title: Illithid

text: Brainstealer Dragon: A mix of illithid and dragon, these powerful wyrms occasionally rule over illithid communities that lack an elder brain.


title: Illithid

text: Illithidae: Illithidae are to mind flayers as less intelligent animals are to humans. Known types include the cessirid, embrac, kigrid, and saltor. "Dragon" magazine once published a template for use in creating an illithidae creature, for use with the 1st Edition of the "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" game. They were updated in 3.5 in the "Lords of Madness" supplement.


title: Illithid

text: Illithocyte: Illithid tadpoles that survived the fall of a mind flayer empire, they evolved into a new life form and now crawl about in groups seeking psychic radiation on which to feed.


title: Illithid

text: Kezreth: A living troop transport and battle platform created from the severed head of a shamed illithid. They serve in this capacity in the hope of redeeming themselves and being allowed to return to the elder brain.


title: Illithid

text: Mind Worm: Created by illithids to serve as assassins and bounty hunters, these powerful psionic creatures resemble smaller purple worms. They can attack from far distances with their probe worms.


title: Illithid

text: Mindwitness: Inserting an illithid tadpole into a beholder results in these abominations, which are used as guards and sentries.


title: Illithid

text: Mozgriken: An illithid tadpole inserted into a svirfneblin gnome while subjected to a dangerous psionic ritual creates a mozgriken. These three-tentacled ceremorphs are despised by all, but their aptitude for stealth and psionic powers of stealth and shape control make them useful spies for the illithids.


title: Illithid

text: Neothelid: If an illithid tadpole survives but fails to undergo ceremorphosis, it will eventually grow into an incredibly powerful worm-like creature with illithid tentacles at the forefront of its body and immense mental powers.


title: Illithid

text: Nerve Swimmers: Derived from immature illithid tadpoles, these entities are living instruments of torture and interrogation.


title: Illithid

text: Nyraala Golem: A flailing, slimy, tentacled construct capable of launching surprise attacks. They often serve as guards, and are prized because their creation does not involve petitioning the elder brain to surrender part of its mass.


title: Illithid

text: Seugathi: Seugathi are spawned by the hundreds by a single neothelid that has performed rituals to impregnate itself.


title: Illithid

text: Tzakandi: Illithid tadpoles inserted into lizardfolk create tzakandi, which the mind flayers use as slave labourers and personal guards.


title: Illithid

text: Uchuulon: A chuul implanted with an illithid tadpole becomes an uchuulon. Also known as slime chuuls, illithids use them as hunters and guardians.


title: Illithid

text: Urophion: Inserting an illithid tadpole into a roper results in these miserable creatures, which are used as guards and sentries.


title: Illithid

text: Vampire Squid: Servitor creatures created by illithids to extend their reach below the surface of Underdark waters. They have a maw of sharp teeth which can be turned inside out and function as defensive spikes.


title: Illithid

text: Voidmind Creatures: A voidmind creature is an ordinary creature (such as a normal human or human-like creature or animal) whose mind has been nearly devoured by a mind flayer, but enough has been left intact for basic motor function. Further psionic rituals give these near dead creatures a semblance of life. The resulting creatures act as minions and spies for the Illithids.


title: Illithid

text: Illithids often create symbionts, a kind of living item eventually adapted for the Eberron campaign setting. Illithids use these symbionts for themselves and their slaves. These symbionts help their general offensive and defensive capabilities. Known illithid symbionts include the mnemonicus, wriggler, and carapace symbionts.


title: Illithid

text: The origins of the illithids has been described in several conflicting stories offered in various D&D products, in past editions and in the current version of the game, which can be taken as successive retcons.


title: Illithid

text: The 2nd Edition book "The Illithiad" suggests they may be from the Far Realm, an incomprehensible plane completely alien to the known multiverse. There is no mention of time travel in this theory. Instead, they emerged somewhere countless thousands of years ago, beyond the histories of many mortal races, and spread from one world to another, and another, and so on. It is explicitly stated in this book that the illithids appear in some of the most ancient histories of the most ancient races, even those that have no mention of other races.


title: Illithid

text: The 3.5 Edition "D&D" supplement "Lords of Madness" provides that the Illithid were a star-faring people who existed at the end of time. Facing annihilation, the Illithid traveled to the past, arriving roughly 2000 years before the present in any given "D&D" campaign.


title: Illithid

text: The 4th Edition preview "Wizards Presents Worlds and Monsters" supports the claim that mind flayers originate from the Far Realm.


title: Illithid

text: In these two differing versions of the story, much of the variance hinges upon a fictional text called "The Sargonne Prophecies". "The Illithiad" described the "Prophecies" as misnamed, and that much of it sounds more like ancient myth than prophecy. "Lords of Madness" takes the name more literally, and states that "The Sargonne Prophecies" are in fact prophecy—or, perhaps more accurately, a history of the future.


title: Illithid

text: Yet another version came from "The Astromundi Cluster", a Spelljammer boxed set produced before "The Illithiad". This version holds that the illithids are descended from the outcasts of an ancient human society that ruled the now-shattered world called Astromundi. The outcast humans eventually mutated, deep underground, into the mind flayers. (This boxed set also introduced the entity known as Lugribossk, who was depicted as a god of the Astromundi flayers then, but was later retconned into a proxy of the god Ilsensine.) In the retconned history of the illithids found in either "The Illithiad" or "Lords of Madness", the emergence of illithids in Astromundi becomes a freak occurrence due to the intervention of Ilsensine through its proxy, since the illithids of Astromundi have their own histories as emerging solely upon that world.


title: Illithid

text: However and whenever it occurred, when the illithids arrived in the Material Plane of the far past, they immediately began to build an empire by enslaving many sentient creatures. They were very successful, and soon their worlds-spanning empire became the largest one the multiverse had ever seen. They had the power—in terms of psychic potency and the manpower of countless slaves—to fashion artificial worlds. One such world was this empire's capital, called Penumbra, a diskworld built around a star, which was a thousand years in the making. Such was their might that the Blood War paused as the demons and devils considered a truce to deal with the illithid empire.


title: Illithid

text: Eventually, the primary slave race of the illithids developed resistance to the mental powers of their masters, and revolted. Led by the warrior Gith, the rebellion spread to all the illithids' worlds, and the empire collapsed. The illithid race itself seemed doomed.


title: Illithid

text: Gith was betrayed by one of her own generals, Zerthimon, who believed she had grown tyrannical and over-aggressive. Civil war erupted, and the race factionalised into the githyanki and the githzerai (and in the Spelljammer campaign setting the Pirates of Gith). This disruption allowed the illithids to retreat to underground strongholds where they still dwell.


title: Illithid

text: "Dungeon" #100 claims the original home of the gith forerunners was a world known as . Currently it is described as, "an unremarkable Material-Plane world, a far cry from the hotbed of magical activity and divine intervention that is the Forgotten Realms campaign or the World of Greyhawk." Beneath the Wasting Desert on that world, however, is the petrified corpse of the long-dead patron deity of the ancestors of the gith races. As is recounted in most 1st and 2nd edition sources, the ancestors of the gith forerunners were a human civilization before being modified by countless generations of illithid breeding and profane science.


title: Illithid

text: The background material of the "Chainmail" game places the gith forerunners in a subterranean empire called Zarum in Western Oerik, where they dominated many other races from their capital city of Anithor. These gith seem to have been divided into a rigid caste system, their lives ruled by ancient ritual. The ruins of Zarum overflow with sacred spaces and temples, though the names of the ancient gith gods are unknown today. The period of Zarum's height is not entirely clear, but grey elf sages speculate it was approximately 2,000 years before the Demon Wars that ravaged Western Oerik, or 3,000 years before the present.


title: Illithid

text: At some point, the illithids invaded Zarum from a neighboring plane of existence. Though the gith fought fiercely, they were no match for the psionic might of the mind flayers, and soon they were enslaved. The River of Angry Souls is a remnant of one of the terrible battles between the illithids and the soon-to-be enslaved gith. Many were brought to the Outer Planes and elsewhere to serve as illithid slaves. Other cities in Zarum were transformed into work pits where illithid overseers forced their slaves to toil for countless generations.


title: Illithid

text: After Gith's rebellion, she led her people to the Astral Plane. While a few subject races and surviving illithids remained on Oerth, the gith forerunners have departed the world, seemingly for good. If they retain any interest in the ruins of Zarum, it is well concealed. A portion of the ruins of Anithor were eventually colonized by the drow of House Kilsek, who named their new settlement Kalan-G'eld.


title: Illithid

text: An illithid city is ruled by a creature called an Elder Brain which lives in a pool of cerebral fluid in the city's center. When an illithid dies its brain is extracted and taken to the pool. Illithids believe that when they die their personality is incorporated into the Elder Brain, but this is not the case. When the brain of an illithid is added to the Elder Brain, the memories, thoughts and experiences are consumed and added to the sum of the whole, but all else is lost. This fact is a closely guarded secret of the Elder Brains, since all illithid aspire to a form of immortality through this merging process. An extremely ancient Elder Brain is called a God-Brain because its psionic powers are almost limitless.


title: Illithid

text: Since the Elder Brain contains the essence of every illithid that died in its community, it functions in part as a vast library of knowledge that a mind flayer can call upon with a simple telepathic call. The Elder Brain in turn can communicate telepathically with anyone in its community, issuing orders and ensuring everyone conforms.


title: Illithid

text: Illithids generally frown upon magic, preferring their natural psionic ability. Psionic potential is an integral part of the illithid identity, and the Elder Brain cannot absorb the magical powers of an illithid mage when it dies. They tolerate a limited study of wizardry, if only to better understand the powers employed by their enemies. However, an illithid who goes too far and neglects his psionic development in favor of wizardry risks becoming an outcast. Denied the possibility of ever merging with the Elder Brain, such outcasts often seek their own immortality through undeath, becoming alhoons.


title: Illithid

text: Illithids typically communicate through psychic means. They project thoughts and feelings to each other in a way non-illithids can scarcely comprehend. When they do feel the need to write, they do so in "qualith." Instead of typical alphabet-based writing, illithids write in qualith by making marks consisting of four broken lines. They use each tentacle to feel the breaks in the lines, making it basically similar to braille. However, qualith is extremely complex, as each line modifies the preceding lines through explaining abstract concepts associated with the above words in ways no human can understand; only by understanding all four lines simultaneously can the meaning be understood properly.


