title: Adrenal insufficiency

text: The most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency overall is autoimmune adrenalitis (Addison's disease). It is estimated that about 144 million people in the developed world have Addison's disease.


title: Adrenal insufficiency

text: In children, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is the most common cause of adrenal insufficiency, with an incidence 1 in 14,200 live births.


title: Arkham

text: Arkham () is a fictional city situated in Massachusetts. An integral part of the Lovecraft Country setting created by H. P. Lovecraft, Arkham is featured in many of his stories and those of other Cthulhu Mythos writers.


title: Arkham

text: Arkham House, a publishing company started by two of Lovecraft's correspondents, August Derleth and Donald Wandrei, takes its name from this city as a tribute. Arkham Asylum, a fictional mental hospital in DC Comics' Batman mythos, is also named after Lovecraft's Arkham.


title: Arkham

text: Arkham is the home of Miskatonic University, which features prominently in many of Lovecraft's works. The institution finances the expeditions in the novellas, "At the Mountains of Madness" (1936) and "The Shadow Out of Time" (1936). Walter Gilman, of "The Dreams in the Witch House" (1933), attends classes at the university. Other notable institutions in Arkham are the Arkham Historical Society and the Arkham Sanitarium. It is said in "Herbert West—Reanimator" that the town was devastated by a typhoid outbreak in 1905.


title: Arkham

text: Arkham's main newspaper is the "Arkham Advertiser", which has a circulation that reaches as far as Dunwich. In the 1880s, its newspaper is called the "Arkham Gazette".


title: Arkham

text: Arkham's most notable characteristics are its gambrel roofs and the dark legends that have surrounded the city for centuries.


title: Arkham

text: The precise location of Arkham is unspecified, although it is probably near both Innsmouth and Dunwich. However, it may be surmised from Lovecraft's stories that it is some distance to the north of Boston, probably in Essex County, Massachusetts. A more recent mapping of Lovecraft Country reinforces this suggestion, with Arkham being situated close to the location of Gordon College; in Lovecraft's work this would presumably be replaced by Miskatonic University itself.


title: Arkham

text: The actual location of Arkham is a subject of debate. Will Murray places Arkham in central Massachusetts and suggests it is based on the village of Oakham. Robert D. Marten rejects this and equates Arkham with Salem, with its name coming from Arkwright, Rhode Island (now part of Fiskville).


title: Arkham

text: August Derleth describes Arkham as "Lovecraft's own well-known, widely used place-name for legend-haunted Salem, Massachusetts", and Lovecraft himself, in a letter to F. Lee Baldwin dated April 29, 1934, wrote that "[my] mental picture of Arkham is of a town something like Salem in atmosphere [and] style of houses, but more hilly [and] with a college (which Salem [lacks]) ... I place the town [and] the imaginary Miskatonic [River] somewhere north of Salem—perhaps near Manchester."


title: Arkham

text: Arkham Sanitarium appears in the short story "The Thing on the Doorstep" and may have been inspired by the Danvers State Insane Asylum, aka Danvers State Hospital, located in Danvers, Massachusetts. (Danvers State Hospital itself appears in Lovecraft's stories "Pickman's Model" and "The Shadow over Innsmouth".)


title: Arkham

text: Arkham first appeared in Lovecraft's short story "The Picture in the House" (1920)—the story is also the first to mention "Miskatonic".


title: Arkham

text: In Dean Koontz ‘’Phantoms’’ Major Arkham is a UFO investigator. ‘“Which is why we check into strange phenomena that don’t seem to be UFO related at first glance,” Arkham said.‘ Koontz later makes a reference to a “Lovecraftian nightmare”.


The 2022 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships were the 46th edition of the IIHF World Junior Championship, played from August 9–20, 2022 at Rogers Place in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.


title: 2022 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships

text: The tournament was originally scheduled to be held from December 26, 2021, through January 5, 2022, in Edmonton and Red Deer — the host cities originally awarded the 2021 tournament before it was moved into a "bubble" behind closed doors in Edmonton only due to the COVID-19 pandemic. After COVID-19 outbreaks on multiple teams, the tournament was cancelled by the IIHF on December 29, 2021. In February 2022, it was announced that the tournament would be replayed from scratch at a later date, with all statistics and results from the first playing being thrown out. Once again, the tournament was held exclusively in Edmonton.


text: Due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia was suspended from international ice hockey and replaced by Latvia (which was promoted to the tournament's top division after finishing second in the Division 1A tournament in December 2021). The country notably achieved its first-ever victory in a preliminary game. In the gold medal game, Canada beat Finland 3–2 in overtime to win its 19th tournament title.


text: On March 14, 2019, it was announced that Gothenburg would be the host city. It was to be the first time that Gothenburg has hosted the tournament (having previously hosted the Senior Ice Hockey World Championships twice in 1981 and 2002), and the seventh time that Sweden had hosted the tournament.


text: On September 17, 2020, the IIHF announced that the 2022 tournament would instead be hosted by Edmonton and Red Deer, Alberta as compensation for the 2021 tournament (which was originally to be hosted by both cities) being held behind closed doors exclusively in Edmonton due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It became the 15th time that Canada has hosted the tournament, the fourth time Edmonton has hosted the tournament, and the second time games have been hosted in Red Deer, following the 1995 edition. Gothenburg was re-assigned the 2024 tournament.


text: On December 18, 2021, citing the "changing epidemiological situation" involving COVID-19 and Omicron variant, and consultation with the IIHF and Alberta Health Services, Hockey Canada announced that the schedule of pre-tournament games (which was to feature each team playing at least two exhibition games) would be reduced, and moved to December 23. Organizers stated that their goal was to hold a "safe and successful event," and that 90% of tickets had been sold. There were no stated plans to reduce spectator capacity.


text: As a participant in the provincial "Restrictions Exemption Program" (REP), Rogers Place was allowed to operate at full capacity, but all spectators were required to present proof of COVID-19 vaccinations. On December 21, as part of public health orders to control Omicron variant, the Alberta provincial government ordered all large venues participating in REP to restrict their capacity to 50% effective December 24. Food and drink consumption was prohibited when seated and during intermissions.


text: Teams were required to quarantine if any one member tested positive for COVID-19, resulting in three games being forfeited by December 29. Citing the health and safety of participants, and that the competitive integrity of the tournament had been compromised by the aforementioned forfeits, the IIHF announced that the remainder of the tournament had been abandoned. However, IIHF president Luc Tardif stated during a press conference that a committee would meet in January to discuss the feasibility of resuming the tournament at a later date, and that "we want to take the next month to think about it and maybe come with a good surprise."


text: On February 17, 2022, Tardif announced that the tournament would be rescheduled to mid-August 2022, following the U18 Hlinka Gretzky Cup also being hosted in Edmonton and Red Deer. The tournament will be replayed from the beginning, with all results and statistics from the first attempt thrown out. Rosters from the first playing of the tournament will be grandfathered. The following month, it was announced that the tournament replay had been scheduled for August 9–20, 2022, and that it will be hosted exclusively by Edmonton for the second year in a row. Those who had purchased tickets for the first running of the 2022 tournament, or the 2021 tournament, were given priority access to tickets.


text: In condemnation of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia was suspended from international ice hockey by the IIHF. It was announced that Latvia—who were promoted to the top division for 2023 after finishing second in the Division IA tournament—would replace Russia for the tournament replay. Division IA winner Belarus was also banned from international ice hockey for their support of the invasion.


text: Due to the Hockey Canada sexual assault scandal that emerged in June 2022, a number of major entities have suspended their sponsorships and support of Hockey Canada, including BDO, Canadian Tire, Imperial Oil, Recipe Unlimited, Scotiabank, Telus, and Tim Hortons. The city of Edmonton withdrew their marketing for the tournament. Sportsnet writer Paul D. Grant suggested that sponsors may had also been given the option to receive refunds on sponsorship purchases they had made for the December 2021 running of the tournament after it was cancelled. Besides a placement for IIHF global sponsor Tissot, there were no in-arena sponsor placements during the tournament, with the boards otherwise containing only images of the tournament emblem and ads for the IIHF's official mobile app.


text: On the eve of the tournament, it was also reported that "thousands" of tickets were still unsold, including tickets for games involving Canada—which had typically been a major draw during editions of the tournament hosted by Canada. The summer scheduling of the tournament, high ticket prices, the Hockey Canada scandals, and the removal of Russia, were cited by the press as potential factors. The first day of the tournament saw minuscule crowds, with its first three games having an announced attendance of 430, 376, and 829 respectively. However, this was based on tickets sold, and the actual number of spectators in attendance was believed to be much lower. Canada's games had moderate levels of attendance, ranging from 2,779 for its first preliminary game, to 5,204 for its final preliminary game—a fraction of Rogers Place's hockey capacity of 18,500. The gold medal game had an official attendance of 13,327.


text: The following officials were assigned by the International Ice Hockey Federation to officiate the 2022 World Junior Championships.


text: The tournament would have been held in Belgrade, Serbia, from 10 to 16 January 2022, but it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was rescheduled and took place from 12 to 17 September 2022.


text: The tournament would have been held in Querétaro, Mexico, from January 6 to 16, 2022, but was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was rescheduled and played from 22 to 30 July 2022. Bulgaria withdrew from the July tournament and was replaced by Australia.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique based on the photoelectric effect that can identify the elements that exist within a material (elemental composition) or are covering its surface, as well as their chemical state, and the overall electronic structure and density of the electronic states in the material. XPS is a powerful measurement technique because it not only shows what elements are present, but also what other elements they are bonded to. The technique can be used in line profiling of the elemental composition across the surface, or in depth profiling when paired with ion-beam etching. It is often applied to study chemical processes in the materials in their as-received state or after cleavage, scraping, exposure to heat, reactive gasses or solutions, ultraviolet light, or during ion implantation.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: XPS belongs to the family of photoemission spectroscopies in which electron population spectra are obtained by irradiating a material with a beam of X-rays. Chemical states are inferred from the measurement of the kinetic energy and the number of the ejected electrons. XPS requires high vacuum (residual gas pressure "p" ~ 10 Pa) or ultra-high vacuum (p < 10 Pa) conditions, although a current area of development is ambient-pressure XPS, in which samples are analyzed at pressures of a few tens of millibar.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: When laboratory X-ray sources are used, XPS easily detects all elements except hydrogen and helium. The detection limit is in the parts per thousand range, but parts per million (ppm) are achievable with long collection times and concentration at top surface.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: XPS is routinely used to analyze inorganic compounds, metal alloys, semiconductors, polymers, elements, catalysts, glasses, ceramics, paints, papers, inks, woods, plant parts, make-up, teeth, bones, medical implants, bio-materials, coatings, viscous oils, glues, ion-modified materials and many others. Somewhat less routinely XPS is used to analyze the hydrated forms of materials such as hydrogels and biological samples by freezing them in their hydrated state in an ultrapure environment, and allowing multilayers of ice to sublime away prior to analysis.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Because the energy of an X-ray with particular wavelength is known (for Al K X-rays, "E" = 1486.7 eV), and because the emitted electrons' kinetic energies are measured, the electron binding energy of each of the emitted electrons can be determined by using the photoelectric effect equation,


