 'sanctuary' or 'sacred space' cut off for ceremony, cognate with the Greek () and Latin . Another suggestion is that it means "a height with a view".


title: Hill of Tara

text: The remains of twenty ancient monuments are visible, and at least three times that many have been found through geophysical surveys and aerial photography.


title: Hill of Tara

text: The oldest visible monument is (the 'Mound of the Hostages'), a Neolithic passage tomb built around 3,200 BC. It holds the remains of hundreds of people, most of which are cremated bones. In the Neolithic, it was the communal tomb of a single community for about a century, during which there were almost 300 burials. Almost a millennium later, in the Bronze Age, there were a further 33 burials – first in the passage and then in the mound around it. During this time, only certain high-status individuals were buried there. At first, it was the tomb of one community, but later multiple communities came together to bury their elite there. The last burial was a full body burial of a young man of high status, with an ornate necklace and dagger.


title: Hill of Tara

text: During the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age, a huge double timber circle or "wood henge" was built on the hilltop. It was 250m in diameter and surrounded the Mound of the Hostages. At least six smaller burial mounds were built in an arc around this timber circle, including those known as , , ('Mound of the Mercenary Women') and ('Mound of the Cow'). The timber circle was eventually either removed or decayed, and the burial mounds are barely visible today.


title: Hill of Tara

text: There are several large round enclosures on the hill, which were built in the Iron Age. The biggest and most central of these is Ráth na Ríogh (the Enclosure of the Kings), which measures in circumference, north-south by east-west, with an inner ditch and outer bank. It is dated to the 1st century BC and was originally marked out by a stakewall. Human burials, and a high concentration of horse and dog bones, were found in the ditch. Within the is the Mound of the Hostages and two round, double-ditched enclosures which together make a figure-of-eight shape. One is ('Cormac's House') and the other is the or Royal Seat, which incorporates earlier burial mounds. On top of the is a standing stone, which is believed to be the ('Stone of Destiny') at which the High Kings were crowned. According to legend, the stone would let out a roar when the rightful king touched it. It is believed that the stone originally lay beside or on top of the Mound of the Hostages.


title: Hill of Tara

text: Just to the north of , is (the 'Rath of the Synods'), which was built in the middle of the former "wood henge". It is a round enclosure with four rings of ditches and banks, and incorporates earlier burial mounds. It was re-modelled several times and once had a large timber building inside it, resembling the one at Navan. It was occupied between the 1st and 4th centuries AD, and Roman artefacts were also found there. It was badly mutilated in the early 20th century by British Israelites searching for the Ark of the Covenant.


title: Hill of Tara

text: The other round enclosures are ('Laoghaire's Fort', where the eponymous king is said to have been buried) at the southern edge of the hill, and the ('Sloping Trenches' or 'Sloping Graves') at the northwestern edge, which includes and . The are burial mounds with ring ditches around them which sit on a slope.


title: Hill of Tara

text: At the northern end of the hill is or 'Banqueting Hall'. This was likely the ceremonial avenue leading to the hilltop and seems to have been one of the last monuments built.


title: Hill of Tara

text: Half a mile south of the Hill of Tara is another large round enclosure known as Rath Meave, which refers to the legendary figure Medb or Medb Lethderg.


title: Hill of Tara

text: In the Annals of Inisfallen (AI980.4) is a description of the Battle of Tara between Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill and the son of Amlaíb Cuarán


title: Hill of Tara

text: A church, called Saint Patrick's, is on the eastern side of the hilltop. The "Rath of the Synods" has been partly destroyed by its churchyard. The modern church was built in 1822–23 on the site of an earlier one.


title: Hill of Tara

text: The earliest evidence of a church at Tara is a charter dating from the 1190s. In 1212, this church was "among the possessions confirmed to the Knights Hospitallers of Saint John of Kilmainham by Pope Innocent III". A 1791 illustration shows the church building internally divided into a nave and chancel, with a bell-tower over the western end. A stump of wall marks the site of the old church today, but some of its stonework was re-used in the current church.


title: Hill of Tara

text: The building is now used as a visitor centre, operated by the Office of Public Works (OPW), an agency of the Irish Government.


title: Hill of Tara

text: According to legend, five ancient roads or meet at Tara, linking it with all the provinces of Ireland. The earliest reference to the five roads of Tara was in the tale (The Destruction of Da Derga's Hall).


title: Hill of Tara

text: The passage of the Mound of the Hostages is aligned with the sunrise around the times of Samhain (the Gaelic festival marking the start of winter) and Imbolc (the festival marking the start of spring). The passage is shorter than monuments like Newgrange, making it less precise in providing alignments with the Sun, but Martin Brennan writes in "The Stones of Time" that "daily changes in the position of a 13-foot long sunbeam are more than adequate to determine specific dates". Early Irish literature records that a royal gathering called the 'feast of Tara' ("feis Temro") was held there at Samhain.


title: Hill of Tara

text: By the beginning of Ireland's historical period, Tara had become the seat of a sacral kingship. Historian Dáibhí Ó Cróinín writes that Tara "possessed an aura that seemed to set it above" the other royal seats. It is recorded as the seat of the High King of Ireland ("Ard Rí") and is "central to most of the great drama in early Irish literature". Various medieval king lists traced a line of High Kings far into the past. However, John T. Koch explains: "Although the kingship of Tara was a special kingship whose occupants had aspirations towards supremacy among the kings of Ireland, in political terms it is unlikely that any king had sufficient authority to dominate the whole island before the 9th century".


title: Hill of Tara

text: Irish legend says that the Lia Fáil (Stone of Destiny) at Tara was brought to Ireland by the divine Tuatha Dé Danann, and that it would cry out under the foot of the true king. Medb Lethderg was the sovereignty goddess of Tara. The cult of the sacral kingship of Tara is reflected in the legends of High King Conaire Mór, while another legendary High King, Cormac mac Airt, is presented as the ideal king. The reign of Diarmait mac Cerbaill, a historical king of Tara in the sixth century, was seen as particularly important by medieval writers. Although he was probably pagan, he was also influenced by Christian leaders and "stood chronologically between two worlds, the ancient pagan one and the new Christian one".


title: Hill of Tara

text: Tara was probably controlled by the Érainn before it was seized by the Laigin in the third century. Niall of the Nine Hostages displaced the Laigin from Tara in the fifth century and it became the ceremonial seat of the Uí Néill. The kingship of Tara alternated between the Southern and Northern Uí Néill until the eleventh century. After this, control of Dublin, Limerick, and Waterford became more important to a would-be High King than control of Tara.


title: Hill of Tara

text: According to Irish mythology, during the third century a great battle known as the Cath Gabhra took place between High King Cairbre Lifechair, and the Fianna led by Fionn Mac Cumhaill. The Fianna were heavily defeated; many of the graves of the Fianna covered the Rath of the Gabhra, most notably the grave of Oscar, son of Oisín.


title: Hill of Tara

text: During the rebellion of 1798, United Irishmen formed a camp on the hill but were attacked and defeated by British troops on 26 May 1798 and the was allegedly moved to commemorate the 400 rebels who died on the hill that day.


