title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: On 14 January 2022, the leaders of the centre-right coalition expressed their willingness to nominate former prime minister Silvio Berlusconi as their candidate to the presidency. Berlusconi's candidacy was widely criticised by PD, M5S, and other centrist and leftist parties. PD secretary Enrico Letta described it as "divisive", stating that Italy needed a unitary president and not a long-time party leader like Berlusconi. On 22 January, after acknowledging not to have enough votes to be elected, Berlusconi announced the withdrawal of his candidacy.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: On 16 January, forty parliamentarians in opposition to the Draghi government and belonging to the Mixed Group factions of Alternativa, Communist Party (PC), and Power to the People (PaP), supported the candidacy of the former vice-president of the Constitutional Court of Italy Paolo Maddalena, subsequently obtaining the support of Italexit, Italy of Values (IdV), and the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), the latter of which was not represented in the assembly. Before the start of the voting process, PaP withdrew its support for Maddalena due to his positions against abortion and same-sex marriage. A similar choice was also expressed within the Mixed Group by Green Italia's parliamentary group FacciamoEco, which decided to vote for Marco Cappato, an activist and member of the Italian Radicals.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: Various hypothetical candidacies were proposed by media, journalists and political analysts in the days before the election. The list notably included Elisabetta Casellati, who is serving as the president of the Senate, former president of the Senate Marcello Pera, former presidents of the Chamber of Deputies like Pier Ferdinando Casini and Luciano Violante, the European Commissioner and former prime minister Paolo Gentiloni, the judge of the Constitutional Court of Italy and former prime minister Giuliano Amato, former ministers like Franco Frattini, Giulio Tremonti, Andrea Riccardi, Rosy Bindi, and Paola Severino, the judge of the Constitutional Court of Italy Silvana Sciarra, and the diplomat Elisabetta Belloni. David Sassoli, President of the European Parliament, was also a potential candidate for the PD until his death on 11 January 2022.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: On 24 January, the day of the first ballot, in the absence of a common candidate, both centre-right and centre-left coalitions requested the blank vote. On the other hand, the candidacies of Maddalena and Cappato were voted by minor parties and parliamentary groups, while Action and More Europe confirmed their support to the Minister of Justice Marta Cartabia. On the same day, Giorgia Meloni, leader of Brothers of Italy (FdI), proposed former deputy attorney of Venice Carlo Nordio. Nordio rejected the candidacy, citing lack of political experience.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: On 25 January, the leaders of the centre-right coalition organized a press conference to announce a list of presidential candidates. The candidates were Marcello Pera, former president of the Senate, Letizia Moratti, a former mayor of Milan who previously rejected the candidacy in favor of Berlusconi, and Nordio, the former magistrate who also had already rejected the candidacy. Letta described the three candidacies as "a step forward, useful for dialogue"; however, he said that he did not believe that these candidacies could be considered as shared among the political sides. Also in the second round, both the centre-right and centre-left coalitions decided to vote blank.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: On 26 January, Meloni officially proposed her own party's co-founder Guido Crosetto as candidate in the third ballot, while members of For the Autonomies, a minor group of regionalist parties, announced their votes for Casini. Despite the two coalitions still deciding to vote blank, incumbent president Mattarella resulted as the most voted candidate with 125 votes, even though no parties proposed him as candidate and he had always ruled out a second term. Mattarella was followed by Crosetto with 114, Maddalena with 61, and Casini with 52.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: On 27 January, contrasts between the two major coalitions prevented the proposal of a shared candidacy. On the fourth ballot, the centre-right coalition decided to abstain, while the centre-left one voted blank. Alternativa and other minor opposition parties voted for Nino Di Matteo, an anti-mafia prosecutor and member of the High Council of the Judiciary. Once again, President Mattarella resulted as the most voted candidate, gaining 166 votes, followed by Di Matteo with 56 votes.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: On 28 January, the centre-right coalition officially proposed Casellati as its candidate for the presidency in the fifth ballot. Casellati, President of the Senate and member of FI, was strongly supported by the League's leader Matteo Salvini, who stated that it was a "true honor to propose her as the first female president". The centre-left coalition opposed her candidacy and decided to abstain. Casellati gained a mere result of 382 votes, far below the majority threshold of 505 required to be elected and even below the number of centre-right electors, due to more than 70 so-called "snipers" (). Casellati was followed by Mattarella with 46 votes and Di Matteo with 38. In the sixth ballot on the evening of 28 January, the centre-right abstained, while the centre-left formally voted blank. Once again, President Mattarella resulted as the most voted candidate with 336 votes, despite any party formally supporting his re-election, as well as his firm denial to a second term.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: On the evening of 28 January, Salvini announced his willingness to propose a female candidate as president. Salvini's statement was soon followed by a remark of Giuseppe Conte, president of the M5S, opening to a possibile agreement between Lega and M5S on the candidacy of Elisabetta Belloni, a diplomat and director of the Department of Information for Security. This possibility was later confirmed with a tweet by M5S founder Beppe Grillo, who wrote: "Welcome Madame Italy, Elisabetta Belloni." Belloni's candidacy was immediately opposed by former prime minister and IV leader Matteo Renzi, who stated that the serving head of national intelligence could not be elected president, while the foreign affairs minister Luigi Di Maio described the manner Belloni was proposed as "indecorous". The candidacy was also attacked by Coraggio Italia (CI), FI, LeU, and by various factions of the PD and M5S.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: On the morning of 29 January, the seventh ballot was inconclusive, as Lega and FI abstained, the centre-left voted blank, and FdI supported Nordio. Mattarella was again the most voted candidate with 387 votes, followed by Nordio with 64, and Di Matteo with 40. During the seventh ballot, after the fall of all other possible candidacies, the re-election of incumbent president Mattarella became a serious alternative. Letta, who had already proposed his re-election a few weeks before, asked the other leaders to follow "the Parliament's wisdom", referring to the massive support that Mattarella had received in the previous ballots.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: Accusing the centre-left of having rejected all his proposals, Salvini opened to a new term for the incumbent president. Salvini's proposal for a new term met the criticism of Meloni, who stated in a tweet that she did not "want to believe it". Casini, who was widely considered one of the most reliable candidates, asked to rule out his name and vote for Mattarella. Prime Minister Draghi, another probable candidate, asked Mattarella to accept a second term for "the good and the stability of the country". In the early afternoon, the delegations of parliamentary groups of PD, M5S, Lega, FI, IV, CI, LeU, and For the Autonomies went to the Quirinal Palace asking Mattarella to concede his availability to a second term. Mattarella agreed to get re-elected.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: On the evening of 29 January, in the eighth ballot, Mattarella was re-elected President of Italy with 759 votes; he received the second most votes of any presidential candidate after Sandro Pertini in 1978. In the ballot, Mattarella was followed by Nordio with 90 votes and Di Matteo with 37. Following the election, the presidents of the two houses of Parliament, Roberto Fico and Casellati, announced the results to Mattarella. The re-elected president gave a brief acceptance speech.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: In accordance with the Constitution of Italy, the election was held in the form of a secret ballot, with 321 senators, 630 deputies, and 58 regional representatives entitled to vote. Each of the twenty regions of Italy had three representatives, except for Aosta Valley, which had only one. The election was held in the Palazzo Montecitorio, home of the Chamber of Deputies, with the capacity of the assembly room expanded for the purpose. As there is no official candidacy process, representatives were free to vote for any person who meets the requirements. The first three ballots require a two-thirds majority of the 1,009 voters to elect a president, or 673 votes. Starting from the fourth ballot, an absolute majority is required for candidates to be elected, or 505 votes. The presidential mandate lasts seven years.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: The election process started on 24 January 2022. The election was presided over by Roberto Fico, President of the Chamber of Deputies, who processed the public counting of the votes, and by Elisabetta Casellati, President of the Senate. Fico had anticipated that he would consider only announcing the surname of the candidate written on each ballot whilst counting the votes, ignoring any additional names or titles. This was seen as a move to counteract Berlusconi's strategy, which reportedly involved having his supporters mark the ballots in recognizable ways, as well as a way to conceal Fico's party, the Five Star Movement, well-known internal fractures in the case their vote would prove crucial to elect the president. The presidential election procedure has been likened to a papal conclave by international observers, among them Bloomberg News, "The New York Times", and "The Washington Post". Others, such as "Politico", drew a comparison with the Netflix TV show "Squid Game".


