title: Jack Paar

text: Paar got his first taste of television in the early 1950s, appearing as a comic on "The Ed Sullivan Show" and hosting two game shows, "Up To Paar" (1952) and "Bank on the Stars" (1953), before hosting "The Morning Show" (1954) on CBS. He guest-starred twice in 1958 on Polly Bergen's short-lived NBC comedy/variety show, "The Polly Bergen Show".


title: Jack Paar

text: With the success of Steve Allen as the first host of "The Tonight Show", NBC gave him his own primetime variety hour in June 1956. Over the next seven months, Allen's "Tonight" duties were limited to three nights a week, with Ernie Kovacs filling in on Mondays and Tuesdays. Allen's heavy workload compelled Allen to leave "Tonight" in January 1957 and concentrate on his primetime show. For the next six months, NBC revamped the program as "Tonight! America After Dark", inspired by the network's "Today". The new late-night offering was a magazine show with different hosts in different cities, and was a huge, embarrassing failure. The network soon returned to its proven formula by reviving "Tonight" and hiring Jack Paar. With Paar as host, the show became a ratings success and would generate annual advertising sales of up to $15 million. The show was initially titled "Tonight Starring Jack Paar"; after 1959, it was officially known as "The Jack Paar Show".


title: Jack Paar

text: Paar often was unpredictable, emotional, and principled. When network censors cut a joke about a "water closet" (a term used for a toilet) from the show's February 10, 1960, broadcast tape before airtime without warning, Paar received national attention by walking off the program the following evening in protest, leaving announcer Hugh Downs to finish the show. Paar did not return until three weeks later, after the network apologized and he was allowed to tell the joke. Paar's emotional nature made the everyday routine of putting together a 105-minute program difficult to continue for more than five years. As a "TV Guide" item put it, he was "bone tired" of the grind, although he later confided to interviewer Dick Cavett that leaving the program was the greatest mistake of his life. He signed off the show for the last time on March 29, 1962, spending much of that final program ripping his enemies in the press, notably gossip columnists Walter Winchell and Dorothy Kilgallen.


title: Jack Paar

text: Near the end of the run of the show, Abel Green of "Variety" called him "the most vivid personality in TV since Milton Berle became Mister Television" and said that he was the first popular entertainer since "Amos 'n' Andy" to change the habits of a nation, influencing sales of TV sets for the bedroom. Green also claimed that Paar had created more stars than Major Bowes.


title: Jack Paar

text: Because NBC did not want to lose Paar to another network, it offered him a Friday primetime hour, giving him" carte blanche "on content and format. He agreed, deciding on a variation of his late-night format and titling the show "The Jack Paar Program". The show, which debuted in the fall of 1962, had a global perspective, debuting acts from around the world and showing films from exotic locations. Most of the films were of travels by guests such as Arthur Godfrey or Paar himself, including visits with Albert Schweitzer at his compound in Gabon in Central Africa, and Mary Martin at her home in the jungles of Brazil.


title: Jack Paar

text: Paar showed film clips of The Beatles performing, one month before their famous live appearance on "The Ed Sullivan Show".


title: Jack Paar

text: During the first half of 1964, a mock feud pitted Paar against his lead-in program, Englishman David Frost's news-satire series "That Was The Week That Was" ("TW3"). A typical exchange would have TW3 "signing off" the NBC Television Network just before the Paar program, with Paar responding that the show immediately preceding his was "Henry Morgan's Amateur Hour" (Morgan was a frequent guest on "TW3"). The feud suddenly evaporated when NBC moved "TW3" to a different time slot.


title: Jack Paar

text: Paar's primetime show aired for three years, including a wide variety of guests such as comedian Brother Dave Gardner, actor-director Peter Ustinov, actor Richard Burton, pianist-actor Oscar Levant, news icon Lowell Thomas, boxing champion Muhammad Ali reciting his poetry to piano accompaniment by Liberace, Judy Garland, Jonathan Winters, Woody Allen, Bill Cosby (whose nickname for Paar was "The Boss"), Bette Davis, Robert Morley, Cliff Arquette (as his Charley Weaver character), Dick Gregory, Lawrence of Arabia's brother, and many others. The final segment of the series, broadcast on June 25, 1965, featured Paar sitting alone on a stool, sharing a discussion that he had with his daughter Randy, who called Paar's departure a sabbatical. He said that his own field was, though not completely used up, "a little dry recently." Then he called to Leica, his German Shepherd, which came to him from the seats of what was, for once, an empty studio, and walked out. (Johnny Carson used the same format, "sans" dog, for his own farewell episode of "The Tonight Show" in 1992.)


title: Jack Paar

text: Decades later, Garry Shandling featured the clip of Paar's farewell in the series finale of "The Larry Sanders Show" in 1998, in a sequence showing Larry studying final episodes of late night shows to prepare for his own final episode.


title: Jack Paar

text: In the late 1960s, Paar lived in Maine where he owned and operated television station WMTW, an ABC network affiliate in Poland Spring, Maine.


title: Jack Paar

text: Paar returned to television with a show in January 1973, on "Jack Paar Tonite", which aired one week per month as one of several rotating shows on "ABC's Wide World of Entertainment". Paar said it was the most he was willing to appear, and that he would not have appeared at all unless ABC had committed to keeping Dick Cavett, one of his former writers, on the air. Paar's announcer for this program was comic actress Peggy Cass. Perhaps its most memorable events were the national television debuts, on separate evenings, of comics Freddie Prinze and Martin Mull. Paar stayed on the show, which was in direct competition with "Tonight", for one year before quitting. Dissatisfied with the rotation scheme, he complained that even his own mother didn't know when he was on. Paar later expressed discomfort with developments in television media and once said he had trouble interviewing people dressed in "overalls", a reference to young rock acts.


title: Jack Paar

text: In the 1980s and 1990s, Paar made rare guest appearances on "Donahue", "The Tonight Show" (hosted by Johnny Carson, then Jay Leno), and "Late Night with David Letterman", as well as on Charles Grodin's CNBC talk show. In his appearance on Letterman, which taped across the hall from Studio 6B, Paar took the host into a dressing room with a closet where Jim Henson and his puppeteers had painted artwork on a set of pipes some 20 years earlier while waiting to appear on Paar's program. The artwork remained intact and NBC has since preserved the pipes for inclusion on the studio tour.


title: Jack Paar

text: He participated in the 1987 TV retrospective show "This Is Your Life" honoring Betty White, sharing an anecdote about trying to fix her up with someone before she met Allen Ludden.


title: Jack Paar

text: In his 1962 book, "My Saber is Bent", Paar wrote in a chapter titled "Fairies and Communists", "There used to be a time when it looked like the Communists were taking over show business. Now it's fairies. They operate a lot alike, actually; both have a tendency to colonize. Just as there used to be no such thing as one Communist in a play or movie, now there is no such thing as one fairy. Where you find one, you usually find a baker's dozen swishing around... When I hear that some fairy is producing or directing or acting in a play, I can often name some of the rest of the cast, even if I've never heard it... The poor darlings, as they sometimes call themselves, are everywhere in show business. The theater is infested with them and it's beginning to show the effects. 'The New York theater is dying,' the late Ernie Kovacs complained recently, 'Killed by limp wrists.'" In addition to criticizing gay men in theater and film, Paar also criticized gay men in the fashion industry: "I hope that all red-blooded men will rally to my crusade to have girls look like girls again. If we show our determination I'm sure that women will throw off the tyranny of fairy designers."


title: Jack Paar

text: In March 1973, during the run of "Jack Paar Tonite", following protests from members of Gay Activists Alliance, Paar apologized for his anti-gay remarks and invited representatives of the organization on the show to explain why he "and other entertainers should not call homosexuals 'fairies,' 'dykes' and 'fags.'"


title: Jack Paar

text: Reflecting on the controversy, Jonathan Winters, who had been a frequent guest of Paar's, asked Dick Cavett: "Dick, did you ever think that Jack was maybe deep in the closet?”


title: Jack Paar

text: In 1984, Paar came out of retirement once again for the Museum of Broadcasting's "Tribute to Jack Paar", produced by Kevin Doherty, making two live appearances in New York. This led to his 1986 NBC special "Jack Paar Comes Home". The following year, a second special, "Jack Paar Is Alive and Well", was broadcast by the network. Both were made up largely of black-and-white kinescoped clips used at the tribute from "Tonight" and from Paar's primetime program, to which he maintained the copyright. Although most of Paar's "Tonight Shows" were taped (in color from 1960), only a few moments are known to exist in this format.


title: Jack Paar

text: In 1997, PBS television devoted an edition of the "American Masters" series to Paar's career, and in 2003 revisited the topic with another hour-long examination of his work, titled "Smart Television".


title: Jack Paar

text: In the spring of 2004, a memorial for Paar was held at the Museum of Television and Radio in New York City. Ron Simon, one of the museum's television and radio curators, was host and moderator, with appearances and speeches by television talk show host Dick Cavett, Turner Classic Movies (TCM) television host Robert Osborne, and Paar's daughter, Randy.


title: Jack Paar

text: Paar was nominated for an Emmy award for Best Performance by a Continuing Character in a Musical or Variety Series in 1951, and nominated again in 1958 for an Emmy for Best Continuing Performance in a Series by a Comedian, Singer, Host, Dancer, M.C., Announcer, Narrator, or Panelist. He did not win either time.


title: Jack Paar

text: Paar was married twice to his first wife, Irene Paar (née Gubbins). After divorcing, the couple remarried in 1940 in Ohio, only to divorce again. He then married his second wife, Miriam Wagner, in 1943, and they remained together until his death.


title: Jack Paar

text: During the 1990s, Paar's health began to decline steadily. He had triple-bypass heart surgery in 1998 and suffered a stroke in 2003. The following year he died at his home in Greenwich, Connecticut, with Miriam and their daughter Randy at his bedside. Paar's body was cremated, and his ashes returned to his family.


title: Self-deprecation

text: Self-deprecation is the act of reprimanding oneself by belittling, undervaluing, disparaging oneself, or being excessively modest. It can be used as a way to make complaints, express modesty, invoke optimal reactions or add humour. It may also be used as a way for individuals to appear more likable and agreeable. Self-deprecation often reflects low self-esteem and is associated with depression and anxiety and has become increasingly popular on social media, especially among Gen Z.


