title: Folk dance

text: There are a number of modern dances, such as hip hop dance, that evolve spontaneously, but the term "folk dance" is generally not applied to them, and the terms "street dance" or "vernacular dance" are used instead. The term "folk dance" is reserved for dances which are to a significant degree bound by tradition and originated in the times when the distinction existed between the dances of "common folk" and the dances of the modern ballroom dances originated from folk ones.


title: Folk dance

text: Sword dances include long sword dances and rapper dancing. Some choreographed dances such as contra dance, Scottish highland dance, Scottish country dance, and modern western square dance, are called folk dances, though this is not true in the strictest sense. Country dance overlaps with contemporary folk dance and ballroom dance. Most country dances and ballroom dances originated from folk dances, with gradual refinement over the years.


title: Folk dance

text: People familiar with folk dancing can often determine what country a dance is from even if they have not seen that particular dance before. Some countries' dances have features that are unique to that country, although neighboring countries sometimes have similar features. For example, the German and Austrian schuhplattling dance consists of slapping the body and shoes in a fixed pattern, a feature that few other countries' dances have.


title: Folk dance

text: Folk dances sometimes evolved long before current political boundaries, so that certain dances are shared by several countries. For example, some Serbian, Bulgarian, and Croatian dances share the same or similar dances, and sometimes even use the same name and music for those dances.


title: Folk dance

text: International folk dance groups exist in cities and college campuses in many countries, in which dancers learn folk dances from many cultures for recreation.


title: Folk dance

text: Balfolk events are social dance events with live music in Western and Central Europe, originating in the folk revival of the 1970s and becoming more popular since about 2000, where popular European partner dances from the end of the 19th century such as the schottische, polka, mazurka and waltz are danced, with additionally other European folk dances, mainly from France, but also from Sweden, Spain and other countries.


title: Pheidippides

text: Pheidippides (, , ; "Son of Pheídippos") or Philippides (Φιλιππίδης) is the central figure in the story that inspired a modern sporting event, the marathon race. Pheidippides is said to have run from Marathon to Athens to deliver news of the victory of the battle of Marathon.


title: Pheidippides

text: The first recorded account showing a courier running from Marathon to Athens to announce victory is from within Lucian's prose on the first use of the word "joy" as a greeting in "A Slip of the Tongue in Greeting" (2nd century AD).


title: Pheidippides

text: The traditional story relates that Pheidippides (530–490 BC), an Athenian herald, or "hemerodrome" (translated as "day-runner", "courier", "professional-running courier" or "day-long runner"), was sent to Sparta to request help when the Persians landed at Marathon, Greece. He ran about in two days, and then ran back. He then ran the to the battlefield near Marathon and back to Athens to announce the Greek victory over Persia in the Battle of Marathon (490 BC) with the word ("nikomen" "We win!"), as stated by Lucian "chairete, nikomen" ("hail, we are the winners") and then collapsed and died.


title: Pheidippides

text: Most accounts incorrectly attribute this story to the historian Herodotus, who wrote the history of the Persian Wars in his "Histories" (composed about 440 BC). However, Magill and Moose (2003) suggest that the story is likely a "romantic invention". They point out that Lucian is the only classical source with all the elements of the story known in modern culture as the "Marathon story of Pheidippides": a messenger running from the fields of Marathon to announce victory, then dying on completion of his mission.


title: Pheidippides

text: This poem inspired Baron Pierre de Coubertin and other founders of the modern Olympic Games to invent a running race of approximately 40 km (25 miles) called the marathon. In 1921, the length of marathons became standardized at 42.195 km (26 miles, 385 yards).


title: Pheidippides

text: The significance of this story is to be understood in the light of the legend that the god Pan returned the favor by fighting with the Athenian troops and against the Persians at Marathon. This was important because Pan, in addition to his other powers, had the capacity to instill an irrational, blind fear that paralyzed the mind and suspended all sense of judgment – "panic".


title: Pheidippides

text: Herodotus, writing about 30 to 40 years after the events he describes, did, according to Miller (2006) in fact base his version of the battle on eyewitness accounts, so it seems altogether likely that Pheidippides was an actual historical figure.


title: Pheidippides

text: Miller also asserts that Herodotus did not ever, in fact, mention a Marathon-to-Athens runner in any of his writings. Whether the story is true or not, it has no connection with the Battle of Marathon itself, and Herodotus's silence on the evidently dramatic incident of a herald running from Marathon to Athens suggests strongly that no such event occurred.


title: Pheidippides

text: The first known written account of a run from Marathon to Athens occurs in the works of the Greek writer Plutarch (46–120 AD), in his essay "On the Glory of Athens". Plutarch attributes the run to a herald called either "Thersippus" or "Eukles". Lucian, a century later, credits one "Philippides". It seems likely that in the 500 years between Herodotus's time and Plutarch's, the story of Pheidippides had become muddled with that of the Battle of Marathon (in particular with the story of the Athenian forces making the march from Marathon to Athens in order to intercept the Persian ships headed there), and some fanciful writer had invented the story of the run from Marathon to Athens.


title: Pheidippides

text: Based on Herodotus's account, British RAF Wing Commander John Foden and four other RAF officers travelled to Greece in 1982 on an official expedition to test whether it was possible to cover the nearly 250 kilometres (155 miles) in a day and a half (36 hours). Three runners were successful in completing the distance: John Foden (3737), John Scholtens (3430) and John McCarthy (3900).


title: Pheidippides

text: Since 1983, it has been an annual footrace from Athens to Sparta, known as the Spartathlon, celebrating Pheidippides's run (according to Herodotus) across 246 km (153 miles) of Greek countryside.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Dalhousie University (commonly known as Dal) is a large public research university in Nova Scotia, Canada, with three campuses in Halifax, a fourth in Bible Hill, and a second medical school campus in Saint John, New Brunswick. Dalhousie offers more than 4,000 courses, and over 200 degree programs in 13 undergraduate, graduate, and professional faculties. The university is a member of the U15, a group of research-intensive universities in Canada.


title: Dalhousie University

text: The institution was established as "Dalhousie College", a nonsectarian institution established in 1818 by the eponymous Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie, with education reformer, Dr. Thomas McCulloch, as its first principal. However, the college did not hold its first class until 1838, with operations remaining sporadic due to financial difficulties. The college was reorganized in 1863 and renamed "The Governors of Dalhousie College and University". The university formally changed its name to "Dalhousie University" in 1997 through the same provincial legislation that merged the institution with the Technical University of Nova Scotia.


title: Dalhousie University

text: There are two student unions that represent student interests at the university: the Dalhousie Student Union and the Dalhousie Association for Graduate Students. Dalhousie's varsity teams, the Tigers, compete in the Atlantic University Sport conference of Canadian Interuniversity Sport. Dalhousie's Faculty of Agriculture varsity teams are called the Dalhousie Rams, and compete in the ACAA and CCAA. Dalhousie is a coeducational university with more than 20,000 students and 150,000 alumni around the world. The university's notable alumni include a Nobel Prize winner, 93 Rhodes Scholars, and a range of senior government officials, academics, and business leaders.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Dalhousie was founded, as the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie, desired a non-denominational college in Halifax. Financing largely came from customs duties collected by a previous Lieutenant Governor, John Coape Sherbrooke, during the War of 1812 occupation of Castine, Maine; Sherbrooke invested GBP£7,000 as an initial endowment and reserved £3,000 for the physical construction of the college. The college was established in 1818 though it faltered shortly after, as Ramsay left Halifax to serve as the Governor General of British North America. The school was structured upon the principles of the University of Edinburgh, located near Ramsay's home in Scotland, where lectures were open to male students, regardless of Christian religion or nationality.


title: Dalhousie University

text: In 1821, Dalhousie College was officially incorporated by the Nova Scotia House of Assembly under the 1821 Act of Incorporation. The college did not hold its first class until 1838; operation of the college was intermittent and no degrees were awarded. In 1841, an Act of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly conferred university powers on Dalhousie.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Dalhousie's first principal, Dr. Thomas McCulloch (1838 –1843), turned the school into an operating educational institution, and by doing so he was able to set important foundations for the university's non-sectarian outlook and positioning, not only within the communities of Halifax and Nova Scotia, but also as a government-funded and sanctioned institution within the British colonies. He fought with the government in Halifax for more equitable and non-sectarian education in Nova Scotia.


title: Dalhousie University

text: McCulloch, a Presbyterian minister and naturalist, was the founder of Nova Scotia's second degree-granting institution (after King's College, now University of King's College), Pictou Academy in Pictou, Nova Scotia, which attracted students from PEI, Cape Breton, as well as the Caribbean due of McCulloch's views and the school's ecumenical stance. On the founding of Pictou Academy in 1808, McCulloch writes,Our view in establishing this institution is the instruction of youth. We do not merely design to advance them in learning; we propose that much care be taken in forming their minds, by correcting the natural propensities of the heart and instilling into them the principles of virtue, that education may not merely make them great but good men and good members of society. In doing so we intend to furnish them with the means of an extensive and liberal education; and this we hope, in connection with the former, will tend to make them ornaments to human nature and an honor to their country.These beliefs set him apart in Nova Scotia as a radical education reformer.


title: Dalhousie University

text: In 1838, the board of Dalhousie College was able to convince McCulloch leave Pictou Academy and take on the floundering Dalhousie. With a reputation as an anti-papal pamphleteer and firmly against the Church of England's hold on higher education in Nova Scotia (through King's College), McCulloch carried with him from Pictou his education theory and pedagogy, “If Dalhousie College acquires usefulness and eminence, it will be not by an imitation of Oxford, but as an institution of science, and practical intelligence.” His approach to education was radical: he firmly believed that all schools "ought first to be ascertained, how far it is calculated to improve the community; and, if its general utility appear, it is, in proportion to its value and to the extent of the public funds, unquestionably entitled to the protection of Government, whether it belong to churchmen or [Presbyterian] dissenters, protestants or catholics, ought to be entirely disregarded!" He was responsible for creating a chair of natural history at Dalhousie to teach "geology, mineralogy, botany, and zoology."


