title: The Invisible Man (1933 film)

text: A remake of "The Invisible Man" entered development as of February 2016, when Johnny Depp was announced to star in the remake with Ed Solomon writing the film's script, and Alex Kurtzman and Chris Morgan as the producers. Kurtzman and Morgan moved on to other projects the following year on November 8. In 2019, Universal began production on the new "The Invisible Man" that was written and directed by Leigh Whannell and produced by Jason Blum, starring Elisabeth Moss and Oliver Jackson-Cohen as the titular character.


title: The Invisible Man (1933 film)

text: When a trailer for the film was released in December the same year, Robert Moran of "The Sydney Morning Herald" commented that it "met with the kind of confusion that could rattle a filmmaker, not to mention a studio. It seems monster movie fans, long-attuned to the bandage-wrapped antics of The Invisible Man of yore, weren't expecting Whannell's allegory on domestic violence trauma". Whannell commented on his change from the norm on the style, explaining that he knew there was going to be some backlash against the film as he was "modernizing it and centering it not around the Invisible Man but his victim". Whannel compared his "The Invisible Man" film to the popular image of the character: "The iconic image of the Invisible Man is one of a floating pair of sunglasses, you know? I knew I had to move it away from that". Whannell's "The Invisible Man" was released on February 28, 2020.


title: French Football Federation

text: The French Football Federation ( FFF; ) is the governing body of football in France. It also includes the overseas departments (Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Mayotte and Réunion), the overseas collectivities (New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna, Saint Pierre and Miquelon and Saint Barthélemy-Saint Martin), and Monaco. It was formed in 1919 and is based in the capital, Paris. The FFF was a founding member of FIFA and is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the game of football in France, both professional and amateur. The French Football Federation is a founding member of UEFA and joined FIFA in 1907 after replacing the USFSA, who were founding members.


title: French Football Federation

text: Before the FFF was established, football, rugby union and others sports in France were regulated by the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques (USFSA). Founded in November 1890, the USFSA was initially headquartered in Paris but its membership soon expanded to include sports clubs from throughout France.


title: French Football Federation

text: In 1894 the USFSA also organised the first recognised French football championship. The first competition featured just four Paris teams and was organised on a knockout basis.


title: French Football Federation

text: In 1900 the USFSA sent players from Parisian Club Français to represent France at the 1900 Summer Olympics. On 1 May 1904 the USFSA also selected the first official France national football team. The USFSA would be dissolved in 1919 after some disagreements with FIFA.


title: French Football Federation

text: The "Fédération Française de Football" was formed on 7 April 1919 following the transformation of the "Comité Français Interfédéral" (CFI) into the "Fédération Française de Football Association" (FFFA). The CFI were seen as a rival organization to the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques (USFSA) due to the organization's constantly disagreeing with each other, mainly due to the latter's opposition to professionalism in sport. Following the debacle at the 1908 Summer Olympics, in which France sent two teams, one controlled by the USFSA and another by FIFA, the CFI ruled that FIFA would now be responsible for the club's appearances in forthcoming Olympic Games and not the USFSA. Being a founding member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the USFSA disagreed with the ruling and, despite having three years to reach an agreement, the CFI and the USFSA failed to, which led to France not sending a football team to the 1912 Summer Olympics. The USFSA later developed friction with FIFA and the IOC, which led to disorganization and in 1913, became semi-affiliated with the CFI.


title: French Football Federation

text: On 7 April 1919, the CFI transformed themselves into the "Fédération Française de Football" with Jules Rimet being installed as the federation's first president. Its legal status is placed under the French jurisdiction (Voluntary association). The FFF has been affiliated to FIFA since 1907, when the CFI succeeded the USFSA as France's representative. Two years later after the CFI's transformation, the USFSA officially merged with the federation.


title: French Football Federation

text: On 28 June 2010, the federation's current president, Jean-Pierre Escalettes, announced his resignation from his position effective 23 July. On 23 July, Fernand Duchaussoy was installed as the federation's interim president and, on 18 December, the title was removed making him the federation's 11th president in its history. On 18 June 2011, following as election, Nöel Le Graët was named as the federation's 12th president.


title: French Football Federation

text: The FFF sanctions all competitive football matches in France, either directly, beginning with the Championnat National on down, or indirectly through the Ligue de Football Professionnel, who manage Ligue 1 and Ligue 2, the first and second divisions of France, respectively, as well as the Coupe de la Ligue. The LFP, however, still operate under the authority of the federation. The federation is also responsible for appointing the management of the men's, women's and youth national football teams. In 2010, the FFF had 2,107,924 licenses, with over 1,800,000 registered players and 18,000 registered clubs. The federation unveiled its new crest (above right) in 2007.


title: French Football Federation

text: The French Football Federation runs numerous competitions, the most famous of which is the annual Coupe de France. The Coupe de France is managed under the authority of the Federal Commission of the Coupe de France, which is directly attached to the Federal Council of the FFF. The federation also organizes the championships of the semi-professional and amateur leagues, such as the Championnat National, the Championnat de France amateur and Championnat de France amateur 2, and the regional and departmental leagues, as well as the latter's cup competitions.


title: French Football Federation

text: The federation also governs youth leagues, such as the Championnat National of the under-19s and under-17s. The FFF also oversee the organization of the Coupe Gambardella and the Coupe Nationale for the under-15 and under-13 club teams. The federation organizes all three divisions of women's football in France and oversee the Challenge de France, the women's premier cup competition.


title: French Football Federation

text: The French Football Force operates 14 "élite" academies throughout the country of France, the most famous being "Le Centre Technique National Fernand Sastre", or simply Clairefontaine, which was created by former FFF president Fernand Sastre in 1976. Located 50 km southwest of Paris in Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines, Clairefontaine is arguably the finest football academy in the world. It has a high reputation of producing some of the most gifted French players including Nicolas Anelka, Louis Saha, William Gallas and national team top scorer Thierry Henry.


title: French Football Federation

text: Players selected to an academy must be at least 13 years of age, have French citizenship, and be living and playing within the region of the academy the player is registering for. Registration for new players at an academy normally begins in October the year before players enroll at the academy when prospective applicants are 12 years of age. Players have until December to register with their club for acceptance into the academy. The first set of trials are carried out by each district within its respective region. Each district selects a set number of players who will traveled to the region's academy to attend a tryout, which is usually held over a three-day period. The dates of the tryouts vary depending on the academy. The Clairefontaine academy normally hold its tryouts during the Easter school holidays, however the academy in Châteauroux holds its tryouts in June. After the three days, the academy director and officials will convene to select a maximum of 22 players with three or four of the 22 being goalkeepers. The number of players selected also vary depending on the academy.


title: French Football Federation

text: Players who are selected to attend an academy stay and train at the facilities from Monday through Friday. Players are given the weekend off to go and visit family and, also, to train and play with their parent clubs. They are given school holidays off, as well. Players are also required to meet educational criteria. For example, players age 13–15 training at Clairefontaine attend the Collège Catherine de Vivonne de Rambouilet in Rambouillet. After departing Rambouilet, players enroll at the nearby high school Lycée Louis Bascan de Rambouillet with hopes that they will earn their Baccalauréat. All costs required to attend an academy are borne by the federation and the Ligue Nationale de Football.


title: Tom Conti

text: Tommaso Antonio Conti (born 22 November 1941) is a Scottish actor, theatre director, and novelist. He won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play in 1979 for his performance in "Whose Life Is It Anyway?" and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for the 1983 film "Reuben, Reuben".


title: Tom Conti

text: Tommaso Antonio Conti was born on 22 November 1941 in Paisley, Renfrewshire, the son of hairdressers Mary McGoldrick and Alfonso Conti. He was brought up Roman Catholic, but is now antireligious. His father was Italian, while his mother was born and raised in Scotland to Irish parents. Conti was educated at independent Catholic boys' school Hamilton Park and at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama, both in Glasgow.


title: Tom Conti

text: Conti is a theatre, film, and television actor. He began working with the Dundee Repertory in 1959. He appeared on Broadway in "Whose Life Is It Anyway?" in 1979, and in London, he played the lead in "Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell" at the Garrick Theatre.


title: Tom Conti

text: Besides taking the leading role in the TV versions of Frederic Raphael's "The Glittering Prizes" and Alan Ayckbourn's "The Norman Conquests", Conti appeared in the "Princess and the Pea" episode of the family television series "Faerie Tale Theatre", guest-starred on "Friends" and "Cosby", and played opposite Nigel Hawthorne in a long-running series of Vauxhall Astra car advertisements in the United Kingdom during the mid-1990s.


title: Tom Conti

text: Conti has appeared in such films as "Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence"; "Reuben, Reuben"; "American Dreamer"; "Shirley Valentine"; "Miracles"; "Saving Grace"; "Dangerous Parking", and "".


title: Tom Conti

text: Conti's novel "The Doctor", about a former secret operations pilot for intelligence services, was published in 2004. According to the foreword, his friend Lynsey De Paul recommended the manuscript to publisher Jeremy Robson.


title: Tom Conti

text: He appeared in the hit BBC sitcom "Miranda" alongside Miranda Hart and Patricia Hodge, as Miranda's father, in the 2010 seasonal episode "The Perfect Christmas".


title: Tom Conti

text: Conti has been married to Scottish actress Kara Wilson since 1967 and their daughter Nina is an actress and performs as a ventriloquist. According to Nina, her parents have an open marriage.


title: Tom Conti

text: Conti is a prominent resident of Hampstead in northwest London, having lived in the area for several decades. Conti was part of a campaign against the opening of a Tesco supermarket in nearby Belsize Park. Conti put his Hampstead house up for sale in 2015 for £17.5 million after his long-running opposition to the building plans of his neighbour, the footballer Thierry Henry. Conti had also opposed development plans for Hampstead's Grove Lodge, the 18th-century Grade II listed former home of novelist John Galsworthy.


title: Tom Conti

text: Conti participated in a genetic-mapping project conducted by the company ScotlandsDNA (now called BritainsDNA). In 2012, Conti and the company announced that Conti shares a genetic marker with Napoléon Bonaparte. Conti has said that he "burst out laughing" when told he was directly related to Napoléon on his father's side.