title: Self-deprecation

text: ’Self-deprecation’ is more properly ‘self-depreciation’, since the former (from Latin "precari" prayer) means ‘to pray against oneself’ and the latter (from Latin "precium" value) means to devalue oneself.


title: Self-deprecation

text: Self-deprecation was recommended by philosophers of Stoicism as a response to insults. Instead of getting defensive, people should join in by insulting themselves even more. According to the Stoics, this will remove the sting from the insult. It will also disappoint the interlocutor because the person failed to show upset in response to words that were supposed to hurt them, thereby reducing the chance that they will try to upset the person like that again. People prefer self-criticism over being criticized by others.


title: Self-deprecation

text: However, researchers believe it can have an overall negative effect on users. It can result in them feeling that they don't deserve praise and undermining their own authority.


title: Self-deprecation

text: Engaging in self deprecation allows individuals to appear more likable by showing off their flaws and deflecting praise. People tend to have more negative impressions of individuals who seem boastful and who talk positively about themselves. They are often perceived as arrogant, but this doesn't occur when one describes themselves in a negative way. A person might self-deprecate after achieving something in fear of their accomplishment threatening the self-concept of others. People with higher statuses (i.e., is wealthy, has many accomplishments, are physically attractive) are perceived more positively if they self-deprecate by highlighting their own personal flaws and downplay their successes.


title: Self-deprecation

text: In traditional British-English culture, self-deprecation is considered to be an element of modesty. Modesty is considered a virtue, often contrasted to the North American demonstration of self-confidence, often taken for boasting. This is characteristic such as in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, where "blowing one's own trumpet" is frowned upon. In stereotypical English behavior, belittling themselves means appearing polite by putting someone else first.


title: Self-deprecation

text: Self-deprecation is seen as a major component of the comedy of many North American comedians such as Rodney Dangerfield, Woody Allen, Nathan Fielder, Don Knotts, Joan Rivers, etc.


title: Self-deprecation

text: Since the rise of social media, self-deprecating humor has become increasingly popular on certain social media platforms such as Instagram, Twitter and TikTok, especially among Gen Z. This phenomenon can also be observed among millennials who find satisfaction in self-humiliation. Self-deprecating jokes typically revolve about feeling dead inside, having a mental illness or about people blaming themselves for anything bad that happens in their life. These posts tend to be more popular because it allows users to not feel alone in not being able to live a perfect life. According to the American Psychological Association, 91% of Gen Z between ages 18-21 in the last month have experienced at least one physical or emotional symptom due to stress. This statistic is the highest rate ever recorded, demonstrating the increase of mental health issues that Gen Z experiences. In return, users turn to self-deprecating memes on social media to cope.


title: Self-deprecation

text: Social media can be public yet personal and has norms most users follow to avoid being criticized. These types of self-deprecating jokes can let people feel free from the pressure of needing to appear perfect. It lets users display their less-desirable traits or habits while preventing feelings of embarrassment.


title: Self-deprecation

text: Boasting on social media, just like in real life, is often perceived negatively and is another reason why users gravitate towards self-deprecation to appear more likable. People also tend to like a person more if positive information about them is presented by a third party rather than from themselves, even if it is the same information. Furthermore, using self-deprecating hash tags allows individuals to be perceived as less arrogant and more humorous.


title: Kushi (2022 film)

text: Kushi () is an upcoming Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film written and directed by Shiva Nirvana. Produced by Mythri Movie Makers, it stars Vijay Deverakonda and Samantha Ruth Prabhu. This film is scheduled to be released in 2023.


title: Kushi (2022 film)

text: In December 2019, it was announced that Shiva Nirvana would direct Vijay Deverakonda with Dil Raju producing it under Sri Venkateswara Creations. The film was then formally launched in April 2022, under the tentative title #"VD11" with Mythri Movie Makers producing the film. In May 2022, the film's title was officially revealed to be "Kushi".


title: Kushi (2022 film)

text: Principal photography commenced in April 2022. The first schedule that took place in Kashmir concluded in May 2022. The filming paused in June 2022 due to Samantha’s illness.


title: Kushi (2022 film)

text: "Kushi" is scheduled to theatrically released in 2023 between January to April Telugu along with dubbed versions in Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam languages. Makers have decided that now it will be released in Hindi as well.


title: Catherine the Great (miniseries)

text: Catherine the Great is a British-American miniseries in four parts written by Nigel Williams and directed by Philip Martin for Sky Atlantic and HBO Miniseries. It stars Helen Mirren as the titular Catherine the Great.


title: Catherine the Great (miniseries)

text: The miniseries premiered in its entirety on 3 October 2019 on Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom. It debuted on 21 October 2019 on HBO in the United States. The show was also distributed worldwide by Sky Vision.


title: Catherine the Great (miniseries)

text: The miniseries depicts Empress Catherine II of Russia's reign, from 1764, two years after taking power, until her death in 1796.


title: Catherine the Great (miniseries)

text: The majority of filming took place in Lithuania, due to scenery of the country and favourable film tax incentives - Vilnius, Pažaislis monastery and Trakai Island Castle.


title: Catherine the Great (miniseries)

text: A large part of filming, in particular the episodes happening in the throne room, many corridor episodes, the cross-dressing ball at the end of Episode 1, and the scenes that take place on the stairs outside the palace, were filmed in Rundāle Palace in Latvia. Other scenes were filmed in St Petersburg, Peterhof Palace, and Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo Russia.


title: Catherine the Great (miniseries)

text: The four-part miniseries premiered in its entirety on Sky Atlantic, On Demand and Now TV in the United Kingdom on 3 October 2019. It debuted in its entirety on HBO Go and HBO Now in the United States on 21 October 2019, while HBO broadcast one part per week until 11 November 2019. "Catherine the Great" premiered on Fox Showcase in Australia on 3 November 2019.


title: Catherine the Great (miniseries)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 68% based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Though its sumptuous setting and design often outshines its storytelling, Catherine the Great remains a seductive, if scattershot, period drama thanks to the great Helen Mirren". On Metacritic, the series has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Catherine the Great (miniseries)

text: "The Guardian", while praising Helen Mirren's (Helen Mirronoff, daughter of a Russian émigré) performance, found the work, overall, lacking.


title: Catherine the Great (miniseries)

text: "Variety" wrote: "Stepping back from the series' four episodes reveals a disappointing lack of ambition in portraying such a titanic force's final days".


title: Catherine the Great (miniseries)

text: Mike Hale of "The New York Times" criticized the film for having "a lot of yelling and passionate making up", and called it "a little distant and slightly embarrassing", comparing it to "a couple you don't know arguing in a parking lot".


title: Catherine the Great (miniseries)

text: Brian Lowry of CNN wrote "The peccadilloes of royalty never go out of fashion, but Catherine -- with her tumultuous decades-long reign -- brings more intrigue to the party than most".


title: Catherine the Great (miniseries)

text: "Vanity Fairs Sonia Saraiya said that "Catherine the Great reframes her desire as part of her glory - and revels in that glory, without asking too many awkward questions".


title: Catherine the Great (miniseries)

text: According to David Fear of the "Rolling Stone", "You can feel that [directors] are relying on the mighty Dame Helen to do most of the dramatic heavy lifting here. You can also sense when, despite her best efforts, that particular plan of action still falls short".


title: Museum of the Future

text: The Museum of the Future (Arabic: متحف المستقبل) is an exhibition space for innovative and futuristic ideologies, services, and products. Located in the Financial District of Dubai, UAE, the Museum of the Future has three main elements: green hill, building, and void. Founded by the Dubai Future Foundation.


title: Museum of the Future

text: It was set to open in 2021, but as of December of that year had yet to fully do so. The Government of the United Arab Emirates later opened the museum on 22 February 2022. The choice of the date was officially made because the 22nd of February 2022 is a palindrome date.


title: Museum of the Future

text: The goal of this museum is to promote technological development and innovation, especially in the fields of robotics and artificial intelligence (AI).


title: Museum of the Future

text: Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, ruler of Dubai and Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE, announced on 4 March 2015 plans to establish the Museum of the Future after it was showcased in February 2015 during the Government Summit.


title: Museum of the Future

text: On 7 February 2016, Mohammed bin Rashid inaugurated the Museum of the Future exhibition as part of the World Government Summit 2016. On 24 April 2016, Mohammed bin Rashid launched 'Dubai Future Foundation'. Under the new structure, the Museum of the Future became a part of the Dubai Future Foundation.


title: Museum of the Future

text: On 10 February 2017 and 9 February 2018, the Museum of the future opened temporarily at Madinat Jumeirah during the World Government Summit.


title: Museum of the Future

text: On 22 February 2022, the Museum of the Future was officially opened at 7pm Dubai Time. The opening ceremony and the right to open the Museum were given to Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum; alongside Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Crown Prince of Dubai, and Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum.


title: Museum of the Future

text: As part of the World Government Summit, the Museum of the Future has held several exhibitions since its inauguration in 2016. Each of the exhibitions had a different theme focused on the role of technology in the different sectors.


title: Museum of the Future

text: Held in October 2016, the "Mechanic Life" exhibition explored the idea of having sophisticated robots that understand emotions. It also focused on artificial intelligence and human augmentation.


title: Museum of the Future

text: The exhibition, which was held in 2017, adopted a theme set in 2050 to explore how humanity could thrive by welcoming radical innovations and despite the impacts of global warming and climate change. It focused on the three key factors contributing to humanity’s ecological footprint, and these are urbanism, agriculture and global industry.


title: Museum of the Future

text: The "Hi I am AI" exhibition was held in 2018 to showcase how AI-powered buildings would serve humanity. It discussed several notions, including whether AI could be creative and what would humanity’s future be like in an AI era.


title: Museum of the Future

text: The sixth exhibition of the Museum of the Future was held in 2019, and it explored the concepts of human augmentation and focused on the human body and mind.


title: Museum of the Future

text: The Museum of the Future claims that it seeks to foster solutions to the challenges that future cities face, in addition to housing innovations and being a hub that brings researchers, designers, inventors and financiers under one roof.