title: Hill of Tara

text: In 1843, the Irish nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell hosted a peaceful political demonstration at Tara in favour of Irish self-governance which drew over 750,000 people, highlighting the lasting significance of Tara.


title: Hill of Tara

text: British Prime Minister John Russell inherited the Tara estate during the 19th century. At the turn of the 20th century, Tara was vandalised by British Israelists who thought that the British were part of the Lost Tribes of Israel and that the hill contained the Ark of the Covenant. A group of British Israelists, led by retired Anglo-Indian judge Edward Wheeler Bird, set about excavating the site having paid off the landowner, Gustavus Villiers Briscoe. Irish cultural nationalists held a mass protest over the destruction of the national heritage site, including Douglas Hyde, Arthur Griffith, Maud Gonne, George Moore and W. B. Yeats. Hyde tried to interrupt the dig but was ordered away by a man wielding a rifle. Maud Gonne made a more flamboyant protest by relighting an old bonfire that Briscoe had lit to celebrate the coronation of Edward VII. She began to sing Thomas Davis's song "A Nation Once Again" by the fire, much to the consternation of the landlord and the police.


title: Hill of Tara

text: The religious order Missionary Society of St. Columban had its international headquarters at Dalgan Park, just north of the Hill of Tara. The order was named after the Saint who was born in the Ancient Kingdom of Meath. The land Dalgan Park lies on was once owned by the kings of Tara. The seminary is also situated on the path of the , one of the five ancient roads that meet at Tara.


title: Hill of Tara

text: The M3 motorway passes through the Tara-Skryne Valley – as did the existing N3 road. Protesters argue that since the Tara Discovery Programme started in 1992, there is an appreciation that the Hill of Tara is just the central complex of a wider landscape. The distance between the motorway and the hill is – it intersects the old N3 at the Blundelstown interchange between the Hill of Tara and the Hill of Skryne. Protesters said that an alternative route about west of Tara would have been straighter, cheaper and less destructive.


title: Hill of Tara

text: On Sunday 23 September 2007 over 1500 people met on the Hill of Tara to take part in a human sculpture representing a harp and spelling out the words "SAVE TARA VALLEY" as a call for the re-routing of the M3 motorway away from Tara. Actors Stuart Townsend and Jonathan Rhys Meyers attended this event. There was also a letter writing campaign to preserve the Hill of Tara.


title: Hill of Tara

text: The Hill of Tara was included in the World Monuments Fund's 2008 Watch List of the 100 Most Endangered Sites in the world. The following year it was included in a list of the 15 must-see endangered cultural treasures by the Smithsonian Institution.


title: Fena: Pirate Princess

text: The are a group of elite samurai that resides on Goblin Island, and Fena as her loyal pirate crew. They are the descendants of the Goblin Knights that decimated 3,000 Spanish soldiers at the Battle of Dunkirk and were "feared as the incarnation of Lucifer himself".


title: Fena: Pirate Princess

text: The is a band of pirates led by O'Malley who are partially responsible for the attack on the ship ten years ago that led to the death of Fena's father. They also allied with Abel to partly obtain Fena for him and partly to get the coordinates to El Dorado. Each of its high-ranking female members have names similar to the famous female pirates and/or Navy members in history.


title: Fena: Pirate Princess

text: A branch of the British Empire's military and is one of the factions after Fena ever since they were partially responsible for the attack on the ship ten years ago that led to the death of Fena's father. Among its known personnel are:


title: Fena: Pirate Princess

text: The series was directed by ToyGerPROJECT, Kazuto Nakazawa, Tetsuya Takahashi, and Saki Fujii. Asako Kuboyama penned the series' scripts, while Yuki Kajiura composed the music. The opening theme is performed by JUNNA, while the ending theme is performed by Minori Suzuki.


title: Fena: Pirate Princess

text: The English dub aired on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block, and was streamed in Japanese with subtitles on Crunchyroll, from August 15 to October 24, 2021; with the first two episodes premiering back-to-back. In Japan, the series aired from October 3 to December 19, 2021 on MBS, Tokyo MX, BS Asahi, and AT-X. In Southeast Asia, the series premiered on May 2, 2022 on Animax.


title: Fena: Pirate Princess

text: On September 28, 2022, Jason DeMarco confirmed that the series had been removed from Adult Swim's website.


title: Fena: Pirate Princess

text: The series received a mixed reception. Rafael Motomayor, writing for IGN, gave it a 7 out of 10, praising the high production values and quality of animation, but criticizing the poor writing and convoluted ending. Hilary Leung, writing for CBR, also praised the animation quality and setup, noting that "the character designs, animation style and plot are highly reminiscent of anime from the '90s to early '00s, hitting all the right nostalgic notes for fans of that era", but was less impressed by the inconsistent tones and pacing of the series.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: Buriram United Football Club () is a professional football club based in Buriram, Thailand. The club has played at the top level of Thai football for the majority of their existence and is competing in the Thai League 1. The club was founded in 1970 as PEA FC (Provincial Electricity Authority Football Club) before being reformed as Buriram PEA and Buriram United in 2010 and 2012 respectively. Their home stadium is Chang Arena, which has a capacity of 32,600.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: Buriram United won their first Thai League 1 title in 2008 and the Kor Royal Cup in 1998, as PEA FC. The club was previously based in Ayutthaya before moving east to Buriram for the 2010 season. In the 2011 season, Buriram PEA were the first team in Thai football history to win all the domestic trophies, as the triple champions of the (2011 Thai Premier League, 2011 Thai FA Cup, and 2011 Thai League Cup).