title: Illithid

text: Traditionally illithids revere a perverse deity named Ilsensine. In 2nd edition, they have a second deity named Maanzecorian, who is later killed by Tenebrous (Orcus) in the Planescape adventure module "Dead Gods". Although Ilsensine is the illithid patron deity, few mind flayers actively worship it, thinking themselves the most powerful creatures in the universe.


title: Illithid

text: Illithids seek to rebuild their former empire wherein all other species were their slaves, so they view any sentient creature as worthy only of being their slaves or their food. They are pragmatic, however, and will trade with other races, such as dark elves and gray dwarves, who are too strong to be conquered. They also trade with the Neogi in order to obtain slaves.


title: Illithid

text: Their archenemies are the githyanki and the githzerai, descendants of the rebellious slaves who destroyed their empire millennia ago. Hunting and slaying illithids whenever they can is an integral part of their cultures.


title: Illithid

text: Illithids fear the undead because these creatures, even the sentient ones, are immune to telepathic detection and manipulation, and have no brains to consume. Confronting such mindless creatures can even be traumatizing to some of them.


title: Illithid

text: According to the "Lords of Madness" history, Illithids are one of the few races respected by the aboleths. This is because the aboleths remember the origin of almost every other race, through their hereditary memory. However, illithids, as far the aboleths can remember, just appeared without preamble, which scares them.


title: Illithid

text: Currently, the illithids are in a period of intense study and experimentation, gathering knowledge of all sorts that will enable them to eventually reconquer the universe and hold it for good. They frequently meddle in the politics of other races through subtle psychic manipulation of key figures, not to cause chaos but so as to better understand the dynamics of civilization. They regularly probe the minds of surface dwellers so as to gather intelligence and learn about new advances in magic and technology. They also do a good deal of research themselves, mainly focused on developing new psychic powers.


title: Illithid

text: Illithids regularly conduct raids on all sentient settlements to acquire new thralls, because their existing stock of sentient thralls do not breed fast enough to satisfy their food and labor needs. Typically, a group of mind flayers will teleport to the settlement and swiftly incapacitate them with their psychic powers. The captives will then be marched all the way to the illithids' underground settlement by specially trained and conditioned thralls. Great care is taken to cover their tracks.


title: Illithid

text: The Yaggol are a race from the Emerald Sea of Neron, a dark, steamy jungle in southern Taladas. The history of their civilization stretches back to the end of the first age of Krynn. Their empire was thriving at the same time the High Ogres of Ansalon founded their own empire. Enslaving the Cha'asii elves, the yaggol ruled over the continent with a nightmarish will but this all came to end when the cha'asii learned how to defeat the mind powers of the yaggol. A great war was fought, and the empire crumbled as both sides nearly wiped each other out. All that remained of this once aberrant race were seven obsidian temples in The Valley of Akh-Tazi.


title: Illithid

text: After the shattering of the empire, an uneasy truce was struck, only broken by skirmishes and murder. The cha'asii went their separate ways; establishing villages like Ke-Cha-Yat where they could live in peace from the yaggol. This would all change with the coming of Gloomwing, a former orthlox Black Dragon that joined with the Brethren, the cult followers of Maladar an-Desh, Lord of Wizards.


title: Illithid

text: In "Eberron", the illithid come from Xoriat, the plane of Madness. They were created by the "Daelkyr" in their invasion plans. It is not known if they have elder brains, but their continued existence implies that they can breed on their own. The mind flayers of Eberron are resistant to damage from all weapons except those made out of byeshk, a new exotic material in the Eberron setting.


title: Illithid

text: Illithids typically dwell in dim, underground settlements, usually in the Underdark. Perhaps the best-known illithid settlement on Oerth is the city of Dra-Mur-Shou, located within several miles of the Vault of the Drow. A number of illithids also make their home in the drow city of Erelhei-Cinlu, due to the presence of a well-known mind flayer research center.


title: Illithid

text: Illithids also have a strong presence in Greyspace and spheres beyond. The primary spelljamming ship used by illithids is the nautiloid, a 35-ton craft resembling a nautilus. Nautiloids are 125' to 180' long, including the tentacle-like piercing ram. The ship's coiled shell provides the comfort of enclosed space and protects the illithids from the rays of solar bodies. Less common illithid vessels such as the 25-ton squid ship, the 70-ton octopus, and the 100-ton cuttle command also resemble the cephalopods after which they are named.


title: Illithid

text: In Greyspace, the largest illithid settlements are the city of Sharpbeak on Celene and the settlement of Skullbringer in the Grinder. Worlds ruled by illithids in other spheres include Falx, Ssirik Akuar, Penumbra, and Glyth.


title: Illithid

text: Illithids are the rulers of a domain in the "Ravenloft" campaign setting called Bluetspur, where their God-Brain is the darklord. In the 5th Edition campaign guide "Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft", it is revealed that an elder-brain became diseased by discovering a "malignant truth" and it began to prey "upon its peers [...]. Horrified by an affliction that infected only them, the other elder brains united and psionically expelled the diseased brain from existence. Or so they thought. From a place without time or reality, the Dark Powers plucked the dying elder brain and planted it upon a tormented world". "Polygon" highlighted that Bluetspur is "a world of cosmic horror populated by malevolent mind flayers that will make your heroes question their own memories".


title: Illithid

text: According to Ken Rolston, the beholder and the mind flayer "win starring roles as intergalactic menaces" in Spelljammer, describing the mind flayers as "evil, brain-sucking horrors who have polished up their social skills sufficiently to present a dubiously neutral facade to trading partners as they secretly scheme toward the day when all intelligent races will be their vassals and brain-food".


title: Illithid

text: Mind Flayers are one of the primary factions in the "Spelljammer" campaign setting. While less prominent than the neogi, illithids are in complete control of Glyth, a Realmspace planet, and have been for millennia. They are also one of the two most powerful factions in "The Astromundi Cluster" setting.


title: Illithid

text: Illithids' primary ship type is the nautiloid, a 35-ton craft resembling a nautilus. Nautiloids are 125', or 180' long including the tentacle-like piercing ram. The ships' coiled shell provides the comfort of enclosed space and protects the illithids from solar radiation.


title: Illithid

text: Less common illithid vessels such as the 25-ton squidship, the 70-ton octopus, and the 100-ton cuttle command also resemble the cephalopods after which they are named.


title: Illithid

text: In the "Spelljammer" setting, the illithids are the creators of the oortlings, a humanoid race of high intelligence and enlarged size. Bred as food, the oortlings are completely docile and have little motivation and almost no instinct for self-preservation.


title: Illithid

text: The mind flayer was ranked fourth among the ten best mid-level monsters by the authors of "Dungeons & Dragons For Dummies". They referred to this unique creation of the "D&D" game as the "quintessential evil genius" and the "perfect evil overlord".


title: Illithid

text: SyFy Wire in 2018 called it one of "The 9 Scariest, Most Unforgettable Monsters From Dungeons & Dragons", saying that "Mind flayers are another classic monster like the beholder."


title: Illithid

text: Screen Rant compiled a list of the game's "10 Most Powerful (And 10 Weakest) Monsters, Ranked" in 2018, calling the elder brain one of the strongest, saying that the 5th "edition of Dungeons & Dragons has toned down the elder brain a lot", it "still represents a grave threat to most adventuring parties, thanks to its range of powerful enchantment spells and psionic attacks, but it isn't quite the epic level threat that it once was." Reviewer Scott Baird also found that the illithids in general "are considered to be one of the most disliked creatures in all of Dungeons & Dragons."


title: Illithid

text: Reviewer Julien Blondel for "Backstab" described them as vile brain-eating creatures full of psionic energy. He found them delightful creatures for a sadistic Dungeon Master to use, and a useful bridge between classic game worlds and the planes, as illithids abound in both.


title: Illithid

text: Mind flayers appear in other role-playing games, including "Angband", "Bloodborne", "Demon's Souls", "Final Fantasy", "NetHack", "Lost Kingdoms", "Kingdom of Loathing" and "Lost Souls", and the one-player gamebook RPG series "Fighting Fantasy" includes a creature similar to the illithid, the Brain Slayer.


title: Illithid

text: The illithid is considered "Product Identity" by Wizards of the Coast and as such is not released under its Open Game License.


title: Hairy ball theorem

text: The hairy ball theorem of algebraic topology (sometimes called the hedgehog theorem in Europe) states that there is no nonvanishing continuous tangent vector field on even-dimensional "n"-spheres. For the ordinary sphere, or 2‑sphere, if "f" is a continuous function that assigns a vector in R to every point "p" on a sphere such that "f"("p") is always tangent to the sphere at "p", then there is at least one pole, a point where the field vanishes (a "p" such that "f"("p") = 0).


title: Hairy ball theorem

text: The theorem was first proved by Henri Poincaré for the 2-sphere in 1885, and extended to higher dimensions in 1912 by Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer.


title: Hairy ball theorem

text: The theorem has been expressed colloquially as "you can't comb a hairy ball flat without creating a cowlick" or "you can't comb the hair on a coconut".


title: Hairy ball theorem

text: Every zero of a vector field has a (non-zero) "index", and it can be shown that the sum of all of the indices at all of the zeros must be two, because the Euler characteristic of the 2-sphere is two. Therefore, there must be at least one zero. This is a consequence of the Poincaré–Hopf theorem. In the case of the torus, the Euler characteristic is 0; and it is possible to "comb a hairy doughnut flat". In this regard, it follows that for any compact regular 2-dimensional manifold with non-zero Euler characteristic, any continuous tangent vector field has at least one zero.


title: Hairy ball theorem

text: A common problem in computer graphics is to generate a non-zero vector in R that is orthogonal to a given non-zero vector. There is no single continuous function that can do this for all non-zero vector inputs. This is a corollary of the hairy ball theorem. To see this, consider the given vector as the radius of a sphere and note that finding a non-zero vector orthogonal to the given one is equivalent to finding a non-zero vector that is tangent to the surface of that sphere where it touches the radius. However, the hairy ball theorem says there exists no continuous function that can do this for every point on the sphere (equivalently, for every given vector).


title: Hairy ball theorem

text: There is a closely related argument from algebraic topology, using the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem. Since the Betti numbers of a 2-sphere are 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, ... the "Lefschetz number" (total trace on homology) of the identity mapping is 2. By integrating a vector field we get (at least a small part of) a one-parameter group of diffeomorphisms on the sphere; and all of the mappings in it are homotopic to the identity. Therefore, they all have Lefschetz number 2, also. Hence they have fixed points (since the Lefschetz number is nonzero). Some more work would be needed to show that this implies there must actually be a zero of the vector field. It does suggest the correct statement of the more general Poincaré-Hopf index theorem.