title: Museum of the Future

text: The museum will host innovation labs dedicated to several sectors, including health, education, smart cities, energy and transport. It will also support and test new inventions in partnership with research institutes and universities.


title: Museum of the Future

text: One of the world’s most complex structures, the Museum of the Future was designed by Killa Design architecture studio and engineered by Buro Happold. The building aims for a LEED Platinum rating in terms of its green rating.


title: Museum of the Future

text: The exterior façade of the building comprises windows that form an Arabic poem by Dubai's ruler about the emirate’s future. The words written on the Dubai Museum of the Future are 3 quotes from Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates are:


title: Museum of the Future

text: ·      We won't live for hundreds of years, but we can create something that will last for hundreds of years.


title: Museum of the Future

text: ·      The future will be for those who will be able to imagine, design and build it, the future does not wait, the future can be designed and built today.


title: Museum of the Future

text: ·      The secret of the renewal of life, the development of civilization and the progress of humanity is in one word: innovation.


title: Museum of the Future

text: The Arabic calligraphy engraved quotes on the Museum of the Future in Dubai is written by Emirati artist Matar Bin Lahej.


title: Museum of the Future

text: This torus-shaped shell sits on top of the building and comprises 1,024 fire-retardant composite panels clad in stainless steel, and each of which has a unique 3D shape to create the Arabic script.


title: Museum of the Future

text: Killa Design and Buro Happold developed new parametric design and Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools, including a growth algorithm that employs digital means to grow the internal steel structure. Danem Engineering Works was one of the steel structure contractors for the project.


title: Museum of the Future

text: The museum has seven floors dedicated to different exhibitions. Three floors focus on outer space resource development, ecosystems and bioengineering, and health and wellbeing. The other floors showcase near-future technologies that address challenges in areas including health, water, food, transportation, and energy, while the last floor is dedicated to children.


title: Museum of the Future

text: On 30 June 2015, Dubai revealed plans to build the world's first fully functional 3D printed building, the "Office of The Future". The project is the first major initiative of the Museum of the Future.


title: Museum of the Future

text: On 17 February 2016, the Dubai Future Foundation announced the launch of the Global Blockchain Council to explore and discuss current and future applications, and organize transactions through the Blockchain platform.


title: Museum of the Future

text: On 28 March 2016, the Dubai Future Foundation launched the Mostaqbal Portal, an initiative to cover the latest findings of the technology and science sector on a daily basis by publishing studies, research findings, visual material and infographics in Arabic in simplified and easy-to-understand language.


title: Jen Lilley

text: Jennifer Lilley (born August 4, 1984) is an American actress and singer. Lilley played a supporting role in the 2011 film "The Artist", temporarily portrayed Maxie Jones on the ABC soap opera "General Hospital" from September 2011 to August 2012, and has played the character of Theresa Donovan on NBC's soap opera "Days of Our Lives" from July 2013 to November 2016 and again from May to July 2018. She has also starred in several television films from Hallmark Channel.


title: Jen Lilley

text: Lilley was born in Roanoke, Virginia to Ellen and Vincent Lilley. She is the second oldest of four children. She has two brothers, Michael and Ryan, and one sister, Katherine. Lilley graduated from Cave Spring High School.<ref name="Soap Opera Digest. May 8, 2012/">"Free Lilley." "Soap Opera Digest." May 8, 2012. p. 55.</ref> She went on to attend the University of Virginia and graduated early with "magna cum laude" honors.


title: Jen Lilley

text: In 2011, Lilley had a supporting role in director Michel Hazanavicius's silent movie "The Artist". She also appeared as Monie in the "iCarly" TV movie, "iParty with Victorious".


title: Jen Lilley

text: In the fall of 2011, Lilley took over the role of Maxie Jones, as a temporary recast for Kirsten Storms on "General Hospital" while she was on medical leave for endometriosis. She made her on-screen debut on September 28, 2011. In August 2012, Lilley confirmed that she had finished taping and made her on-screen exit on August 20, 2012; Storms later returned on September 5.


title: Jen Lilley

text: In April 2013, Lilley joined the cast of "Days of Our Lives" as a newly created character. She made her on-screen debut as Theresa Donovan on July 3, 2013. In June 2016, she confirmed she was exiting the soap due to the demanding filming schedule hindering her ability to pursue other commitments and opportunities. Lilley reprised her portrayal as Theresa in May–July 2018. In November 2016, Lilley appeared in a film for the Hallmark Channel titled "A Dash of Love".


title: Jen Lilley

text: In the summer of 2014, Lilley traveled to Georgia, where she hosted and sang in a benefit concert with SOWEGA Art Performance to raise funds for ONEless Ministries.


title: Jen Lilley

text: On November 24, 2015, Lilley released her first Christmas album, "Tinsel Time". The album's title track premiered on "TV Guide"s TV Insider. On October 5, 2018, Lilley debuted her studio single, "King of Hearts" from her forthcoming album, "Lilley".


title: Jen Lilley

text: On May 26, 2007, Lilley married Jason Wayne. In 2016, Lilley and her husband became foster parents through the organization, Childhelp. In June 2019, Lilley and Wayne adopted their two foster sons and in July 2019, she gave birth to a daughter. In May 2022, Lilley gave birth to the couple's fourth child, another daughter.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: The Organisation Armée Secrète (OAS, "Secret Armed Organisation") was a far-right French dissident paramilitary organisation during the Algerian War. The OAS carried out terrorist attacks, including bombings and assassinations, in an attempt to prevent Algeria's independence from French colonial rule. Its motto was "" ("Algeria is French and will remain so").


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: The OAS was formed from existing networks, calling themselves "counter-terrorists", "self-defence groups", or "resistance", which had carried out attacks on the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) and their perceived supporters since early in the war. It was officially formed in Francoist Spain, in Madrid in January 1961, as a response by some French politicians and French military officers to the 8 January 1961 referendum on self-determination concerning Algeria, which had been organised by President de Gaulle.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: By acts of bombings and targeted assassinations in both metropolitan France and French Algerian territories, which are estimated to have resulted in 2,000 deaths between April 1961 and April 1962, the OAS attempted to prevent Algerian independence. This campaign culminated in a wave of attacks that followed the March 1962 Évian Accords, which granted independence to Algeria and marked the beginning of the exodus of the "pieds-noirs", and in Jean Bastien-Thiry's 1962 assassination attempt against president de Gaulle in the Paris suburb of Le Petit-Clamart. Another prominent target was the existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, who supported the FLN.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: The OAS still has admirers in French nationalist movements. In July 2006, some OAS sympathisers attempted to relight the flame of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier to commemorate the Oran massacre on 5 July 1962.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: The OAS was created in response to the January 1961 referendum on self-determination for Algeria. It was founded in Spain, in January 1961, by former officers, Pierre Lagaillarde (who led the 1960 Siege of Algiers), General Raoul Salan (who took part in the 1961 Algiers putsch or "Generals' Uprising") and Jean-Jacques Susini, along with other members of the French Army, including Yves Guérin-Sérac, and former members of the French Foreign Legion from the First Indochina War (1946–1954). "OAS-Métro", the branch in metropolitan France, was led by captain Pierre Sergent. These officers united earlier anti-FLN networks such as the "Organisation de Résistance de L'Algérie Française". While the movement had a broadly anticommunist and authoritarian base, in common with the political outlook of many "colons", it also included many ex-communists and a number of members who saw its struggle in terms of defending fraternal bonds between Algerians and the "colons" against the FLN. In France the OAS mainly recruited amongst overtly fascist political groups. In Algeria its makeup was more politically diverse, and included a group of Algerian Jews, led by Jean Guenassia, who began armed resistance after a series of FLN attacks on the Jewish quarter in Oran. Some Algerian OAS members conceived of the conflict in terms of the French Resistance, and in contrast to later Gaullist depictions of the movement, it included a number of former Resistance members in addition to Vichy collaborators.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: Resistance against Algerian independence commenced in January 1960, with further violence breaking out in 1961 during the General's Uprising. Daniele Ganser of the ETH Parallel History Project claims that Gladio stay-behind networks, directed by NATO, were involved, but no definitive proof has been found. Both of these insurrections were swiftly suppressed and many of the leaders who had created the OAS were imprisoned.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: By acts of sabotage and assassination in both metropolitan France and French Algerian territories, the OAS attempted to prevent Algerian independence. The first victim was Pierre Popie, attorney and president of the People's Republican Movement ("Mouvement Républicain Populaire", MRP), who stated on TV, "French Algeria is dead" ("L’Algérie française est morte"). Roger Gavoury, head of the French police in Algiers, was assassinated at the direction of Roger Degueldre, leader of the OAS Commando Delta, with the actual killing done by Claude Piegts and Albert Dovecar on 31 May 1961 (Piegts and Dovecar were executed by a firing-squad on 7 June 1962; Degueldre on 6 July). The OAS became notorious for "stroungas", attacks using plastic explosives.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: In October 1961 Pierre Lagaillarde, who had escaped to Francoist Spain following the 1960 barricades week, was arrested in Madrid, along with the Italian activist Guido Giannettini. Franco then exiled him to the Canary Islands.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: The Delta commandos engaged in indiscriminate killing sprees, on 17 March 1962; against cleaning-ladies on 5 May; on 15 March 1962 against six inspectors of the National Education Ministry, who directed the "Educative Social Centres" ("Centres sociaux éducatifs"), including Mouloud Feraoun, an Algerian writer, etc. It is estimated that the assassinations carried out by the OAS between April 1961 and April 1962 left 2,000 people dead and twice as many wounded.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: The OAS attempted several times to assassinate French president Charles de Gaulle. The most prominent attempt was a 22 August 1962 ambush at Petit-Clamart, a Paris suburb, planned by a military engineer who was not an OAS member, Jean Bastien-Thiry. Bastien-Thiry was executed in March 1963 after de Gaulle refused to grant him amnesty. A fictionalised version of this attack was recreated in the 1971 book by Frederick Forsyth, "The Day of the Jackal", and in the 1973 film of the same name.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: The OAS use of extreme violence created strong opposition from some "pieds-noirs" and in mainland France. As a result, the OAS eventually found itself in violent clandestine conflict with not only the FLN but also French secret services and with a Gaullist paramilitary, the "Mouvement pour la Communauté" (the MPC). Originally a political movement in Algiers, the MPC eventually became a paramilitary force in response to OAS violence. The group obtained valuable information which was routinely passed on to the French secret services, but was eventually destroyed by OAS assassinations..


