title: University of Wyoming

text: The College of Education comprises two schools: the School of Counseling, Leadership, Advocacy, and Design; and the School of Teacher Education. Both certificates and programs that lead to initial certification or endorsements by Wyoming's Professional Teaching Standards Board (PTSB) are offered for pre-service teachers. Partnerships with Wyoming public schools provide for hands-on experience in real classrooms, and the on-campus, K-9 lab school provides a model of teaching and learning. The Counselor Education Training Clinic within the college offers free services for individuals, couples, families, adults, adolescents, and children. Services are provided by advanced graduate students under qualified clinical supervision.


title: University of Wyoming

text: Offering 12 programs of study, the College of Engineering and Applied Science provides also undergraduate research opportunities, an International Engineering Program, and Earth Systems Science.


title: University of Wyoming

text: The College of Health Science offers programs in pharmacy, nursing, social work, kinesiology, communication disorders, and dental hygiene, and students have the opportunity to receive pre-professional advising.


title: University of Wyoming

text: In May 2017, the university began working to change the Honors Program to the Honors College and search for an Honors College Dean from within the current university faculty.


title: University of Wyoming

text: The University of Wyoming's Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources (ENR) advances the understanding and resolution of environment and natural resource challenges through education, dissemination of information, and collaborative decision making support. Its academic programs emphasize interdisciplinary learning, providing students with applied learning experiences that prepare them to consider multiple perspectives to address natural resource issues. The Ruckelshaus Institute produces reports and convenes events on natural resource issues. The school School offers courses in negotiation, facilitation, and media relations for natural resource professionals. The Biodiversity Institute provides research, education, and outreach to support biodiversity conservation and management. In 2016, the university announced that the Haub School would become a full academic college beginning in the 2017 academic year.


title: University of Wyoming

text: The College of Law was founded in 1920, and has been accredited by the American Bar Association since 1923. Its location in the Rocky Mountain West has provided a direct connection to regional and global issues in environmental, natural resources, and energy law. The alumni includes many state and federal judges, governors, senators and a former United States Ambassador to Ireland, and offers eight clinical and practicum programs providing students with hands-on experience in the Brimmer Legal Education Center.


title: University of Wyoming

text: The mission of the University of Wyoming's Outreach School is to extend the University of Wyoming to the state and the world, and bring the world to Wyoming. It has several divisions. Outreach Credit Programs, in partnership with the university's colleges and departments, delivers both in and outside the state more than 41 degrees, programs, and certificates, both online or through "blended" learning technologies such as audio conferencing, video conferencing, and correspondence study. As of Spring 2014, Outreach School students accounted for 23.6% of enrollments at the University of Wyoming. There are nine Outreach Regional Centers in Wyoming, each with an Academic Coordinator and staff provide student support services. The University of Wyoming at Casper is a partnership between the University of Wyoming and Casper College and offers a small, residential campus experience. Students at UW-Casper can pursue bachelor's, master's, and doctorate degrees, as well as certificates and endorsements. The International Programs Office supports both international students and faculty and provides a number of different international study opportunities. Wyoming Public Media operates three radio services that cover 90% of Wyoming, as well as an online service and NPR news service. Outreach Technology Services, including UWTV, provides technological access to students enrolled in distance courses, as well as those at UW-Casper. Additionally, the Outreach School administers Summer Session, J-Term, and Saturday University.


title: University of Wyoming

text: The Enhanced Oil Recovery Institute (EORI) was formed regarding the implementation of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques in Wyoming. The mission of EORI is "to promote the recovery of Wyoming's 'stranded' oil." The Institute assists Wyoming operators with EOR projects by applying existing technologies and creating new knowledge when necessary, maximize the economic potential, minimize the risk of EOR projects, facilitate the testing, evaluation, and documentation of EOR recommendations in the real world settings, and transfer the information to Wyoming producers by forming partnerships and conducting workshops and conferences.


title: University of Wyoming

text: The School of Energy Resources (SER) at the University of Wyoming was created in 2006 to enhance the university's energy-related education, research, and outreach. SER showcases the many energy research projects at UW and bridges academics and industry.


title: University of Wyoming

text: The Associated Students of the University of Wyoming (ASUW) is the title of the student body at the University of Wyoming. Every full-time student is a member of the ASUW and can vote in the elections of the ASUW Student Government. ASUW consists of three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. ASUW Also hosts several programs including the First-Year Senate, Associated Students Technical Services (ASTEC), Non-Traditional Student Council, Student Legal Services, United Multicultural Council, and the UW Food Share Pantry.


title: University of Wyoming

text: The university's Campus Sustainability Committee (CSC) advises all departments and program on sustainability matters and oversees the university's efforts and progress towards reducing its carbon footprint. All new campus buildings are required to meet LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Silver certification of the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). UW president Tom Buchanan signed the American College & University Presidents Climate Commitment (ACUPCC) in 2007. For their advances on university sustainability, UW scored a "C" on the College Sustainability Report Card of the Sustainable Endowments Institute.


title: University of Wyoming

text: The goal of Friday Night Fever (FNF) is to offer alcohol-free late-night entertainment for University of Wyoming students. The events vary by the week and are diverse to include all students. Past events sponsored by FNF include comedians, magicians, hypnotists, the UW Idol Competition, Salsa Dancing, Casino Night, and inflatable games. The organization also regularly shows first-run movies in the Wyoming Union every Friday night at 6:30 pm, 9:00 pm, and 11:30 pm


title: University of Wyoming

text: Nearly all fraternities and sororities are located on campus in private or university owned houses. Houses are located on Fraternity and Sorority Row. Most of the Fraternities and the Honors House line the northern (Fraternity) road and Sororities and two fraternities line the southern (Sorority) road. In 2016 and 2017 the university bought the three vacant houses (previously occupied by Pi Kappa Alpha, Alpha Tau Omega, and Pi Beta Phi) with the intention of demolishing the Pi Kappa Alpha house (as it had been condemned during its vacancy), and renovating and renting the Alpha Tau Omega and Pi Beta Phi houses.


title: University of Wyoming

text: The Outdoor Program (OP), located in the south lobby of Half Acre, offers many activities for the outdoor enthusiasts. The program was established in 1997 to provide a wide variety of educational training and to equip students to pursue adventures on their own. Through the OP, students can go on a variety of single, multiday, and week-long excursions. A few examples of the trips offered are rock climbing, white water rafting, ice climbing, snowshoeing, backcountry skiing, and mountain biking. Some of the educational programs offered are avalanche training, ski/snowboard maintenance, bike maintenance, and lead climbing courses. The Outdoor Program is subsidized by student fees and participants only pay for the trip expenditures. Equipment such as snowshoes, mountain bikes, camping supplies, and backpacking gear are available for rent. The OP also offers several events throughout the year such as bouldering competitions at the Half Acre gym and the Banff Film Festival "World Tour".


title: University of Wyoming

text: Founded in the fall of 2000, the goal of SafeRide is to prevent drinking and driving by offering on call service Thursday, Friday, and Saturday nights. Since then, it has transported over 160,000 passengers. Each SafeRide vehicle is clearly marked by an illuminated sign. On January 23, 2009, the 150,000th rider was presented with a US$1000 scholarship.


title: University of Wyoming

text: Transit & Parking Services monitors parking lots and provides transportation to the University of Wyoming campus. The transit service consists of different systems that operate independently. Transit & Parking Services offers a variety of parking options, including various permitting options and metered parking.


title: University of Wyoming

text: The University of Wyoming offers a separate transit service for passengers unable to ride the fixed routes due to a disability. Eligibility is determined through the Transit and Parking office.


title: University of Wyoming

text: Transit & Parking Services also operates the Night Owl Express, which provides on-call service from 1:00 pm to 6:00 am on weekdays and 24 hours a day on the weekends. The service can be requested by pressing the black buttons at one of the shelters on campus.


title: University of Wyoming

text: University of Wyoming athletics teams are named the Cowboys and Cowgirls. Their official song is "Ragtime Cowboy Joe". Wyoming competes at the NCAA Division I level (FBS-Football Bowl Subdivision for football) as a member of the Mountain West Conference. UW offers 17 NCAA-sanctioned sports – nine women's sports and eight men's sports. Wyoming's nine NCAA sports for women are: basketball; cross country; golf; soccer; swimming and diving; tennis; indoor track & field; outdoor track and field; and volleyball. UW's eight NCAA sports for men are: basketball; cross country; football; golf; swimming and diving; indoor track and field; outdoor track and field; and wrestling.


title: University of Wyoming

text: In 1969 football coach Lloyd Eaton kicked 14 Black players off the team for wanting to protest what they considered the racist policies within Brigham Young University (BYU) and the LDS Church before a game with BYU. After the team went 1–9 the following year, the school decided to remove him. In 2019, the school publicly apologized for this incident, and invited all living players back to campus to be honored.


title: Knish

text: A knish is a traditional Ashkenazi Jewish snack food consisting of a filling covered with dough that is typically baked or sometimes deep fried.


title: Knish

text: Knishes are often purchased from street vendors in urban areas with a large Jewish population, sometimes at a hot dog stand, or from a butcher shop. They are still strongly associated with New York City cuisine, possibly because of the iconic Yonah Schimmel's Knish Bakery restaurant, located on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, traditionally a Jewish neighbourhood. Knishes were popularized in North America by Ashkenazi Jewish refugees from the Pale of Settlement (mainly from present-day Belarus, Lithuania, Ukraine, and eastern Poland).


title: Knish

text: In most traditional versions, the filling is made entirely of mashed potato, kasha (buckwheat groats), or cheese. Other varieties of fillings include beef, chicken, sweet potatoes, black beans, or spinach.


title: Knish

text: Knishes may be round, rectangular, or square. They may be entirely covered in dough or some of the filling may peek out of the top. Sizes range from those that can be eaten in a single bite hors d'oeuvre to sandwich-sized.


title: Knish

text: Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants who arrived sometime around 1900 brought knishes to the United States. Knish (קניש) is a Yiddish word of Slavic origin, related to the Ukrainian "knysh" (книш) and Polish "knysz". The ancestor of the knish was a medieval fried vegetable patty or fritter called "knysz"; eventually it became a stuffed item. In Ukraine, the "knysz" evolved into a filled yeasted bun, and today is usually sweet rather than savoury; the Ukrainian cousin to the Jewish knish is the pyrizhok (пиріжки). Knishes began to be baked (rather than fried) around the same time that the potato was popularized in Eastern Europe, and the dough wrapper gradually became more like pastry than bread.