title: Hairy ball theorem

text: A consequence of the hairy ball theorem is that any continuous function that maps an even-dimensional sphere into itself has either a fixed point or a point that maps onto its own antipodal point. This can be seen by transforming the function into a tangential vector field as follows.


title: Hairy ball theorem

text: Let "s" be the function mapping the sphere to itself, and let "v" be the tangential vector function to be constructed. For each point "p", construct the stereographic projection of "s"("p") with "p" as the point of tangency. Then "v"("p") is the displacement vector of this projected point relative to "p". According to the hairy ball theorem, there is a "p" such that "v"("p") = 0, so that "s"("p") = "p".


title: Hairy ball theorem

text: This argument breaks down only if there exists a point "p" for which "s"("p") is the antipodal point of "p", since such a point is the only one that cannot be stereographically projected onto the tangent plane of "p".


title: Hairy ball theorem

text: A further corollary is that any even-dimensional projective space has the fixed-point property. This follows from the previous result by lifting continuous functions of formula_1 into itself to functions of formula_2 into itself.


title: Hairy ball theorem

text: The connection with the Euler characteristic χ suggests the correct generalisation: the 2"n"-sphere has no non-vanishing vector field for . The difference between even and odd dimensions is that, because the only nonzero Betti numbers of the "m"-sphere are b and b, their alternating sum χ is 2 for "m" even, and 0 for "m" odd.


title: Hairy ball theorem

text: Indeed it is easy to see that an odd-dimensional sphere admits a non-vanishing tangent vector field through a simple process of considering coordinates of the ambient even-dimensional Euclidean space formula_3 in pairs. Namely, one may define a tangent vector field to formula_4 by specifying a vector field formula_5 given by


title: Hairy ball theorem

text: In order for this vector field to restrict to a tangent vector field to the unit sphere formula_7 it is enough to verify that the dot product with a unit vector of the form formula_8 satisfying formula_9 vanishes. Due to the pairing of coordinates, one sees


title: Hairy ball theorem

text: For a 2"n"-sphere, the ambient Euclidean space is formula_11 which is odd-dimensional, and so this simple process of pairing coordinates is not possible. Whilst this does not preclude the possibility that there may still exist a tangent vector field to the even-dimensional sphere which does not vanish, the hairy ball theorem demonstrates that in fact there is no way of constructing such a vector field.


title: Hairy ball theorem

text: The hairy ball theorem has numerous physical exemplifications. For example, rotation of a rigid ball around its fixed axis gives rise to a continuous tangential vector field of velocities of the points located on its surface. This field has two zero-velocity points, which disappear after drilling the ball completely through its center, thereby converting the ball into the topological equivalent of a torus, a body to which the “hairy ball” theorem does not apply. The hairy ball theorem may be successfully applied for the analysis of the propagation of electromagnetic waves, in the case when the wave-front forms a surface, topologically equivalent to a sphere (the surface possessing the Euler characteristic χ = 2). At least one point on the surface at which vectors of electric and magnetic fields equal zero will necessarily appear.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: Sean Patrick Gilmartin (born May 8, 1990) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Mets, Baltimore Orioles and Tampa Bay Rays. Gilmartin was the 28th overall selection in the 2011 Major League Baseball draft by the Atlanta Braves. Prior to beginning his professional career, Gilmartin attended Florida State University, and was an All-American pitcher for the Seminoles baseball team.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: Gilmartin was born in Moorpark, California, to Paul J., a chiropractor, and JoAnna Gilmartin. He attended Crespi Carmelite High School in Encino, California. After graduating from high school, the San Diego Padres selected Gilmartin in the 31st round of the 2008 Major League Baseball Draft. Gilmartin opted not to sign with San Diego, instead attending college.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: Gilmartin enrolled at Florida State University in 2009, receiving a scholarship to play college baseball for the Florida State Seminoles baseball team. As a junior in 2011, Gilmartin was named an All-American by "Baseball America".


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: Gilmartin was drafted by the Atlanta Braves in the first round, with the 28th overall selection, of the 2011 Major League Baseball Draft. He signed with the Braves, receiving a $1.134 million signing bonus. In the Atlanta farm system Gilmartin played with the Gulf Coast League Braves, Rome Braves, Mississippi Braves, and the Gwinnett Braves.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: Prior to the 2012 season, Gilmartin was ranked as the Braves fifth best prospect by Baseball America. Gilmartin was invited to spring training in 2013, but did not make the team. He played for the Gwinnett Braves of the Class AAA International League, though his performance was limited by shoulder injuries.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: After the 2013 season, the Braves traded Gilmartin to the Minnesota Twins for Ryan Doumit on December 18, 2013. He pitched for the New Britain Rock Cats and the Rochester Red Wings in 2014.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: Gilmartin with the Rock Cats finished 7–3, 3.12 ERA in 12 games in 72 innings pitched with 74 strikeouts with a WHIP of 1.278 while giving up 76 hits, 30 runs (25 of them earned), 2 home runs, and 16 walks.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: With the Red Wings he finished 2–4, 4.28 ERA in 14 games in 73.2 innings pitched with 59 strikeouts with a WHIP of 1.317 while giving up 69 hits, 39 runs (35 of them earned), 7 home runs, and 28 walks.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: During the 2014 Winter Meetings, the New York Mets selected Gilmartin from the Twins in the Rule 5 draft on December 11. Gilmartin competed to make the Mets' Opening Day 25-man roster as a relief pitcher and got a spot in the bullpen. Gilmartin made his major league debut on April 10 against the Braves in a 5–3 loss, getting Nick Markakis to groundout and striking out Freddie Freeman to end the seventh inning.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: On June 14, Gilmartin got his first win against the Braves, holding Atlanta scoreless through both the fifth and the sixth innings. He faced seven batters, walking one and striking out three, in a 10-8 Mets' victory. On July 19, he got his first major league hit, a bloop single into left field off Carlos Martínez, in his first major league at-bat, in the sixteenth inning against the St. Louis Cardinals. Gilmartin pitched three scoreless innings, in the fourteenth, fifteenth and the sixteenth innings, giving up 1 hit, 2 walks and getting 4 strikeouts while facing 12 batters.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: After the Mets clinched the National League East division title, Gilmartin made his first major league start on October 1 against the Philadelphia Phillies at Citizens Bank Park, throwing five innings. He struck out three batters and allowed two runs and three hits, throwing 44 of 70 pitches for strikes. He retired 11 of the first 12 batters he faced in a game that lasted just 2 hours, 23 minutes. The two runs he allowed came on Darin Ruf's two-run home run in the 4th inning. However, the Mets lost the game by a score of 3–0.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: When the Mets made the playoffs, Gilmartin was not on the roster for the Division Series, but was added to the roster for the Championship Series, replacing Erik Goeddel. Gilmartin did not appear in the championship series. Gilmartin appeared in game two of the World Series in the top of the eighth inning, retiring the two batters he faced. Gilmartin finished the 2015 regular season with a record of 3–2, and a 2.67 ERA in 50 games (one start) in innings pitched, with 54 strikeouts and a WHIP of 1.186, while giving up 50 hits, 17 runs, two home runs, and 19 walks.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: Gilmartin was cut from the roster heading into the 2016 season. Gilmartin was recalled to the Mets on May 12, replacing an injured Wilmer Flores on the roster. With the AAA 51s, Gilmartin had pitched 32.2 innings, sporting a 4–1 record with a 2.48 ERA and 1.13 WHIP. Days later, Gilmartin was sent back down to the 51s to make room for Matt Reynolds on the roster. Gilmartin had pitched five scoreless innings in two games during his brief call-up, giving up two hits and striking out five batters.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: On June 11, 2017, Gilmartin was claimed off waivers by the St. Louis Cardinals. He was outrighted to AAA on September 1, 2017. He was released on July 2, 2018.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: On July 12, 2018, Gilmartin signed a minor league deal with the Baltimore Orioles. He was called up to the majors on August 11, 2018. Gilmartin recorded a 3.00 ERA in 12 games for the Orioles in 2018. He was outrighted off the roster following the season and elected free agency on November 1. The following day, he re-signed with the Orioles on a minor league contract.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: After starting the 2019 season in the minor leagues for the Orioles, Gilmartin had his contract selected to the majors on June 17, 2019. Gilmartin was designated for assignment on June 25, following the acquisition of Tayler Scott. He elected free agency on October 1, 2019.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: On February 8, 2020, Gilmartin signed a minor league deal with the Tampa Bay Rays. On August 7, 2020, Gilmartin was selected to the active roster. He was designated for assignment on August 9 and outrighted two days later. On August 22, Gilmartin was added back to the 40-man roster. Only a day after being re-added to the roster, Gilmartin was again designated for assignment by the Rays. On September 18, 2020, Gilmartin had his contract selected by the Rays for a third time. On September 29, Gilmartin was designated for assignment by the Rays for a third time. With the 2020 Tampa Bay Rays, Gilmartin appeared in 2 games, compiling a 0–0 record with 8.31 ERA and 5 strikeouts in 4.1 innings pitched. He became a free agent on November 2, 2020.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: On April 27, 2021, Gilmartin signed with the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: On June 29, 2021, Gilmartin's contract was purchased by the Minnesota Twins organization with a minor league contract for the AA Wichita Wind Surge. At 31, he is the oldest player in the AA Central. He elected free agency on November 7, 2021.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: Gilmartin is married to former White House Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany. They began dating in 2015 and married on November 18, 2017. In June 2022 the couple announced that they are expecting their second child. On December 1, 2022, McEnany announced the birth of their son Nash on Twitter.


