title: Jordan Smith (musician)

text: Jordan Smith was born on November 4, 1993, in Whitley County, Kentucky, to Kelley and Geri Smith ("née" Saylor), both of whom are musicians. They raised him in the church choir at a young age, in the congregation of House of Mercy in the town of Wallins Creek, Kentucky. Smith graduated from Harlan County High School.


title: Jordan Smith (musician)

text: Smith attended Lee University in Cleveland, Tennessee, and was a member of the Lee University Singers.


title: Jordan Smith (musician)

text: Smith came to national attention in 2015 during his participation on season nine of "The Voice". His audition performance of "Chandelier" led all four coaches to turn their chairs; Smith chose to be part of Adam Levine's team after Levine told him, "I think you're the most important person that's ever been on this show."


title: Jordan Smith (musician)

text: Smith had auditioned for the show once before and was rejected. Even when he was accepted for the show, he had his doubts until the reactions started pouring in. "I [thought], 'Wow, people see something in me that honestly I didn't think was there.' I thought maybe I had fooled everyone! It took a lot of convincing for me to finally start seeing myself as a performer and artist." Smith said it was his performance of "Halo" during the live playoffs that allowed him to believe he had "something to say as an artist." According to "Slate", Smith was dubbed "the unicorn" during the show because his voice is "genderless and expansive ... as ambiguous as it is precise, quickly scaling and spelunking through octaves, never anything but perfectly on pitch."


title: Jordan Smith (musician)

text: For week two of the live shows, Smith began "Great Is Thy Faithfulness" by singing a cappella, then accompanied himself on piano; the performance made Smith the first artist of the season to reach No. 1 in sales in the iTunes Store, ahead of "Hello" by Adele. "Great Is Thy Faithfulness" landed on the "Billboard" magazine charts as well; it placed at No. 30 on the Hot 100, and was No. 1 on the Christian Songs chart for two straight weeks. He was again No. 1 on Christian Songs with his recording of "Hallelujah", which entered the Hot 100 chart at No. 61.


title: Jordan Smith (musician)

text: Smith chose Queen's "Somebody to Love" for his semi-final song. After the performance, Levine commented, "I don't need to say anything at all because that's one of the best things I've ever seen in my entire life." Within 30 minutes, the single was the best selling song in the iTunes Store, knocking "Hello" from the top spot for a second time.


title: Jordan Smith (musician)

text: "Mary, Did You Know?" was Smith's choice for the final competition show. It became his second consecutive performance to reach the top of the iTunes Store, bumping "Hello" a third time. For the results finale, Smith teamed up with Usher and sang David Guetta's "Without You". At the end of the broadcast, Smith was declared the winner of season nine, earning US$100,000 and a Republic Records recording contract.


title: Jordan Smith (musician)

text: As of December 2015, Jordan Smith was the highest selling artist ever to compete on "The Voice". One week after his victory, Smith made history on "Billboard"'s Christian Songs chart; he became the first artist ever to hold the top two positions concurrently when his cover of "Mary, Did You Know?" overtook "Hallelujah" as the No. 1 song. Smith's version of "Great Is Thy Faithfulness" occupied the No. 8 spot at the same time, making him only the third artist ever to chart three songs in the top 10 simultaneously.


title: Jordan Smith (musician)

text: "The Voice: Jordan Smith: The Complete Season 9 Collection" was released in December 2015, entering the "Billboard" 200 albums chart at No. 11, earning "Hot Shot Debut" honors. Two tracks from the album debuted in the top ten on the Digital Singles chart; "Mary, Did You Know?" debuted at No. 1.


title: Jordan Smith (musician)

text: Upon his return to Kentucky, Smith was named a Kentucky Colonel by the Secretary of State, at a parade in Smith's honor. He was also named the 2015 "Kentucky Monthly" Kentuckian of the Year. Harlan County Judge-Executive Dan Mosley said Smith's win had a huge impact on an area that is struggling to rebuild its economy. "Jordan may have single-handedly reversed negative stereotypes on our region that will help give us an economic bump. In January 2016, Smith was announced as grand marshal of the Kentucky Derby Festival Pegasus Parade in May. That same month, he performed the national anthem alongside the Boston Pops Orchestra at the 2016 NHL Winter Classic at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts featuring the Montreal Canadiens and Boston Bruins.


title: Jordan Smith (musician)

text: On January 6, 2016, Smith performed "You Are So Beautiful" alongside David Foster at the "42nd People's Choice Awards". During Smith's introduction, it was announced that "The Voice" took its third consecutive Favorite Competition TV Show award.


title: Jordan Smith (musician)

text: The track listing for Smith's debut album was announced in February 2016; "Something Beautiful" was released on March 18, debuted at No. 2 in sales in the iTunes Store, and took the top spot on March 22. iTunes' staff praised Smith's "fearless, confident singing, which elevates even the simplest phrases into stirring statements." Jake's Take offered a B+ grade for "the connection that Jordan had with each and every individual track that is on "Something Beautiful". I hope that for his sophomore attempt, Jordan and the Republic Records team find high quality "original" material" for Smith. The "Knoxville News Sentinel" gave the album three stars (out of five) for its "entirely too cautious" approach and "safe but beautiful" songs. Smith's take on "You Are So Beautiful" is "embarrassingly sterilized"; his cover of "Beautiful", however, "is the album highlight as he taps into the life-affirming lyrics with touching gentleness." Brittany Frederick of AXS wrote, ""Voice" fans who purchase the record won't be disappointed... but it still feels like the real Jordan Smith has yet to stand up."


title: Jordan Smith (musician)

text: On May 3, 2018, Jordan Smith announced via his Instagram account that he wrote "Ashes" for the "Deadpool 2" soundtrack, which was performed by Celine Dion. On March 28, 2022, Smith debuted an original song, "Sparrow", on "American Song Contest", where he represented the state of Kentucky. He placed 3rd in the Grand Final.


title: Jordan Smith (musician)

text: Smith proposed marriage to girlfriend Kristen Denny on January 1, 2016. "She's been there every step of the way," he said. They were married on June 25, 2016, in Middlesboro, Kentucky.


title: Viktor Belenko

text: Viktor Ivanovich Belenko (, born 15 February 1947) is a Russian-born American aerospace engineer and former Soviet pilot who defected in 1976 to the West while flying his MiG-25 jet interceptor (NATO reporting name: "Foxbat") and landed in Hakodate, Japan. George H. W. Bush, the Director of Central Intelligence at the time, called the opportunity to examine the plane up close an "intelligence bonanza" for the West. Belenko later became a U.S. aerospace engineer.


title: Viktor Belenko

text: Belenko was born in Nalchik, Russian SFSR, in a Russian family (his passport states his ethnicity as Russian). Lieutenant Belenko was a pilot with the 513th Fighter Regiment, 11th Air Army, Soviet Air Defence Forces based in Chuguyevka, Primorsky Krai. On 6 September 1976, he successfully defected to the West by flying his MiG-25 jet fighter to Hakodate Airport, Hokkaido Japan.


title: Viktor Belenko

text: This was the first time that Western military intelligence were able to get a close look at the aircraft and its specifications, and many secrets and surprises were revealed. His defection caused significant damage to the Soviet Air Force. Belenko was granted asylum by U.S. President Gerald Ford, and a trust fund was set up for him, which granted him a very comfortable living in later years. The US government debriefed him for five months after his defection and employed him as a consultant for several years thereafter. Belenko had brought with him the pilot's manual for the MiG-25 since he expected to assist US pilots in evaluating and testing the aircraft.


title: Viktor Belenko

text: Belenko was not the only pilot to have defected from the Soviet Union in this way or even the first such to defect from a Soviet-bloc country. He may have been aware of the US government's policy of awarding large cash prizes to defecting pilots of communist countries. In March and May 1953, two Polish Air Force pilots flew MiG-15s to Denmark. Later in 1953, North Korean pilot No Kum Sok flew his MiG-15 to a US air base in South Korea; the MiG is in the permanent collection of the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force, displayed in its original owner markings. Later, Soviet Captain Aleksandr Zuyev flew his MiG-29 to Trabzon, Turkey, on 20 May 1989. That MiG-29 was promptly returned to the Soviets.


title: Viktor Belenko

text: The MiG-25's arrival in Japan was a windfall for Western military planners. The Japanese government originally allowed the United States only to examine the plane and to conduct ground tests of the radar and engines, but it subsequently invited the US to examine the plane extensively. It was dismantled for that purpose in Japan. The plane was moved by a US Air Force C-5 Galaxy cargo aircraft from Hakodate to Hyakuri Air Base on 25 September, and by then, experts had determined that the plane was an interceptor, not a fighter-bomber, which was a welcome reassurance for Japanese defense planners.


title: Viktor Belenko

text: The Japanese government laid out a plan on 2 October 1976 to return the aircraft in crates from the port of Hitachi and bill the Soviets US$40,000 for crating services and airfield damage at Hakodate. The Soviets unsuccessfully tried to negotiate a return via one of their own Antonov An-22 aircraft and to organize a rigorous inspection of the crates, but Japan refused both demands, and the Soviets finally submitted to the Japanese terms on 22 October 1976. The aircraft was moved from Hyakuri to the port of Hitachi on 11 November 1976 on a convoy of trailers. It left in 30 crates aboard the Soviet cargo ship "Taigonos" on 15 November 1976 and arrived about three days later in Vladivostok. A team of Soviet technicians had been allowed to view subassemblies at Hitachi, and upon finding 20 missing parts, one being film of the flight to Hakodate, the Soviets attempted to charge Japan US $10 million. Neither the Japanese nor the Soviet bill is known to have been paid.


title: Viktor Belenko

text: A senior diplomat described the Soviet position as "sulky about the whole affair." The CIA concluded at the time that "both countries seem anxious to put the problem behind them" and speculated that the Soviets were reluctant to cancel a series of upcoming diplomatic visits because "some useful business is likely to be transacted, and because the USSR, with its political standing in Tokyo so low, can ill afford setbacks in Soviet–Japanese economic cooperation."


title: Viktor Belenko

text: In 1980, the US Congress enacted S. 2961, authorizing citizenship for Belenko. It was signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on 14 October 1980, as Private Law 96-62.