title: Dalhousie University

text: Following McCulloch's death, the college fell into decline once again and was reorganized as a high school in 1848. In 1863, the college opened for a third time and was reorganized by another legislative act, which added "University" to the school's name: "The Governors of Dalhousie College and University". Dalhousie reopened with six professors and one tutor. When it awarded its first degrees in 1866, the student body consisted of 28 male students working toward degrees and 28 occasional students.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Despite the reorganization and an increase in students, money continued to be a problem for the institution. In 1879, amid talks of closure due to the university's dire financial situation, George Munro, a wealthy New York publisher with Nova Scotian roots, began to donate to the university; Munro was brother-in-law to Dalhousie's Board of Governors member John Forrest. As such, Munro is credited with rescuing Dalhousie from closure. In honour of his contributions, Dalhousie observes a university holiday called George Munro Day on the first Friday of each February. The first female graduate was Margaret Florence Newcombe from Grafton, Nova Scotia, who earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1885.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Originally located at the space now occupied by Halifax City Hall, the college moved in 1886 to Carleton Campus and spread gradually to Studley Campus. Dalhousie grew steadily during the 20th century. From 1889 to 1962 the Halifax Conservatory was affiliated with and awarded degrees through Dalhousie. In 1920, several buildings were destroyed by fire on the campus of the University of King's College in Windsor, Nova Scotia. Through a grant from the Carnegie Foundation, King's College relocated to Halifax and entered into a partnership with Dalhousie that continues to this day.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Dalhousie expanded on 1 April,1997 when provincial legislation mandated an amalgamation with the nearby Technical University of Nova Scotia. This merger saw reorganization of faculties and departments to create the Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and the Faculty of Architecture and Planning. From 1997 to 2000, the Technical University of Nova Scotia operated as a constituent college of Dalhousie called Dalhousie Polytechnic of Nova Scotia (DalTech) until the collegiate system was dissolved. The legislation that merged the two schools also formally changed the name of the institution to its present form, Dalhousie University. On 1 September 2012, the Nova Scotia Agricultural College merged into Dalhousie to form a new Faculty of Agriculture, located in Bible Hill, Nova Scotia.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Dalhousie has three campuses within the Halifax Peninsula and a fourth, the Agricultural Campus, in Bible Hill, Nova Scotia.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Studley Campus in Halifax serves as the primary campus; it houses the majority of the university's academic buildings such as faculties, athletic facilities, and the university's Student Union Building. The campus is largely surrounded by residential neighbourhoods.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Robie Street divides it from the adjacent Carleton Campus, which houses the faculties of dentistry, medicine, and other health profession departments. The campus is adjacent to two large teaching hospitals affiliated with the school: the IWK Health Centre and the Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Sexton Campus in Downtown Halifax hosts the engineering, architecture and planning faculties. Sexton Campus served as the campus of the Technical University of Nova Scotia prior to amalgamation. The Agricultural Campus in Bible Hill, a suburban community of Truro, served as the campus for the Nova Scotia Agricultural College prior to its merger with Dalhousie in 2011. The university presently operates the largest academic library system in Atlantic Canada, and hosts the headquarters for the Ocean Tracking Network.


title: Dalhousie University

text: The buildings at Dalhousie vary in age from Hart House, which was completed in 1864, to the Collaborative Health Education Building, completed in 2015. The original building of Dalhousie University was completed in 1824 on Halifax's Grand Parade. It was demolished in 1885 when the university outgrew the premises, and the City of Halifax sought possession of the entire Grand Parade. Halifax City Hall presently occupies the site of the original Dalhousie College.


title: Dalhousie University

text: The university has five libraries. The largest, Killam Memorial Library, opened in 1971. It is the largest academic library in Atlantic Canada with over one million books and 40,000 journals.


title: Dalhousie University

text: The library's collection largely serves the faculties of arts and social sciences, sciences, management, and computer science. The W. K. Kellogg Health Science Library provides services largely for the faculties of dentistry, medicine, and other health professions. The Sexton Design & Technology Library is located within Sexton Campus. Its collection largely serves those in the faculties of engineering, architecture and planning, and houses the university's rare books collection. The Sir James Dunn Law Library holds the university's collection of common law materials, legal periodicals, as well as books on international law, health law, and environmental law. MacRae Library is located at the university's Agricultural Campus, and has the largest collection of agricultural resource material in Atlantic Canada. The Dalhousie University Archives houses official records of, or relating to, or people/activities connected with Dalhousie University and its founding institutions. The archives also houses material related to theatre, business and labour in Nova Scotia. The collection consists of manuscripts, texts, photographs, audio-visual material, microfilm, music, and artifacts.


title: Dalhousie University

text: The biology department operates the Thomas McCulloch Museum in Pictou, Nova Scotia. The most notable of the museum's exhibits include its preserved birds collection. Other collections include its Lorenzen ceramic mushrooms, its coral and shell collection, and its butterfly and insect collection. The museum's namesake Thomas McCulloch was a Scottish Presbyterian minister who served as Dalhousie's first president and created the Audubon mounted bird collection which is now housed at the museum.


title: Dalhousie University

text: The Dalhousie Art Gallery is both a public gallery and an academic support unit housed since 1971 on the lowest level of the Dalhousie Arts Centre. Admission is free of charge. It is host to a permanent collection of over 1000 works. Some of the outdoor sculptures around the campus are part of this collection, such as the distinctive "Marine Venus" which has sat in the median of University Avenue since 1969. A notable exhibition from the Dalhousie Art Gallery includes "Archives of the Future" (March – April 2016) exploring the relationship between art creation and commerce with work by artists Zachary Gough, Dawn Georg, Sharlene Bamboat, Katie Vida and Dana Claxton.


title: Dalhousie University

text: The university has ten student residences throughout its Halifax campuses: Gerard Hall, Howe Hall, LeMarchant Place, Mini Rez, O'Brien Hall, Residence Houses, Risley Hall, Shirreff Hall, Glengary Apartments, and Graduate House. The largest, Howe Hall in Studley Campus, houses 716 students during the academic year. Howe Hall's most recent addition to the residence is called Fountain. It is the only residence in Howe Hall to have a sink in every room. The university also operates three residences in its Agricultural Campus: Chapman House, Fraser House, and Truman House. The largest residence in the Agricultural Campus is Chapman House, housing 125 students during the academic year. The residences are represented by a Residence Council responsible for resident concerns, providing entertainment services, organizing events, and upholding rules and regulations.


title: Dalhousie University

text: The Student Union Building serves as the main student activity centre. Completed in 1968, it is located in the Studley Campus. The Student Union building hosts a number of student societies and organization offices, most notably the Dalhousie Student Union. The building houses five restaurants, both independently owned and international franchises such as Tim Hortons.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Dalhousie University is actively involved in sustainability issues and has received a number of sustainability awards and recognition for academic programs, university operations, and research. In 2022, Dalhousie received a GOLD rating from AASHE STARS (Version 2.2) In 2009, the university signed the University and College Presidents' Climate Change Statement of Action for Canada to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Dalhousie is also a signatory of UNEP's International Declaration on Cleaner Production. In 1999, the university signed the Talloires Declaration, which committed Dalhousie and other higher education institutions to developing, creating, supporting, and maintaining sustainability.


title: Dalhousie University

text: In 2008, the College of Sustainability, the Office of Sustainability, and the Dalhousie Student Union Sustainability Office were formed. During 2008, the President's Advisory Council on Sustainability was also created. The council meets quarterly to discuss pan-university sustainability issues. Dalhousie's international award-winning College of Sustainability offers an undergraduate Major in Environment, Sustainability and Society (ESS) integrating with seven bachelor's degrees and 40 subjects across five faculties. The College of Sustainability offers a virtual and a physical space for the intersection of interdisciplinary collaboration, conversation, and teaching with a core of cross-appointed Dalhousie faculty members joined by visiting fellows, distinguished guest lecturers, community leaders, and environmental advocates. In addition, the Sustainability Leadership Certificate program offers students the opportunity to participate in an engaged exploration of personal and group leadership and empowers their sense of personal agency to address environmental and social change.


title: Dalhousie University

text: The Office of Sustainability spearheads a number of campus sustainability plans and policies including the Climate Change Plan, Natural Environment Plan, and Green Building policy. A number of initiatives have been developed and implemented with campus partners including numerous energy and water retrofits, residence Eco-Olympics competition, an Employee Sustainability Leadership Program, and an Employee Bus Pass. The Dalhousie Student Union Sustainability Office promotes awareness and behaviour change. DSUSO hosts "Green Week," the "Green Gala" and the "Greenie Awards" to celebrate campus accomplishments on sustainability. A number of student societies are also active in sustainability issues from on-campus gardening and food security to environmental law.


title: Dalhousie University

text: University governance is conducted through the Board of Governors and the Senate, both of which were given much of their present power in the Unofficial Consolidation of an Act for the Regulation and Support of Dalhousie College in Chapter 24 of the Acts of 1863. This statute replaced ones from 1820, 1823, 1838, 1841 and 1848, and has since been supplemented 11 times, most recently in 1995. The Board is responsible for conduct, management, and control of the university and of its property, revenues, business, and affairs. Board members, known as Governors of the Board, include the university's chancellor, president, and 25 other members. Members include people from within the university community such as four approved representatives from Dalhousie Student Union, and those in the surrounding community, such as the Mayor of Halifax. The Senate is responsible for the university's academics, including standards for admission and qualifications for degrees, diplomas, and certificates. The Senate consists of 73 positions granted to the various faculty representatives, academic administrators, and student representatives.


title: Dalhousie University

text: The president acts as the chief executive officer and is responsible to the Board of Governors and to the Senate for the supervision of administrative and academic works. Deep Saini is the 12th president of the university, and has served since January 2020. Thomas McCulloch served as the first president when the office was created in 1838. John Forrest was the longest-serving president, holding the office from 1885 to 1911.