title: Sean Gilmartin

text: Gilmartin's brother Michael was drafted by the Oakland Athletics from Wofford College as an infielder in the 27th round of the 2009 MLB draft. His cousin, Chad, previously worked in the White House Office of the Press Secretary.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: A molar pregnancy also known as a hydatidiform mole, is an abnormal form of pregnancy in which a non-viable fertilized egg implants in the uterus. A molar pregnancy is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease that used to be known as a "hydatidiform mole". A molar pregnancy grows into a mass in the uterus that has swollen chorionic villi that grow in clusters resembling grapes. A molar pregnancy can develop when a fertilized egg does not contain an original maternal nucleus. The products of conception may or may not contain fetal tissue. Molar pregnancies are categorized as partial moles or complete moles, with the word 'mole' being used to denote simply a clump of growing tissue, or a 'growth'.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: A complete mole is caused by a single sperm (90% of the time) or two (10% of the time) sperm combining with an egg which has lost its DNA. In the first case, the sperm then reduplicates, forming a "complete" 46 chromosome set. The genotype is typically 46,XX (diploid) due to the subsequent mitosis of the fertilizing sperm but can also be 46,XY (diploid). 46,YY (diploid) is not observed. In contrast, a partial mole occurs when a normal egg is fertilized by one or two sperm which then reduplicates itself, yielding the genotypes of 69,XXY (triploid) or 92,XXXY (tetraploid).


title: Molar pregnancy

text: Complete moles have a 2–4% risk of developing into choriocarcinoma in Western countries and 10–15% in Eastern countries and a 15% risk of becoming an invasive mole. Incomplete moles can become invasive (<5% risk) but are not associated with choriocarcinoma. Complete hydatidiform moles account for 50% of all cases of choriocarcinoma.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: Molar pregnancies are a relatively rare complication of pregnancy, making up 1 in 1,000 pregnancies in the US, with much higher rates in Asia (e.g. up to 1 in 100 pregnancies in Indonesia).


title: Molar pregnancy

text: Molar pregnancies usually present with painless vaginal bleeding in the fourth to fifth months of pregnancy. The uterus may be larger than expected, or the ovaries may be enlarged. There may also be more vomiting than would be expected (hyperemesis). Sometimes there is an increase in blood pressure along with protein in the urine. Blood tests will show very high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).


title: Molar pregnancy

text: The cause of this condition is not completely understood. Potential risk factors may include defects in the egg, abnormalities within the uterus, or nutritional deficiencies. Women under 20 or over 40 years of age have a higher risk. Other risk factors include diets low in protein, folic acid, and carotene. The diploid set of sperm-only DNA means that all chromosomes have sperm-patterned methylation suppression of genes. This leads to overgrowth of the syncytiotrophoblast whereas dual egg-patterned methylation leads to a devotion of resources to the embryo, with an underdeveloped syncytiotrophoblast. This is considered to be the result of evolutionary competition, with male genes driving for high investment into the fetus versus female genes driving for resource restriction to maximise the number of children.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: A hydatidiform mole is a pregnancy/conceptus in which the placenta contains grapelike vesicles (small sacs) that are usually visible to the naked eye. The vesicles arise by distention of the chorionic villi by fluid. When inspected under the microscope, hyperplasia of the trophoblastic tissue is noted. If left untreated, a hydatidiform mole will almost always end as a spontaneous abortion (miscarriage).


title: Molar pregnancy

text: Based on morphology, hydatidiform moles can be divided into two types: in "complete moles", all the chorionic villi are vesicular, and no sign of embryonic or fetal development is present. In "partial moles" some villi are vesicular, whereas others appear more normal, and embryonic/fetal development may be seen but the fetus is always malformed and is never viable.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: In rare cases a hydatidiform mole co-exists in the uterus with a normal, viable fetus. These cases are due to twinning. The uterus contains the products of two conceptions: one with an abnormal placenta and no viable fetus (the mole), and one with a normal placenta and a viable fetus. Under careful surveillance it is often possible for the woman to give birth to the normal child and to be cured of the mole.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: In most complete moles, all nuclear genes are inherited from the father only (androgenesis). In approximately 80% of these androgenetic moles, the most probable mechanism is that an empty egg is fertilized by a single sperm, followed by a duplication of all chromosomes/genes (a process called endoreduplication). In approximately 20% of complete moles, the most probable mechanism is that an empty egg is fertilized by two sperm. In both cases, the moles are diploid (i.e. there are two copies of every chromosome). In all these cases, the mitochondrial genes are inherited from the mother, as usual.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: Most partial moles are triploid (three chromosome sets). The nucleus contains one maternal set of genes and two paternal sets. The mechanism is usually the reduplication of the paternal haploid set from a single sperm, but may also be the consequence of dispermic (two sperm) fertilization of the egg.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: In rare cases, hydatidiform moles are tetraploid (four chromosome sets) or have other chromosome abnormalities.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: A small percentage of hydatidiform moles have biparental diploid genomes, as in normal living persons; they have two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each biological parent. Some of these moles occur in women who carry mutations in the gene "NLRP7", predisposing them towards molar pregnancy. These rare variants of hydatidiform mole may be complete or partial.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: The diagnosis is strongly suggested by ultrasound (sonogram), but definitive diagnosis requires histopathological examination. On ultrasound, the mole resembles a bunch of grapes ("cluster of grapes" or "honeycombed uterus" or "snow-storm"). There is increased trophoblast proliferation and enlarging of the chorionic villi, and angiogenesis in the trophoblasts is impaired.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: Sometimes symptoms of hyperthyroidism are seen, due to the extremely high levels of hCG, which can mimic the effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: Hydatidiform moles should be treated by evacuating the uterus by uterine suction or by surgical curettage as soon as possible after diagnosis, in order to avoid the risks of choriocarcinoma. Patients are followed up until their serum human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) level has fallen to an undetectable level. Invasive or metastatic moles (cancer) may require chemotherapy and often respond well to methotrexate. As they contain paternal antigens, the response to treatment is nearly 100%. Patients are advised not to conceive for half a year after hCG levels have normalized. The chances of having another molar pregnancy are approximately 1%.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: In some women, the growth can develop into gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. For women who have complete hydatidiform mole and are at high risk of this progression, evidence suggests giving prophylactic chemotherapy (known as P-chem) may reduce the risk of this happening. However P-chem may also increase toxic side effects, so more research is needed to explore its effects.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: The uterine curettage is generally done under the effect of anesthesia, preferably spinal anesthesia in hemodynamically stable patients. The advantages of spinal anesthesia over general anesthesia include ease of technique, favorable effects on the pulmonary system, safety in patients with hyperthyroidism and non-tocolytic pharmacological properties. Additionally, by maintaining patient's consciousness one can diagnose the complications like uterine perforation, cardiopulmonary distress and thyroid storm at an earlier stage than when the patient is sedated or is under general anesthesia.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: More than 80% of hydatidiform moles are benign. The outcome after treatment is usually excellent. Close follow-up is essential to ensure that treatment has been successful. Highly effective means of contraception are recommended to avoid pregnancy for at least 6 to 12 months. Women who have had a prior partial or complete mole, have a slightly increased risk of a second hydatidiform mole in a subsequent pregnancy, meaning a future pregnancy will require an earlier ultrasound scan.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: In 10 to 15% of cases, hydatidiform moles may develop into invasive moles. This condition is named "persistent trophoblastic disease" (PTD). The moles may intrude so far into the uterine wall that hemorrhage or other complications develop. It is for this reason that a post-operative full abdominal and chest X-ray will often be requested.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: In 2 to 3% of cases, hydatidiform moles may develop into choriocarcinoma, which is a malignant, rapidly growing, and metastatic (spreading) form of cancer. Despite these factors which normally indicate a poor prognosis, the rate of cure after treatment with chemotherapy is high.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: Over 90% of women with malignant, non-spreading cancer are able to survive and retain their ability to conceive and bear children. In those with metastatic (spreading) cancer, remission remains at 75 to 85%, although their childbearing ability is usually lost.


title: Molar pregnancy

text: Hydatidiform moles are a rare complication of pregnancy, occurring once in every 1,000 pregnancies in the US, with much higher rates in Asia (e.g. up to one in 100 pregnancies in Indonesia).


title: Molar pregnancy

text: The etymology is derived from "hydatisia" (Greek "a drop of water"), referring to the watery contents of the cysts, and "mole" (from Latin "mola" = millstone/false conception). The term, however, comes from the similar appearance of the cyst to a hydatid cyst in an Echinococcosis.


title: 1922 Committee

text: The 1922 Committee, formally known as the Conservative Private Members' Committee, is the parliamentary group of the Conservative Party in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The committee, consisting of all Conservative backbench members of Parliament, meets weekly while Parliament is in session and provides a way for backbenchers to co-ordinate and discuss their views independently of frontbenchers. Its executive membership and officers are by consensus limited to backbench MPs, although since 2010 frontbench Conservative MPs have an open invitation to attend meetings.


title: 1922 Committee

text: The committee can also play an important role in choosing the party leader. The group was formed in 1923 (by MPs who were elected in 1922) but became important after 1940. The committee, collectively, represents the views of the Conservative Party parliamentary rank and file to the party leader, usually also the prime minister of the United Kingdom or leader of the Opposition. Whips are present but their role is limited to announcing future business and reporting questions and complaints to the chief whip.


title: 1922 Committee

text: The 1922 Committee has an 18-member executive committee, whose members are elected by all Conservative MPs except those who are members of the Government, i.e. the electorate comprises all "backbench" Conservative MPs. Candidates need to be nominated by two Conservative colleagues, and it is a first-past-the-post voting system, meaning the person with the most votes in each category wins.


title: 1922 Committee

text: The committee oversees the election of party leaders, or any Conservative party-led vote of confidence in a current leader. Such a vote can be triggered by 15% of Conservative MPs (currently 54 MPs out of the 360 sitting Conservative MPs ) writing a letter to the chairman of the committee asking for such a vote. This process was used most recently on 6 June 2022, against Boris Johnson. The last time a leader lost such a vote was on 29 October 2003, when Iain Duncan Smith was defeated by 90 to 75.


title: 1922 Committee

text: The name does not, as is sometimes wrongly supposed, stem from the 19 October 1922 Carlton Club meeting, in which Conservative MPs successfully demanded that the party withdraw from the coalition government of David Lloyd George, and which triggered the 1922 general election. The committee was formed following the election, in April 1923.


title: 1922 Committee

text: The MPs who founded the committee were not the same as those who had taken the decision to end the 1916–1922 coalition government. It began as a small dining group of new members elected in 1922. The committee soon developed into a ginger group of active backbenchers. After the 1923 and 1924 elections, the membership expanded as more new Conservative MPs were elected, and in 1926 all backbench MPs were invited to become members. It became known as the Conservative Private Members' Committee. Consequently, it became a platform for the majority rather than a focus for discontent.