title: Viktor Belenko

text: After his defection, Belenko co-wrote a 1980 autobiography, "" with "Reader's Digest" writer John Barron.


title: Viktor Belenko

text: While he resided in the United States, Belenko married a music teacher from North Dakota, Coral, and fathered two sons, Tom and Paul. He later divorced. He also has a son from his first marriage. Belenko has never divorced his Russian wife. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, he visited Moscow in 1995 on business.


title: Viktor Belenko

text: Belenko almost never appears in interviews. However, in a brief and informal bar interview in 2000 in which he posed for pictures and responded to questions, he said that he was happy in the United States. Belenko remarked in the interview that "[Americans] have tolerance regarding other people's opinion. In certain cultures, if you do not accept the mainstream, you would be booted out or might disappear. Here we have people—you know, who hug trees, and people who want to cut them down—and they live side by side!"


title: Viktor Belenko

text: The Soviet Union repeatedly spread false stories about Belenko being killed in a car accident, returning to Russia, being arrested and executed, or otherwise brought to justice.


title: Heinz Tomato Ketchup

text: Heinz Tomato Ketchup is a brand of ketchup manufactured by the H. J. Heinz Company, a division of the Kraft Heinz Company.


title: Heinz Tomato Ketchup

text: It was first marketed as "catsup" in 1876 In 1907, manufacturing reached 12 million bottles and it was exported internationally including Australia, South America, Japan, New Zealand, South Africa and the UK. In January 2009, the label was changed by replacing the picture of a gherkin pickle with a picture of a tomato. In 2012, there were more than 650 million bottles sold worldwide.


title: Heinz Tomato Ketchup

text: Heinz manufactures all of its tomato ketchup for their USA market at two plants: one in Fremont, Ohio, and the other in Muscatine, Iowa. They closed their Canadian plant in Leamington, Ontario in 2014. That plant is now owned by French's Food Company and manufactures French's Tomato Ketchup for the Canadian market. Globally, Heinz manufactures ketchup in factories across the world, including the UK and the Netherlands. Although there is one basic recipe for their ketchup, there are variations tailored to regional tastes, and usually depend on the country where it is manufactured.


title: Heinz Tomato Ketchup

text: In addition to manufacturing their regular tomato ketchup, they manufacture a variety made with sugar.


title: Heinz Tomato Ketchup

text: In 2000, they manufactured coloured ketchup in squeezable containers appreciated by young children. The colours were red, green, purple, pink, orange, teal, and blue. These varieties were discontinued in 2006.


title: Heinz Tomato Ketchup

text: In 2011 they also started manufacturing a variety with balsamic vinegar. This variety was discontinued in 2018.


title: Heinz Tomato Ketchup

text: On June 5 2019, (which is National Ketchup Day), Heinz, and Ed Sheeran, released a limited-edition ketchup known as Ed Sheeran X Heinz ketchup, popularly known as "Edchup".


title: Heinz Tomato Ketchup

text: In April 2018, Heinz announced the release of "Mayochup", a portmanteau of "mayonnaise" + "ketchup" that is a mixture of the two sauces, because more than 500,000 users voted "yes" in a Twitter poll asking Americans if they wanted to see it in stores. A number of Twitter users responded that such a mixture already existed as "fry sauce" and "fancy sauce". The sauce arrived on US retailers' shelves in September 2018. It attracted some media attention in May 2019 when the phrase was revealed to mean "shit-face" in the Cree language. Mixtures containing mayonnaise and ketchup predate the release.


title: Heinz Tomato Ketchup

text: In March 2019, after the success of their Mayochup campaign, Heinz announced the release of two new portmanteau products to celebrate the company's 150th anniversary: "Mayomust", from "mayonnaise" + "mustard", and "Mayocue", from "mayonnaise" + "barbecue" sauce.


title: Heinz Tomato Ketchup

text: In April 2019, they released "Kranch", combining "ketchup" + "ranch" dressing. The new sauce received a mixed reception online, with "Newsweek" saying that it "might seem as if Kranch is a flight of fancy from a drunken frat boy" but that some consumers were nevertheless interested.


title: Heinz Tomato Ketchup

text: In January 2020, Heinz announced "Honeyracha" combining "honey" + "sriracha", then in February announced "Mayoracha" combining "mayonnaise" + "sriracha".


title: Heinz Tomato Ketchup

text: In March 2021, they released "Tarchup" combining "tartar" sauce + "ketchup", "Wasabioli" combining "wasabi" + "aioli", and "Hanch" combining "hot sauce" + "ranch" dressing. Later in March, two more sauces were announced with "Buffaranch" combining "Buffalo" sauce + "ranch" dressing and "Sweet Ketchili" combining "ketchup" + "sweet chili sauce".


title: Heinz Tomato Ketchup

text: Heinz ketchup is packaged in glass and plastic bottles of various sizes. They introduced their octagonal glass bottle for the first time in 1889 and it was patented in 1890. While other glass bottle designs have existed, the octagonal glass bottle is still in use and is considered to be an iconic example of package design.


title: Heinz Tomato Ketchup

text: In restaurants, the glass bottle commonly used contains about of ketchup. In 2002, the upside-down, squeezable plastic bottle (an opaque red bottle with a wide white cap on the bottom) was introduced for restaurants. It makes dispensing ketchup easier than from the glass bottle. The design also generates less waste as the ketchup settles down to the dispensing valve. Similarly designed squeezable bottles, in several different sizes, are available in grocery stores. It is also packaged as single serving packets made of foil and/or plastic. In 2010, Heinz introduced Dip & Squeeze, a single serving packet designed for either dipping or squeezing. A small bottle containing about of ketchup is packaged for room service in hotels or situations where single serving packets associated with fast-food restaurants is undesirable.


title: Heinz Tomato Ketchup

text: Larger amounts, generally intended for the foodservice industry, are packaged in metal cans, rigid plastic containers, flexible plastic bags and a bag-in-box format. These larger containers can usually be fitted with pumps or placed into dispensers for self service in fast-food restaurants. A bag containing is the largest format intended for restaurants. An IBC tote containing is sold to food manufacturers.


title: Heinz Tomato Ketchup

text: In 2012, an alleged scheme to repackage regular Heinz ketchup into bottles labelled with counterfeit "Simply Heinz" labels failed when the ketchup apparently began to ferment and the bottles exploded. At the time, according to a Heinz spokesman, they were working with the US Food and Drug Administration's Office of Criminal Investigation.


title: This Is Us (season 1)

text: The first season of the American television series "This Is Us" follows the lives and families of two parents and their three children born on the same day as their father's birthday. The season is produced by Rhode Island Ave. Productions, Zaftig Films, and 20th Century Fox Television, with Fogelman and Don Todd serving as showrunners.


title: This Is Us (season 1)

text: The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia, Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown, Chrissy Metz, Justin Hartley, Susan Kelechi Watson, Chris Sullivan, and Ron Cephas Jones.


title: This Is Us (season 1)

text: The season, which premiered on NBC on September 20, 2016, and ran until March 14, 2017, over 18 episodes, received generally positive reviews from critics. It was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the top ten television programs of 2016, and received ten nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series with Brown winning for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, as well as receiving nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama and the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series. The series was renewed for a second and third season on January 18, 2017.


title: This Is Us (season 1)

text: In 2015, Mandy Moore, Milo Ventimiglia, Justin Hartley, Sterling K. Brown, and Ron Cephas Jones were the first to be cast in Dan Fogelman’s pilot. Chrissy Metz was later cast in the pilot, followed by Susan Kelechi Watson. Jon Huertas joined the cast in 2016.


title: This Is Us (season 1)

text: The first season of "This Is Us" received positive reviews, with critics praising cast performances and series plot. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 91% based on 65 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.67/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Featuring full-tilt heartstring-tugging family drama, "This Is Us" will provide a suitable surrogate for those who have felt a void in their lives since "Parenthood" went off the air."


title: This Is Us (season 1)

text: On Metacritic, the season has a normalized score of 76 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". TVLine gave the series "A−" saying, "With emotionally resonant dialogue and top-notch performances, "This Is Us" should fill that Braverman-sized hole in your heart." "TV Guide" placed "This Is Us" at ninth among the top ten picks for the most anticipated new shows of the 2016–2017 season and called it, "a well-acted drama about love, life and family."


title: This Is Us (season 1)

text: Writing for "The Star-Ledger", Vicki Hyman lauded the series and said, ""This Is Us" (from "Crazy, Stupid, Love" screenwriter Dan Fogelman) methodically weaves four seemingly disparate stories into a believable and emotional whole through tiny telling details, relateable moments, and conversations and confrontations that are funny, tender or painful, or all three at once." "Entertainment Weekly"s Jeff Jensen wrote, "A 21st century "thirtysomething" for a TV generation that likes a splash of high concept in their shows and isn't afraid of melodrama." Gwen Ihnat of "The A.V. Club" also reviewed the series positively saying, "The hour accomplishes what it set out to do. It creates characters so compelling that we compulsively want to tune back in to see them again."


title: This Is Us (season 1)

text: In a review for "The Boston Globe", Matthew Gilbert said, "The pilot is beautifully shaped, the themes of building your own meaning in life are smart, and the actors already seem to know their characters."


title: This Is Us (season 1)

text: "The Washington Post" critic Hank Stuever said, "While I'd like to see another few episodes to make sure, there's something comfortably gooey right away about "This Is Us", reminding us once more that amid all the high-functioning detectives, emergency-rescue personnel and secret-agent superheroes covered in cryptic tattoos, there are very few network dramas aimed at viewers who are simply interested in everyday people and how they feel." "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette"s TV critic Rob Owen wrote, "Created and written by Dan Fogelman, This is Us manages the tricky task of telling emotional stories without getting too saccharine. And in each story, the characters are quite relatable." James Poniewozik of "The New York Times" also gave the series positive reviews and said, "The first hour works its way efficiently through an economy-size box of tissues with cleverly turned dialogue and well-inhabited performances." The series also received praise from critics at other publications such as "USA Today", "The Atlantic", "The Hollywood Reporter", and "The Los Angeles Times".


