title: Duodecimal

text: The Dozenal Society of America argues that factors of 3 are more commonly encountered in real-life division problems than factors of 5. Thus, in practical applications, the nuisance of repeating decimals is encountered less often when duodecimal notation is used. Advocates of duodecimal systems argue that this is particularly true of financial calculations, in which the twelve months of the year often enter into calculations.


title: Duodecimal

text: However, when recurring fractions "do" occur in duodecimal notation, they are less likely to have a very short period than in decimal notation, because 12 (twelve) is between two prime numbers, 11 (eleven) and 13 (thirteen), whereas ten is adjacent to the composite number 9. Nonetheless, having a shorter or longer period doesn't help the main inconvenience that one does not get a finite representation for such fractions in the given base (so rounding, which introduces inexactitude, is necessary to handle them in calculations), and overall one is more likely to have to deal with infinite recurring digits when fractions are expressed in decimal than in duodecimal, because one out of every three consecutive numbers contains the prime factor 3 in its factorization, whereas only one out of every five contains the prime factor 5. All other prime factors, except 2, are not shared by either ten or twelve, so they do not


title: Duodecimal

text: influence the relative likeliness of encountering recurring digits (any irreducible fraction that contains any of these other factors in its denominator will recur in either base).


title: Duodecimal

text: Also, the prime factor 2 appears twice in the factorization of twelve, whereas only once in the factorization of ten; which means that most fractions whose denominators are powers of two will have a shorter, more convenient terminating representation in duodecimal than in decimal:


title: Duodecimal

text: The representations of irrational numbers in any positional number system (including decimal and duodecimal) neither terminate nor repeat. The following table gives the first digits for some important algebraic and transcendental numbers in both decimal and duodecimal.


title: Arcology

text: Arcology, a portmanteau of "architecture" and "ecology", is a field of creating architectural design principles for very densely populated and ecologically low-impact human habitats.


title: Arcology

text: The term was coined in 1969 by architect Paolo Soleri, who believed that a completed arcology would provide space for a variety of residential, commercial, and agricultural facilities while minimizing individual human environmental impact. These structures have been largely hypothetical, as no arcology, even one envisioned by Soleri himself, has yet been built.


title: Arcology

text: The concept has been popularized by various science fiction writers. Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle provided a detailed description of an arcology in their 1981 novel "Oath of Fealty". William Gibson mainstreamed the term in his seminal 1984 cyberpunk novel "Neuromancer", where each corporation has its own self-contained city known as arcologies. More recently, authors such as Peter Hamilton in "Neutronium Alchemist" and Paolo Bacigalupi in "The Water Knife" explicitly used arcologies as part of their scenarios. They are often portrayed as self-contained or economically self-sufficient.


title: Arcology

text: An arcology is distinguished from a merely large building in that it is designed to lessen the impact of human habitation on any given ecosystem. It could be self-sustainable, employing all or most of its own available resources for a comfortable life: power, climate control, food production, air and water conservation and purification, sewage treatment, etc. An arcology is designed to make it possible to supply those items for a large population. An arcology would supply and maintain its own municipal or urban infrastructures in order to operate and connect with other urban environments apart from its own.


title: Arcology

text: Arcology was proposed to reduce human impact on natural resources. Arcology designs might apply conventional building and civil engineering techniques in very large, but practical projects in order to achieve pedestrian economies of scale that have proven, post-automobile, to be difficult to achieve in other ways.


title: Arcology

text: Frank Lloyd Wright proposed an early version called Broadacre City although, in contrast to an arcology, his idea is comparatively two-dimensional and depends on a road network. Wright's plan described transportation, agriculture, and commerce systems that would support an economy. Critics said that Wright's solution failed to account for population growth, and assumed a more rigid democracy than the US actually has.


title: Arcology

text: Buckminster Fuller proposed the Old Man River's City project, a domed city with a capacity of 125,000, as a solution to the housing problems in East St. Louis, Illinois.


title: Arcology

text: Paolo Soleri proposed later solutions, and coined the term "arcology". Soleri describes ways of compacting city structures in three dimensions to combat two-dimensional urban sprawl, to economize on transportation and other energy uses. Like Wright, Soleri proposed changes in transportation, agriculture, and commerce. Soleri explored reductions in resource consumption and duplication, land reclamation; he also proposed to eliminate most private transportation. He advocated for greater "frugality" and favored greater use of shared social resources, including public transit (and public libraries).


title: Arcology

text: Arcosanti is an experimental "arcology prototype", a demonstration project under construction in central Arizona since 1970. Designed by Paolo Soleri, its primary purpose is to demonstrate Soleri's personal designs, his application of principles of arcology to create a pedestrian-friendly urban form.


title: Arcology

text: Many cities in the world have proposed projects adhering to the design principles of the arcology concept, like Tokyo, and Dongtan near Shanghai. The Dongtan project may have collapsed, and it failed to open for the Shanghai World Expo in 2010.


title: Arcology

text: McMurdo Station of the United States Antarctic Program and other scientific research stations on Antarctica resemble the popular conception of an arcology as a technologically advanced, relatively self-sufficient human community. The Antarctic research base provides living and entertainment amenities for roughly 3,000 staff who visit each year. Its remoteness and the measures needed to protect its population from the harsh environment give it an insular character. The station is not self-sufficientthe U.S. military delivers 30,000 cubic metres (8,000,000 US gal) of fuel and of supplies and equipment yearly through its Operation Deep Freeze resupply effortbut it is isolated from conventional support networks. Under international treaty, it must avoid damage to the surrounding ecosystem.


title: Arcology

text: Begich Towers operates like a small-scale arcology encompassing nearly all of the population of Whittier, Alaska. The building contains residential housing as well as a police station, grocery, and municipal offices.


title: Arcology

text: Whittier once boasted a second structure known as the Buckner Building. The Buckner Building still stands but was deemed unfit for habitation after the 1969 earthquake.


title: Arcology

text: The Line (Arabic: ذا لاين) is a long and wide linear smart city under construction in Saudi Arabia in Neom, Tabuk Province, which is designed to have no cars, streets or carbon emissions. The Line is planned to be the first development in Neom, a $500 billion project. The city's plans anticipate a population of 9 million. Excavation work had started along the entire length of the project by October 2022.


title: Arcology

text: Most proposals to build real arcologies have failed due to financial, structural or conceptual shortcomings. Arcologies are therefore found primarily in fictional works.


title: Veena

text: The veena, also spelled vina ( IAST: vīṇā), comprises various chordophone instruments from the Indian subcontinent. Ancient musical instruments evolved into many variations, such as lutes, zithers and arched harps. The many regional designs have different names such as the "Rudra veena", the "Saraswati veena", the "Vichitra veena" and others.


title: Veena

text: The North Indian "rudra veena", used in Hindustani classical music, is a stick zither. About 3.5 to 4 feet (1 to 1.2 meters) long to fit the measurements of the musician, it has a hollow body and two large resonating gourds under each end. It has four main strings which are melodic, and three auxiliary drone strings. To play, the musician plucks the melody strings downward with a plectrum worn on the first and second fingers, while the drone strings are strummed with the little finger of the playing hand. The musician stops the resonating strings, when so desired, with the fingers of the free hand. In modern times the veena has been generally replaced with the sitar in North Indian performances.


title: Veena

text: The South Indian "Saraswati veena", used in Carnatic classical music, is a lute. It is a long-necked, pear-shaped lute, but instead of the lower gourd of the North Indian design, it has a pear-shaped wooden piece. However it, too, has 24 frets, four melody strings, and three drone strings, and is played similarly. It remains an important and popular string instrument in classical Carnatic music.


title: Veena

text: As a fretted, plucked lute, the veena can produce pitches in a full three-octave range. The long, hollow neck design of these Indian instruments allow portamento effects and legato ornaments found in Indian "ragas". It has been a popular instrument in Indian classical music, and one revered in the Indian culture by its inclusion in the iconography of Saraswati, the Hindu goddess of arts and learning.


title: Veena

text: The Sanskrit word "veena" () in ancient and medieval Indian literature is a generic term for plucked string musical instruments. It is mentioned in the Rigveda, Samaveda and other Vedic literature such as the "Shatapatha Brahmana" and "Taittiriya Samhita". In the ancient texts, Narada is credited with inventing the "Tampura", and is described as a seven-string instrument with frets. According to Suneera Kasliwal, a professor of music, in the ancient texts such as the "Rigveda" and "Atharvaveda" (both pre-1000 BCE), as well as the Upanishads (c. 800–300 BCE), a string instrument is called "vana", a term that evolved to become "veena". The early Sanskrit texts call any stringed instrument "vana"; these include bowed, plucked, one string, many strings, fretted, non-fretted, zither, lute or harp lyre-style string instruments.


title: Veena

text: The "Natya Shastra" by Bharata Muni, the oldest surviving ancient Hindu text on classical music and performance arts, discusses the "veena". This Sanskrit text, probably complete between 200 BCE and 200 CE, begins its discussion by stating that "the human throat is a "sareer veena", or a body's musical string instrument" when it is perfected, and that the source of "gandharva" music is such a throat, a string instrument and flute. The same metaphor of human voice organ being a form of "veena", is also found in more ancient texts of Hinduism, such as in verse 3.2.5 of the "Aitareya Aranyaka", verse 8.9 of the "Shankhayana Aranyaka" and others. The ancient epic "Mahabharata" describes the sage Narada as a Vedic sage famed as a "vina player".


title: Veena

text: The "Natya Shastra" describes a seven-string instrument and other string instruments in 35 verses, and then explains how the instrument should be played. The technique of performance suggests that the veena in Bharata Muni's time was quite different than the zither or the lute that became popular after the "Natya Shastra" was complete. The ancient veena, according to Allyn Miner and other scholars, was closer to an arched harp. The earliest lute and zither style veena playing musicians are evidenced in Hindu and Buddhist cave temple reliefs in the early centuries of the common era. Similarly, Indian sculptures from the mid-1st millennium CE depict musicians playing string instruments. By about the 6th century CE, the goddess Saraswati sculptures are predominantly with veena of the zither-style, similar to modern styles.


title: Veena

text: One of the early veenas used in India from early times until the Gupta period was an instrument of the harp type, and more precisely of the . It was played with the strings kept parallel to the body of the player, with both hands plucking the strings, as shown on Samudragupta's gold coins. The Veena Cave at Udayagiri has one of the earliest visual depictions of a veena player, considered to be Samudragupta.