title: 1922 Committee

text: The term "men in grey suits", meaning a delegation of Conservative MPs who tell a party leader that it is time for them to step down without forcing an open challenge, is often used in reference to members of the 1922 Committee. It became popular following the resignation of Margaret Thatcher.


title: 1922 Committee

text: On 19 May 2010, shortly after the Conservatives had formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats, Prime Minister David Cameron suggested altering the committee to involve frontbench ministers in the recommendation forming process, angering some backbench MPs. On 20 May 2010, committee members voted to approve the change, with 168 votes in favour and 118 against. Many backbench party members criticised the move and voted against it, while ministers had argued such a change would be necessary to continue operating coherently as a party during its membership of a coalition government.


title: 1922 Committee

text: However, under Graham Brady, who became chairman in 2010, it was clarified shortly after that vote that although frontbenchers became eligible to attend meetings of the committee, only backbenchers would be able to vote for its officers and executive committee, similarly to the Parliamentary Labour Party.


title: Iliopsoas

text: The iliopsoas muscle (; from and ) refers to the joined psoas major and the iliacus muscles. The two muscles are separate in the abdomen, but usually merge in the thigh. They are usually given the common name "iliopsoas". The iliopsoas muscle joins to the femur at the lesser trochanter. It acts as the strongest flexor of the hip.


title: Iliopsoas

text: The iliopsoas muscle is supplied by the lumbar spinal nerves L1–L3 (psoas) and parts of the femoral nerve (iliacus).


title: Iliopsoas

text: The iliopsoas muscle is a composite muscle formed from the psoas major muscle, and the iliacus muscle. The psoas major originates along the outer surfaces of the vertebral bodies of T12 and L1–L3 and their associated intervertebral discs. The iliacus originates in the iliac fossa of the pelvis.


title: Iliopsoas

text: The psoas major unites with the iliacus at the level of the inguinal ligament. It crosses the hip joint to insert on the lesser trochanter of the femur. The iliopsoas is classified as an "anterior hip muscle" or "inner hip muscle". The psoas minor does contribute to the iliopsoas muscle.


title: Iliopsoas

text: The psoas major is innervated by direct branches of the anterior rami of the lumbar plexus at the levels of L1–L3, while the iliacus is innervated by the femoral nerve (which is composed of nerves from the anterior rami of L2–L4).


title: Iliopsoas

text: The iliopsoas is the prime mover of hip flexion, and is the strongest of the hip flexors (others are rectus femoris, sartorius, and tensor fasciae latae). The iliopsoas is important for standing, walking, and running. The iliacus and psoas major perform different actions when postural changes occur.


title: Iliopsoas

text: The iliopsoas muscle is covered by the iliac fascia, which begins as a strong tube-shaped psoas fascia, which surround the psoas major muscle as it passes under the medial arcuate ligament. Together with the iliac fascia, it continues down to the inguinal ligament where it forms the iliopectineal arch which separates the muscular and vascular lacunae.


title: Iliopsoas

text: It is a typical posture muscle dominated by slow-twitch red type 1 fibers. Since it originates from the lumbar vertebrae and discs and then inserts onto the femur, any structure from the lumbar spine to the femur can be affected directly. A short and tight iliopsoas often presents as externally rotated legs and feet. It can cause pain in the low or mid back, SI joint, hip, groin, thigh, knee, or any combination. The iliopsoas gets innervation from the L2-4 nerve roots of the lumbar plexus which also send branches to the superficial lumbar muscles. The femoral nerve passes through the muscle and innervates the quadriceps, pectineus, and sartorius muscles. It also comprises the intermediate femoral cutaneous and medial femoral cutaneous nerves which are responsible for sensation over the anterior and medial aspects of the thigh, medial shin, and arch of the foot nerves. The obturator nerve also passes through the muscle which is responsible for the sensory innervation of the skin of the medial aspect of the thigh and motor innervation of the adductor muscles of the lower extremity (external obturator, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis) and sometimes the pectineus. Any of these innervated structures can be affected.


title: Biomolecule

text: A biomolecule or biological molecule is a loosely used term for molecules present in organisms that are essential to one or more typically biological processes, such as cell division, morphogenesis, or development. Biomolecules include large macromolecules (or polyelectrolytes) such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as small molecules such as primary metabolites, secondary metabolites and natural products. A more general name for this class of material is biological materials. Biomolecules are an important element of living organisms, those biomolecules are often endogenous, produced within the organism but organisms usually need exogenous biomolecules, for example certain nutrients, to survive.


title: Biomolecule

text: Biology and its subfields of biochemistry and molecular biology study biomolecules and their reactions. Most biomolecules are organic compounds, and just four elements—oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen—make up 96% of the human body's mass. But many other elements, such as the various biometals, are also present in small amounts.


title: Biomolecule

text: The uniformity of both specific types of molecules (the biomolecules) and of certain metabolic pathways are invariant features among the wide diversity of life forms; thus these biomolecules and metabolic pathways are referred to as "biochemical universals" or "theory of material unity of the living beings", a unifying concept in biology, along with cell theory and evolution theory.


title: Biomolecule

text: Nucleosides are molecules formed by attaching a nucleobase to a ribose or deoxyribose ring. Examples of these include cytidine (C), uridine (U), adenosine (A), guanosine (G), and thymidine (T).


title: Biomolecule

text: Both DNA and RNA are polymers, consisting of long, linear molecules assembled by polymerase enzymes from repeating structural units, or monomers, of mononucleotides. DNA uses the deoxynucleotides C, G, A, and T, while RNA uses the ribonucleotides (which have an extra hydroxyl(OH) group on the pentose ring) C, G, A, and U. Modified bases are fairly common (such as with methyl groups on the base ring), as found in ribosomal RNA or transfer RNAs or for discriminating the new from old strands of DNA after replication.


title: Biomolecule

text: Each nucleotide is made of an acyclic nitrogenous base, a pentose and one to three phosphate groups. They contain carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and phosphorus. They serve as sources of chemical energy (adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate), participate in cellular signaling (cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate), and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (coenzyme A, flavin adenine dinucleotide, flavin mononucleotide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).


title: Biomolecule

text: DNA structure is dominated by the well-known double helix formed by Watson-Crick base-pairing of C with G and A with T. This is known as B-form DNA, and is overwhelmingly the most favorable and common state of DNA; its highly specific and stable base-pairing is the basis of reliable genetic information storage. DNA can sometimes occur as single strands (often needing to be stabilized by single-strand binding proteins) or as A-form or Z-form helices, and occasionally in more complex 3D structures such as the crossover at Holliday junctions during DNA replication.


title: Biomolecule

text: RNA, in contrast, forms large and complex 3D tertiary structures reminiscent of proteins, as well as the loose single strands with locally folded regions that constitute messenger RNA molecules. Those RNA structures contain many stretches of A-form double helix, connected into definite 3D arrangements by single-stranded loops, bulges, and junctions. Examples are tRNA, ribosomes, ribozymes, and riboswitches. These complex structures are facilitated by the fact that RNA backbone has less local flexibility than DNA but a large set of distinct conformations, apparently because of both positive and negative interactions of the extra OH on the ribose. Structured RNA molecules can do highly specific binding of other molecules and can themselves be recognized specifically; in addition, they can perform enzymatic catalysis (when they are known as "ribozymes", as initially discovered by Tom Cech and colleagues).


title: Biomolecule

text: Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates with only one simple sugar. They essentially contain an aldehyde or ketone group in their structure. The presence of an aldehyde group in a monosaccharide is indicated by the prefix "aldo-". Similarly, a ketone group is denoted by the prefix "keto-". Examples of monosaccharides are the hexoses, glucose, fructose, Trioses, Tetroses, Heptoses, galactose, pentoses, ribose, and deoxyribose. Consumed fructose and glucose have different rates of gastric emptying, are differentially absorbed and have different metabolic fates, providing multiple opportunities for two different saccharides to differentially affect food intake. Most saccharides eventually provide fuel for cellular respiration.


title: Biomolecule

text: Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides, or two single simple sugars, form a bond with removal of water. They can be hydrolyzed to yield their saccharin building blocks by boiling with dilute acid or reacting them with appropriate enzymes. Examples of disaccharides include sucrose, maltose, and lactose.


title: Biomolecule

text: Polysaccharides are polymerized monosaccharides, or complex carbohydrates. They have multiple simple sugars. Examples are starch, cellulose, and glycogen. They are generally large and often have a complex branched connectivity. Because of their size, polysaccharides are not water-soluble, but their many hydroxy groups become hydrated individually when exposed to water, and some polysaccharides form thick colloidal dispersions when heated in water. Shorter polysaccharides, with 3 to 10 monomers, are called oligosaccharides.


title: Biomolecule

text: A fluorescent indicator-displacement molecular imprinting sensor was developed for discriminating saccharides. It successfully discriminated three brands of orange juice beverage. The change in fluorescence intensity of the sensing films resulting is directly related to the saccharide concentration.


title: Biomolecule

text: Lignin is a complex polyphenolic macromolecule composed mainly of beta-O4-aryl linkages. After cellulose, lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer and is one of the primary structural components of most plants. It contains subunits derived from "p"-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol and is unusual among biomolecules in that it is racemic. The lack of optical activity is due to the polymerization of lignin which occurs via free radical coupling reactions in which there is no preference for either configuration at a chiral center.


title: Biomolecule

text: Lipids (oleaginous) are chiefly fatty acid esters, and are the basic building blocks of biological membranes. Another biological role is energy storage (e.g., triglycerides). Most lipids consist of a polar or hydrophilic head (typically glycerol) and one to three non polar or hydrophobic fatty acid tails, and therefore they are amphiphilic. Fatty acids consist of unbranched chains of carbon atoms that are connected by single bonds alone (saturated fatty acids) or by both single and double bonds (unsaturated fatty acids). The chains are usually 14-24 carbon groups long, but it is always an even number.


title: Biomolecule

text: Other lipids include prostaglandins and leukotrienes which are both 20-carbon fatty acyl units synthesized from arachidonic acid.


title: Biomolecule

text: Amino acids contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. (In biochemistry, the term amino acid is used when referring to those amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon, plus proline which is not actually an amino acid).