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: The main hope of the OAS was to prove that the FLN was secretly restarting military action after a ceasefire was agreed in the Evian agreements of 19 March 1962 and the referendum of June 1962, so during these three months, the OAS unleashed a new terrorist campaign to force the FLN to abandon the ceasefire. Over 100 bombs a day were detonated by the OAS in March in pursuit of this goal. OAS operatives set off an average of 120 bombs per day in March, with targets including hospitals and schools. Dozens of Arab residents were killed at Place du Gouvernement when 24 mortar rounds were fired from the European stronghold of Bab el-Oued. On 21 March, the OAS issued a flyer where they proclaimed that the French military had become an "occupation force." It organized car bombings: 25 killed in Oran on 28 February 1962 and 62 killed in Algiers on 2 May, among others. On 22 March, they took control of Bab el-Oued and attacked French soldiers, killing six of them. The French military then surrounded them and stormed the neighbourhood. The battle killed 35 and injured 150. On 26 March, the leaders of the OAS proclaimed a general strike in Algiers and called for the European settlers to come to Bab el-Oued in order to break the blockade by military forces loyal to de Gaulle and the Republic. A detachment of "tirailleurs" (Muslim troops in the French Army) fired on the demonstrators, killing 54, injuring 140, and traumatising the settlers' population in what is known as the "gunfight of the Rue d'Isly". In coincidence with the uprising of Bab-el Oued, 200 OAS "maquis" marched from Algiers to Ouarsenis, a mountainous region between Oran and Algiers. They tried to overrun two French military outposts and gain support for local Muslim tribes loyal to France, but instead they were harassed and eventually defeated by Legion units led by Colonel Albert Brothier after several days of fighting. Some clashes between the French army and the OAS involving grenades and mortar fire took place at Oran as late as 10 April. At least one Lieutenant and one Second-Lieutenant were killed by the OAS during the fighting.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: In April 1962 the OAS leader, Raoul Salan was captured. Despite the OAS bombing campaign, the FLN remained resolute in its agreement to the ceasefire and on 17 June 1962 the OAS also began a ceasefire. The Algerian authority officially guaranteed the security of the remaining Europeans, but in early July 1962 the Oran Massacre occurred; hundreds of armed people came down to European areas of the city, attacking European civilians. The violence lasted several hours, including lynching and acts of torture in public places in all areas of Oran by civilians supported by the ALN—the armed wing of the FLN, at the time evolving into the Algerian Army— resulting in 3,000 missing people:


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: By 1963, the main OAS operatives were either killed or in jail. Claude Piegts and Albert Dovecar were executed by firing squad on 7 June 1962, and Roger Degueldre on 6 July 1962. Jean Bastien-Thiry, who had attempted the Petit-Clamart assassination on de Gaulle, but was not formally a member of the OAS, was also executed, on 11 March 1963. With the arrest of Gilles Buscia in 1965, the organisation effectively ceased to exist. The jailed OAS members were amnestied by De Gaulle under a July 1968 act. Putschist generals still alive in November 1982 were reintegrated into the Army by another amnesty law: Raoul Salan, Edmond Jouhaud, and six other generals benefited from this law.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: Many OAS members later took part in various anti-communist struggles around the world. Following the disbandment of the organisation, and the execution of several of its members, the OAS chaplain, Georges Grasset, organised the flight of OAS members, from a route going from Paris to Francoist Spain and finally to Argentina. Grasset arrived in 1962 in Buenos Aires to take charge of the Argentine branch of the Cité Catholique, an integral Catholic group formed by Jean Ousset, the personal secretary of Charles Maurras, as an offshoot of the monarchist "Action Française". This anti-communist religious organisation was formed of many Algerian war veterans and close to the OAS. Charles Lacheroy and Colonel Trinquier, who theorised the systemic use of torture in counter-insurgency doctrine in "Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency" (1961), were members, along with Colonel Jean Gardes, who had first theorised counter-insurgency tactics during the Indochina War (1947–1954), Jean Ousset developed the concept of "subversion" referring to an essential enemy threatening the existence of Occident itself. Gardes arrived in Argentina in 1963, a year after the end of the Algerian War. There, he delivered counter-insurgency courses at the ESMA, which became infamous during the "Dirty War" in the 1970s for being used as an internment and torture center. Soon after Gardes met Federico Lucas Roussillon, an Argentine naval lieutenant commander, the cadets at the ESMA were shown the film "The Battle of Algiers" (1966) by Italian director Gillo Pontecorvo, during which the fictional Lieutenant-Colonel Mathieu and his paratroops make systematic use of torture, block warden system, and death flights.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: The Argentine admiral Luis María Mendía testified in January 2007 that a French intelligence agent, Bertrand de Perseval, had participated in the "disappearance" of the two French nuns, Léonie Duquet and Alice Domon. Perseval, who lives today in Thailand, denied any links with the abduction, but did admit being a former OAS member who escaped to Argentina after the Evian agreements.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: The financial crime expert Veit Buetterlin named the OAS as an example of a terror group which committed bank robberies to finance its operations. In a CNN interview, Buetterlin mentioned the attempted assassination of Charles de Gaulle as a historic example and related it to cases of the recent past where sanctioned parties are conducting cyber attacks on banks to acquire funds illegally.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: The OAS is referenced in Ian Fleming's 1963 novel "On Her Majesty's Secret Service". James Bond's future father-in-law Marc-Ange, the head of a Corsican crime faction known as Union Corse, refers to the OAS in chapter 24, due to the OAS having a French military helicopter in their possession. Because of the OAS indebtedness to Marc-Ange and the Union Corse, the helicopter is loaned to the MI-6 – Marc-Ange/Union Corse coalition endeavoring to thwart Ernst Stavro Blofeld's plot to unleash biological warfare in the UK's agricultural industry.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: OAS graffiti appears outside a bakery approximately eight minutes into the 1963 film "The Bakery Girl of Monceau". Two minutes later, following the second appearance of the exterior, similar graffiti appears to have been removed from the facade of the bakery.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: The OAS featured prominently in Jack Higgins' 1964 novel "Wrath of the Lion", in which the organization fictionally manages to suborn the crew of a French Navy submarine and use it for missions of revenge.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: Alain Cavalier's 1964 film "L'Insoumis" stars Alain Delon as a deserter from the French Foreign Legion who joins the OAS on a kidnapping mission.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: The OAS features prominently in the 1971 novel "The Day of the Jackal" by Frederick Forsyth, and its film adaptation. The story deals primarily with a fictional assassination plot against Charles de Gaulle, where the organisation hires a British contract killer (the Jackal) to kill de Gaulle. Bastien-Thiry and the Petit-Clamart plot figure prominently in the early sections of the story. Forsyth also mentions the OAS in his 1974 novel "The Dogs of War", with several of its protagonists having joined the movement. The fictional Colonel Rodin from "Jackal" is also alluded to.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: The OAS is referenced in the Oliver Stone film "JFK", as suspected conspirator Clay Shaw (played by Tommy Lee Jones) is alleged to have business connections with them. The plot to assassinate De Gaulle at the Paris suburb of Petit-Clamart is also mentioned several times in the film.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: The 2002 movie Legion of Honor is about an Englishman who joins the Foreign Legion and is set in Algeria shortly before their independence and "OAS" is mentioned numerous times as well as shown in graffiti outside a number of structures.


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: The OAS is referred to in the 2008 film "Mesrine: Public Enemy No.1" ("L'Instinc de Mort)", describing the life of French criminal Jacques Mesrine. The character of Guido (played by Gérard Depardieu) is a member of OAS. Guido mentions OAS multiple times and together with Mesrine he assassinates another OAS member, who in his last moments declares: "De Gaulle killed us".


title: Organisation armée secrète

text: In November 2016, an extreme right-wing terrorist cell calling itself the "Organisation d’armées sociales" (OAS) emerged in France. The acronym was a nod to the original Organisation Armée Secrète. It was inspired by Norwegian far-right terrorist Anders Behring Breivik and consisted of 9 people led by former Action Française activist Logan Nisin. The cell had planned attacks against kebab shops, places of worship (especially mosques), drug dealers and politicians: Jean-Luc Mélenchon and Christophe Castaner were specific targets. The group was taken down by French authorities in November 2017 before it was able to accomplish any attacks.


title: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out

text: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out is the debut studio album by American pop rock band Panic! at the Disco. Produced by Matt Squire, the album was released on September 27, 2005, through Decaydance and Fueled by Ramen. The group formed in Las Vegas in 2004 and began posting demos online, which caught the attention of Fall Out Boy bassist Pete Wentz. Wentz signed the group to his own imprint label, Decaydance, without them having ever performed live. It is the only album released during original bassist Brent Wilson's time in the band, but the exact nature of his involvement in the writing and recording process became a source of contention upon his dismissal from the group in mid-2006.


title: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out

text: The album was recorded on a small budget at SOMD! Studios in College Park, Maryland over several weeks in June 2005. The group had only graduated from high school one month before. With lyrics written by lead guitarist/backing vocalist Ryan Ross, the album is divided into halves stylistically; the first half is primarily pop punk with elements of electronic, while the second employs more traditional instrumentation, with influences of baroque pop.


title: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out

text: Upon its release, "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" became a commercial success. Its second single, "I Write Sins Not Tragedies", became a top 10 hit in the United States. It helped bolster sales to 1.8 million in the US by 2011, making it the group's best-selling release. Despite its sales, the album polarized music critics, with many praising the album's catchiness and others questioning its originality. The band promoted the record with stints on the Nintendo Fusion Tour before its first headlining tour, the Nothing Rhymes With Circus Tour. In late 2015, its certification was upgraded to RIAA double platinum for 2 million shipments.