title: This Is Us (season 1)

text: Some were more critical towards the show, Daniel D'Addario of "Time" wrote, "The show has promise, but its cynicism in terms of trying to evoke an emotional response is both what viewers will be tuning in for and its least accomplished aspect. If it could work to wring out a real response, not just an easy one, this might be a show worth watching each week. Ben Travers, Chief TV critic of "Indiewire", quipped, "'It all works out' seems to be the main takeaway from the pilot, but where things specifically go from here is one whopping question mark. Perhaps if this was an episodic anthology series with new characters flooding in every week and new arcs every season, "This Is Us" could repeat the mysterious highs of its subjectively mediocre pilot (depending on how you like that ending)."


title: This Is Us (season 1)

text: In a moderate review for "Variety", Sonia Saraiya said, "It's deceptively difficult to build a surprising and complete story in just 40 minutes with so many characters. Yet "This Is Us" manages to both craft an intimate series of portraits and stitch them together. But at the same time, waves of cloying sentiment threaten to submerge everything."


title: This Is Us (season 1)

text: "This Is Us" was included on multiple Best/Top TV Shows of 2016 lists; these are listed below in order of rank.


title: This Is Us (season 1)

text: "This Is Us" premiered on NBC in the United States on September 20, 2016. The series premiered on CTV in Canada on September 21, 2016, on TVNZ 2 in New Zealand on September 27, 2016, and on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on December 6, 2016. The series premiered on Channel Ten in Australia on February 8, 2017.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a medication and hormone. As a medication, it is used to treat several conditions, including anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, asthma, and superficial bleeding. Inhaled epinephrine may be used to improve the symptoms of croup. It may also be used for asthma when other treatments are not effective. It is given intravenously, by injection into a muscle, by inhalation, or by injection just under the skin.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: Common side effects include shakiness, anxiety, and sweating. A fast heart rate and high blood pressure may occur. Occasionally, it may result in an abnormal heart rhythm. While the safety of its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is unclear, the benefits to the mother must be taken into account.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: Epinephrine is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and a small number of neurons in the brain, where it acts as a neurotransmitter. It plays an essential role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, heart output, pupil dilation, and blood sugar. Epinephrine does this through its effects on alpha and beta receptors. It is found in many animals and some single-celled organisms, but the medication is produced synthetically and is not harvested from animals.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: Jōkichi Takamine first isolated epinephrine in 1901, and it came into medical use in 1905. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 251st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: Epinephrine is used to treat a number of conditions, including cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis, and superficial bleeding. It has been used historically for bronchospasm and low blood sugar, but newer treatments for these that are selective for β adrenoceptors, such as salbutamol, are currently preferred.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: While epinephrine is often used to treat cardiac arrest, it has not been shown to improve long-term survival or mental function after recovery. It does, however, improve return of spontaneous circulation. When used intravenously, epinephrine is typically given every three to five minutes.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: Epinephrine is the drug of choice for treating allergic reaction anaphylaxis. The commonly used epinephrine autoinjector delivers a 0.3 mg epinephrine injection (0.3 mL, 1:1000). It is indicated in the emergency treatment of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis to stings, contrast agents, medicines, or people with a history of anaphylactic reactions to known triggers. A single dose is recommended for people who weigh 30 kg or more, repeated if necessary. A lower-strength product is available for children.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: Intramuscular injection can be complicated in that the depth of subcutaneous fat varies and may result in subcutaneous injection, or may be injected intravenously in error, or the wrong strength used. Intramuscular injection gives a faster and higher pharmacokinetic profile compared to subcutaneous injection.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: Epinephrine is also used as a bronchodilator for asthma if specific β agonists are unavailable or ineffective.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: When given by the subcutaneous or intramuscular routes for asthma, an appropriate dose is 0.3 to 0.5 mg.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: Because of the high intrinsic efficacy (receptor binding ability) of epinephrine, high drug concentrations cause adverse side effects when treating asthma. The value of using nebulized epinephrine in acute asthma is unclear.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: Racemic epinephrine has historically been used for the treatment of croup. Regular epinephrine, however, works equally well. Racemic adrenaline is a 1:1 mixture of the two enantiomers of adrenaline. The -form is the active component. Racemic adrenaline works by stimulating the alpha-adrenergic receptors in the airway, with resultant mucosal vasoconstriction and decreased subglottic edema, and by stimulating the β adrenergic receptors, with resultant relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: There is a lack of consensus as to whether inhaled nebulized epinephrine is beneficial in the treatment of bronchiolitis, with most guidelines recommending against its use.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: When epinephrine is mixed with local anesthetics, such as bupivacaine or lidocaine, and used for local anesthesia or intrathecal injection, it prolongs the numbing effect and motor block effect of the anesthetic by up to an hour. Epinephrine is frequently combined with local anesthetic and can cause panic attacks.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: Adverse reactions to adrenaline include palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmia, anxiety, panic attack, headache, anorexia, tremor, hypertension, and acute pulmonary edema. The use of epinephrine based eye-drops, commonly used to treat glaucoma, may also lead to a buildup of adrenochrome pigments in the conjunctiva, iris, lens, and retina.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: Use is contraindicated in people on nonselective β-blockers because severe hypertension and even cerebral hemorrhage may result.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: As a hormone, epinephrine acts on nearly all body tissues. Its actions vary by tissue type and tissue expression of adrenergic receptors. For example, high epinephrine levels cause smooth muscle relaxation in the airways but cause contraction of the smooth muscle that lines most arterioles.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: Epinephrine acts by binding to a variety of adrenergic receptors. Epinephrine is a nonselective agonist of all adrenergic receptors, including the major subtypes α, α, β, β, and β. Epinephrine's binding to these receptors triggers several metabolic changes. Binding to α-adrenergic receptors inhibits insulin secretion by the pancreas, stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle, and stimulates glycolysis and inhibits insulin-mediated glycogenesis in muscle. β adrenergic receptor binding triggers glucagon secretion in the pancreas, increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion by the pituitary gland, and increased lipolysis by adipose tissue. Together, these effects increase blood glucose and fatty acids, providing substrates for energy production within cells throughout the body. In the heart, the coronary arteries have a predominance of β receptors, which cause vasodilation of the coronary arteries in the presence of epinephrine.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: Its actions increase peripheral resistance via α receptor-dependent vasoconstriction and increase cardiac output via its binding to β receptors. The goal of reducing peripheral circulation is to increase coronary and cerebral perfusion pressures and therefore increase oxygen exchange at the cellular level. While epinephrine does increase aortic, cerebral, and carotid circulation pressure, it lowers carotid blood flow and end-tidal CO or ECO levels. It appears that epinephrine may improve macrocirculation at the expense of the capillary beds where perfusion takes place.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: Extracts of the adrenal gland were first obtained by Polish physiologist Napoleon Cybulski in 1895. These extracts, which he called "nadnerczyna", contained adrenaline and other catecholamines. American ophthalmologist William H. Bates discovered adrenaline's usage for eye surgeries prior to 20 April 1896. Japanese chemist Jōkichi Takamine and his assistant Keizo Uenaka independently discovered adrenaline in 1900. In 1901, Takamine successfully isolated and purified the hormone from the adrenal glands of sheep and oxen. Adrenaline was first synthesized in the laboratory by Friedrich Stolz and Henry Drysdale Dakin, independently, in 1904.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: There is an epinephrine metered-dose inhaler sold over the counter in the United States to relieve bronchial asthma. It was introduced in 1963 by Armstrong Pharmaceuticals.


title: Epinephrine (medication)

text: A common concentration for epinephrine is 2.25% w/v epinephrine in solution, which contains 22.5 mg/mL, while a 1% solution is typically used for aerosolization.


title: Brawlhalla

text: Brawlhalla is a free-to-play fighting game developed by Blue Mammoth Games and published by Ubisoft for macOS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, Xbox Series S & X, Android and iOS, with full cross-play across all platforms. The game was shown at PAX East in April 2014 and went into alpha later that month. An open beta became available in November 2015, followed by the game's release in October 2017. Launching with 34 characters, as of July 2022, the game features 56 playable characters called "Legends", each with their unique stats, loadout, and available cosmetic skins.


title: Brawlhalla

text: On March 5, 2018, "Brawlhalla" developer-publisher Blue Mammoth Games was acquired by a video game publisher Ubisoft. As a result of this, Rayman, alongside two other characters from the franchise, were added to the game on November 6, 2018. Brawlhalla was released for Nintendo Switch and Xbox One on the same day.


title: Brawlhalla

text: On July 6, 2018, Ars Technica released an article detailing precise player counts for Steam games obtained through a leak as a result of a "hole" in its API. This leak showed "Brawlhalla" to be ranked 24th in player count on Steam with a total of 8,646,824 players, out of all games featuring the Steam Achievements system. The Android version has more than 10 million downloads. Ubisoft reported more than 20 million players by February 2019. As of April 2022, Brawlhalla has more than 80 million players.


title: Brawlhalla

text: In most of "Brawlhalla"'s game modes, the goal is to knock one's opponent into one of four areas outside of the visual boundaries of the map referred to as blastzones, similar to "Super Smash Bros." This can be done either by forcing them into one of the blastzones with an attack, or by preventing them from returning to stage and allowing gravity to force them into the bottom blastzone. Damage can be seen on the color display around each player's character icon, which darkens progressively from white to red to black as the character continues to get hit. The darker the color is, the farther the character will be knocked back when hit until a hit forces them into a blastzone. Entering a blastzone will result in the player losing a stock and their character respawning on stage. Either the last player with at least one stock or the player with the most points wins the match.


title: Brawlhalla

text: The game supports both local and online play. Competitive players can compete in 1-on-1 to climb through the rankings. They can also find a partner to play against other duos to increase their collaborative rank in either the standard stock game mode queue or a rotating queue that features a different game mode each season. "Brawlhalla" also has several casual modes: Free-For-All, 1v1 Strikeout, Experimental 1v1, and a different featured mode every week. Free-For-All is a chaotic mode where 4 players knock each other out to gain points. In 1v1 Strikeout, players pick 3 characters which they play for 1 stock each. Experimental 1v1 allows players to test out upcoming features against each other. Custom games can be hosted online and locally, and they support up to 8 players per match, experimental maps, and region changing. You may join groups of your friends to create a clan, with multiple ranks within the clans. Clans are only available on PC. Clans gain experience from all members.