title: Biomolecule

text: Modified amino acids are sometimes observed in proteins; this is usually the result of enzymatic modification after translation (protein synthesis). For example, phosphorylation of serine by kinases and dephosphorylation by phosphatases is an important control mechanism in the cell cycle. Only two amino acids other than the standard twenty are known to be incorporated into proteins during translation, in certain organisms:


title: Biomolecule

text: Besides those used in protein synthesis, other biologically important amino acids include carnitine (used in lipid transport within a cell), ornithine, GABA and taurine.


title: Biomolecule

text: The particular series of amino acids that form a protein is known as that protein's primary structure. This sequence is determined by the genetic makeup of the individual. It specifies the order of side-chain groups along the linear polypeptide "backbone".


title: Biomolecule

text: Proteins have two types of well-classified, frequently occurring elements of local structure defined by a particular pattern of hydrogen bonds along the backbone: alpha helix and beta sheet. Their number and arrangement is called the secondary structure of the protein. Alpha helices are regular spirals stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the backbone CO group (carbonyl) of one amino acid residue and the backbone NH group (amide) of the i+4 residue. The spiral has about 3.6 amino acids per turn, and the amino acid side chains stick out from the cylinder of the helix. Beta pleated sheets are formed by backbone hydrogen bonds between individual beta strands each of which is in an "extended", or fully stretched-out, conformation. The strands may lie parallel or antiparallel to each other, and the side-chain direction alternates above and below the sheet. Hemoglobin contains only helices, natural silk is formed of beta pleated sheets, and many enzymes have a pattern of alternating helices and beta-strands. The secondary-structure elements are connected by "loop" or "coil" regions of non-repetitive conformation, which are sometimes quite mobile or disordered but usually adopt a well-defined, stable arrangement.


title: Biomolecule

text: The overall, compact, 3D structure of a protein is termed its tertiary structure or its "fold". It is formed as result of various attractive forces like hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interactions, hydrophilic interactions, van der Waals force etc.


title: Biomolecule

text: When two or more polypeptide chains (either of identical or of different sequence) cluster to form a protein, quaternary structure of protein is formed. Quaternary structure is an attribute of polymeric (same-sequence chains) or heteromeric (different-sequence chains) proteins like hemoglobin, which consists of two "alpha" and two "beta" polypeptide chains.


title: Biomolecule

text: An apoenzyme (or, generally, an apoprotein) is the protein without any small-molecule cofactors, substrates, or inhibitors bound. It is often important as an inactive storage, transport, or secretory form of a protein. This is required, for instance, to protect the secretory cell from the activity of that protein.


title: Biomolecule

text: Apoenzymes become active enzymes on addition of a cofactor. Cofactors can be either inorganic (e.g., metal ions and iron-sulfur clusters) or organic compounds, (e.g., [Flavin group|flavin] and heme). Organic cofactors can be either prosthetic groups, which are tightly bound to an enzyme, or coenzymes, which are released from the enzyme's active site during the reaction.


title: Biomolecule

text: Isoenzymes, or isozymes, are multiple forms of an enzyme, with slightly different protein sequence and closely similar but usually not identical functions. They are either products of different genes, or else different products of alternative splicing. They may either be produced in different organs or cell types to perform the same function, or several isoenzymes may be produced in the same cell type under differential regulation to suit the needs of changing development or environment. LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) has multiple isozymes, while fetal hemoglobin is an example of a developmentally regulated isoform of a non-enzymatic protein. The relative levels of isoenzymes in blood can be used to diagnose problems in the organ of secretion .


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: Tal Wilkenfeld (born 2 December 1986) is an Australian singer, songwriter, bassist, and guitarist. She has performed with artists including Jeff Beck, Prince, Eric Clapton, Herbie Hancock, and Mick Jagger. In 2008, Wilkenfeld was voted "The Year's Most Exciting New Player" by "Bass Player" magazine readers' choice poll. In 2013, Wilkenfeld was awarded "Bass Player" Magazine's "Young Gun Award" by Don Was, where she performed "Chelsea Hotel" by Leonard Cohen.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: Wilkenfeld is a bandleader of her own eponymous bands, in which she sings, plays bass, and plays guitar. In her earlier work, she was backed by musicians such as Wayne Krantz and Vinnie Colaiuta. She opened for The Who on the North American part of The Who Hits 50! tour in 2016. In 2016, Wilkenfeld released a single entitled "Corner Painter" which features Blake Mills and Benmont Tench. Also in 2016, "Rolling Stone" stated that Wilkenfeld was "working on new music that sees her evolving from an instrumental prodigy into a formidable singer-songwriter." On 15 March 2019, Wilkenfeld released her vocal debut album "Love Remains", which reached No. 1 on the Billboard Heatseeker charts on the first week of its release. "Love Remains" has been highly praised by the press and featured in "Rolling Stone", "Relix", "Paste", "Billboard", and "Forbes". "Rolling Stone" described Wilkenfeld's vocal debut as "ten dense, riff-heavy tracks with brazen, introspective lyrics—prove her songwriting abilities." Wilkenfeld has also been a guest on popular podcasts, including "WTF with Marc Maron," and Bill Burr's "Monday Morning Podcast" .


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: Wilkenfeld has recorded on projects with Ringo Starr, Brian Wilson, Toto, Todd Rundgren, Macy Gray, Dr. John, Trevor Rabin, Jackson Browne, Joe Walsh, Rod Stewart, John Mayer, Sting, Ben Harper, David Gilmour, Pharrell, Buddy Guy, Billy Gibbons, Lee Ritenour, Hiram Bullock, Susan Tedeschi, and Hans Zimmer.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: Wilkenfeld began playing guitar in 2000 when she was 14 years old. Two years later, she dropped out of high school in Sydney and emigrated to the United States, where she studied electric guitar. Within a year, Wilkenfeld switched to electric bass. In 2004, Wilkenfeld graduated from Los Angeles College of Music. She accepted an endorsement from Sadowsky Guitars, and devoted herself to forming a band and composing songs. At the age of 18, Wilkenfeld moved to New York City, and began making a name for herself in New York's jazz clubs. "I was actually walking around to like several clubs every night till the sun came up, sitting in at jazz clubs just learning. I was really the only one that would go into these clubs with an electric bass, because these were like, you know, places that played exclusively bebop. So I got some funny looks for quite some time. But it was a priceless education."


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: While playing at a club in New York in 2006, Wilkenfeld met some members of The Allman Brothers Band. She credits Oteil Burbridge and Derek Trucks with encouraging her to join them at the Beacon Theater, her first time on a large stage. "Oteil just handed me his bass at the beginning of "Elizabeth Reed" and literally just ran into the audience and was watching me in the audience, smiling." The jam lasted about 40 minutes and Wilkenfeld sent a recording of the performance to Jeff Beck when she auditioned for his band.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: In 2006, months after performing as a guest with The Allman Brothers Band, Wilkenfeld recorded her debut album, "Transformation", in just two days. Wilkenfeld composed, produced, arranged and played bass on seven songs with Wayne Krantz, Geoffrey Keezer, saxophonist Seamus Blake and Keith Carlock.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: Upon learning that Chick Corea was seeking a bassist for an upcoming tour, Wilkenfeld sent him demos of "Transformation", and was selected for his 2007 Australian tour, along with Frank Gambale and Antonio Sanchez. A few months later, she joined Jeff Beck, Vinnie Colaiuta, and Jason Rebello for Beck's summer European tour. The group completed their tour at Eric Clapton's 2007 Crossroads Guitar Festival in Chicago, Illinois, performing to a sell-out crowd of approximately 40,000 people. By November 2007, Wilkenfeld had rejoined Beck and the other band members for a week-long residency at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London. Beck selected that venue to record a new DVD and CD, with guests that included Clapton, Joss Stone, and Imogen Heap. It was recorded, filmed, and released as "Live at Ronnie Scott's". On the same trip, Wilkenfeld joined Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, singer Corinne Bailey Rae, and drummer Vinnie Colaiuta on a session filmed for the A&E series, "Live from Abbey Road". Wilkenfeld completed 2007 with two standing-room-only Greenwich Village shows with Krantz.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: In 2008, Wilkenfeld accompanied Krantz at shows in Los Angeles, before an Australian tour with Krantz and Carlock, a reunion of the band that appeared on "Transformation". At the conclusion of the tour, Krantz, Carlock and John Beasley backed Wilkenfeld during her headlining set for "Bass Player LIVE!" 2008 in Los Angeles. In July, she accompanied Jeff Beck in a tribute to George Martin in Los Angeles. She appeared at Warren Haynes's 20th Annual Christmas Jam, reuniting and performing with The Allman Brothers Band and guesting with Gov't Mule, Ivan Neville, and Robben Ford.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: In 2008, Wilkenfeld received a phone call from Prince. She was surprised that his first words to her were, "Do you like the drum rolls of Jack DeJohnette?"


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: Prince brought Wilkenfeld to parties at his Los Angeles home. Sometimes he and his band played and she was their lone audience member.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: Months later, Prince called Wilkenfeld from Minneapolis, and said that he wanted to put together a trio with her, asking Wilkenfeld to find them a drummer. They settled on Chris Coleman, who had been playing with Chaka Khan and Rachelle Farrell, and Prince flew the two musicians to Paisley Park for the first time in late 2009.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: In March 2010, Wilkenfeld travelled to Paisley Park, and began to improvise and play chords on instruction from Prince. "I just made everything up; he gave me no direction about what to play beyond a chord here or there. It was just do your thing", Wilkenfeld explained. "I never heard the lyrics, never knew what the songs were about, never heard the melody. It was like we had to be psychic when we were playing", she added. The result of this work culminated in "Welcome 2 America" - Prince's 2021 album and first posthumous release with previously unreleased music, which features Wilkenfeld on bass on 10 of the 12 tracks, recorded in 2010.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: Prince told Wilkenfeld that he was feeling inspired by 'the Jimi Hendrix Experience'. "Even though it later evolved into having keyboards and background vocals," says Wilkenfeld, "the album was essentially recorded as a trio, so it has that raw vibe." "Welcome 2 America" was constructed in discrete stages with different cohorts of musicians. Prince started out recording instrumental tracks — without vocals or lyrics — live in the studio with Wilkenfeld on bass and Chris Coleman on drums. Prince also worked with singers Shelby J. (for Johnson), Liv Warfield, and Elisa Fiorillo, sharing leads and harmonies with them. Morris Hayes added keyboards and simulated string and horn arrangements, earning credit as co-producer for six of the album’s 12 songs.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: "Prince also had two listening parties around May 2010 after we tracked. He was so excited to be playing us fully mixed tracks. He was definitely into the music. People were pulling up in limos dressed in Grammy attire." said Wilkenfeld


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: It is unknown why the album was shelved for 11 years. Even a decade later, those who worked on the album still do not understand why. "That was a surprise to me," Morris Hayes says. If he had to guess, Prince may have axed it because not all of the album's collaborators (including Wilkenfeld) were able to join Prince on the road. "I only surmised that if he couldn't put this album out with the crew he created it with, then I think it was a big mitigating factor in why it hit the shelf," Hayes says. "Prince had this thing where he would shoot first and ask questions later. And if he didn't have commitment from all those people that we could go out and make a big splash – with a new band, a new Prince – then the balloon would just go down. If all those things weren't aligned, that would cause that (music) to go in the vault."