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: where "E" is the binding energy (BE) of the electron measured relative to the chemical potential, "E" is the energy of the X-ray photons being used, "E" is the kinetic energy of the electron as measured by the instrument and formula_2 is a work function-like term for the specific surface of the material, which in real measurements includes a small correction by the instrument's work function because of the contact potential. This equation is essentially a conservation of energy equation. The work function-like term formula_2 can be thought of as an adjustable instrumental correction factor that accounts for the few eV of kinetic energy given up by the photoelectron as it gets emitted from the bulk and absorbed by the detector. It is a constant that rarely needs to be adjusted in practice.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: In 1887, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz discovered but could not explain the photoelectric effect, which was later explained in 1905 by Albert Einstein (Nobel Prize in Physics 1921). Two years after Einstein's publication, in 1907, P.D. Innes experimented with a Röntgen tube, Helmholtz coils, a magnetic field hemisphere (an electron kinetic energy analyzer), and photographic plates, to record broad bands of emitted electrons as a function of velocity, in effect recording the first XPS spectrum. Other researchers, including Henry Moseley, Rawlinson and Robinson, independently performed various experiments to sort out the details in the broad bands. After WWII, Kai Siegbahn and his research group in Uppsala (Sweden) developed several significant improvements in the equipment, and in 1954 recorded the first high-energy-resolution XPS spectrum of cleaved sodium chloride (NaCl), revealing the potential of XPS. A few years later in 1967, Siegbahn published a comprehensive study of XPS, bringing instant recognition of the utility of XPS and also the first hard X-ray photoemission experiments, which he referred to as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA). In cooperation with Siegbahn, a small group of engineers (Mike Kelly, Charles Bryson, Lavier Faye, Robert Chaney) at Hewlett-Packard in the US, produced the first commercial monochromatic XPS instrument in 1969. Siegbahn received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1981, to acknowledge his extensive efforts to develop XPS into a useful analytical tool. In parallel with Siegbahn's work, David Turner at Imperial College London (and later at Oxford University) developed ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) for molecular species using helium lamps.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: A typical XPS spectrum is a plot of the number of electrons detected at a specific binding energy. Each element produces a set of characteristic XPS peaks. These peaks correspond to the electron configuration of the electrons within the atoms, e.g., 1"s", 2"s", 2"p", 3"s", etc. The number of detected electrons in each peak is directly related to the amount of element within the XPS sampling volume. To generate atomic percentage values, each raw XPS signal is corrected by dividing the intensity by a "relative sensitivity factor" (RSF), and normalized over all of the elements detected. Since hydrogen is not detected, these atomic percentages exclude hydrogen.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: XPS is widely used to generate an empirical formula because it readily yields excellent quantitative accuracy from homogeneous solid-state materials. Absolute quantification requires the use of certified (or independently verified) standard samples, and is generally more challenging, and less common. Relative quantification involves comparisons between several samples in a set for which one or more analytes are varied while all other components (the sample matrix) are held constant. Quantitative accuracy depends on several parameters such as: signal-to-noise ratio, peak intensity, accuracy of relative sensitivity factors, correction for electron transmission function, surface volume homogeneity, correction for energy dependence of electron mean free path, and degree of sample degradation due to analysis. Under optimal conditions, the quantitative accuracy of the atomic percent (at%) values calculated from the major XPS peaks is 90-95% for each peak. The quantitative accuracy for the weaker XPS signals, that have peak intensities 10-20% of the strongest signal, are 60-80% of the true value, and depend upon the amount of effort used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (for example by signal averaging). Quantitative precision (the ability to repeat a measurement and obtain the same result) is an essential consideration for proper reporting of quantitative results.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Detection limits may vary greatly with the cross section of the core state of interest and the background signal level. In general, photoelectron cross sections increase with atomic number. The background increases with the atomic number of the matrix constituents as well as the binding energy, because of secondary emitted electrons. For example, in the case of gold on silicon where the high cross section Au4f peak is at a higher kinetic energy than the major silicon peaks, it sits on a very low background and detection limits of 1ppm or better may be achieved with reasonable acquisition times. Conversely for silicon on gold, where the modest cross section Si2p line sits on the large background below the Au4f lines, detection limits would be much worse for the same acquisition time. Detection limits are often quoted as 0.1–1.0 % atomic percent (0.1% = 1 part per thousand = 1000 ppm) for practical analyses, but lower limits may be achieved in many circumstances.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Degradation depends on the sensitivity of the material to the wavelength of X-rays used, the total dose of the X-rays, the temperature of the surface and the level of the vacuum. Metals, alloys, ceramics and most glasses are not measurably degraded by either non-monochromatic or monochromatic X-rays. Some, but not all, polymers, catalysts, certain highly oxygenated compounds, various inorganic compounds and fine organics are. Non-monochromatic X-ray sources produce a significant amount of high energy Bremsstrahlung X-rays (1–15 keV of energy) which directly degrade the surface chemistry of various materials. Non-monochromatic X-ray sources also produce a significant amount of heat (100 to 200 °C) on the surface of the sample because the anode that produces the X-rays is typically only 1 to away from the sample. This level of heat, when combined with the Bremsstrahlung X-rays, acts to increase the amount and rate of degradation for certain materials. Monochromatised X-ray sources, because they are farther away (50–100 cm) from the sample, do not produce noticeable heat effects. In those, a quartz monochromator system diffracts the Bremsstrahlung X-rays out of the X-ray beam, which means the sample is only exposed to one narrow band of X-ray energy. For example, if aluminum K-alpha X-rays are used, the intrinsic energy band has a FWHM of 0.43 eV, centered on 1,486.7 eV ("E"/Δ"E" = 3,457). If magnesium K-alpha X-rays are used, the intrinsic energy band has a FWHM of 0.36 eV, centered on 1,253.7 eV ("E"/Δ"E" = 3,483). These are the intrinsic X-ray line widths; the range of energies to which the sample is exposed depends on the quality and optimization of the X-ray monochromator. Because the vacuum removes various gases (e.g., O, CO) and liquids (e.g., water, alcohol, solvents, etc.) that were initially trapped within or on the surface of the sample, the chemistry and morphology of the surface will continue to change until the surface achieves a steady state. This type of degradation is sometimes difficult to detect.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Measured area depends on instrument design. The minimum analysis area ranges from 10 to 200 micrometres. Largest size for a monochromatic beam of X-rays is 1–5 mm. Non-monochromatic beams are 10–50 mm in diameter. Spectroscopic image resolution levels of 200 nm or below has been achieved on latest imaging XPS instruments using synchrotron radiation as X-ray source.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Instruments accept small (mm range) and large samples (cm range), e.g. wafers. The limiting factor is the design of the sample holder, the sample transfer, and the size of the vacuum chamber. Large samples are laterally moved in x and y direction to analyze a larger area.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Typically ranging 1–20 minutes for a broad survey scan that measures the amount of all detectable elements, typically 1–15 minutes for high resolution scan that reveal chemical state differences (for a high signal/noise ratio for count area result often requires multiple sweeps of the region of interest), 1–4 hours for a depth profile that measures 4–5 elements as a function of etched depth (this process time can vary the most as many factors will play a role).


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: XPS detects only electrons that have actually escaped from the sample into the vacuum of the instrument. In order to escape from the sample, a photoelectron must travel through the sample. Photo-emitted electrons can undergo inelastic collisions, recombination, excitation of the sample, recapture or trapping in various excited states within the material, all of which can reduce the number of escaping photoelectrons. These effects appear as an exponential attenuation function as the depth increases, making the signals detected from analytes at the surface much stronger than the signals detected from analytes deeper below the sample surface. Thus, the signal measured by XPS is an exponentially surface-weighted signal, and this fact can be used to estimate analyte depths in layered materials.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: The ability to produce chemical state information, i.e. the local bonding environment of an atomic species in question from the topmost few nanometers of the sample makes XPS a unique and valuable tool for understanding the chemistry of the surface. The local bonding environment is affected by the formal oxidation state, the identity of its nearest-neighbor atoms, and its bonding hybridization to the nearest-neighbor or next-nearest-neighbor atoms. For example, while the nominal binding energy of the C electron is 284.6 eV, subtle but reproducible shifts in the actual binding energy, the so-called "chemical shift" (analogous to NMR spectroscopy), provide the chemical state information.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Chemical-state analysis is widely used for carbon. It reveals the presence or absence of the chemical states of carbon, in approximate order of increasing binding energy, as: carbide (-C), silane (-Si-CH), methylene/methyl/hydrocarbon (-CH-CH-, CH-CH-, and -CH=CH-), amine (-CH-NH), alcohol (-C-OH), ketone (-C=O), organic ester (-COOR), carbonate (-CO), monofluoro-hydrocarbon (-CFH-CH-), difluoro-hydrocarbon (-CF-CH-), and trifluorocarbon (-CH-CF), to name but a few.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Chemical state analysis of the surface of a silicon wafer reveals chemical shifts due to different formal oxidation states, such as: n-doped silicon and p-doped silicon (metallic silicon), silicon suboxide (SiO), silicon monoxide (SiO), SiO, and silicon dioxide (SiO). An example of this is seen in the figure "High-resolution spectrum of an oxidized silicon wafer in the energy range of the Si 2"p" signal".


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: The main components of an XPS system are the source of X-rays, an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber with mu-metal magnetic shielding, an electron collection lens, an electron energy analyzer, an electron detector system, a sample introduction chamber, sample mounts, a sample stage with the ability to heat or cool the sample, and a set of stage manipulators.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: The most prevalent electron spectrometer for XPS is the hemispherical electron analyzer. They have high energy resolution and spatial selection of the emitted electrons. Sometimes, however, much simpler electron energy filters - the cylindrical mirror analyzers are used, most often for checking the elemental composition of the surface. They represent a trade-off between the need for high count rates and high angular/energy resolution. This type consists of two co-axial cylinders placed in front of the sample, the inner one being held at a positive potential, while the outer cylinder is held at a negative potential. Only the electrons with the right energy can pass through this setup and are detected at the end. The count rates are high but the resolution (both in energy and angle) is poor.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Electrons are detected using electron multipliers: a single channeltron for single energy detection, or arrays of channeltrons and microchannel plates for parallel acquisition. These devices consists of a glass channel with a resistive coating on the inside. A high voltage is applied between the front and the end. An incoming electron is accelerated to the wall, where it removes more electrons, in such a way that an electron avalanche is created, until a measurable current pulse is obtained.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: In laboratory systems, either 10–30 mm beam diameter non-monochromatic Al K or Mg K anode radiation is used, or a focused 20-500 micrometer diameter beam single wavelength Al K monochromatised radiation. Monochromatic Al K X-rays are normally produced by diffracting and focusing a beam of non-monochromatic X-rays off of a thin disc of natural, crystalline quartz with a <1010> orientation. The resulting wavelength is 8.3386 angstroms (0.83386 nm) which corresponds to a photon energy of 1486.7 eV. Aluminum K X-rays have an intrinsic full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.43 eV, centered on 1486.7 eV ("E"/Δ"E" = 3457). For a well–optimized monochromator, the energy width of the monochromated aluminum K X-rays is 0.16 eV, but energy broadening in common electron energy analyzers (spectrometers) produces an ultimate energy resolution on the order of FWHM=0.25 eV which, in effect, is the ultimate energy resolution of most commercial systems. When working under practical, everyday conditions, high energy-resolution settings will produce peak widths (FWHM) between 0.4 and 0.6 eV for various pure elements and some compounds. For example, in a spectrum obtained in 1 minute at a pass energy of 20 eV using monochromated aluminum K X-rays, the Ag 3"d" peak for a clean silver film or foil will typically have a FWHM of 0.45 eV. Non-monochromatic magnesium X-rays have a wavelength of 9.89 angstroms (0.989 nm) which corresponds to a photon energy of 1253 eV. The energy width of the non-monochromated X-ray is roughly 0.70 eV, which, in effect is the ultimate energy resolution of a system using non-monochromatic X-rays. Non-monochromatic X-ray sources do not use any crystals to diffract the X-rays which allows all primary X-rays lines and the full range of high-energy Bremsstrahlung X-rays (1–12 keV) to reach the surface. The ultimate energy resolution (FWHM) when using a non-monochromatic Mg K source is 0.9–1.0 eV, which includes some contribution from spectrometer-induced broadening.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: A breakthrough has been brought about in the last decades by the development of large scale synchrotron radiation facilities. Here, bunches of relativistic electrons kept in orbit inside a storage ring are accelerated through bending magnets or insertion devices like wigglers and undulators to produce a high brilliance and high flux photon beam. The beam is orders of magnitude more intense and better collimated than typically produced by anode-based sources. Synchrotron radiation is also tunable over a wide wavelength range, and can be made polarized in several distinct ways. This way, photon can be selected yielding optimum photoionization cross-sections for probing a particular core level. The high photon flux, in addition, makes it possible to perform XPS experiments also from low density atomic species, such as molecular and atomic adsorbates.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: The number of peaks produced by a single element varies from 1 to more than 20. Tables of binding energies that identify the shell and spin-orbit of each peak produced by a given element are included with modern XPS instruments, and can be found in various handbooks and websites. Because these experimentally determined energies are characteristic of specific elements, they can be directly used to identify experimentally measured peaks of a material with unknown elemental composition.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Before beginning the process of peak identification, the analyst must determine if the binding energies of the unprocessed survey spectrum (0-1400 eV) have or have not been shifted due to a positive or negative surface charge. This is most often done by looking for two peaks that are due to the presence of carbon and oxygen.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Charge referencing is needed when a sample suffers a charge induced shift of experimental binding energies to obtain meaningful binding energies from both wide-scan, high sensitivity (low energy resolution) survey spectra (0-1100 eV), and also narrow-scan, chemical state (high energy resolution) spectra. Charge induced shifting is normally due to a modest excess of low voltage (-1 to -20 eV) electrons attached to the surface, or a modest shortage of electrons (+1 to +15 eV) within the top 1-12 nm of the sample caused by the loss of photo-emitted electrons. If, by chance, the charging of the surface is excessively positive, then the spectrum might appear as a series of rolling hills, not sharp peaks as shown in the example spectrum.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Charge referencing is performed by adding a "Charge Correction Factor" to each of the experimentally measured peaks. Since various hydrocarbon species appear on all air-exposed surfaces, the binding energy of the hydrocarbon C (1s) XPS peak is used to charge correct all energies obtained from non-conductive samples or conductors that have been deliberately insulated from the sample mount. The peak is normally found between 284.5 eV and 285.5 eV. The 284.8 eV binding energy is routinely used as the reference binding energy for charge referencing insulators, so that the charge correction factor is the difference between 284.8 eV and the experimentally measured C (1s) peak position.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Conductive materials and most native oxides of conductors should never need charge referencing. Conductive materials should never be charge referenced unless the topmost layer of the sample has a thick non-conductive film. The charging effect, if needed, can also be compensated by providing suitable low energy charges to the surface by the use of low-voltage (1-20 eV) electron beam from an electron flood gun, UV lights, low-voltage argon ion beam with low-voltage electron beam (1-10 eV), aperture masks, mesh screen with low-voltage electron beams, etc.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: The process of peak-fitting high energy resolution XPS spectra is a mixture of scientific knowledge and experience. The process is affected by instrument design, instrument components, experimental settings and sample variables. Before starting any peak-fit effort, the analyst performing the peak-fit needs to know if the topmost 15 nm of the sample is expected to be a homogeneous material or is expected to be a mixture of materials. If the top 15 nm is a homogeneous material with only very minor amounts of adventitious carbon and adsorbed gases, then the analyst can use theoretical peak area ratios to enhance the peak-fitting process. Peak fitting results are affected by overall peak widths (at half maximum, FWHM), possible chemical shifts, peak shapes, instrument design factors and experimental settings, as well as sample properties:


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: where formula_5 is the photon energy, formula_6 is the electron BE (binding energy with respect to the vacuum level) prior to ionization, and formula_7 is the kinetic energy of the photoelectron. If reference is taken with respect to the Fermi level (as it is typically done in photoelectron spectroscopy) formula_6 must be replaced by the sum of the binding energy (BE) relative to the Fermi level, formula_9, and the sample work function, formula_10 .


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: From the theoretical point of view, the photoemission process from a solid can be described with a semiclassical approach, where the electromagnetic field is still treated classically, while a quantum-mechanical description is used for matter.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: where formula_12 is the electron wave function, formula_13 is the vector potential of the electromagnetic field and formula_14 is the unperturbed potential of the solid.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Actually, neglecting the formula_18 term in the Hamiltonian, we are disregarding possible photocurrent contributions. Such effects are generally negligible in the bulk, but may become important at the surface.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: The quadratic term in formula_13 can be instead safely neglected, since its contribution in a typical photoemission experiment is about one order of magnitude smaller than that of the first term .


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: In first-order perturbation approach, the one-electron Hamiltonian can be split into two terms, an unperturbed Hamiltonian formula_20, plus an interaction Hamiltonian formula_21, which describes the effects of the electromagnetic field:


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: In time-dependent perturbation theory, for an harmonic or constant perturbation, the transition rate between the initial state formula_23 and the final state formula_24 is expressed by Fermi's Golden Rule:


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: where formula_26 and formula_27 are the eigenvalues of the unperturbed Hamiltonian in the initial and final state, respectively, and formula_5 is the photon energy. Fermi's Golden Rule uses the approximation that the perturbation acts on the system for an infinite time. This approximation is valid when the time that the perturbation acts on the system is much larger than the time needed for the transition. It should be understood that this equation needs to be integrated with the density of states formula_29 which gives:


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: In a real photoemission experiment the ground state core electron BE cannot be directly probed, because the measured BE


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: incorporates both initial state and final state effects, and the spectral linewidth is broadened owing to the finite core-hole lifetime (formula_31).


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Assuming an exponential decay probability for the core hole in the time domain (formula_32), the spectral function will have a Lorentzian shape, with a FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum) formula_33 given by:


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: From the theory of Fourier transforms, formula_33 and formula_31 are linked by the indeterminacy relation:


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: The photoemission event leaves the atom in a highly excited core ionized state, from which it can decay radiatively (fluorescence) or non-radiatively (typically by "Auger" decay).


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Besides Lorentzian broadening, photoemission spectra are also affected by a Gaussian broadening, whose contribution can be expressed by


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Three main factors enter the Gaussian broadening of the spectra: the experimental energy resolution, vibrational and inhomogeneous broadening.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: The first effect is caused by the non perfect monochromaticity of the photon beam -which results in a finite bandwidth- and by the limited resolving power of the analyzer. The vibrational component is produced by the excitation of low energy vibrational modes both in the initial and in the final state. Finally, inhomogeneous broadening can originate from the presence of unresolved core level components in the spectrum.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: In a solid, inelastic scattering events also contribute to the photoemission process, generating electron-hole pairs which show up as an inelastic tail on the high BE side of the main photoemission peak. In fact this allows the calculation of electron inelastic mean free path (IMFP). This can be modeled based on the Beer–Lambert law, which states


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: where formula_40 is the IMFP and formula_41 is the axis perpendicular to the sample. In fact it is generally the case that the IMFP is only weakly material dependent, but rather strongly dependent on the photoelectron kinetic energy. Quantitatively we can relate formula_42 to IMFP by


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: where formula_44 is the mean atomic diameter as calculated by the density so formula_45. The above formula was developed by Seah and Dench.


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: In some cases, energy loss features due to plasmon excitations are also observed. This can either be a final state effect caused by core hole decay, which generates quantized electron wave excitations in the solid (intrinsic plasmons), or it can be due to excitations induced by photoelectrons travelling from the emitter to the surface (extrinsic plasmons).


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Due to the reduced coordination number of first-layer atoms, the plasma frequency of bulk and surface atoms are related by the following equation:


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: Temperature-dependent atomic lattice vibrations, or phonons, can broaden the core level components and attenuate the interference patterns in an X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) experiment. The simplest way to account for vibrational effects is by multiplying the scattered single-photoelectron wave function formula_47 by the Debye–Waller factor:


title: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

text: and formula_50 is the temperature-dependent one-dimensional vibrational mean squared displacement of the formula_51 emitter. In the Debye model, the mean squared displacement is calculated in terms of the Debye temperature, formula_52, as:


title: Entrapment

text: Entrapment is a practice in which a law enforcement agent or agent of the state induces a person to commit a "crime" that the person would have otherwise been unlikely or unwilling to commit. It "is the conception and planning of an offense by an officer or agent, and the procurement of its commission by one who would not have perpetrated it except for the trickery, persuasion or fraud of the officer or state agent".


title: Entrapment

text: Police conduct rising to the level of entrapment is broadly discouraged and thus, in many jurisdictions, is available as a defense against criminal liability. Sting operations, through which police officers or agents engage in deception to try to catch persons who are committing crimes, raise concerns about possible entrapment.


title: Entrapment

text: Depending on the law in the jurisdiction, the prosecution may be required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was not entrapped or the defendant may be required to prove that they were entrapped as an affirmative defense.


title: Entrapment

text: In the practice of journalism and whistle-blowing "entrapment" means "deceptive and trust-breaking techniques ... applied to trick someone to commit a legal or moral transgression."


title: Entrapment

text: The word entrapment, from the verb "to entrap", meaning to catch in a trap, was first used in this sense in 1899 in the United States Federal Court case of "People v Braisted".


title: Entrapment

text: The Supreme Court of Canada developed the doctrine of entrapment in three major decisions: "R. v. Amato", [1982] 2 S.C.R. 418, "R. v. Mack", [1988] 2 S.C.R. 903, and "R. v. Barnes", [1991] 1 S.C.R. 449.


title: Entrapment

text: The question of entrapment is considered only after there has been a finding of guilt. If, after finding the accused guilty, the court determines that the accused was entrapped, the court enters a judicial stay of proceedings. That is similar to an acquittal.


title: Entrapment

text: In 2013, a British Columbia couple were found guilty of attempting to blow up the British Columbia Parliament Buildings. In 2018, the verdict was overturned because the couple were found to have been entrapped into the plot by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.


title: Entrapment

text: It was the first time entrapment had been successfully argued in a terrorism case. Three previous attempts failed.


title: Entrapment

text: In German law, it is normally forbidden to induce or persuade someone to commit a crime or to attempt to do so. However, the German Federal Court of Justice has held that entrapment by undercover police agents is not a reason to stay the case "per se". If undercover agents have been used without proper justification, punishment for the committed offense may be reduced.


title: Entrapment

text: In the case of persons who are not initially under suspicion and unlikely to commit a certain crime, a decision from 1999 stated that entrapment of such persons violates the right to a fair trial, and the punishment for the committed offense may thus be reduced.


title: Entrapment

text: The main authority on entrapment in England and Wales, held to be equally applicable in Scotland, is the decision of the House of Lords in "R. v. Loosely" (2001). A stay is granted if the conduct of the state was so seriously improper that the administration of justice was brought into disrepute. In deciding whether to grant a stay, the Court will consider, as a useful guide, whether the police did more than present the defendant with an unexceptional opportunity to commit a crime.


title: Entrapment

text: In "Loosely", Lords Hoffman and Hutton indicated certain factors that should be considered in deciding whether proceedings against a defendant should be stayed:


title: Entrapment

text: It has been held that it is generally acceptable for the police to conduct test purchases ("DPP v. Marshall") or pose as passengers to catch unlicensed taxi drivers ("Nottingham City Council v. Amin").


title: Entrapment

text: Historically, entrapment was common in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, and was used frequently by the Bank of England and Royal Mint to catch people involved in currency crime during the Restriction Period of 1797–1820.


title: Entrapment

text: Entrapment by plainclothes policemen was often used to prosecute gay men, even after the Sexual Offences Act 1967 exempted consensual gay sex in private from prosecution.


title: Entrapment

text: In Scotland the main authority is the case of "Brown v. HMA 2002" which stated that entrapment will occur when law enforcement officials cause an offense to be committed which would not have occurred had it not been for their involvement. The remedies available correspond with those in England and are considered to be either a plea in bar of trial or a challenge to the admissibility of evidence obtained through entrapment.


title: Entrapment

text: In the United States, two competing tests exist for determining whether entrapment has taken place, known as the "subjective" and "objective" tests.


title: Entrapment

text: Contrary to popular belief, the United States does not require police officers to identify themselves as police in the case of a sting or other undercover work, and police officers may lie when engaged in such work. The law of entrapment instead focuses on whether people were enticed to commit crimes they would not have otherwise considered in the normal course of events.


title: Entrapment

text: Courts took a dim view of the defense at first. The New York Supreme Court said in 1864 that "[It] has never availed to shield crime or give indemnity to the culprit, and it is safe to say that under any code of civilized, not to say Christian, ethics, it never will". Forty years later, another judge in that state affirmed that rejection, arguing "[courts] should not hesitate to punish the crime actually committed by the defendant" when rejecting entrapment claimed in a grand larceny case.


title: Entrapment

text: Other states, however, had already begun reversing convictions on entrapment grounds. Federal courts recognized entrapment as a defense starting with "Woo Wai v. United States", . The U.S. Supreme Court declined to consider the question of entrapment in "Casey v. United States", since the facts in the case were too vague to definitively rule on the question; but, four years later, it did. In "Sorrells v. United States", the Supreme Court unanimously reversed the conviction of a North Carolina factory worker who gave in to an undercover Prohibition officer's repeated entreaties to get him some liquor. It identified the controlling question as "whether the defendant is a person otherwise innocent whom the government is seeking to punish for an alleged offense which is the product of the creative activity of its own officials".


title: Entrapment

text: In "Sherman v. United States", the Court considered a similar case in which one recovering drug addict working with agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (a predecessor agency to today's Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)) solicited another to sell him drugs on the premise that his own efforts were failing. Again unanimous, its opinion focused more clearly on the defendant's predisposition to commit the offense and, on that basis, overturned Sherman's conviction as well since, although he had two prior drug convictions, the most recent dated back five years. Furthermore, he was attempting to rehabilitate himself, he had made no profit on the sales, and no drugs were found in his apartment when it was searched, suggesting the absence of a predisposition to break drug laws. "To determine whether entrapment has been established", it said, "a line must be drawn between the trap for the unwary innocent and the trap for the unwary criminal".


title: Entrapment

text: Prosecutors won the next two times entrapment came before the Court, in "United States v. Russell" and "Hampton v. United States", albeit by narrow margins. In the former, the Court upheld the conviction of a Washington man for manufacturing methamphetamine even though an undercover agent had supplied some of the ingredients, and also pondered an outrageous government conduct defense, though it did not enable it. "Hampton" let stand, by a similar margin, the conviction of a Missouri man who had, upon seeing track marks on the arms of a DEA informant, expressed interest in obtaining heroin to sell. The DEA informant arranged a meeting between the Missouri man and undercover DEA agents in which the Missouri man sold a small quantity of heroin to agents and indicated that he could obtain larger quantities. After a second sale to the undercover agents, he was arrested. The defendant alleged that the informant supplied the drugs and that he had been led to believe, by the informant, that he was not selling heroin but a counterfeit with which he intended to defraud the buyers. Regardless, the Court found he was sufficiently predisposed to sell heroin so as to be criminally liable.


title: Entrapment

text: The argument employed in the majority opinion on "Hampton" became known as the "subjective" test of entrapment, since it focused on the defendant's state of mind. However, in all cases, concurring opinions had advocated an "objective" test, focusing instead on whether the conduct of the police or other investigators would catch only those "ready and willing to commit crime". Under the objective approach the defendant's personality (i.e., his predisposition to commit the crime) would be immaterial, and the potential for the police conduct to induce a law-abiding person considered in the abstract would be the test. This, supporters argued, avoided the dubious issue of an unexpressed legislative intent on which the "Sorrells" court had relied and instead grounded the entrapment defence, like the exclusionary rule, in the court's supervisory role over law enforcement. And like the exclusionary rule, they would have had judges, not juries, decide whether a defendant had been entrapped as a matter of law.


title: Entrapment

text: Since the subjective test focusing on predisposition had, unlike the exclusionary rule, not been applied to the states, they were free to follow it as they saw fit. The state courts or legislatures of 37 states have chosen the subjective test, while the others use the objective test. Some have allowed both the judge and the jury to rule on whether the defendant was entrapped.


title: Entrapment

text: In the Supreme Court's last major ruling on entrapment, "Jacobson v. United States", which overturned the conviction of a Nebraska man for receiving child pornography via the mail, the subjective vs. objective debate was completely absent. Both the majority and dissenting opinions focused solely on whether the prosecution had established that the defendant had a predisposition for purchasing such material (which had only recently been outlawed at the time of his arrest). Since no other material was found in his home save what he had purchased from the undercover postal inspectors, Justice Byron White believed the operation had implanted the idea in his mind through mailings decrying politicians for assaulting civil liberties by passing laws such as the one the inspectors hoped he would break. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor disagreed in her dissent, arguing that the record did indeed establish that Jacobson was interested in continuing the purchases.


title: Entrapment

text: A subset of the entrapment defense was first recognized by the Supreme Court in "Raley v. Ohio". There, four defendants were testifying before a committee of the Ohio State Legislature. The chairman of the committee told them that they could assert their right against self-incrimination. They asserted this right, and refused to answer questions. However, Ohio law provided them immunity from prosecution, so the right against self-incrimination was inapplicable, and they were subsequently prosecuted for their failure to answer questions. The Supreme Court overturned three of the four convictions based on the doctrine of entrapment by estoppel. (The fourth refused to state his address, at which point the committee expressed the view that the right against self-incrimination did not apply to that question.)


title: Entrapment

text: As described in "United States v. Howell", the defense "applies when, acting with actual or apparent authority, a government official affirmatively assures the defendant that certain conduct is legal and the defendant reasonably believes that official".


title: Entrapment

text: The entrapment by estoppel defense exists in both federal and city jurisdictions; however, case law remains inconsistent as to whether the misleading advice of e.g. a state official provides protection against federal criminal charges. Examples exist of an appellate court failing to allow an entrapment by estoppel defense where a municipal official provided misleading instructions regarding a state law.


title: Entrapment

text: Federal courts apply a subjective test for claims of entrapment. In federal criminal prosecutions, if a defendant proves entrapment the defendant may not be convicted of the underlying crime. A valid entrapment defense has two related elements:


title: Entrapment

text: The federal entrapment defense is based upon statutory construction, the federal courts' interpretation of the will of Congress in passing the criminal statutes. As this is not a constitutional prohibition, Congress may change or override this interpretation by passing a law.


title: Entrapment

text: Each state has its own case law and statutory law that defines when and how the entrapment defense is available, and states may choose to adopt either the subjective or objective test for what government action constitutes entrapment. The essential elements of an entrapment defense are:


title: Jaime Xie

text: Jaime Xie is an American businesswoman, model, socialite, and reality TV personality. She has starred on the Netflix TV series "Bling Empire" as an original main cast member since 2021.


title: Jaime Xie

text: Jaime Xie is the eldest child of Ken Xie, the billionaire founder and CEO of Silicon Valley-based cybersecurity company Fortinet. He was also a collaborator, early investor, and consultant to Zoom founder and CEO, Eric Yuan. Ken Xie was on the Forbes 400 List in 2020 and has an estimated net worth of $4.2 billion. Xie was born in the Bay Area and grew up as a competitive equestrian, riding with equestrians such as Eve Jobs, daughter of Steve Jobs. She was ranked #1 in the United States in 2014 with her horse, Comissario, winning the USEF Horse of the Year Award that same year.


title: Jaime Xie

text: Xie began competitive horseback riding during the early years of her primary school life, dreaming to become an equestrian champion, and traveling throughout the nation. She won many competitions throughout her career, notably placing first at the United States Equestrian Federation (USEF) competition in the small junior hunter 16-17 division. At age 20, Xie decided to retire from competitions to pursue a career in the fashion industry.


title: Jaime Xie

text: Xie attended her first fashion week at the age of 17. She was accepted into the Parsons School of Design but chose to attend the Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising in Los Angeles. She dropped out after one year to focus on growing her personal brand. She started her own website, Jaimexie.com, and has over half a million followers on Instagram. Xie has worked with Tiffany & Co., Piaget, Farfetch, Luisaviaroma, Selfridges, SSENSE, The Webster, Jimmy Choo, Tom Ford Beauty, Valentino Beauty, Guerlain, Sephora, and La Prairie.


title: Jaime Xie

text: On January 15, 2021, "Bling Empire" premiered on Netflix, with Xie starring alongside Cherie Chan, Christine Chiu, Kevin Kreider, Kim Lee, Kane Lim, Kelly Mi Li, Anna Shay, Mimi Morris, and Dorothy Wang. The second season premiered on May 13, 2022, and the third season premiered on October 5, 2022.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: Gorilla Glass is a brand of chemically strengthened glass developed and manufactured by Corning, now in its seventh generation. Designed to be thin, light and damage-resistant, the glass gains its surface strength, ability to contain flaws, and crack-resistance by being immersed in a hot, potassium-salt, ion-exchange bath. As a brand, Gorilla Glass is specific to Corning, but close equivalents exist, including AGC Inc.'s Dragontrail and Schott AG's Xensation.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: The alkali-aluminosilicate sheet glass is used primarily as cover glass for portable electronic devices, including mobile phones, smartwatches, portable media players, portable computer displays, and television screens. It is manufactured in Harrodsburg, Kentucky; in Asan, South Korea; and in Taiwan. In October 2017, some five billion devices globally contained Gorilla Glass. While dominating its market, Gorilla Glass faces varying competition from rivals such as Dragontrail and synthetic sapphire.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: Corning experimented with chemically strengthened glass in 1960 as part of a "Project Muscle" initiative. Within a few years they had developed a "muscled glass" marketed as "Chemcor". The product was used until the early 1990s in commercial and industrial applications, including automotive, aviation and pharmaceutical uses, notably in approximately one hundred 1968 Dodge Dart and Plymouth Barracuda racing cars, where minimizing the vehicle's weight was essential.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: Experimentation was revived in 2005, investigating whether the glass could be made thin enough for use in consumer electronics. Although not called Gorilla Glass at the time, it was brought into commercial use with the launch of the new iPhone in June 2007. The iPhone that Steve Jobs revealed in January 2007 still featured a plastic display. The day after he held up the plastic iPhone on stage, Jobs complained about scratches that had developed on the phone's display after carrying it around in his pocket. Apple then contacted Corning and asked for a thin, toughened glass to be used in its new phone. The scratch-resistant glass that shipped on the first-generation iPhone would eventually come to be known as Gorilla Glass, officially introduced in February 2008. Corning further developed the material for a variety of smartphones and other consumer electronics devices for a range of companies.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: Corning markets the material's primary properties as its high scratch-resistance (protective coating) and its hardness (with a Vickers hardness test rating of 622 to 701), which allows the glass to be thin without being fragile. The glass can be recycled.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: In December 2015, Ford Motor Company announced that it would be the first to use the material for a windshield and rear window on its Ford GT sports car beginning in 2016; it later spread to mainstream models such as the Ford F-150 and Jeep Wrangler.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: During its manufacture, the glass is toughened by ion exchange. The material is immersed in a molten alkaline potassium salt at a temperature of approximately , wherein smaller sodium ions in the glass are replaced by larger potassium ions from the salt bath. The larger ions occupy more volume and thereby create a surface layer of high residual compressive stress, giving the glass surface increased strength, ability to contain flaws, and overall crack-resistance, making it resistant to damage from everyday use.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: The first generation of Gorilla Glass was introduced on February 8, 2008. By 2010, the glass had been used in approximately 20% of mobile handsets worldwide, about 200 million units.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: The second generation, called "Gorilla Glass 2", was introduced on January 9, 2012. It is 20% thinner than the original Gorilla Glass. In October 2012, Corning announced that over one billion mobile devices used Gorilla Glass.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: Gorilla Glass 3 was introduced at CES 2013 on January 7. According to Corning, the material is up to three times more scratch-resistant than the previous version, with enhanced ability to resist deep scratches that typically weaken glass. Promotional material for Gorilla Glass 3 claims that it is 40% more scratch-resistant, in addition to being more flexible. The design of Gorilla Glass 3 was Corning's first use of atomic-scale modeling before the material was melted in laboratories, with the prediction of the optimal composition obtained through the application of rigidity theory.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: When Gorilla Glass 3 was announced, Corning indicated that areas for future improvements included reducing reflectivity and susceptibility to fingerprint smudges, and changing surface treatments and the way the glass is finished. Antimicrobial Gorilla Glass, with antibacterial ionic silver incorporated into its surface, was introduced and demonstrated at CES in January 2014.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: Gorilla Glass 4 was introduced on November 20, 2014. It has better damage resistance and capability to be made thinner with the same performance as its predecessor.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: Gorilla Glass 5 was introduced on July 20, 2016. It offers better resistance to cracking from drops and was first used on the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 in 2016.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: Gorilla Glass SR+ was introduced on August 30, 2016. It was designed for wearable mobile devices, focusing on toughness, scratch resistance and optical clarity. It was first used on the Samsung Gear S3 smartwatch in 2016.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: Gorilla Glass 6 was introduced on July 18, 2018. It has the scratch resistance of Gorilla Glass 5, but is designed to withstand multiple drops from even greater heights. It was first used on the Samsung Galaxy S10 in 2019.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: Gorilla Glass DX and DX+ were introduced on July 18, 2018, following the launch of Gorilla Glass 6. An extension of Gorilla Glass SR+, Gorilla Glass DX features enhanced antireflective optics with the same scratch resistance of Gorilla Glass, while Gorilla Glass DX+ provides enhanced antireflective optics with superior scratch resistance. While primarily intended for wearable mobile devices, developments were underway to adapt these new glass composites to larger form-factor devices. Gorilla Glass DX+ was first used on the Samsung Galaxy Watch in 2018.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: Gorilla Glass Victus was introduced on July 23, 2020. As the successor to Gorilla Glass 6, it improves both drop and scratch performance and is claimed by Corning to be twice as scratch resistant as its predecessor. It was first used on the Samsung Galaxy Note 20 Ultra in 2020.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: In July 2021, Corning announced that they will bring its Gorilla Glass DX and DX+ glass composites to cover smartphone camera lenses and said that Samsung would be the first customer to adopt them for their smartphone cameras.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: Gorilla Glass Victus 2 was introduced on November 30, 2022. The second-generation Victus has a new composition for improved drop performance on rough surfaces like concrete. In terms of scratch resistance, it is said to be similar to its predecessor.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: On October 26, 2011, Corning announced the commercial launch of Lotus Glass, designed for OLED and next-generation LCD displays. The intrinsic thermal consistency of Lotus Glass allows it to retain its shape and quality during high-temperature processing. Decreased compaction and variation during the crystallization and activation step further reduce stress and distortions to the substrate. This enables tighter design rules in advanced backplanes for higher resolution and faster response time. According to Corning, Gorilla Glass is specifically a cover glass for the exterior of display devices while Lotus Glass is designed as a glass substrate to be used within liquid crystal display panels. In other words, a single product could incorporate both Gorilla Glass and Lotus Glass. On February 2, 2012, Corning Incorporated and Samsung Mobile Display Co., Ltd. signed an agreement to establish a new equity venture for the manufacture of specialty glass substrates for the OLED device market in Korea. The joint venture is based on Lotus Glass. Lotus XT Glass became available in 2013.