title: Knish

text: The first knish bakery in America was founded in New York City in 1910. Generally recognized as a food made popular in New York City by Jewish immigrants in the early 20th century, the United States underwent a knish renaissance in the 2000s driven by knish specialty establishments such as Knishes and Dishes in Philadelphia, the Knish Shop in Baltimore, Maryland, Buffalo and Bergen in Washington, DC, or My Mother's Knish, in Westlake Village, California.


title: Knish

text: In the 20th century, New York City and state politicians portrayed themselves eating knishes to show solidarity with Jewish working-class people. The trend declined after suburbanization and the policies of Ed Koch and Rudy Giuliani that restricted the sale of knishes from food carts.


title: Standing on the Shoulder of Giants

text: Standing on the Shoulder of Giants is the fourth studio album by English rock band Oasis, released on 28 February 2000. It was the band's first album under their new record label Big Brother Recordings. In the year preceding the album's release, Alan McGee closed Creation Records, and Oasis had lost two founding members (Paul "Bonehead" Arthurs and Paul "Guigsy" McGuigan) and hired new producer Mark "Spike" Stent to replace Owen Morris.


title: Standing on the Shoulder of Giants

text: The album marked a significant change from the Britpop scene to a modern psychedelic record complete with drum loops, samples, electric sitar, mellotron, synthesizers and backward guitars, resulting in an album more experimental with electronica and heavy psychedelic rock influences. Songs such as "Go Let It Out", the Indian-influenced "Who Feels Love?", and the progressive "Gas Panic!" departed from the band's earlier style. This album also marked the first time that lead singer Liam Gallagher contributed on songwriting ("Little James"), and this tradition was continued for their subsequent albums, instead of primarily Noel Gallagher's songwriting in the first three albums.


title: Standing on the Shoulder of Giants

text: It is the 16th fastest selling album in UK chart history, selling over 310,000 copies in its first week. "Standing on the Shoulder of Giants" has been certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry and has sold around 208,000 copies in the US.


title: Standing on the Shoulder of Giants

text: The album's title misquotes an expression by Sir Isaac Newton: "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants". Noel Gallagher saw the quote on the edge of a £2 coin while in a pub, and liked it so much he thought it would be a suitable name for Oasis' new album. He then wrote the name on the side of a cigarette packet while drunk, and upon awakening in the morning, he realised he had written "Standing on the "Shoulder" of Giants". He had also accidentally written "a bum title" on the packet instead of "album title".


title: Standing on the Shoulder of Giants

text: Noel decided to drop the equipment used in the three previous albums and instead buy "loads of really weird pedals, old guitars, and small amps" as the lack of a deadline on the album allowed him to "take quite a few days just messing around" and experiment with new musical landscapes. Noel was forced to play nearly all the instruments on the album, aided by some additional musicians; due to the departure of two founding band members (guitarist Bonehead and bassist Guigsy) while the album was still being recorded, their parts were re-recorded for legal reasons. The album features Noel and Liam Gallagher alongside drummer Alan White, who are also the only ones depicted on the sleeve of the album.


title: Standing on the Shoulder of Giants

text: The lead track, "Fuckin' in the Bushes", features no vocals, but does include sampled quotes from "Message to Love", a documentary film of the Isle of Wight Festival 1970. The festival's MC, Rikki Farr, is heard berating the crowd: "We put this festival on, you bastards, with a lot of love! We worked for one year for you pigs! And you wanna break our walls down and you wanna destroy it? Well you go to hell!" Two other festival observers in the film are also heard.


title: Standing on the Shoulder of Giants

text: The album's artwork features the photo of the Manhattan skyline taken from the rooftop of 500 Fifth Avenue (5th Ave/W 42nd St). Some famous buildings can be seen here, for example the Empire State Building is seen in front and the former World Trade Center is seen in the back. To create the cover photo, the photographer captured the same frame every half an hour in 18 hours during the whole day's course; the photos were digitally composited into the final picture. All of the singles released from this album contained artwork that was based on the album artwork; the shot used for "Go Let It Out" can be seen above one of the buildings at the front, which depicts five men playing football. This shot was taken from the roof of a football stadium, and the footballers from the car park were edited onto the rooftop on the final cover.


title: Standing on the Shoulder of Giants

text: The album received mixed reviews from critics. The B-side to "Go Let It Out", "Let's All Make Believe", was featured in "Q"'s top 500 lost tracks, who also said that if "Let's All Make Believe" were on the album, "it probably would have carried the album to another star." However, "Q" later included the record at number 46 in their list of the 50 worst albums ever made.


title: Standing on the Shoulder of Giants

text: Despite its lukewarm critical reception, both Liam and Noel Gallagher have praised certain aspects of the record. During a radio interview with Gary Crowley in 2002 Liam said "Some people reckon the album is shit, but I think it's a great album ... it's just a bit different", whilst Noel Gallagher has stated that he regards "Go Let It Out" as "up there with some of the best things that I've done." He also stated in a 2005 interview with Rock Profiles that he thinks "Fuckin' in the Bushes", "Go Let It Out", "Gas Panic!", and "Where Did It All Go Wrong?" are "real pieces of music". Noel has also praised the sounds and production of the record.


title: Standing on the Shoulder of Giants

text: "Standing on the Shoulder of Giants" spent 29 weeks on the UK album chart, the fewest for any Oasis studio album. It was the 26th biggest selling album of 2000 in the UK.


title: Standing on the Shoulder of Giants

text: "Standing on the Shoulder of Giants" debuted at number 24 on the "Billboard" 200 in the US, selling about 55,000 units in its first week, but sales slumped its second week and fell to No. 84 with a 64% sales drop. The album received a huge sales hike following the VH1 airing of the group's "Behind the Music" in April 2000, jumping from No. 194 to No. 113 on the "Billboard" 200 the week following the episode's airing. In March 2000, the IFPI certified Oasis for selling one million units of the album in Europe.


title: Standing on the Shoulder of Giants

text: In a 2011 interview with "Grantland", Noel disowned the album, stating that it should have never been made. He recalled that he "had no reason or desire to make music" and "just wrote songs for the sake of making an album". He also clarified that adding Archer and Bell allowed the band to split songwriting duties, as he felt he "could[n't] keep writing 20 songs every two years".


title: Athadu

text: Athadu ( or ) is a 2005 Indian Telugu-language action thriller film written and directed by Trivikram Srinivas. The film stars Mahesh Babu, Trisha, and Sonu Sood while Sayaji Shinde, Kota Srinivasa Rao, Prakash Raj, Nassar, and Brahmanandam play supporting roles. It is produced by D. Kishore and M. Ram Mohan under the Jayabheri Arts banner. The soundtrack was composed by Mani Sharma. K. V. Guhan handled the cinematography of the film while Sreekar Prasad edited it.


title: Athadu

text: The film went on to become one of the highest grossing Telugu films and marked Mahesh Babu's career resurgence after a few unsuccessful films. It won 3 Nandi Awards and a Filmfare Awards South in Best Director category. It was later remade in Indian Bengali as "Wanted" (2010) and in Hindi as "" (2009).


title: Athadu

text: Nandu is a hitman-for-hire, who is contracted for to fake an assassination attempt on opposition leader Shiva Reddy as part of the latter's plan to garner votes via sympathy to become the CM. After planning the hit and escape with his friend and partner-in-crime Malli, Nandu prepares to shoot, but someone shoots Shiva Reddy dead instead. The police immediately surround the building, and Nandu watches in shock as Malli is killed after his car collides with a tanker. Cornered by the police, Nandu jumps off the building and onto a train. In one of the compartments, he meets Pardhasaradhi "Pardhu", who is returning to his village, Basarlapudi, after running away 12 years ago.


title: Athadu

text: Later that same night, the police arrive at Gudivada and the SI of the search party spots Nandu and fires at him, but accidentally hits Pardhu instead. Nandu escapes in the ensuing confusion and arrives at Basarlapudi, and thinking that he is Pardhu, the latter's family rejoices at his return. Pardhu's cousin Poori is instantly smitten with him and constantly tries to get his attention. As Nandu grows closer to his new family, he solves many of their problems. Nandu discloses his identity to Pardhu's childhood friend Ramana in a subsequent conversation. Pardhu's grandfather, Satya Narayana Murthy, shows Nandu a shotgun that Pardhu's father (his son) used for hunting, telling him that his son died after being hit with a ricocheting bullet caused by a stone plugging the barrel.


title: Athadu

text: Meanwhile, CBI officer Anjaneya Prasad is handed the case of Shiva Reddy's murder. His initial investigation turns up three issues:


title: Athadu

text: He then follows the trail of the train and finds out about the death of actual Pardhu. Suspecting Pardhu may not be who he claims, and hoping to match his fingerprints to the gun present at the crime scene, Prasad arrives at Basarlapudi and questions Nandu and tries to get his fingerprints, but is outsmarted.


title: Athadu

text: The subsequent investigation leads him to the accident that prevented Nandu from escaping; however, probing into that angle reveals that both vehicles involved in the accident (Malli's car and a petrol tanker) were hired by Malli, resulting in another dead end, leading to Prasad meeting with ex-gangster Sadhu, who is Nandu and Malli's mentor in prison. Sadhu confirms that Malli only plans the escape, and that Nandu is the one Prasad is looking for, leaving Prasad to realize that Nandu is masquerading as Pardhu. He also learns that they would have kept their money in banks, and locates Nandu's bank account by searching for accounts that had a sudden inflow of money in the days leading to Shiva Reddy's assassination.


title: Athadu

text: Prasad learns of a transfer that took place recently, and heads to the destination bank to check, discovering the transfer was a cheque encashed by Murthy for Poori's sister's marriage that was taken from Nandu's account. Prasad calls the house and tricks Nandu into responding to his real name. Nandu flees before Prasad arrives at the house. Prasad breaks the news of Pardhu's death to the family and of Nandu's masquerade, leaving them devastated. Nandu returns amidst outrage from the other family members for his deceit and explains that though he intended to break the news of Pardhu's death to the family, he couldn't bring himself to do it after meeting Pardhu's aunt and grandfather. He also explains that though he lied about Pardhu, he never tried to deceive the family by pretending to be Pardhu.


title: Athadu

text: Murthy takes him into his study room, where he emphasizes that despite the chance to escape, Nandu came and helped the family with their issues, despite the family's criticisms, and had stood in silence in front of Murthy for no reason, which is why he considers Nandu as "Pardhu". Murthy hands the family gun to Nandu, urging him to seek out who framed him and clear his name. Nandu calls up Shiva Reddy's deputy Baji Reddy and threatens him with the recording of their earlier conversation. From Baji Reddy, Nandu learns that Malli (who faked his death) called Baji Reddy after him that day and offered to do the job for half. Baji Reddy instead offered Malli to kill Shiva Reddy in a move to become the CM himself.