title: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out

text: The band was formed in 2004, at this time named Pet Salamander, in the suburban area of Summerlin, Las Vegas, by childhood friends Ryan Ross on guitar and Spencer Smith on drums. Both teens attended Bishop Gorman High School and they began playing music together in ninth grade. They invited their friend Brent Wilson from nearby Palo Verde High School to join on bass guitar, and Wilson invited his classmate Brendon Urie to try out on guitar. They soon began rehearsing in Smith's grandmother's living room. Urie grew up in a Mormon family in Las Vegas and early on skipped rehearsals to go to church. Ross initially was the lead vocalist for the group, but on hearing Urie singing backing vocals during an early rehearsal, they unanimously decided to move him to lead. They initially worked purely as a Blink-182 cover band.


title: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out

text: The monotonous nature of local Las Vegas bands influenced them to be different and creative, and they soon began recording experimental demos. Ross and Urie soon began to record on their laptops the demos they had been developing and posted three early demos ("Time to Dance", "Nails for Breakfast, Tacks for Snacks" and "Camisado") on PureVolume. On a whim, they sent a link to Fall Out Boy bassist Pete Wentz via a LiveJournal account, and around this time they had changed the name of the band to Panic at the Disco. Wentz, who was in Los Angeles at the time with the rest of Fall Out Boy working on their first major-label album, "From Under the Cork Tree", drove to Las Vegas to meet the band. On hearing "two to three" songs during band practice, Wentz was impressed and immediately wanted the band to sign to his Fueled by Ramen imprint label Decaydance Records, which made them the first on the new label, which the group did around December 2004. Around this time they had put an exclamation point at the end of Panic as a joke, and as they said in an interview years later, it stuck with them and became the official name of the band.


title: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out

text: At the time of their signing, all of the band members were still in high school, with the exception of Ross, who was forced to leave the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.


title: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out

text: After completing high school, the group members boarded a van and drove from Las Vegas to College Park, Maryland to record the album. Fueled by Ramen wanted the band to go into the studio earlier in the year, but Ross was attending college at UNLV and the others were still in high school. Urie graduated in May 2005 and the band pushed recording back to June; Smith and Wilson completed school online during production. They picked producer Matt Squire based on his production on several independent albums the group liked. The label had hoped they would pick Mike Green, who had worked with Paramore on "All We Know Is Falling". "I think Crush Management and Fueled by Ramen were like, 'Who is this dude?'" said Squire.


title: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out

text: "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" was created in only "three and a half weeks"—including mixing and mastering—on a budget of $11,000. The group entered the studio with half of the songs completed; the others were crafted in pre-production. Recording was stressful. "We were in the studio for 14 hours a day for five weeks; we might have started losing our minds a little bit," Ross recalled humorously in a 2006 interview. The band lived in a one-bedroom basement studio apartment during the production, with all sleeping in bunk beds. "Everyone got on everybody's nerves," said Ross. "Someone would write a new part for a song and someone else would say they didn't like it just because you ate their cereal that morning." Urie's voice was blown after tracking the album. Squire remembered that most of the album's choruses and high harmonies were recorded in one session. By the end of production, the band hadn't had a day off and were exhausted. After its completion, "We had two weeks to come home and learn how to be a band," Ross said.


title: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out

text: In the fallout of Wilson's firing from the band in May 2006 due to "lack of responsibility" and "not progressing musically with the band", the remaining members also alleged that Wilson did not participate in the writing and recording of the album, with Urie and Ross writing bass parts that were simplified so that Wilson could play them live, and Urie recording them in the studio. Wilson denied their statement, insisting that he was present in the studio every day, participating in writing, and teaching Urie how to play certain parts. He also sued the band for 25% of royalties from the album's sales, as stipulated in the original contract.


title: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out

text: The band's debut studio album, "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" has been described as pop punk, emo, alternative rock, emo pop, baroque pop, electronica, dance-punk, and doo-wop. The album is split in two stylistically, with the first half of the record using electronic instruments such as synthesizers and drum machines while the second employs traditional instruments such as the accordion and organ. They are separated by an intermission as a link between the two halves, beginning with techno-style dance beats before switching to a piano interlude. Squire recalled that the band had an "identity crisis" upon writing new songs. The more dance-infused tracks were crafted during the group's time in Vegas, but the band members found themselves writing more straightforward rock tracks when they entered the studio. The band did not want to include the rock songs, but Squire got them to agree to it one day over lunch. "I took them out to lunch and said, "Why don’t we tell the story of that creative evolution as the theme of the album?'", he later recalled.


title: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out

text: The ambitious quality of the album's content was representative of the band's desire to "do whatever we wanted," according to Urie. Urie specifically cited the Beatles, Queen, the Smiths, Name Taken, and the Keane song "Everybody's Changing" as influences on the album. He remarked, "We took all of those biggest influences, listening to them from our parents and mashed them together."


title: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out

text: The album's writing is strongly influenced by Chuck Palahniuk's work. The song title "The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage" is a quote from his book "Survivor". "Time to Dance" tells the story of "Invisible Monsters", and includes quotes such as "Give me envy, give me malice, give me your attention". Other references and quotes can be found throughout the album, such as "Just for the record, the weather today is..." ("Diary"). Wentz served as an advisor to the group on lyrical content: "he was always there to help out with a line here, a line there," said Urie. The group noticed that bands in the pop punk scene, such as Fall Out Boy and Name Taken, were using long song titles. The band decided to take this a step further, creating increasingly long titles partially as an inside joke. The song "I Constantly Thank God for Esteban" was a reference to an infomercial for Esteban Guitars the group found humorous.


title: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out

text: Sales of the album began relatively slow. It debuted at No. 112 on the "Billboard" 200 album chart, and later peaked at number 13. The album sold over two million copies in the United States. It spent 88 weeks on the "Billboard" 200.


title: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out

text: "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" divided music critics at the time of its release. "Billboard", ten years after its release, deemed it "one of the most polarizing albums of our time". Cory D. Byrom of "Pitchfork" was perhaps the most negative, criticizing the state of contemporary emo and bemoaning the album's apparent lack of "sincerity, creativity, or originality". Johnny Loftus of AllMusic was similarly negative, writing, "This is a band in love with making a record — making a "statement" — but there's nothing unique inside, neither in their formula nor the vaunted and sticky production." Lauren Gitlin of "Rolling Stone" complimented the album's sound, commenting, "What makes Panic different (and excellent) is their use of dance-floor synths and roboto drums, which redeems the album's whininess." "Kerrang!" was positive, awarding the record four out of five stars. "Rolling Stone" also gave a positive review, with three and a half stars out of five. Webzines like Gigwise and Sputnikmusic also gave positive reviews.


title: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out

text: The hit single, "I Write Sins Not Tragedies", received massive airplay and Panic! at the Disco won "Video of the Year" on the annual MTV Video Music Awards in 2006, beating fellow nominees Madonna, Christina Aguilera, Shakira and Red Hot Chili Peppers. In September 2011, "I Write Sins Not Tragedies" won MTV's Best Music Video of the 2000s as well as Best Music Video of All Time based on online voting.


title: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out

text: "Rolling Stone" listed it among the "40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time" in 2016, with James Montgomery dubbing it a "genre-defying blueprint" and commenting "it's difficult to argue that it's not a snapshot of where "emo" was at in 2005, right down to the sentence-long song titles."


title: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out

text: On November 14, 2006, the album was re-released in a "deluxe" edition ("Limited Edition Collectible Deluxe Box"), packaged in a cigar box-shaped box set. The box set was limited to 25,000 copies. It included the original album on CD, a live concert titled "Live in Denver" on DVD, tarot cards for each song with lyrics printed on individual cards, 2006 tour program, poster of the band, live photo shots, a phenakistoscope, circus-styled mask, fake newspaper article and a blank notebook. The "Live in Denver" DVD was filmed in Denver on July 22, 2006.


title: BMW 6 Series (E63)

text: The second generation of the BMW 6 Series consists of the BMW E63 (coupe version) and BMW E64 (convertible version) grand tourers. The E63/E64 generation was produced by BMW from 2003 to 2010 and is often collectively referred to as the E63.


title: BMW 6 Series (E63)

text: The E63 uses a shortened version of the E60 5 Series chassis and subsequently shares many features. The car initially drew criticism, due to its controversial styling and complicated iDrive system.


title: BMW 6 Series (E63)

text: The M6 model was introduced in 2005 in coupé and convertible body styles. It is powered by the S85 V10 engine shared with the E60 M5, and most M6s were produced with a 7-speed automated manual transmission ("SMG III").


title: BMW 6 Series (E63)

text: The exterior was designed by Adrian van Hooydonk, based on the 1999 BMW Z9 concept car designed by the then BMW Design Chief Chris Bangle.


title: BMW 6 Series (E63)

text: The controversial rear styling, first seen on the E65 7 Series, was nicknamed "Bangle Butt" by critics. BMW described the styling philosophy as "flame surfacing", where concave and convex shapes meet to create sharp edges.


title: BMW 6 Series (E63)

text: To reduce weight, the doors and bonnet are made of aluminium, and the boot and front wings are made of carbon-reinforced plastic. The kerb weight is .


title: BMW 6 Series (E63)

text: Coupé models were unveiled at the 2003 Frankfurt Auto Show, and introduced on the market in mid of the 2003 model year.


title: BMW 6 Series (E63)

text: Convertible models featured a non-conventional convertible top design with side fins and an integrated wind deflector that can be raised or lowered at any time.


title: BMW 6 Series (E63)

text: Features available included adaptive headlights, parking sensors (Park Distance Control), voice control, variable rate steering (Active Steering), active anti-roll bars (Active Roll Stabilisation), radar cruise control (Active Cruise Control with Stop and Go), head-up display, lane departure warning, night vision, keyless entry and starting (Comfort Access), heated steering wheel, universal remote control, and soft-close doors.


title: BMW 6 Series (E63)

text: The M6 version was initially introduced as a coupé at the 2005 Geneva International Motor Show, and later in convertible form at the British International Motor Show in 2006.


title: BMW 6 Series (E63)

text: The M6 is powered by the 5.0-litre naturally aspirated S85 V10 shared with the E60 M5, generating at 7,750 rpm and at 6,100 rpm. The majority of the cars were produced with a 7-speed automated manual transmission ("SMG III"), however a 6-speed manual transmission was also available in the United States.


title: BMW 6 Series (E63)

text: The M6 coupé has a carbon fibre roof in order to reduce weight and for a lower centre of gravity. Additional features included: sports seats, larger front and rear brakes, an M-performance instrument cluster, a carbon-fibre roof (coupé only), and an optional M head-up Display. The car also has quad exhaust-pipes and larger, more aerodynamic air intakes.


title: BMW 6 Series (E63)

text: Models feature BMW's Advanced Safety System, enabling the car to decide the most effective deployment of the airbags in a crash. Safety equipment includes active anti-roll bars, dynamic stability control, front knee airbags (in accordance with US regulation), BMW roadside assistance, and an SOS emergency system. Convertible models also feature an automatic rollover protection system, where roll-bars behind the rear seats are automatically deployed in a rollover. From 2008, active head restraints became a standard feature on all seat options, reducing the risk of neck injuries in a rear-end collision.


title: Neo-futurism

text: Described as an avant-garde movement, as well as a futuristic rethinking of the thought behind aesthetics and functionality of design in growing cities, the movement has its origins in the mid-20th-century structural expressionist work of architects such as Alvar Aalto and Buckminster Fuller.


title: Neo-futurism

text: Futurist architecture began in the 20th century starting with styles such as Art Deco and later with the Googie movement as well as high-tech architecture.


title: Neo-futurism

text: Beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s by architects such as Buckminster Fuller and John C. Portman Jr.; architect and industrial designer Eero Saarinen, Archigram, an avant-garde architectural group (Peter Cook, Warren Chalk, Ron Herron, Dennis Crompton, Michael Webb and David Greene, Jan Kaplický and others); it is considered in part an evolution out of high-tech architecture, developing many of the same themes and ideas.


title: Neo-futurism

text: Although it was never built, the Fun Palace (1961), interpreted by architect Cedric Price as a "giant neo-futurist machine", influenced other architects, notably Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano, whose Centre Pompidou extended many of Price's ideas.


title: Neo-futurism

text: Neo-futurism was in part revitalised in 2007 after the publication of "The Neo-Futuristic City Manifesto" included in the candidature presented to the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) and written by innovation designer Vito Di Bari (a former executive director at UNESCO), to outline his vision for the city of Milan at the time of the Universal Expo 2015. Di Bari defined his neo-futuristic vision as the "cross-pollination of art, cutting edge technologies and ethical values combined to create a pervasively higher quality of life"; he referenced the Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development Theory and reported that the name had been inspired by the United Nations report "Our Common Future".


title: Neo-futurism

text: Soon after Di Bari's manifesto, a collective in the UK called The Neo-Futurist Collective, launched their own version of the Neo-futurist manifesto, written by Rowena Easton, on the streets of Brighton on 20 February 2008, to mark the 99th anniversary of the publication of the Futurist manifesto by FT Marinetti in 1909. The collective's take on Neo-Futurism was much different to Di Bari's, in a sense that it focussed on acknowledging the legacy of the Italian Futurists as well as criticising our current state of despair over climate change and the financial system. On their introduction to their manifesto, The Neo-Futurist Collective noted: “In an age of mass despair over the state of the planet and the financial system, the futurist legacy of optimism for the power of technology uniting with the imagination of humanity has a powerful resonance for our modern age”. This shows an interpretation of Neo-Futurism that is more socially involved – one that speaks directly to its followers rather than denoting certain outlooks through actions (e.g. choice of eco-aware materials in Neo-Futurist architecture).


title: Neo-futurism

text: Jean-Louis Cohen has defined neo-futurism as a corollary to technology, noting that a large amount of the structures built today are byproducts of new materials and concepts about the function of large-scale constructions in society. Etan J. Ilfeld wrote that in the contemporary neo-futurist aesthetic "the machine becomes an integral element of the creative process itself, and generates the emergence of artistic modes that would have been impossible prior to computer technology." Reyner Banham's definition of "une architecture autre" is a call for an architecture that technologically overcomes all previous architectures but possessing an expressive form, as Banham stated about neo-futuristic "Archigram's Plug-in Computerized City, form does not have to follow function into oblivion."


title: Neo-futurism

text: Matthew Phillips defined the Neo-Futurist aesthetic as a "manipulation of time, space, and subject against a backdrop of technological innovation and domination, [that] posits new approaches to the future contrary to those of past avant-gardes and current technocratic philosophies". This definition agrees with the work of Neo-Futurist architects whose approach is situated in the context of technological innovation, but does not mention the ecological mindfulness that stems from architectural Neo-Futurism.


title: Neo-futurism

text: Neo-futurism was inspired partly by Futurist architect Antonio Sant'Elia and pioneered from the early 1960s and the late 1970s by Hal Foster, with architects such as William Pereira, Charles Luckman and Henning Larsen.


title: Neo-futurism

text: The relaunch of neo-futurism in the 21st century has been creatively inspired by the Pritzker Architecture Prize-winning architect Zaha Hadid and architect Santiago Calatrava.


title: Neo-futurism

text: Neo-futurist architects, designers and artists include people like , Patrick Jouin, Yuima Nakazato, artist Simon Stålenhag and artist Charis Tsevis. Neo-futurism has absorbed some high-tech architectural themes and ideas, incorporating elements of high-tech industry and technology іnto building design: Technology and context has been a focus for some architects such as Buckminster Fuller, Norman Foster, Kenzo Tange, Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: Kim Jae-joong (; born January 26, 1986), also known mononymously as Jaejoong in South Korea and in Japan, is a South Korean singer, songwriter, actor and director. He is a member of the Korean pop group JYJ and was one of the original members of boy band TVXQ, where he was formerly known by the stage name Hero Jae-joong (). Since 2013, he has expanded his range of activities as a solo artist.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: Born in Gongju, Chungcheongnam-do, he moved to Seoul as a teenager to audition for SM Entertainment. From 2003 to 2010, he was the lead vocalist of South Korean boy band TVXQ. Later, he sued SM Entertainment along with Park Yoo-chun and Kim Jun-su and together they separated from TVXQ to form JYJ. As a solo artist, he has released three Korean studio albums, "WWW" (2013), "No.X" (2016), and "Born Gene" (2022). The first two reached number one on the Gaon Music Chart. In Japan, his three studio albums "Flawless Love" (2019), "Love Covers" (2019), and "Love Covers II" (2020) all peaked at number one on the Oricon Albums Chart. He has a fourth Japanese album, "Fallinbow", releasing in November 2022. He has toured extensively in South Korea and Japan.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: Kim has acted in TV dramas including "Sunao ni Narenakute" (2010), "Protect the Boss" (2011), "Dr. Jin" (2012), "Triangle" (2014), "SPY" (2015), "Manhole" (2017) and "Bad Memory Eraser" (2022); and in films such as "Heaven's Postman" (2009) and "Jackal is Coming" (2012). He has branched into hosting with season 1 and 2 of Lifetime Korea's "Travel Buddies" (2020, 2021), BS SKY PerfecTV's "ジェジュンＪ!" ("Jaejoong J!", 2021) and has a documentary about his life and career called "Jaejoong: On the Road" (2021), directed by John H. Lee.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: Kim was born Han Jae-joon (한재준; 韩在俊) in Gongju, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea. His real birthday, as revealed by his biological mother, was on February 4, instead of January 26. At a young age, he was given up for adoption by his biological mother to the Kim family, and his name was changed to Kim Jae-joong. On November 21, 2006, a man with the surname Han filed a lawsuit against Kim's guardians. Han claimed he was Kim's biological father, and thus wanted parental rights. Han cited the reason for the lawsuit against Kim's legal guardians as "for not going through the proper procedures before registering [Jaejoong] in [the legal guardians'] custody." The first hearing was to be held in Kim's hometown, Gongju, on November 29, 2006, but on November 22 Han dropped the charges against Kim's legal guardians. In reaction to the matter, Kim uploaded a journal entry on his official fan club website, and said that he was informed of the existence of separate biological parents by his mother two or three years ago, and it had been quite a shock to him. With his current mother's support, his biological mother has been able to keep in touch with him, and to meet occasionally, but whereabouts of his father had been unknown. He expressed his will to live by the name of Kim Jae-joong, not by his birth name Han Jae-jun (한재준).


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: When Kim was fifteen, he moved to Seoul by himself in order to take part in the auditions held by SM Entertainment. Life in Seoul was financially difficult and he took various odd jobs to pay for rent, food, and training fees; and even appeared as an extra in movies. In an interview, he admitted he used to be tone-deaf in primary school and was frequently ridiculed for his dream of becoming a singer, but managed to overcome it through practicing alone.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: Kim attended Gongju Jungdong Elementary School (중동초등학교), Kongju National University Middle School (공주대학교 사범대학 부설중학교), Kongju Information High School (공주정보고등학교) and then dropped out in 2001. He enrolled Hanam High School (하남고등학교) in 2005 and Kyung Hee Cyber University (경희사이버대학교), majoring in Digital Media Engineering.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: In 2001, at fifteen years old, Kim auditioned for S.M. Entertainment and was accepted into the agency. From 2003 to 2010, he was the lead vocalist of South Korean boy band TVXQ. After TVXQ went on hiatus in early 2010, he and two other fellow band members Yoochun and Junsu formed a new trio boy group, initially known as JUNSU/JEJUNG/YUCHUN in Japan.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: Kim sang the solo track "Maze" for the fifth and final single of the TVXQ/Tohoshinki's Trick Project, "Keyword/Maze". Jaejoong wrote and composed which was included on TVXQ/Tohoshinki's twenty-fifth single "Bolero/Kiss the Baby Sky/Wasurenaide." The song was also on their fourth Japanese album "The Secret Code", along with the songs "9095" and "9096" which were also composed by Kim. The song, "忘れないで" was used in a television advertisement for cosmetics in Japan.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: Apart from his activities as a member of TVXQ, he sang "Insa" (인사, Greeting) for the soundtrack of "A Millionaire's First Love" (2006). Kim collaborated with The Grace for the Japanese version of their song "Just for One Day", which was featured on their fifth Japanese single and their debut album, "Graceful 4" (2007). Kim sang "Love" for the soundtrack of the film "Heaven's Postman" (2009) in which he starred as the male lead.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: In 2009 Kim, Junsu and Yoochun, started a lawsuit against their agency, SM Entertainment, and separated from TVXQ, soon founding their own band, JYJ. On September 30, 2009, Kim and bandmate Yoochun released a self-composed single "Colors (Melody and Harmony)/Shelter." The A-side track, Colors (Melody and Harmony), was used as the image song for Hello Kitty's thirty-fifth anniversary. Jaejoong and Yoochun also participated in m-flo's album "m-flo TRIBUTE -maison de m-flo", singing the track "Been So Long".