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: The club was founded in 1970, but their first big success came in 1998 by winning the third division of the Kor Royal Cup. The club was then promoted to the Thai Division 1 League. In 2002–03 the club finished third in the second division. They then competed the Thai League 1 Relegation play-off, but lost the final match 0–1 to Thailand Tobacco Monopoly FC. A year later, they succeeded at the end of season 2003–04 with promotion to the Thai Premier League. PEA surprised everyone by becoming the league runner-up at the end of their first Premier League season. Being the runner-up entitled the club to participate in the AFC Champions League. It was the first participation in an international competition for the club. However, the club was excluded from the competition. In the following two seasons, 2006 and 2007, the PEA took place only 10 and 8 at the end of the season.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: In 2008 Provincial Electricity Authority relocated to Ayutthaya and played at Ayutthaya Province Stadium, where they gained a bigger fan base. The club played under the nickname of Faifa Ayutthaya (Electric Ayutthaya) from media and its fans. Under the head coach Prapol Pongpanich, PEA eventually won their first championship in Thai League 1. The club qualified for 2009 AFC Champions League preliminary round.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: In 2009, PEA was eliminated from the 2009 AFC Champions League after losing 1–4 to Singapore Armed Forces in the extra-time at Rajamangala Stadium. PEA began their title defence campaign of the Thai Premier League with poor performance. Prapon Pongpanich was sacked in the middle of the season and replaced by former Thailand national team head coach Thongsuk Sampahungsith. The club finished in ninth place out of sixteen in the final standings.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: In December 2009, it was announced that a politician based in Buriram, Newin Chidchob was to take over the club. He had already tried unsuccessfully to take over TOT SC and Royal Thai Army FC Newin relocated the club to Buriram in Isan and rebranded it to Buriram PEA Football Club. The Buriram PEA inherited most of the players from the former PEA club including the stars like Rangsan Viwatchaichok, Apichet Puttan and Theerathon Bunmathan. Pongphan Wongsuwan who was a long-time head coach of TOT S.C. was instated as a coach. Thailand national team member Suchao Nuchnum of TOT S.C. also followed his coach to the new team.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: Buriram PEA finished their first season after the transition as the runner-up of the 2010 Thai Premier League. The club reached the final of the 2010 Thai League Cup but lost 0–1 to Thai Port at Supachalasai Stadium.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: In 2011, Buriram PEA under the coaching of Attaphol Buspakom, completed their 2011 season with the domestic treble by winning all three Thai major trophies. Buriram won 2011 Thai Premier League with 85 points, the highest record in the league history. They beat the arch-rival Muangthong United in the 2011 Thai FA Cup final and clinched their first Thai FA Cup title. Following the success in two other competitions, Buriram avenged their previous year League Cup final defeat against the same opponent, Thai Port, and won the 2010 Thai League Cup. Buriram PEA became the first Thai club to win such a treble in a season.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: Buriram stadium "The Thunder Castle", was built in 2011 – when it became the first Thailand football stadium without a treadmill on the side of the field and it was also recorded in the Guinness World Records as the FIFA standard football field where took a shortest construction time for 256 days.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: In 2012, At the start of the 2012 season, the club was renamed Buriram United Football Club. In the first match of the group stages of the 2012 AFC Champions League, Buriram beat the 2011 J-League champion, Kashiwa Reysol, 3–2 and became "the first Thai and South East Asian club" to earn a victory against a J-League club in ACL since starting the Champions League system in 2003. In the second match, Buriram was the visiting team against the 2011 CSL Champion, Guangzhou Evergrande. Buriram also became "the first Thai and South East Asian club" to earn a victory against a Chinese club "in China" after beating Guangzhou Evergrande 1–2 in Tianhe Stadium from Suchao Nuchnum and Frank Acheampong's goals. That match was the end of a two-year unbeaten home record for Guangzhou.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: In 2014, under Spanish head coach Alejandro Menéndez, Buriram United became the first Thai club to achieve the quadruple by winning 4 trophies in the calendar year. The campaign included the titles of Kor Royal Cup, Thai League T1, Thai FA Cup and Thai League Cup. The league season was also finished with the first invincible title for the club, the second Thai team to have achieved such a feat, after Muangthong United in 2012.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: In 2015, Brazilian coach Alexandre Gama guided Buriram United to, once again, win all four competitions in the 2016 calendar year : Kor Royal Cup, Thai League T1, Thai FA Cup and Thai League Cup.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: Moreover, the 2015 Buriram United won the 2015 Thai Premier League with an unbeaten record. The Brazilian forward Diogo Luis Santo broke the top scoring record with 33 goals from 32 games and received Thai League T1 Top Scorer and Player of the Year Awards at the end of the year and Theerathon Bunmathan got top assists with 19 assists from 32 games in left back position.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: In August 2016, Newin Chidchob admitted he was disappointed that his team's bid to defend their Thailand League title that season was over. Buriram United appointed Ranko Popović as the club manager to fill the vacant role after the dismissal of Afshin Ghotbi and former coach Bozidar Bandovic returned as the technical director of the club.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: In June 2017, Ranko Popovic has resigned as coach after receiving a three-month ban by the Thai FA for slapping the face of Bangkok United physio Andy Schillinger following a heated argument after Buriram beat the capital side 2–1. Buriram United announced that they promoted Bozidar Bandovic to head coach from his position as technical director of football.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: In the same year, the club won the 2017 Thai League 1 and created history by claiming 86 points - the club's highest points in a single season.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: In 2018, after finishing champions in the 2017 Thai League season, Buriram secured direct qualification into the 2018 AFC Champions League. In the group stages, a home, Buriram beat Cerezo Osaka 2–0 and Jeju United 1–0 and drew 1–1 Guangzhou Evergrande. The club lost 4–3 on aggregate in the Round of 16, against Korean side Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: In the same year, Buriram comfortably retained the 2018 Thai League 1 title with a record 87 points. Bozidar Bandovic received Thai League 1 Coach of the Year Award at the end of the season.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: In 2022, under Japanese head coach Masatada Ishii, Buriram United winning 3 trophies in the calendar year. The campaign included the titles of Thai League 1, Thai FA Cup and Thai League Cup.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: Buriram United's main rival is Muangthong United. The two clubs are the powerhouses of Thai League 1 (T1). The rivalry between two clubs became highly competitive, since they are the only two clubs that have won the Thai League 1 championship since the 2009 season.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: Buriram United and Muangthong United also represent widely different groups of supporters. Buriram represents the mostly rural people of the Thai countryside, while Muangthong United symbolizes the urban people in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Their rivalry also reflects political differences in Football Association of Thailand (FAT) since Muangthong United has the close relationship with FAT under the management of Worawi Makudi, while former politician Newin Chidchob became the polar opposite and frequently questions the transparency of FAT.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: The games between the two teams are regarded as an important match-up in Thai football. Buriram has dominated the rivalry head-to-head and maintained an unbeaten record against Muangthong for a long time after the club relocated to Buriram. The phrase ""Rather lose to anyone but Muangthong."" (Thai lit. แพ้ใครก็ได้ แต่ไม่แพ้เมืองทอง) became a famous quote for fans. Their unbeaten record against Muangthong was broken in 2016 Thai League when they lost 0–3 to their rival at home.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: Buriram United opened its first youth academies in 2011. The club is particularly famous for its renowned youth programme that has produced many Thai talents over the years – Suphanat Mueanta, Supachok Sarachat, Ratthanakorn Maikami, and Anon Amornlerdsak have come through the ranks and are just some of the talents who've played for Buriram United. Buriram United also regularly supplies the Thai national youth teams with local talent. Buriram youth academies play in Thailand Youth League.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: The International Youth Football Contest "CP-Meiji Cup U-14 International Championship" is a famous youth program that is held at Chang Arena Stadium and Training Ground Elephant Ground, between October–November every year, with six youth teams from Thailand's leading academies and 6 youth teams from Asia (Aspire Academy, Jubilo Iwata, Mokhtar Dahari Academy)


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: In 2018, Buriram United appointed Andrew Ord as Head of Youth Development the coach who gave Chanathip Songkrasin his youth team debut at BEC Tero Sasana. He replaced Brazilian Jose Alves Borges.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: In December 2017, Buriram United changed their stadium's name from "I-Mobile Stadium" to "Chang Arena" as part of a 5-year sponsorship deal with "Chang", one of Southeast Asia's largest beverage companies.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: Chang Arena is a 32,600 seater football stadium in Buriram, Buriram Province, Thailand. The Chang Arena is the second-largest football stadium in Thailand. Its nickname is "Thunder Castle". Buriram United has led the 18-team Thai League (TL) in attendance since the move to the new stadium.


title: Buriram United F.C.