title: Tom Conti

text: Conti considered running as the Conservative candidate in the 2008 London mayoral election, but did not, and in the following election in 2012, he supported unsuccessful independent candidate Siobhan Benita. In the run up to the 2015 general election, Conti said in an interview published in several newspapers that he was once a Labour supporter but had come to view socialism as a religion with a "vicious, hostile spirit".


title: Star (TV series)

text: Star is an American musical drama television series created by Lee Daniels and Tom Donaghy for the Fox Broadcasting Company. It revolves around three talented young singers who navigate the music business on their road to success and stars Jude Demorest, Brittany O'Grady and Ryan Destiny. The series, which is set in Atlanta, consists of original music, along with musical fantasy sequences, as dreams of the future. Queen Latifah, Benjamin Bratt, Amiyah Scott and Quincy Brown co-star.


title: Star (TV series)

text: The series premiered on December 14, 2016. With the premiere of the series, Amiyah Scott became the third openly transgender person to play a trans major character in a scripted television drama series in America, after Laverne Cox on "Orange Is the New Black" and Jamie Clayton on "Sense8".


title: Star (TV series)

text: "Star" is a joint production between Lee Daniels Entertainment and 20th Century Fox Television and syndicated by 20th Television. On February 22, 2017, Fox renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on September 27, 2017, and crossed over with other Fox series "Empire".


title: Star (TV series)

text: On May 10, 2018, Fox renewed the series for a third season. Season 3 premiered on September 26, 2018, and aired on Fox Wednesdays at 9:00 PM. Internationally, new episodes premiered on Netflix in Canada the following Thursday.


title: Star (TV series)

text: Star Davis, a teenage orphan, leaves her foster home to save her younger sister Simone Davis, who Star has been separated from since their mother's death, from physical and sexual abuse at her foster home. While escaping the tragedy, Star finds muse in a singer/songwriter Alexandra Crane, a New York resident who lives in her celebrity father's shadow. Star offers Alex a proposal to escape and leave town with them to become a singing group. They move to |Atlanta Georgia and seek refuge in a surrogate god mother, Carlotta Brown, who is a close friend and singing partner of Star and Simone's mother. Carlotta made a promise to look after the girls after their mother's death and would protect them. She persuades the girls to work to make ends meet and wasn't enthusiastic about the girls chasing their dreams but rather attend and be active in church. Finding odds to make their endeavors come true, they struggled to find ways to get a record deal and find hope in a music producer Jahil Rivera, who took a chance with them. Within months developing themselves as rising new artist in Atlanta gaining the name of the group "Big Trouble", they face new multiple troubles in their relationships with each other and with their past coming back to haunt them. However they escape the many troubles of their past and starts to become successful in gaining recognition. 'Big Trouble' soon wins notable competitions that led them finances to get a major record deal. The girls eventually sign with a record label, Midtown Sound, as a favor from The Lyon Family of Empire Entertainment and soon begin their journey as professional R&B/Pop artists "TAKE 3". Subsequently, they learn that the music industry is hard to navigate as they sacrifice a lot to stay on top and relevant while they tour with the labels' other artist and find themselves at constant war with each other.


title: Star (TV series)

text: A tough 20-year-old who spent her childhood in and out of foster homes after the death of her mother Mary. Wanting to pursue a career in music, she forms a girl group, Take 3 (formerly Big Trouble), with her half-sister Simone and friend Alex whom she met online. Though she has a lot of talent, her egotistical nature tends to bother others. At the start of the third season, she is pursuing a career as a solo artist, and dealing with the consequences of an unexpected pregnancy. In the third season mid-finale, Star gave birth to a son named Davis.


title: Star (TV series)

text: Star's biracial 18-year-old half sister. She is rescued by Star from the abusive foster home in which she was placed five years before. While supportive of her sister's ambitions, Simone has dreams of her own, and will do whatever it takes to achieve them. In Season 2, she ends up in state custody for abusing marijuana. She is then liberated from juvie by Ayanna and ends up marrying Angel in a bid to avoid being recommitted. When he is deported to the Dominican Republic, she leaves Atlanta to be with him.


title: Star (TV series)

text: A wealthy 21-year-old who grew up in New York and is Star's best friend. She is looking to step out of the shadows of her famous father and make it on her own, and becomes increasingly involved in political advocacy through her boyfriend Derek. However, she struggles to escape her toxic relationship with her parents, especially her alcoholic mother Rose. This leads her to slowly separate herself from the other girls in order to make a name outside of Take 3, while also dealing with the psychological aftereffects of surviving a plane crash. She and Derek later marry in the season 3 finale.


title: Star (TV series)

text: Carlotta's transgender daughter. She works at her mother's salon and helps the girls kickstart their career. She also has a troubled relationship with Carlotta, as the latter has not accepted her daughter's transition, and is not understanding or fully supportive of the difficulties she faces as a trans woman, although she slowly comes around. After stealing money from her boyfriend Elliot, Cotton is sent to prison, but eventually gets released. She now works with Miss Bruce to manage her mother's salon.


title: Star (TV series)

text: Alex's husband who lives next door to the girls. He is a civil rights activist affiliated with the Black Lives Matter movement, and is committed to civil disobedience. After a car accident leaves him paralyzed from the waist down, their relationship becomes strained. Derek and Alex break up after she cheats on him with Noah Brooks. He then pursues a relationship with his physical therapist. However, Derek and Alex eventually get back together and marry in the season 3 finale.


title: Star (TV series)

text: A talent manager who believes Take 3 is his ticket back to the top. However, he is hobbled by both a cocaine addiction and money problems. In Season 2, it is revealed that he faked his death with the help of Carlotta to avoid being framed for Hunter's murder. He ends up forming a new duo with his nephew Angel to compete with Take 3. In the mid-season 2 finale, Angel fires him as manager and he goes on a drug-fueled bender before briefly slipping into a coma. He is later shot in a drive-by shooting while shielding Andy and dies in season 2.


title: Star (TV series)

text: The owner of an Atlanta beauty salon, who worked with Mary Davis in the R&B duo, Mixed Harmony back in the 1990s. She becomes a surrogate mother to the three girls, even though she doesn't approve of their musical dreams. At the end of Season 1, she takes over as manager from Jahil. Her attempts to make Take 3 a success prove largely ineffective as the girls struggle with their own problems, and in the mid-season 2 finale, her salon is burned down. In the episode "Mrs. Rivera," it is revealed that Carlotta and Jahil were secretly married. She is eventually promoted to a senior position within Midtown by Ayanna, and eventually gets named as head of newly formed Gravity Records by Mateo.


title: Star (TV series)

text: A gay and genderfluid hairdresser who works at Carlotta's salon, taking over as owner when Carlotta commits to managing Take 3.


title: Star (TV series)

text: A formerly top-selling R&B artist at Midtown Sound looking to make a much-needed comeback after his career collapsed due to alcoholism. He is a charming sweet talker with an ambitious streak, and strikes up a relationship with Alex, Star and Gigi, at first for promotion, but it gradually evolves into an affair. By the third season, he seems to have largely conquered his addictions after a suicide attempt and is working to take more control over his career. In the mid-season finale, it is revealed he is the father of Star's baby son, Davis.


title: Star (TV series)

text: The unsympathetic president and CEO of Midtown Sound, the record label that signed Take 3. She forms a maternal bond with Simone, even becoming her legal guardian, but also enables her to maintain her addiction to prescription drugs. At the mid-season 2 finale, she is disgraced and removed as president of Midtown after being caught trying to buy the label out from under her father. She is later restored to her former position after getting him fired for sexual harassment of a Midtown artist. However, she then becomes pregnant with Jahil's child, and decides to sell Midtown to Mateo Ferrara.


title: Star (TV series)

text: Star's long lost biological father who re-emerges as the girls get their first taste of fame, but turns out to have an agenda concerning Hunter's death. Upon discovering the abuse Hunter inflicted on Star, however, he leaves town after murdering Hunter's mother, Arlene. He is electrocuted to death by Arlene's twin sister, Charlene in revenge.


title: Star (TV series)

text: A&R at Midtown Records. He helps Carlotta navigate the treacherous currents of the company and his boss, Ayanna, but their relationship is destroyed when she catches him kissing his old girlfriend, Natalie. Maurice then sets his sights on persuading Star to leave Take 3 for a shot at a solo career. He later leaves Midtown when Ayanna sells the company and launches his own label with Cassie.


title: Star (TV series)

text: An aspiring musician who became involved romantically with Star. It was originally believed that he was the father of her baby, but later turned out to be Noah.


title: Star (TV series)

text: Carlotta's younger sister, who is deeply involved in organized crime. She and Andy strike up a relationship, but after he steals money from her, she tries to have him murdered, only to kill Jahil by accident. Andy later reveals her involvement to Carlotta out of guilt after accidentally shooting Ayanna while trying to forge a check in her name. After arguing with Carlotta, Cassie forms a partnership with Maurice to start their own competing label.


title: Star (TV series)

text: A wealthy Miami media mogul who buys Midtown Sound from Ayanna and renames it Gravity Media, with plans to shut down the company's music division and turn it into a fashion-and-gossip brand.


title: Star (TV series)

text: In August 2015, Fox announced it had ordered a pilot for a potential new musical drama series titled "Star" from "Empire"-creator Lee Daniels about three girls forming a girl group. In October that same year, casting for the series began. It was revealed that the series would feature a transgender character. On December 7, 2015, it was announced that Queen Latifah had joined the cast as Carlotta, Jude Demorest as Star, Brittany O'Grady as Simone and Ryan Destiny as Alexandra and Amiyah Scott as Cotton. On December 11, 2015, it was confirmed that Benjamin Bratt has joined the cast as Jahil, a talent manager. On December 14, 2015, Darius McCrary joined the series as the abusive foster father of Simone (O’Grady). Production for the pilot began in December 2015. The series was picked up, with a 12-episode order, on April 27, 2016. On October 9, 2017, FOX ordered an additional five episodes for the second season, bringing the season total to 18 episodes. On September 11, 2018, it was announced that Terrence J and Lyndie Greenwood are set to recur in season 3.