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: After the recording sessions and listening parties, Wilkenfeld remembers: "The last time I saw him, I have a vivid memory of him sitting at his desk, and when I walked in he thanked me. Prince said, 'I've been searching for this sound for years, and I'm really grateful that you helped me find it.' It was the sweetest thing, and I'm so sad that that's my last memory."


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: Prince premiered his song "Hot Summer" featuring Wilkenfeld on Minnesota public radio station 89.3 on 7 June 2010.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: In 2009, Wilkenfeld toured Australia and Japan with Jeff Beck, who referred to her as a genius, saying "She will pick up mistakes that...Vinnie and I miss. So, she's a great anchor as well." Weeks later, the group toured the United States, beginning with Beck's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame where they played "Beck's Bolero" and were joined by Led Zeppelin's Jimmy Page on "Immigrant Song".


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: Between touring Japan and America, Wilkenfeld performed with The Roots on "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" as their first musical guest, after which she joined Jeff Beck's summer tour through Europe, Canada and the UK. Pink Floyd's David Gilmour sat in with the group during a performance at the Royal Albert Hall.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: In October 2009, Wilkenfeld reunited with Beck at Madison Square Garden for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 25th Anniversary two-night concert. The set included Buddy Guy on "Let Me Love You Baby", Sting singing "People Get Ready", and Billy Gibbons on "Foxey Lady". The "25th Anniversary Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Concerts DVD", which also included "Big Block", "A Day in the Life", and "Freeway Jam", was released in 2010.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: In 2010, Wilkenfeld contributed to Hancock's "The Imagine Project" on "A Change is Gonna Come" and "Don't Give Up" She played on Macy Gray's "The Sellout" on "That Man" and on Lee Ritenour's "Six String Theory" on "68", "In your Dreams", "Give Me One Reason" and Guthrie Govan's song "Fives".


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: In 2010, Wilkenfeld appeared in The Baked Potato's 40th anniversary show at the Ford Amphitheater with Steve Lukather's band, and accompanied Hancock across the US, Canada, and Europe to promote a new release on which she had played. The tour included a show at Carnegie Hall to celebrate Hancock's 70th birthday.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: In September 2011, Wilkenfeld accompanied Steven Tyler and Jeff Beck at the iHeartRadio Music Festival at the MGM Grand Garden Arena. Sting, who also accompanied Tyler on a song, recalled in a 2017 interview with "Bass Player" that Wilkenfeld had corrected him on an Aerosmith song. "I really respected her courage to come up to me and teach me the right way to play the part, and I was very grateful. She's an amazing bassist with great ears."


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: In 2013, Wilkenfeld joined alt-country singer-songwriter Ryan Adams as a collaborator on his studio album, "Ryan Adams" (2014). She contributed to two tracks on the Toto album "Toto XIV", and co-wrote a song called "Running Whiskey" with ZZ Top guitarist Billy Gibbons. "Running Whiskey" was released in 2016 by Supersonic Blues Machine.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: In 2018, Wilkenfeld performed with Bob Weir and his band Wolf Bros at the Arlington Theatre in Santa Barbara, and the Beacon Theatre in Manhattan.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: Wilkenfeld was featured on the cover of "Bass Player" magazine's March 2019 issue. On 22 July 2019, Wilkenfeld appeared on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", performing "Killing Me" and "Corner Painter".


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: On 3 March 2016, Wilkenfeld released a single called "Corner Painter", featuring Blake Mills and Benmont Tench. On 15 March 2017, Judd Apatow featured "Corner Painter" on season two of his Netflix series "Love".


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: Wilkenfeld opened for The Who on the North American part of The Who Hits 50! tour, starting in Detroit on 27 February 2016. Wilkenfeld headlined of her own between The Who dates, starting in Toronto, Ontario on 29 February 2016.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: On 14 December 2018, Wilkenfeld released a song entitled "Under The Sun". In 2019, Billboard magazine premiered her new single "Killing Me". Wilkenfeld released her debut vocal album "Love Remains" on 15 March 2019. The album includes Blake Mills on guitar, Benmont Tench on keyboard, and Jackson Browne as executive producer. "Love Remains" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Heatseeker charts on the first week of its release.


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: Wilkenfeld practices meditation. "I'm very focused on my spiritual, emotional, and mental growth" she told "Rolling Stone". "I meditate every day, and I just want to continue to evolve as a person, and I hope that my music will reflect that." She elaborated with Popdust, stating that "Meditating helps creativity flow. The more you meditate the more you realize that everything is a meditation. The silence is important." When "Bass Player" magazine asked about her time working with Herbie Hancock and Wayne Shorter, Wilkenfeld said: "It's comforting to know that two of the greatest musicians alive are just as focused on their spiritual paths as their musical paths, and for them, they're one and the same. I remember standing at the side of the stage a few minutes before I was going to play with Wayne, and he came up to me and said, "Play eternity!" Leonard Cohen, who I was lucky enough to spend time with, was also deeply focused on his spiritual journey. Self-inquiry is a very important part of my life, and it's reassuring to meet other like-minded people."


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: She has appeared on several comedians podcasts promoting her album "Love Remains", from Marc Maron, Bill Burr, and twice on Jeff Ross's podcast, once with Dave Attell. She co-wrote and produced a song for Marc Maron named "New Boots" for a movie titled "Sword of Trust".


title: Tal Wilkenfeld

text: Wilkenfeld endorses Sadowsky bass guitars and strings, EBS Professional Bass Equipment amplifiers, cabinets, and effect pedals.


title: Vampire Knight

text: Two drama CDs were created for the series, as well as a twenty-six episode anime adaptation based on the first two sagas. Produced by Studio Deen, the anime series' first season aired in Japan on TV Tokyo between April and July 2008. The second season, aired on the same station from October to December 2008. The anime uses many of the same voice actors as were used for the drama CDs. The anime adaptation was licensed for release in North America by Viz Media.


title: Vampire Knight

text: Yuki's earliest memory is of a stormy night in winter, where she was attacked by a rogue vampire and rescued by Kaname Kuran, a Pureblood vampire. Ten years later, Yuki is the adopted daughter of the headmaster of Cross Academy, Kaien Cross, and has become a guardian of the vampire race, protecting her childhood crush, Kaname, from discovery as he leads a group of vampires at the elite boarding school.


title: Vampire Knight

text: At her side is Zero Kiryu, a childhood friend whose hatred for the creatures that destroyed everything he held dear leaves him determined never to trust them. This coexisting arrangement seems all well and good, but have the vampires truly renounced their murderous ways, or is there a darker truth behind their actions? In this world of secrets, nothing is as it seems. The price of misplaced trust may even be worse than death. Should Yuki truly find out what was in her past, is the truth going to hurt her worse than not knowing?


title: Vampire Knight

text: Written and illustrated by Matsuri Hino, "Vampire Knight" was serialized in Hakusensha's "shōjo" manga magazine "LaLa" from November 24, 2005, to May 24, 2013. The individual chapters were collected and published in nineteen "tankōbon" volumes, released from July 10, 2005, to November 5, 2013.


title: Vampire Knight

text: The series was licensed for English release in North America by Viz Media. In addition to publishing the individual volumes, the series was serialized in Viz's "Shojo Beat" manga anthology from the July 2006 issue until the magazine was discontinued after the August 2009 issue. It is licensed for English release in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment, which released fifteen volumes. The final volume was released in English on October 14, 2014 by Viz Media.


title: Vampire Knight

text: Since the manga's conclusion, Hino began releasing a series of special chapters, which take place after the end of the final volume. On November 8, 2013, Hino released the first special chapter titled in "LaLa Fantasy", which was licensed and released digitally by Viz Media on December 9, 2014. Following chapters were released in "LaLa DX". The second special chapter, titled , was released on February 10, 2015. On December 10, 2015, the third special chapter, titled , was released. On February 10, 2016, the fourth and final special chapter, , was released. The chapters were collected as the first volume of a sequel manga "Vampire Knight: Memories", released on June 3, 2016. "Vampire Knight: Memories" itself officially launched in "LaLa DX" on June 10, 2016. Eight volumes have been published as of August 2022.


title: Vampire Knight

text: "Vampire Knight" was adapted into a thirteen episode anime television series by Studio Deen, which was broadcast on TV Tokyo from April 8 to July 1, 2008. A second thirteen-episode season, "Vampire Knight Guilty", was broadcast from October 7 to December 30, 2008.


title: Vampire Knight

text: The series uses four pieces of theme music. The opening themes of both the first and second season are performed by the duo On/Off, with as the opening for the first season, and as the opening for the second one. Kanon Wakeshima performs the first season ending theme, "Still Doll", and also the second season's ending theme . The soundtrack is composed by Takefumi Haketa and consists of 30 tracks (including the opening theme and ending theme).


title: Vampire Knight

text: In North America, the series was licensed by Viz Media. In the UK, the first volume was officially released on DVD via Manga Entertainment on November 22, 2010. In Australia, ABC3 aired the series in 2011.


title: Vampire Knight

text: Three light novels created by Matsuri Hino and Ayuna Fujisaki were published in Japan by Hakusensha in 2008 (the first two novels) and 2013 (the third), respectively. The novels feature side-stories that use the characters of the manga, but are not specifically based on chapters from the series. The first novel, , was published on April 5, 2008. The first story within the novel looks at an incident that occurred at Cross Academy in the year preceding Yuki's arrival about a Day Class student named Fuka Kisaragi, while the second story details an incident that occurred while Zero was still in training to be a vampire hunter alongside Kaito Takamiya, another boy training under Toga Yagari to be a vampire hunter.