text: The Chang Arena is in the Mueang Buriram District, located about 3 kilometres southwest of central Buriram along highway 2445. The 150-acre site has a capacity of 32,600 people with parking for 800 cars and buses, plus 3,000 motorcycles. The pitch is floodlit; allowing for night matches. The stadium houses locker rooms for home and visiting teams provides modern medical facilities and live television and radio broadcasting infrastructure.


title: Encarta

text: Microsoft Encarta is a discontinued digital multimedia encyclopedia published by Microsoft from 1993 to 2009. Originally sold on CD-ROM or DVD, it was also available on the World Wide Web via an annual subscription, although later articles could also be viewed for free online with advertisements. By 2008, the complete English version, "Encarta Premium", consisted of more than 62,000 articles, numerous photos and illustrations, music clips, videos, interactive content, timelines, maps, atlases and homework tools.


title: Encarta

text: Microsoft published similar encyclopedias under the "Encarta" trademark in various languages, including German, French, Spanish, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese and Japanese. Localized versions contained contents licensed from national sources and more or less content than the full English version. For example, the Dutch-language version had content from the Dutch "Winkler Prins" encyclopedia.


title: Encarta

text: In March 2009, Microsoft announced it was discontinuing both the "Encarta" disc and online versions. The MSN "Encarta" site was closed on October 31, 2009, in all countries except Japan, where it was closed on December 31, 2009. Microsoft continued to operate the "Encarta" online dictionary until 2011.


title: Encarta

text: After the successes of "Compton's Multimedia Encyclopedia" (1989) and "The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia" (1992), Microsoft initiated "Encarta", under the internal codename "Gandalf", by purchasing non-exclusive rights to the "Funk & Wagnalls Encyclopedia", incorporating it into its first edition in 1993. Funk & Wagnalls continued to publish revised editions for several years independently of Encarta, but ceased printing in the late 1990s.


title: Encarta

text: The name "Encarta" was created for Microsoft by an advertising agency. It launched in 1993 as a $395 product, although it soon dropped to $99, and was often bundled into the price of a new computer purchase.


title: Encarta

text: In the late 1990s, Microsoft added content from "Collier's Encyclopedia" and "New Merit Scholar's Encyclopedia" from Macmillan into "Encarta" after purchasing them. Thus the final Microsoft "Encarta" can be considered the successor of the "Funk and Wagnalls", "Collier", and "New Merit Scholar" encyclopedias. None of these formerly successful encyclopedias remained in print for long after being merged into "Encarta".


title: Encarta

text: Microsoft introduced several regional versions of "Encarta" localized for international markets. For example, the Brazilian Portuguese version was introduced in 1999 and suspended in 2002. The Spanish version was somewhat smaller than the English one, at 42,000 articles.


title: Encarta

text: In 2000, the full "Encarta" content became available on the World Wide Web to subscribers, with a subset available for free to anyone. In 2006, Websters Multimedia, a Bellevue, Washington subsidiary of London-based Websters International Publishers, took over maintenance of "Encarta" from Microsoft. The last version was "Encarta Premium" 2009, released in August 2008.


title: Encarta

text: Microsoft announced in April 2009 that it would cease to sell Microsoft Student and all editions of "Encarta Premium" software products worldwide by June 2009, citing changes in the way people seek information, and in the traditional encyclopedia and reference material market, as the key reasons behind the termination. Updates for "Encarta" were offered until October 2009. Additionally, MSN "Encarta" web sites were discontinued around October 31, 2009, with the exception of "Encarta Japan" which was discontinued on December 31, 2009. Existing MSN "Encarta Premium" (part of MSN Premium) subscribers were refunded.


title: Encarta

text: The demise of "Encarta" was widely attributed to competition from the free and user-generated Wikipedia, which grew to be larger than "Encarta" from its early beginnings in 2001 thanks to popularization by web search services like Google. At the time of its closure in 2009, "Encarta" had about 62,000 articles, most behind a paywall, while the English-language Wikipedia had over 2.8 million articles in open access.


title: Encarta

text: "Encarta" standard edition included approximately 50,000 articles, with additional images, videos and sounds. The premium editions contained over 62,000 articles and other multimedia content, such as 25,000 pictures and illustrations, over 300 videos and animations, and an interactive atlas with 1.8 million locations. Its articles were integrated with multimedia content and could include links to websites selected by its editors. "Encarta" articles in general were less lengthy and more summarized than the printed version of "Encyclopædia Britannica" or the online Wikipedia. Like most multimedia encyclopedias, "Encarta" articles tended to provide an overview of the subject rather than an exhaustive coverage and can only be viewed one at a time.


title: Encarta

text: A sidebar could display alternative views, essays, journals or original materials relevant to the topic. For example, when reading about computers, it featured annals since 1967 of the computer industry. "Encarta" also supported closed captioning for the hearing impaired. A separate program, called "Encarta Research Organizer" was included in early versions for gathering and organizing information and constructing a Word document-based report. Later versions included "Encarta Researcher", a browser plugin to organize information from "Encarta" articles and web pages into research projects. Content copied from "Encarta" was appended with a copyright boilerplate message after the selection. The user interface allowed for viewing content with only images, videos, sounds, animations, 360-degree views, virtual tours, charts and tables or only interactives.


title: Encarta

text: Encarta was originally available for sale on 1-5 CD-ROMs or a DVD. Some new PCs were shipped with an OEM edition of Encarta.


title: Encarta

text: "Encarta 2000" and later had "Map Treks", which were tours of geographic features and concepts. Microsoft also had for a brief period a separate product known as "Encarta Africana" which was an encyclopedia of black history and culture. Starting with the 2001 version, it was integrated into the main Encarta Reference Suite. "Encarta 2002" and onward featured "3D Virtual Tours" of ancient structures, for example the Acropolis; 2D panoramic images of world wonders or major cities; and a virtual flight feature which allowed users to fly a virtual airplane over a coarsely generated artificial landscape area. Version "2002" also introduced the ability to install the entire encyclopedia locally to the hard disk drive to prevent frequent swapping of discs, and it updated far more often than its predecessors, with a rate of nearly 3-4 updates per week compared to the monthly updates that were used in prior versions of Encarta.


title: Encarta

text: "Encarta 2003" incorporated literature guides and book summaries, foreign language translation dictionaries, a "Homework Center" and "Chart Maker". "Encarta" "Visual Browser", available since the 2004 version, presented a user with a list of related topics making them more discoverable. A collection of 32 Discovery Channel videos were also later added. "Encarta 2005" introduced another program called "Encarta Kids" aimed at children to make learning fun.


title: Encarta

text: "Encarta" also included a trivia game called "MindMaze" (accessible through Ctrl+Z) in which the player explores a castle by answering questions whose answers can be found in the encyclopedia's articles. There was also a "Geography Quiz" and several other games and quizzes, some quizzes also in "Encarta Kids".


title: Encarta

text: Until 2005, "Encarta" came in three primary software editions: Standard, Deluxe, and Reference Library (called Reference Suite until Encarta 2002) (price and features in that order). Beginning with "Encarta 2006", however, when "Websters Multimedia" took over its maintenance, "Encarta" became a feature of Microsoft Student. Although it was possible to purchase only the "Encarta" encyclopedia separately, Microsoft Student bundles together "Encarta Premium" with Microsoft Math (a graphing-calculator program) and Learning Essentials, an add-in which provides templates for Microsoft Office. In addition, the Deluxe and Reference Library editions were discontinued: absorbed into a new, more comprehensive Premium package. "Encarta" user interface was shared with Microsoft Student, and was streamlined to reduce clutter with only a Search box which returned relevant results. However, it became no longer possible to simply browse all the encyclopedia articles alphabetically.


title: Encarta

text: The dynamic maps were generated with the same engine that powered Microsoft MapPoint software. The map was a virtual globe that one could freely rotate and magnify to any location down to major streets for big cities. The globe had multiple surfaces displaying political boundaries, physical landmarks, historical maps and statistical information. One could selectively display statistical values on the globe surface or in a tabular form, different sized cities, various geological or man-made features and reference lines in a map.


title: Encarta

text: The maps contained hyperlinks to related articles ("Map Trek") and also supported a "Dynamic Sensor" that provides the latitude, longitude, place name, population and local time for any point on the globe. "Encarta" also generated a visible-light moon atlas with names of major craters and hyperlinks. However, it did not include a planetarium, but instead had a small interactive constellation-only map.


title: Encarta

text: In addition to database generated maps, many other illustrative maps in "Encarta" ("Historical Maps") were drawn by artists. Some more advanced maps were interactive: for example, the large African map for Africana could display information such as political boundaries or the distribution of African flora.


title: Encarta

text: Robert McHenry, while Editor-in-Chief of the "Encyclopædia Britannica", criticized "Encarta" for differences in factual content between national versions of "Encarta", accusing Microsoft of "pandering to local prejudices" instead of presenting subjects objectively. An article written by Bill Gates addressed the nature of writing encyclopedias for different regions.


title: Encarta

text: Before the emergence of the World Wide Web for information browsing, Microsoft recognized the importance of having an engine that supported a multimedia markup language, full text search, and extensibility using software objects. The hypertext display, hyperlinking and search software was created by a team of CD-ROM Division developers in the late 1980s who designed it as a generalized engine for uses as diverse as interactive help, document management systems and as ambitious as a multimedia encyclopedia.


title: Encarta

text: "Encarta" was able to use various Microsoft technologies because it was extensible with software components for displaying unique types of multimedia information. For example, a snap in map engine is adapted from its MapPoint software. The hypertext and search engine used by "Encarta" also powered Microsoft Bookshelf.


title: Encarta

text: "Encarta" used database technologies to generate much of its multimedia content. For example, "Encarta" generated each zoomable map from a global geographic information system database on demand.


title: Encarta

text: When a user used the copy and paste function of Microsoft Windows on "Encarta" on more than five words, "Encarta" automatically appended a copyright boilerplate message after the paste.


title: Encarta

text: Early in 2005, Encarta's editor-in-chief at the time, Gary Alt, announced that the online "Encarta" started to allow users to suggest changes to existing articles.


title: Encarta

text: "Encarta" content was accessible using a conversational interface on Windows Live Messenger via the MSN Bot "Encarta Instant Answers". The bot could answer many encyclopedia related questions directly in the IM window. It used short sentences from the "Encarta" website, and sometimes displays full articles in the Internet Explorer-based browser on the right. It also could complete simple mathematical and advanced algebra problems. This service was also available in German, Spanish, French and Japanese.


title: Encarta

text: Each summer Microsoft published a new version of "Encarta". However, despite the inclusion of news-related and some supplementary articles, "Encarta" contents had not been changed substantially in its later years. Besides the yearly update, the installed offline copy could be updated over the Internet for a certain period for free depending on the edition. Some articles (usually about 2,000) were updated to reflect important changes or events. When the update period expired, an advertisement prompting to upgrade to the new version was displayed to the user occasionally.


title: Encarta

text: The editors of "PC Gamer US" nominated "Microsoft Encarta '95" for their 1994 "Best Educational Product" award, although it lost to the CD-ROM adaptation of "The Way Things Work".


title: Nabha Natesh

text: Nabha Natesh is an Indian model and actress who predominantly appears in Telugu and Kannada films. She made her film debut with Kannada film "Vajrakaya" in 2015 and Telugu film debut with "Nannu Dochukunduvate" in 2018. Natesh had her breakthrough with "iSmart Shankar" in 2019 due to which she is popularly referred as "Ismart Beauty" in the media.


title: Nabha Natesh

text: Nabha went to school in her home town Sringeri and she then studied engineering in Information Technology from N.M.A.M. Institute of Technology, Udupi, Karnataka. She started modelling along with acting in plays under National Award-winning director Prakash Belawadi. She has trained in Bharatanatyam for brief period and choreographed and danced in multiple competitions during her school and college days. She was part of Top 11 list of Femina Miss India Bangalore 2013 and received the Miss Intellectual award. She underwent acting training at Abhinaya Taranga and her theatre career was started under Belawadi.


title: Nabha Natesh

text: Nabha made her acting debut at the age of 19, opposite Kannada actor Shiva Rajkumar, in the 2015 film "Vajrakaya", which went on to complete over 100-days in multiple theatres in Karnataka. Nabha has received critical appraisal from both critics and audience, critics heaped praise on Nabha's performance. "Deccan Chronicle"s writer noted that "Nabha Natesh as Pataka who "fires up" the screen space for a little longer than the others." "Times of India"s writer states that "Nabha Natesh is impressive as the tapori taking on Shivaraj Kumar" "Sify"s writer claimed that


title: Nabha Natesh

text: "Nabha Natesh has done justice to her role" "Indiaglitz"s writer states that "Nabha Natesh conquers the heart from her dashing role. She is like wind." and she was nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut –Kannada.


title: Nabha Natesh

text: In 2017, she acted in "Lee" film opposite Sumanth Shailendra. In the same year she features in a special song in the film, "Saheba".


title: Nabha Natesh

text: Nabha made her Telugu film debut opposite Sudheer Babu in "Nannu Dochukunduvate" in 2018. "Deccan Chronicle"s writer stated, "The film is a perfect launch vehicle for Nabha, who is a livewire and completely steals the show." "123telugu"s writer said that "Nabha Natesh as she makes a striking debut. She is the life and soul of the film as Nabha breathes life into the role of Meghana." "Times Of India"s writer states that "Nabha Natesh unleashes the livewire in her effectively amidst these characters." "Indiagltz"s writer writes that "Overall, the performance is a treat, complete with a heroine who gets to speak so much, Nabha is chirpy." "Telugu360"s writer noted that "New heroine Nabha is a good find, she suited Meghana role. Her bubbly characterization, new backdrop as a short film actress bring additional appeal to her role."


title: Nabha Natesh

text: In 2019, she starred opposite Ram Pothineni in "iSmart Shankar", which opened to decent reviews upon the release and went on to become a commercial hit at the box office and completed 100 days. Perception about her started to change with the success of the film ismart. New Indian Express reported, "She is reckoned as a new-gen actor, who can breathe life into any character she portrays." The speech that Nabha Natesh made during the pre-release of Ismart Shankar received a viral response, reaching 1 million views in less than 24 hours. Neeshita Nyayapati of "Times Of India" stated "Nabha however delivers an earnest performance with what she's offered." Editor of "123telugu.com" claimed "Nabha Natesh is impressive as Chandni and provides superb eye candy for the masses." Editor of "idlebrain.com" wrote "Nabha Natesh did a mass character. She oozes glamour and did well." Editor of "andhraboxoffice" states "Nabha is pretty good and proves to be an able female protagonist."


title: Nabha Natesh

text: In 2020, Nabha starred opposite Ravi Teja in "Disco Raja", opened to mixed reviews and turned out be a box office failure. Later she acted in "Solo Brathuke So Better", which opened to decent reviews from the audience and critics upon the release and went on to become a commercial hit at the box office. Nabha has received an applause for her character in the film as Amrutha. "Times of India" wrote "Nabha's character Amrutha is being liked by viewers. Her acting is receiving special attention of the fans. The talented actor's career has been soaring ever since she starred in the 2019 sci-fi action drama, iSmartShankar." "123 Telugu" writer states "Nabha too got a lot of appreciation for her role as Amrutha. Especially, Tej and Nabha looked fresh on the screen and the comedy track between them was well received. Nabha delivered a sensible and entertaining performance and showed her class."


title: Nabha Natesh

text: In 2021, Nabha starred in "Alludu Adhurs" co-starring Bellamkonda Sreenivas and Sonu Sood. Her next film "Maestro," was directly released on Hotstar. She starred alongside Nithiin and Tamannaah.


title: General paresis of the insane

text: General paresis, also known as general paralysis of the insane (GPI), paralytic dementia, or syphilitic paresis is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder, classified as an organic mental disorder and is caused by late-stage syphilis and the chronic meningoencephalitis and cerebral atrophy that are associated with this late stage of the disease when left untreated. GPI differs from mere paresis, as mere paresis can result from multiple other causes and usually does not affect cognitive function. Degenerative changes caused by GPI are associated primarily with the frontal and temporal lobar cortex. The disease affects approximately 7% of individuals infected with syphilis, and is far more common in third world countries where fewer options for timely treatment are available. It is more common among men.


title: General paresis of the insane

text: GPI was originally considered to be a type of madness due to a dissolute character, when first identified in the early 19th century. The condition's connection with syphilis was discovered in the late 1880s. Progressively, with the discovery of organic arsenicals such as Salvarsan and Neosalvarsan (1910s), the development of pyrotherapy (1920s), and the widespread availability and use of penicillin in the treatment of syphilis (1940s), the condition was rendered avoidable and curable. Prior to this, GPI was inevitably fatal, and it accounted for as much as 25% of the primary diagnoses for residents in public psychiatric hospitals.


title: General paresis of the insane

text: Symptoms of the disease first appear from 10 to 30 years after infection. Incipient GPI is usually manifested by neurasthenic difficulties, such as fatigue, headaches, insomnia, dizziness, etc. As the disease progresses, mental deterioration and personality changes occur. Typical symptoms include loss of social inhibitions, asocial behavior, gradual impairment of judgment, concentration and short-term memory, euphoria, mania, depression, or apathy. Subtle shivering, minor defects in speech and Argyll Robertson pupil may become noticeable.


title: General paresis of the insane

text: Delusions, common as the illness progresses, tend to be poorly systematized and absurd. They can be grandiose, melancholic, or paranoid. These delusions include ideas of great wealth, immortality, thousands of lovers, unfathomable power, apocalypsis, nihilism, self-guilt, self-blame, or bizarre hypochondriacal complaints. Later, the patient experiences dysarthria, intention tremors, hyperreflexia, myoclonic jerks, confusion, seizures and severe muscular deterioration. Eventually, the paretic dies bedridden, cachectic and completely disoriented, frequently in a state of status epilepticus.


title: General paresis of the insane

text: The diagnosis could be differentiated from other known psychoses and dementias by a characteristic abnormality in eye pupil reflexes (Argyll Robertson pupil), and, eventually, the development of muscular reflex abnormalities, seizures, memory impairment (dementia) and other signs of relatively pervasive neurocerebral deterioration. Definitive diagnosis is based on the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and tests for syphilis.


title: General paresis of the insane

text: Although there were recorded cases of remission of the symptoms, especially if they had not passed beyond the stage of psychosis, these individuals almost invariably experienced relapse within a few months to a few years. Otherwise, the patient was seldom able to return home because of the complexity, severity and unmanageability of the evolving symptom picture. Eventually, the patient would become completely incapacitated, bed ridden, and would die, the process taking about three to five years on average.


title: General paresis of the insane

text: While retrospective studies have found earlier instances of what may have been the same disorder, the first clearly identified examples of paresis among the insane were described in Paris after the Napoleonic Wars. General paresis of the insane was first described as a distinct disease in 1822 by Antoine Laurent Jesse Bayle. General paresis most often struck people (men far more frequently than women) between 20 and 40 years of age. By 1877, for example, the superintendent of an asylum for men in New York reported that in his institution this disorder accounted for more than 12% of admissions and more than 2% of deaths.


title: General paresis of the insane

text: Originally, the cause was believed to be an inherent weakness of character or constitution. While Friedrich von Esmarch and the psychiatrist had asserted as early as 1857 that syphilis caused general paresis (progressive Paralyse), progress toward the general acceptance by the medical community of this idea was only accomplished later by the eminent 19th Century syphilographer Jean Alfred Fournier (18321914). In 1913 all doubt about the syphilitic nature of paresis was finally eliminated when Hideyo Noguchi and J. W. Moore demonstrated the syphilitic spirochaetes in the brains of paretics.


title: General paresis of the insane

text: In 1917 Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovered that malaria therapy (in this case, medical induction of a fever) involving infecting paretic patients with malaria could halt the progression of general paresis. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1927. After World War II the use of penicillin to treat syphilis made general paresis a rarity: even patients manifesting early symptoms of actual general paresis were capable of full recovery with a course of penicillin. The disorder is now virtually unknown outside developing countries, and even there the epidemiology is substantially reduced.


title: Hannah Baker

text: Hannah Baker is a fictional character created by American author Jay Asher. She is the subject of his 2007 young adult fiction mystery novel "Thirteen Reasons Why", which was adopted by the media company Netflix as "13 Reasons Why". Hannah is introduced as a sophomore at the fictional Liberty High School, where she is sexually labelled, abused and assaulted in the struggle to adjust to living in an unsympathetic school environment. She, later on, ends up committing suicide.


title: Hannah Baker

text: Though the first season of "13 Reasons Why" received highly positive reviews, the show's later seasons' reception became increasingly divisive among critics and audiences. While critics were split into several aspects of the show, in particular how it handled mental health and its depictions of rape and suicide, Langford's performance was highly praised. Langford later received a Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance in 2018.