title: Star (TV series)

text: On May 4, 2016, it was announced that Charles Murray would serve as showrunner during its first season. On September 13, 2016, it was announced that Charles Pratt Jr. would replace Murray as the series' showrunner, following his decision to depart the series, due to creative differences.


title: Star (TV series)

text: Following the conclusion of the show's first season, Pratt stepped down as showrunner and was subsequently replaced by Karin Gist.


title: Star (TV series)

text: After the series was canceled by Fox in May 2019, fans began a #SAVESTAR campaign on social media platforms. Multiple petitions were created on websites such as change.org to save the show from cancellation, and these petitions have collectively gained over 100,000 signatures. On May 29, show creator Lee Daniels made an Instagram post saying "Fighting guys! Will know this week... or top of next!" The Hollywood Reporter reported that cable networks BET and OWN were possible contenders for picking up the show. However, on May 31, Daniels made another Instagram post stating that despite his efforts, he was not able to find another home for the show.


title: Star (TV series)

text: In July 2019, Lee Daniels posted on his Instagram account that "Star" will receive a proper finale through a two-hour movie event.


title: Star (TV series)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a rating of 35%, with an average rating of 4.19 out of 10 based on 37 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Despite Queen Latifah's strong performance, the cast, and the songs, Lee Daniels' "Star" is weighed down by sloppy melodrama and overly cartoonish stereotypes".


title: Star (TV series)

text: On Metacritic, the series has a score of 42 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: John Rich

text: John Rich (born January 7, 1974) is an American country music singer-songwriter. From 1992 to 1998, he was a member of the country music band Lonestar, in which he played bass guitar and alternated with Richie McDonald as lead vocalist. After departing from the band in 1998, he embarked on a solo career on BNA Records in the late 1990s, releasing two singles for the label and recording "Underneath the Same Moon", which was not released until 2006. In 2001, he self-released "Rescue Me", an album he was inspired to record by a cancer patient named Katie Darnell. By 2003, he joined Big Kenny to form the duo Big & Rich, who released three albums on Warner Bros. Records as well as ten singles, including the Number One "Lost in This Moment". After Big & Rich went on hiatus in 2007, Rich began work on a third solo album, "Son of a Preacher Man", which has produced two more chart singles. In 2011, Rich released two extended plays, "Rich Rocks" and "For the Kids", before re-establishing Big & Rich in 2012.


title: John Rich

text: John Rich was born in Amarillo, Texas; the son of Jim, a Baptist preacher, and Judy Overton Rich. John graduated from Dickson County Senior High in Dickson, Tennessee and after graduation moved to Nashville where he worked as a singer at Opryland USA. He wanted to be a professional team roper. Not long after, he met up with the group Texasee, which eventually changed its name to Lonestar. While in Lonestar, Rich was the bass guitarist and, on some occasions, the lead singer (one of the band's singles, "Heartbroke Every Day," featured his lead vocals). Rich also co-wrote two of the band's singles: "Come Cryin' to Me" and "Say When", the former being a number-one single for the group. In January 1998, Rich departed from Lonestar. Afterward, Rich became a solo artist with BNA Records, the same label to which Lonestar was signed. He charted two singles for the label and recorded an album which did not see release until 2006. In 2001, he recorded and self-released "Rescue Me", an album he was inspired to record after meeting cancer patient Katie Darnell.


title: John Rich

text: Rich joined Big Kenny in 2002 to form the duo Big & Rich. The duo recorded three studio albums for Warner Bros. Records: "Horse of a Different Color", "Comin' to Your City" and "Between Raising Hell and Amazing Grace", in 2004, 2005 and 2007 respectively. These albums accounted for ten singles on the country charts, including the Number One "Lost in This Moment". Rich also co-wrote all of the duo's singles, primarily with Big Kenny. In the wake of Big & Rich's success, his 1999 solo album "Underneath the Same Moon" was issued via BNA, coinciding with the release of Big Kenny's previously-unreleased solo album "Live a Little". A fourth Big & Rich studio album was released in the summer of 2012, with the inspiring "That's Why I Pray" reaching No. 15 on the country charts.


title: John Rich

text: During Big & Rich's success, Rich also worked as a songwriter and producer for other artists. His work included production for Gretchen Wilson, Keith Anderson, Jewel and John Anderson. In the same time span, he co-wrote multiple singles for other artists, including the Number One hits "Redneck Woman" for Wilson, "Mississippi Girl" for Faith Hill and "Why" for Jason Aldean.


title: John Rich

text: In 2011, Rich recorded a song with heavy metal band Black Label Society, entitled "Darkest Days", featured on their compilation album, "The Song Remains Not the Same".


title: John Rich

text: In 2016, Rich added his voice to a duet with Marie Osmond on her album "Music Is Medicine" with the song titled "Love This Tough".


title: John Rich

text: In January 2009, Rich released his third solo single on Warner Bros. Records. The song, "Another You", is the lead-off single to Rich's second studio album, "Son of a Preacher Man", which was released on March 24, 2009. He followed this song up with another single, "Shuttin' Detroit Down", recorded only one week before its release in January 2009. Rich promoted the song, which addresses the Chrysler and General Motors bailouts, at Michigan radio stations. The song debuted at No. 34 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart for the chart week of February 14, 2009, becoming his first solo Top 40 hit and peaking at No. 12 in April. A third single, "The Good Lord and the Man", debuted at No. 59 on the country chart and peaked at No. 56 in July 2009.


title: John Rich

text: Both "Rich Rocks" and "For the Kids" have only produced one single between them. "Country Done Come to Town" was released as a single from "Rich Rocks" in mid-2010 and was a minor chart success.


title: John Rich

text: In 2007, Rich hosted the first season of a reality show on Country Music Television called "Gone Country", which featured celebrities such as Brady Bunch actress Maureen McCormick, singers Bobby Brown, Sisqo, Julio Iglesias Jr., Dee Snider, Carnie Wilson and American Idol runner-up Diana DeGarmo as they try to become songwriters with the help of Nashville songwriters as the celebrities are paired together with the songwriters. The show was filmed at the former home of Barbara Mandrell. He has hosted two more seasons since then.


title: John Rich

text: Rich also served as a judge on the 2008 version of "Nashville Star" on NBC along with Jewel, singer-songwriter Jeffrey Steele, and host Billy Ray Cyrus.


title: John Rich

text: Rich was a candidate in the 2011 season of "The Celebrity Apprentice", which premiered on March 6. In episode 5, he lost as Project Manager for the men's team, Backbone. Despite the first loss, he later won 2 more tasks as Project Manager, raising $1,266,908 for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. Rich competed with Marlee Matlin in the live season finale, where he was declared the season winner, and received an additional $250,000 for his charity.


title: John Rich

text: In the 2008 U.S. presidential race, Rich originally supported Fred Thompson. He later released a campaign song on his website in support of presidential candidate John McCain in August 2008 called "Raisin' McCain". He performed in the closing ceremony of the Republican National Convention on September 3, 2008. He endorsed the Conservative Party candidate Doug Hoffman in the special congressional election in Northern New York in 2009. In 2010 he endorsed Zach Wamp for Governor of Tennessee and hosted parties at his Nashville home in support of Wamp's campaign.


title: John Rich

text: On April 7, 2015, Rich's song "Shuttin' Detroit Down" was featured in Senator Rand Paul's 2016 presidential campaign announcement. He later declared his support for presumptive nominee Donald Trump following Paul's exit from the race. Big & Rich would later perform at a pre-inaugural ceremony on January 19, 2017, after Trump's victory in the general election. On May 30, 2019, he released "Shut Up About Politics" featuring presenters of the Fox News Channel programme The Five.


title: John Rich

text: In 2020, Rich made headlines when he accused the Lipscomb Academy Dean of Intercultural Development Brittany Paschall of racist "indoctrination". Students at the school were assigned to read the essay "Whose Story Is It?" which mentions white privilege. This essay was written by Laurie Halse Anderson, a white woman. Rich claimed the essay could harm white children and claimed "racism does not exist at this school based on my experience there". Lipscomb Academy's adjacent university had previously faced allegations of racist events happening on campus. Although she did not distribute the essay to the children, Brittany Paschall, the school's dean of intercultural development, was dismissed from her position in 2020 following this incident.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: Lorraine Kelly, (born 30 November 1959) is a Scottish journalist and television presenter. She has presented various television shows for ITV, including "Good Morning Britain" (1988–1992), "GMTV" (1993–2010), "This Morning" (2003–2005, 2016), "Daybreak" (2012–2014), "The Sun Military Awards" (2016–present), "STV Children's Appeal" (2016–present), and her eponymous programme "Lorraine" (2010–present).


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: Kelly was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to charity and was promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to broadcasting, journalism and charity.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: Kelly was born in the Gorbals area of Glasgow. She has Irish ancestry. Her father, John, worked as a television repairman. She spent the first few years of her life in Glasgow before the family moved to East Kilbride where she attended Claremont High School. She turned down a university place to study English and Russian in favour of a job on the "East Kilbride News", her local newspaper, and then joined BBC Scotland as a researcher in 1983. She moved to TV-am as an on-screen reporter covering Scottish news in 1984.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: In early October 1984, Kelly joined TV-am as Scotland Correspondent. On the back of her coverage of the Pan Am Flight 103 disaster in Lockerbie, in July 1989, Kelly presented TV-am's "Summer Sunday" programme with chief reporter Geoff Meade.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: Throughout the rest of 1989, Kelly provided cover for the presenters on the main weekday programme. On 31 January 1990, she became a main presenter of "Good Morning Britain" alongside Mike Morris.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: In January 1993, Kelly helped launch "GMTV" by presenting a range of programmes. Her first job was presenting the new "Top of the Morning". In March, when Fiona Armstrong walked out of the main GMTV show, Kelly moved to the main breakfast show with Eamonn Holmes. In June 1994, Kelly went on maternity leave, but shortly afterwards she was sacked from the main presenting roles, she returned in November 1994 to do a mother and baby slot. This led to her becoming the presenter of "Nine O'Clock Live". The show proved so popular that it was moved to the earlier 08:35 slot, retitled "Lorraine Live".