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: The eligibility requirements, contained in the first paragraph of Article 84 of the Constitution of Italy, are to have Italian citizenship, have reached the age of 50, and enjoy civil and political rights.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: Electors per parliamentary group, including the regional delegates, were announced on the date of the election. With no snap elections being held on the national or regional level, below is the party breakdown of the presidential electors.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: These candidates were officially proposed as president and voted in at least one ballot, by parties, coalitions, or parliamentary groups which took part in the election.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: A two-thirds majority of 672 votes was needed to elect a candidate on the first ballot. Since two thirds of the electors left their ballots blank following party instructions, and others cast invalid votes, no candidate could receive the required majority. The candidate with the most votes was Paolo Maddalena, supported by members of the Mixed Group, with 36 votes, followed by incumbent President Mattarella and incumbent Minister of Justice Marta Cartabia.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: A two-thirds majority of 673 votes was needed to elect a candidate on the second ballot. Since more than half of the electors left their ballots blank following party instructions, and others cast invalid votes, no candidate could receive the required majority and another vote was scheduled on 26 January.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: A two-thirds majority of 673 votes was needed to elect a candidate on the third ballot. Since nearly half of the electors left their ballots blank following party instructions, and others cast invalid votes, no candidate could receive the required majority and another vote was scheduled on 27 January.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: An absolute majority of 505 votes was needed to elect a candidate on the fourth ballot. Since the centre-right coalition decided to abstain and the centre-left voted blank, no candidate could receive the required majority and another vote was scheduled on 28 January.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: An absolute majority of 505 votes was needed to elect a candidate on the fifth ballot. The centre-right coalition proposed Elisabetta Casellati as its candidate, while the centre-left and M5S, opposing her, decided to abstain. Casellati received only 382 votes, far below the required majority, and another vote was scheduled for 5pm on 28 January.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: An absolute majority of 505 votes was needed to elect a candidate on the sixth ballot. The centre-right coalition abstained, while the centre-left voted blank. Despite the lack of any formal support to his candidacy, Mattarella led with 336 votes, still well short of the required majority, and the seventh and eighth ballots were scheduled for 9:30am and 4:30pm, respectively, on 29 January.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: An absolute majority of 505 votes was needed to elect a candidate on the seventh ballot. The centre-right coalition abstained, while the centre-left formally voted blank. Once again, Mattarella led with 387 votes, still well short of the required majority, and the eighth ballot was scheduled for 4:30pm on 29 January.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: An absolute majority of 505 votes was needed to elect a candidate on the eighth ballot. After Mattarella reversed his earlier position and agreed to serve a second term, he obtained the necessary majority and was re-elected president.