title: Hannah Baker

text: At the beginning of the series, 17-year-old schoolgirl Hannah Baker took her own life by cutting her wrists. Her school locker becomes a memorial adorned with students' letters and her pictures. On his doorstep, Hannah's friend Clay Jensen finds a box containing seven audio cassette tapes. Each subsequent tape reveals Hannah's thirteen reasons she killed herself. Hannah warns listeners to follow certain rules: everyone mentioned on the tapes must listen to the complete set then pass it along to the next person addressed. Failure to follow her instructions will result in a second set of tapes being released by a classmate and close personal friend of Hannah's, later revealed to be Tony. Clay, who was in love with Hannah, reminisces about the time he spent with her. He finds listening to Hannah's story difficult, but his friend Tony finds him and reveals he plays a part in enforcing Hannah's will by making sure the tapes are heard; he knows Clay is mentioned on them. He warns Clay things will go wrong if he does not obey the tapes.


title: Hannah Baker

text: Clay listens to the first tape, side A: Justin Foley. Hannah had just moved to town and became friends with her neighbor Kat, who is moving away to college and introduced her to her ex-boyfriend Justin Foley, along with his friend Zach Dempsey. Hannah made a few meet-cutes with Justin before deciding to hang out with him later in the evening at the park. Justin, managing to take a revealing photo of Hannah and having kissed her, showed the photo to his friends that Bryce Walker spread through the school, which embarrassed Hannah. Hannah tried to gather herself by confiding in Clay, but he made a hurtful comment and Hannah felt isolated.


title: Hannah Baker

text: On the first tape, side B is revealed to be Jessica Davis; Hannah talks about her friendship with Jessica and Alex Standall, with the two later dating in secret and having abandoned Hannah. When Hannah found out, Alex broke up with Jessica and wrote a "Hot or Not" list with the two friends opposite each other. Jessica blamed Hannah and publicly slapped her. In the present, Hannah's mother, Olivia Baker, finds the "hot or not" list, leading her to believe her daughter was being bullied. She seeks the school principal's help but because she and her husband have sued the school, they cannot help her more than what the school intends to help with.


title: Hannah Baker

text: On the second tape, side A, Alex Standall is the next reason. Clay confronts Alex about the list and learns that he wrote the list to get back at Jessica for refusing to have sex with him. The list eventually puts a target on Hannah's back for sexual harassment, particularly from Bryce who not only groped her but later raped her. As Clay progresses through the tapes, he encounters the others mentioned on Hannah's recordings, stopping to question each one. He discovers that Hannah felt that everyone on the tapes either took advantage of her or abandoned her. At the same time, almost everyone mentioned on the tapes either tried to threaten Clay or befriend him to alleviate their own guilt in the death of Hannah.


title: Hannah Baker

text: Second tape, side B: Tyler Down, the school photographer. Having a crush on Hannah, Tyler stalked Hannah at school and at her home in the middle of the night, taking photos of her. Hannah did not know it was him and shared her fear of her stalker to Courtney Crimsen; Courtney volunteered to sleep over and the two play Truth or Dare, stripping their clothes and eventually kissing. They caught Tyler who took photos of them and he distributed their photo throughout the school when Hannah refused to date him despite her plea for him to destroy the photo. To avenge Hannah, Clay then takes a photo of Tyler while he was changing in his room and circulates this photo to the school. Tyler is viciously bullied because of this and the majority of the people from the tape detest him for his disgusting habit.


title: Hannah Baker

text: Third tape, side A: Courtney Crimsen. Afraid that she would be outed as a lesbian, Courtney threw Hannah under the bus by lying that the photo is Hannah and another lesbian named Laura when the boys at school taunted her. Furthermore, she added to the rumor about Hannah and Justin. Clay further makes Courtney feel guilty by luring her to Hannah's grave to have her see that there is nothing wrong with being a lesbian, but Courtney leaves him stranded. He then calls Tony to pick him up while his mother is informed that he left school and never came back.


title: Hannah Baker

text: Third tape, side B: Marcus Cole, the student President. During Dollar Valentine, Hannah was matched with Marcus and she gave him a chance for a date at a diner. Marcus not only showed up an hour late but brought friends to witness the date. When Hannah discovered that he was trying to sexually molest her in front of his friends, she pushed him away and he humiliated her in public. Among his friends that came was Zach who sympathized with her while she wept.


title: Hannah Baker

text: Fourth tape, side A: Zach Dempsey. Following Marcus' rejection, Zach tried to befriend Hannah but she publicly rejected him as well, embarrassing him. In a social experiment in the class in which students can anonymously give a positive note to other students, Hannah realized that her notes are being taken and found out that Zach had been taking them after class. She anonymously wrote a note for him and publicly confronted for targeting her, but revealed that he threw the note away. During a basketball game, Clay keys Zach's car out of rage where he is discovered by Skye Miller, a classmate he was once friends with. Zach and his mother later accuses Clay of keying the car and Zach secretly admits to Clay that he kept the letter Hannah wrote to him.


title: Hannah Baker

text: Fourth tape, side B: Ryan Shaver. Hannah joined a poetry club and met classmate Ryan Shaver. The two bond over poetry but Ryan betrayed her by publishing her personal poem in the school magazine "Lost 'n Found" that she had been reluctant to share. Hannah was further humiliated when her class decided to discuss about the poem, not knowing who the author was. Hannah broke off her friendship with Ryan. In the present day, Tony confides in Clay about the night of Hannah's death.


title: Hannah Baker

text: Fifth tape, side A: Justin Foley again. During a party at Jessica's house, Hannah found out that she is dating Justin. As there were three reasons to this story, Hannah omitted why she was in Jessica's room in the first place, but that with her hiding in the closet, she witnessed Jessica's rape by Bryce, and blamed Justin for not being able to help her. Hannah was afraid to tell anyone and left with classmate Sheri Holland. In the present, Justin, who had been violent with Clay, is now being confronted by him to tell Jessica the truth: that she was raped and that he needs to stop protecting Bryce.


title: Hannah Baker

text: Fifth tape, side B: Sheri Holland. After witnessing Jessica's rape, Hannah left with Sheri because she claimed she was sober. However, Sheri knocked down a stop sign and abandoned Hannah when she insisted they call someone about it. Hannah made her way to a nearby gastation and called the police about the sign, but they tell her someone had already called "it" in. The knocked down stop sign later resulted in the death of Jeff Atkins, best friend of Clay Jensen. The school was under the impression that Jeff drove drunk while Hannah tried to admit her guilt in indirectly killing Jeff but Clay dismisses her. In the present, Clay forces Sheri to admit to Jeff's parents that she indirectly killed Jeff because his parents were under the impression that he drove drunk. However, Sheri refuses to.


title: Hannah Baker

text: Clay struggles to continue listening to Hannah's recordings, thinking he has let her down. He decides to return the tapes to Tony, who tells him he is the subject of the next tape.