title: Veena

text: At a first glance, the difference between the North and South Indian design is the presence of two resonant gourds in the North, while in the South, instead of the lower gourd there is a pear-shaped wooden body attached. However, there are other differences, and many similarities. Modern designs use fiberglass or other materials instead of hollowed jackwood and gourds. The construction is personalized to the musician's body proportions so that she can hold and play it comfortably. It ranges from about 3.5 to 4 feet (1 to 1.2 meters). The body is made of special wood and is hollow. Both designs have four melody strings, three drone strings and twenty-four frets. The instrument's end is generally tastefully shaped such as a swan and the external surfaces colorfully decorated with traditional Indian designs.


title: Veena

text: The melody strings are tuned in "c' g c G" (the tonic, the fifth, the octave and the fourth), from which "sarani" (chanterelle) is frequently used. The drone strings are tuned in "c" g' c"' (the double octave, the tonic and the octave). The drones are typically used to create rhythmic "tanams" of Indian classical music and to express harmony with clapped "tala" of the piece.


title: Veena

text: The main string is called "Nāyakī Tār" (नायकी तार), and in the Sarasvati veena it is on the onlooked's left side. The instrument is played with three fingers of the right (dominant) hand, struck inwards or outwards with a bent-wire plectrum (a "mizrab"). The index and second fingers strike inwards on the melody string, alternating between notes, and the little finger strikes outward on the sympathetic strings.


title: Veena

text: The "bola" alphabets struck in the North Indian veena are "da, ga, ra" on the main strings, and many others by a combination of fingers and other strings. The veena settings and tuning may be fixed or adjusted by loosening the pegs, to perform "Dhruva" from fixed and "Cala" with loosened pegs such that the second string and first string coincide.


title: Veena

text: One of the earliest description of the terminology currently used for veena construction, modification and operation appears in "Sangita Cudamani" by Govinda.


title: Veena

text: Being a generic name for any string instrument, there are numerous types of veena. Some significant ones are:


title: Marvis Frazier

text: Marvis Frazier (born September 12, 1960) is an American former professional boxer who fought in the heavyweight division.


title: Marvis Frazier

text: Marvis is the son of former heavyweight champion and Hall of Famer, Joe Frazier. Marvis was at ringside for all of his father's fights after the second Oscar Bonavena bout in December 1968, including the great fights with Muhammad Ali. Marvis exhibited four rounds with his father in Rochester, New York, on December 3, 1976, and staged another exhibition in 1977.) His sister Jackie Frazier-Lyde was also a professional boxer, as was his brother Joe Frazier, Jr. (a.k.a. Hector Frazier). Marvis lived with his family in a 16-room stone split-level home in Whitemarsh.


title: Marvis Frazier

text: Marvis was involved in other sports, but finally gave it all up in favor of boxing, "I played football and basketball and I wrestled, and I love them all, especially football. I was a running back. When I was in ninth grade, Duke and Temple talked to me about going there. But I fell so much in love with boxing. I gave up the other sports. Once I get into a sport. I dedicate myself to it. I don't believe in concentrating on more than one thing," Marvis Frazier said on his choice of boxing. He graduated from Plymouth-Whitemarsh High School in suburban Philadelphia


title: Marvis Frazier

text: Marvis was a highly touted prospect and among the top-ranked amateur heavyweights. He was the 1979 National Golden Gloves Heavyweight Champion and 1980 National AAU Heavyweight Champion. He was coached partly by his father, and in part by Georgie Benton and Val Colbert. "My dad tried not to play too active a role in my career for fear of putting pressure on me," Marvis said. Benton said that Marvis was a model kid. He grew up "like he was poor". According to Benton, "there were no favors. When the grass on the Fraziers' two-and-a-half acre plot needed cutting, Marvis did it. With a hand mower. He goes to choir practice Monday nights, Bible study Wednesday nights and church on Sunday. He doesn't smoke, drink or run around. Not because such strictures are demanded of him, but because that's the way he is boxing or no boxing."


title: Marvis Frazier

text: His amateur debut came on March 4, 1977, age 16, with a unanimous decision victory over David Bey in Philadelphia.


title: Marvis Frazier

text: In February 1979, Frazier was ranked #2 U.S. amateur heavyweight by the U.S. Amateur Boxers and Coaches Association, and #1 by the Amateur Athletic Union. Frazier was a runner-up for the 1979 Pan American Games, where he was expected to meet Teófilo Stevenson for the first time in this competition. He was concentrating on the Pan American trials and the Pan Am games, after that, he was aiming for a shot at the Olympics. "That's my goal," he said, but ultimately did not take part in the Pan Am trials on the advice of his father. Joe Frazier thought his 19-year-old son was still too young and inexperienced to meet Stevenson. Marvis didn't show at the 1979 National Sports Festival in Colorado Springs, Colorado, because his father insisted that they send airplane tickets for an accompanying entourage of three people with all expenses paid. Frazier also pulled out of the World Cup, staged in New York, in October 1979, for the event was largely neglected after Cuba was banned from participation after refusing to team-up with the U.S. to form the "North American team" to compete versus European and other world's athletes.


title: Marvis Frazier

text: Frazier intended to fly on LOT Polish Airlines Flight 7, where several of his teammates were killed, but his father always avoided flying, and forbade his son to fly as well. Frazier said of this experience:


title: Marvis Frazier

text: Among his best amateur wins were against future pro contender Mitch Green, and future champs Tim Witherspoon, and Bonecrusher Smith. He also decisioned amateur star Jimmy Clark (the #2 ranked amateur heavyweight in the country.) He was KOd by James Broad, a man "I know nothing about," in the 1980 Olympic Trials finals.


title: Marvis Frazier

text: Indiana vs. Pennsylvania Golden Glovers match-up, Tyndall Armory, Indianapolis, Indiana, August 1978:


title: Marvis Frazier

text: Frazier vs. Ali teams match-up, Resorts International Hotel Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, May 1979:


title: Marvis Frazier

text: Marvis promised there will be no pro career. "If I can get that Olympic medal, that's it. I'm going to college (Peirce Junior College in Philadelphia,) and then get in business," he said in 1979. But trainer Georgie Benton saw greater potential, "He's on the road to being a defensive genius. Give me 18 months and I'll have him looking like another Houdini. If you hit him with one hand, you better forget about hitting him with that hand again. You might as well put it in your pocket He can do whatever the situation calls for. He's 18, and he's doing some things the top contenders don't do. Wait until he matures and develops a man's strength," Benton said. Benton, predicted Marvis Frazier will be "the greatest heavyweight since Joe Louis."


title: Marvis Frazier

text: As a professional, Frazier is best remembered for two first-round knockout losses: a technical knockout from champion Larry Holmes in 1983 and a knockout by rising Mike Tyson in 1986. Pitted against Holmes after just ten professional fights (all victories), Frazier's camp touted his speed and youth as significant advantages over the champion. During the first minute, Frazier taunted Holmes by dropping his hands to his sides and playfully moving his head back and forth. Holmes knocked down Frazier with a right lead two minutes into the fight. Frazier took an eight-count and got back up. Frazier, badly hurt, absorbed heavy punches from Holmes, who appealed for the referee to stop the fight. Finally, the referee stopped the fight with just a few seconds left in the first round, awarding Holmes a technical knockout. Many in the sports press criticized Frazier's father, Joe Frazier, for changing his son's style from that of an out-fighter (which brought Marvis success as an amateur) to an in-fighter, which many thought did not suit Marvis.


title: Marvis Frazier

text: After his loss to Holmes, Frazier continued to fight and won his next six matches, including victories over future world cruiserweight champion Bernard Benton, heavyweight contenders José Ribalta and James Tillis, and future champion James "Bonecrusher" Smith. With the exception of a first-round knockout in his first fight after losing to Holmes, all of Frazier's fights went the full ten round distance with him winning unanimous or majority decisions in each fight.


title: Marvis Frazier

text: This set up the fight with the 24–0 Tyson, which was broadcast live from the Glens Falls Civic Center in Glens Falls, New York by ABC. Frazier quickly proved to be outmatched as Tyson landed a huge uppercut then followed with a combination that left Frazier unconscious. Referee Joe Cortez started to count while looking at Frazier, but immediately waved off the fight once he saw that Frazier was not responsive. The 30-second fight is Tyson's quickest knockout of his career.


title: Marvis Frazier

text: Recalling the fight in later years, Frazier conceded that he had underestimated Tyson. "Tyson was just another guy who was going to be a statistic. Yeah, that's what I thought. I threw a jab and that's all I remember."


title: Marvis Frazier

text: After Tyson, Frazier did not fight for a title again. After nearly a year away from the ring, Frazier returned to fight twice in two months, winning both of his fights over journeymen fighters. He won his final fight against Phillipp Brown in 1988, retiring with a career record of 19–2.


title: Marvis Frazier

text: After retiring from boxing, he became an ordained minister and active participant in Prison Fellowship Ministries. Frazier appeared on "The Howard Stern Show" with his father to promote HBO's "Thrilla in Manila" documentary on April 2, 2009.


title: Marvis Frazier

text: In 2013 Frazier completed his autobiography, "Meet Marvis Frazier: The Story of the Son of Smokin' Joe", with co-author Jamie Potter.


title: Game Grumps

text: Game Grumps is an American Let's Play web series hosted by Arin Hanson and Dan Avidan. Created in 2012 by co-hosts Hanson and Jon Jafari, the series centers around its hosts playing video games. After Jafari left the show in 2013 to focus on his own YouTube webseries, "JonTron", he was succeeded by Avidan.


title: Game Grumps

text: Since Jafari's departure, the channel has expanded to include other hosts, besides the main two, who have floated in and out of the channel over time as a part of spin-off shows. Those include Ross O'Donovan, Barry Kramer, Suzy Berhow, and Brian Wecht, as well as various guest hosts. , "Game Grumps" has over 5.35 million subscribers and over 6.2 billion total video views. "Game Grumps" have also developed and published two of their own video games, "" and "Soviet Jump Game", as well as writing the young adult novels "Ghost Hunters Adventure Club and the Secret of the Grande Chateau" and "Ghost Hunters Adventure Club and the Express Train to Nowhere".


title: Game Grumps

text: Episodes usually consist of two hosts or more playing a video game, featuring their commentary, experience with (and opinions of) the chosen game, as well as related and unrelated discussions, along with stories from their lives. Frequently this commentary features voice characterizations performed by the hosts, especially in the case of Hanson and Avidan. Many of the games played on the show are sent in by fans, who mail in games to the Grumps' PO box in Glendale, California.


title: Game Grumps

text: "Game Grumps" was created by Jon "JonTron" Jafari and Arin "Egoraptor" Hanson, and began with a video of the two playing "Kirby Super Star" uploaded on July 18, 2012 to video streaming site YouTube. According to Jafari and Hanson, the idea for the show came about when the two were arguing over whether or not the character Wolf from the fighting game "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" was too similar to the character Fox in terms of their fighting styles. After animator Ross O’Donovan told the duo about their tendency to be “grumpy” with each other over video games, Hanson came up with the idea of a podcast revolving around this concept, though the show ultimately became a video series on YouTube rather than a podcast. In September 2012, Barry Kramer was brought onto the show as an editor. Hanson and Jafari worked on the show together until June 25, 2013, when Jafari announced he would be leaving the show due to desires to focus on his own show. Many fans were upset by Jafari's departure from "Game Grumps", with many expressing disappointment in the decision's last-minute announcement, as well as the channel's decision to announce the beginning of "Steam Train" on the same day. After Jafari's departure, Ninja Sex Party vocalist Dan Avidan succeeded him as co-host of the main show. Avidan also joined animator Ross O'Donovan as co-host of the show "Steam Train" where both play PC games. This expanded the channel's output to three videos a day: two standard "Game Grumps" episodes and a single "Steam Train" episode. "Steam Train" later expanded to include Hanson as a co-host at times, as well as featuring one of the group's editors, Barry Kramer, and Hanson's wife Suzy Berhow.


title: Game Grumps

text: In December 2013, Kramer and Berhow began hosting "Table Flip", where they dress in Victorian/19th century American period clothing and play tabletop games, such as card games, board games, and tile-based games with other YouTube personalities. The series was professionally produced by Polaris, with seven cameras and extensive editing in post-production to fit the content to the show's 45 to 60 minute format on Polaris's website rather than the "Game Grumps" YouTube channel. The final episode of "Table Flip" aired on October 14, 2016.


title: Game Grumps

text: In November 2014, Kevin Abernathy was hired to assist Kramer with video editing and production. Although Abernathy took on editing for most of the series, Kramer continued to edit "Steam Train". Since Abernathy's departure from the show in mid-2016, Kramer, Ryan Magee, and Matt Watson had taken the editing duties.


title: Game Grumps

text: In January 2015, to celebrate reaching two million subscribers, a new show called "Grumpcade" was launched, featuring any combination of co-hosts playing console games. The show also features guest YouTube personalities, including game critics ProJared, The Completionist and YouTuber Markiplier. Shortly after, in February 2015, GrumpOut, a channel dedicated to recreational and live-action video projects, was created. In November 2015, Avidan's Ninja Sex Party bandmate Brian Wecht officially joined the team, leaving behind his career as a theoretical physicist.


title: Game Grumps

text: In February 2016, it was announced that Avidan and Hanson would appear at Hollywood Improv for a special performance of "Game Grumps Live" on March 30 and 31. Later, in April 2016, it was announced that Avidan and Hanson would appear at Levity Live in Nyack, New York for more performances of "Game Grumps Live" on April 29 and 30.


title: Game Grumps

text: On January 6, 2017, it was announced that the show's middle slot would no longer upload on a consistent schedule. While "Steam Train" and "Grumpcade" were not canceled, the format was changed so that they would be released only upon the creators' discretion on an occasional basis. A few substitute shows were created to fill the empty slot on certain days. These include "Doodle Doods", an artistic show hosted by O'Donovan and Chris O'Neil, "The G Club", a media-centric podcast show, and "Dragons in Places", an audio-only podcast detailing a "Dungeons & Dragons" campaign.


title: Game Grumps

text: In December 2017, Kramer announced that he would be departing from the show to focus on his own pursuits; he was replaced by Ryan Magee and Matt Watson.


title: Game Grumps

text: In May 2019, all episodes guest starring the YouTuber Jared "ProJared" Knabenbauer were first made private then deleted entirely, presumably in an effort by the "Game Grumps" to distance themselves from Knabenbaurer following allegations against him, in that he abused his fame to solicit nude photos from underage fans.


title: Game Grumps

text: Since 2015, "Game Grumps" has also been developing an animated series titled "Gameoverse", created by O'Donovan. By June 21, 2017, the development team had expanded to include writer Chad Quandt, concept artist Ashley Swaby, and the story artist Krooked_Glasses.


title: Game Grumps

text: Over time, "Game Grumps" has accumulated a variety of hosts, editors and other personnel since Jafari's departure in 2013, some of which are not mentioned below. All members have appeared in various roles outside of their main position.


title: Game Grumps

text: Official members according to the "Game Grumps" in various videos. These members have hosted various shows of their own, or have made appearances in Grumpcade and other series.


title: Game Grumps

text: Aside from Jon Jafari and Barry Kramer, "Game Grumps" has had a few editors who, aside from various appearances, were not necessarily dubbed as official members.


title: Game Grumps

text: In late 2013, the "Game Grumps" had put various games, which they'd received multiple copies of, on eBay for auction, with all the proceeds going to the children's charity Child's Play. After the auctions ended, they had raised a total of over $7,000.


title: Game Grumps

text: In June 2015, a 5-episode miniseries was released called "Guild Grumps". O'Donovan mentored Hanson, Avidan, Kramer and Berhow in a 5-day race to advance from Level 90 to Level 100 in "World of Warcraft". Each participant had $1,000 to donate to a charity of their choice, if they reached the goal. If they did not, their donation would be split between those who won. In the end, O'Donovan was the sole winner, and, combined with the participants' distributed funds, donated $5,000 to cancer research.


title: Game Grumps

text: In 2016, "Game Grumps" raised approximately $155,000 by hosting another charity livestream on Twitch, as well as redirecting all proceeds from an exclusive shirt to the cause. The livestream was for the Crisis Text Line; a free text service available for people experiencing moments of crisis.


title: Game Grumps

text: On February 17, 2018, "Game Grumps" held a 6-hour livestream on Twitch in which they played several games, including "Mad Max", "Half-Life 2", "Fallout", and "Overwatch", raising around $77,000 for the Crisis Text Line. Later in the same year, "Game Grumps" did another 6-hour livestream to raise money for Camp Kesem, raising over $37,000.


title: Game Grumps

text: On June 4, 2020, in wake of the George Floyd protests and Black Lives Matter movement, "Game Grumps" announced that they had donated a total of $20,000 to charities that support Black-owned Businesses, Black LGBTQ+ support groups and various bail funds to assist arrested protesters.


title: Game Grumps

text: In recent years, "Game Grumps" have expanded to content that is either only tangentially related to, or not at all related to video games. These include live-action comedy shows "10 Minute Power Hour" and "Good Content", "Good Game", a YouTube Premium exclusive show, and two "Game Grumps"-published books, "Ghost Hunters Adventure Club and the Secret of the Grande Chateau", and "Ghost Hunters Adventure Club and the Express Train to Nowhere", supposedly written by Hanson's estranged uncle Dr. Cecil H.H. Mills; Mills is physically portrayed by Hanson under "old man" makeup. The first book was released on March 10, 2020, and published by Permuted Press. The audiobook version of "Ghost Hunters Adventure Club and the Secret of the Grande Chateau" was released on Audible on August 19, 2020, narrated by Hanson in character as Dr. Cecil H. H. Mills. The second book in the series, "Ghost Hunters Adventure Club and the Express Train to Nowhere", was published on June 7, 2022, accompanied with its own theme song.


title: Game Grumps

text: In 2013, before Jafari's departure to work on his own "JonTron" series, Jafari and Hanson appeared in a promotional video for the Warner Bros. Pictures movie "Pacific Rim" produced by Polaris. The video also featured other internet personalities Jesse Cox, Brooke "Dodger" Lawson, Mike Lamond and John Bain. In the video they played new recruits under training by "The Lieutenant Commander" played by Robert Kazinsky.


title: Game Grumps

text: In 2015, the "Game Grumps" were featured in the official reveal trailer for the "Shovel Knight" Amiibo figure.


title: Game Grumps

text: The show and its hosts have since been referenced in a number of video games such as "DLC Quest" and "The Angry Video Game Nerd Adventures".


title: Game Grumps

text: In the third issue of the 2016 "Doctor Who" Ninth Doctor comic series, an alien girl is seen wearing a "Hey I'm Grump! I'm Not So Grump!" shirt.


title: Game Grumps

text: A specially modified version of the demo for "The Stanley Parable" was played on the channel's side show "Steam Train" which addressed the show's hosts, Dan Avidan and Ross O'Donovan.


title: Game Grumps

text: In an interview with "Entertainment Weekly", Olympic swimmer Tom Shields said that "Game Grumps" was one of his favorite shows and that he watched it "almost daily." He mentioned that the show's hosts "helped him normalize a lot of things. It's kind of a new phenomenon in his life."


title: Game Grumps

text: In 2021, "Game Grumps" was cited as an example of a "comfort creator" in an article from "The New York Times."


title: Game Grumps

text: "Guest Grumps" is a spin-off series in which each episode features a special guest star. In addition to the roster of guests, the hosts have jokingly expressed a wish for Gordon Ramsay and Barack Obama to come on the show. The following list is in order from their first appearance on the show.


title: Game Grumps

text: On June 13, 2017, "Game Grumps" announced on their official Twitter account that they were developing a video game of their own. A teaser trailer for the game was released on June 18, 2017, titled "". After some delays, Dream Daddy was released on Steam on July 20, 2017 on both Windows and MacOS. The game was later ported to Linux, PlayStation 4, and Nintendo Switch. On the day of its release, Hanson stated that "Game Grumps" was now a video game development studio.


title: Game Grumps

text: In November 2019, the channel posted two videos covering games for the Dendy video game console. It was followed by a video on December 3, 2019, where Arin Hanson "discovered" a multiplayer battle royale game for the console. The following day it was revealed to be an elaborate promotion for "Soviet Jump Game", the second video game to be published by "Game Grumps", with a trailer released that same day. The game was released for free on Steam on January 9, 2020.


title: Gauleiter

text: A Gauleiter () was a regional leader of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) who served as the head of a "Gau" or "Reichsgau". "Gauleiter" was the third-highest rank in the Nazi political leadership, subordinate only to "Reichsleiter" and to the "Führer" himself. The position was effectively abolished with the fall of the Nazi regime on 8 May 1945.


title: Gauleiter

text: The first use of the term "Gauleiter" by the Nazi Party was in 1925 around the time Adolf Hitler re-founded the Party on 27 February, after the lifting of the ban that had been imposed on it in the aftermath of the Beer Hall Putsch of 9 November 1923. The word can be singular or plural in German usage, depending on its context, and derives from the German words "Gau" and "leiter" ("leader"). The word "Gau" is an old term for a region of the German "Reich" (Empire). The Frankish Realm and the Holy Roman Empire were both subdivided into "Gaue" (the plural form of "Gau") which corresponds roughly with the English word "shire." It is still in use today as a generic component in the names of some regions mainly in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Belgium. (see: "Gau" Legacy).


title: Gauleiter

text: In its formative years, local political activists organized the Party at the municipal level in their home areas. In effect, they were self-selected or had won out in local struggles for control. Though they were required to be approved by Hitler, this was usually a formality in these early years when he was still banned from speaking throughout most of Germany and had to rely on these home-grown leaders to organize the Party at the grass roots. In fact, it was not uncommon for local branch leaders to be selected by the Party members themselves. This was not officially prohibited by Hitler until 1929. By creating the position of "Gauleiter", Hitler provided a means for him to exert more direct control over the local Party organizations. The "Gauleiter" was placed in charge of a specified geographical jurisdiction consisting of several "Ortsgruppe" (Local Groups).


title: Gauleiter

text: The "Gaue" did not necessarily mirror the existing administrative or electoral divisions within the Weimar Republic. In these early years (1925-1927) it was not unusual for the local and regional organizations to be divided, dissolved, merged and renamed as the Party struggled to develop an improved organizational structure.


title: Gauleiter

text: The number of "Gaue" fluctuated over the years. In 1928 there were 35 and by the end of the Nazi regime there were 43, including the non-territorial "Gau Auslands-Organisation" that represented Germans abroad.


title: Gauleiter

text: The "Gauleiters" were appointed by Hitler (though in the earliest years Gregor Strasser had provisionally selected some in Northern Germany who still had to be confirmed in their position by Hitler). They were personally responsible to Hitler, served at his pleasure and were subject to immediate dismissal, but otherwise could not be removed without his consent. They were his personal representatives to the "Gau" and were, in effect, his viceroys in Party matters.


title: Gauleiter

text: The Organization Book of the NSDAP described the "Gauleiter’s" relationship to Hitler in this manner:


title: Gauleiter

text: The "Gauleiter" is directly subordinate to the "Führer". He is appointed by the "Führer". The "Gauleiter" bears overall responsibility to the "Führer" for the sector of sovereignty entrusted to him. The rights, duties, and jurisdiction of the "Gauleiter" result primarily from the mission assigned by the "Führer" and, apart from that, from detailed directives.


title: Gauleiter

text: "Gauleiters" were the regional heads of the Nazi Party's Political Organization and headed the "Gauleitung" ("Gau" Leadership) office. The responsibility and function of the "Gauleiter" was to ensure the authority of the Nazi Party within his area, to coordinate the activities of the Party and all its affiliated organizations, and to enlarge the influence of the Party over people and life in his "Gau".


title: Gauleiter

text: However, "Gauleiters" did not have direct supervisory control over the "Gau" paramilitary personnel, such as the "Sturmabteilung" (SA) or the "Schutzstaffel" (SS). In addition, subordinate "Gau" officials such as the Propaganda Leader, the Agricultural Expert and others owed a dual allegiance to the "Gauleiter" in their particular geographic area and to the head of the affiliate organization for their specific policy area at the national level. This made the "Gauleiter’s " coordination and control of all Party activities difficult and, at times, conflictive.


title: Gauleiter

text: The authority of the "Gauleiter" extended down through the Party organization to all members through a strict vertical chain of command. The "Gauleiter" had direct authority over the "Kreisleiters" (County Leaders) who administered some 650 "Kreise" in Germany proper (913 at the height of expansion after 1941) and were established as an intermediary level between the "Gauleiter" and the local leaders in early 1929. These "Kreisleiters" in turn directed the "Ortsgruppenleiters" who oversaw towns or villages or part of a larger city, usually 1500 to 3000 households. "Ortsgruppenleiters" directed "Zellenleiters" (Cell Leaders) responsible for 160 to 480 households. "Zellenleiters" supervised the lowest local leaders, "Blockleiters" (Block Leaders) each of whom had charge of 40 to 60 households.


title: Gauleiter

text: As the Party evolved its goal from revolutionary overthrow of the Weimar Republic to obtaining power through constitutional means, tactics for obtaining electoral success became paramount. In 1928, in preparation for more effectively contesting the upcoming "Reichstag" election, a major reorganization took place and most "Gaue" boundaries were adjusted to correspond with the existing "Reichstag" electoral constituencies, though a handful continued to be idiosyncratic. The role of the "Gauleiters" also evolved to become more administrative, involved in propaganda, organization and electioneering. Success was measured in terms of increased Party membership and voter turnout.


title: Gauleiter

text: At the local level, "Gauleiters" often were elected as city councilors, as mayors and as deputies to the "Landtags" of the German States (Länder) where they headed the Nazi Party parliamentary faction. The first State to install its "Gauleiter" as Minister-president was Oldenburg on 16 June 1932, followed by Thuringia on 26 August 1932. Once in office, they proceeded to politicize all aspects of life within their control, and staffed civil service positions solely with candidates previously screened and approved by Party functionaries.


title: Gauleiter

text: In July 1932, Strasser, now the Party "Reichsorganisationsleiter" (National Organization Leader) attempted to impose an additional centralized control over the "Gauleiters". Therefore, they were subordinated to ten new officials with the title of "Landesinspektor", mainly drawn from among the "Gauleiter" corps, each in charge of several "Gaue" within a larger geographic area. This intermediate level of bureaucracy limited "Gauleiters"' access to Hitler and they chafed under this new arrangement, which they saw as an attempt by Strasser to undermine their special relationship with Hitler.


title: Gauleiter

text: This reorganization was short-lived and was repealed on 15 December 1932, after Strasser's resignation in a policy dispute with Hitler over whether to join in a national coalition government as a junior partner or to hold out for the Chancellorship. Hitler then reemphasized the special relationship between himself and the "Gauleiters" and they resumed their direct access to him.


title: Gauleiter

text: On 30 January 1933, the Nazi Party took power and established the state of Nazi Germany. At the national government level, Hitler selected two "Gauleiters" to also become "Reichsministers" of two of the new ministries that he established: the Reich Ministry of Propaganda in March 1933 and the Reich Ministry of Science, Education and Culture in May 1934.


title: Gauleiter

text: As for regional governments, the "Gauleiters" quickly became the key agents in extending Nazi control over the German States (Länder) and Prussian provincial governments. "Gauleiters" soon obtained unquestioned authority in their jurisdiction. Party control over the civil administration became institutionalized when in most (but not all) cases the "Gauleiter" was appointed to the supreme civil administrative post in his area. Under the “Second Law for the Synchronization of the States with the Reich” of 7 April 1933, the new position of "Reichsstatthalter" (Reich Governor) was created. Given broad powers, this official was charged with ensuring State compliance with the policies of the Reich central government, and was described by Hitler as a “viceroy of the Reich.” Hitler staffed these posts almost exclusively with "Gauleiters". Similarly, in the Prussian provinces, the "Oberpräsident" (High President) positions also were largely taken over by "Gauleiters". Most "Gauleiters" thus united under their control the highest Party and governmental offices in their jurisdictions. However, since all Party "Gau" boundaries and State/provincial boundaries still did not necessarily coincide, this arrangement sometimes led to overlapping jurisdictions and added to the administrative conflict typical of Nazi Germany.


title: Gauleiter

text: On 2 June 1933 Hitler created the new political rank of "Reichsleiter" (Reich Leader) in the Nazi Party and conferred it on 16 individuals with areas of broad national policy responsibility (e.g., propaganda, agriculture, the press, youth education). "Gauleiter" then became the third-highest rank in the Nazi political leadership, just below "Reichsleiter". Importantly, however, the "Reichsleiters" were not given direct line authority over the "Gauleiters" who continued to have direct access to Hitler and remained his personal agents in the "Gaue".


title: Gauleiter

text: After the "Anschluss" with Austria (12 March 1938) and the seizure of the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia (30 September 1938) the newly annexed territories were eventually organized into eight "Reichsgaue" and placed under the administration of "Reichsstatthalters," all of whom were also the local "Gauleiters". As in Germany proper, they controlled, in personal union, Party and State leadership.


title: Gauleiter

text: The "Gauleiters" were responsible for executing all the Party's policies, including its racial discrimination and persecution policies against the Jewish populace. One of the most infamous pogroms of the Nazi era, the "Kristallnacht" of 9-10 November 1938, had its origin at a meeting of the Nazi Party hierarchy in Munich commemorating the 15th anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch. During the meeting, in response to the news of the assassination by a Jew of a German diplomat in Paris, Joseph Goebbels gave such an inflammatory address against the Jews that it sent the assembled "Gauleiters" rushing to the telephones to order punitive riots in their "Gaue". On their orders, their local Political Organizations, together with SA members, unleashed an orgy of violence, arson, looting and destruction, resulting in deaths, injuries and massive property loss among Germany's Jewish population.


title: Gauleiter

text: On the launching of World War II in Europe on 1 September 1939, fifteen "Gauleiters" were appointed Reich Defense Commissioners "(Reichsverteidigungskommissar)" one in each military district ("Wehrkreis") of Germany and Austria. They were charged with organizing civil defense and mobilization activities, including air defense and evacuation. They also oversaw wartime rationing measures and efforts to control the black market. Again, due to the additional overlapping and incongruent territorial jurisdictions, this contributed to ongoing jurisdictional squabbles.


title: Gauleiter

text: After the conquest and annexation of Polish territory in October 1939, the newly added areas were organized into two new "Reichsgaue" and subjected to rule by "Reichsstatthalters" who were also Nazi Party "Gauleiters". Here they were placed in charge of a ruthless policy of Germanization and genocide.


title: Gauleiter

text: In 1940-1941 as additional military conquests occurred, four "Gauleiters" were selected to concurrently administer other occupied lands not directly annexed to the Reich. Granted the title of "Reichskommissar," they ruled vast swaths of territory encompassing Norway, Belgium & Northern France, Ukraine and ”Ostland”. Another six "Gauleiters" were named Chief of Civil Administration of areas adjacent to their "Gaue" in Alsace, Lorraine, Luxembourg, Lower Styria, Upper Carniola and Bezirk Bialystok.


title: Gauleiter

text: On 16 November 1942, the jurisdiction of the Reich Defense Commissioners was changed from the "Wehrkreis" to the "Gau" level, and all 42 territorial "Gauleiters" were appointed as Reich Defense Commissioners in their jurisdictions. They were charged with maximizing the mobilization of all internal manpower resources by registering men and women between the ages of sixteen and sixty for war-related work assignments. They were even put in charge of the construction of defensive fortifications with the use of forced labor and the civilian population. This led to further jurisdictional conflict between the military and civil authorities.


title: Gauleiter

text: As the war progressed and the direction of the war effort consumed most of Hitler's time and attention, he became increasingly inaccessible to the "Gauleiters". Almost constantly away at his military headquarters, Hitler decreed that all Party matters should be communicated to him only through Martin Bormann, who headed the Nazi Party Chancellery from May 1941 and was made “Secretary to the "Führer"” in April 1943. All communications between government ministries and the "Gauleiters" also was routed through Bormann.


title: Gauleiter

text: In an interrogation before the Nuremberg Trials, "Reichsminister" of Armaments and War Production Albert Speer described the difficulty "Reichsministers" had in dealing with the fiercely independent "Gauleiters":


title: Gauleiter

text: [the "Gauleiters’"] general attitude was that they were bound only by orders coming directly from Hitler. They would accept decisions by other agencies only as long as they suited them, but if the "Gauleiters" disapproved they simply failed to carry them out. This applied also to directives from the Reich Ministries … [if] an order or directive did not suit a "Gauleiter" he would immediately declare that he was taking orders from Hitler only. Bormann, in order to strengthen this attitude, issued most of his own orders in the name of the "Führer".


title: Gauleiter

text: In October 1944, the Nazi Party mobilized a national militia, the "Volkssturm". Each "Gauleiter" was charged with the organization, enrollment, training and leadership of the "Volkssturm" battalions in their jurisdiction. These units were staffed by conscripting males between the ages of 16 and 60 who were not already serving in the military. The "Volkssturm" comprised one of the final components of the total war effort promulgated by Goebbels in his role of Reich Plenipotentiary for Total War.


title: Gauleiter

text: Towards the end of the war, the "Gauleiters", in their capacity as Reich Defense Commissioners, were given a key role in implementing Hitler's scorched earth policy as laid out in the Nero Decree of 19 March 1945. Many "Gauleiters", knowing the war was lost, refused to carry out the orders, but several of the most fanatical among them ordered the destruction of bridges, utility plants, factories, and other important infrastructure ahead of the advancing Allied troops.


title: Gauleiter

text: Approximately 125 men held the position of "Gauleiter". Many shared a common background. Most of them, particularly during the early years, were drawn from the cadre of “old fighters” that had helped Hitler forge the Party during the Kampfzeit (Time of Struggle). Most had been born in the last decade of the 19th century and came of age during World War I. They had fought in the war, and afterward many served in the paramilitary "Freikorps", battling Communists and other left-wing groups. Most had at least a secondary school education and many had some higher education. Many were teachers or commercial clerks. Though advanced degrees were rare, there were some Ph.D.s, lawyers, medical doctors and a dentist among their numbers. Most were middle class, with very few from the proletarian working class. Many experienced interrupted education and careers that were not resumed because of their war service. Drawn to right wing, anti-Semitic and völkisch organizations, they gravitated to the Nazi Party in the immediate post-war years.


title: Gauleiter

text: Those that were appointed in later years, particularly after the start of the Second World War, tended to be younger and better educated. Born in the first decade of the twentieth century, most were products of a later phase of the Party's development. They had some experience in the Party bureaucracy, either at the "Gau" level or in the Party Chancellery under Bormann, and were trained as administrators.


title: Gauleiter

text: Though their tenure in office fluctuated, once the geographical re-organizations and personnel instability of the early years had passed, it was not unusual for "Gauleiters" to remain in their posts until they died. Though a small number were removed for corruption, cowardice or other malfeasance, a handful also managed to remain in office throughout the entire 20 years from 1925 to 1945.


title: Gauleiter

text: Most "Gauleiters" were members of one or more of the Nazi Party's paramilitary units, the "Sturmabteilung" (SA), the "Schutzstaffel" (SS) or the National Socialist Motor Corps (NSKK) in which they usually carried the rank of "Obergruppenführer".


title: Gauleiter

text: "Gauleiters" comprised one-third of the Nazi Party electoral list for the parliamentary election of 1928 and were among the first 12 Nazis elected. After the Nazis came to power, "Gauleiters" routinely sat as deputies in the "Reichstag". In addition, those whose "Gaue" were in Prussia were also made members of the Prussian State Council.


title: Gauleiter

text: In addition, many former "Gauleiters" who had been either removed from office or promoted to other positions also committed suicide (four), died in captivity (four), were imprisoned and released (four), or were executed (one).


title: Gauleiter

text: By 1939, the entire Nazi Party paramilitary rank system had been overhauled, introducing completely new insignia consisting of pips, bars, and as many as four miniature oak leaves per collar to represent Nazi Party political rank. The "Gauleiter" insignia, however, was considered too well "entrenched" to change and thus was not incorporated into the new insignia system. Instead, the Gauleiter continued to wear the pre-war two oak leaf insignia, with the rank seen as existing outside of the hierarchy, senior to all other Nazi Party ranks, with the exception of "Reichsleiter". Both "Gauleiter" and "Reichsleiter" insignia was modified slightly to display a more pronounced national eagle crest, and both ranks were permitted to wear special party armbands.


title: Gauleiter

text: Gauleiter also had the right to display a special vehicle flag when traveling, as a status symbol of their position.


title: Gauleiter

text: All political leaders working at the "Gau" level had rhomboid collar tabs with red facings (not brown), with a dark wine-red (burgundy) colored piping around the outer edges. Reich-level collar tabs had a bright crimson facing, with gold piping; "Kreis" level tabs had a dark chocolate brown facing, with white piping, while "Ort" level tabs had a light brown facing with light blue piping. The political leader collar-tab system was quite complicated and underwent four changes (complexity increasing with each change); the final (fourth) pattern as described above, was introduced around the end of 1938—by this time, with many more job positions within each level; this made the fourth pattern collar tab rank system by far the most complicated of all. The "Gauleiter" had authority over the district leaders ("kreisleiter"), who in turn directed chapter leaders ("Ortsgruppenleiter"). An "Ortsgruppe" (chapter) encompassed 1500 households—usually a city suburb or a few villages. Chapter leaders directed cell leaders ("Zellenleiter"), responsible for 160 to 480 households. "Zellenleiter" had control over the lowest local leaders, "Blockleiter", each of whom had charge of one block consisting of 40 to 60 households. The cell and block leaders at the bottom of the hierarchy gave the party a strong hold on the civilian populace.


title: Gauleiter

text: The original insignia for a "Gauleiter" consisted of Army-styled collar tabs, accompanied by a braided shoulder cord worn on a brown Nazi Party shirt. After 1933, the "Gauleiter" adopted a two oak leaf insignia worn on a brown colored collar patch. The "Stellvertreter-Gauleiter" ("Deputy-Gauleiter") wore a single oak leaf.


title: Gauleiter

text: The positional title immediately subordinate to the "Gauleiter" was the "Stellvertreter-Gauleiter" (Deputy Gau Leader). Between 1933 and 1939, this position was an actual rank, annotated by a single oak leaf collar patch, in contrast to the two used for the "Gauleiter". Due to the infighting of Nazi party politics, regulations had been introduced by 1935 to prevent a Deputy Gauleiter from succeeding his own superior, thus discouraging acts of discrediting a "Gauleiter" in the hopes that the Deputy would take his place.


title: Gauleiter

text: The World War II era Nazi ranks incorporated the "Stellvertreter-Gauleiter" rank as a positional title, paired with a corresponding Nazi Party paramilitary rank and doing away with the previous single leaf insignia and the actual rank of Deputy Gauleiter. Accordingly, with the single leaf political insignia discontinued, the insignia of "Gauleiter" displayed two leaves although a single leaf insignia no longer existed.


title: Parañaque

text: Parañaque, officially the City of Parañaque (, ), is a first class highly urbanized city in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 689,992 people.


title: Parañaque

text: It is bordered to the north by Pasay, to the northeast by Taguig, to the southeast by Muntinlupa, to the southwest by Las Piñas, and to the west by Manila Bay. Like the rest of Metro Manila, Parañaque experiences a tropical climate with only two distinct seasons, wet (July to September) and dry (October to June). The city enjoys an annual rainfall of and an average daily maximum temperature of .


title: Parañaque

text: Parañaque is the home of the PAGCOR Entertainment City, a gaming and entertainment complex under development by the state owned Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation spanning an area of in Bay City, where four large integrated resorts are based namely Solaire Resort & Casino, City of Dreams Manila, Okada Manila, and the soon to be completed Westside City Resorts World. It is also the home of the Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange public transport and the Aseana City business district development which includes Ayala Malls Manila Bay.


title: Parañaque

text: Several myths exist as to how Parañaque got its name. One story holds that long ago, a "balete" (banyan) tree that looked like a majestic ship stood at the mouth of what is now called the Parañaque River. It earned the name "Palanyag", taken from the term ""palayag"", which means “point of navigation”.


title: Parañaque

text: Another folktale says that before the Spaniards arrived, there were natives who lived close to Manila Bay, and their occupation was fishing ("pangingisdâ"). Their neighbours to the east in modern Muntinlupa were farmers and called ""tagá-palayán"" ("of the rice paddies"). One day, the fishermen and rice farmers held a feast, and were drunk from "tubâ" (coconut toddy). One farmer suggested they name the whole place ""Palayán"" as a sign of cooperation and goodwill between them. A fisherman protested, saying they should name it ""Palalayag"" instead. As a compromise, they agreed to merge the two words and came up with ""Palalanyag"". Another drunken guest shouted, “"Mabuhay ang Palanyag at ang mga tagá-Palanyag!”" ("Long live "Palanyag" and those of "Palanyag"!") The rest liked this word better, and the place was called ""Palanyag"".


title: Parañaque

text: A third myth tells that Spanish soldiers in a horse-drawn carriage asked to be taken to a certain place. When they arrived, one of the soldiers ordered, ""¡Para aquí! ¡Para aquí!"" (“Stop here! Stop here!”), which the coachman did not understand. The soldier repeated it and later, the coachman left the carriage and told others “These Spaniards are repeatedly saying ""para aniya ake...para aniya ake"” to the laughter of the crowd. The story spread, and the term ""Para Aniya Ake"" stuck.


title: Parañaque

text: ""On the coast near Manila are Laguo (i.e. Lagyo), Malahat, Longalo, Palañac, Vakol, Minacaya, and Cavite. All these villages are in the neighborhood of Cavite, and belong to His Majesty, to whom they pay tribute.""


title: Parañaque

text: – Miguel de Loarca, "Relación de Yslas Filipinas" (1582)Historically speaking, the earliest Spanish records (de Loarca's "Relación" etc.) listed the settlement as ""Palañac"", which indicates that by at least the late 16th century, the place's name was something akin to ""Palanyag"".


title: Parañaque

text: Due to their proximity to the sea, the early Parañaqueños traded with the Chinese, Japanese, Indonesians, Indians, and Malays. Traditional occupations and trades included saltmaking, fishing, planting rice, shoemaking, slipper-making and weaving.


title: Parañaque

text: Parañaque was officially founded in the year 1580 by Order of Saint Augustine and it was Fray Diego de Espiñar, O.S.A. who became the first minister of the town. The Council of the Definitors (a conference of chiefs of the religious orders) held on June 11, 1580 (Conquistas delas Islas of Fray Gaspar San Agustin, O.S.A.) accepted the village of Palanyag, as Parañaque, as an independent "pueblo". Other towns in the islands which simultaneously established on the same date according to the 1580 chapter of the Augustinians were Malolos (in Bulacan), Bulacabe (on Panay) and Bantayan (in Cebu). The image of Palanyag's patroness, Nuestra Señora del Buen Suceso de Palanyag, was brought to Saint Andrew's Parish in La Huerta on August 10, 1625. Nuestra Señora del Buen Suceso de Palanyag is the third oldest Marian Image in the Philippines.


title: Parañaque

text: Early Spanish census dated 1591 to 1593 also mentioned Longalo and Parañaque as two villages along Manila Bay composed of some 800 tribute-payers. Politically, Don Galo and Parañaque were then under the Encomienda and Provincia de Tondo. The community was headed by "cabezas de barangay", a westernized version of "datus" (chieftains), and the "principalía" (Hispanicised local nobility), who together justified and moderated the demands of the Spanish colonizers. Education was limited to the "principalía" as they were the only ones who could afford it.


title: Parañaque

text: Historical accounts state that the town's strategic location enabled the townspeople to play an important role in Philippine history. Palanyag was located at the crossroads of Manila, between the provinces of Cavite and Batangas. In 1574, during the invasion of the town by the Chinese pirate Limahong, Parañaquenos, particularly those from Don Galo, heroically aided in preventing the attack on Manila. This incident became known as the "Red Sea Incident" due to the blood that flowed through the sacrifice of the people of "barrio" Santa Monica. With the arrival of Spanish forces led by Captain Juan de Salcedo from Ilocos, Limahong was finally repulsed, and the occupation of the town was averted.


title: Parañaque

text: When the British invaded Manila in 1762, the townspeople once again remained loyal to the Spanish colonizers, especially the Augustinians. The invasion however showed that the Spaniards was not invincible and that their rule was not to be permanent. More than a hundred years later, this would prove to be true. During the Philippine Revolution of 1896–1898, the Spaniards realized that the town was a practical gateway to Cavite, the bastion of the revolutionary Katipuneros. Conversely, the Katipuneros based in Cavite saw the town as their gateway to Intramuros, the Spanish seat of government in Manila. Prominent Paraqueños such as Manuel Quiogue and secular priest Father Pedro Dandan y Masangkay became leading revolutionary figures.


title: Parañaque

text: During the American Period of the Philippines, Parañaque became part of the newly established province of Rizal in 1901. The municipality was previously part of the province of Manila, which was disestablished on the same year.


title: Parañaque

text: On October 12, 1903, Las Piñas was merged to become part of Parañaque. However, it was later separated on March 27, 1907, to become an independent town once again.


title: Parañaque

text: On January 1, 1942, Parañaque was one of the towns of Rizal that was merged with Manila and Quezon City to form the City of Greater Manila. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II, Parañaque supplied leadership to guerilla movements such as the Hunters ROTC, as well as food and arms. Parañaque was one of the first towns to be liberated and its guerillas helped pave the way for the combined American and Philippine Commonwealth forces to enter the south of Manila. As can be gleaned from the above, Parañaque has played and continues to play a strategic role in the Philippines' political and economic progress, as shown by the quick recovery the town shown following the damage it incurred during the long Battle of Manila in 1945. The City of Greater Manila was disestablished effective August 1, 1945.


title: Parañaque

text: On November 7, 1975, Parañaque was separated from Rizal and became part of Metropolitan Manila or the National Capital Region by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 824.


title: Parañaque

text: Parañaque was later converted as the eleventh city of Metro Manila on February 15, 1998, and was chartered and urbanized through President Fidel V. Ramos during the celebration of the city's 418th Founding Anniversary. Joey Marquez became its first city mayor.


title: Parañaque

text: Owing to Parañaque's strategic location, it is an important center for trade and business in Metro Manila. Baclaran, where a large number of dry goods stores are located, is one of the busiest markets in the country. Small fishing villages called “fisherman's wharves” are also situated alongside Barangay La Huerta, where the famous DAMPA, a seaside market with numerous restaurants serving fresh seafood, is found. This has the country's international airport and the Duty Free Philippines for imported goods. and of course Ang Bagong Nayong Pilipino Entertainment City where three integrated resorts (IR) licensed by PAGCOR - Philippine Amusement & Gaming Corporation are located. On October 9, 2018, the Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange was officially opened in Parañaque City, and is the first landport in the Philippines.


title: Parañaque

text: Parañaque is situated in the southern portion of Metro Manila. It is subdivided into two distinct districts, each of which contains eight barangays. District I comprises Baclaran, Tambo, Don Galo, Santo Niño, La Huerta, San Dionisio, Vitalez and San Isidro, while the District II consists of Barangays BF, San Antonio, Marcelo Green, Sun Valley, Don Bosco, Moonwalk, Merville and San Martin de Porres.


title: Parañaque

text: The native languages of Parañaque are Tagalog and Spanish, Parañaque being the natal place of the great Filipino writer Manuel Bernabé, but the majority of the residents can understand and speak English, and the use and knowledge of Spanish in Parañaque is now almost non-existent.


title: Parañaque

text: Roman Catholic churches in Parañaque are under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Parañaque. There are two National Shrines, the National Shrine of Our Mother of Perpetual Help (commonly known as the Baclaran Church or Redemptorist Church) and the National Shrine of Mary Help of Christians; the Parañaque Cathedral or the Cathedral Parish of St. Andrew is the oldest church in Parañaque and the mother church of the Diocese of Parañaque. There are about 90 parishes and 2 sub-parishes. El Shaddai, a Catholic charismatic renewal movement, is centered in the city.


title: Parañaque

text: Born Again Evangelical Christian Churches Christ Commission Fellowship BF Parañaque, Greenhills Christian Fellowship Sucat, Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide Parañaque, Word International Ministries, Victory Christian Fellowship Parañaque, Citygate Christian Ministries, South Gate Baptist Church are also located in this city.


title: Parañaque

text: The Greek Orthodox Church (from which the icon of the Perpetual Help originated) also has a cathedral in United Paranaque V - the Annunciation of the Theotokos Orthodox Cathedral - the first Orthodox church in Southeast Asia consecrated by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. [http://www.orthodox.cn/news/20000420philippines_en.htm <nowiki>[16]</nowiki>]


title: Parañaque

text: Other Christian denominations include the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , Iglesia ni Cristo and Members Church of God International. There are also a number of non-Catholic (mostly Protestant) churches in Parañaque.


title: Parañaque

text: There is also a minority of Muslims, primarily living on Baclaran. There are two mosques in Parañaque.


title: Parañaque

text: Parañaque also relies on shopping centers as part of its economy. The principal malls include SM City Sucat (opened in July 2001), SM City Bicutan (opened in 2002), and SM City BF Parañaque (opened in 2016), all owned and operated by SM Supermalls of SM Prime Holdings. Ayala Malls Manila Bay, owned and operated by Ayala Malls, started its operation on September 26, 2019. Robinsons operates one mall inside BF Homes and one supermarket. There are also smaller malls like Jaka Plaza, Pergola Lifestyle Mall, Aseana Square Mall, and Noah's Place Mall. Walter Mart has two malls of its franchise inside Parañaque. Duty-Free Fiesta Mall is also located in Parañaque. Baclaran functions as the city's flea market, primarily selling clothing, especially school uniforms and costumes.


title: Parañaque

text: Hotels and gambling also form part of Parañaque's economy. Integrated resorts Solaire Resort & Casino, City of Dreams Manila and Okada Manila attract foreign tourists. Closed in 2014, Casino Filipino once served as a casino in the city until the opening of Ang Bagong Nayon Pilipino or Entertainment City, in parts of barangays Tambo and Don Galo. Cockfighting is also common in the barangays. The Roligon Mega-Cockpit, found in Tambo, is considered as the largest and most modern cockpit in Asia.


title: Parañaque

text: Parañaque is composed of two congressional districts and two legislative districts which are further subdivided into 16 Barangays. 1st District consists of eight "barangays" in the western half of the city, whilst 2nd District consists of eight barangays in the eastern part of the city.


title: Parañaque

text: Parañaque is famous for its lively festivals, such as the "Caracol", a festival that revolves around boats.


title: Parañaque

text: The Sunduan Festival is a tradition in the city that depicts the act of a man fetching the object of his affection from the woman's home to bring her to church or the town plaza. Both festivals are held around February 13–15 for the cityhood of Parañaque's anniversary.


title: Parañaque

text: The city stages the "cenaculo", a reenactment of the passion of Christ, during Holy Week, the "Pasko ng Pagkabuhay" during Easter, and the "Santacruzan", a procession reenacting the search of the True Cross of Christ, in May. Shortly thereafter, the colorful "Flores de Mayo", a festival commemorating the discovery of the cross by Queen Elena (mother of St. Constantine) is held.


title: Parañaque

text: An outstanding feature of this historic town by the bay is the cultivation of its cultural traditions such as the "komedya" and "bati-bati", among others, that continue to attract local and foreign tourists alike, especially during the summer months.


title: Parañaque

text: Parañaque is also the home of Olivarez Coliseum located inside the Olivarez College in Sucat, Parañaque where they hosted the Parañaque City Patriots of the MPBL.


title: Parañaque

text: Parañaque is served by the LRT-1 (via Baclaran station which is located in Pasay) and the PNR (via Bicutan station). The LRT-1 is to be extended to Bacoor. The actual construction officially started on May 7, 2019, because the right-of-way was cleared from obstructions. The actual construction will start from Baclaran to Sucat. The groundbreaking of LRT Line 1 South Extension Project was held on May 4, 2017. Once it becomes operational, Parañaque will be served by the LRT-1 (via Redemptorist, Manila International Airport, Asia World, Ninoy Aquino, and Dr. Santos). The extension is slated for partial operations by late 2024 or early 2025 and full operations by second quarter of 2027.


title: Parañaque

text: Parañaque is the location of Terminal 1 of Ninoy Aquino International Airport as the airport complex sits on the Pasay-Parañaque border. It is located along Ninoy Aquino Avenue and many major international airlines operate flights from the terminal.


title: Parañaque

text: Expressways, like Skyway, South Luzon Expressway (Skyway At-Grade), and Manila-Cavite Expressway (CAVITEX), connect the city with the rest of Metro Manila and Calabarzon. The at-grade portion of Skyway in Parañaque has two service roads, namely the West Service Road and East Service Road, which both serves the communities and businesses lying near the expressway. The NAIA Expressway is an elevated airport expressway that connects the Ninoy Aquino International Airport, CAVITEX, Skyway and Entertainment City. The section of C-5 Southlink Expressway from Santo Niño to CAVITEX is under construction and will directly connect Circumferential Road 5 (C-5) with CAVITEX.


title: Parañaque

text: Dr. Santos Avenue (formerly Sucat Road), Roxas Boulevard, Doña Soledad Avenue and Quirino Avenue function as the city's principal arterial roads. Carlos P. Garcia Avenue (C-5 South Extension), which has been involved in land ownership controversies involving then-Senator Manny Villar, serves as secondary arterial roads.


title: Parañaque

text: BF Homes Parañaque is served also by a network of arterial roads, serving residential and commercial areas within it.


title: Parañaque

text: Similar to other cities in Metro Manila, public utility vehicles (PUV) such as buses, jeepneys and UV Express ply throughout Parañaque to serve commuters. The Paranaque Integrated Terminal Exchange (PITx) serves as an intermodal transport hub for PUVs. PITx is also planned to connect with the future Asia World LRT-1 station.


title: Parañaque

text: Parañaque has a diverse educational system with specializations in various academic and technical fields and is home to many schools and colleges such as PATTS College of Aeronautics which focuses on producing students specialized in the realm of Aviation around the world, Olivarez College, the only school accredited with both the Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAASCU) and the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities - Commission on Accreditation (PACUCOA) which specializes in Health-Related Sciences such as Nursing, Radiologic Technology, Physical Therapy, and Midwifery, Parañaque Science High School ( ranked the second best school for providing quality education to high school students. It scored an 89.64 average on the National Achievement Test for the school year 2013–2014), St. Andrew's School (oldest private school in Parañaque, established 1917), St. Paul College of Paranaque, Manresa School, Sacred Heart School and Ann Arbor Learning Center amongst many others.


title: Then Play On

text: Then Play On is the third studio album by the British blues rock band Fleetwood Mac, released on 19 September 1969. It was the first of their original albums to feature Danny Kirwan (although he is also listed on two tracks on the earlier compilation "The Pious Bird of Good Omen") and the last with Peter Green. Jeremy Spencer did not feature on the album apart from "a couple of piano things" (according to Mick Fleetwood in "Q" magazine in 1990). The album offered a broader stylistic range than the straightforward electric blues of the group's first two albums, displaying elements of folk rock, hard rock, art rock and psychedelia. The album reached No. 6 on the UK Albums Chart, becoming the band's fourth Top 20 LP in a row, as well as their third album to reach the Top 10. The album's title, "Then Play On", is taken from the opening line of William Shakespeare's play "Twelfth Night" — "If music be the food of love, play on".


title: Then Play On

text: "Then Play On" is Fleetwood Mac's first release with Reprise Records after being lured away from Blue Horizon and a one-off with Immediate Records. The label would be the band's home until their self-titled 1975 album. The initial US release of the album omitted two tracks that were previously issued on the American compilation "English Rose", while the second US pressing further abridged the tracklist with the addition of the hit single "Oh Well". The original CD compiled all the songs from the two US LP versions, both of which omitted the "English Rose" tracks that are on the original UK version. In August 2013, a remastered edition of the album was reissued on vinyl and CD, restoring its original 1969 UK track listing and adding four bonus tracks from the same era.


title: Then Play On

text: Fleetwood Mac's previous albums had been recorded live in the studio and adhered strictly to the blues formula. For the recording of "Then Play On", editing and overdubbing techniques were used extensively for the first time.


title: Then Play On

text: Green had recently introduced improvisation and jamming to the band's live performances and three of the tracks on the album including "Underway", "Searching for Madge", and "Fighting for Madge", which were compiled by Green from several hours of studio jam sessions.


title: Then Play On

text: Green, the de facto band leader at the time, delegated half of the songwriting to bandmate Danny Kirwan so he could sing more lead vocals. Music journalist Anthony Bozza remarked that Green “was a very generous band leader in every single way. And Peter gave Danny all of that freedom. You just don’t hear about things like that.” Jeremy Spencer, the band's other guitarist, was retained even though he did not play on any of the album's original tracks. Green and Spencer had planned to record a concept album — “an orchestral-choral LP” — about the life of Jesus Christ, although the album never came to fruition. Instead, Spencer released a solo album in 1970 with the members of Fleetwood Mac as his backing band.


title: Then Play On

text: Although "Oh Well" was a hit in the UK, it was not the group's first single released in America. Instead, Clifford Davis, who was Fleetwood Mac's manager at the time, selected "Rattlesnake Shake" to be released in the US. While Davis thought "Rattlesnake Shake" would become a big hit, it failed to chart anywhere. After the failure of "Rattlesnake Shake", "Oh Well" was chosen as the second single for the US market. The second single fared much better, becoming the band's first song to chart on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Mick Fleetwood ranked “Rattlesnake Shake” in his top 11 favourite Fleetwood Mac songs list.


title: Then Play On

text: It incorporated the freedom to go off on a tangent, to jam – the classic 'Do you jam, dude?' We learned that as players. You hear that alive and well in the double-time structure that I put in at the end, which on stage could last half an hour. It was our way of being in The Grateful Dead.


title: Then Play On

text: The painting used for the album cover artwork is a mural by the English artist Maxwell Armfield. The painting was featured in the February 1917 edition of "The Countryside" magazine, which noted that the mural was originally designed for the dining room of a London mansion.


title: Then Play On

text: Contemporary reception of the album was mixed. Writing for "Rolling Stone" magazine, John Morthland said Fleetwood Mac had fallen "flat on their faces", and later dismissed the album as mostly "nondescript ramblings". On the other hand, Robert Christgau was more positive. He described the album's mixing of "easy ballads and Latin rhythms with the hard stuff" as "odd" but "very good".


title: Then Play On

text: However, more recent reviews of the album are highly positive; "The New Rolling Stone Album Guide" labeling the album as a "cool, blues-based stew" and considered it the second best Fleetwood Mac album. "The Telegraph" described "Then Play On" as a "musically expansive, soft edged, psychedelic blues odyssey". Clark Collins of "Blender" magazine gave the album five stars out of five, and described "Oh Well" as an "epic blues-pop workout".


title: Then Play On

text: The two songs ("One Sunny Day" & "Without You") deleted from the US version of the LP had already appeared on the US compilation "English Rose", and "Underway" was shortened by about 15 seconds.


title: Then Play On

text: When the double-sided single "Oh Well (Parts 1 & 2)" (released November 1969) became a hit, the US LP was re-released in a revised running order to include "Oh Well", dropping Danny Kirwan's "When You Say" and "My Dream" to make room for it. The two parts of "Oh Well" differ widely, the first being hard rock, the latter a meditative instrumental, on which Green played cello. The first minute or so of "Part 2" was included as a fade-out coda to the A-side of the single. For the album, "Oh Well (Parts 1 & 2)" were crudely spliced together, so that the coda is heard twice. Without the repeat, the whole piece runs only 7:58. "Part 1" of "Oh Well" has remained a regular concert feature to the present day, sung variously by Bob Welch, Lindsey Buckingham, Billy Burnette and Mike Campbell.


title: Then Play On

text: Other changes include putting the two edits from the "Madge" jams back-to-back, fading down between them. The giggle that previously linked "My Dream" to "Like Crying" ended up, in the previous edit, following the end of "Fighting for Madge" instead. Madge, the press were told at the time, was a female fan of the group, immortalised in two long instrumental jams finally released in their entirety on 2002's "The Vaudeville Years". A revised UK version with the same 11 tracks in the same order as the revised US LP, was issued in the UK with a plain black cover (Reprise K44103), though confusingly it was printed with the wrong track listing on both the cover and on the vinyl's centre labels. The track listing, as printed, was the original UK 14 tracks.


title: Then Play On

text: The CD release mostly sticks to the order of the revised US track listing, but re-inserts the two deleted songs ("My Dream" and "When You Say") in new locations. The giggle is now tied to the end of "Fighting For Madge" instead of the beginning of "Like Crying" by the previous edit. "Oh Well" still contains the repeated minute. The two songs that appeared only on the UK LP are still missing.


title: Then Play On

text: In August 2013, Rhino Records reissued a Deluxe Edition remastered edition of the album on vinyl and CD, restoring its original 1969 UK track listing and adding four bonus tracks from the same era.


title: Then Play On

text: The original intention was to include a bonus EP in the "Then Play On" album. The EP was to be compensation for the fact that Jeremy Spencer barely appeared on the album. The EP consisted of Spencer's parodies of doo wop ("Ricky Dee and the Angels"), Alexis Korner, country blues ("Texas Slim"), acid rock ("The Orange Electric Squares"), and John Mayall. It was finally released on Fleetwood Mac's "The Vaudeville Years" compilation in the 1990s.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Alok Sharma (born 7 September 1967) is a British politician who served as the President for COP26 from 2021-2022. Resigning his previous position as Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy in order to lead COP26, he retained full Cabinet status from January 2021 to October 2022 as Minister of State for the Cabinet Office. Sharma has been the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Reading West since 2010.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Sharma served in Theresa May's government as Minister of State for Housing from 2017 to 2018 and as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Employment from 2018 to 2019. In 2019, he was appointed to Boris Johnson's cabinet as Secretary of State for International Development. In the 2020 cabinet reshuffle he was promoted to being secretary of state for business, energy and industrial strategy, an office in which he served until 2021. Sharma was the President of the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) and negotiated the Glasgow Climate Pact.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Sharma was born in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India, and moved to Reading with his parents when he was five years old. He had a Hindu upbringing. His father, Prem, was involved in Conservative politics in Reading, and became chairman of the Berkshire area of Conservatives before helping to establish the Conservative Friends of India.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Sharma was brought up in the Reading suburbs of Earley and Whitley Wood and attended Presentation College, Reading Blue Coat School in Sonning and the University of Salford, from where he graduated with a BSc in Applied Physics with Electronics in 1988.


title: Alok Sharma

text: He subsequently qualified as a chartered accountant, training with Deloitte Haskins & Sells in Manchester before moving into corporate finance advisory with Nikko Securities and then the Swedish Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken, where he held senior roles based in London, Stockholm and Frankfurt. Sharma was an adviser to clients in the corporate and private-equity sector on cross-border mergers and acquisitions, listings and restructurings.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Sharma is a governor of a local primary school in Reading. Previously he served as a chairman of the political think-tank the Bow Group's Economic Affairs Committee.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Sharma was selected as the Conservative Party candidate for the Reading West constituency in 2006. He was elected as the MP for Reading West in the 2010 general election, winning a majority of 6,004 after the retirement of the Labour MP Martin Salter.


title: Alok Sharma

text: In the 2017 general election, he won his seat with a reduced majority of 2,876. On being re-elected, Sharma wrote on his website: "Having grown up locally in Reading and being very much a local Reading man, I am delighted to have been re-elected for a constituency in my home town".


title: Alok Sharma

text: Sharma served as a member of the Science and Technology Select Committee between July 2010 and February 2011 and the Treasury Select Committee between September 2014 and March 2015.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Sharma was Conservative Party Vice-Chairman from 2012 to 2015 and co-chairman of Conservative Friends of India in 2014.


title: Alok Sharma

text: In September 2011, Sharma was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Mark Hoban, the then Financial Secretary to the Treasury. During his time as a PPS, Sharma sat on a number of public bill committees including two finance bills, the 2013 Banking Reform Bill and the 2011 Pensions Bill. He also served as PPS to Sir Oliver Letwin, the former Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, who had overall responsibility for the Cabinet Office.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Following the death of two cyclists in Purley on Thames, Sharma campaigned in 2014 for longer prison sentences for those convicted of death by dangerous driving. Sharma initiated a Parliamentary debate on the issue and backed a petition, started by the families of victims, which gained more than 55,000 signatures.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Sharma campaigned to reduce the number of first-class carriages on trains operating on the Great Western route between Reading and London. In January 2015, he held a meeting with Rail Minister Claire Perry and First Great Western managing director Mark Hopwood to discuss proposals to increase Standard Class capacity to reduce overcrowding.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Sharma was Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office from July 2016 to June 2017.


title: Alok Sharma

text: In June 2017 he was appointed Housing Minister, replacing Gavin Barwell, who lost his seat in the 2017 general election.


title: Alok Sharma

text: As the Minister of State for Housing, Sharma was responsible for the Government's response to the Grenfell Tower fire. He attracted media attention when he was visibly moved while making a statement to the House of Commons on 5 July 2017.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Sharma was appointed Secretary of State for International Development by Boris Johnson following the resignation of Rory Stewart in July 2019. Upon assuming the role, he said: "I am delighted... We will work across the whole of government to deliver Brexit and make sure the United Kingdom's aid is tackling global challenges that affect us all".


title: Alok Sharma

text: In October, Sharma stated he wanted to use the United Kingdom's leverage over the World Bank to focus the use of the nineteenth International Development Association fund on fighting climate change, building sustainable economies and promoting women's rights.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Following the dismissal of Andrea Leadsom in the 2020 cabinet reshuffle, Sharma was appointed to the position of Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, taking office on 13 February.


title: Alok Sharma

text: As Secretary of State, Sharma was one of the government's speakers at the daily coronavirus pandemic briefings from Downing Street. In June 2020, he appeared visibly unwell while delivering a statement in the House of Commons. Although he underwent a test for COVID-19 which came back negative, the situation led to questions being raised about the government's decision to end the use of the virtual parliament and make MPs return to the House of Commons chamber. Certain employees of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy were advised not to return to their work by the Public and Commercial Services Union, who said that there was a lack of evidence that the department had provided enough preventative measures against the virus.


title: Alok Sharma

text: In July 2020, Sharma instructed officials to purchase half of OneWeb, a satellite communications company, for $500 million. The company was purchased from Chapter 11 bankruptcy by the United Kingdom's government and Bharti Enterprises.


title: Alok Sharma

text: With the help of Lord Callanan, Sharma introduced the National Security and Investment Act 2021 to Parliament.


title: Alok Sharma

text: In addition to his appointment as Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy on 13 February 2020, Sharma was also appointed President of the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26), following the dismissal of Claire Perry O'Neill in January 2020. At that time the conference was planned for November 2020; in May 2020 it was rearranged for November 2021. The Glasgow Climate Pact was negotiated at the conference under Sharma's Presidency.


title: Alok Sharma

text: On 8 January 2021, Sharma left his position as Secretary of State to become President of COP26 on a full-time basis, and chair of the Climate Action Implementation Committee. He moved to the Cabinet Office and retained his status as a full member of the cabinet. Sharma formally serves as a Minister of State in the Cabinet Office.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Amid the July 2022 Conservative Party leadership election, Sharma threatened to resign if the winning candidate did not remain committed to the UK's net zero targets. He was reappointed to his role by the Truss ministry on 6 September 2022. Upon the appointment of Rishi Sunak as Prime Minister, Sharma retained the Presidency for COP26 but was removed from cabinet.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Sharma supported the opening in his Reading West constituency of one of the first free schools in England: All Saints Junior School opened in September 2011 and received an 'outstanding' rating in its first Ofsted report.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Sharma has also been appointed a patron of the Wren School, a new secondary free school opening in west Reading in September 2015. Sharma supported the West Reading Education Network in getting the new school approved and is helping the school to find an appropriate permanent site.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Sharma has been a vocal supporter of the expansion of Heathrow Airport and has spoken in support of increasing the number of airport runways in the South East of England, claiming that "a lack of hub capacity is costing the United Kingdom jobs and investment". This is despite opposition in his own constituency. In 2009 he had opposed the third runway for the envionmentally unsustainable way it was being planned and had said: "A third runway at Heathrow would inflict huge damage to the environment and to the quality of life of millions of people. It is time for the government to abandon its plans for a third runway and, if a conservative government is elected, we will certainly stop this environmental disaster". He has argued that the expansion needs to be environmentally sustainable.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Sharma set up the East West Leaders' Forum, a discussion forum between business leaders, to promote dialogue between the European Union, India and China. Theresa May, then Home Secretary, gave the keynote speech at the inaugural event, held in London in September 2014.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Sharma supported the United Kingdom remaining within the European Union prior to the 2016 referendum. He backed Prime Minister Theresa May's Brexit withdrawal agreement in early 2019, and subsequently supported Prime Minister Boris Johnson's withdrawal agreement in October 2019.


title: Alok Sharma

text: Sharma is married and lives in Caversham, Reading, with his wife and two daughters. His wife is Swedish. Sharma took his oath in the House of Commons on the "Bhagavad Gita" in 2019.


title: Islington

text: Islington () is a district in the north of Greater London, England, and part of the London Borough of Islington. It is a mainly residential district of Inner London, extending from Islington's High Street to Highbury Fields, encompassing the area around the busy High Street, Upper Street, Essex Road (former "Lower Street"), and Southgate Road to the east.


title: Islington

text: Islington grew as a sprawling Middlesex village along the line of the Great North Road, and has provided the name of the modern borough. This gave rise to some confusion, as neighbouring districts may also be said to be in Islington. This district is bounded by Liverpool Road to the west and City Road and Southgate Road to the south-east. Its northernmost point is in the area of Canonbury. The main north–south high street, Upper Street splits at Highbury Corner to Holloway Road to the west and St. Paul's Road to the east.


title: Islington

text: The Angel business improvement district (BID), an area centered around the Angel tube station, exists within southern Islington district and northern portions of two other districts in the London Borough of Islington – Finsbury and Pentonville.


title: Islington

text: Islington was originally named by the Saxons "Giseldone" (1005), then "Gislandune" (1062). The name means "Gīsla's hill" from the Old English personal name "Gīsla" and "dun" ("hill", "down"). The name later mutated to "Isledon", which remained in use well into the 17th century when the modern form arose. In medieval times, Islington was just one of many small manors thereabouts, along with "Bernersbury", "Neweton Berewe" or "Hey-bury" and "Canonesbury" (Barnsbury, Highbury and Canonbury – names first recorded in the 13th and 14th centuries).


title: Islington

text: Some roads on the edge of the area, including Essex Road, were known as "streets" by the medieval period, possibly indicating a Roman origin, but little physical evidence remains. What is known is that the Great North Road from Aldersgate came into use in the 14th century, connecting with a new turnpike (toll road) up Highgate Hill. This was along the line of modern Upper Street, with a toll gate at The Angel defining the extent of the village. The "Back Road", the modern Liverpool Road, was primarily a drovers' road where cattle would be rested before the final leg of their journey to Smithfield. Pens and sheds were erected along this road to accommodate the animals.


title: Islington

text: The first recorded church, St Mary's, was erected in the twelfth century and was replaced in the fifteenth century. Islington lay on the estates of the Bishop of London and the Dean and Chapter of St Pauls. There were substantial medieval moated manor houses in the area, principally at Canonbury and Highbury. In 1548, there were 440 communicants listed and the rural atmosphere, with access to the City and Westminster, made it a popular residence for the rich and eminent. The local inns harboured many fugitives and sheltered recusants.


title: Islington

text: The Royal Agricultural Hall was built in 1862 on the Liverpool Road site of William Dixon's Cattle Layers. The hall was 75 ft high and the arched glass roof spanned 125 ft. It was built for the annual Smithfield Show in December of that year but was popular for other purposes, including recitals and the Royal Tournament. It was the primary exhibition site for London until the 20th century and the largest building of its kind, holding up to 50,000 people. It was requisitioned for use by the Mount Pleasant sorting office during World War II and never re-opened. The main hall has now been incorporated into the Business Design Centre.