title: Vampire Knight

text: The second novel, , was published on October 3, 2008. The story focuses on two minor characters, Nadeshiko Shindo and Kasumi Kageyama, from the manga, following their respective unrequited love at Cross Academy, as well as detailing a case that happened when Akatsuki Kain and Ruka Souen go to visit Senri Shiki and Rima Toya's modeling studio.


title: Vampire Knight

text: The third novel, , was released in 2014, featuring side-stories about Rido Kuran, Sara Shirabuki, and Yuki's and Zero's activities during the timeskip. The third novel is the only novel thus far to have been licensed by Viz Media and released in North America.


title: Vampire Knight

text: Two drama CDs have been released for "Vampire Knight". The first, "LaLa Kirameki", was released as an extra with the September 2005 issue of "LaLa". The second, "Vampire Knight Midnight CD-Pack", was released only via mail order.


title: Vampire Knight

text: In November 2008, the official "Vampire Knight", titled , was published in Japan. In addition to providing additional information about the series characters and story, it includes images and details from Hino's storyboard. The fanbook has been licensed by Viz Media and was released on October 19, 2010.


title: Vampire Knight

text: A 94-page "Matsuri Hino Illustrations Vampire Knight" was released on July 5, 2010, the artwork included one original double page spread created for the Artbook and a compilation of 100 previously released Vampire Knight color artworks.


title: Vampire Knight

text: A live-action musical adaptation was announced and staged at the Hakuhinkan Theater in Tokyo from January 21 to the 25th, 2015. Another musical took place July 1 to the 5th, 2015.


title: RPG-29

text: The RPG-29 "Vampir" (Russian for "vampire") is a Soviet reusable rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) launcher. Adopted by the Soviet Army in 1989, it was the last RPG to be adopted by the Soviet military before the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.


title: RPG-29

text: The RPG-29 has since been supplemented by other rocket-propelled systems, such as the RPG-30 and RPG-32. The RPG-29 has been implicated in an attack on the British Challenger 2 tanks in Iraq, and in attacks on Israeli Merkava tanks in Lebanon, which breached the tanks' armor and in some cases injured or killed crew members.


title: RPG-29

text: The RPG-29 is a shoulder-fired, unguided, tube-style, breech-loading anti-tank rocket system with a range of 500 meters. The light weapon is designed to be carried and used by one soldier. Atop the launch tube is a 2.7× 1P38 optical sight.


title: RPG-29

text: When launched, the missile deploys eight fins as the rocket leaves the launcher, stabilizing the rocket during flight, up to a range of 500 meters.


title: RPG-29

text: The RPG-29 is unusual among Russian anti-tank rocket launchers in that it lacks an initial propellant charge to place the projectile at a safe distance from the operator before the rocket ignites. Instead, the rocket engine starts as soon as a trigger is pulled, and burns out before the projectile leaves the barrel.


title: RPG-29

text: On the bottom of the tube is a shoulder brace for proper positioning along with a pistol grip trigger mechanism. A side rail on its left side accepts a 1PN51-2 night sight.


title: RPG-29

text: The RPG-29 was developed during the late 1980s, following the development of the RPG-26, and entered service with the Soviet Army in 1989. It has recently seen intermittent use by irregular forces in the Middle East theater, including in combat against Allied forces during the Iraq War, and the 2006 Lebanon War, when it was used against Israeli forces.


title: RPG-29

text: The RPG-29 is believed to have been used in skirmishes against American and British forces during the initial 2003 invasion of Iraq. An RPG-29 round was reported in August 2006 to have penetrated the frontal underside hull (equipped with ERA) of a Challenger 2 tank during an engagement in al-Amarah, Iraq, maiming one and wounding several other crew members, but only lightly damaging the tank, which drove home under its own power.


title: RPG-29

text: On August 25, 2007 a PG-29V hit a passing M1 Abrams in the hull rear wounding 3 crew members. On September 5, 2007, a PG-29V hit the side turret of an M1 Abrams in Baghdad, killing 2 of the crew and wounding 1, and the tank was seriously damaged.


title: RPG-29

text: In May 2008, "The New York Times" disclosed that another M1 Abrams tank had also been damaged by an RPG-29 in Iraq, while fighting Shia militias at Sadr City. The US Army ranks the RPG-29 threat to armor so high that they refused to allow the newly formed Iraqi army to buy it, fearing that it would fall into insurgent hands.


title: RPG-29

text: During the conflict, the Israeli newspaper "Haaretz" stated that the RPG-29 was a major source of Israel Defense Forces (IDF) casualties in the 2006 Lebanon War. A spokesman for the Russian Foreign Ministry denied that Russia had supplied arms directly to Hezbollah. Shortly before the end of the conflict the Russian " Kommersant" magazine acknowledged through anonymous sources the possibility of a weapons transfer between Syria and Hezbollah during the Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon.


title: RPG-29

text: During the 2014 Gaza War, Hamas had used RPG-29s to attack IDF Merkava tanks, however because of the recently developed Trophy (countermeasure) they had little effect.


title: RPG-29

text: During the Iraqi Civil War, ISIL has used RPG-29s in Iraq, probably ones taken in Syria. And anti-ISIL Shia militias in Iraq have also used RPG-29s, the Iranian produced "Ghadir", which was supplied by Iran.


title: John Michael McDonagh

text: John Michael McDonagh (born 7 November 1967) is a screenwriter and film director with Irish and British nationality. He wrote and directed "The Guard" (2011) and "Calvary" (2014), both films starring Brendan Gleeson, receiving a BAFTA Award nomination for the former. He was born in London in 1967. He is the older brother of playwright and filmmaker Martin McDonagh.


title: John Michael McDonagh

text: McDonagh was born in London in 1967. He was raised in England with his younger brother, playwright and filmmaker Martin McDonagh, although they spent their summers in his mother's Irish hometown of Easky, County Sligo, which was the setting for "Calvary." Like his brother, McDonagh dropped out of secondary school, and ended up unemployed. He pursued a career as a writer and, after writing several unpublished novels, decided to try writing for film.


title: John Michael McDonagh

text: McDonagh made his first foray into writing and directing with "The Second Death", a short film released in 2000, which his brother served as executive producer for. Next McDonagh adapted Robert Drewe's 1991 novel "Our Sunshine" into the screenplay for the 2003 film "Ned Kelly", which was directed by Gregor Jordan.


title: John Michael McDonagh

text: McDonagh gained considerable attention in 2011, with the theatrical release of his feature film directorial debut "The Guard", starring Brendan Gleeson and Don Cheadle. The film received critical acclaim, and went on to become the most financially successful independent Irish film of all time. Among several honours, McDonagh was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay. He followed this up in 2014 with "Calvary", a blackly comic drama about a good priest tormented by his community. The film also starred Gleeson as the main character.


title: John Michael McDonagh

text: McDonagh returned to the crime comedy genre for his 2016 feature, "War on Everyone", which stars Alexander Skarsgård and Michael Peña as a pair of intractable Albuquerque police detectives. His fourth feature, "The Forgiven", was released in 2022.


title: John Michael McDonagh

text: McDonagh has mentioned numerous forthcoming projects, including an adaptation of Percival Everett's novel "Assumption", "The Bonnot Gang", a period gangster film based on the true story of a group of French anarchist bank robbers who operated before World War I, and "Chaos Inc", a television series about a Buddhist private investigator based in Las Vegas.


title: John Michael McDonagh

text: In 2014 McDonagh spoke of plans to end the "trilogy" begun with "The Guard" and "Calvary", reteaming him with star Brendan Gleeson. The film, titled "The Lame Shall Enter First", will follow a paraplegic ex-policeman in London who has developed a hatred for able-bodied people and who gets caught up in a new investigation after one of his friends is murdered. It is intended to be an amalgamation of themes and tones present in his first two directorial features.


title: Recurrent laryngeal nerve

text: The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is a branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) that supplies all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, with the exception of the cricothyroid muscles. There are two recurrent laryngeal nerves, right and left. The right and left nerves are not symmetrical, with the left nerve looping under the aortic arch, and the right nerve looping under the right subclavian artery then traveling upwards. They both travel alongside the trachea. Additionally, the nerves are among the few nerves that follow a "recurrent" course, moving in the opposite direction to the nerve they branch from, a fact from which they gain their name.


title: Recurrent laryngeal nerve

text: The recurrent laryngeal nerves supply sensation to the larynx below the vocal cords, give cardiac branches to the deep cardiac plexus, and branch to the trachea, esophagus and the inferior constrictor muscles. The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles, the only muscles that can open the vocal folds, are innervated by this nerve.


title: Recurrent laryngeal nerve

text: The recurrent laryngeal nerves are the nerves of the sixth pharyngeal arch. The existence of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was first documented by the physician Galen.


title: Recurrent laryngeal nerve

text: The recurrent laryngeal nerves branch from the vagus nerve, relative to which they get their names; the term "recurrent" from (back) and "currere" (to run), indicates they run in the opposite direction to the vagus nerves from which they branch. The vagus nerves run down into the thorax, and the recurrent laryngeal nerves run up to the larynx.


title: Recurrent laryngeal nerve

text: The vagus nerves, from which the recurrent laryngeal nerves branch, exit the skull at the jugular foramen and travel within the carotid sheath alongside the carotid arteries through the neck. The recurrent laryngeal nerves branch off the vagus, the left at the aortic arch, and the right at the right subclavian artery. The left RLN passes in front of the arch, and then wraps underneath and behind it. After branching, the nerves typically ascend in a groove at the junction of the trachea and esophagus. They then pass behind the posterior, middle part of the outer lobes of the thyroid gland and enter the larynx underneath the inferior constrictor muscle, passing into the larynx just posterior to the cricothyroid joint. The terminal branch is called the "inferior laryngeal nerve".


title: Recurrent laryngeal nerve

text: Unlike the other nerves supplying the larynx, the right and left RLNs lack bilateral symmetry. The left RLN is longer than the right, because it crosses under the arch of the aorta at the ligamentum arteriosum.


title: Recurrent laryngeal nerve

text: The somatic motor fibers that innervate the laryngeal muscles, and pharyngeal muscles are located in the nucleus ambiguus and emerge from the medulla in the cranial root of the accessory nerve. Fibers cross over to and join the vagus nerve in the jugular foramen. Sensory cell bodies are located in the inferior jugular ganglion, and the fibers terminate in the solitary nucleus. Parasympathetic fibers to segments of the trachea and esophagus in the neck originate in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve.