title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Beyond single-engine taxi, electric taxiing could allow taxiing on APU power alone, with the main engines shut down, to lower the fuel burn.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Airbus presented the following measures to save fuel, in its example of an A330 flying on a route like Bangkok–Tokyo: direct routing saves fuel by flying less; more fuel is consumed if flying below optimum altitude without vertical flight profile optimization; cruising 0.01 mach above optimum consumes more fuel; more fuel on board consumes more fuel while of unused potable water consumes more fuel.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Operational procedures can save fuel for every 10-minute reduction in use of the Auxiliary power unit (APU), with a reduced flap approach and with reduced thrust reversal on landing. Maintenance can also save fuel: more fuel is consumed without an engine wash schedule; with a slat rigging gap, with a spoiler rigging gap, and with a damaged door seal.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Yield management allows the optimization of the load factor, benefiting the fuel efficiency, as is the air traffic management optimization.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: By taking advantage of wake updraft like migrating birds (biomimicry), Airbus believes an aircraft can save 5-10% of fuel by flying in formation, behind the preceding one.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: After A380s tests showing 12% savings, test flights were scheduled for 2020 with two A350s, before transatlantic flight trials with airlines in 2021.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Certification for shorter separation is enabled by ADS-B in oceanic airspace, and the only modification required would be flight control systems software.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Comfort would not be affected and trials are limited to two aircraft to reduce complexity but the concept could be expanded to include more.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Commercial operations could begin in 2025 with airline schedule adjustments, and other manufacturers’ aircraft could be included.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: While routes are up to 10% longer than necessary, modernized air traffic control systems using ADS-B technology like the FAA NEXTGEN or European SESAR could allow more direct routing, but there is resistance from air traffic controllers.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Modern jet aircraft have twice the fuel efficiency of the earliest jet airliners. Late 1950s piston airliners like the Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation and DC-7 were 1% to 28% more energy-intensive than 1990s jet airliners which cruise 40 to 80% faster. The early jet airliners were designed at a time when air crew labor costs were higher relative to fuel costs. Despite the high fuel consumption, because fuel was inexpensive in that era the higher speed resulted in favorable economical returns since crew costs and amortization of capital investment in the aircraft could be spread over more seat-miles flown per day.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Productivity including speed went from around 150 ASK/MJ*km/h for the 1930s DC-3 to 550 for the L-1049 in the 1950s, and from 200 for the DH-106 Comet 3 to 900 for the 1990s B737-800.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Today's turboprop airliners have better fuel-efficiency than current jet airliners, in part because of their propellers and turbines that are more efficient than those of the 1950s-era piston-powered airliners.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Jetliner fuel efficiency improves continuously, 40% of the improvement come from engines and 30% from airframes.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Efficiency gains were larger early in the jet age than later, with a 55-67% gain from 1960 to 1980 and a 20-26% gain from 1980 to 2000.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Average fuel burn of new aircraft fell 45% from 1968 to 2014, a compounded annual reduction 1.3% with variable reduction rate.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Concorde, a supersonic transport, managed about 17 passenger-miles to the Imperial gallon, which is 16.7 L/100 km per passenger; similar to a business jet, but much worse than a subsonic turbofan aircraft. Airbus states a fuel rate consumption of their A380 at less than 3 L/100 km per passenger (78 passenger-miles per US gallon).


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Newer aircraft like the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, Airbus A350 and Bombardier CSeries, are 20% more fuel efficient per passenger kilometre than previous generation aircraft. For the 787, this is achieved through more fuel-efficient engines and lighter composite material airframes, and also through more aerodynamic shapes, winglets, more advanced computer systems for optimising routes and aircraft loading.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: A life-cycle assessment based on the Boeing 787 shows a 20% emission savings compared to conventional aluminium airliners, 14-15% fleet-wide when encompassing a fleet penetration below 100%, while the air travel demand would increase due to lower operating costs.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Lufthansa, when it ordered both, stated the Airbus A350-900 and the Boeing 777X-9 will consume an average of per passenger.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: The Airbus A321 featuring Sharklet wingtip devices consume per person with a 200-seat layout for WOW Air.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Airbus airliners delivered in 2019 had a carbon intensity of 66.6 g of CO2e per passenger-kilometre, improving to 63.5g in 2020.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: For flights of . The larger end of this range includes transatlantic flights (e.g. New York JFK – London-Heathrow is 3,000 nmi).


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: For flights of . This includes transpacific flights (e.g. Hong Kong – San Francisco International is 6,000 nmi).


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: For a comparison with ground transportation - much slower and with shorter range than air travel - a Volvo bus 9700 averages per seat for 63 seats. In highway travel an average auto has the potential for per seat (assuming 4 seats) and for a 5-seat 2014 Toyota Prius, . While this shows the capabilities of the vehicles, the load factors (percentage of seats occupied) may differ between personal use (commonly just the driver in the car) and societal averages for long-distance auto use, and among those of particular airlines.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: NASA and Boeing flight-tested a blended wing body (BWB) X-48B demonstrator from August 2012 to April 2013. This design provides greater fuel efficiency, since the whole craft produces lift, not just the wings. The BWB concept offers advantages in structural, aerodynamic and operating efficiencies over today's more-conventional fuselage-and-wing designs. These features translate into greater range, fuel economy, reliability and life-cycle savings, as well as lower manufacturing costs. NASA has created a cruise efficient STOL (CESTOL) concept.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Applied Materials Research (IFAM) have researched a sharkskin-imitating paint that would reduce drag through a riblet effect. Aviation is a major potential application for new technologies such as aluminium metal foam and nanotechnology.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: The International Air Transport Association (IATA) technology roadmap envisions improvements in aircraft configuration and aerodynamics. It projects the following reductions in engine fuel consumption, compared to baseline aircraft in service in 2015:


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Today's tube-and-wing configuration could remain in use until the 2030s due to drag reductions from active flutter suppression for slender flexible-wings and natural and hybrid laminar flow.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Large, ultra high bypass engines will need upswept gull wings or overwing nacelles as Pratt & Whitney continue to develop its geared turbofan to save a projected 10–15% of fuel costs by the mid-2020s.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: NASA indicates this configuration could gain up to 45% with advanced aerodynamics, structures and geared turbofans, but longer term suggests savings of up to 50% by 2025 and 60% by 2030 with new ultra-efficient configurations and propulsion architectures: hybrid wing body, truss-braced wing, lifting body designs, embedded engines, and boundary-layer ingestion.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: By 2030 hybrid-electric architectures may be ready for 100 seaters and distributed propulsion with tighter integration of airframe may enable further efficiency and emissions improvements.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: Research projects such as Boeing's ecoDemonstrator program have sought to identify ways of improving the fuel economy of commercial aircraft operations. The U.S. government has encouraged such research through grant programs, including the FAA's Continuous Lower Energy, Emissions and Noise (CLEEN) program, and NASA's Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) Project.


title: Fuel economy in aircraft

text: The growth of air travel outpaces its fuel-economy improvements and corresponding emissions, compromising climate sustainability. Although low-cost carriers' higher seat-density increases fuel economy and lowers greenhouse gas emissions per-passenger-kilometer, the lower airfares cause a rebound effect of more flights and larger overall emissions. The tourism industry could shift emphasis to emissions eco-efficiency in per unit of revenue or profit instead of fuel economy, favoring shorter trips and ground transportation over flying long journeys to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.


title: Dewey Bunnell

text: Lee Merton "Dewey" Bunnell (born 19 January 1952) is a British-American musician, singer, guitarist, and songwriter, best known as a member of the folk rock band America.


title: Dewey Bunnell

text: Bunnell was born in Harrogate, Yorkshire, England, to an American serviceman father, stationed at the United States Air Force base at RAF South Ruislip, and his English wife. As a young musician, Bunnell was inspired by the Beatles and the Beach Boys.


title: Dewey Bunnell

text: While attending London Central High School in England, he met Gerry Beckley and Dan Peek. After an initial attempt at forming a band in the late 1960s, the trio formed America in 1969 and released their first album in 1971.


title: Dewey Bunnell

text: As with the other members, Bunnell wrote, sang and played guitar. His best-known compositions include "A Horse with No Name", "Ventura Highway", and "Tin Man". Bunnell has explained that "A Horse with No Name" was "a metaphor for a vehicle to get away from life's confusion into a quiet, peaceful place", while "Sandman" was inspired by his casual talks with returning Vietnam veterans. Afraid that they might be attacked and killed in their sleep, many of them chose to stay awake as long as possible, either naturally or with pharmaceuticals. Thus, they were "running from the Sandman."


title: Dewey Bunnell

text: In 1973, he moved to Marin County, California with his then-wife, Vivien. They had two children, Dylan and Lauren. The two divorced in 1999 and he married Penny in 2002. He then legally adopted Penny's daughter, Destry.


title: Dewey Bunnell

text: Bunnell is still a member of America, along with the remaining founding member, Gerry Beckley. America has made more than 20 albums of original material, along with a number of hits compilations, between the 1960s and the present. In 2002, the band released a holiday album entitled "Holiday Harmony". America's album "Back Pages" was released on 26 July 2011. The group was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in February 2012. America's most recent album, "Lost & Found", was officially released 5 May 2015, containing unreleased tracks recorded between 2002 and 2010.


title: Languages of Asia

text: A wide variety of languages are spoken throughout Asia, comprising different language families and some unrelated isolates. The major language families include Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Caucasian, Dravidian, Indo-European, Afroasiatic, Turkic, Sino-Tibetan and Kra–Dai. Most, but not all, have a long history as a written language.


title: Languages of Asia

text: The major families in terms of numbers are Indo-European and Indo-Aryan languages and Dravidian languages in South Asia and Sino-Tibetan in East Asia. Several other families are regionally dominant.


title: Languages of Asia

text: Sino-Tibetan includes Chinese, Tibetan, Burmese, Karen, Boro and numerous languages of the Tibetan Plateau, southern China, Burma, and North east India.


title: Languages of Asia

text: The Indo-European languages are primarily represented by the Indo-Iranian branch. The family includes both Indic languages (Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Odia, Assamese, Punjabi, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Marathi, Gujarati, Sinhala and other languages spoken primarily in South Asia) and Iranian (Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi and other languages spoken primarily in Iran, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Central Asia, the Caucasus and parts of South Asia). In addition, other branches of Indo-European spoken in Asia include the Slavic branch, which includes Russian in Siberia; Greek around the Black Sea; and Armenian; as well as extinct languages such as Hittite of Anatolia and Tocharian of (Chinese) Turkestan.


title: Languages of Asia

text: A number of smaller, but important and separately distinguished language families spread across central and northern Asia have long been linked in a hypothetical, controversial and unproven Altaic family. These are the Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic (including Manchu), Koreanic, and Japonic languages. But recently, it is often considered as Sprachbund by the majority.


title: Languages of Asia

text: The Mon–Khmer languages (also known as Austroasiatic) are the language family in South and Southeast Asia. Languages given official status are Vietnamese and Khmer (Cambodian).


title: Languages of Asia

text: The Kra–Dai languages (also known as Tai-Kadai) are found in southern China, Northeast India and Southeast Asia. Languages given official status are Thai (Siamese) and Lao.


title: Languages of Asia

text: The Austronesian languages are widespread throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, including major languages such as Fijian (Fiji),


title: Languages of Asia

text: Bikol, Cebuano, Tagalog (Philippines), and Malay (Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei). Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese of Indonesia, as well as Indonesian which is the largest language in this family.


title: Languages of Asia

text: The Dravidian languages of southern Asia (India) and parts of Sri Lanka include Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, and Malayalam, while smaller languages such as Gondi and Brahui are spoken in central India and Pakistan respectively.


title: Languages of Asia

text: The Afroasiatic languages (in older sources Hamito-Semitic) are represented in Asia by the Semitic branch. Semitic languages are spoken in Western Asia, and include Arabic, Hebrew and Aramaic, in addition to extinct languages such as Akkadian.


title: Languages of Asia

text: Besides the Altaic families already mentioned (of which Tungusic is today a minor family of Siberia), there are a number of small language families and isolates spoken across northern Asia. These include the Uralic languages of western Siberia (better known for Hungarian and Finnish in Europe), the Yeniseian languages (linked to Turkic and to the Athabaskan languages of North America), Yukaghir, Nivkh of Sakhalin, Ainu of northern Japan, Chukotko-Kamchatkan in easternmost Siberia, and—just barely—Eskimo–Aleut. Some linguists have noted that the Koreanic languages share more similarities with the Paleosiberian languages than with the Altaic languages. The extinct Ruan-ruan language of Mongolia is unclassified, and does not show genetic relationships with any other known language family.


title: Languages of Asia

text: Three small families are spoken in the Caucasus: Kartvelian languages, such as Georgian; Northeast Caucasian (Dagestanian languages), such as Chechen; and Northwest Caucasian, such as Circassian. The latter two may be related to each other. The extinct Hurro-Urartian languages may be related as well.


title: Languages of Asia

text: Although dominated by major languages and families, there are number of minor families and isolates in South Asia & Southeast Asia. From west to east, these include:


title: Languages of Asia

text: The eponymous pidgin ("business") language developed with European trade in China. Of the many creoles to have developed, the most spoken today are Chavacano, a Spanish-based creole of the Philippines, and various Malay-based creoles such as Manado Malay influenced by Portuguese. A very well-known Portuguese-based creole is the Kristang, which is spoken in Malacca, a city-state in Malaysia.


title: Languages of Asia

text: A number of sign languages are spoken throughout Asia. These include the Japanese Sign Language family, Chinese Sign Language, Indo-Pakistani Sign Language, as well as a number of small indigenous sign languages of countries such as Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. Many official sign languages are part of the French Sign Language family.


title: Languages of Asia

text: Asia and Europe are the only two continents where most countries use native languages as their official languages, though English is also widespread as an international language.


title: Julie Dawn Cole

text: Julie Dawn Cole (born 26 October 1957) is an English actress. She began her career as a child performer in the 1971 film "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory", playing Veruca Salt.


title: Julie Dawn Cole

text: Raised in Guildford, Surrey, Cole was twelve when she was cast in the supporting role during the project's pre-production phase in the first half of 1970, which was filmed at the Bavaria Film Studios.


title: Julie Dawn Cole

text: The film debuted in New York City on 30 June 1971 and in London the following week, and Cole was chosen to present a bouquet of flowers to Princess Margaret at the Royal Premiere. She and "Willy Wonka"s other pre-adolescent "leading lady", American Denise Nickerson (Violet Beauregarde), both had crushes on Peter Ostrum (Charlie Bucket), also an American, and alternated days spending time with him while there were breaks in filming. The "I Want It Now" sequence was filmed on her 13th birthday and Cole was given three film props: a golden egg prop, a golden ticket, and an Everlasting Gobstopper. Although Cole actually sang the song "I Want It Now", she recorded her vocals in a music studio on a separate session and mimed to the track during filming. Cole has stated that her character in the film was based on a girl who attended the same boarding school she did.


title: Julie Dawn Cole

text: Following the filming of the movie, Cole kept the Golden Ticket prop, along with the accompanying Wonka bar prop. She later gave it to her friend Linda Carr. On 17 July 2019, both props were sold at auction for upwards of £15,000.


title: Julie Dawn Cole

text: Immediately after returning from "Willy Wonka", Cole was cast in a re-occurring role on the ITV sitcom, "And Mother Makes Three", in which she played Arabella, a stuck up and snobbish teenaged girl. After the success of the show, Cole continued to have a series of steady job offers.


title: Julie Dawn Cole

text: From 1971 to 1974 she acted in several TV series, and was often cast as a 'bad girl': in an episode of ITV series "Saturday Night Theatre" she played a delinquent who broke into a house; and a juvenile offender in an episode of prison drama series "Within These Walls". Occasionally she was cast in other moulds, on an episode of the "Orson Welles' Great Mysteries" series, she played a murder victim.


title: Julie Dawn Cole

text: She made her next theatrical appearance in British-German comedy film "That Lucky Touch", opposite Roger Moore. In this film she played the daughter of the characters played by Shelley Winters and Lee J. Cobb. Julie also found recognition playing Alice (from "Alice In Wonderland") in a two-minute Christmas commercial for Woolworths.


title: Julie Dawn Cole

text: In 1975, Cole got her breakout role being cast as one of the leading characters in BBC medical drama "Angels". Breaking the bad-girl mould, she played Jo Longhurst, a second-year student nurse. Her character was known for her compassion, kind nature, advocacy for patients, and challenging authority when it was questionable. Production of the show began in February 1975, and episodes started to air in September of that same year. Cole's run on the show lasted three years.


title: Julie Dawn Cole

text: In 1976, Cole joined the cast of the costume drama "Poldark" for its second season. Reverting to her bad-girl mould, Cole played the salacious and lecherous Rowella Chynoweth, who engages in an affair with her brother-in-law (played by Christopher Biggins). "Poldark" was immensely popular and garnered much attention for its romantic, and at times racy, plot lines.


title: Julie Dawn Cole

text: Her other credits include the Children's Film Foundation film "Paganini Strikes Again" (1973), a 1982 episode of "Tales of the Unexpected" ("The Skeleton Key"), and the 1984 TV film of "Camille", starring Greta Scacchi and Colin Firth. She featured as 'Robot 35' in the CBBC comedy "Galloping Galaxies!".


title: Julie Dawn Cole

text: She has a number of theatrical credits as well as pantomime and voice-over work. Cole has appeared on radio in BBC Radio 2 broadcasts of British panto, including the 26 December 1979 broadcast of "Puss in Boots" as "Princess Rosepetal", as "Jill" in the 25 December 1981 broadcast of "Mother Goose", and as "Alice" in the 27 December 1982 broadcast of "Dick Whittington".


title: Julie Dawn Cole

text: After qualifying in 1998 as a fitness instructor, she worked in the 2000s on various projects, including the 2005 ITV series "Fat Families" as fitness advisor to one of the title families. In 2006, she was seen on the soap opera "Emmerdale".


title: Julie Dawn Cole

text: In 2004, Cole guest-starred in a Melbourne Comedy Festival show, "Willy Wonka Explained (The Search for Veruca Salt)". This led to Cole co-starring in the 2010 Edinburgh Fringe show, "Willy Wonka Revisited: The Veruca Salt Sessions," where she plays a semi-fictional version of herself discussing Veruca, life, and obsessive fans with her unseen therapist, while her co-star plays an Australian fan describing his obsession with Veruca to "his" unseen therapist.


title: Julie Dawn Cole

text: Cole met actor Nick Wilton in 1988, at the revival of the Whitehall farce "Dry Rot". They married in 1991 and have two children together; they divorced in 2002.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: Swing Out Sister are a British pop group best known worldwide for the 1986 song "Breakout". Other hits include "Surrender", "Twilight World", "Waiting Game", and a remake of the Eugene Record soul composition "Am I the Same Girl?"


title: Swing Out Sister

text: Although Swing Out Sister are currently a duo, they began as a trio in the UK. The group was formed by Andy Connell (keyboards) and Martin Jackson (drums); they were later joined by Corinne Drewery (vocals). According to the group's website, "They christened themselves after an obscure Billie Burke "B"-musical from the '40s [a 1945 movie starring Arthur Treacher, called "Swing Out, Sister"] because it was the only name they could agree upon - they all agreed they hated it." Both Connell and Jackson had been playing in other bands prior to forming SOS, while Drewery was a fashion designer and model before she became the band's lead vocalist.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: 52nd Street's Diane Charlemagne was influential in the period just prior to the band signing to Phonogram Records. Connell and Jackson, outside of their usual roles as Manchester musicians in A Certain Ratio and Magazine, were producing Electro tracks for Morgan Khan's Streetwise label with a degree of underground success. This activity triggered interest from a few major labels including Phonogram/Mercury Records. Vocalised songs were asked for, so Connell, who knew Charlemagne through Factory Records, approached her to sing on the Phonogram demos. These demos helped secure Connell and Jackson's major label contract. This was the period in which 52nd Street moved from Factory Records to Virgin Records and as a result, Diane Charlemagne's Swing Out Sister involvement ended.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: Together with their producer, Paul Staveley O'Duffy, they signed with Mercury Records. Before their first album, they released the single "Blue Mood" in the UK in November 1985. However, it did not chart.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: In late 1986, the single "Breakout" was released. It reached the number four position on the UK Singles Chart in November 1986, and number six on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in the United States in November 1987.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: When they released their debut album, "It's Better to Travel", on 11 May 1987, it reached number one on the UK Albums Chart. The album blended real horns, synths (arranged subtly, to sound like strings), drums, and xylophones, scored by producer/arranger Richard Niles. The follow-up single to "Breakout" was "Surrender", which featured a trumpet solo performed by John Thirkell. It rose to number seven on the UK charts in January 1987. The next single was the more serious and jazzy "Twilight World". This song was the subject of many remixes and was a dance club favourite worldwide. The final single, "Fooled By a Smile", returned to the upbeat pop orientation characteristic of "Breakout".


title: Swing Out Sister

text: The group were subsequently nominated for two Grammy Awards in 1988: Best New Artist and Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Group or Duo ("Breakout").


title: Swing Out Sister

text: In addition to long-time partner O'Duffy as well as Thirkell, Swing Out Sister have also enlisted the talents of saxophonist Gary Barnacle (who with Thirkell also comprise the Phantom Horns known for their work with Level 42); percussionist Luis Jardim; guitarist Tim Cansfield; trumpet/fluegelhorn master Jerry Hey; and songwriter-arranger Jimmy Webb.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: Original member Jackson left the group during the making of the second album, "Kaleidoscope World". Although the liner notes give "special thanks to Martin Jackson" and his co-writing credits appear on the songs "Tainted" and "Between Strangers", they also point out that "Swing Out Sister are Corinne Drewery and Andy Connell." Drewery and Connell have been the core on all subsequent albums.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: "Kaleidoscope World" was released in May 1989, achieving critical acclaim and UK Top 10 success. Their turn away from contemporary styles towards retro musical sources on this album would establish the musical path that they would continue to follow with their subsequent albums. The duo found inspiration in Easy Listening music, such as Burt Bacharach, as well as songwriter Jimmy Webb, who arranged two tracks, "Forever Blue" and "Precious Words". The incorporation of an orchestra in their recordings realised their sound in a richer, fuller way than their previous effort which relied more heavily on synthesisers. Consequently, this album featured arrangements and songwriting more classical in inclination. The lead-off single "You on My Mind" featured a more sophisticated blend of musical components (the video was strongly inspired by the 1968 cult film "The Thomas Crown Affair") than their previous efforts while the upbeat tone of "Breakout" was echoed in the lead U.S. single "Waiting Game". Further singles included "Where in the World" and "Forever Blue", which featured a descending phrase that reminds some people of the John Barry theme for the film "Midnight Cowboy".


title: Swing Out Sister

text: Now a duo of Drewery and Connell, Swing Out Sister put out their third album, "Get in Touch with Yourself", in June 1992. With strong dance rhythms reverberating throughout the entire album, tracks draw influences from 1960s and 1970s jazz, pop, soul, and funk. A breezy cover version of the 1968 Barbara Acklin soul hit "Am I the Same Girl?" became Swing Out Sister's last US hit, reaching No.1 on the adult contemporary chart. The album's title track, a blend of 1970s soul music and modern pop, gained the duo heavy airplay on smooth jazz radio and was a crossover hit, gaining airtime on adult contemporary stations as well. The musical influences of Stevie Wonder, The Jackson 5, Curtis Mayfield and others would become evident on this album but continue on through their later releases. In line with the album theme, Drewery also grew out her hair from her trademark bob which had become a visual signature for their early years.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: Numerous changes were afoot by the time the fourth album, "The Living Return", was released in September 1994. The replacement of producer Paul O'Duffy, after initial studio sessions with Ray Hayden, contributed to a looser, rawer feel to the songs that were often the results of studio jam sessions. Though Drewery and Connell still led Swing Out Sister, additional musicians, including former 52nd Street bassist Derick Johnson, Pa'lante percussionist Chris Manis, Jazz Defectors drummer Myke Wilson, and trumpet player John Thirkell, increased the group to ten members who replicated the live performances that had been captured on the Japan-only release "Live at the Jazz Cafe". The album featured a cover of the Delfonics song "La-La (Means I Love You)", which was released as a single and was included on the soundtrack of the movie "Four Weddings and a Funeral".


title: Swing Out Sister

text: Few of the band's releases charted highly on the pop listings in Western countries after the successful debut album. The band, however, became extremely popular in Japan. Their song "Now You're Not Here" (from their fifth album "Shapes And Patterns", one of several released in Japan before other parts of the world) was used as the theme to the Japanese TV programme "Mahiru No Tsuki", and was ranked at No.1 in the Japanese chart and received a Japanese 'Grand Prix' (the equivalent of a Grammy Award) for best international single in 1997.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: "Shapes and Patterns" was first released in Japan in March 1997, and then in Europe and USA the year after. Producer Paul O'Duffy, who co-wrote half of the songs, was back at the helm. As an orchestra was once again employed (led by Gavyn Wright), the lush arrangements characteristic of "Kaleidoscope World" resurfaced. The liner notes, written by composer/singer-songwriter Mary Edwards, point out the influences of Bacharach, Webb, and John Barry are perceptible in the string arrangements and Latin rhythms, as well as Minnie Riperton, Rotary Connection, and The 5th Dimension.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: The album included a cover of Laura Nyro's "Stoned Soul Picnic" as well as the original version of "Better Make It Better", which appeared in a different mix on their previous album. A pervasive longing marks songs such as "Now You're Not Here", "Somewhere in the World" (their final US chart entry to date), "You Already Know", and "Icy Cold as Winter". This album would also mark the beginning of the duo's use of Japanese musicians in their studio sessions.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: "Filth and Dreams", their sixth album, proved yet again that Swing Out Sister were eager to reinvent themselves. The album was released in Japan in March 1999, and it remains the only album not released in any other country. This album featured stronger jazz leanings than some of their early pop-oriented albums, and is restrained in mood. The track "Who's Been Sleeping" was promoted as a single and released with several remixes. For this record, SOS adapted to the growing popularity of hip-hop in the late '90s. "Who's Been Sleeping" kicks off the record with an aggressive beat and a few hip-hop flourishes (such as Drewery's counting and uttering "Yeah ..." in the background.) The rest of the record incorporates such sounds a bit more subtly, through the soaring retro stylings of "Closer Than the Sun" and "When Morning Comes" to the excitable lounge of the title track to the mid-tempo trip-hop of "Invisible" and scratch-laced "Sugar Free."


title: Swing Out Sister

text: Traditional SOS sounds are challenged successfully with the darkly dreamy "If I Had the Heart" and "Make You Stay." Background noises, from telephone conversations to child's play, also enrich the record and give the listener much more to cue in on. Drewery strays out of the usual love lyrics and colours a portrait of a darker world (as the title indicates) by singing about more urban subjects such as drugs (the eerie "Happy When You're High") and prostitution ("When Morning Comes").


title: Swing Out Sister

text: A seventh album, "Somewhere Deep in the Night", was recorded in France, and released in May 2001 in Japan (with subsequent release in Europe and U.S.). It was dedicated to their friend Kazuhiko Yanagida. While it is quintessential Swing Out Sister, with lush, brassy, and stringy arrangements, the melodic tunes often feature melancholic, languid, or introspective atmospherics and are more sombre in tone. Many of the tracks are instrumental, or only feature vocal harmonies without lyrics. One song even features a French spoken-word monologue. O'Duffy, who produced the album, also has co-writing credits on all the songs, and provided backing vocals along with Connell and Cansfield.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: Due to declining sales, their record label Universal dropped them from their contract in America. Consequently, they signed on with Shanachie Records.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: Undeterred, the band bounced back with their eighth studio effort, "Where Our Love Grows". It was released in Japan on 28 April 2004 with the UK edition following in July. GQ Magazine reviewed it and called it "indisputably their finest record to date". The album features a return to a rich, upbeat retro-sound that fuses jazz, soul, R&B, Latin, and easy listening music. Samples of Roger Nichols and The Small Circle of Friends and Herbie Mann were incorporated also into some songs.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: Late 2005 saw Swing Out Sister return to their studio in London to commence recording of their new album. The band planned on making a second tour of America in 2006, but due to recording commitments it had to be cancelled. In 2006, they composed incidental music for the ITV1 drama "The Outsiders", which featured Nigel Harman. August 2007 saw a new single, "Secret Love", co-written by Morgan Fisher.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: The new album from the band was entitled "Beautiful Mess" and was released by the Japanese record company Avex on 27 February 2008. The title is taken from one of the tracks on the album. Prior to its release in late December 2007, two other tracks were made available for download: "Butterfly" and "Something Every Day". The album was released in the UK in August 2008 and in the U.S. in May 2009, reaching the Top 5 on the Jazz Album chart in the US.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: In 2008 and 2009, Swing Out Sister went back on tour and appeared at the Jakarta Convention Center, Indonesia, then toured several venues in Japan in Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, and Fukuoka, and then in the Philippines.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: 2012 marked the 25th anniversary of the group's first album, "It's Better to Travel". The album was reissued on 16 July 2012 as a double CD set including the original album plus B-sides, rarities and remixes. On 14 July 2012, Swing Out Sister performed in its "big band" form at Islington Assembly Hall. 500 limited edition 10" singles of "Love Won't Let You Down (Olympic Mix)" and "Breakout (Fabulous Party Mix)" were released to coincide with this landmark London show.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: "Tokyo Stories", a DVD from the group's 2010 performance at Billboard Japan, is a region 2 DVD and was released on 18 July 2012.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: "Private View" + 2 CD was also released in July 2012. Originally, "Private View" was available only through the band's Facebook page. The "+2" version is updated and includes two new tracks. The CD features an acoustic take on some of the group's hits.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: In March 2014, the group announced a project entitled 'A Moveable Feast' to be released via Direct-to-Fan music platform PledgeMusic, saying: "We're making a thing, don't know what it is yet. Come along for the ride and we'll find out together."