title: Hannah Baker

text: Sixth tape, side A: Clay Jensen. Hannah explains why she was in the closet and witnessed Jessica's rape. Having always been fond of Clay and hoping for a fresh start, Hannah show up to Jessica's party with Clay's invitation and admitted her feelings for him. In Jessica's room, the two partially initiate sex before Hannah, traumatized by her negative encounters with the boys at school, screamed at Clay to leave. Thinking he has provoked Hannah's breakdown, Clay left and Hannah hid in the closet when she heart Justin and Jessica coming into the room. However, Justin left when Jessica was too inebriated to respond to him. She overhead Justin reluctantly allowing Bryce to enter the room, in which he then proceeded to rape a barely conscious Jessica. At the end of the tape, Hannah admits that Clay does not deserve to be on the tapes but that she could not have told her story without talking about him. In the present day, Olivia finds a list with all the names of the people on the tapes but does not know the meaning behind them. The Bakers decide to file a lawsuit against the school and almost everyone on the list is subpoenaed. It is revealed that the Bakers are having financial problems with the store.


title: Hannah Baker

text: Sixth tape, side B: Bryce Walker. Hannah reveals that this was "the most difficult day" of her life. Hannah saw that her parents are financially struggling and offered to help, but they refused to take money from her. After losing her parents' business deposits, she took a late night stroll as a solution to her growing depression and came upon Bryce's pool party. She stripped down to her undergarments to join in on the hot tub before being raped by Bryce after everyone, including Jessica and Justin, left. Returning home, she started to recall how her life came to this point and made a list of people who had hurt her and decided that "no one will hurt me again." In the present, Jessica has mentally and emotionally suffered because of Justin's absence in their relationship. To gain his attention, she becomes close to Bryce, triggering Justin and he then accuses Bryce of raping Jessica.


title: Hannah Baker

text: Seventh tape, side A: Mr. Porter. After recording the tapes, Hannah felt "something shift", and decided to get help and give life one more try. She went to see school counselor Mr. Porter and, while secretly recording their conversation, vaguely and reluctantly admitted that she had been raped. Mr. Porter cannot make her disclose the identity of her rapist and Hannah refuses to get her parents or police involved so he gives her the only option of moving on. Hannah abruptly leaves, despite hoping that he would want to help her enough to chase after her. When he did not, she then dropped off her uniform at the Crestmont and left the tapes at Tony's front door. Afterwards, she returned home to fill the tub with water, slit her wrists, and died from bloodloss. Her parents were revealed to have discovered her and called the police but were too late to save her.


title: Hannah Baker

text: Throughout the tapes, the group (excluding Jessica, Sheri, and Bryce) find that Clay is uncontrollable so Marcus plants weed he purchased from Bryce in his bag, successfully forcing Clay to be suspended. At this time, Clay confides in his mother regarding hypothetical situations similar to Bryce's criminal activities and Jessica's rape but will not reveal anything else. Furthermore, knowing that Bryce is the next person he should be handing the tapes off to, Clay instead goes to see him under the pretense of buying weed. Secretly recording their conversation to the seventh tape, side B, Clay suffers a beating but gets Bryce to admit that he had raped Hannah. Before passing the tape of to the final person, Mr. Porter, Clay has Tony record the last tape of Bryce's confession to his second set of tapes. Feeling guilty that her parents never received answers regarding their daughter's suicide, Tony converts the tapes into mp3 format and hands it over to Mrs. Baker. During the deposition of Hannah's classmates, while the other classmates maintain their story that Hannah was a troubled person, Tyler eventually admits that she made tapes of reasons why she killed her self, revealing that Clay was the last person to have them. Jessica ends her relationship with Justin while he decides to run away from town. The season ends with Jessica admitting to her father about her rape and Clay reconnects with Skye.


title: Hannah Baker

text: Asher's book was criticized for the poor characterization of Hannah Baker, which many critics said the television series improved upon. In her book review for "The Guardian", Katherine Hughes wrote that Hannah "comes across not so much as a young soul in distress as a vengeful harpy". The character was inspired by one of Asher's relatives, who had attempted suicide.


title: Hannah Baker

text: At the beginning to the series, Hannah is a 16-year-old high school junior, "from a white picket fence town with an almost perfect family". Noting the realism and relatability of the character with real-life people, Quinn Keaney of Popsugar wrote that Hannah, "is just like you ... like someone you know; she's smart, she has a bright future ahead of herself, she has loving parents, she just wants to be liked". "Variety"s Maureen Ryan offered a similar observation on the realistic portrayal of teenagers, writing that the "darkness" in Hannah's life is "constantly interwoven with the natural resilience and questioning optimism of adolescence". Writing for "TVLine", Andy Swift described her as "a fresh-faced teen with a bright future", while Sarah Hughes of "The Daily Telegraph" called her "smart, funny, beautiful, and sometimes awkward in that way that teenagers are".


title: Hannah Baker

text: For most of the story, Hannah is characterized by her struggle adjusting to an unsympathetic school environment and her "desire to fit in" which "trumps everything". Her mental health deteriorates as she is subjected to bullying, slut-shaming, and physical assaults. Towards the end of the narrative, Hannah's meeting with Mr. Porter marks her complete descent into depression. While some critics lauded the honest treatment, Lauren Hoffman of "Cosmopolitan" said the series is so "enamored with this idea of Hannah as someone who does things to others that it neglects to tell us who she is herself". She said it was a failure of "telling a story" and a missed opportunity to "undo stigma around mental illness".


title: Hannah Baker

text: Although Hannah's story is mostly told by the use of voice-overs and flashbacks following her suicide, her character is also viewed from the perspective of Clay Jensen. In an interview with "Entertainment Weekly", Asher said, "Clay is also the eyes and ears for the reader. That's the person you're connecting with." Elaborating on the use of the first-person narrative style, Joanna Robinson of "Vanity Fair" wrote, "Clay 's romantic treatment of Hannah as an unattainable dream girl", and that the idea undergoes some "smart and nuanced scrutiny"; so much so that it leads to a need for an assessment of his complicity in Hannah's death. "Vox"s Constance Grady, who described Hannah as "attractively damaged but secretly pure, sarcastic but unthreatening ["sic"]", also acknowledged the connection between Clay and Hannah and wrote that the series heavily depended upon "a secret connection" between the two.


title: Hannah Baker

text: Hannah Baker was played by Katherine Langford on the television series; her first major acting credit. The show's director Tom McCarthy, script-writer Brian Yorkey, and the executive producer Selena Gomez selected Langford following a Skype audition. Yorkey called the casting process especially hard because of the extra effort needed to match the actor with the visions of the novel's readers. Speaking with James Gill of the "Radio Times", he expressed his satisfaction on the casting of Langford and Dylan Minnette as the leading duo, and said, "It was well worth it because it was about finding two people who could not only portray Hannah and Clay but understand at a deep level what their journey is".


title: Hannah Baker

text: Universal Studios purchased film rights to Asher's novel on February 8, 2011, and Gomez began the process of casting the role of Hannah Baker. On October 29, 2015, it was announced that Netflix would be making a television adaptation of the book, with Gomez as an executive producer. Tom McCarthy was hired to direct the first two episodes. The series is produced by Anonymous Content and Paramount Television with Gomez, McCarthy, Joy Gorman, Michael Sugar, Steve Golin, Mandy Teefey, and Kristel Laiblin serving as executive producers. Filming for the show took place in the Northern Californian towns of Vallejo, Benicia, San Rafael, Crockett and Sebastopol during the summer of 2016. The first season and the special were released on Netflix on March 31, 2017.