title: Brawlhalla

text: "Brawlhalla" features simple controls and one-button special moves. This allows new players to pick up the game quickly. Controls include movement keys and buttons for attacking, performing special moves, picking up or throwing weapons, and dodging. Keys can be rebound for the keyboard and a large variety of controllers.


title: Brawlhalla

text: Players can move by running left and right and jumping. Players can perform quick dashes sideways on the ground and dodges in the air or on the ground, either sideways or vertically. It is also possible to dodge right after an attack to keep pressure on the opponent. Once in the air, the player has the option to perform any combination of three jumps, a directional air-dodge, a grounded move in the air by using a "gravity-cancel", and "fast-falling". It is also possible to hold on to the sides of stages, similar to the style in "Mega Man X".


title: Brawlhalla

text: During a match, gadgets (which can be switched off in the ranked game modes) and weapon drops fall from the sky semi-randomly and can be picked up by the players. Although the weapon drop sprite has the appearance of a sword it turns into a corresponding weapon for the legend that picks it up. All of "Brawlhalla"'s characters can use 2 weapons out of 13 to fight each other. Weapons include blasters, katars, rocket lance, sword, spear, cannons, axe, gauntlets, hammers, bow, scythe, orb, and greatsword. Blasters, rocket lances, bows, and spears perform well at a distance from the opponent, while katars and gauntlets are more effective up close. Rocket lance allows for quick traversal of the stage. Cannon, greatsword, and hammer all do large amounts of damage. Sword, orb, and katars are fast and low damaging. All characters have unarmed attacks, should they be disarmed. Gadgets like bombs, mines, and spike balls are also used. Weapons can also be thrown to interrupt the enemy's moves or to make it difficult for them to get back to the stage. Each character has 3 special or "signature" moves per weapon, for a total of 6 per character.


title: Brawlhalla

text: Four states are assigned to each character: Strength, Dexterity, Defense, and Speed, each with a rating up to 10 (maximum 22). The combination of these stats determines the strengths and weaknesses of a character and affects how they're played, and can be slightly modified using stances- which move a point from one stat to another.


title: Brawlhalla

text: "Brawhalla" is free-to-play, based on the freemium business model. The game offers 9 selectable characters to use for free from a weekly rotation, making it more accessible for newer players. This number of free rotation characters increased from 6 in late 2018 to 8 in August 2020. There are currently 56 player characters, called "Legends" (as of July 2022). To fully purchase characters, "Brawlhalla" offers an in-game shop, giving a chance for players to use the in-game currency earned through matches, daily missions, and level-ups. Alternatively, players can purchase all existing and future characters via a one-time transaction of $19.99.


title: Brawlhalla

text: Other products are also available to purchase here, using a premium currency called Mammoth Coins. This currency is gained by purchasing them with real money. Mammoth coins can be used for products such as character skins, podiums, KO effects, weapon skins, avatars, sidekicks, and emotes that can be used in matches. Since some characters share a weapon type, players can customize their characters with weapon skins from skins purchased with other character skins. Also in the shops are skin chests, being updated every day. These chests offer many of the skins purchasable within the shop at a discounted price while offering 2 to 3 skins exclusive to the chest. These chests cost 100 Mammoth Coins to purchase, and when purchased, the chest will randomly give the purchaser one of the skins offered.


title: Brawlhalla

text: Brawlhalla has also introduced a battle pass system with 85 tiers of exclusive skins, emotes, and colors. The battle pass system has a weekly set of missions to be completed during matches, which range from straightforward tasks such as KOing with certain weapons to missions based on the in-universe lore. Completing each mission awards the player with "Battle Gems". Gems can also be obtained from ordinary daily missions, and a random number of either 2, 6, or 12 will be awarded after a player obtains a certain amount of XP from playing matches. The XP needed for each set of gems increases the more times a player has obtained the gems. Every 12 gems unlock a new tier of rewards on the reward track. With more desirable items, the paid track of rewards can be purchased for $9.99, but there is a free track with fewer rewards for casual players.


title: Brawlhalla

text: "Brawlhalla" introduced cross-play across all platforms on October 9, 2019. Cross-play allows players on PC, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Android and iOS to queue against each other in online ranked play and to create custom lobbies which a player on any platform can join.


title: Brawlhalla

text: From the start, "Brawlhalla" contained various anti-cheats that are not specified by the developers. Since October 26, 2021, EasyAntiCheat, software owned by Epic Games is in place.


title: Brawlhalla

text: Due to its incompatibility with 32-bit OSs, it is only required for Ranked and Tournament lobbies. EAC also "locks" the game files, making modded gameplay impossible while using it.


title: Brawlhalla

text: These characters can only be obtained through "mammoth coins" and not normal coins. They remain available in Brawlhalla's store even after the crossover event ends.


title: Brawlhalla

text: While minor events have been held by the community since its closed beta launch, Blue Mammoth Games now hosts its official competitive events.


title: Brawlhalla

text: In May 2016, they led off with the Brawlhalla Championship Series or "BCX". It was a series of 21 weekly online tournaments starting on June 18.


title: Brawlhalla

text: In 2017, Blue Mammoth Games announced the "'Brawlhalla Circuit", a worldwide circuit of tournaments. Players are awarded Points. Players with the highest points from each region at the end of the season will earn a spot in the World Championship in November.


title: Brawlhalla

text: At the start of 2018, Blue Mammoth Games announced their third year of official tournaments. This included a partnership with DreamHack to host 6 in-person tournaments throughout the year, including official tournaments in Europe.


title: Brawlhalla

text: In 2019, Blue Mammoth Games planned to host 5 in-person tournaments at their events throughout the year.


title: Brawlhalla

text: In more recent competition the Brawlhalla Pro Series (North America) was a weekly event that started April 9, 2019 and ended May 4, 2019.


title: Brawlhalla

text: The Brawlhalla World Championship is a tournament held by Blue Mammoth Games at their end-of-the-year event, BCX (Brawlhalla Championship Expo).


title: Brawlhalla

text: The event took place at the Cobb Galleria in Atlanta in the United States. Players competed locally from November 11–13. The World Championship was separated into two separate open tournaments (1v1 and 2v2). The first 1v1 World Championship title was won by Zack "LDZ" January, and the first 2v2 World Championship titles were won by Diakou "Diakou" State and Tyler "Twilight" Whitaker.


title: Brawlhalla

text: The Brawlhalla World Championship became an annual event in 2017. The event once again took place at the Cobb Galleria in Atlanta in the United States where players competed locally on November 3–5. The 2016 1v1 World Champion Zack "LDZ" Janbay won for the second year in a row, while the 2v2 championship was won by Zack "Boomie" Bielamowicz and Ngwa "Remmy" Nforsi.


title: Brawlhalla

text: The 3rd annual Brawlhalla World Championship was an open tournament with players being seeded based on official tournament power rankings. It took place on November 16–18 inside DreamHack Atlanta. The championship was played alongside tournaments of other popular fighting games, such as "Super Smash Bros. Melee", "Dragon Ball FighterZ" and "Tekken 7". The 1v1 World Championship title was claimed by Stephen Myers, known as "Sandstorm" and the 2v2 World Championship title went to Jonatan "Cake" Övragård and Aleksi "Addymestic" Sillanpää of Team PHZ.


title: Brawlhalla

text: The 4th annual Brawlhalla World Championship took place at DreamHack Atlanta. The 1v1 World Championship was won for a second time by Stephen "Sandstorm" Myers, and for the first time, the 1v1 winner also won the 2v2 World Championship - alongside his teammate Zack "Boomie" Bielamowicz.


title: Brawlhalla

text: The 5th annual Brawlhalla World Championship was shifted to an online competition due to the Coronavirus pandemic. The North American 1v1 World Championship was won for a third time by Stephen "Sandstorm" Myers, and the 2v2 World Championship title went to "Sandstorm" alongside his teammate "Boomie" for the second time in a row.


title: Brawlhalla

text: The 6th annual Brawlhalla World Championship was also an online competition. The North American 1v1 World Championship was won for the first time by "Cody Travis". The 2v2 North American World Championship title was won by "Sandstorm" and his teammate "Boomie" for the third time in a row.


title: Brawlhalla

text: The North American 1v1 World Championship was won by "Impala", and the 2v2 World Championship title went to "Snowy" alongside his teammate "Boomie"(his 5th time winning).


title: Brawlhalla

text: "Kotaku" summarized that ""Brawlhalla" is a dynamic take on platform brawler that feels good to play." They said that the best innovations to the platform brawlers before it are its jumps and wall movements. Three jumps and nearly unlimited wall scaling make for fresh strategies and the buff in mobility means a lot of the high-adrenaline action happens off-stage. "Push Square" stated that while it is not quite as tightly designed as the seminal "Super Smash Bros.", the large roster, a wide range of modes, and a reasonable level of depth help it achieve a similar balance of accessibility and challenge, scoring it at 7 out of 10. Nintendo Life said that it "stands as a solid example of how to do a proper platform fighter, with several game modes, a diverse cast and a beautiful art style making this one easy to recommend." PCMag summarised it as "a worthwhile entry in the platform fighting genre that you can enjoy for free."


title: Brawlhalla

text: On the PlayStation store chart, it was the 2nd most downloaded game in North America, and number 3 in Europe.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure exerted by fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside the skull and on the brain tissue. ICP is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and at rest, is normally 7–15 mmHg for a supine adult. The body has various mechanisms by which it keeps the ICP stable, with CSF pressures varying by about 1 mmHg in normal adults through shifts in production and absorption of CSF.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: Changes in ICP are attributed to volume changes in one or more of the constituents contained in the cranium. CSF pressure has been shown to be influenced by abrupt changes in intrathoracic pressure during coughing (which is induced by contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles, the latter of which also increases intra-abdominal pressure), the valsalva maneuver, and communication with the vasculature (venous and arterial systems).


title: Intracranial pressure

text: Intracranial hypertension (IH), also called increased ICP (IICP) or raised intracranial pressure (RICP), is elevation of the pressure in the cranium. ICP is normally 7–15 mm Hg; at 20–25 mm Hg, the upper limit of normal, treatment to reduce ICP may be needed.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: In general, symptoms and signs that suggest a rise in ICP include headache, vomiting "without" nausea, ocular palsies, altered level of consciousness, back pain, and papilledema. If papilledema is protracted, it may lead to visual disturbances, optic atrophy, and eventually blindness. The headache is classically a morning headache that may wake the person up. The brain is relatively poorly supplied by oxygen as a result of mild hypoventilation during the sleeping hours, and cerebral edema may worsen during the night due to the lying position. The headache is worse on coughing, sneezing, or bending and progressively worsens over time. There may also be personality or behavioral changes.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: In addition to the above, if mass effect is present with resulting displacement of brain tissue, additional signs may include pupillary dilatation, abducens palsies, and Cushing's triad. Cushing's triad involves an increased systolic blood pressure, a widened pulse pressure, bradycardia, and an abnormal respiratory pattern. In children, a low heart rate is especially suggestive of high ICP.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: Irregular respirations occur when injury to parts of the brain interfere with the respiratory drive. Biot's respiration, in which breathing is rapid for a period and then absent for a period, occurs because of injury to the cerebral hemispheres or diencephalon. Hyperventilation can occur when the brain stem or tegmentum is damaged.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: As a rule, patients with normal blood pressure retain normal alertness with ICP of 25–40 mmHg (unless tissue shifts at the same time). Only when ICP exceeds 40–50 mmHg does CPP and cerebral perfusion decrease to a level that results in loss of consciousness. Any further elevations will lead to brain infarction and brain death.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: In infants and small children, the effects of ICP differ because their cranial sutures have not closed. In infants, the fontanels, or soft spots on the head where the skull bones have not yet fused, bulge when ICP gets too high. ICP correlates with intraocular pressure (IOP) but seems to lack the accuracy necessary for close management of intracranial pressure in the acute posttraumatic period.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: Papilledema, or the swelling of the optic disc, can be a reliable sign that ICP is elevated. Unlike other conditions that may result in the swelling of the optic disc, it is in the case of papilledema that vision may go largely unaffected.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: Causes of increased intracranial pressure can be classified by the mechanism in which ICP is increased:


title: Intracranial pressure

text: One of the most damaging aspects of brain trauma and other conditions, directly correlated with poor outcome, is an elevated intracranial pressure. ICP is very likely to cause severe harm if it rises too high. Very high intracranial pressures are usually fatal if prolonged, but children can tolerate higher pressures for longer periods. An increase in pressure, most commonly due to head injury leading to intracranial hematoma or cerebral edema, can crush brain tissue, shift brain structures, contribute to hydrocephalus, cause brain herniation, and restrict blood supply to the brain. It is a cause of reflex bradycardia.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension may occur as a result of an occult leak of CSF into another body cavity. More commonly, decreased ICP is the result of lumbar puncture or other medical procedures involving the brain or spinal cord. Various medical imaging technologies exist to assist in identifying the cause of decreased ICP. Often, the syndrome is self-limiting, especially if it is the result of a medical procedure.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: If persistent intracranial hypotension is the result of a lumbar puncture, a "blood patch" may be applied to seal the site of CSF leakage. Various medical treatments have been proposed; only the intravenous administration of caffeine and theophylline has shown to be particularly useful.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), the pressure of blood flowing to the brain, is normally fairly constant due to autoregulation, but for abnormal mean arterial pressure (MAP) or abnormal ICP the cerebral perfusion pressure is calculated by subtracting the intracranial pressure from the mean arterial pressure: CPP = MAP − ICP . One of the main dangers of increased ICP is that it can cause ischemia by decreasing CPP. Once the ICP approaches the level of the mean systemic pressure, cerebral perfusion falls. The body's response to a fall in CPP is to raise systemic blood pressure and dilate cerebral blood vessels. This results in increased cerebral blood volume, which increases ICP, lowering CPP further and causing a vicious cycle. This results in widespread reduction in cerebral flow and perfusion, eventually leading to ischemia and brain infarction. Increased blood pressure can also make intracranial hemorrhages bleed faster, also increasing ICP.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: Severely raised ICP, if caused by a unilateral space-occupying lesion (e.g. a hematoma) can result in midline shift, a dangerous sequela in which the brain moves toward one side as the result of massive swelling in a cerebral hemisphere. Midline shift can compress the ventricles and lead to hydrocephalus.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: The pressure–volume relationship between ICP, volume of CSF, blood, and brain tissue, and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is known as the Monro–Kellie doctrine or hypothesis.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: The Monro–Kellie hypothesis states that the cranial compartment is inelastic and that the volume inside the cranium is fixed. The cranium and its constituents (blood, CSF, and brain tissue) create a state of volume equilibrium, such that any increase in volume of one of the cranial constituents must be compensated by a decrease in volume of another. "*This concept only applies to adults, as the presence of fontanelles and open suture lines in infants that have not yet fused means there is potential for a change in size and intracranial volume."


title: Intracranial pressure

text: The principal buffers for increased volumes include CSF and, to a lesser extent, blood volume. These buffers respond to increases in volume of the remaining intracranial constituents. For example, an increase in lesion volume (e.g., epidural hematoma) will be compensated by the downward displacement of CSF and venous blood.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: The most definitive way of measuring the intracranial pressure is with transducers placed within the brain. A catheter can be surgically inserted into one of the brain's lateral ventricles and can be used to drain CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) in order to decrease ICPs. This type of drain is known as an external ventricular drain (EVD). This is rarely required outside brain injury and brain surgery settings.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: In situations when only small amounts of CSF are to be drained to reduce ICP's (e.g. in IIH), drainage of CSF via lumbar puncture can be used as a treatment. Non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure is being studied.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: The treatment for ICP depends on the cause. In addition to management of the underlying causes, major considerations in acute treatment of increased ICP relates to the management of stroke and cerebral trauma.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: For long-term or chronic forms of raised ICP, especially idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), a specific type of diuretic medication (acetazolamide) is used. In cases of confirmed brain neoplasm, dexamethasone is given to decrease ICP. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, current research shows that dexamethasone is capable of decreasing peritumoral water content and local tissue pressure to decrease ICP.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: In people who have high ICP due to an acute injury, it is particularly important to ensure adequate airway, breathing, and oxygenation. Inadequate blood oxygen levels (hypoxia) or excessively high carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia) cause cerebral blood vessels to dilate, increasing the flow of blood to the brain and causing the ICP to rise. Inadequate oxygenation also forces brain cells to produce energy using anaerobic metabolism, which produces lactic acid and lowers pH, also dilating blood vessels and exacerbating the problem. Conversely, blood vessels constrict when carbon dioxide levels are below normal, so hyperventilating a person with a ventilator or bag valve mask can temporarily reduce ICP. Hyperventilation was formerly a part of the standard treatment of traumatic brain injuries, but the induced constriction of blood vessels limits blood flow to the brain at a time when the brain may already be ischemic—hence it is no longer widely used. Furthermore, the brain adjusts to the new level of carbon dioxide after 48 to 72 hours of hyperventilation, which could cause the vessels to rapidly dilate if carbon-dioxide levels were returned to normal too quickly. Hyperventilation is still used if ICP is resistant to other methods of control, or there are signs of brain herniation, because the damage herniation can cause is so severe that it may be worthwhile to constrict blood vessels even if doing so reduces blood flow. ICP can also be lowered by raising the head of the bed, improving venous drainage. A side effect of this is that it could lower pressure of blood to the head, resulting in a reduced and possibly inadequate blood supply to the brain. Venous drainage may also be impeded by external factors such as hard collars to immobilize the neck in trauma patients, and this may also increase the ICP. Sandbags may be used to further limit neck movement.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: In the hospital, the blood pressure can be increased in order to increase CPP, increase perfusion, oxygenate tissues, remove wastes, and thereby lessen swelling. Since hypertension is the body's way of forcing blood into the brain, medical professionals do not normally interfere with it when it is found in a person with a head injury. When it is necessary to decrease cerebral blood flow, MAP can be lowered using common antihypertensive agents such as calcium channel blockers.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: If there is an intact blood–brain barrier, osmotherapy (mannitol or hypertonic saline) may be used to decrease ICP.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: Struggling, restlessness, and seizures can increase metabolic demands and oxygen consumption, as well as increasing blood pressure. Analgesia and sedation are used to reduce agitation and metabolic needs of the brain, but these medications may cause low blood pressure and other side effects. Thus if full sedation alone is ineffective, people may be paralyzed with drugs such as atracurium. Paralysis allows the cerebral veins to drain more easily, but can mask signs of seizures, and the drugs can have other harmful effects. Paralysing drugs are only introduced if patients are fully sedated (this is essentially the same as a general anaesthetic)


title: Intracranial pressure

text: Craniotomies are holes drilled in the skull with the help of cranial drills to remove intracranial hematomas or relieve pressure from parts of the brain. As raised ICP's may be caused by the presence of a mass, removal of this via craniotomy will decrease raised ICP's.


title: Intracranial pressure

text: A drastic treatment for increased ICP is decompressive craniectomy, in which a part of the skull is removed and the dura mater is expanded to allow the brain to swell without crushing it or causing herniation. The section of bone removed, known as a bone flap, can be stored in the patient's abdomen and resited back to complete the skull once the acute cause of raised ICP's has resolved. Alternatively a synthetic material may be used to replace the removed bone section (see cranioplasty)


title: Daytona (album)

text: Daytona (stylized in all caps) is the third studio album by American rapper Pusha T. It was released on May 25, 2018, by G.O.O.D. Music and Def Jam Recordings. The album features guest appearances from Rick Ross and Kanye West, and uncredited additional vocals by Tony Williams and 070 Shake. Kanye West also served as executive producer and produced all of its tracks, with additional production from Andrew Dawson and Mike Dean.


title: Daytona (album)

text: "Daytona" is the first of five albums produced by West in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, in what became known as the "Wyoming Sessions", released in 2018, with a seven-track album being released every week. The album preceded the release of West's eighth studio album "Ye", West's collaboration with Kid Cudi titled "Kids See Ghosts", Nas' eleventh studio album "Nasir", and Teyana Taylor's second studio album "K.T.S.E.".


title: Daytona (album)

text: "Daytona" was supported by the lead single, "What Would Meek Do?", which was released from the album on July 4, 2018. "Daytona" debuted at number three on the US "Billboard" 200 with 77,000 album-equivalent units, of which 39,000 were pure album sales. The album received widespread critical acclaim from music critics and was considered by many major publications to be one of the best albums of 2018 and the decade. The album received a nomination for Best Rap Album at the 2019 Grammy Awards.