title: Dalhousie University

text: University of King's College is a post-secondary institution in Halifax affiliated with Dalhousie. The institution's campus is located adjacent to Dalhousie's Studley campus. Established in 1789, it was the first post-secondary institution in English Canada and the oldest English-speaking Commonwealth university outside the United Kingdom. The University of King's College was formerly an independent institution located in Windsor, Nova Scotia, until 1920, when a fire ravaged its campus. To continue operation, the University of King's College accepted a generous grant from the Carnegie Foundation, although the terms of the grant required that it move to Halifax and enter into association with Dalhousie. Under the agreement, King's agreed to pay the salaries of a number of Dalhousie professors, who in turn were to help in the management and academic life of the college.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Students at King's have access to all of the amenities at Dalhousie, and academic programs at King's would fold into the College of Arts and Sciences at Dalhousie according to the agreement. Presently, students of both institutions are allowed to switch between the two throughout their enrolment. In spite of the shared academic programs and facilities, the University of King's College maintains its own scholarships, bursaries, athletics programs, and student residences.


title: Dalhousie University

text: The university completed the 2017–18 year with revenues of $697.354 million and expenses of $664.274 million, yielding a surplus of $33.08 million. The largest source of revenue for the university was provincial operational grants, followed by tuition fees. The total endowment revenue reported in fiscal 2017–2018 was $481.372 million.


title: Dalhousie University

text: The university has attempted to increase the representation of under-represented groups at Dalhousie through inclusive recruitment strategies.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Dalhousie is a publicly funded research university, and a member of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, as well as the U15. , there were 20,970 students enrolled at the university. Dalhousie offers more than 4,000 courses and over 200 degree programs in 13 undergraduate, graduate, and professional faculties. The requirements for admission differ between students from Nova Scotia, students from other provinces in Canada, and international students due to lack of uniformity in marking schemes. The requirements for admission also differ depending on the program. In 2011, the secondary school average for incoming first-year undergraduate students was 85 percent.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Canadian students may apply for financial aid such as the Nova Scotia Student Assistance Program and Canada Student Loans and Grants through the federal and provincial governments. Financial aid may also be provided in the form of loans, grants, bursaries, scholarships, fellowships, debt reduction, interest relief, and work programs. The university's registrar provides scholarships for its students in order to provide financial assistance, or to reward academic merits or performances in another fields, such as community involvement and leadership. The value of the scholarships ranges C$380 to $30,400. The university also provides bursaries valued between $152 to $456 for students in need of financial assistance. Dalhousie University offers $3 to $6 million in bursary funding for both domestic and international undergraduate students.


title: Dalhousie University

text: The 2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked Dalhousie University 301–400 in the world and 13–17 in Canada. The 2023 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 308th in the world, and twelfth in Canada. The 2023 Times Higher Education World University Rankings placed Dalhousie 301–350 in the world. In the 2022–23 "U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking", the university placed 314th in the world, and 11th in Canada. In terms of national rankings, "Maclean's" ranked Dalhousie seventh in their 2023 Medical-Doctoral university rankings. Dalhousie was ranked in spite of having opted out – along with several other universities in Canada – of participating in Maclean's graduate survey since 2006.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Dalhousie also placed in a number of rankings that evaluated the employment prospects of its graduates. In the Times Higher Education's 2022 global employability ranking, Dalhousie placed 186th in the world, and eighth in Canada. In QS's 2020 graduate employability ranking, the university ranked 301–500 in the world, and 10–16 in Canada.


title: Dalhousie University

text: In 2018, Research Infosource ranked Dalhousie as 15th on their list for top 50 research universities in Canada, with a sponsored research income (external sources of funding) of $150.038 million in 2017. In the same year, Dalhousie's faculty averaged a sponsored research income of $130,000, while its graduate students averaged a sponsored research income of $44,600. In 2003 and 2004, "The Scientist" placed Dalhousie among the top five places in the world outside the United States for postdoctoral work and conducting scientific research. In 2007 Dalhousie topped the list of "The Scientist"'s "Best Places to Work in Academia". The annual list divides research and academic institutions into American and international lists; Dalhousie University ranked first in the international category. According to a survey conducted by "The Scientist", Dalhousie was the best non-commercial scientific institute in which to work in Canada.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Dalhousie's research performance has been noted in several bibliometric university rankings, which use citation analysis to evaluate the impact a university has on academic publications. In 2019, the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities ranked Dalhousie 301st in the world, tied for 12th in Canada with the University of Manitoba; whereas the University Ranking by Academic Performance 2018–19 rankings placed the university 302nd in the world, and 13th in Canada.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Marine research at Dalhousie has become a large focus of the university, with many of the university's faculty members involved in some form of marine research. Notably, Dalhousie is the headquarters of the Ocean Tracking Network, a research effort using implanted acoustic transmitters to study fish migration patterns. Dalhousie houses a number of marine research pools, a wet laboratory, and a benthic flume, which are collectively known as the Aquatron laboratory. Dalhousie is one of the founding members of the Halifax Marine Research Institute, founded on 2 June 2011. The institute, which is a partnership between a number of private industries, government, and post-secondary institutions, was designed to help increase the scale, quality, internationalization and impact of marine research in the region. In 2011, the university, along with WWF-Canada, created the Conservation Legacy For Oceans, which aimed at providing scholarships, funding, curriculum development, and work placements for students and academics dedicated to marine research, law, management, and policy making.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Many of Dalhousie's faculties and departments focus on marine research. The Faculty of Engineering operates the Ocean Research Centre Atlantic, which is dedicated to research and tests in naval and off-shore engineering. Schulich School of Law also operates the Marine & Environmental Law Institute, which carries out research and conducts consultancy activities for governmental and non-governmental organizations. The school's Department of Political Science similarly operates the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, which is primarily concerned with the fields of Canadian and American foreign, security, and defence policy, including maritime security policy.


title: Dalhousie University

text: The student body of Dalhousie is currently represented by two student unions; the Dalhousie Student Union, which represents the general student population, and the Dalhousie Association for Graduate Students, which represents the interests of graduate students specifically. Dalhousie Student Union began as the Dalhousie Student Government in 1863, and was renamed the University Student Council before taking its present name. The student union recognizes more than 100 student organizations and societies. The organizations and clubs accredited at Dalhousie cover a wide range of interests including academics, culture, religion, social issues, and recreation. Accredited extracurricular organizations at the university fall under the jurisdiction of the Dalhousie Student Union, and must conform to its by-laws. As of 2011, there were three sororities (Omega Pi, Iota Beta Chi, and Alpha Gamma Delta) and three fraternities (Phi Delta Theta, Sigma Chi, and Phi Kappa Pi). They operate as non-accredited organizations and are not recognized by the Dalhousie Student Union.


title: Dalhousie University

text: The university's student population operates a number of media outlets. The main student newspaper, "The Dalhousie Gazette", claims to be the oldest student-run newspaper in North America. It is published Thursdays and is distributed to over 100 locations around the Halifax area. The newspaper's offices are in the Student Union building. Dalhousie's student population runs a radio station which began as a radio club in 1964 and began to broadcast and operate as CKDU in 1975; it began FM broadcasting in 1985. CKDU acquired its present frequency 88.1 in 2006 alongside an upgrading of its transmitting power.


title: Dalhousie University

text: In 2021 and 2022, Dalhousie had issues with unsanctioned student gatherings, specifically 'homecoming' in early October while administering near prohibitions on alcohol consumption on campus. Halifax Police have urged the university to play a more active role in the issue.


title: Dalhousie University

text: In addition to the efforts made by the Dalhousie Student Union (DSU) Council, Dalhousie students have created and participated in over 320 clubs/societies. The Management Society, for example, is a group of students in the Faculty of Management who group together to enhance the experience of students in that faculty by hosting events, providing assistance and giving back. Until 25 July 2016, Dalhousie offered a website named "Tiger Society" which listed all current clubs and societies that were available for students to join. Through this website, students could request to join a society. Dalhousie also holds a Society Fair at the beginning of each fall and winter semester, in which all societies are given the opportunity to display their purpose/efforts and recruit new members. Student societies partake in a range of activities from simple gatherings, study groups, bake sales, intramural sports teams, to organizing larger scale fundraising events.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Dalhousie's sports teams are called the Tigers. The Tigers varsity teams participate primarily in the Atlantic University Sport (AUS) of U Sports. There are teams for basketball, hockey, soccer, swimming, track and field, cross country running, and volleyball. The Tigers garnered a number of championships in the first decade of the 20th century, winning 63 AUS championships and two U Sports championships. More than 2,500 students participate in competitive clubs, intramural sport leagues, and tournaments. Opportunities are offered at multiple skill levels across a variety of sports. Dalhousie has six competitive sports clubs and 17 recreational clubs. Dalhousie's Agricultural Campus operates its own varsity team, called the Dalhousie Rams. The Rams varsity team participates in the Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association, a member of the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association. The Rams varsity teams include badminton, basketball, rugby, soccer, volleyball, and woodsmen.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Dalhousie has a number of athletic facilities open to varsity teams and students. Dalplex is the largest main fitness and recreational facility. It houses a large fieldhouse, an Olympic-sized swimming pool, an indoor running track, weight rooms, courts and other facilities. Wickwire Field, with a seating capacity of up to 1,200, is the university's main outdoor field and is host to the varsity football, soccer, field hockey, lacrosse and rugby teams. Other sporting facilities include the Studley Gymnasium, and the Sexton Gymnasium and field. The Memorial Arena, home to the varsity hockey team, was demolished in 2012. The school is working to build a new arena jointly with nearby Saint Mary's University, whose facility is also aging. The Agricultural Campus has one athletic facility, the Langille Athletic Centre.


title: Dalhousie University

text: As of 2010, through the efforts of alumni and devoted volunteers, the Dalhousie Football Club was reinstated. Playing in the Atlantic Football League (AFL), the team operates on donations from alumni. The team plays its home games at Wickwire Field.


title: Dalhousie University

text: The Dalhousie seal is based on the heraldic achievement of the Clan Ramsay of Scotland, of which founder George Ramsay was clan head. The heraldic achievement consists of five parts: shield, coronet, crest, supporters, and motto. One major difference between the Ramsay coat of arms and the university seal is that the Ramsay seal features a griffin and greyhound, and the Dalhousie seal has two dragons supporting the eagle-adorned shield. Initially, the Ramsay coat of arms was used to identify Dalhousie, but the seal has evolved with the amalgamations the university has undergone. The seal was originally silver-coloured, but in 1950, the university's Board of Governors changed it to gold to match the university's colours, gold and black. These colours were adopted in 1887, after the rugby team led the debate about college colours for football jerseys. The shield and eagle of Dalhousie's seal have been used as the logo since 1987, with the present incarnation in use since 2003, which includes the tagline "inspiring minds".