title: Athadu

text: Letting Baji Reddy know that he recorded the conversation, Nandu heads to Malli's location; Prasad and the team spot him at an intersection, and one of Prasad's colleagues, Ravi opens fire at him but misses. Nandu manages to escape in the ensuing commotion, leaving Prasad to question Ravi on how much he was offered to kill Nandu. Nandu finds Malli in a church, and Malli reveals that instead of working along with Nandu and getting only half, he decided to take up Baji Reddy's offer and kill Shiva Reddy. By placing the blame on Nandu, Malli would get from both him and Baji Reddy. Both are ambushed by the SI and other officers sent by Baji Reddy, but Nandu dispatches the cops where he engages in hand-to-hand combat with Malli and overpowers him.


title: Athadu

text: Both run for a weapon, and Malli picks up Nandu's shotgun. Realizing that Nandu's gun is empty, Malli prepares to kill Nandu, only to be killed by the round backfiring, revealing a marble was stuck in the barrel. When Prasad arrives at the scene, he receives the recording from Nandu. Prasad meets with Baji Reddy and plays the Caasette. When Baji Reddy remarks that this won't guarantee his conviction, Prasad states that Shiva Reddy's son Pratap Reddy will kill Baji Reddy when he hears the cassette in court. Seeing no other option, Baji Reddy kills himself. Nandu immerses Pardhu's ashes and meets up with Prasad, who exonerates Nandu by placing the blame on Baji Reddy and Malli, allowing Nandu to return to Basarlapudi.


title: Athadu

text: In an interview with the media about his film "Julai", Trivikram shared his views on this film, stating :


title: Athadu

text: Initially, Trivikram wanted to do this film with Pawan Kalyan and narrated the script. But he did not show much interest in signing the film and also slept during script narration. Mahesh Babu listened to the script of this film in 2002 but Trvikram and the film's producers had to wait for him till he completes the shooting schedules of S. J. Surya's science fiction film "Naani" and Gunasekhar's family drama "Arjun" as they were his existing commitments then. The shooting started a month later after the completion of "Arjun". For his characterization and the dialogues uttered by the character he played, Mahesh had to adjust to Trivikram's style of dialogues, which took 10 days. Trisha Krishnan was selected for the leading female role. In an interview with the media on 29 June 2005 at the event of audio release stated that she would be seen in a role with shades of comedy though she added that her role was a limited one.


title: Athadu

text: Murali Mohan later revealed that he wanted his friend and former Telugu actor Sobhan Babu to play the role of Satya Narayana Murthy, which would have marked his comeback film which was busy with a highly profitable real estate business then. For the same, Murali Mohan even issued and sent a blank cheque to Sobhan Babu's residence at Chennai as the remuneration. But Sobhan Babu refused to do that role and rejected the offer politely. Later, Nassar portrayed that role with S. P. Balasubrahmanyam dubbing for him in frail voice and his performance was appreciated by critics.


title: Athadu

text: For the film's shoot, 160 motion cameras were imported from London to shoot time-freeze effect shots in action sequences which were clarified by Mahesh himself as still cameras only. Because of non compromising, not more than 10 shots were shot per day. 4 to 5 complicated action sequences were shot under the supervision of Peter Hein with much finesse, and the climax sequence was shot indoors, which took enormous time to complete thus making the principal photography end after a span of two years. A big set was constructed at Ramanaidu Studios in Nanakramguda at Hyderabad where most of the film's family scenes were shot. On 7 August 2004, a scene featuring Mahesh and Sunil was shot on the bridge of the lake at ICRISAT campus in Hyderabad.


title: Athadu

text: Mani Sharma composed the music for this film marking his first collaboration with Trivikram Srinivas and eighth collaboration with Mahesh Babu. The film's soundtrack was released by Mahesh Babu's father and prominent Telugu actor Krishna on 29 June 2005 at the house set of the film constructed at Nanakramguda through Maruthi Music label. This album consists of six melodies composed by Mani Sharma while Sirivennela Sitaramasastri and Viswa penned the lyrics. Apart from Krishna, the film's lead pair, producers, and Maruthi Music representatives attended the event.


title: Athadu

text: The audio received moderately positive response from critics. "IndiaGlitz" wrote "Mani Sharma has tried to please all. If you are going to compare this one with his previous offerings for Mahesh, it does not do any one any good. On its own, the album has its moments." Upon the film's release, Mani Sharma's work was acclaimed by the critics and audience alike. "IndiaGlitz" wrote "Mani Sharma's music, especially the title song, is very good. His re-recording also fits the bill." "idlebrain.com" wrote "Music by Mani Sharma is good. The picturization of the first song which comes as background song for titles is wonderful. Neetho Cheppana song has got typical Mexican music. Background music and rerecording of the film is good." "Sify.com" wrote "The highlights of Athadu are the camerawork of K. V. Guhan and the melodious music and background score of Mani Sharma. The "Neeto Chappana" number picturised in the tea estates of Darjeeling is the pick of the album." Songs Sung By Eminent Singers Like "S. P. Balasubrahmanyam", "K. S. Chithra", "Kavita Krishnamurti", "Shreya Ghoshal", "Mahalakshmi Iyer", "KK etc"


title: Athadu

text: The film released in 79 centers in Nizam region in Andhra Pradesh and was distributed by Maruthi Movies in which 3 centers screened the film for only 2 days. The film released in 24 centers across Visakhapatnam and was distributed by Sri Venkateswara Films. Sri Bharathi Pictures released the film in Krishna district in 18 centers. The film was released simultaneously in 3 screens in Chennai and it was also the first Telugu film to do so.


title: Athadu

text: The film was released with 6 prints in United States and was distributed by Vishnu Mudda and Soma Kancherla of Crown DVD distribution company. Because of the demand, another print was imported from India for screening. The film's first screening in USA happened at Cine Plaza 13 at North Bergen on the night of 11 August 2005. At Connecticut, a special screening was conducted on 19 August 2005. Initially one show was planned but because of the demand another show was screened. There at the theater, a turn out of 442 people was observed which included standing audience for 434 seats and about 60 could not be accommodated. Apart from USA, the film released in selected screens in United Kingdom, Singapore, Germany and Australia.


title: Athadu

text: The DVD of the movie was released by Aditya Music under its Aditya Video Brand and won the best DVD award for its quality and is considered to be one of the highest sold DVDs in Tollywood history. After 7 years, Star Maa renewed the contract by paying an amount of 3.5 crores which was a record price for a 2005 Telugu film.


title: Athadu

text: The film was remade in Hindi as "" (2009), in Bangladeshi Bengali as" Rastar Chele " (2009), in Indian Bengali as "Wanted" (2010), and in Urdu as "The Power of One" (2013).


title: Athadu

text: Despite the remakes in different languages, the film was dubbed and released in Tamil, Hindi, Malayalam, Bhojpuri, English, and Polish as "Nandhu", "Cheetah: The Power of One" (2013), "The Target", "Khiladi Bhaiya" (2013), "The Power of One", and "Poszukiwany" respectively.


title: Athadu

text: "Sify.com" stated, "The highlight of the film is Mahesh Babu who looks cool, confident and competent as a hit man with his expressive body language and mannerisms. Athadu just about makes it as a slickly packaged entertainer but only for want of a better alternative." "IndiaGlitz" gave a review stating, "The story sure has splendid potential, but the director does not use them to the hilt simply because he attempts to do too many things almost simultaneously. Yet, all things considered, Athadu is a good entertainer. The problem is you can't praise it as the best yet cannot rubbish it as being useless. It is somewhere in between with more pluses than minuses." "Cinegoer.net" gave a review stating, "True the film gives an image of a Hollywood base for the drama. Even the taking, screenplay structure and execution of scenes, less talk and more action – all add to this image. But there are elements in this film that only a Telugu man can do it originally. That is the love track. And the way Trivikram put to view the scenic structure between Mahesh Babu and Trisha is impressive and refreshing."


title: Athadu

text: The film netted 1 million from 3 screens in Chennai in its opening weekend debuting at second position pushing Shankar's "Anniyan" down to the third place. It collected approximately in its total run. The film had a 50 days run in 205 centers and a 100-day run in 38 centres. The film had a 175-day run in Sudarshan 35 mm, Hyderabad, grossing 1.40 crores from the theater.,


title: I Shot the Sheriff

text: "I Shot the Sheriff" is a song written by Jamaican reggae musician Bob Marley and released in 1973 by with his band Bob Marley and the Wailers.


title: I Shot the Sheriff

text: The song was first released in 1973 on The Wailers' album "Burnin'". Marley explained his intention as follows: "I want to say 'I shot the police' but the government would have made a fuss so I said 'I shot the sheriff' instead… but it's the same idea: justice."


title: I Shot the Sheriff

text: In 1992, with the controversy surrounding the Ice-T song "Cop Killer", Marley's song was often cited by Ice-T's supporters as evidence of his detractors' hypocrisy, considering that the older song was never similarly criticised despite having much the same theme.


title: I Shot the Sheriff

text: In 2012, Marley's former girlfriend Esther Anderson claimed that the lyrics, "Sheriff John Brown always hated me / For what, I don't know / Every time I plant a seed / He said, 'Kill it before it grow'" are actually about Marley being very opposed to her use of birth control pills; Marley supposedly substituted the word "doctor" with sheriff.


title: I Shot the Sheriff

text: Eric Clapton recorded a cover version that was included on his 1974 album "461 Ocean Boulevard". His performance of the song adds a soft rock to the reggae sound. "Billboard" described this version as being "a catchy goof of a winner" despite not containing a guitar solo. "Cash Box" called it a "smooth bluesy rocker with lots of guitar, keyboards and strong background harmonies." Faring better in the charts, it peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, his only US number one to date. In 2003, Clapton's version was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.


title: I Shot the Sheriff

text: "I Shot the Sheriff" is the lead single released from Warren G's second album, "Take a Look Over Your Shoulder". Warren replaced Marley's original lyrics with his own, although Clapton's version of the song is sampled and R&B singer Nancy Fletcher sings the original chorus. The song was a hit in several countries. In the US, it peaked at number 20 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and was certified Gold by the RIAA on 2 May 1997. It peaked at number two in the UK and at number one in New Zealand.


title: I Shot the Sheriff

text: The official remix was produced by EPMD member Erick Sermon, it is based around EPMD's "Strictly Business", which also sampled Clapton's version of the song.


title: Bangalore torpedo

text: A Bangalore torpedo is an explosive charge placed within one or several connected tubes. It is used by combat engineers to clear obstacles that would otherwise require them to approach directly, possibly under fire. It is sometimes colloquially referred to as a "Bangalore mine", "banger" or simply "Bangalore" as well as a pole charge.