title: Daytona (album)

text: In December 2015, Pusha T released the album "", which was set to serve as a prelude to Pusha T's third album, "King Push". However, the album suffered from numerous delays, and instead, "Daytona" was announced by Kanye West via Twitter on April 19, 2018, alongside the album's release date.


title: Daytona (album)

text: Pusha T explained the title of the album by stating: "I changed the album title from "King Push" to "Daytona" because I felt it didn’t represent the overall message of this body of work. "Daytona" represents the fact that I have the luxury of time. That luxury only comes when you have a skill set that you're confident in."


title: Daytona (album)

text: Recording sessions for the album took place in Jackson, Wyoming and Utah during 2017 up to May 2018. Initial production for the album featured a variety of high profiled producers, however the original material was scrapped in favour of Kanye West producing the entire album. Production influences came from creating individual song lists and sampling. The album contained ten unique samples across its seven tracks, making it the most-sample dense project to come out of the Wyoming Sessions.


title: Daytona (album)

text: Songs recorded for the album include "Sociopath" featuring guest vocals from Kanye West and Kash Doll. "Sociopath" leaked in April 2019 and was later officially released as a single in August 2019, along with "Coming Home", which features Lauryn Hill, which was also rumoured to be intended for "Daytona".


title: Daytona (album)

text: The original artwork for "Daytona" was replaced a few days before the album's release, with the official artwork showing a picture of now-deceased singer Whitney Houston's drug paraphernalia-littered bathroom. The licensing for the artwork cost $85,000, paid by Kanye West. Houston's ex-husband Bobby Brown criticized the cover, saying it was in "really really bad taste".


title: Daytona (album)

text: Canadian rapper Drake responded to the song "Infrared", which addressed Drake and his ghostwriting rumors, by releasing a diss track titled "Duppy Freestyle" on May 25, 2018, which heavily sampled "Ever So Lovingly" by Táta Vega. The song garnered significant media attention, as well as a response from Pusha T on Twitter. Four days later, Pusha T responded with his own song titled "The Story of Adidon" which alleges that Drake is secretly the father of a porn star's child. Drake would later go on to confirm this on his own album, "Scorpion", a few weeks later. Drake alleges that the child information was leaked by West, but Pusha T alleges that Drake's producer, 40, leaked the info to a woman he slept with.


title: Daytona (album)

text: "Daytona" received widespread acclaim from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 86 based on 22 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Paul A. Thompson of "Pitchfork" described the album "a near-airtight exercise in flair and focus", stating that "it shirks the bloat and radio concessions of "" and, to a greater extent, his 2013 debut album, "My Name Is My Name". The beats – sample-heavy and produced entirely by Kanye – are uniformly excellent and let you see the seams: It's like an album full of "Bound 2"'s, without the sentimentality", concluding that the album is "Pusha's best work as a solo artist". Ben Beaumont-Thomas of "The Guardian" stated that "Each track is an elocution lesson, his bars enunciated with the almost pedantic menace of a bad cop explaining what he plans to do to you", describing the lyricism as "crisply brilliant drug poetry" and commending the production. Yoh Phillips of "DJBooth" wrote that "Daytona" "puts on display a maximized portrait of potent potential realized. After knocking at this door for years, Pusha has finally made an undeniable breakthrough. His words are razor sharp, his lyricism blessed by the kind of beats that allow him a beautiful ring to box in."


title: Daytona (album)

text: Clayton Purdom of "The A.V. Club" expressed that "Daytona" is "an absolute masterpiece of minimalism", complimenting both the album's production and lyricism. Kyle Mullin of "Exclaim!" stated that the album "boasts a mostly sinewy and understated sound that'll leave hip-hop heads in revelry". Online hip hop publication "HipHopDX" wrote that "Daytona" provides "a fitting backdrop for some of the most grim, relentlessly murderous raps Pusha has ever rhymed", also crediting West's production and the album's run time.


title: Daytona (album)

text: "Daytona" was ranked the 18th best release of the year in "The Wire" magazine's annual critics' poll. "Uproxx" cited the album as one of the best rap releases of 2018. "Complex" magazine named "Daytona" the number 1 album of the year. He was also named "Best Rapper Alive" in 2018 by "Complex" for his work on the album "Daytona". In 2019, "Pitchfork" ranked "Daytona" at number 188 in their list of "The 200 Best Albums of the 2010s"; staff writer Alphonse Pierre wrote: ""Daytona" is the full realization of Pusha as a star...for all the storylines and drama that surrounded "Daytona", the music rises above."


title: Daytona (album)

text: In 2019, "NME" named it the 82nd best album of the 2010s decade. "Rolling Stone " listed it 74th in its top 100 albums of the decade list. "Pitchfork" listed it 188 on their top 200 albums of the decade. "Paste" named it the 18th best Hip-Hop album of the 2010s.


title: Heidi Cruz

text: Heidi Suzanne Cruz (née Nelson; born August 7, 1972) is an American businesswoman. She has been a managing director at Goldman Sachs since 2012.


title: Heidi Cruz

text: Cruz completed her tertiary education at Claremont McKenna College, the Université libre de Bruxelles, and Harvard Business School. She was an economic policy adviser to George W. Bush's 2000 presidential campaign and subsequently held various positions in the Bush Admistration, including as an advisor to the Treasury Department and National Security Council. In 2005 she joined Goldman Sachs as a private wealth manager.


title: Heidi Cruz

text: In 2001, she married future U.S. Senator Ted Cruz, with whom she has two daughters. In his 2016 presidential campaign, she took a leave of absence to work as his primary fundraiser and surrogate.


title: Heidi Cruz

text: Heidi Suzanne Nelson was born on August 7, 1972, in San Luis Obispo, California, to Suzanne Jane (née Rouhe), a dental hygienist, and Peter Christian Nelson, a dentist. Nelson was raised as a Seventh-day Adventist. Her maternal grandfather Olavi Johannes Rouhe was from Savonlinna, Finland. During a part of Nelson's childhood, she lived with her family in Kenya, Nigeria, and throughout Asia, where they served as missionaries, while both parents participated in dental health work. Nelson became interested in business as a child, and sold homemade bread with her brother, Scott.


title: Heidi Cruz

text: Nelson attended Valley View Adventist Academy in Arroyo Grande, near her home town of San Luis Obispo. She completed her secondary education in 1990, at Monterey Bay Academy, an Adventist boarding school about 150 miles north in La Selva Beach, California. Following high school, Nelson attended Claremont McKenna College, graduating Phi Beta Kappa with a BA in Economics and International Relations in 1994. While attending the school, she was active in the student Republican group. While at Claremont McKenna, she studied abroad at the University of Strasbourg. In 1995, she received a Masters of European Business degree from Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management of the Université libre de Bruxelles in Brussels, Belgium. Her second graduate degree was an MBA from Harvard Business School in 2000.


title: Heidi Cruz

text: Subsequent to getting married in 2001, Cruz moved from Washington D.C. to Texas in 2004, and experienced a period of depression as a result of the transition. Cruz and her husband have two daughters, Caroline and Catherine. Since 2011, she characterizes herself as the primary breadwinner of the family. Cruz converted to the Southern Baptist denomination, though she still maintains a vegetarian diet in adherence with her Adventist upbringing.


title: Heidi Cruz

text: During the 2021 Texas power crisis, she and her family decided to vacation in Cancún, Mexico; Cruz reportedly messaged friends and neighbors to propose a stay at the Ritz-Carlton, partly on the grounds that the nightly rate was attractive. Cruz's messages and her role in the vacation placed her at the center of an international scandal; in addition to leaving the state during a period of crisis, the Cruzes came under fire for traveling internationally both during the COVID-19 pandemic and during the deadly storm, thereby violating official government guidelines, the guidelines of the school where their daughters are enrolled, and Ted Cruz's own public recommendations.


title: Heidi Cruz

text: In 2000, Nelson worked as an economic policy director on the Bush for President campaign, where she met her future husband Ted Cruz. Following her marriage to Ted Cruz in 2001, she went on to work for the Bush administration; she began as a top deputy to U.S. Trade Rep. Robert Zoellick, focusing on economic policy. Cruz worked as director of the Latin America desk at the Department of Treasury in 2002. She taught herself how to speak Spanish between jobs.


title: Heidi Cruz

text: In 2003, Cruz reported directly to National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice. Cruz eventually became the director for the Western Hemisphere on the National Security Council where she "had Rice's ear." During a "New York Times" interview, Cruz recalled enjoying her tenure with the Bush administration and found her work to be "personally fulfilling." That year, she delivered the commencement address for the graduating class of Tennessee's Southern Adventist University. After commuting between Washington, D.C. and her husband's home state of Texas for a year, she moved to Texas in 2004, where she briefly worked for Merrill Lynch. She has previously worked for JPMorgan Chase. In 2005, she began working for Goldman Sachs as a private wealth manager.


title: Heidi Cruz

text: From 2005 to 2011, she was an active member of the Council on Foreign Relations and was a member of the Independent Task Force on North America that in 2005, published a report entitled "Building a North American Community." Cruz sits on the Board of Directors for the Greater Houston Partnership. After seven years at Goldman Sachs, Cruz was promoted in 2012, to regional head of the Southwest United States for the Investment Management Division in Houston. In 2019, the Trump Administration interviewed Cruz as a finalist for the position of president of the World Bank.


title: Heidi Cruz

text: Cruz took a leave of absence without pay to participate in her husband's 2016 presidential campaign. During the campaign, she made multiple solo public appearances, speaking on her husband's behalf. Former George W. Bush administration official Sara Taylor Fagen said she was successful in softening her husband's image, which she further argued was essential for "a candidate whose main obstacle to the Republican nomination may be tone and personality", though director of the SuperPAC Our Principles PAC Katie Packer argued her help could only go so far and voters would not support a candidate based on their spouse.


title: Heidi Cruz

text: Early in her husband's campaign, Cruz's initial role was that of fundraiser, making calls to potential donors, seeking to "max out" investments to the Cruz campaign. Cruz's call list included donor names provided to her by a super PAC. Campaign chairman Chad Sweet compared Cruz's ability to make campaign calls to her time at Goldman Sachs, stating, "There are very few spouses who can get on the phone on a cold call to a prospective donor and make a more compelling case in a personal and effective way than Heidi Cruz."


title: Heidi Cruz

text: Beginning in August 2015, Cruz regularly attended presidential debates in which her husband participated. When asked what her role would be as First Lady, she expressed an intent to raise "the standard of living for those at the bottom of the economic ladder in this country", explaining that her interests are on "the economic side". During a two-day trip to Alabama in November 2015, she delivered signatures and payment required for her husband to appear on that state's ballot at the Alabama Republican Party headquarters in Hoover.


title: Heidi Cruz

text: On December 3, Cruz returned to Texas to file paperwork for her husband's name to appear on the state ballot. She acknowledged she had previously filed for his name on ballots in previous states, but also said the Cruz campaign had "a campaign strategy that's built to last, and we have built a grass-roots army that this country hasn't seen since Ronald Reagan." Having made televised solo appearances on Fox Business Network, and KTRK-TV, it was noted by Patrick Svitek of "The Texas Tribune" that she had become more visible in the previous months than she had been before.


title: Heidi Cruz

text: Cruz stumped for her husband in Iowa ahead of the 2016 Republican caucuses, appearing in the state multiple times. Ted Cruz ultimately won the state, which she believed was due to "one strong voice of the people coming together". For New Hampshire, another early primary state, it was reported in January that she would make stops there to rally support for her husband. In February, Cruz was reported to be headlining a luncheon for Republican women in Reno, Nevada, days before the state's primary.


title: Heidi Cruz

text: Cruz's campaigning in Texas was viewed by commentators (including potential voters) as essential to her husband's winning of his home state on Super Tuesday.


title: Heidi Cruz

text: At the time of her campaigning in Texas, Ted Cruz was expected to win the state, the move being seen as the Cruz campaign not wanting to take any chances. According to Cruz, both she and her husband were confident about his prospects of winning. She emphasized the state as both her and her husband's home state. After Super Tuesday, Cruz herself subsequently campaigned independently in North Carolina, Illinois, and Missouri. She then substituted for her husband in Fayetteville, North Carolina, speaking at Fayetteville Technical Community College in promotion of him, and jointly appeared with her husband in Wisconsin. Weeks before the state primaries, Cruz appeared in Indiana. Ted Cruz dropped out of the primary after a loss in Indiana to Donald Trump on May 3, 2016.Prior to dropping out, Cruz was involved in a Twitter feud with Donald Trump after he retweeted a composite image of an unflattering photo of Heidi next to a photo of Melania Trump, captioning it with "No need to ‘spill the beans.’ The images are worth a thousand words.”


title: Hair transplantation

text: Hair transplantation is a surgical technique that removes hair follicles from one part of the body, called the 'donor site', to a bald or balding part of the body known as the 'recipient site'. The technique is primarily used to treat male pattern baldness. In this minimally invasive procedure, grafts containing hair follicles that are genetically resistant to balding (like the back of the head) are transplanted to the bald scalp. Hair transplantation can also be used to restore eyelashes, eyebrows, beard hair, chest hair, pubic hair and to fill in scars caused by accidents or surgery such as face-lifts and previous hair transplants. Hair transplantation differs from skin grafting in that grafts contain almost all of the epidermis and dermis surrounding the hair follicle, and many tiny grafts are transplanted rather than a single strip of skin.


title: Hair transplantation

text: Since hair naturally grows in groupings of 1 to 4 hairs, current techniques harvest and transplant hair "follicular units" in their natural groupings. Thus modern hair transplantation can achieve a natural appearance by mimicking original hair orientation. This hair transplant procedure is called follicular unit transplantation (FUT). Donor hair can be harvested in two different ways: strip harvesting, and follicular unit extraction (FUE).


title: Hair transplantation

text: At an initial consultation, the surgeon analyzes the patient's scalp, discusses their preferences and expectations, and advises them on the best approach (e.g. single vs. multiple sessions) and what results might reasonably be expected.


title: Hair transplantation

text: Pre-operative folliscopy will help to know the actual existing density of hair, so that postoperative results of newly transplanted hair grafts can be accurately assessed. Some patients may benefit with preoperative topical minoxidil application and vitamins.


title: Hair transplantation

text: For several days prior to surgery the patient refrains from using any medicines which might result in intraoperative bleeding and resultant poor grafting. Alcohol and smoking can contribute to poor graft survival. Post operative antibiotics are commonly prescribed to prevent wound or graft infections.


title: Hair transplantation

text: Transplant operations are performed on an outpatient basis, with mild sedation (optional) and injected local anesthesia. The scalp is shampooed and then treated with an antibacterial agent prior to the donor scalp being harvested.


title: Hair transplantation

text: There are several different techniques for harvesting hair follicles, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Regardless of the harvesting technique, proper extraction of the hair follicle is paramount to ensure the viability of the transplanted hair and avoid transection, the cutting of the hair shaft from the hair follicle. Hair follicles grow at a slight angle to the skin's surface, so transplanted tissue must be removed at a corresponding angle.


title: Hair transplantation

text: There are two main ways in which donor grafts are extracted today: strip excision harvesting, and follicular unit extraction.


title: Hair transplantation

text: Strip harvesting (also known as follicular unit transplantation or FUT) is the most common technique for removing hair and follicles from a donor site. The surgeon harvests a strip of skin from the posterior scalp, in an area of good hair growth. A single-, double-, or triple-bladed scalpel is used to remove strips of hair-bearing tissue from the donor site. Each incision is planned so that intact hair follicles are removed. The excised strip is about 1–1.5 x 15–30 cm in size. While closing the resulting wound, assistants begin to dissect individual follicular unit grafts, which are small, naturally formed groupings of hair follicles, from the strip. Working with binocular Stereo-microscopes, they carefully remove excess fibrous and fatty tissue while trying to avoid damage to the follicular cells that will be used for grafting. The latest method of closure is called 'Trichophytic closure' which results in much finer scars at the donor area.


title: Hair transplantation

text: The surgeon then uses very small micro blades or fine needles to puncture the sites for receiving the grafts, placing them in a predetermined density and pattern, and angling the wounds in a consistent fashion to promote a realistic hair pattern. The technicians generally do the final part of the procedure, inserting the individual grafts in place.


title: Hair transplantation

text: Strip harvesting will leave a thin linear scar in the donor area, which is typically covered by a patient's hair even at relatively short lengths. The recovery period is around 2 weeks and will require the stitches/staples to be removed by medical personnel or sub cuticular suturing can be done.


title: Hair transplantation

text: With Follicular Unit Extraction or FUE harvesting, individual follicular units containing 1 to 4 hairs are removed under local anesthesia; this micro removal typically uses tiny punches of between 0.6mm and 1.0mm in diameter. The surgeon then uses very small micro blades or fine needles to puncture the sites for receiving the grafts, placing them in a predetermined density and pattern, and angling the wounds in a consistent fashion to promote a realistic hair pattern. The technicians generally do the final part of the procedure, inserting the individual grafts in place.


title: Hair transplantation

text: FUE takes place in a single long session or multiple small sessions. The FUE procedure is more time-consuming than strip surgery. An FUE surgery time varies according to the surgeons experience, speed in harvesting and patient characteristics. The procedure can take anywhere from a couple hours to extract 200 grafts for a scar correction to a surgery over two consecutive days for a megasession of 2,500 to 3,000 grafts. With the FUE Hair Transplant procedure there are restrictions on patient candidacy. Clients are selected for FUE based on a fox test, though there is some debate about the usefulness of this in screening clients for FUE.


title: Hair transplantation

text: FUE can give very natural results. The advantage over strip harvesting is that FUE harvesting negates the need for large areas of scalp tissue to be harvested, so there is no linear incision on the back of the head and it doesn't leave a linear scar. Because individual follicles are removed, only small, punctate scars remain which are virtually not visible and any post-surgical pain and discomfort is minimized. As no suture removal is required, recovery from Micro Grafting FUE is less than 7 days.


title: Hair transplantation

text: Disadvantages include increased surgical times and higher cost to the patient. It is challenging for new surgeons because the procedure is physically demanding and the learning curve to acquire the skills necessary is lengthy and tough. Some surgeons note that FUE can lead to a lower ratio of successfully transplanted follicles as compared to strip harvesting.


title: Hair transplantation

text: Follicular unit transplantation (FUT) is the traditional hair transplant method which involves extracting a linear strip of hair bearing skin from the back or the side of the scalp. The strip is then dissected to separate individual grafts.


title: Hair transplantation

text: Robotic hair restoration devices utilize cameras and robotic arms to assist the surgeon with the FUE procedure. In 2009, NeoGraft became the first robotic surgical device FDA approved for hair restoration. The ARTAS System was FDA approved in 2011 for use in harvesting follicular units from brown-haired and black-haired men.


title: Hair transplantation

text: If donor hair numbers from the back of the head are insufficient, it is possible to perform body hair transplantation (BHT) on appropriate candidates who have available donor hair on the chest, back, shoulders, torso and/or legs. Body hair transplant surgery can only be performed by the FUE harvesting method and, so, requires the skills of an experienced FUE surgeon. However, there are several factors for a potential BHT candidate to consider prior to surgery. These include understanding the natural difference in textural characteristics between body hair and scalp hair, growth rates, and having realistic expectations about the results of BHT surgery.


title: Hair transplantation

text: Advances in wound care allow for semi-permeable dressing, which allow seepage of blood and tissue fluid, to be applied and changed at least daily. The vulnerable recipient area must be shielded from the sun, and shampooing is started two days after the surgery. Some surgeons will have the patient shampoo the day after surgery. Shampooing is important to prevent scabs from forming around the hair shaft. Scabs adhere to the hair shaft and increase the risk of losing newly transplanted hair follicles during the first 7 to 10 days post-op.


title: Hair transplantation

text: During the first ten days, some of the transplanted hairs, inevitably traumatized by their relocation, may fall out. This is referred to as "shock loss". After two to three months new hair will begin to grow from the moved follicles. The patient's hair will grow normally, and continue to thicken through the next six to nine months. Any subsequent hair loss is likely to be only from untreated areas. Some patients elect to use medications to slow such loss, while others plan a subsequent transplant procedure to deal with this eventuality.


title: Hair transplantation

text: The cost of hair transplantation depends on the individual hair loss and consequently on the number of necessary grafts. The average price per graft ranges between US$1.07 in Turkey up to US$7.00 in Canada. Some clinics also offer all-inclusive packages.


title: Hair transplantation

text: Hair thinning, known as "shock loss", is a common side effect that is usually temporary. Bald patches are also common, as fifty to a hundred hairs can be lost each day. Post-operative hiccups have also been seen in around 4% of transplant patients.


title: Hair transplantation

text: The use of both scalp flaps, in which a band of tissue with its original blood supply is shifted to the continue bald area, and free grafts dates back to the 19th century. In 1897, Menahem Hodara successfully implanted hair taken from the unaffected areas of the scalp on to the scars that were left bald by favus. Modern transplant techniques began in Japan in the 1930s, where surgeons used small grafts, and even "follicular unit grafts" to replace damaged areas of eyebrows or lashes, but not to treat baldness. Their efforts did not receive worldwide attention at the time, and the traumas of World War II kept their advances isolated for another two decades.


title: Hair transplantation

text: The modern era of hair transplantation in the western world was ushered in the late 1950s, when New York dermatologist Norman Orentreich began to experiment with free donor grafts to balding areas in patients with male pattern baldness. Previously it had been thought that transplanted hair would thrive no more than the original hair at the "recipient" site. Orentreich demonstrated that such grafts were "donor dominant," as the new hairs grew and lasted just as they would have at their original home.


title: Hair transplantation

text: Advancing the theory of donor dominance, Walter P. Unger, M.D. defined the parameters of the "Safe Donor Zone" from which the most permanent hair follicles could be extracted for hair transplantation. As transplanted hair will only grow in its new site for as long as it would have in its original one, these parameters continue to serve as the fundamental foundation for hair follicle harvesting, whether by strip method or FUE.


title: Hair transplantation

text: For the next twenty years, surgeons worked on transplanting smaller grafts, but results were only minimally successful, with 2–4 mm "plugs" leading to a doll's head-like appearance. In the 1980s, strip excisions began to replace the plug technique, and Carlos Uebel in Brazil popularized using large numbers of small grafts, while in the United States William Rassman began using thousands of "micrografts" in a single session.


title: Hair transplantation

text: In the late 1980s, B.L. Limmer introduced the use of the stereo-microscope to dissect a single donor strip into small micrografts.


title: Hair transplantation

text: The follicular unit hair transplant procedure has continued to evolve, becoming more refined and minimally invasive as the size of the graft incisions have become smaller. These smaller and less invasive incisions enable surgeons to place a larger number of follicular unit grafts into a given area. With the new "gold standard" of ultra refined follicular unit hair transplantation, over 50 grafts can be placed per square centimeter, when appropriate for the patient.


title: Hair transplantation

text: Surgeons have also devoted more attention to the angle and orientation of the transplanted grafts. The adoption of the "lateral slit" technique in the early 2000s, enabled hair transplant surgeons to orient 2 to 4 hair follicular unit grafts so that they splay out across the scalp's surface. This enabled the transplanted hair to lie better on the scalp and provide better coverage to the bald areas. One disadvantage however, is that lateral incisions also tend to disrupt the scalp's vascularity more than sagittals. Thus sagittal incisions transect less hairs and blood vessels assuming the cutting instruments are of the same size. One of the big advantages of sagittals is that they do a much better job of sliding in and around existing hairs to avoid follicle transection. This certainly makes a strong case for physicians who do not require shaving of the recipient area. The lateral incisions bisect existing hairs perpendicular (horizontal) like a T while sagittal incisions run parallel (vertical) alongside and in between existing hairs. The use of perpendicular (lateral/coronal) slits versus parallel (sagittal) slits, however, has been heavily debated in patient-based hair transplant communities. Many elite hair transplant surgeons typically adopt a combination of both methods based on what is best for the individual patient.


title: Hair transplantation

text: Stem cells and dermal papilla cells have been discovered in hair follicles. Research on these follicular cells may lead to successes in treating baldness through hair multiplication (HM), also known as hair cloning.


title: Sersi

text: Sersi () is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is depicted as a member of the Eternals, a race of superhumans. She was also a member of the Avengers and God Squad. Sersi first appeared in the 1976–1978 comic book series "The Eternals".


title: Sersi

text: Sersi first appeared in "The Eternals" #3 (September 1976) as Sersy. Although "The Eternals" was published by Marvel Comics, it was not treated as part of the Marvel Universe, but rather as a stand-alone series. The characters were later incorporated into the Marvel universe. In the 1980s, she made guest appearances in the series "The Avengers" and "Captain America".


title: Sersi

text: Later, Marvel Comics continuity was retconned so that Sersi was the Greek mythological enchantress Circe, as introduced in "Strange Tales" #109 (June 1963).


title: Sersi

text: In 1990, Sersi joined the Avengers team, after her fellow Eternal Gilgamesh left the team following an injury. Sersi left the team in 1994.


title: Sersi

text: After Malibu Comics was acquired by Marvel, Sersi and the Black Knight were incorporated into the short-lived Ultraverse imprint along with other Marvel characters.


title: Sersi

text: Sersi and the other Eternals returned in Jason Aaron's "Avengers". They were then all killed in a story arc involving the Dark Celestials in issue #4.


title: Sersi

text: Sersi is a fourth-generation member of the Eternals, an evolutionary offshoot of the human race. She is the daughter of the Eternals Helios and Perse and was probably born in Olympia, Greece, sometime after the Great Cataclysm that destroyed the continents of Atlantis and Lemuria during an extended ice age known as the Hyborean Age. At a young age, Sersi differed from her fellow Eternals in her desire to live among humans. Sersi first met Captain America, who had travelled back in time, during her time in ancient Mesopotamia. Although Sersi still had the appearance of a child at this time, she was already thousands of years old.


title: Sersi

text: A few thousand years later, Sersi was based in ancient Greece, where she met the poet Homer, who would later write one of the earliest works in Western literature, The "Odyssey". The character Circe, who lived on Aeaea, an island in the Aegean Sea, and turned Odysseus' men into pigs, was based on Sersi.


title: Sersi

text: Unlike the majority of her fellow Eternals who stay in hidden cities, Sersi revels in her humanity. Except for the Forgotten One, she has lived amongst humans more than any other Eternal. This includes in various places of historical importance like Nero's Rome and Camelot, the court of King Arthur, where she helped Merlin the magician defeat an impostor who had usurped his position. Sersi also fought alongside Thor in the Viking Siege of Paris, although he was not aware of this. She has been a dancer, actress, stage magician, hedonist and adventurer.


title: Sersi

text: In "The Eternals" #3-5, published in 1976, Sersi battled Deviants in New York City, after which anthropologist Dr. Samuel Holden introduced her to the world at large at New York's City College, along with other Eternals. Sersi became fascinated with the soft-spoken Doctor and began a relationship with him. Although she gives the impression that she would rather be at a party, Sersi turned out to be a staunch ally to the Eternals in their struggles with the Deviants.


title: Sersi

text: Sersi met and became an ally of Thor. She then participated in a battle between the Olympian gods and Eternals. Despite her loyalty to the Eternals, Sersi valued her independence, and she often refused to come to the Eternals' gatherings. During one such instance, Domo of the Eternals sent the Delphan Brothers to bring her to Olympia so that all the Eternals could form the Uni-Mind to debate their future. However, Sersi had decided not to attend, as she would continue doing what she wanted regardless of the outcome. Unbeknown to the Delphan Brothers, two of Sersi's party guests were the Wasp and Starfox, members of the Avengers, who, much to Sersi's delight, actually crashed the party. They came to Olympia as well, where it was revealed that Starfox was the son of A'lars, who was also the Mentor of Titan, brother to Zuras. When the majority of Eternals decided to leave Earth for space, Sersi chose to remain.


title: Sersi

text: At least 13 years later, the Avenger Captain America needed someone with illusion casting or shape-changing abilities for help with a case he was working on. He found Sersi's address on the Avengers' database and decided to ask her for help. Sersi was more than happy to aid "Cap" (she quite fancied him, and was constantly flirting with him, much to his embarrassment), although she told him it would require a favor from him in return as it turned out, a dinner invitation.


title: Sersi

text: Sersi battled Ghaur alongside the Eternals, Thor, and the West Coast Avengers. Sersi also aided the Avengers in their struggle against the Deviants and the Elder God Set. When her fellow Eternal, the Forgotten One, was injured while serving as an Avenger, the Avengers came to Sersi for help. She travelled into the Negative Zone with the Avengers to find the Eternals, where she was seemingly killed by Blastaar, but returned to life.


title: Sersi

text: Captain America, the chairman of the Avengers, decided to ask Sersi to join the Avengers due to her previous assistance. Sersi accepted Cap's proposal and became one of Earth's mightiest (perhaps based on her attraction to Cap, or because she discovered that she enjoyed heroics more than she let on). In her first mission with the team, she helped them defeat Nebula.


title: Sersi

text: Sersi was a powerful addition to the Avengers roster, although her harmless flirtation still managed to embarrass Captain America. Sersi served with the team for quite a long time. Then, during an attack on the Earth by the Brethren, Sersi was captured and formed a Uni-Mind with the Brethren leader, Thane Ector. Such a union, between two different species, is forbidden by the Eternals, as it may lead to the breakdown of the Eternals' mental disciplines. Sersi fought Sybil Dorn and became an ally to Thane Ector.


title: Sersi

text: Some months after this, Sersi became more aggressive; she was one of the Avengers involved in the attempted murder of the Kree Leader, the Supreme Intelligence, during the Avengers involvement in the Kree-Shi'ar War.


title: Sersi

text: During this time, Sersi began a relationship with fellow Avenger Dane Whitman, the Black Knight. The Avengers begin a fight against a villain called "Proctor", who was reuniting Avengers from different realities, forming a team called "The Gatherers".


title: Sersi

text: The new aggressive nature of Sersi caused tensions between herself and her fellow teammates. A romantic triangle was formed between Sersi, the Black Knight, and the newest Avenger, Crystal. These tensions came to a climax when the Avengers traveled to the planet Polemachus. When the villainous priest Anskar murdered a young girl called Astra, Sersi killed him in retribution.