title: Gorilla Glass

text: In 2012, Corning introduced Willow Glass, a flexible glass based on borosilicate glass, launched for use as a display substrate.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: John Andrew Wilkinson (12 July 1947 – 21 November 2022), better known by the stage name Wilko Johnson, was an English guitarist, singer, songwriter and occasional actor. He was a member of the pub rock/rhythm and blues band Dr. Feelgood in the 1970s. Johnson was known for his distinctive guitar playing style which he achieved by not using a guitar pick but playing fingerstyle. This enabled him to play rhythm guitar and riffs or solos at the same time creating a highly percussive guitar sound.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: Johnson and Dr. Feelgood were an influence on the English punk movement. Paul Weller said of Johnson: "Wilko may not be as famous as some other guitarists, but he's right up there. And there are a lot of people who'll say the same. I can hear Wilko in lots of places. It's some legacy."


title: Wilko Johnson

text: In 2011 and 2012 he appeared in the HBO fantasy series "Game of Thrones", as the mute executioner Ser Ilyn Payne.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: Born on 12 July 1947 in Canvey Island, Essex, Johnson went to Westcliff High School for Boys and played in several local groups, before attending Newcastle University to study for a BA in English Language and Literature. His undergraduate courses included Anglo-Saxon and ancient Icelandic sagas.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: After graduating, he travelled overland to India before returning to Essex to play with the Pigboy Charlie Band. The band evolved into Dr. Feelgood – a mainstay of the 1970s pub rock movement. After returning from Goa, he worked in 1972 as an English teacher. It was then that he adopted the stage name Wilko Johnson, a close anagram of John Wilkinson.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: In 1965 Johnson bought his first Fender Telecaster guitar from a shop in Southend, Essex for £90 (equivalent to £ as of ). He later played a vintage 1962 Fender Telecaster with rosewood fingerboard which he bought in 1974, shortly after Dr. Feelgood signed their first record deal.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: Johnson developed his own image, coupling jerky movements on stage, his so-called "duck walk", with a choppy guitar style, occasionally raising his guitar to his shoulder like a gun, and a novel dress sense: he favoured a black suit and a pudding bowl haircut. He achieved his playing style by not using a pick but instead relying on fingerstyle. This enabled him to play rhythm guitar and riffs or solos at the same time creating a highly percussive guitar sound. It evolved from a failed attempt to copy Mick Green of Johnny Kidd & the Pirates, a guitarist whom Johnson greatly admired. His Bo Diddley-influenced style formed the essential driving force behind Dr. Feelgood during their initial years, including the band's first four albums, "Down by the Jetty", "Malpractice", "Stupidity," and "Sneakin' Suspicion", all released between 1975 and 1977.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: The live album, "Stupidity", reached number one in the UK Albums Chart, but although Johnson played on Dr. Feelgood's first five single releases, including "Roxette" and "Back in the Night", the only single to chart during his membership of the band was "Sneakin' Suspicion". He left the band in April 1977, following disagreements over the tracks to be included in the "Sneakin' Suspicion" album. Johnson maintains that he was kicked out of the band, while the remaining band members claimed that he had left voluntarily.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: In 1977, he was a founding member of Solid Senders, with keyboardist John Potter, bassist Steve Lewins, and drummer Alan Platt. They signed to Virgin in 1978 and released the album, "Solid Senders" that year. The Wilko Johnson Band played at the 'Front Row Festival', a three-week event at the Hope and Anchor, Islington in late November and early December 1977, featuring many early punk rock acts. This resulted in the inclusion of two tracks by The Wilko Johnson Band ("Dr. Feelgood" and "Twenty Yards Behind"), on a hit double album of recordings from the festival. The "Hope & Anchor Front Row Festival" compilation album (March 1978) which reached number 28 in the UK Albums Chart.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: In 1980, Johnson joined Ian Dury's band, The Blockheads. Around 1984 he then re-formed The Wilko Johnson Band, joined by Blockhead bassist Norman Watt-Roy and Italian born drummer Salvatore Ramundo. 'Sav' Ramundo left the band in June 1999 and was replaced by Steve Monti (future Curve and The Jesus and Mary Chain drummer). Johnson's second album, "Ice on the Motorway", was released in 1981, and his EP "Bottle Up and Go!" with Lew Lewis followed in 1983. Several albums were released on European labels over the next decade. In 1992, Johnson appeared at the Eurockéennes music festival, and the following year at GuilFest. The album "Going Back Home" appeared on the Chess label in 1998. He began to cut back on his concert appearances in 1999, and released the album "Don't Let Your Daddy Know (Live in Japan 2000)" the following year.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: The studio album "Red Hot Rocking Blues" was released in 2005; this contained covers of classics by the likes of Van Morrison, Bob Dylan, Ray Charles, Sonny Boy Williamson, and Lead Belly. Throughout 2005 and 2006 the band teamed up with The Hamsters and John Otway to take part in 'The Mad, the Bad & the Dangerous' tour.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: Johnson appeared in the Julien Temple-directed documentary film "Oil City Confidential" (2009), where he related his memories of Canvey Island and Dr. Feelgood. The reviewer Philip French described Johnson as "a wild man, off stage and on, funny, eloquent and charismatic", while Temple described Johnson as "an extraordinary man – one of the great English eccentrics". Reviewing the film for "The Guardian", Peter Bradshaw called it "the best rockumentary yet" and said that "the most likeable thing about this very likeable film is the way it promotes Wilko Johnson as a 100–1 shot for the title of Greatest Living Englishman".


title: Wilko Johnson

text: On 2 October 2010, it was announced that Johnson was to support The Stranglers on their 'Black & Blue' UK tour starting in March 2011. In April 2011, he played several sold-out shows as part of the Kilkenny Rhythm & Roots Festival in Ireland.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: Johnson published his autobiography, co-authored with Zoe Howe and titled "Looking Back at Me", at the end of May 2012. He appeared in the BBC4 documentaries "Evidently... John Cooper Clarke" and "Punk Britannia" in May 2012. On 24 August 2012, Johnson and his band were due to headline the Blues stage at Rhythm Festival, but the festival was cancelled on 3 August due to poor ticket sales.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: Johnson stated in early 2013 that he had terminal cancer, and announced he was going on a farewell tour. On 22 March 2013, he played what was announced as his final show guesting with Madness on the television programme "Madness Live: Goodbye Television Centre" which was broadcast on BBC Four. Afterwards he stated that he would not be able to perform his two final homecoming shows at Canvey Island due to ill health and would not be performing again.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: However, on 13 July 2013, he performed an unannounced hour-long live set with Norman Watt-Roy and Dylan Howe at the Village Green Festival in his home town of Westcliff-on-Sea. In addition, he occasionally performed informal unannounced sets at his local pub, the Railway Hotel in Southend. In July 2013, the pub replaced their sign with a portrait of him painted by local artist Jack Melville, in honour of his long-term support of the south-east Essex music scene.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: Johnson also played a set on the final night at Wickham Festival in Hampshire on Sunday 4 August 2013, where he was invited by the Blockheads on stage to play a song. Johnson announced a further tour with Howe and Watt-Roy during the spring of 2014.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: In March and April 2014, Wilko, together with Watt-Roy and Howe, appeared on several UK dates as support to the "Frantic Four" (the classic line-up of Status Quo on what was billed as their last ever tour). In September 2014, after a meeting in Southend-on-Sea with Alan McGee, who described Wilko as "one of his all time heroes, and a national treasure", Wilko signed to Creation Management. He performed "All Through the City" and "Going Back Home", with his classic duckwalk, at Jools Holland's annual "Hootenanny" for New Year, 2014–15.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: For his acting debut, Johnson was cast in the role of mute executioner Ser Ilyn Payne, in both the first and second season of the HBO fantasy series "Game of Thrones", after the producers had seen him in "Oil City Confidential". He related that "'They said they wanted somebody really sinister who went around looking daggers at people before killing them. That made it easy. Looking daggers at people is what I do all the time, it's like second nature to me'." He appeared in four episodes.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: Johnson lived in Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex. He married his childhood sweetheart Irene Knight when they were teenagers, and the couple had two sons, Matthew and Simon. Johnson was widowed in 2004 after his wife's death from cancer. He was interested in astronomy, painting and poetry. Johnson's son Simon is also a guitarist, playing in Southend-based band Eight Rounds Rapid.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: He was involved in politics as a student at Newcastle University, and had been a member of the Young Communist League.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: Johnson was forced to cancel a show in November 2012 when he was rushed to hospital with an undisclosed ailment. He was diagnosed in January 2013 with late stage pancreatic cancer, and elected not to receive any chemotherapy.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: On 25 January 2013, he gave an interview to John Wilson on the BBC Radio 4 arts programme "Front Row". He discussed his cancer and said doctors had told him he had nine or ten months to live. He also talked about his "farewell tour" of the UK set for March and how his diagnosis had made him feel "vividly alive". After the tour was over, he announced he would spend his final days recording a farewell album with The Who's lead singer Roger Daltrey. The album, "Going Back Home", was released in March 2014. "I thought that was going to be the last thing I ever did", he later told BBC News entertainment correspondent Colin Paterson in October 2014.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: However, Johnson did not have the more common adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. It was later discovered that he had a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (PanNET), a less aggressive and more treatable form of the disease. Johnson underwent radical surgery to treat his illness, and the doctors were hopeful that his prognosis would be good. At the Q Awards on 22 October 2014, Johnson accepted the "Icon Award" and announced that he was "cancer-free" having undergone "removal of his pancreas, spleen, part of his stomach, small and large intestines and the removal and reconstruction of blood vessels relating to the liver". Johnson said: "It was an 11-hour operation… This tumour weighed 3kg – that's the size of a baby! Anyway, they got it all. They cured me. It's so weird and so strange that it's kind of hard to come to terms with it in my mind. Now, I'm spending my time gradually coming to terms with the idea that my death is not imminent, that I am going to live on". He added that he was still recovering from the operation and when asked what he would do next replied: "I don't know really".


title: Wilko Johnson

text: Johnson died on 21 November 2022, at his home in Westcliff-on-Sea, at the age of 75. Following the announcement of Johnson's death, Billy Bragg said, "His guitar playing was angry and angular, but his presence – twitchy, confrontational, out of control – was something we'd never beheld before in UK pop. Rotten, Strummer and Weller learned a lot from his edgy demeanour." Alex Kapranos, lead singer of Franz Ferdinand said, "His unique, wired playing & stage presence thrilled & inspired many guitarists, myself included." Broadcaster Bob Harris said "Wilko was absolutely unique. His energy and spirit were incredible."


title: Wilko Johnson

text: Johnson's musical style underpinned the early years of Dr. Feelgood. A style that has been cited as one of the founding influences of the British punk movement. Jean-Jacques Burnel of The Stranglers says "I often say to journalists there is a bridge between the old times and the punk times. That bridge is exclusively the Feelgoods, it allowed us to go from one thing to another. That's the connection, the DNA." This influence was explored in the 2009 documentary about Dr. Feelgood, "Oil City Confidential". Reviewing Johnson's autobiography, Mark Blake of "Q" magazine said "In the mid-70s the band's brutish R&B and their guitarist's eye-popping thousand-yard stare inspired a young John Lydon, Paul Weller, and Suggs from Madness. "Looking Back at Me" secures the man born John Wilkinson's reputation as one of British rock's most unique characters. Wilko recalls his childhood on Canvey Island and how he followed the '60s hippy trail to Goa ... before helping invent punk with Dr Feelgood." The BBC4 three-part documentary series "Punk Britannia", first aired in May 2012, also stressed the importance of Dr. Feelgood as "pub rockers, a generation of bands sandwiched between 60s hippies and mid-70s punks who will help pave the way towards the short, sharp shock of punk".


title: Wilko Johnson

text: In February 2017, The Wave Pictures released a vinyl EP titled "Canvey Island Baby", which featured five covers of Johnson-penned tracks and an additional song, the title track written by the band's singer/guitarist David Tattersall.


title: Wilko Johnson

text: In 2013 Paul Weller said of Johnson: "Wilko may not be as famous as some other guitarists, but he's right up there. And there are a lot of people who'll say the same. I can hear Wilko in lots of places. It's some legacy."


title: Bae Yong-joon

text: Bae Yong-joon (; born August 29, 1972) is a South Korean businessman and former actor. He has starred in numerous television dramas, including, notably, "Winter Sonata" which became a major part of the Korean Wave. Bae retired from acting after 2007, but remains active as the chairman of management agency KeyEast.


title: Bae Yong-joon

text: Bae Yong-joon was born in Mapo District, Seoul. He entered Sungkyunkwan University in 2000 as a Film Studies major.


title: Bae Yong-joon

text: Bae made his acting debut in 1994 in the Korean drama "Salut D'Amour" (lit. "Love Greeting"). The rookie actor quickly gained popularity, and a year later he won Best New Actor at the 1995 KBS Drama Awards for "Our Sunny Days of Youth". Throughout the 1990s, Bae continued playing leading roles on television, in "Papa" (1996), "First Love" (1996) which reached a peak viewership rating of 65.8%, "The Barefooted Youth" (1998), and the Noh Hee-kyung-penned "Did We Really Love?" (1999). In "Hotelier" (2001), he played a mergers and acquisitions specialist about to takeover a hotel, but has a change of heart after falling in love with one of its employees (Bae would later reprise his role in a cameo in the 2007 Japanese remake of "Hotelier").


title: Bae Yong-joon

text: But it was Yoon Seok-ho's "Winter Sonata" in 2002 that would transform Bae's career, and consequently the face of Korean dramas abroad. A melodrama about first love, lost memory and unknown family ties, "Winter Sonata" became an unprecedented success in Asia and more than 20 countries, particularly in Japan. Bae gained a tremendous fan base among Japanese middle-aged women, who dubbed him with the honorific nickname "Yon-sama" (; cf. "Emperor Yon") and brought in in tourism and "Winter Sonata" merchandise sales.


title: Bae Yong-joon

text: In 2003, Bae was cast in his first major big-screen role in "Untold Scandal" (he had previously appeared in bit parts in two films in the 1990s). In contrast to his gentle, intellectual image, Bae played a conniving, sexually predatory nobleman in E J-yong's adaptation of "Les Liaisons dangereuses" set in 18th century Joseon. His performance received Best New Actor accolades from the Blue Dragon Film Awards and the Baeksang Arts Awards. He next published a photo book "" in 2004, which sold 10,000 copies.


title: Bae Yong-joon

text: Afterwards he worked with director Hur Jin-ho in "April Snow" (2005), about a stage lighting director who discovers his wife's infidelity when she becomes comatose after a near-fatal car accident with her lover. The film had a weak domestic run but due to Bae's star power, it set a new box office record for a Korean film in Japan with .


title: Bae Yong-joon

text: Bae then entered the restaurant business, by establishing restaurants and cafes that capitalize on the well-being trend. He owns health food restaurant Gorilla in the Kitchen and high-end traditional Korean restaurant Gosire. As the most famous Korean actor in Japan, he became a proponent for Korean cuisine, and his Gosire lunchboxes (or bento) are sold in Japanese convenience stores and supermarkets. In 2006, Bae became one of Korea's wealthiest celebrities as the majority shareholder (34.6%) of management agency KeyEast (his stocks are valued at as of May 2015). Most of the KeyEast executives, including president Bae Sung-woong, are Bae's former managers and have worked with him for more than ten years.


title: Bae Yong-joon

text: Bae made his much-anticipated return to television in 2007 in "The Legend" (also known as "Taewangsasingi", lit. "The Four Guardian Gods of the King"). The big-budget period-fantasy epic was written by Song Ji-na and directed by Kim Jong-hak, and Bae played dual roles: Gwanggaeto, 19th ruler of the Goguryeo kingdom; and Hwanung, believed to be the son of God and founder of Gojoseon. He was paid () per episode, making him the highest paid Korean television actor of all time.


title: Bae Yong-joon

text: In 2009, Bae and "Winter Sonata" co-star Choi Ji-woo reunited as voice actors for the animated series "Winter Sonata Anime", which aired in Japan. He also wrote a book of photo-essays "A Journey in Search of Korea's Beauty", which promoted Korean traditional culture such as ceramics, liquor, hanbok, pansori, hanok, Hangul, kimchi-making, temple stays, museums and historical sites. It became a bestseller, and has been translated to Japanese, Taiwanese, Chinese and English. "A Journey in Search of Korea's Beauty" was later turned into an eight-episode TV documentary that aired on MBC Life in 2011.


title: Bae Yong-joon

text: In 2009 and 2010, he was the star of D3 Publisher's Nintendo DS edutainment series Bae Yong-joon to Manabu Kankokugo DS ("Learn Korean with Bae Yong-joon"), consisting of three games: Bae Yong-joon to Manabu Kankokugo DS (beginner level), Bae Yong-joon to Manabu Kankokugo DS Date Hen (intermediate level), and Bae Yong-joon to Manabu Kankokugo DS Test Hen (advanced level).


title: Bae Yong-joon

text: Bae and KeyEast entered into a joint partnership with Park Jin-young and JYP Entertainment in 2009, which eventually produced "Dream High" (2011), a teen musical series that revolved around the lives of students attending a high school for the performing arts. As creative producer, Bae supervised the screenplay and production; he also appeared in a four-episode guest arc. The collaboration between KeyEast and JYPE, named Holym, lasted until 2013.


title: Bae Yong-joon

text: He and actress Park Soo-jin announced their engagement in May 2015 and married on July 27, 2015 at the Sheraton Grande Walkerhill Hotel. The couple only invited friends and relatives to the wedding and forbade attendance of the press media.


title: Housefull 2

text: Housefull 2, sometimes called Housefull 2: The Dirty Dozen, is an 2012 Indian Hindi-language action comedy film written and directed by Sajid Khan. Brothers Sajid Samji and Farhad Samji co-wrote the film under their duo Sajid-Farhad, based on a story by Sajid Nadiadwala. Produced by Nadiadwala under Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment and distributed by Eros International, it is the second installment of "Housefull" franchise and a standalone sequel to "Housefull" (2010), and also an uncredited remake of the 1998 Malayalam film "Mattupetti Machan".


title: Housefull 2

text: "Housefull 2" contains a large ensemble cast of over 80 actors with the primary cast including Akshay Kumar, John Abraham, Riteish Deshmukh and Shreyas Talpade. It co-stars Asin, Jacqueline Fernandez, Mithun Chakraborty, Rishi Kapoor, Randhir Kapoor, Chunky Pandey, Zareen Khan, Shazahn Padamsee, Boman Irani and Johnny Lever. The story is set in London.


title: Housefull 2

text: "Housefull 2" was released theatrically on 5 April 2012 with a massive budget of It received mixed reviews from critics who praised the cast and humor but criticised writing, screenplay, cliches and direction. Nevertheless, the film was a huge economic success and accumulated over worldwide becoming one of the highest-grossing Indian films at that time.


title: Housefull 2

text: Sunny, Max, Jolly and Jai are best friends who study together in a college. One day in a party, Max's girlfriend Sonia gets attracted to Sunny and tries to make sexual relation with him. As Max catches them, Sonia lies to him that Sunny harassed her. It leads to a big fight of hands between the two, as Max slaps Sunny, and they both turn sworn enemies and part ways.


title: Housefull 2

text: Heena and Bobby are the daughters of two opposing Kapoor families who hate each other very much, just like their fathers Chintu and Dabboo who are half-brothers. They both want the richest son-in-law for their daughters and thus hire marriage counsellor Aakhri Pasta to find best son-in-law. He brings Rajendra Babani to Chintu for discussing Jai, who is his son.


title: Housefull 2

text: Chintu misinterprets one of Aakhri's jokes who says Jai looks neither like his parents and may be illegitimate. His parents didn't hear Aakhri's comments; Chintu verbally abuses Rajendra while shouting. Rajendra suffers a heart attack, landing him in a hospital. Jai vows revenge and asks Jolly (being the son of a billionaire "JD") to go to Chintu, agree to marry Heena and then break off the wedding at the last minute.