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: Kelly also had a stint in radio, with her own daily program broadcast on air by then new British phenomenon of Talk Radio (precursor of TalkSport) around 1997-99.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: In Autumn 2000, as "GMTV" rebranded to "GMTV Today", Kelly's show changed its name to "LK Today". As part of the later rebrand that took place in 2009, the show again changed its title to "GMTV with Lorraine", to coincide with "GMTV Today" changing back to "GMTV". "Lorraine" moved for the first time into the main "GMTV" studio, instead of Kelly having her own part of the studio to host from. In April 2010, to make "GMTV"s programming more consistent, "GMTV with Lorraine" began airing all year round, instead of breaking during school holidays, with guest presenters.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: According to the "Sunday Mirror", in 2007, Kelly was prevented from appearing in an advertising campaign for Asda as GMTV managing director Clive Crouch felt that such a move would create more bad publicity for GMTV, which had recently been fined £2 million by broadcasting regulator Ofcom for its misuse of premium-rate phone lines.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: On 9 July 2010, as well as the announcement that "GMTV" had been axed to make way for "Daybreak", it was also revealed that Kelly's new programme "Lorraine" would replace "GMTV with Lorraine". On 15 July 2010, Kelly presented her last show before leaving.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: On 6 September 2010, "GMTV" ended with ITV Breakfast taking over. "Lorraine" launched with a brand new look, alongside "Daybreak".


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: In 2011, Kelly presented the ITV series "Children's Hospital", and was a guest presenter on the BBC Two series "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" in series 25. She provides voice-over and narration on the CBeebies show "Raa Raa the Noisy Lion".


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: On 4 May 2012, it was confirmed that Kelly would take over from Christine Bleakley as presenter on "Lorraine's" sister programme "Daybreak". She debuted on 3 September 2012. She co-hosted the programme with Aled Jones from Monday to Thursday, with Kate Garraway co-hosting on Fridays.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: In February 2014, Kelly announced that she would leave "Daybreak" to focus on "Lorraine" which she began hosting five days a week from 28 April 2014. "Daybreak" was replaced by "Good Morning Britain" in April 2014. Lorraine would occasionally report for GMB whenever her show wasn't aired.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: In 2014, Kelly made a cameo appearance in an episode of "Birds of a Feather". On 19 September 2014, Kelly reported from Dundee on "Good Morning Britain" on the Scottish independence result. On 13 April 2016, Kelly guest presented an episode of "This Morning" with Rylan Clark-Neal.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: Kelly presented a four-part series for Channel 5 called "Penguin A&E with Lorraine Kelly". The series began airing on 10 May 2016. In 2018, Kelly co-presented "Wedding Day Winners" with Rob Beckett. The show aired on Saturday nights on BBC One.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: In May 2019, she made a cameo in "Coronation Street". During the COVID-19 pandemic, she hosted her programme in the Good Morning Britain studio. “Good Morning Britain with Lorraine” had a more news-focused style to it, yet still featured interviews with celebrities, Hollywood updates from Ross King, and medical advice on the pandemic with Dr Hilary Jones. She returned to the Lorraine studio on 13 July.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: Since 2011, Kelly has hosted STV's Children's Appeal annually with Sean Batty, she also hosts STV Appeal Stories on the channel and her 2016 Show Lorraine & Friends.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: Kelly hosted the 2014 and 2015 Hogmanay Party which aired on New Year's Eve just before midnight and after Midnight. Hogmanay Party didn't continue in 2016 instead Kelly hosted "Lorraine Kelly's Hogmanay".


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: In 2019 she presented the gameshow "The Cash Machine". Lorraine made two appearances of the STV Glasgow talk show "The Riverside Show" and one appearance on the late-night talk show "The Late Show with Ewen Cameron" which runs across all STV channels.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: During 1994/1995 Kelly also presented Carlton magazine programme "After 5". She appeared on "Lily Savage's Blankety Blank" in 2001.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: Kelly presented "Liquid News", the spin-off "Liquid Eurovision" and became the national spokeswoman for the United Kingdom during the collation of votes at the Eurovision Song Contest, in both 2003 and 2004, replacing the long-serving Colin Berry.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: She was parodied by Dawn French in the TV sitcom "Absolutely Fabulous" as a stereotypical daytime TV news reporter for series 1 in 1992, this role was reprised for the film in 2016.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: She has made several appearances on "Have I Got News for You" including appearances as guest presenter.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: From 2004, Kelly co-presented "This Morning" with Phillip Schofield, on Mondays and Fridays, to allow Fern Britton to spend more time with her family, but she left in March 2006.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: Kelly guest hosted an episode of "The Friday Night Project" on Channel 4. She also guest hosted "The New Paul O'Grady Show" and returned three other times from 2006 to 2008, owing to sheer popularity.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: In 2006, Kelly filmed an ITV documentary programme "Secrets Revealed – DNA Stories", made by STV Productions, and broadcast on Sky Real Lives. A second series was shown on the channel in 2008.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: In 2010, Kelly filmed a six-part documentary series "Lorraine Kelly's Big Fat Challenge" shown on Bio. The series featured Kelly and a team of experts putting 'Britain's fattest family', the Chawner family through their paces to lose weight and transform their lives. Daughter Emma Chawner is best known for her unsuccessful appearances on "The X Factor".


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: In 2010, in conjunction with the Missing People charity, Sky and STV produced a new documentary series hosted by Kelly, about missing mothers. This series followed the success of Sky's previous successful missing person series "Missing Children: Lorraine Kelly Investigates".


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: Kelly has also made acting appearances in the Scottish sitcom "Still Game" and the soap opera "River City".


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: Kelly writes weekly columns for "The Sun" and "The Sunday Post". She was announced as the first Agony Aunt for the Royal Air Force's fortnightly "RAF News" on 7 October 2009.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: Kelly is also a patron of the Human Rights advocacy, information and advice charity POhWER. About being a patron, Kelly commented: 'I am proud to be a Patron of POhWER, a charity which helps people to find their voice, make their case, get the care and support they need and see wrongs put right'.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: In 2011, Kelly was among the celebrities to take part in the "BT Red Nose Desert Trek" which took place in the Kaisut Desert for Comic Relief and raised £1,375,037.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: She has been an ambassador and presenter for STV Children's Appeal since its creation in 2011. Kelly also became an ambassador for the charity Sightsavers in 2011.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: In April 1991, Kelly was awarded the TRIC Diamond Jubilee Award for New Talent of the Year. In 2004, she was elected as the first female rector of the University of Dundee, being formally installed to office on 28 April 2004. She held this position until 2007. On 20 June 2008 she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws from the university for her services to charity.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: On 28 June 2018 She was awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor of Arts from Edinburgh Napier University.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: Kelly was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to charity and the armed forces and was promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to broadcasting, journalism and charity.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: On 16 November 2014, Kelly received a special Scottish BAFTA award honouring her 30-year television career.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: Kelly has been described by "Attitude" as "one of Britain's cult gay icons". In 2015, she was given the "Honourary Gay Award" at the 2015 "Attitude" Awards for her support for the LGBT community.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: Since June 2009 she has been an Honorary Colonel in the Black Watch battalion Army Cadet Force. Since November 2019, she has been National Honorary Colonel of the Army Cadet Force.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: Between 1993 and 2005, Kelly lived at Cookham Dean in Berkshire, on the Thames west of London, with her husband, television cameraman Steve Smith, whom she married in 1992. Kelly previously lived in Broughty Ferry, Dundee until December 2017 as she found commuting back and forth was not working. Kelly and her husband then decided to sell their Broughty Ferry home to be closer to Lorraine's work, and so they could spend more time together. Kelly has described herself as an 'adopted Dundonian' and despite moving away, she considers Dundee to be a place that she will always call home.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: They have one daughter, Rosie, born in 1994, who teamed up with Lorraine on "The Cube" in December 2021, playing for MS Therapy Centre which supports Steve’s sister. Kelly’s second pregnancy ended in miscarriage (2000). Kelly was born to a Catholic mother and a Protestant father, but she is an outspoken critic of Catholic schools in Scotland and has called for an end to them saying they were a cause of trouble in society, and prolonged the "scandal of sectarianism".


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: She has been a fan of the Scottish football team Dundee United since 1987 after being taken to a game by her now-husband.


title: Lorraine Kelly

text: In 2018, Kelly spoke of her experiences with the menopause, and encouraged other women to speak about it.


title: Jemele Hill

text: Jemele Juanita Hill (; born 1975) is an American sports journalist who writes for "The Atlantic". She worked nearly 12 years for sports conglomerate ESPN. She wrote a column for ESPN.com's Page 2 and formerly hosted ESPN's "His and Hers". In 2013, she succeeded Jalen Rose on ESPN2's "Numbers Never Lie". In 2017, Hill and Michael Smith became co-hosts of "SC6", the 6 p.m. (ET) edition of ESPN's flagship "SportsCenter". Hill remained in that role until 2018, when ESPN moved her to their website, "The Undefeated". She joined "The Atlantic" in late 2018. From August 2020 to February 2021, she co-hosted Vice's "Cari & Jemele (Won't) Stick to Sports" alongside Cari Champion.


title: Jemele Hill

text: Hill was born in Detroit on December 21, 1975. She and her mother moved to Houston in 1980, then later back to Detroit. Hill graduated from Mumford High School in 1993, then from Michigan State University in 1997.


title: Jemele Hill

text: Hill began her career as general assignment sports writer for the "Raleigh News & Observer". From 1999 to 2005, she served as a sports writer with the "Detroit Free Press", mainly covering Michigan State football and basketball. While at the "Free Press", she also covered the 2004 Summer Olympics and the NBA Playoffs. Hill worked as a columnist for the "Orlando Sentinel" from 2005 to 2006.


title: Jemele Hill

text: Hill joined ESPN in November 2006 as a national columnist on ESPN.com. She made regular appearances on television, including "SportsCenter" and several ESPN programs, including "ESPN First Take", "Outside the Lines" and "The Sports Reporters". During the 2012 college football season, she worked on Friday nights as a sideline reporter with Carter Blackburn and Rod Gilmore.