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: Their debut Japanese language EP "The..." was released in September 2010, and their first concert DVD from Tokyo Dome Thanksgiving Live in Dome both reached No. 1 on the Japanese Oricon album and DVD charts. The group's English language debut album, "The Beginning" was released in October 2010, featuring Kanye West.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: In January 2011, they released a Korean EP, "Their Rooms "Our Story"", with three of Kim's own compositions, "Pierrot" (삐에로), "Nine" and "I.D.S.". In April he toured Asia and North America with JYJ, and later South America and Europe. He was also stage director of the Asian leg of the tour. In September the band released a studio album called "In Heaven", which sold 350,000 copies and ranked first on the Gaon charts. He composed two new songs for the album, "In Heaven" and "Get Out". Kim composed "In Heaven" in memory of his good friend, Park Yong-ha, who committed suicide.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: Apart from his activities as a member of JYJ, he also sang "Found You" and "For you It's Separation, For me It's Waiting" for the soundtrack of the television drama "Sungkyunkwan Scandal" (2010), "I'll Protect You" for "Protect the Boss" (2011), and "Living Like A Dream" for "Dr. Jin" (2012). "Living Like a Dream" was awarded the Best Hallyu Drama OST at the Seoul International Drama Awards.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: On January 17, 2013, Kim released his first solo Korean EP titled I/MINE, a rock-themed album which Kim penned all the lyrics. The album debuted at the top of both the Hanteo and Gaon weekly charts in Korea. It was also met with resounding success throughout Asia, topping Taiwan's Five Music's Korean and Japanese music chart, Japan's Shinseido weekly chart and Yin Yue Tai's V chart for K-pop. It also topped the iTunes rock charts in nine countries. Additionally, the pre-released single "One Kiss" and lead single "Mine" topped both domestic charts and foreign charts, including a German Asian music chart. On January 26 and 27, Kim held two days of special concerts at the KINTEX Ilsan to celebrate the launch of the album, as well as his birthday. Kim then released a repackaged version of his album, titled "Y" which consists of contains two additional tracks: “Only Love” and “Kiss B” . The album was met with success and sold 50,000 copies upon release.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: His first full-length Korean solo album, "WWW" was released on October 29, 2013. A single titled "Sunny Day" was released ahead of the album and topped the iTunes EP chart in Japan. A repackaged version of the album, "WWW: Remove Makeup" was subsequently released in January 2014 and included the title track "Heaven", a pop ballad with label-mate Gummy. To promote his first album, Kim embarked on his first Asia tour which traveled to regional countries like Japan, Taiwan and China.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: He sang "싫어도 (But I)" and "우연 (Coincidence)" for the drama "Triangle" (2014) in which he also starred. In July 2014, as a member of JYJ, they would release their first studio album in three years, "Just Us". The band reached the music charts with the song, "Back Seat".


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: Prior to his military enlistment in 2015, Kim recorded the songs for his second Korean solo album, "No.X", which was released on February 12, 2016. It topped iTunes charts of 39 countries around the world upon its release, and was named the most popular K-pop album in China for 2016. He completed his military service in December 2016 and returned to the entertainment industry with his acting performance in "Manhole" (2017).


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: Kim released his first Japanese single "Sign / Your Love" on June 27, 2018. On October 24, 2018, he released his second Japanese single, "Defiance" / "Lavender". Both singles would be certified gold (selling over 100,000 copies) by the Recording Industry Association of Japan. Those two songs would be featured on his first Japanese album, "Flawless Love" which was released on April 10, 2019. The album would be the first time he topped the Oricon Weekly Album Rankings as a solo artist with its debut. He promoted the album in Japan during his tour entitled "The Jaejoong Arena Tour 2019 – Flawless Love". His second Japanese album, "Love Covers", was released on September 25, 2019, and debuted at number one on the Oricon Weekly Album Rankings. The album was awarded the Planning Award at the 61st Japan Record Awards and the "Best 3 Albums (Asia)" award at the 34th Japan Gold Disc Award.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: On January 14, 2020, Kim released his first Korean album in four years with the EP "Love song (애요)", along with its lead single "Tender Love". Following the EP's release, the cities and dates for his Asia Tour 2020 was announced. However, the tour dates were postponed due to COVID-19 concerns.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: He released his third Japanese single on March 10, 2020, "Brava!! Brava!! Brava!!" which debuted at number one on the Oricon weekly chart. It was the opening theme song for "Smile Down the Runway". His third Japanese album, "Love Covers II" was released on July 29, 2020, and debuted at number one on the Oricon weekly chart. It was announced on August 30, 2020, that he would be singing the opening theme song for "Noblesse", entitled "BREAKING DAWN" which was written and produced by Hyde. The song will have an English, Korean and Japanese version. His Japanese tour, "J-JUN LIVE TOUR 2020～BREAKING DAWN～", originally planned for October 2020 was postponed until Spring of 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. On September 18, 2020, Kim released "Even If I Call You" for the "Mr. Heart" (2020) web drama, marking his first Korean soundtrack performance in six years. He soon followed that Korean soundtrack performance with another as he released "Things We Should Love" for the soundtrack of the Korean drama "Private Lives" on October 28, 2020.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: In April 2022, Kim resumed activities in Japan with a live concert for his Japanese fanclub. He released a duet theme song with Kim Junsu, "六等星" for the television adaptation of the manga "Waru - Who said it's not cool to work?" on April 13, 2022.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: On September 13, 2022, Kim released his first Korean full-length album in six years titled "Born Gene". His Asian Tour to promote the album includes stops in Seoul, Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok. He is also releasing a Japanese album, "Fallinbow" on November 9, 2022 which will then be followed up with a Japanese tour.On October 30, C-JeS Entertainment It was announced that Kim has urgently decided to cancel the Japan concert due to the aftermath of the Itaewon Halloween crowd crush.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: Prior to his debut as a singer, Kim worked as an extra, playing a soldier in film "Taegeukgi". Along with the other members of TVXQ, he acted in television programmes, "Banjun Theater" and "Vacation".


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: In November 2009, Kim co-starred with Han Hyo-joo in the joint Korean-Japanese telecinema "Heaven's Postman" as a young man who delivers letters written by the living to the dead and helps lingering ghosts settle their earthly affairs. This was followed by a leading role in Fuji TV's Japanese television drama "Sunao ni Narenakute" in September 2010. In August 2011, he starred in his first South Korean television series, "Protect the Boss" with Choi Kang-hee and Ji Sung. He played the role of seemingly a perfect director known for his business acumen, who becomes frustrated and fight against the constraints in his life.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: In May 2012, he starred in historical fusion drama "Dr. Jin" with Song Seung-heon. He played the role of a high-ranking officer of the police force of Joseon Dynasty, who is an illegitimate son of the Joseon era's Prime Minister and his concubine. This was his first time acting in a sageuk, and he was praised for his performance. The same year, Kim made his big screen debut in the action comedy film "Jackal is Coming" playing a Hallyu star who is kidnapped by an assassin (played by labelmate Song Ji-hyo). His comical acting in the film drew positive reception from fans.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: In May 2014, Kim starred in MBC's drama "Triangle" as a man who grows up to become a lowlife gangster. His performance won the “Top Excellence Award, Actor” at the 7th Korea Drama Awards in October the same year. In January 2015, Kim starred in KBS2's thriller "SPY" as a genius analyst working for South Korea's National Intelligence Service. The drama is based on the Israeli drama The Gordin Cell, modified to depict North/South Korean relations. In 2017, Kim was cast in KBS2's time-slip drama "Manhole", as a man who travels back and forth through time to stop a wedding from taking place.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: For the first time in 10 years, Kim returned to entertainment shows in South Korea with his appearance as a panelist for season 2 of "Taste of Love" in 2019. In 2020, Kim hosted a travel series where he ventured to Argentina alone to befriend strangers for Lifetime Korea's "Travel Buddies" which aired 10 episodes from February 8, 2020, to April 2, 2020. During a press conference, Kim stated, "We all shared similar worries. We mostly talked about the ways to unfold our life and attain goals. I believe many viewers would empathize with us. Through the conversations, I reflected upon my bygone days and deeply thought about my future. Thus, the trip was not merely about playing and entertaining to me". Kim is filming season 2 of "Travel Buddies" which will take place in South Korea. The airing is scheduled from the end of April to the beginning of May 2021. On March 29, 2021, Kim debuted his 6-episode variety show called "ジェジュンＪ!" ("Jaejoong J!") which was broadcast in Japan on channel BS SKY PerfecTV.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: In the summer of 2021, Kim will have a documentary released about his life and career called "Jaejoong: On the Road", directed by John H. Lee. In 2022, Kim was cast as the lead male role in the Korean television drama "Bad Memory Eraser" co-starring Jin Se-yeon. He guest starred in the third episode of the television adaptation of the manga "Waru - Who said it's not cool to work?", for which he also sang the theme song.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: Kim served as executive director for the Asian leg of JYJ's 2011 Worldwide Tour. He also participated in the directing team for the 2011 LG Whisen Rhythmic All Stars.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: Kim helped launch Moldir, a Korean fashion brand that opened in September 2013. C-JeS Entertainment, his management, noted that Kim "has his own distinctive fashion and artistic sense. He will take it to a more serious level with his new role as an art director". He owned the largest number of shares in the company and served as the art director until it "closed for restructuring" due to COVID-19 issues in March 2020. Kim is also known for his cooking ability and has released two cookbooks, "Romantic Recipes" volume 1 and volume 2. The first volume was released on July 25, 2018, and featured French cuisine and was written in Japanese. The second volume was released on August 7, 2019, featuring Korean dishes and was published in Korean and Japanese. He credits his mother, who owned a restaurant, with inspiring him to become skilled at cooking.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: Kim enlisted in the army on March 31, 2015, the first five weeks spent for his mandatory basic training at the 1st Infantry Division (Republic of Korea) recruit training center in Gwangtan-myeon, Paju, Gyeonggi province. He later ended up as the top recruit among the 244 in his batch, earning the Excellence Award during the graduation ceremony. He was under the 55th Infantry Division in Cheoin-gu, Yongin to serve as an active-duty soldier for 21 months and was also a member of the military band. He was discharged on December 30, 2016.


title: Kim Jae-joong

text: On April 1, 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea, Kim posted on his Instagram account claiming that he has tested positive for COVID-19 due to him "[living] carelessly, disregarding all of the cautions provided by the government." An hour later, Kim posted an apology on his Instagram that the diagnosis was not true, which drew outrage from fans. He further explained his reasoning for the initial post was to raise awareness of the dangers of the virus, noting he personally knows individuals who have been infected and his father recently underwent lung cancer surgery.


title: Audio engineer

text: An audio engineer (also known as a sound engineer or recording engineer) helps to produce a recording or a live performance, balancing and adjusting sound sources using equalization, dynamics processing and audio effects, mixing, reproduction, and reinforcement of sound. Audio engineers work on the "technical aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, pre-amp knobs, the setting of levels. The physical recording of any project is done by an engineer... the nuts and bolts."


title: Audio engineer

text: Sound engineering is increasingly seen as a creative profession where musical instruments and technology are used to produce sound for film, radio, television, music and video games. Audio engineers also set up, sound check and do live sound mixing using a mixing console and a sound reinforcement system for music concerts, theatre, sports games and corporate events.


title: Audio engineer

text: Alternatively, "audio engineer" can refer to a scientist or professional engineer who holds an engineering degree and who designs, develops and builds audio or musical technology working under terms such as acoustical engineering, electronic/electrical engineering or (musical) signal processing.


title: Audio engineer

text: Research and development audio engineers invent new technologies, audio software, equipment and techniques, to enhance the process and art of audio engineering. They might design acoustical simulations of rooms, shape algorithms for audio signal processing, specify the requirements for public address systems, carry out research on audible sound for video game console manufacturers, and other advanced fields of audio engineering. They might also be referred to as acoustic engineers.


title: Audio engineer

text: Audio engineers working in research and development may come from backgrounds such as acoustics, computer science, broadcast engineering, physics, acoustical engineering, electrical engineering and electronics. Audio engineering courses at university or college fall into two rough categories: (i) training in the creative use of audio as a sound engineer, and (ii) training in science or engineering topics, which then allows students to apply these concepts while pursuing a career developing audio technologies. Audio training courses provide knowledge of technologies and their application to recording studios and sound reinforcement systems, but do not have sufficient mathematical and scientific content to allow someone to obtain employment in research and development in the audio and acoustic industry.


title: Audio engineer

text: Audio engineers in research and development usually possess a bachelor's degree, master's degree or higher qualification in acoustics, physics, computer science or another engineering discipline. They might work in acoustic consultancy, specializing in architectural acoustics. Alternatively they might work in audio companies (e.g. headphone manufacturer), or other industries that need audio expertise (e.g., automobile manufacturer), or carry out research in a university. Some positions, such as faculty (academic staff) require a Doctor of Philosophy. In Germany a "Toningenieur" is an audio engineer who designs, builds and repairs audio systems.


title: Audio engineer

text: The listed subdisciplines are based on PACS (Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme) coding used by the Acoustical Society of America with some revision.


title: Audio engineer

text: Audio engineers develop audio signal processing algorithms to allow the electronic manipulation of audio signals. These can be processed at the heart of much audio production such as reverberation, Auto-Tune or perceptual coding (e.g. MP3 or Opus). Alternatively, the algorithms might perform echo cancellation, or identify and categorize audio content through music information retrieval or acoustic fingerprint.


title: Audio engineer

text: Architectural acoustics is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a room. For audio engineers, architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a stadium or enhancing the quality of music in a theatre. Architectural Acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants.


title: Audio engineer

text: Electroacoustics is concerned with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound reproduction systems and recording technologies. Examples of electroacoustic design include portable electronic devices (e.g. mobile phones, portable media players, and tablet computers), sound systems in architectural acoustics, surround sound and wave field synthesis in movie theater and vehicle audio.


title: Audio engineer

text: Musical acoustics is concerned with researching and describing the science of music. In audio engineering, this includes the design of electronic instruments such as synthesizers; the human voice (the physics and neurophysiology of singing); physical modeling of musical instruments; room acoustics of concert venues; music information retrieval; music therapy, and the perception and cognition of music.


title: Audio engineer

text: Psychoacoustics is the scientific study of how humans respond to what they hear. At the heart of audio engineering are listeners who are the final arbitrator as to whether an audio design is successful, such as whether a binaural recording sounds immersive.


title: Audio engineer

text: The production, computer processing and perception of speech is an important part of audio engineering. Ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly, efficiently and with high quality; in rooms, through public address systems and through mobile telephone systems are important areas of study.


title: Audio engineer

text: A variety of terms are used to describe audio engineers who install or operate sound recording, sound reinforcement, or sound broadcasting equipment, including large and small format consoles. Terms such as "audio technician," "sound technician," "audio engineer," "audio technologist," "recording engineer," "sound mixer," "mixing engineer" and "sound engineer" can be ambiguous; depending on the context they may be synonymous, or they may refer to different roles in audio production. Such terms can refer to a person working in sound and music production; for instance, a "sound engineer" or "recording engineer" is commonly listed in the credits of commercial music recordings (as well as in other productions that include sound, such as movies). These titles can also refer to technicians who maintain professional audio equipment. Certain jurisdictions specifically prohibit the use of the title engineer to any individual not a registered member of a professional engineering licensing body.


title: Audio engineer

text: In the recording studio environment, a sound engineer records, edits, manipulates, mixes, or masters sound by technical means to realize the creative vision of the artist and record producer. While usually associated with music production, an audio engineer deals with sound for a wide range of applications, including post-production for video and film, live sound reinforcement, advertising, multimedia, and broadcasting. In larger productions, an audio engineer is responsible for the technical aspects of a sound recording or other audio production, and works together with a record producer or director, although the engineer's role may also be integrated with that of the producer. In smaller productions and studios the sound engineer and producer are often the same person.


title: Audio engineer

text: In typical sound reinforcement applications, audio engineers often assume the role of producer, making artistic and technical decisions, and sometimes even scheduling and budget decisions.


title: Audio engineer

text: Audio engineers come from backgrounds or postsecondary training in fields such as audio, fine arts, broadcasting, music, or electrical engineering. Training in audio engineering and sound recording is offered by colleges and universities. Some audio engineers are autodidacts with no formal training, but who have attained professional skills in audio through extensive on-the-job experience.


title: Audio engineer

text: Audio engineers must have extensive knowledge of audio engineering principles and techniques. For instance, they must understand how audio signals travel, which equipment to use and when, how to mic different instruments and amplifiers, which microphones to use and how to position them to get the best quality recordings. In addition to technical knowledge, an audio engineer must have the ability to problem solve quickly. The best audio engineers also have a high degree of creativity that allow them to stand out amongst their peers. In the music realm, an audio engineer must also understand the types of sounds and tones that are expected in musical ensembles across different genres—rock and pop music, for example. This knowledge of musical style is typically learned from years of experience listening to and mixing music in recording or live sound contexts. For education and training, there are audio engineering schools all over the world.


title: Audio engineer

text: According to Women's Audio Mission (WAM), a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco dedicated to the advancement of women in music production and the recording arts, less than 5% of the people working in the field of sound and media are women. "Only three women have ever been nominated for best producer at the Brits or the Grammys" and none won either award. According to Susan Rogers, audio engineer and professor at Berklee College of Music, women interested in becoming an audio engineer face "a boys' club, or a guild mentality". The UK "Music Producers' Guild says less than 4% of its members are women" and at the Liverpool Institute of Performing Arts, "only 6% of the students enrolled on its sound technology course are female."


title: Audio engineer

text: Women's Audio Mission was started in 2003 to address the lack of women in professional audio by training over 6,000 women and girls in the recording arts and is the only professional recording studio built and run by women. Notable recording projects include the Grammy Award-winning Kronos Quartet, Angelique Kidjo (2014 Grammy winner), author Salman Rushdie, the Academy Award-nominated soundtrack to “Dirty Wars”, Van-Ahn Vo (NPR's top 50 albums of 2013), Grammy-nominated St. Lawrence Quartet, and world music artists Tanya Tagaq and Wu Man.


title: Audio engineer

text: There certainly are efforts to chronicle women's role and history in audio. Leslie Gaston-Bird wrote Women in Audio, which includes 100 profiles of women in audio through history. Sound Girls is an organization focused on the next generation of women in audio, but also has been building up resources and directories of women in audio. Women in Sound is another organization that has been working to highlight women and nonbinary people in all areas of live and recorded sound through an online zine and podcast featuring interviews of current audio engineers and producers.


title: Audio engineer

text: One of the first women to produce, engineer, arrange and promote music on her own rock and roll music label was Cordell Jackson (1923-2004). Trina Shoemaker is a mixer, record producer and sound engineer who became the first woman to win the Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album in 1998 for her work on "The Globe Sessions".


title: Audio engineer

text: Gail Davies was the first female producer in country music, delivering a string of Top 10 hits in the '70s and '80s including "Someone Is Looking for Someone Like You," "Blue Heartache" and "I'll Be There (If You Ever Want Me)." When she moved to Nashville in 1976, men "didn't want to work for a woman" and she was told women in the city were "still barefoot, pregnant and [singing] in the vocal booth." When Jonell Polansky arrived in Nashville in 1994, with a degree in electrical engineering and recording experience in the Bay Area, she was told "You're a woman, and we already had one"—a reference to Wendy Waldman. KK Proffitt, a studio "owner and chief engineer", states that men in Nashville do not want to have women in the recording booth. At a meeting of the Audio Engineering Society, Proffitt was told to "shut up" by a male producer when she raised the issue of updating studio recording technologies. Proffitt said she "finds sexism rampant in the industry".