title: Housefull 2

text: However, Jolly is busy trying to introduce his girlfriend Jelo to JD and doesn't want to get involved. He suggests Max to pose as Jolly, who agrees. Jai and Max go but mistakenly end up in Dabboo's house, and later get to know know their mistake. Jolly then convinces Sunny to land in Chintu's house, and there becomes his bodyguard. Later, Chintu and Dabboo send Sunny and Max respectively with Heena and Bobby on a cruise for an animal safety event. However accidentally, all of them end up on an island.


title: Housefull 2

text: In the process, Max and Sunny become friends again, and Heena and Bobby also sort out their relations. They find a resort and go home. Max gets engaged to Bobby and Sunny to Heena. Jai also falls in love with Parul Patel. Chintu blindfolds Jolly, Sunny and Heena, taking them to JD's house. After seeing Jolly holding Sunny's garland, JD assumes that Jolly got engaged to Heena. Luckily, Sunny convinces him. Jolly later reveals to Max and Sunny that his real name is Jwala, and JD was actually a dacoit almost 20 years ago. He also exposes that Parul is JD's friend Batuk Patel's daughter with whom JD had fixed his marriage 20 years ago.


title: Housefull 2

text: As Sunny fools Chintu, he calls Dabboo in excitement and tells him that Heena is marrying JD's son Jolly (in real Sunny). Confused as believing Max to be Jolly, Dabboo takes Max and Bobby to JD's mansion. Sunny handles the situation well by fooling J.D. by taking the name of Goddess Bhadrakali as he is her true devotee, stating Max is Jolly's friend who is engaged to Bobby and Max's father is against their marriage. JD then welcomes all of them and tells to stay there till Bobby and Max's marriage. Batuk also finally arrives there with Parul. Jai and Jolly come to receive them from the airport. But when they see Parul, Jai and Jolly/Jwala lie that Jai is Jolly. Parul becomes happy hearing this as they love each other. J-Lo gives Jolly/Jwala the ultimatum  — take me to your house or forget me. To help Jolly/Jwala, Sunny lies to J.D., saying that J-Lo is his fiancée, and J.D. again agrees to let her live there as Sunny takes the name of Goddess Bhadrakali. Sunny and Max lie to their respective fathers-in-law that the other guy is the son of J.D. and a maid servant in the mansion, creating much confusion.


title: Housefull 2

text: When Sunny's father (Ranjeet) as well as Max's 'Guru' tells them never to break anyone's heart, Sunny and Max tell the truth to Heena and Bobby. Enraged, Bobby and Heena slap Max and Sunny respectively and tell them that they never want to see their faces again. But thinking that instead of telling the truth, Sunny and Max could have done more wrong with them, the two sisters forgive the two boys on the very next day. There Jai and Jolly also let off their plan of revenge on Kapoors on Jai's father's advice. Then Heena proposes to Sunny in Sunny's style and Bobby proposes to Max in Max's style.


title: Housefull 2

text: On the day of the four couples' marriage, J.D. and the other brides' fathers learn the truth about the grooms and that they have been lying so far. Finally, Bobby and Heena convince their fathers to forget their enmity and live together as blood brothers. Chintu and Dabboo join hands and so do their wives. But J.D. was not convinced by them telling the truth, so he turns back into Jagga Dacoit and starts frightening the families with his gun. He tries to shoot Sunny with his gun as Sunny runs towards J.D. to save him from the falling chandelier and then he understands what was happening. In the end, all the grooms marry their respective girlfriends.


title: Housefull 2

text: The sequel of Housefull was confirmed by producer Sajid Nadiadwala on 30 September 2010. The filming started on 9 June 2011 in London and Peterborough. The second schedule started from 1 October 2011 in Filmistan Studio, Mumbai and the last schedule was shot in December in Thailand, with one of the locations being the Sheraton Krabi Beach Resort. Sajid Nadiadwala hired a Hollywood action-set for Akshay Kumar's character. Asin Thottumkal replaced Deepika Padukone who was the female lead in the prequel as the lead actress.


title: Housefull 2

text: The full album released on 22 February 2012. The making of the song "Papa Toh Band Bajaye" was leaked to YouTube in early January 2012. Singer Abhijeet Bhattacharya filed a lawsuit against the film's producers, saying that the melody for "Do U Know" had been copied from his 2005 song "Baje Jo Bansi". It Got A Golden Kela Award for Most Atrocious Lyrics. The lyrics were penned by Sameer, and the songs were composed by Sajid–Wajid.


title: Housefull 2

text: Though the film was initially expected to release on 1 June 2012, it was announced on 30 September 2011 that the film would be releasing on 5 April 2012. The film had an earlier release in the UK on 31 March 2012 due to the Easter holidays. "Housefull 2" got a 2700-screen release, the fourth largest release in the history of Indian cinema, behind "Ra.One", "Bodyguard" and "Don 2" and India's biggest release of 2012. "Housefull 2" was screened in 1,027 UFO digital theatres on the first day when it released.


title: Housefull 2

text: Though "Housefull 2" response was more positive than its predecessor, it still received mixed reviews by critics. The "Times of India" gave the movie 3.5 out of 5 stars, praising the performance of Akshay Kumar and Asin. Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama gave 3.5 stars and said, "If you are a movie-goer who derives happiness from loud comedies with over-the-top humor that defy logic at every opportunity, I am sure, you will relish this wacky slapstick. If your idea of watching a comedy is to have a good time at the movies, then "Housefull 2" is especially designed for you." Mrigank Dhaniwala from Koimoi gave the film 3 out of 5 stars. Kanika Sikka of DNA rated 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Go in with a promise that you'll be entertained, but don't expect an exhilarating journey." Sonia Chopra of Sify rated 2 out of 5 stars stating, "The physical slapstick comedy is straight out of a kids' movie, but it is charmingly daft. You cannot help let out a laugh or two. It's accidentally comic when you have a person with a bullet in his arm, but no one thinks of ringing for the ambulance. You see, long-winded, sappy moral science lectures are to be given at the very time." Anupama Chopra of Hindustan Times gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and said, "Housefull 2 has exactly the same mix of stars, foreign locations, farcical plot and spectacularly dim-witted comedy as the first Housefull. This is the cinematic equivalent of junk food - when you walk in, you know exactly what you're going to get." Raja Sen of Rediff gave the film 1 out of 5 stars and commented, ""Housefull 2" is shamefully bad. So bad that Ranjeet—the rapey villain of yore—who appears in one scene, is the most dignified thing about the film." Rajeev Masand from CNN-IBN gave the film 1 out 5 stars and said, ""Housefull 2" is for four-year-olds who don't know any better. For anyone with taste, or anyone seeking genuine laughs, there's nothing here."


title: Housefull 2

text: The satellite rights of the film were sold in January 2011 for . The music rights fetched an additional .


title: Housefull 2

text: "Housefull 2" had a good first day as it collected nett. The movie further collected nett in its second day and nett in its third day, taking its weekend collection to . The movie collected nett in its fourth day and nett in its fifth day. The film collected nett i its first week. "Housefull 2" lost around nett over the weekend due to the IPL matches and regional films. Housefull 2 had a big second weekend as it collected around nett. Housefull 2 did extremely well in its second week with business around . The two-week business of the film is around nett. It further collected in its third week and crossed the mark. It was labelled as a "super hit" by Boxofficeindia. The film's all-India distributor share was . "Housefull 2" grossed in India. It was the fourth most successful film of the year. Asin's third most successful film. The film grossed around , becoming one of the highest-grossing Hindi films of that year.


title: Housefull 2

text: "Housefull 2" grossed in 3 days in overseas and overall in 8 days. It collected overseas on Thursday and Friday. In UK, it collected £112,075 on Friday. In Australia, "Housefull 2" collected A$73,143 on Friday. In New Zealand, the Friday collections were NZ$34,604. In the UAE, collections on Thursday were AED725,000. In North America, it was the second Hindi film to enter the top 10 after "Kites", with $847,132, ranking at No. 9 behind "The Hunger Games", "American Reunion", "Titanic 3D", "Wrath of the Titans", "Mirror Mirror", "21 Jump Street", "The Lorax", and "Salmon Fishing in the Yemen" with a solid $7,001 average in 121 theatres. "Housefull 2" grossed around $5.75 million in 17 days, becoming Akshay Kumar's second biggest grosser overseas after "Singh Is Kinng". It became the highest grossing Hindi film in New Zealand, grossing NZ$ in three weeks, thus surpassing "3 Idiots" and "My Name is Khan".


title: Prithviraj Productions

text: Prithviraj Productions is an Indian film production and distribution company based in Kochi, Kerala. It was established in 2017, by actor Prithviraj Sukumaran, and his wife, Supriya Menon. Since then, it has produced and distributed over 10 films.


title: Prithviraj Productions

text: Prithviraj Productions debuted in film production through the 2019 Malayalam film "9", directed by Jenuse Mohamed and starring Prithviraj. Major part of the filming took place in Manali and Spiti Valley. It took more than six months for the post-production. Production of the film was completed at a cost lower than the estimated budget.


title: Prithviraj Productions

text: The company's second project was "Driving License", which was released in 2019. The film was announced on 11 July 2019 and principal photography began in the following week. It had a box office collection around ₹44.20 crores.


title: Prithviraj Productions

text: Prithviraj Productions has distributed many films. Petta (2019), Bigil (2019), Master (2021), 83 (2021), (2022), and upcoming movie 777 Charlie are distributed under their banner.


title: HMS Hermes (R12)

text: "Hermes" was in service with the Royal Navy from 1959 until 1984, and she served as the flagship of the British forces during the 1982 Falklands War.


title: HMS Hermes (R12)

text: After being sold to India in 1986, the vessel was recommissioned and remained in service with the Indian Navy as until 2017.


title: HMS Hermes (R12)

text: The ship was laid down by Vickers-Armstrong at Barrow-in-Furness during World War II as HMS "Elephant". Construction was suspended in 1945 but work was resumed in 1952 to clear the slipway and the hull was launched on 16 February 1953. The vessel remained unfinished until 1957, when she entered service on 18 November 1959 as HMS "Hermes" after extensive modifications which included installation of a massive Type 984 'searchlight' 3D radar, a fully angled deck with a deck-edge lift, and steam catapults. With these changes she more resembled the reconstructed aircraft carrier than the other three ships in the class.