title: Dalhousie University

text: The university motto translates from Latin as "pray and work"; it adopted in 1870 from the Earl of Dalhousie's motto to replace the university's original one, which the administration believed did not convey confidence. The original motto was , which translates as "Perhaps", and first appeared in the first "Dalhousie Gazette" of 1869. It was from Virgil's epic poem "Aeneid", Book 1, line 203, , which translates as "Perhaps the time may come when these difficulties will be sweet to remember". In 2020, a notable movement was started among the student government to restore the original motto. Students and staff representatives sought to remove to inherently religious tone of the current motto.


title: Dalhousie University

text: A number of songs are commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement, convocation, and athletic contests, including "Carmina Dalhousiana", written in Halifax in 1882. The Dalhousie University songbook was compiled by Charles B. Weikel in 1904.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Dalhousie graduates have found success in a variety of fields, serving as heads of a diverse array of public and private institutions. Dalhousie University has over 130,000 alumni. Throughout Dalhousie's history, faculty, alumni, and former students have played prominent roles in many fields, and include 91 Rhodes Scholars.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Dalhousie has also educated Nobel laureates. Astrophysicist and Dalhousie alumni Arthur B. McDonald (BSc 1964, MSc 1965) received the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics for identifying neutrino change identities and mass. McDonald was also previously awarded the Herzberg Prize and the Benjamin Franklin Prize in physics. Other notable graduates of Dalhousie includes Donald O. Hebb, who helped advance the field of neuropsychology, Kathryn D. Sullivan, the first American woman to walk in space and Jeff Dahn, one of the world's foremost researchers in lithium battery chemistry and aging. E. Elizabeth Patton , elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2021) and Personal Chair in Melanoma Genetics and Drug Discovery, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Notable politicians who have attended Dalhousie include three Prime Ministers of Canada, R. B. Bennett, Joe Clark, and Brian Mulroney. Eight graduates have served as Lieutenant Governors: John Crosbie, Myra Freeman, Clarence Gosse, John Keiller MacKay, Henry Poole MacKeen, John Robert Nicholson, Fabian O'Dea, and Albert Walsh. Twelve graduates have served as provincial premiers: Allan Blakeney, John Buchanan, Alex Campbell, Amor De Cosmos, Darrell Dexter, Joe Ghiz, John Hamm, Angus Lewis Macdonald, Russell MacLellan, Gerald Regan, Robert Stanfield, Clyde Wells, and Danny Williams. The first woman appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada, Bertha Wilson, was a graduate from Dalhousie Law School.


title: Dalhousie University

text: Other notable alumni from the Dalhousie include Lucy Maud Montgomery, an author that wrote a series of novels, including "Anne of Green Gables". Prominent business leaders who studied at Dalhousie include Jamie Baillie, former CEO of Credit Union Atlantic, Graham Day, former CEO of British Shipbuilders, Sean Durfy, former CEO of WestJet, and Charles Peter McColough, former president and CEO of Xerox.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: Cheryl Ann Araujo (March 28, 1961 December 14, 1986) was an American woman from New Bedford, Massachusetts, who was gang-raped in 1983 at age 21 by four men in a tavern in the city, while other patrons reportedly watched but did not intervene. Her case became national news and drew widespread attention to media coverage of rape trials.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: During the prosecution of the case, the defendants' attorneys cross-examined Araujo to such an extent about her own life and activities that the case became widely seen as a template for "blaming the victim" in rape cases. Her case was widely known as "Big Dan's rape," after the name of the bar in which the attack occurred.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: Ostracized in New Bedford, Araujo moved with her family to Miami to make a new life. Shortly after, on December 14, 1986, she died in a car crash near her home.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: Her case prompted national debate at the time over broadcasting of the trial, during which her name was released. Some states have passed legislation to protect the names of rape victims. Court cases have attempted to settle issues of newsworthiness, freedom of the press, and state interest, as well as personal privacy. Her case was the basis of the film "The Accused" (1988) starring Jodie Foster.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: On March 6, 1983, after putting her two daughters to sleep following a third birthday party for the older girl, Araujo left her home in New Bedford, Massachusetts, to buy cigarettes. The store she usually purchased from was closed, so she stopped at Big Dan's Tavern to purchase cigarettes from the vending machine.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: Reports differ on how long Araujo spent in the bar before the assault, but she apparently had a drink and socialized with a waitress she knew and then watched some men playing pool at the back of the tavern. When she tried to return to the bar area, Joseph Vieira and Daniel Silva attacked her and began tearing her clothes off. A third man grabbed her from behind and threw her onto the bar's pool table. She was stripped below the waist, and several men raped her. According to Araujo's original report to police, she heard people "laughing, cheering, yelling", but no one responded to her cries for help. Bartender Carlos Machado testified later that when he tried to call the police, Virgilio Medeiros blocked his access to the phone, and that other bar patrons were too intimidated to intervene.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: Araujo's initial statements that there was a crowd of men cheering on the rapists was called into question at the trial. Initial police accounts that there were "12-15 jeering" onlookers were widely reported by the media and led to public outrage, though there were only ten people in the bar during the attack: the victim, the six defendants, the bartender, a patron who tried to call the police and a sleeping drunk. Araujo admitted at trial that in light of the trauma of the assault she could not be sure how many men were in the bar, but that she did hear cheering. Indeed, one of the men present testified that he called out "Go for it!" during the attack.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: Eventually, Araujo fought off her attackers and ran half-naked into the street, screaming that she had been raped. Three college students passing by in a van came upon Araujo in the street and drove her to the nearest hospital.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: Six men were arrested and charged in connection with the rape; four, Victor Raposo, John Cordeiro, Joseph Vieira and Daniel Silva, were charged with aggravated rape; and two, Virgilio Medeiros and Jose Medeiros (no relation), were charged with "joint enterprise," (i.e., encouraging an illegal act and not acting to stop it). Only two trials -- one for the four men charged with aggravated rape, one for the two men charged with joint enterprise -- were conducted, reportedly in order to avoid having the men testify against one another.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: The three college students who drove Araujo to the hospital testified as to her state of terror when they encountered her. Defense attorneys questioned the victim about her personal life, suggesting she had invited or somehow deserved the attack. During live TV coverage of the trial in the US, the victim's name was broadcast although victims' names were not typically released to the public in rape cases at the time. After allowing TV coverage, the courts had the right to prevent disclosure of the woman's name but did not. The courts later admonished the press for releasing her name.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: Four defendants were convicted of aggravated rape; the two other men were acquitted. The most any of the men served was 6½ years.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: The trials attracted international attention. People in the majority Portuguese community of New Bedford felt the case was a catalyst for stirring ethnic discrimination and anti-immigrant sentiment. With some of the media's coverage being xenophobic in nature the community subjected to racist slurs while several witnesses testifying against the defendants received death threats. Larry Flynt's pornographic magazine, Hustler distributed fabricated postcards with the caption, ""Greetings from New Bedford, Massachusetts, The Portuguese Gang-Rape Capital of America"" and depicted a nude woman lying on a pool table.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: This case added to the debate of whether rape victims had a right to privacy because of the nature of the crime. The prosecutor said that he believed victims should be protected by having trials be closed, in order to protect their privacy. He felt the publicity might discourage rape victims from trying to get justice. There was considerable controversy at the time over broadcasting the rape trial. The broadcasts received wide ratings. As one study later noted, "Publication of a rape victim's name severely invades the personal privacy interests of the victim and exposes the victim to a variety of social and psychological problems."


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: There was national debate about the issue of releasing the victim's name, and United States Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania held subcommittee hearings on the issue of televised trials after the conclusion of this case. Supporters of broadcasting criminal trials felt that newscasters should have used their editing capacity to delete Araujo's name. As noted by Peter Kaplan, Specter said, "Some hard thinking has to be done in protecting the rights of witnesses and defendants." He added, "If this could be achieved, it would be highly desirable to televise rape cases, child-abuse cases and other crimes." Other supporters also believed that it was important to show the judicial process.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: Other concerns about media coverage of this case related to the press' repetition of the first police report, without adequate attribution. They published Araujo's initial account of a crowd cheering in the bar. It was found that there were fewer men in the tavern than she claimed; during the trial, she said the attack resulted in her being distraught and distorting the number. But the dramatic first account had staying power; it was repeated even after more factually accurate accounts were published and broadcast.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: Araujo was essentially ostracized in New Bedford. Shortly after the trial, she moved to Miami, Florida, along with her two daughters and their father—Araujo's high school sweetheart—to find anonymity. Araujo had entered school to become a secretary.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: On December 14, 1986, around 4:46 p.m., Araujo was returning from her Christmas show in Tropical Park with her daughters when she lost control of her car and struck a cement utility pole on the driver's side door. Her 4 year old daughter's arm was broken while her 6 year old daughter suffered minor injuries. Araujo died from multiple injuries in the crash. She was 25 years old.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: Initially, sources differ about what caused the crash. At first, in the days that followed the crash, the Associated Press reported that, according to the Florida Highway Patrol, "the cause of the crash was not known. Investigators [had] said alcohol or drugs were not involved." At the same time, "The New York Times" also reported that "Trooper Ed Rizera, who investigated the accident, [had] said that there was no apparent cause for the accident, but that there would be a further homicide investigation."


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: About a week later, some contradictory information came from United Press International and the Associated Press. Both news agencies now reported that Araujo allegedly was severely intoxicated at the moment of the crash. According to Valerie Rao of the Dade County medical examiner's office in Miami, Araujo "had a blood alcohol level nearly three times the level at which one is considered legally drunk when she lost control of her car in South Miami." According to the same source, officials revealed that Araujo "had spent more than half of the year" in a Miami detoxification center and a residential drug and alcohol abuse treatment program for women."


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: About two years later, an article in "The Washington Post" about alcoholism in women referred specifically to the case of Araujo, stating that alcohol had most likely been a determining factor in the crash.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: The feature film drama "The Accused" (1988) was loosely based on this case. It starred Jodie Foster, who won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as the woman attacked, and Kelly McGillis as an assistant district attorney prosecuting the case. During interviews related to the film, McGillis acknowledged that she had also survived an assault and rape. She discussed her long struggle to get over the attack, and her decision to talk about it in the hope of helping other victims.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: In 2019, author Karen Curtis' book "The Accuser: The True Story of the Big Dan's Gang Rape Victim" was released. Curtis interviewed Araujo's daughters in 2006 and they remember a "white van ran them off the road." Curtis obtained the FHP accident report which confirmed the girls' story. The report is published in the book. Crash photos, including those of Araujo dead at the scene, are also published in the book along with the autopsy and toxicology reports. "The Accuser" also delves into the two rape trials that were covered by media from around the world with cameras in the courtroom and how Araujo was run out of town after the convictions. Curtis also published transcript excerpts from the Senate judiciary committee hearing convened after the trials which condemned the television coverage. The salacious testimony was broadcast during the middle of the day as children returned home from school.


title: Cheryl Araujo

text: In 2020, the Araujo case was featured as an episode of the Netflix documentary series "Trial by Media"; the episode "Big Dan's" explores the effect that the broadcasting of the trial had on Araujo, the New Bedford community, and American society at large.


title: NXT UK (WWE brand)

text: NXT UK was a brand of the American professional wrestling promotion WWE that was introduced in June 2018. Brands are divisions of WWE's roster where wrestlers are assigned to perform on a weekly basis. Wrestlers assigned to NXT UK primarily appeared on the brand's weekly television program, "NXT UK". The brand served as a sub-brand of WWE's developmental territory, NXT, with NXT UK wrestlers also occasionally appearing on its show, "NXT". Unlike WWE's other brands, NXT UK was produced exclusively in the United Kingdom and was specifically centered on wrestlers from the country. The brand went on hiatus following the Worlds Collide event on 4 September 2022; in 2023, it will be relaunched as NXT Europe, expanding the brand to include all pan-European countries.


title: NXT UK (WWE brand)

text: In a press conference at The O2 Arena on 15 December 2016, Paul "Triple H" Levesque, an executive of the American professional wrestling promotion WWE, revealed that there would be a 16-man tournament to crown the inaugural WWE United Kingdom Champion. The tournament was held over a two-day period, 14 and 15 January 2017, and aired exclusively on the company's online streaming service, the WWE Network. The championship was intended as the top championship of a new WWE Network show, produced in the United Kingdom (at the time, the show and its premiere date had yet to be revealed). Tyler Bate won the inaugural tournament to become the first WWE United Kingdom Champion.


title: NXT UK (WWE brand)

text: On 19 May 2017, WWE held a follow-up to the United Kingdom Championship tournament, titled United Kingdom Championship Special. On 7 April 2018, a second United Kingdom Championship Tournament event was scheduled for 18 and 19 June at the Royal Albert Hall. On 7 June, Johnny Saint was appointed General Manager of WWE's United Kingdom brand.


title: NXT UK (WWE brand)

text: On 18 June 2018, it was announced that WWE's United Kingdom brand would begin filming a new show titled "NXT UK" in July 2018, and that championships for the brand's women's and tag team divisions would be introduced. The brand was in turn officially established as NXT UK.


title: NXT UK (WWE brand)

text: On 17 October 2018, the inaugural episode of "NXT UK" aired on the WWE Network at 8 p.m. UK time/3 p.m. Eastern Time. On 31 December 2019, WWE announced that "NXT UK" would begin airing on BT Sport in the United Kingdom.


title: NXT UK (WWE brand)

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic that began in March 2020, production of NXT UK events were paused. On 10 September 2020, WWE announced the relaunch of NXT UK following its hiatus due to the pandemic. A secondary men's championship was also unveiled.


title: NXT UK (WWE brand)

text: On 19 August 2021, it was announced that WWE would be a sponsor of Enfield Town F.C.—a seventh-tier football club in the same borough as its UK-based WWE Performance Center facility—in the 2021–22 season, with their kits carrying the NXT UK logo.


title: NXT UK (WWE brand)

text: On 18 August 2022, WWE announced that NXT UK would take a "brief hiatus" and be rebranded as NXT Europe upon its return in 2023, expanding the brand to include wrestlers from all pan-European countries. The final NXT UK event was Worlds Collide on 4 September 2022. Shawn Michaels, who oversees talent development, said the company would work with the staff and talent to launch NXT Europe "bigger and better".


title: NXT UK (WWE brand)

text: NXT UK had four championships exclusive to the brand. There were three for men and one for women. There were also two other championships that were shared with the brand.


title: NXT UK (WWE brand)

text: The top men's championship of NXT UK was the NXT United Kingdom Championship. Established as the WWE United Kingdom Championship in December 2016, the inaugural champion was Tyler Bate, who won the original United Kingdom Championship tournament. In January 2020, the title was renamed to reflect its status as the top title of NXT UK. The title was retired on 4 September 2022 at Worlds Collide when it was unified into the NXT Championship. Bate, the championship's only two-time holder, is recognized as the final champion.


title: NXT UK (WWE brand)

text: The top championship for female wrestlers was the NXT UK Women's Championship. Unveiled in June 2018, Rhea Ripley won a tournament final to become the inaugural champion. The title was retired on 4 September 2022 at Worlds Collide when it was unified into the NXT Women's Championship. Meiko Satomura is recognized as the final champion.


title: NXT UK (WWE brand)

text: The NXT UK Tag Team Championship was the tag team championship for men. Unveiled in June 2018, the team of James Drake and Zack Gibson won a tournament final to become the inaugural champions. The title was retired on 4 September 2022 at Worlds Collide when it was unified into the NXT Tag Team Championship. The team of Brooks Jensen and Josh Briggs are recognized as the final champions.


title: NXT UK (WWE brand)

text: In September 2020, the NXT UK Heritage Cup was unveiled as a secondary championship for men and with a special stipulation in which matches are only contested under British Rounds Rules. The first champion was A-Kid, who won a tournament final to become the inaugural champion. Unlike NXT UK's other championships, which were retired at Worlds Collide on 4 September 2022, the Heritage Cup was not unified or defended at the event and there has been no announcement regarding its future, but WWE's website still lists it as active.


title: NXT UK (WWE brand)

text: In addition to the above four championships, there were two other championships that were also available to NXT UK wrestlers but not exclusive to the brand. These were the NXT Cruiserweight Championship and the WWE 24/7 Championship.


title: NXT UK (WWE brand)

text: The NXT Cruiserweight Championship was for wrestlers billed as 205 lbs and under, regarded as cruiserweights. It was originally established for Raw in September 2016 as the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. After 205 Live became its own brand in 2018, the title became exclusive to 205 Live and it then came under the NXT brand with a rename in 2019 when 205 Live merged under NXT. The title's contendership was extended to NXT UK in January 2020 when NXT UK's Jordan Devlin won the championship. The title was then retired in January 2022 when it was unified into the NXT North American Championship, with Carmelo Hayes recognized as the final champion.


title: NXT UK (WWE brand)

text: Introduced in May 2019, the WWE 24/7 Championship was a specialized championship in which it could be defended anytime, anywhere, as long as a WWE referee was present, allowing it to be defended on any brand. Despite this, the title was never won by an NXT UK wrestler or appeared on any NXT UK event. The championship remained active until November 2022. After Nikki Cross won the title on the November 7 episode of "Raw", she discarded the belt in a trash can backstage and two days later, it was listed as inactive on WWE.com.


title: NXT UK (WWE brand)

text: The WWE Network broadcast NXT UK's eponymous television programme in the United Kingdom and internationally. The inaugural tapings of "NXT UK" occurred on 28 and 29 July 2018, at the Cambridge Corn Exchange, and began airing on 17 October 2018. Since March 2021, "NXT UK" was broadcast on Peacock in the United States, due to the American version of the WWE Network merging under Peacock.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi () is a 2004 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film directed by David Dhawan and produced by Sajid Nadiadwala.The film stars Salman Khan, Akshay Kumar and Priyanka Chopra, the second collaboration of Kumar and Chopra after the successful romantic musical "Andaaz" (2003). The supporting cast includes Amrish Puri, Kader Khan, Satish Shah and Rajpal Yadav. Set primarily in Goa, "Mujhse Shaadi Karogi" follows the adventures of two men (Khan and Kumar) who try to win a woman's (Chopra) heart.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: Wanting to re-invent himself, Dhawan decided to make a film which would deviate from his signature mass-market comedies in look and feel, approaching it as a romantic comedy. The screenplay was written by Dhawan's longtime collaborator Anees Bazmee and Rumi Jaffery. Although the film is set in Goa, it was not shot there. Instead, principal photography was done on two detailed sets created by Sharmishta Roy in Film City and Mauritius. Additionally, several scenes and songs were filmed on-location in Mauritius.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: "Mujhse Shaadi Karogi" was released on 30 July 2004 to positive reviews, receiving praise for its direction, performances, music, cinematography, art direction, costumes and styling. With a box-office gross of 565 million, the film was a commercial success, becoming the fourth-highest-grossing Indian film of the year. "Mujhse Shaadi Karogi" was nominated for three Filmfare Awards. The film received a leading 13 nominations at the 6th IIFA Awards, including Best Film, Best Director (Dhawan), Best Actor (Khan) and Best Actress (Chopra), winning five awards. It received 10 Screen Awards nominations, including Best Film. Over the years, Kumar's character has gained cult status.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: Sameer Malhotra is ill-tempered, with anger-management issues since his parents died during his childhood. When he beats up a group of goons who tried to assault his girlfriend Roma, she breaks up with him because of his temper. According to his horoscope, Sameer is unlucky in love. To escape further similar issues, he becomes a lifeguard in Goa.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: On the train, Sameer meets Suraj Prakash, a passenger who makes him think that he is a thief by asking him where he keeps important things (like money) in his luggage. Sameer stays awake all night to avoid being robbed, while Suraj sleeps after conning Sameer into guarding his luggage. Suraj admits this to Sameer the next morning at the station. Sameer learns that Suraj is a security guard at his resort, and puts him on night guard duty for three months. This puts a crimp in Suraj's marriage and, although he apologises, Sameer is adamant.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: Sameer meets Rani, an up-and-coming fashion designer, and falls in love with her. After a rough start with her father Jugraj Singh, a former colonel, Rani and Sameer become friends. Sameer's bad luck comes into play; he disagrees with Singh, and Rani becomes angry with him when she overhears him saying bad things about her to Pandit Raj Purohit Jyotshi.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: Trouble arrives in the form of Sunny, who shares a room with Sameer. He meets Rani, falls in love with her and decides to capitalise on Sameer's mistakes. This causes friction between the roommates. Sameer gives Rani the money she needs for a fashion competition, calling himself her "well-wisher". Rani wins the competition and wants to thank her "well-wisher" in person. Sameer, who gave Rani the money he had saved for his grandmother's eye surgery and his sister's wedding, goes to meet her but Sunny gets there first, claims to be the well-wisher and takes her away. Sameer follows on his motorcycle and accidentally injures Singh. Sunny, who takes credit for a painting of Rani by Sameer, kidnaps her dog Tommy and frames Sameer. Sameer buys an identical dog and tells Singh that he has found Tommy. He is exposed when the dog bites Singh and runs away.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: Although Sameer is angry, he reconciles with Rani with the help of a magician at a New Year's Eve party. Sunny places a bar dancer in Sameer's room one morning; Rani, who went there to invite him for breakfast, sees the dancer sleeping there and assumes that they had sex.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: Sameer makes another attempt to apologise. When he goes to Rani's house, he is surprised to see Suraj; Suraj is Rani's uncle, who now knows that he loves her. Sameer apologises and takes Suraj off night duty. Sameer's partially-blind grandmother Pushpa mistakes Rani's mother for Rani and tries to persuade her to marry Sameer. Rani's mother tells her daughter to carefully consider whom she loves more: Sameer or Sunny.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: Sameer decides to leave Goa, and Sunny taunts him that he got close to Rani through Sameer's mistakes. Sameer says that he has had enough dreaming, and wishes Sunny happiness. Sunny taunts Sameer again, and Sameer loses his temper. He chases Sunny through the crowd at a cricket stadium where India and Pakistan are playing a friendly match. Sameer breaks through security, takes the microphone from the guest of honour Kapil Dev and apologises to Rani and her parents. He asks her to marry him in front of the crowd, and Rani runs onto the field and embraces him, thus reuniting with him.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: Sunny arrives there and reveals that he is Arun, Sameer's childhood friend who came to Goa to cure Sameer's anger-management issues. He also reveals that he went to visit Sameer after returning from the United States after 19 years and met Pushpa, who told him about Sameer's heartbreak and departure for Goa. Arun decided to help Sameer by posing as his enemy, telling Rani and her parents earlier. Sameer is reunited with Arun, who conducts his and Rani's wedding.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: Known primarily for mass-market comedies, David Dhawan wanted to make "Mujhse Shaadi Karogi" a romantic comedy. Asked about re-inventing himself with the film, he replied: "I have changed with the times. One has to [change]. My trademark style remains unchanged in its basics. Why should I change when my style has kept me going for so many years? I will never change that." Dhawan wanted the make the film different from his earlier releases in look and feel. Anees Bazmee, who collaborated on several films with the director, returned to write its screenplay.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: In a "Times of India" interview, Priyanka Chopra said that she had signed for Dhawan's comedy film co-starring Salman Khan and Akshay Kumar; it was the second collaboration between Kumar and Chopra, after the successful romantic musical "Andaaz" (2003). Chopra said that her decision was based on "the hilarious script" and Sajid Nadiadwala's reputation as a producer. She described Rani, an aspiring fashion designer, as "very innocent and gullible" and a "girl next door": "Rani gets stuck between two boys. She likes both of them and she doesn't know what to do." In an interview with "Rediff.com", Kumar described his character as someone who creates many problems in Sameer's life and compared their dynamics to "Tom and Jerry": "I harass him all the time."


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: Principal photography began in September 2003 on a set in Film City, Mumbai. Art director Sharmishta Roy created a detailed set of Goa; according to "Hindustan Times", "The set had become the talk of the industry for its fine detailing." Roy built another large set in Mauritius, where the outdoor scenes, the songs and several other scenes were filmed on a month-long schedule beginning on 9 January 2004. Three hundred people made up the unit for the Mauritius schedule.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: An action scene was filmed with a motion-control camera, a first in Indian cinema. Although the producers wanted to keep the film's climax (featuring several cricketers from the Indian team and filmed at a Bangalore stadium in June 2004) a secret, it was revealed in the media. Filming wrapped in July 2004.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: The soundtrack album contains eight songs, seven original songs and one remix. Six songs were composed by Sajid–Wajid and the seventh by Anu Malik. Lyrics for five songs were written by Jalees Sherwani, with one song each by Sameer and Arun Bhairav. The vocals were performed by Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik, Sonu Nigam, Sunidhi Chauhan, Sukhwinder Singh and Shabab Sabri. With a background score composed by Salim–Sulaiman, the album was released on 4 June 2004.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: The soundtrack of the film was well received by music critics, who praised the album's lyrics and vocals. "Planet Bollywood" rated the soundtrack seven out of ten, calling it a "good album". "Bollywood Hungama" praised its songs and musical score, highlighting "Rab Kare", "Jeene Ke Hain Chaar Din", "Laal Dupatta" and the title song.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: The music topped charts on a number of platforms in India. The soundtrack was one of the best-selling Bollywood soundtracks of the year, with 2 million units sold according to "Box Office India".


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: Entrances of several theatres in India and abroad were decorated as marriage "mandaps" (halls) for the film. Sajid Nadiadwala said, "You have to make the entire process of movie-going exciting. Since the title itself talks of marriage, making the entrance of theatres resemble mandaps was the best possible way to attract cinegoers."


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: The producers sponsored several contests as part of "Mujhse Shaadi Karogi" marketing campaign, with prizes including a foreign honeymoon trip and wedding clothing by Biba and Neeta Lulla. They released a 64-page, palm-sized book with information about the characters' love triangle, tips about how to woo a woman and pictures of the three main characters. The film was released on 30 July 2004. Zee TV brought its UK distribution rights, the first film distributed by the channel.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: "Mujhse Shaadi Karogi" opened well throughout India, despite poor weather, and did very good business in its theatrical run. The film also opened well in the overseas market, ranking eighth at the UK box office over its first weekend. After a good first week, it prevailed over its second weekend, earning 35.4 million from 32 screens in the United Kingdom and 32.9 million from 48 screens in the United States. "Mujhse Shaadi Karogi" was a major commercial success, earning 565 million at the box office and thus becoming the fourth-highest-grossing Bollywood film of the year.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: "Mujhse Shaadi Karogi" was released on DVD on 27 September 2004 in all regions on a single NTSC-format disc. Distributed by T-Series, the DVD included deleted scenes, extra songs, a theatrical trailer and TV advertisements. The film's Video CD was released at the same time. A Blu-ray disc was released on 10 July 2010.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: "Mujhse Shaadi Karogi" was well received by critics, who praised the film's direction, cinematography, choreography, costumes, styling and performances.


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: Taran Adarsh of "Bollywood Hungama" gave it four stars out of five, calling it a "mass entertainer" and an apt example of escapist cinema which "transports you to a world of make-believe". Adarsh praised the chemistry between Khan, Kumar and Chopra and wrote, "Stylishly shot at some panoramic locales of Mauritius, with no double entendres, the film proves yet again that only David can pull off such stories without the cinegoer feeling cheated by an obscure plot."


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: Subhash K. Jha gave "Mujhse Shaadi Karogi" a positive review for Indo-Asian News Service, calling the film Dhawan's smartest comedy to date: "This is one laughathon you can enjoy with your family without squirming in your seats." Sukanya Verma of "Rediff.com" also praised the film: "It's a screwball comedy with gorgeous visuals, crisp editing, and fine performances. David Dhawan gets it right." A review in "The Hindu" called it "pure entertainment" and praised the clean humour and Kumar's performance writing that "Khan shows more brawn than histrionics, while Kumar displays a real flair for comedy. Some of his expressions are delightfully wicked and effortless."


title: Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

text: For "India Today", Anupama Chopra found the film "partly fun but mostly exhausting": ""Mujhse Shaadi Karogi" is pure dazzle. There are clothes of all designs imaginable – from gorgeous embroidered and sequinned Indian outfits to sleek and hip western attire. There are locations of breathtaking beauty from aquamarine seas to quaint churches." She also appreciated many of the film's gags, particularly those derived from the 2000 American film "Meet the Parents". "Planet Bollywood" gave 7.5 out of 10, calling it a "pure entertainment that is high on production value" and a "good escapist cinema" for both masses and classes, writing that "The unexpected and unique climax follows and the audience is pleasantly surprised at the turn of events and revelations with a fitting finale is another version of the title song that brings the house down." Writing for "Outlook", Namrata Joshi rated the film two stars, and noted its similarities to the 2003 American film "Anger Management".


title: Trick Daddy

text: Maurice Samuel Young (born September 27, 1974), better known by his stage name Trick Daddy, is an American rapper from Miami's Liberty City.


title: Trick Daddy

text: Trick Daddy was born on September 27, 1974, at Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami, Florida. His mother, Pearl Brockington of South Carolina, raised him and his 10 brothers and sisters in the Liberty Square apartment complex in Liberty City after relocating from Goulds, Florida. The building where he grew up was colloquially known as "Pork-N-Beans" in reference to the color of the apartment doors. His father, Charles Young, was a local pimp; while Trick was a teenager, Charles Young took him and his brother Derek "Hollywood" Harris to live with him. While Trick and Hollywood lived with Trick’s father, they began to deal crack cocaine on the streets. At 15 years old, Young was arrested for drug and firearm possession. The day he was released, Young was arrested on an attempted-murder charge for shooting a man during a street fight. He was convicted and sent to prison at 20 years old. His brother was murdered the same year. After he was released from prison, Ted Lucas, founder of Slip-N-Slide Records, urged Young to focus on a rap career and stay out of the streets.


title: Trick Daddy

text: Trick appeared on the track "Scarred" by former 2 Live Crew member Luther "Luke" Campbell, produced by Darren "DJ Spin" Rudnick, from Luke's 1996 album "Uncle Luke". The song became a hit and immediately caught the attention of fans and record producers alike. Ted Lucas, a former concert promoter and then-CEO of Slip-n-Slide Records, signed the rapper to the newly formed record label. Slip-n-Slide released Trick Daddy Dollars' debut album "Based on a True Story" in 1997; the album was popular in the Miami area.


title: Trick Daddy

text: In 1998, when his next album "www.thug.com" was released, Trick removed "Dollars" from his stage name. Club-oriented track "Nann Nigga", featuring Trina, became a national hit, peaking at the third spot of the "Billboard" Hot Rap Singles chart. Atlantic Records signed Trick Daddy to the label in 1998 and released "Book of Thugs: Chapter AK Verse 47" that year. "Shut Up", was the lead single from "Book of Thugs". His next single, "America" (featuring Society), was a poignant political track that writer Omar Burgess compared to other sociological tracks in Trick's catalog such as "Ain't No Santa".


title: Trick Daddy

text: "Thugs Are Us", released in 2001, featured the hit single "I'm a Thug" (released March 20, 2001) which reached #17 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. His fifth studio album "Thug Holiday" contained two singles, "In da Wind" and the title track. In 2004, "" was released, with hit single "Let's Go", produced by Lil Jon, featuring Twista, and sampling the guitar riffs from the Ozzy Osbourne hit "Crazy Train". That year, Trick Daddy guest-performed on the Ying Yang Twins' "What's Happnin!", which reached #30 on the Hot 100, #7 on the Rhythmic Top 40, and #9 on the Hot Rap Singles. "Let's Go" peaked on #7 on the Hot 100, #4 on the Rhythmic Top 40, and #4 on Hot Rap Tracks. "Back By Thug Demand" followed in 2006, with singles "Bet That" and "Tuck Ya Ice" charting on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart. This album launched the career of Trick Daddy's Group, Dunk Ryders with their record "Damn Right" featuring Dray Skky, and Trick's Joint Venture Label Deal with Cash Money Records.


title: Trick Daddy

text: Following "Back By Thug Demand", Trick Daddy appeared on several singles by DJ Khaled: "Born-N-Raised" in 2006 from "Listennn... the Album" in 2006, "I'm So Hood" from "We the Best" in 2007, and "Out Here Grindin'" from "We Global" in 2008, all among numerous other rappers. "Born-N-Raised" peaked at #83 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles, and "I'm So Hood" peaked at #19 on the Hot 100 and #5 on the Hot Rap Tracks. He appeared on Pitbull's 2007 album "The Boatlift". Trick Daddy left Slip-n-Slide in 2008 and released his 8th studio album "Finally Famous: Born a Thug Still a Thug" on September 25, 2009, under his own Dunk Ryder Records label, which by now had grown to include fellow Miami artists Ice "Billion" Berg, Fella, Bad Guy, Kasino, A-Dot, NoLove, Dutch Dirty and Gold Rush, most of which eventually parted ways with the label to start their own independent ventures. He released a single featuring Young Jeezy, called "I Can't Leave These Streets Alone", and then was featured on the track "This Is For You", from Jeezy's latest album, "", released in December 2011. In July 2012, Trick Daddy released a mixtape entitled "Dick & Dynamite" as a prequel to his upcoming album release. He continues to tour the United States, performing a mix of both his classic hits and his new releases.


title: Trick Daddy

text: In 2010, Trick Daddy appeared in the film "Just Another Day" playing Roman, a drug dealer. The film is about the intersecting lives of an aspiring rapper and an old successful rapper over the course of one day. In 2018 Trick Daddy started appearing in the VH1 reality series "". In 2017, he started his podcast co-hosted by Supa cindy


title: Trick Daddy

text: In 1993, Trick Daddy was convicted of cocaine possession, carrying a concealed weapon and violating probation and served 15 months in Florida state prison. Then in February 2003, he was arrested on gun charges following a dispute at a basketball game, and again in September 2003 after police found cocaine and marijuana in his pocket. He pleaded guilty to cocaine and weapons charges and received probation.


title: Trick Daddy

text: On April 3, 2014, he was arrested outside of his home in Miramar, Florida. According to his arrest report, he was caught by police who were surveilling his home under the suspicion that he was running a grow house. Once police entered his home with a warrant and drug sniffing dogs, they reportedly found one gram of cocaine in Trick Daddy's bedroom, along with a 9mm pistol and ammunition in another bedroom. Police charged Young with possession of cocaine, possession of a firearm and ammunition by a convicted felon, and driving with a suspended license. The following morning, he was released on $6,100 bond.


title: Trick Daddy

text: On January 11, 2020, Trick Daddy was pulled over in Miami by the police because they suspected he was drinking while under the influence. After officers smelled alcohol on his breath and he failed a field sobriety test, Trick Daddy was taken into custody at the Hammocks District Station for driving under the influence. While handing over his possessions, police found cocaine wrapped inside a dollar bill. At that point, he was also charged with cocaine possession. His bond was set at $6,000 for both charges.


title: Trick Daddy

text: Trick Daddy announced that he has lupus, which has affected his skin, but he stopped taking medication to combat the disease. The rapper's rationale for refusing treatment was that "Because for every medicine they gave me I had to take a test or another medicine every thirty days or so to make sure that medicine wasn’t causing side effects dealing with kidney or liver failure…I just said all together I ain’t taking no medicine." Trick Daddy has more recently faced financial difficulties, having declared bankruptcy three times, the latest of which came on the day his home was to be foreclosed upon and auctioned away. Trick Daddy's ex-wife Joy filed for a divorce from him, as she revealed on part 2 of the reunion.


title: Philippine adobo

text: Philippine "adobo" (from Spanish "adobar": "marinade," "sauce" or "seasoning" / ) is a popular Filipino dish and cooking process in Philippine cuisine that involves meat, seafood, or vegetables marinated in vinegar, soy sauce, garlic, bay leaves, and black peppercorns, which is browned in oil, and simmered in the marinade. It has occasionally been considered the unofficial national dish in the Philippines.


title: Philippine adobo

text: The cooking method for the Philippine "adobo" is indigenous to the Philippines. The various precolonial peoples of the country often cooked or prepared their food with vinegar and salt to preserve them in the tropical climate. Vinegar, in particular, is one of the most important ingredients in Filipino cuisine, with the main traditional types being coconut, cane, nipa palm, and kaong palm. These are all of which are linked to traditional alcohol fermentation.


title: Philippine adobo

text: There are four main traditional cooking methods using vinegar in the Philippines: "kiniláw" (raw seafood in vinegar and spices), "paksíw" (a broth of meat with vinegar and spices), "sangkutsá" (pre-cooked braising of meat in vinegar and spices), and finally "adobo" (a stew of vinegar, garlic, salt/soy sauce, and other spices). It is believed that "paksíw", "sangkutsá", and "adobo" are all derivations of "kiniláw". They are also related to cooking techniques like "sinigáng" and "pinangát na isdâ" that also have a sour broth, albeit using fruits like calamansi, tamarind, unripe mangoes, bilimbi, santól, and star fruit as souring agents instead of vinegar.


title: Philippine adobo

text: When the Spanish Empire colonized the Philippines in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, they encountered the "adobo" cooking process. It was first recorded in the 1613 dictionary "Vocabulario de la lengua tagala" compiled by the Spanish Franciscan missionary Pedro de San Buenaventura. He referred to it as "adobo de los naturales" (""adobo" of the native [peoples]").


title: Philippine adobo

text: The Spanish also applied the term "adobo" to any native dish that was marinated before consumption. In the 1794 edition of the "Vocabulario", it was applied to "quilauìn" ("kinilaw") a related but different dish which also primarily uses vinegar. In the 1711 Visayan dictionary "Vocabulario de la lengua Bisaya", the term "guinamus" (verb form: "gamus") was used to refer to any kind of marinades ("adobo"), from fish to pork. Other terms for precolonial "adobo"-like dishes among the Visayan peoples are "dayok" and "danglusi". In modern Visayan, "guinamós" and "dayok" refer to separate dishes. Dishes prepared with vinegar, garlic, salt (later soy sauce), and other spices eventually came to be known solely as "adobo", with the original term for the dish now lost to history.


title: Philippine adobo

text: While the "adobo" dish and cooking process in Filipino cuisine and the general description of "adobo" in Spanish cuisine share similar characteristics, they refer to different things with different cultural roots. Unlike the Spanish and Latin American "adobo", the main ingredients of Philippine "adobo" are ingredients native to Southeast Asia, namely vinegar (made from palm sap or sugarcane), soy sauce (originally salt), black peppercorns, and bay leaves (traditionally "Cinnamomum tamala" and related species; but in modern times, usually "Laurus nobilis"). It does not traditionally use chilis, paprika, oregano, or tomatoes. Its only similarity to Spanish and Latin American "adobo" is the primary use of vinegar and garlic. Philippine "adobo" has a characteristically salty and sour, and often sweet, taste, in contrast to Spanish and Mexican "adobos" which are spicier or infused with oregano.


title: Philippine adobo

text: While the Philippine "adobo" can be considered "adobo" in the Spanish sense—a marinated dish—the Philippine usage is much more specific to a cooking process (rather than a specific recipe) and is not restricted to meat. Typically, pork or chicken, or a combination of both, is slowly cooked in vinegar, crushed garlic, bay leaves, black peppercorns, and soy sauce. It is served with white rice. It was traditionally cooked in small clay pots ("palayok" or "kulon"); but today, metal pots or woks ("kawali") are largely used instead.


title: Philippine adobo

text: There are numerous variants of the "adobo" recipe in the Philippines. The most basic ingredient of "adobo" is vinegar, which is usually coconut vinegar, rice vinegar, or cane vinegar (although sometimes white wine or cider vinegar can also be used). Almost every ingredient can be changed according to personal preference. Even people in the same household can cook "adobo" in significantly different ways.


title: Philippine adobo

text: A rarer version without soy sauce is known as "adobong puti" ("white "adobo""), which uses salt instead, to contrast it with "adobong itim" ("black adobo"), the more prevalent versions with soy sauce. "Adobong puti" is often regarded as the closest to the original version of the prehispanic "adobo". It is similar to another dish known as "pinatisan", where "patis" (fish sauce) is used instead of vinegar.


title: Philippine adobo

text: "Adobong dilaw" ("yellow adobo"), which uses "kalawag" (turmeric) to provide the yellow colouring as well as adding in a different flavour, can be found in Batangas, the Visayas, and Mindanao regions.


title: Philippine adobo

text: The proportion of ingredients like soy sauce, bay leaves, garlic, or black pepper can vary. The amount and thickness of the sauce also varies as some like their adobo dry while some like it saucy. Other ingredients can sometimes be used; like "siling labuyo", bird's eye chili, jalapeño pepper, red bell pepper, olive oil, onions, brown sugar, potatoes, or pineapple. It may also be further browned in the oven, pan-fried, deep-fried, or even grilled to get crisped edges.


title: Philippine adobo

text: "Adobo" has been called the quintessential Philippine stew, served with rice both at daily meals and at feasts. It is commonly packed for Filipino mountaineers and travelers because it keeps well without refrigeration. Its relatively long shelf-life is due to one of its primary ingredients, vinegar, which inhibits the growth of bacteria.


title: Philippine adobo

text: Based on the main ingredients, the most common "adobo" types are "adobong manók", in which chicken is used, and "adobong baboy", in which pork is used. "Adobong baka" (beef), along with "adobong manók" (chicken), is more popular among Muslim Filipinos in accordance with halal dietary laws. Other meats may also be used, such as "pugò" (quail), "itik" (duck), and "kambíng" (goat). There are also seafood variants which can include fish ("isdâ"), catfish ("hitò"), shrimp ("hipon"), and squid or cuttlefish ("pusít"). The method may also be used for vegetables and fruits, like water spinach ("kangkóng"), bamboo shoots ("labóng"), eggplant ("talóng"), banana flowers ("pusô ng saging"), and okra ("okra").


title: Philippine adobo

text: More exotic versions include "adobong sawâ" (snake), "adobong palakâ" (frog), Kapampangan "adobung kamaru" (mole cricket), and the "adobong atáy at balúnbalunan" (chicken liver and gizzard).


title: Philippine adobo

text: There are also regional variations. In Bicol of southeast Luzon and Zamboanga City in west Mindanao, for example, it is common for "adobo" to have coconut milk (known as "adobo sa gatâ"). In Cavite, mashed pork liver is added. In Laguna, turmeric is added, giving the dish a distinct, yellowish color (known as "adobong diláw", "yellow adobo"). In the northernmost province of Batanes, the Ivatan prepare a type of "adobo" called "luñiz", where they preserve pork in jars with salt. In Batangas, adobo is cooked with "achuete" seeds, giving it a reddish color.


title: Philippine adobo

text: "Adobo" has also become a favorite of Filipino-based fusion cuisine, with avant-garde cooks coming up with variants such as "Japanese-style" pork adobo.


title: Philippine adobo

text: Outside of the dish itself, the flavor of "adobo" has been developed commercially and adapted to other foods. A number of local Philippine snack products such as cornicks, nuts, chips, noodle soups, and corn crackers, market their items as "adobo flavored".


title: Philippine adobo

text: In 2021, the Bureau of Philippine Standards of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI-BPS) of the Philippines unveiled plans to standardize the most popular Filipino dishes to make it easier to promote them internationally as well as keep their cultural identity. Philippine adobo will be the first of such dishes to be standardized. The definition will be set by a technical committee headed by Glenda Rosales Barreto, and includes representatives from the academia, government departments, the food industry, chefs, and food writers. The main reference will be "Kulinarya: A Guidebook to Philippine Cuisine" (2008), authored by Barreto and the committee vice-chairperson Myrna Segismundo, both notable chefs of Filipino cuisine in their own right. The announcement has received some criticism from the public, but the DTI-BPS clarified that it's not mandatory and will only aim to define a basic traditional recipe that can serve as a benchmark for determining the authenticity of Filipino dishes in the international setting.


title: R-410A

text: R-410A, sold under the trademarked names AZ-20, EcoFluor R410, Forane 410A, Genetron R410A, Puron, and Suva 410A, is a zeotropic but near-azeotropic mixture of difluoromethane (CHF, called R-32) and pentafluoroethane (CHFCF, called R-125) that is used as a refrigerant in air conditioning and heat pump applications. R-410A cylinders were colored rose but are no longer specially color-coded, now bearing a standard light gray color.


title: R-410A

text: On December 27, 2020, the United States Congress passed the American Innovation and Manufacturing (AIM) Act, which directs US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to phase down production and consumption hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). HFCs have a high global warming potential and contribute to climate change. Rules developed under the AIM Act require HFC production and consumption to be reduced by 85% from 2022 to 2036. R-410A will be restricted by this Act because it contains the HFC R-125. Other refrigerants will replace R-410A in most applications, just as R-410A replaced the earlier refrigerant, R-22.


title: R-410A

text: R-410A was invented and patented by Allied Signal (now Honeywell) in 1991. Other producers around the world have been licensed to manufacture and sell R-410A, but Honeywell continues to be the leader in capacity and sales. R-410A was successfully commercialized in the air conditioning segment by a combined effort of Carrier Corporation, Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc., Copeland Scroll Compressors (a division of Emerson Electric Company), and Allied Signal. Carrier Corporation was the first company to introduce an R-410A-based residential air conditioning unit into the market in 1996 and holds the trademark "Puron".


title: R-410A

text: R-410A replaced R-22 as the preferred refrigerant for use in residential and commercial air conditioners in Japan, Europe, and the United States.


title: R-410A

text: Parts designed specifically for R-410A must be used, as R-410A operates at higher pressures than other refrigerants. R-410A systems thus require service personnel to use different tools, equipment, safety standards, and techniques. Equipment manufacturers are aware of these changes and require the certification of professionals installing R-410A systems. In addition, the AC&R Safety Coalition has been created to help educate professionals about R-410A systems.


title: R-410A

text: In accordance with terms and agreement reached in the Montreal Protocol (The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer), the United States Environmental Protection Agency has mandated that production or import of R-22 along with other hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) be phased out in the United States. In the E.U. and the U.S., R-22 cannot be used in the manufacture of new air conditioning or similar units from 1 January 2010. In other parts of the world, the phase-out date varies from country to country. All newly manufactured window air conditioners and mini split air conditioners in the United States come with R-410A. Since 1 January 2020, the production and importation of R-22 has been banned; the only available sources of R-22 include that which has been stockpiled or recovered from existing devices.


title: R-410A

text: Unlike alkyl halide refrigerants that contain bromine or chlorine, R-410A (which contains only fluorine) does not contribute to ozone depletion and is therefore becoming more widely used as ozone-depleting refrigerants like R-22 are phased out. However, like methane, its global warming potential (GWP) is appreciably worse than CO for the time it persists. Because R410A is a 50% combination of CHF (HFC-32) and 50% CHFCF (HFC-125), it is not easy to express their combined effects in a single global warming potential (GWP), However, HFC-32 has a 4.9 year lifetime and a 100-year GWP of 675 and HFC-125 has a 29-year lifetime and a 100-year GWP of 3500. The combination has a GWP of 2088, higher than that of R-22 (100-year GWP=1810), and an atmospheric lifetime of nearly 30 years compared with the 12-year lifetime of R-22.


title: R-410A

text: Since R-410A allows for higher SEER ratings than an R-22 system by reducing power consumption, the overall impact on global warming of R-410A systems can, in some cases, be lower than that of R-22 systems due to reduced greenhouse gas emissions from power plants. This assumes that the atmospheric leakage will be sufficiently managed. Under the assumption that preventing ozone depletion is more important in the short term than GWP reduction, R-410A is preferable to R-22.


title: R-410A

text: The phase-down mandated by the AIM Act will lead to R-410A's replacement by other refrigerants beginning in 2022. Alternative refrigerants are available, including hydrofluoroolefins, hydrocarbons (such as propane R-290 and isobutane R-600A), and even carbon dioxide (R-744, GWP = 1). The alternative refrigerants have much lower GWP than R-410A.


title: R-410A

text: R-410A cannot be used in R-22 service equipment because of higher operating pressures (approximately 40 to 70% higher).


title: R-410A

text: To avoid fractionation as the system is charged and for optimum system performance, the correct procedure must be used, depending on the type of cylinder. If a cylinder with dip-tubes is used, R-410A can be charged while the cylinder is upright. If the cylinder doesn't have dip-tubes, it should be kept upside-down to charge with liquid, not vapor, from the cylinder. The procedure, then, is to fill very slowly, the valve restricting output, in order to avoid slugging the compressor with liquid.


title: Rho

text: Rho (uppercase Ρ, lowercase ρ or ; or ) is the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 100. It is derived from Phoenician letter res . Its uppercase form uses the same glyph, Ρ, as the distinct Latin letter P; the two letters have different Unicode encodings.


title: Rho

text: Rho is classed as a liquid consonant (together with Lambda and sometimes the nasals Mu and Nu), which has important implications for morphology. In both Ancient and Modern Greek, it represents a alveolar trill , alveolar tap , or alveolar approximant .


title: Rho

text: In polytonic orthography, a rho at the beginning of a word is written with a rough breathing, equivalent to "h" ( "rh"), and a double rho within a word is written with a smooth breathing over the first rho and a rough breathing over the second ( "rrh"). That apparently reflected an aspirated or voiceless pronunciation in Ancient Greek, which led to the various Greek-derived English words starting with "rh" or containing "rrh".


title: Rho

text: The characters ρ and are also conventionally used outside the Greek alphabetical context in science and mathematics.


title: Rho

text: The rho with a stroke through its tail is used for abbreviations involving rho, most notably in γϼ for γράμμα as a unit of measurement.