title: Swing Out Sister

text: In September 2015, Swing out Sister shipped their album, "Rushes", to those who had signed up to the pledge; this included short samples of the songs that Swing Out Sister were writing for the 'Moveable Feast' project. The content was also available as downloadable MP3 tracks to those who donated money to support the development of the album.


title: Swing Out Sister

text: In November 2017, they released the culmination of the project, "Almost Persuaded". The album was scheduled for general release in June 2018.


title: Powdered milk

text: Powdered milk, also called milk powder, dried milk, or dry milk, is a manufactured dairy product made by evaporating milk to dryness. One purpose of drying milk is to preserve it; milk powder has a far longer shelf life than liquid milk and does not need to be refrigerated, due to its low moisture content. Another purpose is to reduce its bulk for the economy of transportation. Powdered milk and dairy products include such items as dry whole milk, nonfat (skimmed) dry milk, dry buttermilk, dry whey products and dry dairy blends. Many exported dairy products conform to standards laid out in "Codex Alimentarius".


title: Powdered milk

text: Powdered milk is used for food as an additive, for health (nutrition), and also in biotechnology (saturating agent).


title: Powdered milk

text: While Marco Polo wrote of Mongolian Tatar troops in the time of Kublai Khan who carried sun-dried skimmed milk as "a kind of paste", the first modern production process for dried milk was invented by the Russian doctor Osip Krichevsky in 1802. The first commercial production of dried milk was organized by the Russian chemist M. Dirchoff in 1832. In 1855, T. S. Grimwade took a patent on a dried milk procedure, though a William Newton had patented a vacuum drying process as early as 1837.


title: Powdered milk

text: In modern times, powdered milk is usually made by spray drying nonfat skimmed milk, whole milk, buttermilk or whey. Pasteurized milk is first concentrated in an evaporator to approximately 50 percent milk solids. The resulting concentrated milk is then sprayed into a heated chamber where the water almost instantly evaporates, leaving fine particles of powdered milk solids.


title: Powdered milk

text: Alternatively, the milk can be dried by drum drying. Milk is applied as a thin film to the surface of a heated drum, and the dried milk solids are then scraped off. However, powdered milk made this way tends to have a cooked flavour, due to caramelization caused by greater heat exposure.


title: Powdered milk

text: The drying method and the heat treatment of the milk as it is processed alters the properties of the milk powder, such as its solubility in cold water, its flavour, and its bulk density.


title: Powdered milk

text: Powdered milk is frequently used in the manufacture of infant formula, confectionery such as chocolate and caramel candy, and in recipes for baked goods where adding liquid milk would render the product too thin. Powdered milk is also widely used in various sweets such as the Indian milk balls known as gulab jamun and a popular Indian sweet delicacy (sprinkled with desiccated coconut) known as chum chum (made with skim milk powder). Many no-cook recipes that use nut butters use powdered milk to prevent the nut butter from turning liquid by absorbing the oil.


title: Powdered milk

text: Powdered milk is also a common item in UN food aid supplies, fallout shelters, warehouses, and wherever fresh milk is not a viable option. It is widely used in many developing countries because of reduced transport and storage costs (reduced bulk and weight, no refrigerated vehicles). Like other dry foods, it is considered nonperishable and is favored by survivalists, hikers, and others requiring nonperishable, easy-to-prepare food.


title: Powdered milk

text: Because of its resemblance to cocaine and other drugs, powdered milk is sometimes used in filmmaking as a non-toxic prop that may be insufflated.


title: Powdered milk

text: The weight of nonfat dry milk (NFDM) to use is about 10% of the water weight. Alternatively, when measuring by volume rather than weight, one cup of fluid milk from powdered milk requires one cup of water and one-third cup of powdered milk.


title: Powdered milk

text: Milk powders contain all 21 standard amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, and are high in soluble vitamins and minerals. According to USAID, the typical average amounts of major nutrients in the unreconstituted nonfat dry milk are (by weight) 36% protein, 52% carbohydrates (predominantly lactose), calcium 1.3%, potassium 1.8%. Whole milk powder, on the other hand, contains on average 25–27% protein, 36–38% carbohydrates, 26–40% fat, and 5–7% ash (minerals). In Canada, powdered milk must contain added vitamin D in an amount such that a reasonable daily intake of the milk will provide between 300 and 400 International units (IU) of vitamin D. However, inappropriate storage conditions, such as high relative humidity and high ambient temperature, can significantly degrade the nutritive value of milk powder.


title: Powdered milk

text: Commercial milk powders are reported to contain oxysterols (oxidized cholesterol) in higher amounts than in fresh milk (up to 30 μg/g, versus trace amounts in fresh milk).


title: Powdered milk

text: Oxysterols are derivatives of cholesterol that are produced either by free radicals or by enzymes. Some free radicals-derived oxysterols have been suspected of being initiators of atherosclerotic plaques. For comparison, powdered eggs contain even more oxysterols, up to 200 μg/g.


title: Powdered milk

text: As of 2020, the largest producers of milk powder are Europe, New Zealand, China, United States and Brazil.


title: Powdered milk

text: European production of milk powder in fiscal year 2019–2020 was estimated at around 3.0 million tonnes of which the main volume was exported in bulk packing or consumer packs.


title: Powdered milk

text: Australia also has a significant milk powder export industry, exporting over 13,000 tonnes of skim and whole milk powder in fiscal year 2020–2021, to a value of approximately AUD $83 000 000.


title: Powdered milk

text: Brands on the market include Nido, from the company Nestlé, Incolac from the company Milcobel, Dutch Lady from FrieslandCampina and Puck from Arla Foods.


title: Powdered milk

text: Some of the largest businesses in the industry are Nestlé, Danone, Lactalis, Fonterra, FrieslandCampina, Dean Foods, Arla Foods, Dairy Farmers of America, Kraft Foods, Saputo, and Parmalat.


title: Powdered milk

text: In the 2008 Chinese milk scandal, melamine adulterant was found in Sanlu infant formula, added to fool tests into reporting higher protein content. Thousands became ill, and some children died, after consuming the product.


title: Powdered milk

text: In August 2013, China temporarily suspended all milk powder imports from New Zealand, after a scare where botulism-causing bacteria was falsely detected in several batches of New Zealand-produced whey protein concentrate. As a result of the product recall, the New Zealand dollar slipped significantly based on expected losses in sales from this single commodity.


title: Powdered milk

text: Fat-free powdered milk is used as a saturating agent to block nonspecific binding sites on supports like blotting membranes (nitrocellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or nylon), preventing binding of further detection reagents and subsequent background. It may be referred as Blotto. The major protein of milk, casein, is responsible for most of the binding site saturation effect.


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: General was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, part-time writer, haiku poet, diplomat, and commanding officer of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff. He is best known for having been the commander of the Japanese garrison at the battle of Iwo Jima.


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: Even before the battle, General Kuribayashi insisted upon sharing the hardships of his men. He also refused to permit banzai charges, which he regarded as an unnecessary waste of his men's lives. The United States Marine Corps had expected to capture Iwo Jima in five days, but Kuribayashi and his men held out for 36 days. It is believed that Kuribayashi was killed in action while leading his soldiers in a night-attack on American troops, but his body was never identified by the United States military. U.S. Marine Corps General Holland Smith said of Kuribayashi that "Of all our adversaries in the Pacific, Kuribayashi was the most redoubtable."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: Tadamichi Kuribayashi was born into a minor samurai family in Hanishina District, Nagano prefecture. According to Kumiko Kakehashi, the Kuribayashi family had lived in the district since the 15th century.


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: According to Vice Admiral Kaneko, who attended Nagano High School with Kuribayashi, "He once organized a strike against the school authorities. He just escaped expulsion by a hair. In those days, he was already good in poetry-writing, composition, and speech writing. He was a young literary enthusiast."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: Kuribayashi graduated from Nagano High School in 1911. Although he had originally aspired to be a journalist, Kuribayashi was persuaded by his high school instructors to instead enter the Imperial Japanese Army Academy.


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: Kuribayashi graduated from the Army Academy's 26th class in 1914, having specialized in cavalry. He continued on to the Army's Cavalry School in 1918. In 1923, he graduated from the 35th class of the Army War College with splendid marks and received a military sabre from the Taisho Emperor. Kuribayashi married Yoshii Kuribayashi (1904–2003) on 8 December of that year. Together they had a son and two daughters (Taro, Yoko and Takako).


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: Kuribayashi was designated as deputy military attaché to Washington, D.C. in 1928. For two years, Kuribayashi traveled across the United States, conducting extensive military and industrial research. During his time in the U.S., Kuribayashi studied at Harvard University.


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: "I was in the United States for three years when I was a captain. I was taught how to drive by some American officers, and I bought a car. I went around the States, and I knew the close connections between the military and industry. I saw the plant area of Detroit, too. By one button push, all the industries will be mobilized for military business."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: According to his son, Taro Kuribayashi, "From 1928 to 1930, my father stayed in the United States as an exchange officer. In those days, he often gave me, a grammar school boy, printed letters. He always composed easy letters in order to let me read them without any help from others. He used to enclose some sketches with the letters. I have made a book of these picture letters. In the letters are so many scenes – while visiting Boston, he was lying sprawled on the gardens of Harvard University watching a clock tower, in another he is taking a walk in Buffalo, in another, playing with some American children and being invited to the house of Medical Doctor Furukohchi, etc. Throughout his letters, it is clear that my father used to drive in many directions in the United States, studied very hard late at night, and tried to be a gentleman. Also, he used to have many friends in foreign countries."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: After returning to Tokyo, Kuribayashi was promoted to the rank of major and appointed as the first Japanese military attaché to Canada. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1933.


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: During his services in the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff in Tokyo from 1933 to 1937, he wrote lyrics for several martial songs. In 1940 Kuribayashi was promoted to major general.


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: During the lead up to the Attack on Pearl Harbor, Kuribayashi is known to have repeatedly told his family, "America is the last country in the world Japan should fight."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: In December 1941, Kuribayashi was ordered into the field as the Chief of Staff of the Japanese 23rd Army, commanded by Takashi Sakai, in the Invasion of Hong Kong. The 23rd Army's occupation caused horrible massacres in Hong Kong. After the war, the 23rd Army's commander Takashi Sakai was accused of war crimes at the Chinese War Crimes Military Tribunal, found guilty and executed by firing squad on 30 September 1946. According to a former subordinate, General Kuribayashi regularly visited wounded enlisted men in the hospital, which was virtually unheard of for an officer of the General Staff.


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: In 1943, he was promoted to lieutenant general, and reassigned to be commander of the 2nd Imperial Guards Division, which was primarily a reserve and training division. On 27 May 1944, he became commander of the IJA 109th Division.


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: Just two weeks later, on 8 June 1944, he received orders signed by Prime Minister Hideki Tojo to defend the strategically located island of Iwo Jima in the Bonin Islands chain. According to Yoshii Kuribayashi, her husband said upon receiving the orders that it was unlikely even for his ashes to return from Iwo Jima.


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: According to historian Kumiko Kakehashi, it is possible that Kuribayashi was deliberately selected for what was known to be a suicide mission. General Kuribayashi was known for having expressed the belief that Japan's war against the United States was a no win situation and needed to be ended via a negotiated peace. In the eyes of the ultra-nationalists in the General Staff and in Tojo's cabinet, this had allegedly caused Kuribayashi to be seen as a defeatist.


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: He was accorded the honor of a personal audience with Emperor Hirohito on the eve of his departure. In a subsequent letter to Yoshii and their children, the General made no mention of meeting the Emperor. He instead expressed regret for failing to fix the draft in the kitchen of their home. He included a detailed diagram so that his son, Taro Kuribayashi would be able to complete the repair and prevent the family from catching cold.


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: On 19 June 1944, General Kuribayashi stepped off a plane on Iwo Jima's Chidori airstrip. Meanwhile, the island's garrison was busy digging trenches on the beach. Kuribayashi made a careful survey of the island and ordered his men to construct defenses further inland. Deciding not to seriously contest the projected beach landings, Kuribayashi decreed that the defense of Iwo Jima would be fought almost entirely from underground. His men honeycombed the island with more than of tunnels, 5,000 caves, and pillboxes. According to his former Chief of Staff, Kuribayashi often told him, "America's productive powers are beyond our imagination. Japan has started a war with a formidable enemy and we must brace ourselves accordingly."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: Kuribayashi recognized that he would not be able to hold Iwo Jima against the overwhelming military forces of the United States. He knew, however, that the loss of Iwo Jima would place all of Japan within range of American strategic bombers. Therefore, he planned a campaign of attrition, by which he hoped to delay the bombing of Japanese civilians and to force the United States Government to reconsider the possible invasion of Japanese home islands.


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: According to historian James Bradley, "Americans have always taken casualties very seriously. When the number of casualties is too high, public opinion will boil up and condemn an operation as a failure, even if we get the upper hand militarily. Kuribayashi had lived in America. He knew our national character. That's why he deliberately chose to fight in a way that would relentlessly drive up the number of casualties. I think he hoped American public opinion would shift toward wanting to bring the war with Japan to a rapid end."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: Long before the Americans landed, however, Gen. Kuribayashi fully expected to die on Iwo Jima. On 5 September 1944, he wrote to his wife, "It must be destiny that we as a family must face this. Please accept this and stand tall with the children at your side. I will be with you always."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: The Japanese defenders include Private Takeo Abe, who survived the battle and spent the remainder of his life repatriating the remains of his comrades. Private Abe later recalled, "By the end of 1944, we were forced to spare rations for battle and we foraged around for edible weeds. Suffering from chronic diarrhea, empty stomachs, and lack of water, we dug bunkers in the sand under a merciless sun and constructed underground shelters that were steamy with heat. We used salt water, lukewarm from a well on the beach, for cooking, and saved what little rainwater we could for drinking. But one water-bottle a day was the most we ever had to drink."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: On 25 June 1944, Kuribayashi wrote to his family, "There is no springwater here, so we must do with rainwater. I long for a glass of cold water, but nothing can be done. The number of flies and mosquitoes is appalling. There are no newspapers, no radios, and no shops. There are a few local farms, but no shelters suitable for anything other than livestock. Our soldiers pitch tents or crawl into caves. The caves are stuffy and the heat and humidity are intolerable. I, of course, endure similar living conditions... It is a living hell and I have never experienced anything remotely like it in my entire life."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: In order to prepare his soldiers for an unconventional style of fighting, Kuribayashi composed six "Courageous Battle Vows" which were widely reproduced and distributed among his men. They read:


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: Kuribayashi also composed a set of instructions to the soldiers of the "Courage Division." They read as follows:


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: On 19 February 1945, the United States Marine Corps landed its first men on the southern shore of the island. In a radically different approach, American officers and men were first allowed to land unmolested and then shelled and machine gunned from underground bunkers. As night fell, Marine Corps General Holland Smith studied reports aboard the command ship "Eldorado". He was especially stunned that Kuribayashi's men had never attempted a banzai charge. Addressing a group of war correspondents, he quipped, "I don't know who he is, but the Japanese General running this show is one smart bastard."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: According to military historian Shigetoki Hosoki, "This writer was stunned to find the following comments in the 'Iwo Jima Report,' a collection of memoirs by Iwo Jima survivors. 'The men we saw weighed no more than thirty kilos and did not look human. Nonetheless, these emaciated soldiers who looked like they came from Mars faced the enemy with a force that could not be believed. I sensed a high morale.' Even under such circumstances, the underground shelters that the Japanese built proved advantageous for a while. Enemy mortar and bombing could not reach them ten meters under the ground. It was then that the Americans began to dig holes and poured yellow phosphorus gas into the ground. Their infantry was also burning its way through passages, slowly but surely, at the rate of ten meters per hour. A telegram has been preserved which says, 'This is like killing cockroaches.' American troops made daily advances to the north. On the evening of 16 March, they reported that they had completely occupied the island of Iwo Jima."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: Meanwhile, General Kuribayashi had herded the remnants of the Iwo Jima garrison into a heavily fortified ravine which the Marine Corps dubbed, "The Gorge." Major Yoshitaka Hori, who commanded the Chichi Jima radio station, later recalled, "General Kuribayashi commanded his battle under candle light without a single rest or sleep, day after day. Radio broadcasts, newspapers, and magazines from Japan encouraged him thoroughly, especially when the old and young men, boys and girls of his native place prayed to God for his victory."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: Marine Corps General Graves Erskine sent Japanese American Marines and captured Japanese soldiers to try to persuade Kuribayashi and his men to surrender. Meanwhile, Kuribayashi radioed to Major Hori, "I have 400 men under my command. The enemy besieged us by firing and flame from their tanks. In particular, they are trying to approach the entrance of our cave with explosives. My men and officers are still fighting. The enemy's front lines are 300 meters from us, and they are attacking by tank firing. They advised us to surrender by loudspeaker, but we only laughed at this childish trick, and we did not set ourselves against them."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: On the evening of 23 March 1945, Kuribayashi radioed a last message to Major Hori, "All officers and men of Chichi Jima – goodbye from Iwo." Major Hori later recalled, "I tried to communicate with them for three days after that, but in the end I received no answer."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: On 17 March 1945, the General had sent his farewell message to Imperial Headquarters accompanied by three traditional death poems in "waka" form. All were, according to historian Kumiko Kakehashi, "a subtle protest against the military command that so casually sent men out to die."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: General Kuribayashi had written, "The battle is entering its final chapter. Since the enemy's landing, the gallant fighting of the men under my command has been such that even the gods would weep. In particular, I humbly rejoice in the fact that they have continued to fight bravely though utterly empty-handed and ill-equipped against a land, sea, and air attack of a material superiority such as surpasses the imagination. One after another they are falling in the ceaseless and ferocious attacks of the enemy. For this reason, the situation has arisen whereby I must disappoint your expectations and yield this important place to the hands of the enemy. With humility and sincerity, I offer my repeated apologies. Our ammunition is gone and our water dried up. Now is the time for us to make the final counterattack and fight gallantly, conscious of the Emperor's favor, not begrudging our efforts though they turn our bones to powder and pulverize our bodies. I believe that until the island is recaptured, the Emperor's domain will be eternally insecure. I therefore swear that even when I have become a ghost I shall look forward to turning the defeat of the Imperial Army to victory. I stand now at the beginning of the end. At the same time as revealing my inmost feelings, I pray earnestly for the unfailing victory and security of the Empire. Farewell for all eternity."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: The exact circumstances of Kuribayashi's death remain a mystery. It is most likely that he was killed in action in the early morning of 26 March 1945, while leading his surviving soldiers in a three-pronged assault against sleeping Marines and Air Force ground crews. Kuribayashi and his men silently slashed tents, bayoneted sleeping men, and lobbed hand grenades. According to the official "United States Marine Corps History", "The Japanese attack on the early morning of 26 March was not a banzai charge, but an excellent plan aiming to cause maximum confusion and destruction." The assault climaxed in a hand-to-hand battle to the death between the men of both armies. The General's body could not be identified afterwards for he had removed all officer's insignia in order to fight as a regular soldier.


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: According to less credible theories, Kuribayashi is alleged to have committed seppuku at his headquarters in the Gorge.


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: The General's son, Taro Kuribayashi, interviewed several survivors of the Japanese garrison after the war. As a result, he believes that his father was killed in an artillery barrage during the final assault.


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: According to Taro Kuribayashi, "My father had believed it shameful to have his body discovered by the enemy even after death, so he had previously asked his two soldiers to come along with him, one in front and the other behind, with a shovel in hand. In case of his death, he had wanted them to bury his body there and then. It seems that my father and the soldiers were killed by shells, and he was buried at the foot of a tree in Chidori village, along the beach near Osaka mountain. Afterwards, General Smith spent a whole day looking for his body to pay respect accordingly and to perform a burial, but in vain."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: The US declared Iwo Jima secure on 26 March 1945, after suffering 26,039 casualties. Only 1,083 of the 22,786 Japanese defenders survived to be captured. A small number of holdouts continued to remain at large, leaving their fortified caves at night in order to steal food from the American garrison. The last two holdouts, Naval machine gunners Yamakage Kufuku and Matsudo Linsoki, surrendered on 6 January 1949.


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: Yoshii Kuribayashi was only 40 years old when her husband died on Iwo Jima, and she subsequently worked hard to bring up their children without a father. According to their daughter Takako Kuribayashi, "My mother had been brought up as a lady, and even after getting married she had been taken care of by my father. She had never worked in her life before, but she still managed to raise us during the terrible years after the war by doing things like selling cuttlefish out on the street. And more than that, she sent not just my elder brother, but me, a girl, to university."


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: According to Derrick Wright, "The name of Gen. Kuribayashi has been accorded a place of honor in postwar Japanese history, alongside that other outstanding commander Adm. Yamamoto. In his autobiography, "Coral and Brass", Lt.-Gen. Holland 'Howling Mad' Smith paid him one of his highest tributes: 'Of all our adversaries in the Pacific, Kuribayashi was the most redoubtable.'"


title: Tadamichi Kuribayashi

text: Kuribayashi became known to an international audience after being portrayed onscreen in the film "Letters from Iwo Jima". According to screenwriter Iris Yamashita, "Ultimately, I felt that the many nuances of Tadamichi Kuribayashi came to life onscreen under Clint Eastwood's masterful direction and actor Ken Watanabe's deft portrayal, expressing the perfect sense of the balance of the gentleness and warmth of the family man, combined with the strength, practicality and regality of the commanding officer."


title: Curious George (film)

text: Curious George is a 2006 animated adventure film based on the book series written by H. A. Rey and Margret Rey. It was directed by Matthew O'Callaghan, written by Ken Kaufman and produced by Ron Howard, David Kirschner, and Jon Shapiro. Featuring the voices of Will Ferrell, Drew Barrymore, David Cross, Eugene Levy, Joan Plowright, and Dick Van Dyke, it tells the story of how the Man with the Yellow Hat, a tour guide at a museum, first befriended a curious monkey named George and started going on adventures with him around the city.


title: Curious George (film)

text: It is the first theatrically-released animated film from Universal Pictures since 1995's "Balto", the first theatrical animated film from Universal Animation Studios (making this Universal's first in-house theatrical animated film), and the first animated film from Imagine Entertainment. The film had languished in development hell at Imagine Entertainment since at least 1992, but it is possible that it was conceived years before. The film employs a notable blend of traditional animation and CGI scenery and objects that make up 20% of its environment. The soundtrack was composed by Heitor Pereira and features several songs by musician Jack Johnson.


title: Curious George (film)

text: "Curious George" was released in the United States by Universal Pictures on February 10, 2006. It was met with generally positive reviews and grossed $70 million worldwide against a budget of $50 million. Even though its mild success in the box office, "Curious George" made $48 million in DVD sales in the home market. It received five sequels, although all but one of them were released as direct-to-video films. A second theatrical "Curious George" film is in development, with Andrew Adamson set to direct.


title: Curious George (film)

text: The film opens with a happy, mischievious, curious orphan monkey playing in the African jungle. His curiosity, however just leads him into trouble with the baby animals' parents. Meanwhile, in the big city, Ted is a museum tour guide who gives weekly presentations to schoolteacher Maggie Dunlop and her students. Ted's boss, Mr. Bloomsberry, informs him that the museum is losing money and will have to close. Mr. Bloomsberry's son, Junior, plans to have the museum demolished and replaced with a commercial parking lot. Ted impulsively volunteers to find the Lost Shrine of Zagawa, a legendary 40-foot African idol, hoping that it will attract visitors. When Mr. Bloomsberry takes Ted to get ready for his trip, Junior crumbles up the last page of the map to the idol and burns it to keep Ted from finding the real idol (due to his jealousy of his father respecting Ted more than him). After the owners of a clothing store trick Ted into buying one of their bright yellow suits (which they call "the new khaki"), he boards a cargo ship to Africa and is laughed at on ship.


title: Curious George (film)

text: In the African jungle, Ted finds the idol, but it is only three inches tall. He sends a photograph of it to the museum, but the photograph's angle leads Mr. Bloomsberry to believe that the idol is even larger than he thought. Ted finds the monkey and gives him his yellow hat. Not wanting to be left alone, the monkey follows him and boards the cargo ship. Ted returns home and finds advertisements for the shrine all over the city.


title: Curious George (film)

text: Upon reaching Ted's apartment building, the monkey makes his way to the penthouse and vandalizes the walls of Ted's neighbor, Miss Plushbottom, with paint. Due to the building's strict no-pet policy, Ted is evicted by Ivan, the doorman. At the museum, Ted reveals the idol's actual size to Mr. Bloomsberry and is kicked out by Junior after the monkey accidentally destroys an Apatosaurus skeleton. After a failed call to the animal control service to try to get rid of the monkey, Ted and the monkey are forced to sleep outside in a park. The next morning, Ted follows the monkey into the zoo, where Maggie and her students name the monkey George after a statue of George Washington. George floats away on a bunch of helium balloons into the city forcing Ted to commandeer a bigger bunch of balloons and a kite. George's balloons are popped by bird control spikes on a building, but he is saved by Ted before he falls to his death.


title: Curious George (film)

text: At the home of Clovis, an inventor, George discovers that an overhead projector makes the idol appear huge. Ted borrows Clovis' truck to take the projector to the museum to show Mr. Bloomsberry, but when Junior overhears Bloomsberry telling Ted he is proud of him and is like the son he never had, he proceeds to pour some of his latte on the projector in an attempt to ruin Ted's plan, causing it to break, and frames George by giving him the rest (which causes Ted to think George ruined the plan). With his plan derailed, Ted sadly informs the public that the museum will permanently close and allows animal control to take George back to Africa.


title: Curious George (film)

text: Later, Ted speaks with Maggie, who helps him to understand what is important in life. He sneaks onto the ship and reunites with George in the cargo hold. George notices that the idol reveals a pictogram when exposed to light, and Ted realizes that it is a map to the real idol, which they find in the jungle.


title: Curious George (film)

text: The real idol is displayed in the museum, which reopens with new interactive exhibits (thanks to Clovis and his inventions). Junior gets a job as a valet and finds joy in his father finally being proud of him. Ivan, who has grown fond of George, invites Ted to move back into his apartment. Ted and Maggie share a romantic moment, but are interrupted by George, who has activated a rocket. Ted jumps in and they repeatly circumnavigate the globe.


title: Curious George (film)

text: Producers Jon Shapiro and David Kirschner contacted Margret Rey in 1990 about the possibility of producing a film based on the classic children's stories that she wrote with her husband, H. A. Rey. Shapiro recalled: "I promised I would be responsible to her and the character for finding others like myself who wanted to make the best version of "Curious George" possible." Rey agreed and Imagine Entertainment secured the film rights for "Curious George" in June 1990, with plans to produce a live action film jointly with Hanna-Barbera Productions.


title: Curious George (film)

text: Universal Pictures acquired the merchandising rights to "Curious George" from publisher Houghton Mifflin in September 1997, after Margret Rey's death the previous year. Larry Guterman signed on to direct in 1998 and worked closely with Imagine Entertainment co-chairman Ron Howard to develop the film. However, Guterman left the project reportedly after budget concerns about the film's special effects led Universal and Imagine to postpone production. In January 1999, Universal stated that the project continued to be "in active development".


title: Curious George (film)

text: Universal and Imagine were reported to be finalizing a deal with Brad Bird to direct a "Curious George" film that combined live action and computer-generated imagery (CGI) in October 1999. However, Bird left the project in 2000 when he was hired at Pixar. In July 2001, the newly merged Vivendi Universal announced that it had acquired Houghton Mifflin, with plans to make Curious George the company's new mascot, coincident with the film's development and release (Houghton Mifflin would be sold the following year due to Vivendi's mounting financial pressures). Bird left the project after the studios decided to shift the film to all-CGI, and in December 2001, it was reported that Universal was in negotiations with David Silverman to direct the film. In September 2003, it was announced that Jun Falkenstein signed on to direct the screenplay. According to David Brewster (an animation supervisor for the film), Falkenstein was later fired by the studio and replaced by Matthew O'Callaghan in August 2004.


title: Curious George (film)

text: According to Stacey Snider, then-chairman of Universal Pictures, it was challenging to turn the relatively simple "Curious George" books into a full-length film with substantial character development. During the film's production process, many screenwriters wrote potential scripts for the project, including Joe Stillman, Dan Gerson, Babaloo Mandel, Lowell Ganz, Mike Werb, Brian Levant, David Reynolds, and Audrey Wells. Kirschner said that screenwriter Pat Proft wrote a live action draft of the film "that had a lot of really funny, funny stuff, but in the end, what we really wanted was the special relationship between this man and this little monkey... it was really difficult to capture the innocence of that." Brewster recalled that earlier versions of the script by Brad Bird and William Goldman were darker in tone and more adult.


title: Curious George (film)

text: When O'Callaghan signed on to direct, replacing Falkenstein, he and screenwriter Ken Kaufman rewrote the story, saying: "We sat in a room for a couple of weeks, we sort of took some elements from the existing structure and created new characters, simplified things, put our heads together and came up with what ultimately was the story of the film." They expanded the role of The Man in the Yellow Hat and gave him a name, making the script more like a buddy film rather than one that was focused primarily on George. The final script contained scenes inspired by many of the earlier books, including "Curious George", "Curious George Takes a Job", and "Curious George Flies a Kite".


title: Curious George (film)

text: When Imagine Entertainment obtained the rights to "Curious George" in 1990, a live action feature was planned; by 1999, Brad Bird was in talks to direct the film as a combination of live action and CG. The success of "Shrek" in 2001 led Imagine co-chairman Brian Grazer to shift the film towards all-CG, saying at the time: "George the monkey has to have power and be able to express power, and it's difficult to do that in a live-action mix." Eventually, a final decision was made to use traditional 2D animation for the film to recreate the look and feel of the "Curious George" books. According to executive producer Ken Tsumura, CGI animation was used to create the environments for 20 percent of the film, including the city scenes, in order to allow objects to move in 3D space.


title: Curious George (film)

text: A strict production schedule resulted in all animation work having to be completed within 18 months; Tsumura oversaw the outsourcing of the animation to studios around the world, including studios in the United States, Canada, France, Taiwan, and South Korea. The proportions of George and Ted were kept consistent with the books' illustrations, but their character designs were updated to accommodate the big screen, with O'Callaghan noting that "we had to give them eyes, pupils, teeth, whatever so Ted could enunciate dialog or to create strong expressions with George." CG supervisor Thanh John Nguyen states that they tried to duplicate the look of the cars in the book, which Tsumura describes as bearing the look of the 1940s and 1950s; according to production designer Yarrow Cheney, the filmmakers also partnered with Volkswagen to design the red car that Ted drives, simplifying the design and rounding the edges.


title: Curious George (film)

text: The film's instrumental score was composed by Heitor Pereira, who replaced Klaus Badelt. Hans Zimmer and Kathy Nelson served as the film's executive music producers.


title: Curious George (film)

text: Jack Johnson was hired to write and perform the songs in the film. Johnson said that he was originally asked to write two songs for "Curious George", but his enthusiasm for the film led him to write more. He worked closely with the animation team and described a back-and-forth process in which he would provide a sketch of a song in response to a preliminary drawing of a scene, then followed by more detailed animations and lyrics. Describing the songwriting process, Johnson recalled: "The balance was writing lyrics that didn't match things too perfectly, but would kind of reference what was going on in the film. I tried to make metaphors that describe the scene better than trying to exactly match what was going on." Johnson said that many of the film's songs were written for or inspired by his eldest son.


title: Curious George (film)

text: The world premiere of "Curious George" took place on January 28, 2006 at the ArcLight Hollywood in Los Angeles, California. The film was released to 2,566 theaters on February 10, 2006, opened alongside the 2006 remake of "The Pink Panther, "Firewall" and "Final Destination 3", and ranked at #3 with a total opening weekend gross of $14.7 million averaging $5,730 per theater. The film grossed $58.4 million in the United States and $11.5 million overseas, totaling $69.8 million worldwide. The film was released in the United Kingdom on May 26, 2006, and opened on #5.


title: Curious George (film)

text: The film was released on DVD on September 26, 2006 by Universal Studios Home Entertainment in separate widescreen and full-screen versions. It was then released on Blu-ray on March 3, 2015.


title: Curious George (film)

text: On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, "Curious George" has a 70% approval rating based on 107 reviews and an average rating of 6.10/10. The website's consensus reads: ""Curious George" is a bright, sweet, faithful adaptation of the beloved children's books." On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 62 out of 100 based on reviews from 28 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore during opening weekend gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale. Reviews frequently praised the film's light-hearted tone and its traditional animation style, though some criticized the plot and modern references.


title: Curious George (film)

text: In "The New York Times", Dana Stevens called the film "an unexpected delight", praising its "top-drawer voice talent" and "old-fashioned two-dimensional animation that echoes the simple colors and shapes of the books". "The Austin Chronicle"'s Marrit Ingman wrote positively of the film's "sweet, simple message" that "children see the world differently and have much to teach the people who love them." Christy Lemire of the Associated Press praised George's character design, writing that "with his big eyes and bright smile and perpetually sunny disposition, he's pretty much impossible to resist." Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars, noting that it remained "faithful to the spirit and innocence of the books" and writing that the visual style was "uncluttered, charming, and not so realistic that it undermines the fantasies on the screen". Ebert wrote that while he did not particularly enjoy the film himself, he nevertheless gave the film a "thumbs up" on his "Ebert & Roeper" show because he felt that it would be enjoyable for young children.


title: Curious George (film)

text: Richard Roeper, Ebert's co-host, criticized the film for similar reasons and said that he could not "tell people my age, or someone twenty-five [years old], that they should spend nine or ten bucks to see this movie". Brian Lowry of "Variety" felt that the plot as too simplistic, writing that the film consisted primarily of "various chases through the city" and was "rudimentary on every level". On the other hand, Michael Phillips of the "Chicago Tribune" wrote that the film was "overplotted and misfocused" and that "the script's jokes are tougher to find than the shrine", though he praised the film for staying "relatively faithful to the style of the original and delightful H. A. Rey illustrations". Jan Stuart of Newsday criticized the film's modern references in the film, including cell phones and lattes, writing that they resulted in "modernization traps that the makers of the very respectable Winnie the Pooh films managed to avoid". Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly also negatively noted the anachronisms in the film, such as the use of caller ID.


title: Curious George (film)

text: "Sing-A-Longs and Lullabies for the Film Curious George" is the soundtrack to the film, featuring songs by Jack Johnson and others. In its first week on "Billboard" 200 albums chart, the soundtrack made it to the #1 spot, making it Jack Johnson's first number one album ("In Between Dreams" peaked at two, "On and On" peaked at three) and making it the first soundtrack to reach number one since the "Bad Boys II" soundtrack in August 2003 and the first soundtrack to an "animated" film to top the "Billboard" 200 since the "Pocahontas" soundtrack reigned for one week in July 1995.


title: Curious George (film)

text: The PBS Kids animated television series, also called "Curious George", was developed concurrent to the feature film. It also stars Frank Welker reprising his voice role of Curious George and with William H. Macy (later Rino Romano) narrating.


title: Curious George (film)

text: A sneak peek for the sequel, "" was included in the special features for "The Tale of Despereaux". The sequel was released on March 2, 2010. The plot for the sequel centers around George becoming friends with a young elephant named Kayla. George tries to help Kayla travel across the country to be reunited with her family. A second sequel, "" was released on June 23, 2015. A third sequel, "", serving as the fourth film of the series, was released on DVD on September 10, 2019. On September 3, 2020, it was announced that a fourth sequel titled "" would premiere in Fall 2020. It premiered on September 8, 2020 on Peacock. It was also released on DVD and digital on December 15, 2020. A fifth sequel, "", serving as the sixth and final film of the series, was released on Peacock on September 30, 2021.


title: Curious George (film)

text: With the exceptions of Frank Welker and Ed O'Ross, none of the voice cast from the original film returned for the sequels.


title: Curious George (film)

text: On July 30, 2010, shortly after the release of their first film, "Despicable Me", it was announced that Illumination Entertainment was developing an animated film based on the book. This project never materialized.


title: Curious George (film)

text: In August 2016, it was reported that Andrew Adamson was in negotiations to direct, co-write, and executive produce a live-action adaptation "Curious George" for Universal Pictures, along with Ron Howard, Brian Grazer, David Kirschner, Jon Shapiro, and Erica Huggins producing it. On March 24, 2020, Jim Taylor was brought on to re-write the film.


title: Marko Hietala

text: Marko Tapani "Marco" Hietala (born 14 January 1966) is a Finnish heavy metal vocalist, bassist and songwriter. Internationally, he is best known as the former bassist, male vocalist and secondary composer to Tuomas Holopainen, of the symphonic metal band Nightwish. He was also the vocalist and bassist as well as composer and lyricist for the heavy metal band Tarot.


title: Marko Hietala

text: He is also a member of the supergroup Northern Kings, and portrayed one of the main characters in Ayreon's 2013 album "The Theory of Everything".


title: Marko Hietala

text: Marko Hietala was born in Kuopio, and is the youngest child of the Hietala family. Hietala lived in Tervo until the age of 15, after which he moved to Kuopio to study classical guitar, vocals and musical theory in high school. In 1984, he and his brother Zachary formed the heavy metal band Tarot under the name "Purgatory". In 1986, Tarot received a deal for their first album and went on tour. Before becoming a full-time musician, he worked as a live and studio sound engineer.


title: Marko Hietala

text: While on tour with Tarot in 1998, Marko had met the members of the band Nightwish in Siilinjärvi as they were an opening act for his band. Marko recalled having watched their performance: "I watched their show and thought their music was actually quite good at times. They had all this force and drama, so maybe some day they would successfully combine the two. But goddamn, they looked absolutely horrible on stage. Shorthaired guys just standing there – Tarja was a pretty girl but just as petrified, shrieking in the middle of the stage in her leather pants. Honestly, I assumed them to be just a momentary fad and thought they will fade away after six months or so. Luckily, of course, I was so wrong."


title: Marko Hietala

text: Hietala joined Nightwish in 2001 when Tuomas Holopainen and the band's manager called him and said that there would be a place in the band for a vocalist and a bass player. "Century Child" was his first Nightwish album, following the departure of previous bassist Sami Vänskä. He was a prominent guest musician in Delain, a project involving many members of the gothic and symphonic metal community. He also participated in the recording of "Invitation", by Altaria, providing backing vocals. Hietala has also been part of the bands Sinergy and Northern Kings.


title: Marko Hietala

text: Upon his arrival to Nightwish, several songs were written to contain duets with then Nightwish vocalist Tarja Turunen, allowing songwriter and band leader Tuomas Holopainen to take advantage of Hietala's distinctive raucous voice to add a new dimension to the band. A famous example is Nightwish's cover of "The Phantom of the Opera", from the album "Century Child".


title: Marko Hietala

text: During Nightwish's shows, Turunen would take a break halfway through the set. Before Hietala joined the band, the band would perform an instrumental song during this time. After Hietala joined the band, they performed covers of well-known songs, with Hietala singing the lead vocal part in this break. The band has performed Ozzy Osbourne's "Crazy Train", W.A.S.P.'s "Wild Child", Dio's "Don't Talk to Strangers", Megadeth's "Symphony of Destruction" and Pink Floyd's "High Hopes". Some of these songs have been put up for sale as well on various Nightwish album releases. Following Turunen's departure from Nightwish, Hietala was much more involved with the production of "Dark Passion Play", which was released in September 2007. He sang some songs, completely, and wrote the music for the song "The Islander", on which he also plays acoustic guitar instead of bass. Hietala is also credited alongside Holopainen for co-writing the song "The Crow, the Owl and the Dove" from Nightwish's 2011 album, "Imaginaerum".


title: Marko Hietala

text: In Delain, Hietala played bass for the album "Lucidity" and was also the main male vocalist on the album with featured vocals on the song "The Gathering". He is also featured as vocalist in two of the songs on Delain's second album "April Rain" and two songs from Delain's fourth album "The Human Contradiction".


title: Marko Hietala

text: In March 2009, Hietala joined the band Sapattivuosi. They cover Black Sabbath songs in Finnish. In this band, however, Hietala does not play bass; he only performs vocals.


title: Marko Hietala

text: On 1 April 2010 it was said that Hietala would leave the band to concentrate on a choir career. This was identified as an April Fool's joke, but was also a reference to his participation in "Kuorosota" (the localized Finnish version of "Clash of the Choirs") in 2010. Hietala was the master of the Kuopio choir in the program's second season. He came second in the contest, losing in the finals to the Joensuu choir, headed by pop rock singer Ilkka Alanko. Tarot's single "I Walk Forever", from the "Gravity of Light" album, was performed for the first time by Hietala, Tommi Salmela and the Kuopio choir during Kuorosota 2010; other songs performed included "The Phantom of the Opera", which Hietala has covered with Nightwish as well.


title: Marko Hietala

text: In June 2010, Hietala joined the heavy metal supergroup HAIL! on two occasions, performing Black Sabbath's Neon Knights with Ripper Owens, Andreas Kisser, James LoMenzo and Paul Bostaph at two of their shows in Finland.


title: Marko Hietala

text: On 14 August 2013, Hietala was the first singer to be confirmed by Arjen Lucassen to guest on Ayreon's new album "The Theory of Everything". In 2017 he joined Ayreon on stage for three shows at 013 Poppodium in Tilburg, the recording of these shows was later released as Ayreon's live album Ayreon Universe – The Best of Ayreon Live.


title: Marko Hietala

text: Hietala released his first solo album "Mustan sydämen rovio" in May 2019. He released the album under his birthname Marko Hietala and will be using the name also in his other projects in the future. Hietala has described his solo material as "hard prog". An English version of the album, titled "Pyre of the Black Heart" (Nuclear Blast), followed in January 2020. Joining him on the albums are drummer Anssi Nykänen, keyboardist Vili Ollila and guitarist Tuomas Wäinölä with whom he also toured in Finland in the summer and autumn of 2019. The band embarked on a European tour in February 2020.


title: Marko Hietala

text: On 12 January 2021, Hietala announced his withdrawal from the public eye and departure from Nightwish. On 22 January 2021, Swedish symphonic metal band Therion released a music video for the song "Tuonela" that featured Hietala.


title: Marko Hietala

text: On 18 June 2022, Northern Kings made a comeback that ended their 12-year hiatus and Hietala's 17-month break from the public. The band played at the 'Tuhdimmat Tahdit festival' in Nokia, Finland. Hietala later in an interview, stated that he has not made contact with the members of Nightwish since his departure from the band in January 2021, and expressed uncertainty that he will be returning to Nightwish.


title: Marko Hietala

text: Hietala has stated that the biggest influence on him as a bassist is Geezer Butler and Bob Daisley, while Ronnie James Dio and Rob Halford are his biggest influence as a vocalist. He has also stated that he listens to wide array of music ranging from "really sensitive stuff to a lot of really hard stuff", saying that he "tend[s] to soak up almost everything" which "somehow ends up being used" when he writes his own music.


title: Marko Hietala

text: Hietala has two children with his ex-wife Manki, twin boys Antto and Miro. He and his family currently live in Kuopio, Finland. When he is not touring, he enjoys reading books, playing video games, and watching movies. He especially likes fantasy, horror and science fiction books. In 2016, a Finnish newspaper reported that Hietala had filed for divorce. In August 2018 he married Camila Cavalcanti.


title: Marko Hietala

text: Born "Marko", Hietala has been regularly credited throughout his career as "Marco". He said he adopted the version with "c" when he was young and trying to sound "cool", but that now it doesn't matter to him anymore. Starting from Mustan sydämen rovio, he intends to be credited as Marko in all his future projects. He also referred to the "Marco" spelling as "the last lie I had constructed about myself".


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: Lee Jung-shin (; born September 15, 1991) is a South Korean musician, singer, rapper, and actor. He is the bassist of South Korean rock band CNBLUE, which debuted in January 2010 in South Korea.


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: Lee Jung-shin was born on September 15, 1991 in Seoul. His family consists of his parents and an older brother. His family lives in Ilsan, and he finished high school at Jung Bal High School in Ilsan.


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: Lee trained under FNC Entertainment in 2009, and in September of that year joined CNBLUE as a bassist, replacing Kwon Kwang-jin who left the band shortly after debut. Aside from being the band's bassist, he also serves as a rapper and backup vocalist.


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: Lee made his acting debut in 2012 KBS2 family drama "Seoyoung, My Daughter". It recorded a peak viewership rating of 47.6%, making it the highest rated Korean drama of 2013. Lee received praise for his performance, and garnered several "Best New Actor" nominations from local award giving bodies.


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: Lee was subsequently cast in supporting roles in saeguk "The Blade and Petal" (2013) and melodrama "Temptation" (2014); the later won him his first acting award, as "Best New Rising Star" at the 3rd DramaFever Awards.


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: In 2015, Lee played his first leading role in the KBS2 drama special "Thank You, My Son". The same year, he became a host of Mnet's "M Countdown" alongside Key of SHINee. He subsequently left the show in 2016.


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: In 2016, Lee starred alongside Jung Il-woo and Park So-dam in tvN's romantic comedy, "Cinderella with Four Knights". He released his first solo single, "Confession" for the drama's soundtrack.


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: In 2017, Lee starred in historical romance drama, "My Sassy Girl". The same year, he was cast in fantasy romance drama "Longing Heart". This marks his first lead role.


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: International Network of Street Papers announced Lee's photo has been included in the Top 5 nominees for INSP Awards for Best Photograph on June 7, 2019. Lee took photos from LOVE FNC Foundation's volunteer movement in Myanmar last February 2018 and contributed these photos exclusively to The Big Issue Korea for free. The winner was announced on INSP Awards Ceremony which held as part of the Global Street Paper Summit in Hannover, Germany, on June 19.


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: On July 22, 2019, Lee released his Japanese single, Blue Orion. He then dropped the album with this song and four more Japanese tracks on September 25.


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: In March 2021, Lee made his acting comeback following his military discharge in the web series, Summer Guys. The series aired on KT Seezn, AbemaTV, and Viu.


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: In September 2021, Lee was cast in the drama," Sh**ting Stars" alongside Lee Sung-Kyung and Kim Young-dae.


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: Lee held a charitable photo exhibition along with his brother, Lee Yong Shin from June 1 to 10, 2018, at Canon Gallery, Seoul Gangnam Canon Plex B1/F, 829 Seolleung Road. The exhibition entitled, We Blew Away Dandelion Puffs, captured the moments from their visit to the fourth LOVE FNC School in Kalaw and YWAM day care center in Yangon in Myanmar last February. They were with AOA's Kim Seol Hyun as part of a project organized by LOVE FNC Foundation. The framed photographs, postcards, and posters are for sale. The proceeds will be donated to fund a scholarship program in Myanmar.


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: On April 7, 2019, Hope Bridge National Disaster Relief Association reported Lee donated 10 million won for the victims of forest fires in Gangwon Province.


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: On October 25, 2021, Lee along with Korean photographer, Alex Kim held a V Live to support Alex Primary School Surongo in the Himalayas. The broadcast is partnered with LOVE FNC Foundation and Naver's Happybean Foundation.


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: He finished his basic military training, posting his photos on his personal Instagram account on September 5.


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: Lee hosted the Armed Forces Festival on October 8, 2018. The event was held from October 5 to 9. He was also the emcee for the military music concert, celebrating the 70th Anniversary of soldier establishment on October 10, 2018.


title: Lee Jung-shin

text: Lee was officially discharged from his military service on March 19, 2020, without returning to his base from his ETS leave according to the Ministry of National Defense’s policy.


title: Gujranwala

text: Gujranwala (; ) is a city and capital of Gujranwala Division located in Pakistan. It is also known as "City of Wrestlers" and is quite famous for its food. It is the 5th most populous city proper after Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad and Rawalpindi respectively. Founded in the 18th century, Gujranwala is a relatively modern town compared to the many nearby millennia-old cities of northern Punjab. The city served as the capital of the Sukerchakia Misl state between 1763 and 1799, and is the birthplace of the founder of the Sikh Empire, Maharaja Ranjit Singh.


title: Gujranwala

text: Gujranwala is now Pakistan's third largest industrial centre after Karachi and Faisalabad, and contributes 5% to 9% of Pakistan's national GDP. The city is part of a network of large urban centres in north-east Punjab province that forms one of Pakistan's mostly highly industrialized regions. Along with the nearby cities of Sialkot and Gujrat, Gujranwala forms part of the so-called "Golden Triangle" of industrial cities with export-oriented economies.


title: Gujranwala

text: Gujranwala's name means "Abode of the Gujjars" in Punjabi, and was named after the Gujjar tribe that live in northern Punjab. One local narrative suggests that the town was named after a Gujjar, Choudhry Gujjar, owner of the town's Persian wheel that supplied water to the town. Evidence suggests, however, that the city derives its name from Serai Gujran (meaning "inn of Gujjars"), a village once located near what is now Gujranwala's Khiyali Gate.


title: Gujranwala

text: Gujranwala was founded by Gurjars in the eighteenth century<ref name="dawn/22march2021"></ref> however the exact origins of Gujranwala are unclear. Unlike the ancient nearby cities of Sialkot and Lahore, Gujranwala is a relatively modern city. It may have been established as a village in the middle of the 16th century. Locals traditionally believe that Gujranwala's original name was Khanpur Sansi, though recent scholarship suggests that the village was possibly Serai Gujran instead - a village once located near what is now Gujranwala's Khiyali Gate that was mentioned by several sources during the 18th-century invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali.


title: Gujranwala

text: In 1707, with the death of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, Mughal power began to rapidly weaken especially following Nader Shah's invasion in 1739 and then completely dissipated from the Punjab region due to the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali who raided Punjab many times between 1747 and 1772 causing much devastation and chaos.


title: Gujranwala

text: Abdali's control over the region began to weaken in the latter part of the 18th century with the rise of the Sikh Misls (independent chieftainships usually consisting of the chief's kinsmen) who overran Punjab. Charat Singh, ruler of the Sukerchakia Misl, established himself in a fort which he had built in the area of Gujranwala between 1756 and 1758.