title: Jemele Hill

text: During the 2008 NBA Playoffs, Hill was suspended from her post after referencing Adolf Hitler in an article about the Boston Celtics and the Detroit Pistons. In an editorial describing why she could not support the Celtics, Hill wrote: "Rooting for the Celtics is like saying Hitler was a victim. It's like hoping Gorbachev would get to the blinking red button before Reagan." The comments generated a negative response, and that portion of the editorial was taken out shortly after the column was published. Hill, a Pistons fan, wrote that: "to some degree it was about race. Detroit is 80 percent black, and as my colleague J.A. Adande stated in a fantastic piece on the Celtics earlier this season, the mostly white Celtics teams of the past had a tough time being accepted by black audiences. Boston was viewed by African-Americans as a racially intolerant city." Hill was subsequently suspended for one week and she issued an apology through ESPN.


title: Jemele Hill

text: The network drew criticism for its treatment of Hill, as another employee, former Notre Dame football coach Lou Holtz, also made a Hitler reference in 2008 and was not suspended.


title: Jemele Hill

text: In July 2020, Hill wrote a long article detailing her deep regret for the Hitler reference. She wrote that she felt embarrassed about it immediately after she was called out on it, and still feels embarrassed about it more than a decade later. She concluded that her suspension from ESPN was "a punishment that I deserved."


title: Jemele Hill

text: In 2011, Hill and Michael Smith began the podcast "His & Hers". Its popularity led to ESPN adding Hill to Smith's ESPN2 show "Numbers Never Lie" in 2013, which was renamed "His & Hers" a year later. In addition to sports, the show covered social and relationship issues and pop culture, including favorite television shows, music and several movie spoofs. Writing at the "Los Angeles Times," Stephen Battaglio contrasted Hill and Smith's style with the "vein-bulging, finger-pointing debates... filling hours of sports talk programming." Instead, he said, "Hill and Smith often agree and never take an opposing view just for the sake of creating provocative television... They are powered by wound-up energy." "His & Hers" ran through January 2017.


title: Jemele Hill

text: On February 6, 2017, Hill and Smith became evening anchors of ESPN's flagship show, "SportsCenter". Airing at 6 p.m., their installment of "SportsCenter" was called "SC6 with Michael and Jemele". Writing at "Vibe", Michael Saponara said the new show was expected to focus on "the duo’s developed chemistry, and bold personalities instead of the traditional "Sportscenter" which mostly stuck to highlights of the day’s events." ESPN's ratings for the 6 o'clock hour have declined since Hill and Smith took over the rebranded SC6.


title: Jemele Hill

text: On September 11, 2017, Hill made a series of tweets critical of President Donald Trump, including describing him as a "white supremacist." ESPN issued a statement saying Hill's comments "do not represent the position of ESPN. We have addressed this with Jemele and she recognizes her actions were inappropriate." Hill later clarified that she stood by her comments as representative of her personal beliefs; "My regret is that my comments and the public way I made them painted ESPN in an unfair light." Some criticized Hill's comments, including White House press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders, who called them "a fireable offense by ESPN"; Trump criticized the network and demanded an apology. Others voiced support for Hill and criticized ESPN and the White House's responses, arguing that Hill's comments were accurate and that a White House official suggesting Hill be fired infringed on the First Amendment.


title: Jemele Hill

text: On October 9, 2017, ESPN suspended Hill for two weeks for a "second violation of our social media guidelines". Hill suggested fans upset with Jerry Jones' threat to bench any player who does "anything that is disrespectful to the flag" should boycott the advertisers who support Jones and the Dallas Cowboys. On January 25, 2018, ESPN announced that Hill would anchor her final "SC6" on February 2, and begin a new role at "The Undefeated", the company's website that covers the intersections of sports and race.


title: Jemele Hill

text: On April 15, 2019, Hill launched her podcast, "Jemele Hill is Unbothered", which covers sports, politics and culture. New episodes air twice during the week on Spotify. According to Hill, the podcasts' talk about sports "covers those tricky intersections: race, gender, politics".


title: Jemele Hill

text: In 2020, Hill launched a twice-weekly podcast with Van Lathan on The Ringer called "Way Down in the Hole," which recaps each episode of HBO's "The Wire".


title: Jemele Hill

text: In August 2020, Hill began co-hosting "Cari & Jemele (Won't) Stick to Sports" with Cari Champion on the Vice on TV network. She played herself in the 2021 sports drama film "National Champions".


title: Jemele Hill

text: In February 2022, she was cast in the documentary series "Everything's Gonna Be All White", airing on Showtime.


title: Jemele Hill

text: In 2007, Hill won the inaugural McKenzie Cup, awarded in honor of sports editor Van McKenzie, at the annual Poynter Media Summit.


title: Jemele Hill

text: In 2018, Hill was named journalist of the year by the National Association of Black Journalists, in recognition of "a distinguished body of work with extraordinary depth, scope and significance to the people of the African Diaspora." In 2019, she was named one of "Worth"'s 21 Most Powerful Women in the Business of Sports. She headlined the 2022 Martin Luther King Jr. Cultural Dinner at Illinois State University.


title: Jack Hanna

text: Jack Bushnell Hanna (born January 2, 1947) is a retired American zookeeper and a former director emeritus of the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium. "Jungle Jack" was director of the zoo from 1978 to 1992, and is viewed as largely responsible for elevating its quality and reputation. His media appearances, particularly with Johnny Carson, David Letterman, James Corden, "Good Morning America", and Maury Povich have made him one of the most notable animal experts in the United States.


title: Jack Hanna

text: Hanna was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. He grew up on his family's farm and volunteered for the family veterinarian, Dr. Roberts, when he was 11. He attended The Kiski School, an all-boys boarding school in Saltsburg, Pennsylvania, for high school, graduating in 1965. He majored in business and political science at Muskingum College in New Concord, Ohio, where he got in trouble for keeping ducks in his dorm room and a donkey in a shed behind his fraternity house (The M.A.C.E. Club). In his senior year, Hanna married Suzi, a cheerleader at Muskingum, and graduated in 1968.


title: Jack Hanna

text: Although unable to secure zoning as a zoo for his family's farm, Hanna and Suzi opened a pet shop and petting zoo. In 1972, a three-year-old boy was mauled by a lion at Hanna's farm after the boy slipped past the protective barrier and stuck his arm through the enclosure fence, subsequently losing the arm. Hanna settled a later lawsuit out of court, shut down the petting zoo, and moved his family to Florida.


title: Jack Hanna

text: He worked for a wildlife adventure company and directed the small Central Florida Zoo and Botanical Gardens from 1973 to 1975. When he was offered the position at the Columbus Zoo in 1978, one of the reasons he accepted was because he believed Columbus Children's Hospital had the best treatment available for his daughter Julie's leukemia. She recovered by the age of six, although she needed to have a brain tumor removed later in life.


title: Jack Hanna

text: At the time he became the zoo's director, the grounds of the zoo were unkempt and the facilities run down. Hanna initially struck many as a "zealous" zoo director, often traveling around the zoo grounds after closing to personally pick up trash. He also realized the importance of increasing the profile of the Columbus Zoo in central Ohio to get more public support and funding, and the "everyman"-seeming Hanna proved to be very well-suited to public relations for the zoo. From 1981 to 1983, Hanna hosted a local television program, "Hanna's Ark", which aired on the local CBS affiliate in Columbus, WBNS. Hanna's live animal demonstrations on "Good Morning America" and David Letterman's talk show incarnations brought national attention to the Columbus Zoo as well as to Hanna himself. Over the course of Hanna's tenure as director, the zoo made the transition from cage-like enclosures to habitat environments, and the grounds were significantly expanded. The annual attendance of the Columbus Zoo increased by over 400% during this time. Hanna was named director emeritus of the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium in 1992.


title: Jack Hanna

text: Hanna published his autobiography, "Monkeys on the Interstate", in 1989. He has published many books for children as well. He has hosted the syndicated television shows "Jack Hanna's Animal Adventures", "Jack Hanna's Into the Wild", and "Jack Hanna's Wild Countdown", all produced and distributed by Litton Entertainment. Hanna also occasionally contributed commentary as an animal expert on various local and national news programs, and has done guest spots on other shows such as "Larry King Live", "Nancy Grace", "Maury", and "The Hollywood Squares". On September 25, 2003, Jack made a special guest appearance on an episode of "Blue's Clues" (season 5, episode 35, "Animals in Our House?"). He was also named one of the "50 Most Beautiful People" by "People" magazine in 1996. Hanna also appeared in Neal McCoy's 2005 music video for "Billy's Got His Beer Goggles On" with a hyacinth macaw, a sloth and an albino burmese python. Hanna, along with Emmy Award-winning musician Mark Frye, released an album through Virgin Records in 1996 entitled "Jack Hanna's World."


title: Jack Hanna

text: He was granted honorary doctorates from Muskingum University, Otterbein College, Capital University, and Ohio University.


title: Jack Hanna

text: On October 19, 2011, Hanna assisted Ohio police in tracking down several escaped exotic animals near Zanesville, Ohio. Hanna provided police assistance with expertise in tracking down the animals, which included lions, leopards, wolves, primates, bears, and eighteen tigers.


title: Jack Hanna

text: In May 2018 at the Los Angeles Zoo's annual Beastly Ball, Hanna received the Tom Mankiewicz Leadership Award for his work in conservation.


title: Jack Hanna

text: Jack Hanna criticized the killing of the healthy eighteen-month-old giraffe Marius in Copenhagen Zoo, which was killed rather than offered for adoption after being classified as genetically overrepresented in zoo breeding programs. Hanna said this would not happen in an American zoo. Soon after, he raised money to prevent a separate male giraffe culling at the Jyllands Park Zoo, which is also in Denmark, where zookeepers had said they might kill the giraffe if they brought in some females for breeding. Hanna said he was willing to provide refuge including transport for this giraffe. The Jyllands Park Zoo later stated that they did not actually plan to bring in a new female or to kill the male that was at the facility.


title: Jack Hanna

text: In April 2021, Hanna's family announced that he had been diagnosed with dementia, subsequently thought to be Alzheimer's disease, and would make no further public appearances. His daughters stated that "his condition has progressed much faster in the last few months than any of us could have anticipated".


title: Jack Hanna

text: In August 2021, filmmakers of an independent documentary film alleged that the Columbus Zoo and Hanna as its former director had misrepresented where some animals had been acquired from or had been transferred to and that the zoo had been dealing with unaccredited private facilities that, in some cases, may not have provided appropriate animal care. Zoo officials responded by cutting ties with most of the unaccredited private institutions named in the documentary. Former zoo official Suzi Rapp defended one of the private institutions, saying that the lack of certification of the facility does not necessarily indicate that the institution is not a good facility. Hanna's family released a statement saying they had not seen the documentary, could not speak for him, and could not consult him on the matter due to the effects of his dementia.


title: Panenka (penalty kick)

text: In association football, the Panenka is a technique used while taking a penalty kick in which the taker, instead of kicking the ball to the left or right of the goalkeeper, gives a light touch underneath the ball, causing it to rise and fall within the centre of the goal, deceiving the goalkeeper who is counted on by the taker to have guessed a side and committed to a dive away from the centre.


title: Panenka (penalty kick)

text: The technique was invented by Czech player Antonín Panenka, who introduced it to the world in the UEFA Euro 1976 final in Belgrade, when he beat West German goalkeeper Sepp Maier to claim the title for the Czechoslovakia national team. After its much publicised debut in the tournament, the Panenka kick has been used on rare occasions and mostly by highly respected players who can deal with the consequences of missing such an attempt.


title: Panenka (penalty kick)

text: Originally, in Czech language the kick is called "Vršovický dloubák"—a reference to the Prague district of Vršovice, where Panenka's home club Bohemians is based.


title: Panenka (penalty kick)

text: This style of penalty kick is also called "Il cucchiaio" ("the spoon") in Italy, "cavadinha" ("little dig") in Brazil and "penal picado" ("poked penalty kick") in Argentina and elsewhere in South America.


title: Panenka (penalty kick)

text: The aim of the technique is not to chip the ball over the goalkeeper, but to take advantage of the fact that many goalkeepers will dive to either side of the goal in anticipation, rather than waiting to see in which direction the ball is going. It is a very risky technique, because the subtle touch on the ball gives it a very slow speed, thus allowing the goalkeeper to move back from where they jumped, or even to simply remain in the same spot and wait for the ball to fall easily into their hands. In addition, the subtle touch is most easily applied by a taker who slows down as he or she is about to strike the ball, making it possible for the goalkeeper to recognize what the taker is intending. The move is known for only being used by confident penalty takers who dare to risk missing the kick. Some players that have used the Panenka kick have been criticized by the specialized media or their team's members and supporters, especially if they miss it.


title: Panenka (penalty kick)

text: According to studies, a "Panenka" has a lower scoring probability over placement or power, though it is alleged that if successful, a Panenka's psychological impact on the opposite team may be profound, which may be why penalty takers elect to use it. Antonín Panenka, though, saw the penalty as a reflection of his own personality.


title: Panenka (penalty kick)

text: Antonín Panenka came to international prominence playing for Czechoslovakia in the 1976 European Championship; Czechoslovakia reached the final, where they faced West Germany. After extra time, the result was 2–2, and so the first penalty shootout in a European Championships final ensued. The first seven kicks were converted, until West Germany's fourth penalty taker, Uli Hoeneß, ballooned his shot over the bar. With the score 4–3, Panenka stepped up to take the fifth Czechoslovakian penalty, to win the match under immense pressure. He feigned shooting to the side of the goal, causing West German goalkeeper Sepp Maier to dive to his left, and then gently chipped the ball into the middle of the net. The perceived impudence of the shot, in addition to its success, led a watching French journalist to dub Panenka "a poet", and his winning kick is one of the most famous ever, making Panenka's name synonymous with that particular style of penalty kick. After the game, Panenka was told that he could have been punished if he missed, as it may have been seen as disrespecting the Communist system in place at the time in his home country. On viewing the penalty Pelé described Panenka as being "either a genius or a madman".


title: Panenka (penalty kick)

text: As well as winning the 1976 European Championship, Panenka helped Czechoslovakia come third in the 1980 tournament, after scoring once again in a 9–8 penalty shootout win. In the finals of the 1982 World Cup, Panenka scored twice with penalties, but these were the only Czechoslovakian goals, and the team did not progress beyond the first group stage.


title: Panenka (penalty kick)

text: The Panenka penalty has since been successfully performed by many other players in a wide range of competitions. Only a small number of these have been, like Panenka's original, in major cup finals – Zinedine Zidane in the 2006 FIFA World Cup Final, Alexis Sánchez in the 2015 Copa América Final, and Odsonne Édouard in the 2020 Scottish Cup final. Examples of Panenkas outside finals include Francesco Totti for Italy in their Euro 2000 semi-final shoot-out against the Netherlands, Sebastián Abreu for Uruguay in their 2010 FIFA World Cup quarter-final shoot-out against Ghana, Andrea Pirlo for Italy in their Euro 2012 quarter-final shoot-out against England, Knowledge Musona used it against Eswatini national football team on 26 March 2016 in AFCON qualifiers, Lionel Messi in a UEFA Champions League game for Paris Saint-Germain against RB Leipzig in 2021, and Karim Benzema for Real Madrid against Manchester City in a UEFA Champions League semi-final in 2022.


title: Panenka (penalty kick)

text: As with all penalty attempts, not every one is successful. In the 2019 A-League Grand Final Perth Glory player Brendon Santalab, who had scored multiple Panenka penalties previously in his career, played his last game as a professional. The match ended in a penalty shootout between Sydney FC and Santalab's club Perth Glory. With the score at 3 to 1 in favour of Sydney FC, Santalab took Perth's third penalty, attempting a Panenka, but Sydney FC goalkeeper Andrew Redmayne was expecting it. The keeper stood upright and easily saved the weak kick. Sydney FC scored their next penalty, winning the shootout and the A-League Championship 4 to 1. Former England captain Gary Lineker infamously failed a Panenka which at the time, would have put him level with Bobby Charlton for the England team's top scorer, the missed penalty instead leaving him one goal behind on 48 for the rest of his career.


title: Panenka (penalty kick)

text: Moroccan right-back Achraf Hakimi hit a successful panenka against Spanish goalkeeper Unai Simon during the 2022 FIFA World Cup propelling Morocco into the quarter-finals for the first time in their history.


title: The Collection (film)

text: The Collection is a 2012 American horror film, serving as the sequel to the 2009 film, "The Collector". Written by Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan, and directed by Dunstan, the film stars Randall Archer, Emma Fitzpatrick, Christopher McDonald, Lee Tergesen, and Josh Stewart, who reprises his role as Arkin from the first film. The story follows a young woman who gets captured by The Collector, while Arkin escapes but is recruited shortly after by a group of mercenaries whose mission is to save her at the Collector's base.


title: The Collection (film)

text: "The Collection" was released on November 30, 2012, by LD Entertainment. The film received generally negative reviews by critics, who deemed it a slight improvement over its predecessor. A third film, "The Collected", was in production in 2019 but was suspended shortly after and shelved indefinitely.


title: The Collection (film)

text: A few weeks after the events of the first film, teenager Elena Peters and her friends, Missy and Josh, go to a party. Elena witnesses her boyfriend, Brian, with another woman. She leaves the dance floor and enters an isolated room. In the room, Elena finds a box which Arkin is trapped. Elena carefully opens the latches, releasing Arkin, as a series of traps are set off party, killing dozens of party goers. Brian tries to escape but is killed while Elena watches in horror. She tries to help Missy, but is unable to prevent her being crushed by an elevator. The Collector appears and kidnaps Elena, while Arkin escapes by jumping out of a window, landing on a car and breaking his arm in the process.


title: The Collection (film)

text: Arkin is taken to the hospital, where he is arrested by the police. After suffering nightmares of his torture from the Collector, he is approached by Lucello, an employee of Elena's wealthy father, who has hired a team of mercenaries to hunt the Collector down and save Elena. Lucello implies that if Arkin leads them to the Collector's hideout, he will expunge Arkin's record. Arkin leads the mercenary group to the Collector's base, an abandoned hotel. Meanwhile, Elena witnesses a man being tortured before escaping from the trunk. Upon the team's arrival, Arkin refuses to go inside, but Lucello forces him at gunpoint to guide them through the hotel. The Collector reenters the room and notices Elena has escaped before being alerted to the team's presence.


title: The Collection (film)

text: Upon entering the hotel, the team is attacked by various people who the Collector has captured and driven insane with drugs, forcing the team to shoot them. Elena discovers another trunk and opens it. A seemingly innocent girl named Abby steps out, pleading to Elena for help before following her through the hotel to look for a way out. While wandering the hotel in separate groups, Arkin, Elena, and Lucello's team all encounter live humans being experimented on and human body parts rearranged to resemble insects, which are displayed in glass cases. Elena is discovered to have a hearing aid by Abby, who claims to be the Collector's favorite and is reluctant to break his rules. Abby screams that Elena is at a disadvantage because of her hearing aid, and will never win. The two are then separated when the Collector finds them.


title: The Collection (film)

text: Elena and Lucello reunite and find Abby, who asks to escape with them. Elena, remembering Abby's earlier outburst, pleads with Lucello not to trust her, but he allows Abby to accompany the group. They find a room with a small window that they cannot escape through, but they see two homeless men outside. Arkin shoots one of the men, knowing that reports of a shooting will draw the police's attention. Abby sabotages their efforts of escaping before being killed by one of the Collector's traps. The Collector finds them and becomes enraged upon seeing Abby's body inside one of his traps. He attacks the group, grabs Elena, and escapes.


title: The Collection (film)

text: As police converge at the hotel, the lights go out throughout the building. Lucello is caught in a trap and has to be left behind. Arkin and Paz find Elena strapped to an autopsy table, but when they approach, they are trapped in a cage that falls from above. The Collector appears and threatens to burn down the building, but Arkin manages to open the cage by having Elena re-break his arm so that he can reach the latch.


title: The Collection (film)

text: The group escapes and finds an exit door to the building, but it is jammed from the outside. The Collector appears again. As the Collector is about to kill Arkin, Lucello intervenes, having escaped from his trap, and sacrifices himself so that Arkin can gain the upper hand. Arkin beats the Collector, throws him down a chute, and sets it on fire. As the building burns down, the firefighters hear Elena's screams and open the door from the outside, allowing Elena and Arkin to escape. As the two sit outside, Arkin notices a pile of trunks and, upon searching inside them, finds the Collector's burned mask with no corpse.