title: Bangalore torpedo

text: Per United States Army Field Manual 5-250 section 1-14, page 1-12 "b. Use. The primary use of the torpedo is clearing paths through wire obstacles and heavy undergrowth. It will clear a 3- to 4-metre wide path through wire obstacles."


title: Bangalore torpedo

text: The Bangalore torpedo was devised by Captain R. L. McClintock of the Royal Engineers while attached to the Madras Sappers and Miners unit of the Indian Army at Bangalore, India, in 1912. He invented it as a means of blowing up booby traps and barricades left over from the Second Boer War and the Russo-Japanese War. The Bangalore torpedo could be exploded over a mine without a sapper having to approach closer than about .


title: Bangalore torpedo

text: Bangalore torpedoes were manufactured until 2017 by Mondial Defence Systems of Poole, UK, for the UK and US armed forces. An improved version called the Advanced Performance Bangalore Torpedo (APBT) was developed by Chemring Energetics UK, part of the Chemring Group, in response to a British Ministry of Defence requirement issued in 2008; the APBT was chosen by the MOD following competitive performance trials and is also in use with the militaries of Australia, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. They have been used during the Afghanistan War for actions such as clearing mines or razor wire.


title: Bangalore torpedo

text: By the time of World War I the Bangalore torpedo was primarily used for clearing barbed wire before an attack. It could be used while under fire, from a protected position in a trench. The torpedo was standardized to consist of a number of externally identical lengths of threaded pipe, one of which contained the explosive charge. The pipes would be screwed together using connecting sleeves to make a longer pipe of the required length, somewhat like a chimney brush or drain clearing rod.


title: Bangalore torpedo

text: A smooth nose cone would be screwed on the end to prevent snagging on the ground. It would then be pushed forward from a protected position and detonated, to clear a wide hole through barbed wire. During the 1917 Battle of Cambrai, British Royal Engineers used them as diversions to distract the enemy from where the real battle was to be fought.


title: Bangalore torpedo

text: The Bangalore torpedo was reportedly used in the British offensive on Bardia during the Western Desert Campaign, on 3 January 1941.


title: Bangalore torpedo

text: The Bangalore torpedo was later adopted by the U.S. Army during World War II, as the "M1A1 Bangalore torpedo". Bangalore torpedoes were packed in wooden crates that contained 10 torpedo sections, 10 connecting sleeves, and 1 nose sleeve; the total weight of a crate was 176 pounds (80 kg). Each torpedo section was 5 feet (1.5 m) long, 2.125 inches (54 mm) in diameter, and weighed 13 pounds (5.9 kg). Each end of the torpedo was filled with 4 inches (102 mm) of TNT booster, while the middle section contained an 80-20 amatol mixture; the explosive charge weighed about 9 pounds (4.1 kg). Each end of the torpedo had a recess to accommodate a standard Corps of Engineers blasting cap. Torpedo sections could be attached together via spring clip-equipped connecting sleeves, and a blunt nose sleeve was provided so that the assembled torpedoes could be pushed through obstacles or across terrain without getting stuck.


title: Bangalore torpedo

text: It was widely used by the U.S. Army, notably during the D-Day landings. The Bangalore torpedo was obsolete in British use at the time of D-Day, having been replaced by rocket-launched Congers and Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE) vehicles equipped with a explosive charge for bunker clearing.


title: Bangalore torpedo

text: During the Yom Kippur War in 1973, Bangalore torpedoes were used by the Israelis to clear paths through Syrian minefields.


title: Bangalore torpedo

text: Bangalore torpedoes continue to be used today in the little-changed M1A2 and M1A3 versions (United States Armed Forces) and the modified Advanced Performance Bangalore Torpedo version (British Armed Forces and Australian Defence Force, under the L26A1 designation which is also used by Chemring), primarily to breach wire obstacles. Combat engineers have also been known to construct similar field versions of the Bangalore by assembling segments of metal picket posts and filling the concave portion with plastic explosive (PE). The PE is then primed with detonating cord and a detonator, and pickets are taped or wired together to make a long torpedo, producing fragments (aka "shrapnel") that cut the wire when detonated. This method produces results similar to the standard-issue Bangalore, and can be assembled to the desired length by adding picket segments.


title: Bangalore torpedo

text: Newer Bangalore variants include the Alford Technologies Bangalore Blade and the Chemring Advanced Performance Bangalore Torpedo (APBT), with both of these having been developed in the United Kingdom. The Bangalore Blade is made from lightweight aluminium and is configured as a linear explosively formed projectile (EFP) array capable of cutting wire obstacles which earlier Bangalore variants were incapable of breaching effectively; the improvements introduced with the Bangalore Blade give the charge a cutting action as well as a blasting effect. In a test detonation conducted on the television show "Future Weapons", the Bangalore Blade blasted a gap roughly five meters wide in concertina wire, and created a trench deep enough to detonate most nearby anti-personnel mines. Alford Technologies' web page for the Bangalore Blade cites additional trial detonations involving two identical triple-razor wire entanglements erected between steel pickets; a Bangalore torpedo conforming to the original design cleared a three metre path, while the Bangalore Blade cleared a ten metre path. The Advanced Performance Bangalore Torpedo also uses an aluminium body and is filled with two kilograms of DPX1 high density pressed explosive; a unique and patented design feature is incorporated which, in combination with the DPX1 explosive, provides enhanced blast and fragmentation effects which in turn provide an enhanced cutting capability against both simple and complex wire entanglements. The APBT is capable of cutting through up to six millimetres of steel plating. Up to eight APBTs can be combined with one another, with the resulting assembly capable of defeating obstacles that are up to eight metres in length; the quick-turn thread used for this purpose has been designed for ease of assembly when contaminated with sand, soil, or mud whilst being strong enough to ensure reliable deployment of connected charges without inadvertent decoupling. The APBT also has an improved Insensitive Munition signature compared to preceding in-service designs.


title: Bangalore torpedo

text: The U.S. anti-personnel obstacle breaching system (APOBS) is being brought into service as a replacement to the Bangalore for path-clearing due to their ease of use, effectiveness, and flexibility – they can clear a path several times longer than the Bangalore torpedo.


title: Haval (marque)

text: Haval () is an automotive marque owned by the Chinese automaker Great Wall Motors that specialises in crossovers and SUVs.


title: Haval (marque)

text: Haval is a specialist manufacturer of SUVs owned by Great Wall Motors. The Haval brand has been launched in Australia, Argentina, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, New Zealand, Russia, South Africa, Benin, Tunisia, Côte d'Ivoire, Chile, Paraguay, Ecuador, Egypt, Guatemala, Bolivia, Peru, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Zimbabwe, UAE, Pakistan, USA, Iraq, Iran and other countries.


title: Shin Ha-kyun

text: Shin Ha-kyun (born May 30, 1974) is a South Korean actor. He is known for his roles in television series "Brain" (2011), "Soul Mechanic" (2020), "Beyond Evil" (2021), and films "Joint Security Area" (2000), "Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance" (2002), "Save the Green Planet!" (2003), "Welcome to Dongmakgol" (2005), "Empire of Lust" (2015), and "Less Than Evil" (2019).


title: Shin Ha-kyun

text: Shin Ha-kyun first trained as a stage actor at the Seoul Institute of the Arts before going on to act in a large number of plays by Jang Jin. When in 1998 Jang Jin directed his first movie "The Happenings", Shin was cast and he has since appeared in almost all of Jang's feature films. Impressed by his acting abilities, director Kim Jee-woon also cast him in minor roles in "The Foul King" and his 30-minute internet film "Coming Out".


title: Shin Ha-kyun

text: Shin first became a superstar with his role as a young North Korea soldier in Park Chan-wook's smash hit "Joint Security Area" in late 2000. At that time he developed a large fan following which, together that of co-star Won Bin, helped make his next film "Guns & Talks" a strong commercial hit.


title: Shin Ha-kyun

text: In the next couple years Shin would take on two strong roles that would come to define his career. In Park Chan-wook's acclaimed "Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance", he played a deaf man with bright green dyed hair who is driven by desperation to kidnap a young girl. Then in Jang Joon-hwan's "Save the Green Planet!" in 2003, he played a mentally unbalanced man who believes that aliens are plotting to invade the earth. Together, these two intense and harrowing performances by Shin were an impressive display of his acting talent.


title: Shin Ha-kyun

text: Also noteworthy are Shin's performances in two very different films set during the Korean War -- "Welcome to Dongmakgol", a dramedy that takes place in a small mountainous village, and "The Front Line", a harrowing tale of soldiers fighting over a small, bomb-blasted hill that regularly changes hands. The versatile actor has played the following roles: a developmentally disabled man in "My Brother", a rural postman in "A Letter From Mars", a suspect under interrogation in "Murder, Take One", an eccentric hitman in "No Mercy for the Rude", a struggling artist who makes an unwise bet in "The Devil's Game", a sickly cuckolded husband in "Thirst", a macho cop in "Foxy Festival", and a music teacher having an affair in "Cafe Noir".


title: Shin Ha-kyun

text: Primarily a film actor, Shin had previously done only one TV series, 2003's "Good Person" on MBC. But in 2010 he returned to television in the quirky mystery "Golden House" which aired on cable channel tvN. Then in the 2011 medical drama "Brain", his portrayal of a cold, ambitious neurosurgeon brought him to new heights of mainstream popularity, and he later won the Grand Prize ("Daesang") at the KBS Drama Awards.


title: Shin Ha-kyun

text: In 2013, Shin headlined the romantic comedy series "All About My Romance" about two legislators from rival political parties who fall in love, followed by the high-profile action film "Running Man" about an ordinary man forced to become a fugitive after he gets framed for murder.


title: Shin Ha-kyun

text: He then played a septuagenarian whose body magically reverts to his thirties in the 2014 romantic comedy series "Mr. Back". Shin next gave a villainous turn as an evil mastermind game planner in the action-thriller "Big Match". In 2015, he headlined his first period film with "Empire of Lust", playing a distinguished admiral of the recently established Joseon empire.


title: Shin Ha-kyun

text: In 2016, Shin starred in the police procedural crime drama "Piped Piper" (2016), playing a negotiator. He then starred in the comedy film "Detour", followed with comedy thriller "Room No.7". He also played a supporting role in the action film "The Villainess" co-starring Kim Ok-bin.


title: Shin Ha-kyun

text: In 2018, Shin starred in the romantic comedy film "What a Man Wants". The same year, he was cast in the comedy film "Inseparable Bros". He returned to the small screen in the Korean remake of British crime drama "Luther".


title: Shin Ha-kyun

text: In 2021, Shin starred in the psychological thriller drama "Beyond Evil" as an impulsive and eccentric police officer. His performance earned him the award for the Best Actor - Television at 57th Baeksang Arts Awards.


title: Shin Ha-kyun

text: In 2022, he appeared in the mystery-thriller film "Anchor" and will star in the Coupang Play sitcom "Unicorn", which is scheduled to air on August.


title: Swarnalatha

text: Swarnalatha (29 April 1973 – 12 September 2010) was an Indian playback singer. She is considered to be as Humming Queen Of India and Nightingale Of Tamil Cinema. In a career spanning almost 22 years (from 1987 until her death), she recorded over 10,000 songs in many Indian languages, including Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Oriya, Punjabi, and Badaga. she is referred to as Swarangalin Arasi.


title: Swarnalatha

text: She won the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for her rendition of the song "Porale Ponnuthayi" from the film "Karuththamma". The song was composed by A. R. Rahman, under whose musical direction she recorded many memorable songs. She was also the first female playback singer to get a National Award In A. R. Rahman Music.


title: Swarnalatha

text: She was born in Kerala, to K. C. Cherukutty and Kalyani. Her father was a harmonium player and singer. Her mother also had interest in music. Swarnalatha was trained to play harmonium and keyboard. Swarnalatha's family later moved to Bhadravathi in Shivamogga District, Karnataka where she had her education. She started singing at the age of 3. Surrounded by a family of musicians and music lovers, Swarnalatha was trained in Carnatic and Hindustani music. Her sister Saroja was her first music teacher.


title: Swarnalatha

text: Swarnalatha's family moved to Chennai to seek opportunities in the film industry for her singing talent. The first opportunity came from M. S. Viswanathan in 1987, when she performed a duet with K. J. Yesudas, "Chinnachiru Kiliye" in the film "Neethikku Thandanai". Subsequently, she was approached by many other music directors to perform songs under their baton. She also had the opportunity to work with director P. Venu. She was recruited by musicians like Ilaiyaraaja and A. R. Rahman. She also recorded a few Hindi songs, the most notable one being "Hai Rama Yeh Kya Hua" from the film "Rangeela" with singer Hariharan.


title: Swarnalatha

text: In Telugu, she recorded more songs under the music direction of Mani Sharma, Ramana Gogula, Raj–Koti, and Vandemataram Srinivas. They include the immensely popular songs like Raamma Chilakamma, Osey Ramulamma, and Nizam Babulu.


title: Swarnalatha

text: A. R. Rahman employed Swarnalatha for many of his songs. She was one of the most versatile singers of her times, as she was able to sing melodies like "Maalayil Yaaro Manathodu Pesa" from "Sathriyan" or "Porale Ponnuthayi" from "Karuthamma" as well as Rahman's experimental songs like "Mukkabla" from "Kadhalan" or "Mottu Vittadha" from "Pavithra". Swarnalatha was the first female playback singer to fetch the National Award under A. R. Rahman's music direction. She received the award for the song "Porale Ponnuthayi". She recorded many songs with music directors Deva, Vidyasagar, Harris Jayaraj, Anu Malik, Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, Raj–Koti, Yuvan Shankar Raja, Mani Sharma, Hamsalekha and many others.


title: Swarnalatha

text: She recorded all the songs originally rendered by Lata Mangeshkar and Shamshad Begum for the Tamil movie "Anarkali" (the dubbed version of the Hindi movie "Mughal-e-Azam") and was praised by the Bollywood music director Naushad Ali, which she considered the best moment in her career.


title: Swarnalatha

text: She was part of Few Music Reality shows in early 2000s. In a 2001 Vijay TV reality show and in 2004 Jaya TV Ragamalika show as judge.


title: Swarnalatha

text: Swarnalatha died at Malar Hospitals Ltd Adayar, Chennai at the age of 37, on 12 September 2010. She had Idiopathic lung disease.


title: Swarnalatha

text: She has sung over 200 songs for Ilayaraja and marked as one of the noted combinations in 90's. 'Povomaa Oorkolam' and 'Nee Yengae Enn Anbae' from the film Chinnathambi were hits. Government of Tamil Nadu honoured her with the award of Best Singer for the song 'Povomaa Oorkolam'.


title: Swarnalatha

text: A. R. Rahman and Swarnalatha association started from the year 1993. Their Combination is known for the magical songs such as "Mukkala Mukkabala", "Hai Rama yeh kya hua", which are the hit songs of 90's. She was the first female singer to receive National Award under Rahman's Music for the song "Porale ponnuthayi" from karuthama released in the year 1994. She has sung nearly 80 songs for Rahman.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: The Boeing Insitu ScanEagle is a small, long-endurance, low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) built by Insitu, a subsidiary of Boeing, and is used for reconnaissance. The ScanEagle was designed by Insitu based on the Insitu SeaScan, a commercial UAV that was intended for fish-spotting. The ScanEagle continues to receive improvements through upgrades and changes.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: ScanEagle is a descendant of another Insitu UAV, the Insitu SeaScan, which was conceived of as a remote sensor for collecting weather data as well as helping commercial fishermen locate and track schools of tuna. ScanEagle emerged as the result of a strategic alliance between Boeing and Insitu. The resulting technology has been successful as a portable Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) for autonomous surveillance in the battlefield, and has been deployed since August 2004 in the Iraq War.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: ScanEagle carries a stabilized electro-optical and/or infrared camera on a lightweight inertial stabilized turret system, and an integrated communications system having a range of over ; it has a flight endurance of over 20 hours. ScanEagle has a wingspan a length of and a mass of and can operate up to , with an average cruising speed of . Block D aircraft featured a higher-resolution camera, a custom-designed Mode C transponder and a new video system. A Block D aircraft, flying at Boeing's test range in Boardman, Oregon, set a type endurance record of 22 hours, 8 minutes.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: ScanEagle needs no airfield for deployment. Instead, it is launched using a pneumatic launcher, patented by Insitu, known as the "SuperWedge" launcher. It is recovered using the "Skyhook" retrieval system, which uses a hook on the end of the wingtip to catch a rope hanging from a pole. This is made possible by high-quality differential GPS units mounted on the top of the pole and UAV. The rope is attached to a shock cord to reduce stress on the airframe imposed by the abrupt stop. NavtechGPS worked with the manufacturer of the GPS receiver system to enable the system to work in different environments, expanding the capabilities of the UAS for different mission types and areas of the world. The GPS receiver system NavtechGPS designed for the ScanEagle is still in use today.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: Each ScanEagle system costs US$3.2 million (2006). A complete system comprises four air vehicles or AVs, a ground control station, remote video terminal, the SuperWedge launch system and Skyhook recovery system.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: On 18 March 2008, Boeing, with ImSAR and Insitu successfully flight-tested a ScanEagle with ImSAR's NanoSAR A radar mounted aboard. The ImSAR NanoSAR is the world's smallest Synthetic Aperture Radar, weighs and is in volume. It is designed to provide high quality real-time ground imaging through adverse weather conditions or other battlefield obscurants.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: In 2009, Insitu announced the "NightEagle", a modified ScanEagle Block E with an infrared camera for night operations.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: In August 2010, Boeing announced plans to control ScanEagles from control stations on E-3A AWACS aircraft and on the V-22.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: In July 2011, a team of two ScanEagles and another UAV cooperated to search and navigate a mountain area autonomously.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: Insitu introduced an improved ScanEagle 2 variant in October 2014 that has a new purpose-built heavy-fuel engine for increased reliability, which increases electrical power but decreases endurance to 16 hours. It also has a larger nose to carry day and night sensors at the same time, an increased payload, and heavier empty and max take-off weights; wingspan, service ceiling, and cruise and top speed remain the same. Other upgrades include a fully digital video system, a better navigation system, Ethernet-based architecture and reduced Electronic Magnetic Interference (EMI), and a new ground control station while using the same launcher and skyhook recovery system. The ScanEagle 2 was made to appeal to the growing commercial UAV market and orders will start being taken in 2015, either new built or as an upgrade for existing ScanEagle aircraft.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: In 2014, Insitu began development of the Flying Launch and Recovery System (FLARES), a system designed to launch and recover the ScanEagle without the need to transport and assemble the launch catapult and recovery crane. "It consists of second, quadrotor UAV that carries the ScanEagle vertically and releases it into forward flight. For recovery, the quadrotor hovers trailing a cable that it captures, as it would the cable from the SkyHook crane." FLARES incorporates the VTOL advantages of launch and recovery in confined areas, as well as eliminating the rail and crane equipment, with the flying efficiency of a fixed-wing body. Demonstrations of the system took place from late 2014 to mid-2015, and low-rate production is scheduled for late 2016.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: In November 2015, a Royal Australian Navy ScanEagle tested Sentient Vision Systems’s ViDAR optical detection system, turning the UAV into a broad area maritime surveillance (BAMS) asset capable of covering up to 80 times more area in a single sortie than is possible with standard cameras. The self-contained ViDAR system consists of high-resolution digital video cameras and software that analyses image feed and autonomously detects, tracks, and photographs each contact with a 180-degree pan. It can be incorporated into the ScanEagle as two fuselage slices, ahead of and behind the wing, without affecting performance. The ViDAR can cover an area greater than over a 12-hour mission, and detected small and large surface, air, and even submerged targets during the demonstration.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: The Scaneagle 3 is reportedly ITAR-free, meaning that it can be sold without a US Government weapons export licence.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: The ScanEagle entered service with the U.S. Navy in 2005. In addition to the United States military, the Australian Army also operates the ScanEagle UAV and the Canadian Government also leased the ScanEagle.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: On 15 and 16 October 2008, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) conducted three successful test flights of the ScanEagle, launching it from the fisheries and oceanographic research ship NOAAS "Oscar Dyson" (R 224) in Puget Sound, Washington, flying it remotely from the ship, and recovering it back aboard. In 2009, the NOAA oceanographic research ship NOAAS "McArthur II" (R 330) began operating a ScanEagle owned by the University of Alaska to monitor the distribution and population of seals in the Bering Sea.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: In April 2009, a ScanEagle launched by the U.S. Navy was used during the stand-off between the U.S. Navy and a lifeboat controlled by pirates holding Captain Richard Phillips of the MV "Maersk Alabama" in the Indian Ocean after a failed hijack attempt.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: Insitu announced that the ScanEagle had totaled 500,000 combat flight hours and over 56,000 sorties by July 2011.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: In September 2011, Insitu revealed the ScanEagle had been employed by the U.S. Navy in Operation Unified Protector during the 2011 Libyan Revolution. The UAV was launched and recovered by the destroyer to provide video imagery over three days that located "contacts of interest that no one else could find," which was relayed to the ship and then to the NATO command center by the secure video injection system.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: In late May 2013, the U.S. Coast Guard used a ScanEagle to seize over of cocaine from a fast boat in the eastern Pacific. The ScanEagle was being deployed off the during demonstrations to assess UAV use in the Coast Guard. The aircraft was able to maintain visual surveillance of the boat until a cutter was able to interdict the vessel, marking the first time a UAV deployed from a Coast Guard cutter participated in drug interdiction. The trials in May lasted two weeks with 90 flight hours completed. The Coast Guard hopes to begin purchases of unmanned aerial systems by FY 2016, with small UAVs deployed from its National Security Cutter fleet by the following year. Long-term goals are to use unmanned systems to augment their manned fleet, while UAVs on offshore patrol cutters would replace medium endurance cutters.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: On 26 July 2013, the ScanEagle became one of the first unmanned aerial vehicles to be granted certification by the Federal Aviation Administration to fly in U.S. airspace for commercial purposes. ScanEagles will be deployed to Alaska off a ship for ConocoPhillips to scout for icebergs and count whales, protecting drilling platforms and fulfilling environmental requirements. The ScanEagle can safely accomplish observation missions in hazardous Arctic locations, which is safer, cheaper, and more environmentally friendly than using manned aircraft. Commercial certification was the result of previous military certification and the Congressionally mandated opening of airspace over much of Alaska to small UAVs. Only four ScanEagles were certified with strict requirements: only one aircraft of the type is allowed airborne at any one time, they cannot fly through clouds or icing conditions, and they cannot take off or land during certain gust and wind conditions. The certifications did not mention line-of-sight control. On 12 September 2013, a ScanEagle with ConocoPhillips conducted its first flight from a research vessel and flew for 36 minutes. On its second flight, the aircraft experienced engine failure. It aborted the flight and landed in the water, as it was programmed to. A boat recovered the downed ScanEagle.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: In July 2016, IHS Janes reported that Royal Navy frigates will cease operating the ScanEagle by November 2017. It will likely be replaced by an unknown UAS, chosen through the Royal Navy's Unmanned Warrior exercise in 2016.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: Yemeni Air Force ordered 12 ordered ScanEagles that were never delivered due to the ongoing Yemeni Civil War.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: On August 19, 2022 the U.S. announced it was giving 15 ScanEagles to Ukraine as part of a $775M military weapon aid package to assist in their war with Russia.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: In December 2012, Iran stated it had captured an American ScanEagle that allegedly violated its airspace over the Persian Gulf. Iran later stated it had also captured two other ScanEagles. The U.S. Navy stated that none of its ScanEagles were missing. Photo evidence of a ScanEagle in Iran showed no U.S. military markings. In August, 2013, CBC News reported that the Canadian Navy had lost a ScanEagle drone in June 2012. The Navy denied it was obtained by Iran. On 17 December 2012, Iran announced it was starting mass production for a copy of the ScanEagle and has put that UAV into service. Iran later released images of this production line.


title: Boeing Insitu ScanEagle

text: In September 2013, a new UAV named Yasir was delivered to Iran's Army ground force; according to Jane's Information Group, the Yasir UAV appears to share the ScanEagle's 1.37 m length and 3.11 m wingspan, although it does have a slightly different twin tail boom and inverted-V tail plane configuration. In unveiling the Yasir, the Commander of the Iranian Army's Ground Forces, Brigadier General Ahmad-Reza Pourdastan, is quoted by the Iranian Fars News Agency as saying it is capable of flying at an altitude of , has an endurance of 8 hours, and an operational radius of 200 km.


The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee is a musical comedy with music and lyrics by William Finn, based on a book by Rachel Sheinkin, conceived by Rebecca Feldman with additional material by Jay Reiss. The show centers on a fictional spelling bee set in a geographically ambiguous Putnam Valley Middle School. Six quirky adolescents compete in the Bee, run by three equally quirky grown-ups.


title: The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee

text: The 2005 Broadway production, directed by James Lapine and produced by David Stone, James L. Nederlander, Barbara Whitman, Patrick Catullo, Barrington Stage Company and Second Stage Theater, earned good reviews and box-office success and was nominated for six Tony Awards, winning two, including Best Book. The show has spawned various other productions in the United States, and other countries.


text: An unusual aspect of the show is that four real audience members are invited on stage to compete in the spelling bee alongside the six young characters. During the 2005 Tony Awards, former presidential candidate Al Sharpton competed. Another amusing aspect of the show is that the official pronouncer, usually an improv comedian, provides ridiculous usage-in-a-sentence examples when asked to use words in a sentence. At some shows, adult-only audiences (over age 16) are invited for "Parent-Teacher Conferences" also known as "adult night at the Bee". These performances are peppered with sexual references and profanity inspired by R-rated ad-libs made during rehearsals.


text: The Broadway cast album was released on May 31, 2005, and is available from Ghostlight Records, an imprint of Sh-K-Boom Records. The original Broadway cast recording was nominated for a Grammy Award.


text: The musical was based upon "C-R-E-P-U-S-C-U-L-E," an original improvisational play created by Rebecca Feldman and performed by The Farm, a New-York-based improvisational comedy troupe. Sarah Saltzberg, Wendy Wasserstein's weekend nanny, was in the original production, and Wasserstein recommended that Finn see the show. Finn brought Rachel Sheinkin on board, and they worked together with Feldman to transform "C-R-E-P-U-S-C-U-L-E" into a scripted full-length musical.


text: "Spelling Bee" was workshopped and developed at the Barrington Stage Company (BSC), Massachusetts, where Julianne Boyd is the Artistic Director, in two different stages. In February 2004, a workshop was done in which a first act and parts of a second act were created – this stage of the process was directed by Michael Barakiva and Feldman. The script was fleshed out and the show was given a fuller production in July 2004, directed by Feldman and Michael Unger. Dan Knechtges choreographed the workshop, summer productions, and the Broadway production. Dana Harrel produced both productions as the Producer of Stage II at BSC. Several cast members, Dan Fogler, Jay Reiss, and Sarah Saltzberg remained from "C-R-E-P-U-S-C-U-L-E". Robb Sapp (later replaced by Jose Llana when Sapp moved on to "Wicked"), Dashiell Eaves (replaced by Derrick Baskin), Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Celia Keenan-Bolger (joined as Olive Ostrovsky in the summer), Lisa Howard, and Deborah S. Craig were added to the cast, and a full script was created.


text: The musical opened Off-Broadway at the Second Stage Theatre on January 11, 2005 in previews, officially on February 7, 2005, and closed on March 20, 2005. The production won several awards, among them the 2005 Lucille Lortel Awards, Outstanding Musical and 2005 Drama Desk Awards, Outstanding Ensemble Performance.


text: "Spelling Bee" premiered on Broadway at the Circle in the Square Theatre on April 15, 2005 and closed on January 20, 2008 after 1,136 performances and 21 previews. The director was James Lapine and the choreographer was Dan Knechtges. The show won Tony Awards for Best Book (Rachel Sheinkin) and Best Featured Actor (Dan Fogler).


text: The first production outside the United States was at the Melbourne Theatre Company in Melbourne, Australia, from January 18, 2006 to February 25 at the Playhouse, Arts Centre Melbourne. It starred Marina Prior as Ms. Peretti, David Campbell as Chip, and Magda Szubanski as Barfée. The production, which won the 2006 Helpmann Award for Best Musical, was then presented by the Sydney Theatre Company at the Sydney Theatre in 2007. It again starred Prior and Szubanski, now joined by Lisa McCune as Olive. The Sydney season opened on June 11, 2007 and closed in August 2007.


text: The musical was produced in San Francisco, California, at the Post Street Theatre opening on March 1, 2006 and closing on September 3, 2006. In Chicago the run began on April 11, 2006 at the Drury Lane Theatre, Water Tower Place, closing on March 25, 2007. The production was directed by James Lapine. In Boston it opened at the Wilbur Theatre on September 26, 2006 and closed December 31, 2006. The majority of the San Francisco cast moved to the Boston production.


text: The Equity U.S. National Tour began in Baltimore, Maryland at the Hippodrome Theatre on September 19, 2006 going through May 2007, visiting over 30 cities across the U.S. From May 24 to June 17, 2007, the original Broadway cast reunited for a limited four-week run at the Wadsworth Theater in Los Angeles. The musical returned to Barrington Stage Company, where it originated, in 2008, and ran from June 11 to July 12, 2008. The production included several cast members from the touring company and was a co-production with North Shore Theatre. The first performance in-the-round was at the North Shore Music Theatre in Beverly, Massachusetts from August 12–31, 2008.


text: In 2007, the first translated production opened in Seoul, South Korea, with all of the music and dialogue in Korean, but the words were spelled in English. In September 2008, a German-language adaptation premiered as "Der 25 Pattenser Buchstabierwettbewerb".


text: The 2008–2009 Non-Equity U.S. National Tour premiered on October 11, 2008 at the Union Colony Civic Center in Greeley, Colorado, with an official opening in Fort Collins, Colorado on October 14.


text: The Mason Street Warehouse, Saugatuck Center for the Arts, Saugatuck, Michigan, opened on August 14 and ran through August 31, 2009, directed by Kurt Stamm.


text: The musical made its UK premiere at the Donmar Warehouse, London, beginning previews on February 11, 2011. It officially opened on February 21, and closed on April 2. The director was Jamie Lloyd.


text: "Spelling Bee" was performed for the first time in Israel, with Hebrew subtitles in October 2012, at the AACI J-Town Playhouse theater in Jerusalem. "Spelling Bee" had an additional series of performances in September, 2017 in Israel by the organization The Stage, at the Beit Yad leBanim theatre in Tel Aviv.


text: The spellers are introduced as they enter and they sing about their anticipation of the bee ("The Twenty-Fifth Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee"). Moderator Rona Lisa Peretti speaks privately to Olive Ostrovsky, who has not yet paid the entrance fee. She then introduces the official word pronouncer, Douglas Panch, and comfort counselor, Mitch Mahoney. Mahoney leads the spellers in the Pledge of Allegiance and Panch explains the rules ("The Spelling Rules / My Favorite Moment of the Bee 1").


text: The spelling bee begins. Leaf Coneybear's word is "capybara", which he has no idea how to spell, but he ends up spelling it correctly while in a trance. Olive is shown to be shy and reserved, a result of her largely absent parents. She has come to love spelling by reading the dictionary in her home ("My Friend, the Dictionary"). When William Barfée is called to spell for the first time, Rona describes his unusual technique – he spells the word out on the ground with his foot to get a visual before speaking it. After a few spellers get easy words, the others rant about how the element of luck makes the bee unfair ("Pandemonium"). Logainne then gets "Cystitis", and is shown studying with her two often-arguing fathers in a flashback. When Leaf is called the second time, he reminisces about how his family calls him "dumb" ("I'm Not That Smart").


text: Barfée is called, and sings about his technique ("Magic Foot"). When Marcy is called again, she correctly spells "qaimaqam", proving herself to be the best speller, though she is somewhat hurt when Rona claims that she is "all business". Chip Tolentino is called next, but he is reluctant to take his turn because he has an erection after fantasizing about Leaf's sister. Under threat of disqualification (a fact not help as he also gets a somewhat erotic sounding word), he misspells his word and Mitch hauls him off ("Pandemonium (Reprise) / My Favorite Moment of the Bee 2").


text: At this point, the last audience speller is eliminated. Mitch sings a special serenade to this audience member for making it this far ("Prayer of the Comfort Counselor").


text: Chip passes through the audience selling snacks, the punishment for being the first eliminated. He explains to the audience why he lost ("My Unfortunate Erection (Chip's Lament)"). Barfée taunts Chip, who throws a bag of peanut M&M's at him. Barfée is allergic to peanuts, so Olive picks them up for him. Olive and Barfée converse before the second half of the bee begins, and Barfée begins to develop a crush on Olive.


text: Logainne describes her two overbearing fathers and the stress that they put on her ("Woe is Me"). In a montage sequence, the bee is shown progressing through many rounds, ending with Leaf's elimination. He walks away with his head held high, having proven to himself that he is smarter than his family gave him credit for ("I'm Not that Smart (Reprise)").


text: Marcy reveals more about her stressful life ("I Speak Six Languages"). She is given the word "camouflage", to which she sighs, "Dear Jesus, can't you come up with a harder word than that?" Jesus then appears to her and teaches her that she is in control of her own life. Resolved to do what she wants rather than what is expected of her, she intentionally misspells the word and exits excitedly ("Jesus / Pandemonium (Reprise #2)").


text: Olive gets a call from her father, who she has been hoping would arrive. Panch attempts to disallow her from answering the phone, but she persuades Rona to take the call for her. Logainne then begins an ad-libbed rant about the bee, her fathers, and current political events. Panch lashes out at Logainne and is escorted offstage by Rona and Mitch. One of Logainne's fathers jumps onstage to calm Logainne down and pours some of his soda on the floor to make Barfée's foot stick and thus disrupt his technique.


text: With Panch calmed down, Olive is called to spell. She imagines her parents being there and giving her the love that she always has wanted and yearned for ("The I Love You Song"). Barfée is called to spell next, and spells his word correctly despite the soda causing his foot to stick. Logainne misspells her next word and ("Woe is Me (Reprise)") Rona is excited that it has come down to the final two ("My Favorite Moment of the Bee 3").


text: The finals are shown through another montage ("Second"), and Olive and Barfée continue to grow closer. Eventually, Olive misspells a word, giving Barfée a chance to win. He is torn between winning and letting Olive win, but with Olive's encouragement, he spells his word correctly. Panch awards Barfée the trophy and two hundred dollar prize, and in a surprise act of charity, pays Olive's entrance fee, calling it a "runner-up prize." Olive congratulates Barfée, and each character reads a sentence or two about what they do in the years and decades after the main action of the play ends ("Finale").


text: "(Songs are not listed in the Playbill since, with audience members on stage, the timing of the "Goodbye" songs varies with each show and because it could spoil who wins the bee.)"


text: There is a song on the cast album, called "Why We Like Spelling". This song is sung by all the spellers, but is not in the Broadway production or in the licensed productions.


text: A song entitled "The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee Massacres the 12 Days of Christmas" was released online as a holiday track sung by the cast. It reveals several different instances of events within the lives of the characters, such as Coneybear being given 2 right socks named "Phil", Olive discussing various places her dad forgets her at, Barfée ruling his sea anemone circus from his basement, Panch's urine laced with Ritalin, Rona's most recent boyfriend breaking up with her, Mitch ending up and making calls from prison, Schwartzy explaining her dads giving her stomach ulcers, Chip playing with his little league baseball team, and Marcy receiving the 7th book of Moses (which Schwartzy repeatedly objects to, claiming there's only 5) while fighting with her understudy who was taking her place because "Deborah [S. Craig, the regular Marcy actress] hurt her knee".


text: About half an hour before the show begins, audience members in the lobby are given the chance to sign up to participate in the show as "spellers." The registration form asks for name, occupation, hobbies, description of clothing, spelling ability, and age range. Interviewers look for people with no acting experience, unique names, traits, and backgrounds. The audience participants are taken backstage prior to the show and are shown where to stand when called from the audience and given instruction about what to do when called upon to spell. They are asked to request a definition of each word and its usage in a sentence, and to attempt to spell each word rather than giving up. The final audience member to be eliminated is usually given an exceptionally difficult word they are sure to miss; regardless of the spelling the cast reacts with incredulity at their "success," and the next word is "belled" as incorrect before the attempt is completed. During the performance, the actors sitting next to the audience participants periodically whisper hints about when to stand, sit, move in "slow motion," "freeze" or hang on because the seating platform unit is about to spin.


text: Examples of words spelled by characters in performances of "Spelling Bee" include Astrobleme, Cat, Dinosaur, Hasenpfeffer, Origami (Adult Show), and Weltanschauung. Words spelled by the audience volunteers are often unscripted and sometimes improvised by the cast to gently poke fun at the volunteer speller. Past examples include: Dystopia, Cenacle, Elephant, Hemidemisemiquaver, Homunculus, Cow, Jihad, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Castoreum and Didgeridoo spelt by Rolf Harris. Julie Andrews missed "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" when she was a guest speller on KIDS night on Broadway, 2007.


text: Charles Isherwood, in his review of the Broadway production for "The New York Times", wrote "Most crucially, the affectionate performances of the six actors burdened with the daunting challenge of inhabiting young souls have not been stretched into grotesque shape by the move to a large theater... William Finn's score sounds plumper and more rewarding than it did Off Broadway. If it occasionally suggests a Saturday morning television cartoon set to music by Stephen Sondheim, that's not inappropriate. And Mr. Finn's more wistful songs provide a nice sprinkling of sugar to complement the sass in Rachel Sheinkin's zinger-filled book... Mr. Lapine has sharpened all the musical's elements without betraying its appealing modesty." (NY Times Critics Pick)


text: In April 2021, Walt Disney Pictures announced plans to develop a film adaptation of the musical, to be produced by Dan Lin and Jonathan Eirich through their Rideback banner, with Ryan Halprin as executive producer.


title: Ricky Lauren

text: Ricky Ann Lauren (née Loew-Beer; born June 15, 1943), is an American author, artist and photographer, and wife of fashion designer Ralph Lauren. She is also a psychotherapist.


title: Ricky Lauren

text: Born Ricky Ann Loew-Beer, she grew up in New York City. She is the daughter of Austrian immigrants, Margaret Vytouch and Rudolph Loew-Beer. Lauren was an English major at Hunter College. She met her future husband Ralph Lauren at the eye doctor's office where she was working part-time. Lauren also taught fifth grade and danced for a time in The Bronx. On December 20, 1964, she married Ralph Lauren in New York City. She was the daughter of a Jewish father and a Catholic mother.


title: Ricky Lauren

text: Lauren has supported her husband's career as a kind of "silent partner", as summarized by "The New York Times". These activities included attending fashion industry events or charities with him, hosting parties, and her patronage for charitable events. In 2000, she and her husband established a cancer center which is part of North General Hospital in Harlem. The couple also founded the Ralph and Ricky Lauren Center for the Performing Arts, which is located at the Lexington School for the Deaf, in New York City.


title: Ricky Lauren

text: Lauren has been identified as the "Polo Persona", the model by which the Polo advertising campaigns are developed. Of being his muse, Ralph wrote in his memoir, "I didn't like the girl with all the makeup and high heels. I liked the girl in jeans and a white shirt with rolled-up sleeves, wearing her boyfriend's jacket. That's the girl I am attracted to. That's the girl I married—Ricky." Ralph also acknowledged that when he began designing women's clothes, his interest was piqued by his wife's frustration in finding clothes she would like that could fit her slim and petite build.


title: Ricky Lauren

text: After her children were in school, Lauren returned to college, earned her degree, and then worked as a psychotherapist.


title: Ricky Lauren

text: Lauren is an author, artist and photographer best known for her lifestyle and cookbooks. One of her books is "Cuisine, Lifestyle, and Legend of the Double RL Ranch", of which "The New York Times" says, "Here is a loving — and really beautiful — picture-book tribute (with history and recipes) to the spot near Telluride that spawned an empire built on denim shirts, tooled turquoise-buckle belts, and red-and-black horse blankets." It reflects her interest in a casual life style and simple Western-style cuisine. She wrote "", which was well received by "Publishers Weekly". Lauren wrote and illustrated "Safari" with her photographs from a 1983 trip to Africa. The proceeds of the leather-and canvas-bound book go to the World Wildlife Fund. She also wrote the book "My Island" in 1994.


title: Ricky Lauren

text: Ricky and Ralph Lauren have three children, Andrew, David, and Dylan. The Laurens lived in Southampton, New York in a converted barn during the beginning of their marriage. Then, they spent the summers in Long Island. They had two houses in Amagansett, from which Ralph commuted into New York City, and then a house in East Hampton. She currently resides in New York City; Montauk, New York; Jamaica; and on the family owned Double RL Ranch beneath the San Juan Mountains outside Telluride, Colorado that they bought in 1982.


title: Camelot (musical)

text: Camelot is a 1960 musical by Alan Jay Lerner (book and lyrics) and Frederick Loewe (music). It is based on the King Arthur legend as adapted from T. H. White's 1958 novel "The Once and Future King".


title: Camelot (musical)

text: The original production, directed by Moss Hart with orchestrations by Robert Russell Bennett and Philip J. Lang, ran on Broadway for 873 performances, winning four Tony Awards. It starred Richard Burton as Arthur, Julie Andrews as Guinevere, and Robert Goulet as Lancelot. It spawned several revivals, foreign productions, and the 1967 Warner Bros. film "Camelot". The musical has become associated with the Kennedy Administration, which is sometimes called the "Camelot Era," due to an interview with Jackie Kennedy in which she compared her husband's presidency to King Arthur's reign, specifically mentioning his fondness for the musical and particularly the closing lyrics which end the song "Camelot" and also form the ending of the musical itself.


title: Camelot (musical)

text: In 1959, Alan Jay Lerner and Moss Hart decided to adapt T. H. White's "The Once and Future King" as their next project. As discussed in Lerner's 1978 book, "The Street Where I Live", Frederick Loewe, who initially had no interest in the project, agreed to write music, with the understanding that if things went badly, it would be his last score. After the tremendous success of "My Fair Lady", expectations were high for a new Lerner and Loewe musical. However, the show's production met several obstacles. Lerner's wife left him during the writing process, causing him to seek medical attention and delaying the production.


title: Camelot (musical)

text: When "Camelot" began rehearsals, it still needed considerable work. However, the producers were able to secure a strong cast, including Julie Andrews, Richard Burton, and Roddy McDowall, as well as Robert Goulet in his first Broadway role. John Cullum also made his Broadway debut as Sir Dinadan; Bruce Yarnell was Sir Lionel. Cullum later replaced McDowall, and William Squire replaced Burton. Other replacements included Patricia Bredin (as of April 16, 1962), Kathryn Grayson (as of October 23, 1962) and Janet Pavek (as of July 9, 1962) for Andrews.


title: Camelot (musical)

text: The show premiered in Toronto, at the O'Keefe Centre on October 1, 1960. It overran drastically — it was supposed to last two hours forty minutes, and instead clocked in at four and a half hours. The curtain came down at twenty minutes to one in the morning; Lerner later noted that "Only "Tristan and Isolde" equaled it as a bladder endurance contest." Noël Coward is supposed to have remarked that the show was "longer than the "Götterdämmerung" ... and not nearly as funny!" In spite of this, the morning papers gave generally positive reviews, but hinted that the show needed much work, "i.e.", drastic editing, in order to succeed. Soon afterwards, Lerner was hospitalized for three weeks with a bleeding ulcer. Soon after he was discharged, Hart suffered his second heart attack, and Lerner stepped in as temporary director for the rest of the out-of-town run. "Camelot" then moved to Boston, edited, but still running well over the intended length. The production team tried to find another director, even phoning José Ferrer, who could not undertake the job. Lerner and Loewe disagreed on how to proceed with the show, as Loewe did not want to make any major changes without Hart's guidance. Lerner wrote: "God knows what would have happened had it not been for Richard Burton." Accepting cuts and changes, he radiated a "faith and geniality" and calmed the fears of the cast. Guenevere's song "Before I Gaze at You Again" was given to Andrews at the last minute before the first New York preview, which provoked her famous quote, "Of course, darling, but do try to get it to me the night before." After the show opened on Broadway, Hart was released from the hospital, and he and Lerner began cutting the play even further. Two songs, "Then You May Take Me To the Fair" and "Fie on Goodness," were cut a few months into the run (though they remain on the cast album, and the former featured in the 1967 film).


title: Camelot (musical)

text: The New York critics' reviews of the original production were mixed. However, Ed Sullivan approached Lerner and Loewe to create a segment for his television variety program, celebrating the fifth anniversary of "My Fair Lady". They decided to do very little from their previous hit and instead to perform four highlights from "Camelot". The show stimulated ticket sales, and "Camelot" achieved an unprecedented advance sale of three and a half million dollars. Robert Goulet received favorable reviews, most notably for his rendition of the show-stopping romantic ballad "If Ever I Would Leave You", which became his signature song.


title: Camelot (musical)

text: After "Camelot"'s run, Goulet appeared on "The Danny Thomas Show" and "The Ed Sullivan Show", which made him a household name among American audiences.


title: Camelot (musical)

text: A week after the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in November 1963, Kennedy's widow, Jackie Kennedy, was interviewed by Theodore H. White, an interview that ran in the December 1963 issue of "Life" magazine. In the interview, Jackie stated that the show's original cast recording had been a favorite bedtime listening for her husband (who had been Lerner's classmate at Harvard University), and that his favorite lines were in the final number: "Don't let it be forgot/ That once there was a spot/ For one brief, shining moment/ That was known as Camelot". She also made a direct comparison to the "Camelot" storyline, saying, "There'll be great presidents again... but there'll never be another Camelot." The veracity of her claim about her husband's love of "Camelot" has been disputed. Nevertheless, an association between "Camelot" and Kennedy's tenure as president formed immediately in the public consciousness, and has remained in the decades since. Lerner later wrote in his autobiography that, soon after the article came out, a touring production of the show at the Civic Opera House in Chicago had to be stopped after those lines were sung: "there was a sudden wail from the audience. It was not a muffled sob; it was a loud, almost primitive cry of pain. The play stopped, and for almost five minutes everyone in the theater - on the stage, in the wings, in the pit, and in the audience - wept without restraint. Then the play continued..."


title: Camelot (musical)

text: The obstacles encountered in producing "Camelot" were hard on the creative partnership of Lerner and Loewe, and the show turned out to be one of their last collaborations (although they did work together to adapt their 1958 movie "Gigi" to the stage in 1973, and collaborated again the following year on the movie musical "The Little Prince"). "Camelot" was Hart's last Broadway show. He died of a heart attack in Palm Springs, California, on December 20, 1961.


title: Camelot (musical)

text: King Arthur is nervous about his upcoming arranged marriage and is hiding in a tree. Merlin the Magician, his wise tutor, calls Arthur down to warn the young king that he must learn to think for himself. Merlin, who lives backward in time and remembers the future as well as the past, knows he will soon be separated from Arthur. Merlin persuades Arthur to climb down and chides him for his unkingly behavior. Arthur then left alone, ponders both his subjects and his own feelings about the intended nuptials ("I Wonder What the King is Doing Tonight?"). Arthur hears someone coming and scampers up the tree again. Guinevere, Arthur's intended bride, comes to the woods. She does not like the idea of being Queen, preferring to live an ordinary life- at least, an ordinary rich life- ("Simple Joys of Maidenhood"). She stumbles into Arthur, who initially calls himself "Wart" (his childhood nickname), and then, hearing of her reluctance to marry, tells her of the joys of life in Camelot ("Camelot"). It is love at first sight, and they almost kiss but are interrupted when Arthur's attendants come upon the two of them. He is revealed as the King. He tells Guenevere the story of how he pulled the sword from the stone and became king, and she finally agrees to marry him. The wizard Merlin is amused by this development, but his joy turns to sorrow as his memories of the future begin to fade. He realizes that Nimue, a beautiful water nymph, has come to draw him into her cave for an eternal sleep ("Follow Me"). He begs Nimue for answers, as he has forgotten if he has warned Arthur about two important individuals, Lancelot and Mordred. His memories fade permanently, though, and he is led away.


title: Camelot (musical)

text: Five years later, Arthur sits with Guinevere in his study, debating about what to do. He explains that he wishes to create a new kind of knight — one that does not pillage and fight but tries to uphold honor and justice. He is eventually inspired, with Guinevere's help, to establish the Round Table with the motto "might for right." Within a few months, Arthur's idea leads to the Knights of the Round Table being renowned all over England, and their fame even spreads to France. A young, pretentious and over-religious Frenchman from Joyous Garde named Lancelot du Lac has heard of the Round Table and is determined to come to Camelot and join Arthur's knights, confident that he is perfect for the post ("C'est Moi"). King Pellinore, an elderly man who was a friend of Arthur's family, also comes to Camelot to witness Arthur's greatness for himself. He inadvertantly wanders into the May Day festivities organized by Guinevere ("The Lusty Month of May"). On learning who he is, Guinevere orders a guestroom to be prepared, and has one of the knights escort him to the castle. Pellinore becomes part of the family- he is still present at the play's conclusion, many years later. As Pellinore departs, King Arthur arrives with Lancelot, and introduces him to the company. Guinevere is put off by Lancelot's boastful manner and her attempts to draw him into conversation seem only intended to prove him wrong about his apparently unrealistic claims about his own prowess. The knights and ladies of the court watch in amusement. Guinevere incites three of the knights — Sir Dinadan, Sir Sagramore and the burly Sir Lionel — to challenge Lancelot to a joust ("Then You May Take Me to the Fair"). Arthur (who, unlike everybody else, is friendly with Lancelot) is dismayed by this, and is at a loss to understand a woman's ways — though he cannot be angry with Guinevere ("How to Handle a Woman").


title: Camelot (musical)

text: In the jousting match Lancelot easily defeats all three knights. He wounds Sir Lionel, who fights him last, so badly that the crowd thinks he is dead. But the dismay of the crowd turns to awe as Lancelot's distraught cries for Sir Lionel to live seemingly resurrect a dead man. Whether the miracle is actual or not, all the court believes in it and all the knights and ladies bow or curtsey to Lancelot to do homage to him as he passes by. Guinevere also curtsies to him, he kneels before her, their eyes lock and they seem to both see something in one another's eyes that neither saw there before. Arthur sees them seeing one another. In the scenes that follow, Guinevere is torn between her new love for Lancelot and her love and loyalty for Arthur, and wishes Lancelot would leave Camelot ("Before I Gaze at You Again"). By some unfortunate twist of fate, Lancelot, in spite of his boasts that he is immune to pleasures of the flesh, is also madly in love with Guinevere and is similarly torn by the conflict between this love and his devotion to Arthur. Arthur makes Lancelot a Knight of the Round Table. As it happens, the shrewd King Arthur guesses that Lancelot and Guinevere have feelings for each other, but hopes it will blow over, as he does not wish to upset the tranquility of Camelot. He soliloquizes to his sword Excalibur, that they will rise to the challenges they will all face, together.


title: Camelot (musical)

text: Many years later, Guinevere and Lancelot are still tormented by their unfulfilled love. She tries to get rid of him, but Lancelot will not leave her ("If Ever I Would Leave You"). They both believe that Arthur is not aware of it. Nevertheless, she remains faithful to Arthur, and helps him in carrying out the affairs of State.


title: Camelot (musical)

text: Mordred, Arthur's illegitimate son, comes to Camelot to dishonor the King and tries to gain the throne for himself. Arthur puts him in charge of the knights’ training program, not knowing that Mordred is there to destroy the Round Table in revenge against Arthur for abandoning him, and detests the idea of being a Knight ("The Seven Deadly Virtues"). Arthur begins to feel the strain of ruling England, and both he and Guinevere wonder what commoners do without any such responsibilities ("What Do The Simple Folk Do?").


title: Camelot (musical)

text: Mordred, meanwhile, has devised a plan to ruin Arthur and his kingdom permanently. He enters an enchanted glade where his aunt, the sorceress Morgan le Fay, dwells in an invisible castle. Morgan has a sweet tooth, and though she likes Arthur, Mordred manages to bribe her with a large supply of sweetmeats, to build one of her invisible walls around Arthur for one night, so that when he goes on his hunting trip the next day, he will not be able to get back to the castle ("The Persuasion"). Meanwhile, Mordred incites the Knights to remember their former days of fighting and pillaging and turns them against Arthur ("Fie On Goodness!").