title: The Collection (film)

text: Sometime later, Arkin manages to track down the Collector's house by researching every registered entomologist within a 200-mile radius of their last encounter. Arkin confronts the unmasked Collector, holds him at gunpoint, and taunts him about his father, a museum curator who, Arkin has learned, was responsible for the Collector's madness and "modus operandi". Arkin announces his intentions of torturing and eventually killing the Collector, so that he can never harm anyone again. When the Collector tries to attack him, Arkin forces him into the red trunk and locks him inside.


title: The Collection (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 36% based on 50 reviews, with an average rating of 4.6/10. The site's critics consensus reads, ""The Collection" offers more grisly thrills and twisted humor than its predecessor; in other words, fun for genre fans, but unpleasant for anyone else." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 38 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: The Collection (film)

text: On its opening weekend, "The Collection" grossed $3.1 million across 1,403 theaters in the United States, about $500,000 less than the opening weekend of the first film. The worldwide gross was $8.9 million.


title: The Collection (film)

text: In November 2012, prior to the release of "The Collection", series creators Marcus Dunstan and Patrick Melton confirmed a sequel film was in development under the title "The Collected". An announcement was made in August 2014 that the film would move forward with LD Entertainment and that Josh Stewart would reprise his role of Arkin. Development continued at a slow place and in September 2018 Bloody Disgusting attributed the underperformance of "The Collection" as to why the film had stalled out in development.


title: The Collection (film)

text: During May 2019 Stewart unveiled a poster for the film, revealing the project had been revived. Emma Fitzpatrick was slated to return as Elena while Tom Atkins was confirmed as portraying Arkin's father. It was also confirmed that David Brown and Brett Forbes would produce. As LD Entertainment was no longer involved with the project, Brown shopped the film at the Cannes Film Festival and acquired the international rights to the film through his studio Clear Horizon Entertainment.


title: The Collection (film)

text: Filming began on September 23, 2019 in Atlanta with Atkins, Randy Havens, Dot-Marie Jones, and Navi Rawat officially joining the cast. In October, Peter Giles was revealed to be playing The Collector. After eight days of filming, production unexpectedly shut down. The cast expected production to pick up again by late October 2019. Filming was then believed to begin once again in Vancouver in early 2021, but production never took place. In April 2021, Dunstan claimed that props were stolen from the set and that the producers had not been in contact with him since the closure of production and that he does not have the rights to the film, preventing him from finishing it. Melton added that "very little" of the film was shot.


title: Car suspension

text: Suspension is the system of tires, tire air, springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion between the two. Suspension systems must support both road holding/handling and ride quality, which are at odds with each other. The tuning of suspensions involves finding the right compromise. It is important for the suspension to keep the road wheel in contact with the road surface as much as possible, because all the road or ground forces acting on the vehicle do so through the contact patches of the tires. The suspension also protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or luggage from damage and wear. The design of front and rear suspension of a car may be different.


title: Car suspension

text: An early form of suspension on ox-drawn carts had the platform swing on iron chains attached to the wheeled frame of the carriage. This system remained the basis for most suspension systems until the turn of the 19th century, although the iron chains were replaced with the use of leather straps called thoroughbraces by the 17th century. No modern automobiles have used the thoroughbrace suspension system.


title: Car suspension

text: By approximately 1750, leaf springs began appearing on certain types of carriage, such as the Landau.


title: Car suspension

text: By the middle of the 19th century, elliptical springs might additionally start to be used on carriages.


title: Car suspension

text: Automobiles were initially developed as self-propelled versions of horse-drawn vehicles. However, horse-drawn vehicles had been designed for relatively slow speeds, and their suspension was not well suited to the higher speeds permitted by the internal combustion engine.


title: Car suspension

text: The first workable spring-suspension required advanced metallurgical knowledge and skill, and only became possible with the advent of industrialisation. Obadiah Elliott registered the first patent for a spring-suspension vehicle; each wheel had two durable steel leaf springs on each side and the body of the carriage was fixed directly to the springs which were attached to the axles. Within a decade, most British horse carriages were equipped with springs; wooden springs in the case of light one-horse vehicles to avoid taxation, and steel springs in larger vehicles. These were often made of low-carbon steel and usually took the form of multiple layer leaf springs.


title: Car suspension

text: Leaf springs have been around since the early Egyptians. Ancient military engineers used leaf springs in the form of bows to power their siege engines, with little success at first. The use of leaf springs in catapults was later refined and made to work years later. Springs were not only made of metal; a sturdy tree branch could be used as a spring, such as with a bow. Horse-drawn carriages and Ford Model T used this system, and it is still used today in larger vehicles, mainly mounted in the rear suspension.


title: Car suspension

text: Leaf springs were the first modern suspension system, and, along with advances in the construction of roads, heralded the single greatest improvement in road transport until the advent of the automobile. The British steel springs were not well-suited for use on America's rough roads of the time, so the Abbot-Downing Company of Concord, New Hampshire re-introduced leather strap suspension, which gave a swinging motion instead of the jolting up-and-down of spring suspension.


title: Car suspension

text: In 1901, Mors of Paris first fitted an automobile with shock absorbers. With the advantage of a damped suspension system on his 'Mors Machine', Henri Fournier won the prestigious Paris-to-Berlin race on 20 June 1901. Fournier's superior time was 11 hrs 46 min 10 sec, while the best competitor was Léonce Girardot in a Panhard with a time of 12 hours, 15 minutes, and 40 seconds.


title: Car suspension

text: Coil springs first appeared on a production vehicle in 1906 in the Brush Runabout made by the Brush Motor Company.


title: Car suspension

text: In 1922, independent front suspension was pioneered on Lancia Lambda, and became more common in mass market cars from 1932. Today, most cars have independent suspension on all four wheels.


title: Car suspension

text: In 2002, a new passive suspension component, the inerter, was invented by Malcolm C. Smith. This has the ability to increase the effective inertia of wheel suspension using a geared flywheel, but without adding significant mass. It was initially employed in Formula One in secrecy, but has since spread to wider motorsport.


title: Car suspension

text: Any four-wheel-drive (4WD/AWD) vehicle needs suspension for both the front wheels and rear wheels, but in two-wheel-drive vehicles there could be a very different configuration. For front-wheel drive cars, rear suspension has few constraints, and a variety of beam axles and independent suspensions are used. For rear-wheel drive cars, rear suspension has many constraints, and the development of the superior, but more expensive independent suspension layout has been difficult. Four-wheel drive often has suspensions that are similar for both the front and rear wheels.


title: Car suspension

text: Henry Ford's Model T used a torque tube to restrain this force, for his differential was attached to the chassis by a lateral leaf spring and two narrow rods. The torque tube surrounded the true driveshaft and exerted the force to its ball joint at the extreme rear of the transmission, which was attached to the engine. A similar method like this was used in the late 1930s by Buick and by Hudson's "bathtub car" in 1948, which used helical springs that could not take fore-and-aft thrust.


title: Car suspension

text: The Hotchkiss drive, invented by Albert Hotchkiss, was the most popular rear suspension system used in American cars from the 1930s to the 1970s. The system uses longitudinal leaf springs attached both forward and behind the differential of the live axle. These springs transmit torque to the frame. Although scorned by many European car makers of the time, it was accepted by American car makers, because it was inexpensive to manufacture. Also, the dynamic defects of this design were suppressed by the enormous weight of U.S. passenger vehicles before the implementation of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standard.


title: Car suspension

text: Another Frenchman invented the De Dion tube, which is sometimes called "semi-independent". Like true independent rear suspension, this employs two universal joints, or their equivalent from the centre of the differential to each wheel. But the wheels cannot entirely rise and fall independently of each other; they are tied by a yoke that goes around the differential, below and behind it. This method has had little use in the United States. Its use around 1900 was probably due to the poor quality of tires, which wore out quickly. By removing a good deal of unsprung weight, as independent rear suspensions do, it made them last longer.


title: Car suspension

text: Rear-wheel drive vehicles today frequently use a fairly complex fully-independent, multi-link suspension to locate the rear wheels securely, while providing decent ride quality.


title: Car suspension

text: The spring rate (or suspension rate) is a component in setting the vehicle's ride height or its location in the suspension stroke. When a spring is compressed or stretched, the force it exerts, is proportional to its change in length. The "spring rate" or "spring constant" of a spring is the change in the force it exerts, divided by the change in deflection of the spring. Vehicles that carry heavy loads, will often have heavier springs to compensate for the additional weight that would otherwise collapse a vehicle to the bottom of its travel (stroke). Heavier springs are also used in performance applications, where the loading conditions experienced are more significant.


title: Car suspension

text: Springs that are too hard or too soft cause the suspension to become ineffective – mostly because they fail to properly isolate the vehicle from the road. Vehicles that commonly experience suspension loads heavier than normal, have heavy or hard springs, with a spring rate close to the upper limit for that vehicle's weight. This allows the vehicle to perform properly under a heavy load, when control is limited by the inertia of the load. Riding in an empty truck meant for carrying loads can be uncomfortable for passengers, because of its high spring rate relative to the weight of the vehicle. A race car could also be described as having heavy springs, and would also be uncomfortably bumpy. However, even though we say they both have heavy springs, the actual spring rates for a racecar and a truck are very different. A luxury car, taxi, or passenger bus would be described as having soft springs, for the comfort of their passengers or driver. Vehicles with worn-out or damaged springs ride lower to the ground, which reduces the overall amount of compression available to the suspension, and increases the amount of body lean. Performance vehicles can sometimes have spring rate requirements other than vehicle weight and load.


title: Car suspension

text: Wheel rate is the effective spring rate when measured at the wheel, as opposed to simply measuring the spring rate alone.


title: Car suspension

text: Wheel rate is usually equal to or considerably less than the spring rate. Commonly, springs are mounted on control arms, swing arms or some other pivoting suspension member. Consider the example above, where the spring rate was calculated to be 500 lbs/inch (87.5 N/mm), if one were to move the wheel (without moving the car), the spring more than likely compresses a smaller amount. If the spring moved , the lever arm ratio would be 0.75:1. The wheel rate is calculated by taking the square of the ratio (0.5625) times the spring rate, thus obtaining 281.25 lbs/inch (49.25 N/mm). Squaring the ratio is, because the ratio has two effects on the wheel rate: the ratio applies to both the force and the distance traveled.


title: Car suspension

text: Wheel rate on independent suspension is fairly straightforward. However, special consideration must be taken with some non-independent suspension designs. Take the case of the straight axle. When viewed from the front or rear, the wheel rate can be measured by the means above. Yet, because the wheels are not independent, when viewed from the side under acceleration or braking, the pivot point is at infinity (because both wheels have moved) and the spring is directly inline with the wheel contact patch. The result is often, that the effective wheel rate under cornering is different from what it is under acceleration and braking. This variation in wheel rate may be minimised by locating the spring as close to the wheel as possible.


title: Car suspension

text: Wheel rates are usually summed and compared with the sprung mass of a vehicle to create a "ride rate" and the corresponding suspension natural frequency in ride (also referred to as "heave"). This can be useful in creating a metric for suspension stiffness and travel requirements for a vehicle.


title: Car suspension

text: Roll rate is analogous to a vehicle's ride rate, but for actions that include lateral accelerations, causing a vehicle's sprung mass to roll. It is expressed as torque per degree of roll of the vehicle sprung mass. It is influenced by factors including but not limited to vehicle sprung mass, track width, CG height, spring and damper rates, roll centre heights of front and rear, anti-roll bar stiffness and tire pressure/construction. The roll rate of a vehicle can, and usually, does differ front-to-rear, which allows for the tuning ability of a vehicle for transient and steady-state handling. The roll rate of a vehicle does not change the total amount of weight transfer on the vehicle, but shifts the speed and percentage of weight transferred on a particular axle to another axle through the vehicle chassis. Generally, the higher the roll rate on an axle of a vehicle, the faster and higher percentage the weight transfer on that axle.


title: Car suspension

text: By 2021, some vehicles were offering dynamic roll control with ride-height adjustable air suspension and adaptive dampers.


title: Car suspension

text: Roll couple percentage is a simplified method of describing lateral load transfer distribution front to rear, and subsequently handling balance. It is the effective wheel rate, in roll, of each axle of the vehicle as a ratio of the vehicle's total roll rate. It is commonly adjusted through the use of anti-roll bars, but can also be changed through the use of different springs.


title: Car suspension

text: Weight transfer during cornering, acceleration, or braking is usually calculated per individual wheel, and compared with the static weights for the same wheels.


title: Car suspension

text: The total amount of weight transfer is only affected by four factors: the distance between wheel centers (wheelbase in the case of braking, or track width in the case of cornering), the height of the center of gravity, the mass of the vehicle, and the amount of acceleration experienced.


title: Car suspension

text: The speed at which weight transfer occurs, as well as through which components it transfers, is complex, and is determined by many factors; including, but not limited to: roll center height, spring and damper rates, anti-roll bar stiffness, and the kinematic design of suspension links.


title: Car suspension

text: In most conventional applications, when weight is transferred through intentionally compliant elements, such as springs, dampers, and anti-roll bars, the weight transfer is said to be "elastic", while the weight which is transferred through more rigid suspension links, such as A-arms and toe links, is said to be "geometric".


title: Car suspension

text: Unsprung weight transfer is calculated based on weight of the vehicle's components that are not supported by the springs. This includes tires, wheels, brakes, spindles, half the control arm's weight, and other components. These components are then (for calculation purposes) assumed to be connected to a vehicle with zero sprung weight. They are then put through the same dynamic loads.


title: Car suspension

text: The weight transfer for cornering in the front would be equal to the total unsprung front weight times the G-force times the front unsprung center of gravity height divided by the front track width. The same is true for the rear.


title: Car suspension

text: Sprung weight transfer is the weight transferred by only the weight of the vehicle resting on its springs, and not by total vehicle weight. Calculating this requires knowing the vehicle's sprung weight (total weight less the unsprung weight), the front and rear roll center heights, and the sprung center of gravity height (used to calculate the roll moment arm length). Calculating the front and rear sprung weight transfer will also require knowing the roll couple percentage.


title: Car suspension

text: The roll axis is the line through the front and rear roll centers that the vehicle rolls around during cornering. The distance from this axis to the sprung center of gravity height is the roll moment arm length. The total sprung weight transfer is equal to the G-force times the sprung weight times the roll moment arm length divided by the effective track width. The front sprung weight transfer is calculated by multiplying the roll couple percentage times the total sprung weight transfer. The rear is the total minus the front transfer.


title: Car suspension

text: Jacking forces are the sum of the vertical force components experienced by suspension links. The resultant force acts to lift the sprung mass, if the roll center is above ground, or compress it, if underground. Generally, the higher the roll center, the more jacking force is experienced.


title: Car suspension

text: Travel is the measure of distance from the bottom of the suspension stroke (such as when the vehicle is on a jack, and the wheel hangs freely) to the top of the suspension stroke (such as when the vehicle's wheel can no longer travel in an upward direction toward the vehicle). Bottoming or lifting a wheel can cause serious control problems, or directly cause damage. "Bottoming" can be caused by the suspension, tires, fenders, etc. running out of space to move, or the body or other components of the car hitting the road. Control problems caused by lifting a wheel are less severe, if the wheel lifts when the spring reaches its unloaded shape than they are, if travel is limited by contact of suspension members (See Triumph TR3B.)


title: Car suspension

text: Many off-road vehicles, such as desert racers, use straps called "limiting straps" to limit the suspensions' downward travel to a point within safe limits for the linkages and shock absorbers. This is necessary, since these trucks are intended to travel over very rough terrain at high speeds, and even become airborne at times. Without something to limit the travel, the suspension bushings would take all the force, when suspension reaches "full droop", and it can even cause the coil springs to come out of their "buckets", if they are held in by compression forces only. A limiting strap is a simple strap, often from nylon of a predetermined length, that stops downward movement at a pre-set point before theoretical maximum travel is reached. The opposite of this is the "bump-stop", which protects the suspension and the vehicle (as well as the occupants) from the violent "bottoming" of the suspension, caused when an obstruction (or a hard landing) causes suspension to run out of upward travel without fully absorbing the energy of the stroke. Without bump-stops, a vehicle that "bottoms out", will experience a very hard shock when the suspension contacts the bottom of the frame or body, which is transferred to the occupants and every connector and weld on the vehicle. Factory vehicles often come with plain rubber "nubs" to absorb the worst of the forces, and insulate the shock. A desert race vehicle, which must routinely absorb far higher impact forces, might be provided with pneumatic or hydro-pneumatic bump-stops. These are essentially miniature shock absorbers (dampers) that are fixed to the vehicle in a location, such, that the suspension will contact the end of the piston when it nears the upward travel limit. These absorb the impact far more effectively than a solid rubber bump-stop will, essential, because a rubber bump-stop is considered a "last-ditch" emergency insulator for the occasional accidental bottoming of the suspension; it is entirely insufficient to absorb repeated and heavy bottomings, such as a high-speed off-road vehicle encounters.


title: Car suspension

text: Damping is the control of motion or oscillation, as seen with the use of hydraulic gates and valves in a vehicle's shock absorber. This may also vary, intentionally or unintentionally. Like spring rate, the optimal damping for comfort may be less, than for control.


title: Car suspension

text: Damping controls the travel speed and resistance of the vehicle's suspension. An undamped car will oscillate up and down. With proper damping levels, the car will settle back to a normal state in a minimal amount of time. Most damping in modern vehicles can be controlled by increasing or decreasing the resistance to fluid flow in the shock absorber.


title: Car suspension

text: Camber changes due to wheel travel, body roll and suspension system deflection or compliance. In general, a tire wears and brakes best at -1 to -2° of camber from vertical. Depending on the tire and the road surface, it may hold the road best at a slightly different angle. Small changes in camber, front and rear, can be used to tune handling. Some racecars are tuned with -2 to -7° camber, depending on the type of handling desired, and tire construction. Often, too much camber will result in the decrease of braking performance due to a reduced contact patch size through excessive camber variation in suspension geometry. The amount of camber change in bump is determined by the instantaneous front view swing arm (FVSA) length of suspension geometry, or in other words, the tendency of the tire to camber inward when compressed in bump.


title: Car suspension

text: Roll center height is a product of suspension instant center heights and is a useful metric in analyzing weight transfer effects, body roll and front to rear roll stiffness distribution. Conventionally, roll stiffness distribution is tuned adjusting antiroll bars rather than roll center height (as both tend to have a similar effect on the sprung mass), but the height of the roll center is significant when considering the amount of jacking forces experienced.


title: Car suspension

text: Due to the fact that the wheel and tire's motion is constrained by the vehicle's suspension links, the motion of the wheel package in the front view will scribe an imaginary arc in space with an "instantaneous center" of rotation at any given point along its path. The instant center for any wheel package can be found by following imaginary lines drawn through suspension links to their intersection point.


title: Car suspension

text: A component of the tire's force vector points from the contact patch of the tire through instant center. The larger this component is, the less suspension motion will occur. Theoretically, if the "resultant" of the vertical load on the tire and the lateral force generated by it points directly into the instant center, the suspension links will not move. In this case, all weight transfer at that end of the vehicle will be geometric in nature. This is key information used in finding the force-based roll center as well.


title: Car suspension

text: In this respect, the instant centers are more important to the handling of the vehicle, than the kinematic roll center alone, in that the ratio of geometric-to-elastic weight transfer is determined by the forces at the tires and their directions in relation to the position of their respective instant centers.


title: Car suspension

text: Anti-dive and anti-squat are percentages that indicate the degree to which the front dives under braking, and the rear squats under acceleration. They can be thought of as the counterparts for braking and acceleration, as jacking forces are to cornering. The main reason for the difference is due to the different design goals between front and rear suspension, whereas suspension is usually symmetrical between the left and the right of the vehicle.


title: Car suspension

text: The method of determining anti-dive or anti-squat depends on whether suspension linkages react to the torque of braking and accelerating. For example, with inboard brakes and half-shaft-driven rear wheels, the suspension linkages do not react, but with outboard brakes and a swing-axle driveline, they do.