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: On the day of the final ballot, Matteo Salvini and the minister of economic development Giancarlo Giorgetti (Lega) stated that Mario Draghi's government would need a "new phase" after the political events that characterised the presidential election. For "The New York Times", Jason Horowitz wrote that Sergio Mattarella's re-election "increased the likelihood that Mr. Draghi, a former president of the European Central Bank, would continue to lead the unity government until scheduled elections in February 2023."


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: Writing for Reuters, Angelo Amante, Giuseppe Fonte, and Gavin Jones commented that "financial markets are likely to react positively to the status quo, which will see Prime Minister Mario Draghi, who had made clear he hoped to become president himself, continuing as prime minister instead." Draghi said that Mattarella's re-election was "splendid news for Italians" and thanked him for "his decision to go along with the extremely strong will of parliament."


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: On 3 February, President Mattarella was sworn in for his second term in front of a joint assembly of the parliament. He called for unity, saying: "We still need to work together to strengthen Italy, beyond the current difficulties." He also commented on the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis, stating: "We cannot accept that now, without even the pretext of competition between different political and economic systems, the winds of confrontation are once again blowing across a continent that has experienced the tragedies of the First and Second World Wars."


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: Members of Italy's governing majority expressed contentment about the results and gratitude to Mattarella. Enrico Letta, leader of the Democratic Party, saw the result as a "victory for everyone" and posted a picture of the pencil he used to vote for Mattarella in the eight ballot, saying that he would keep it as "a beautiful souvenir", while Forza Italia's Silvio Berlusconi, who was thought to be a possible presidential candidate for the centre-right coalition but withdrew his bid for the presidency a week earlier, praised Mattarella "from whom we know we are asking for a great sacrifice, but we also know that we can ask him in the higher interests of the country." Lega's Salvini thanked Mattarella, saying that he should "not be perceived as a stopgap president." Giorgia Meloni of the opposition Brothers of Italy posted a video of the sustained applause among deputies upon Mattarella's re-election with the message: "MPs euphoric for not having changed anything and forcing Mattarella to another term. What are they celebrating? That their salary is safe."


title: 2022 Italian presidential election

text: United States president Joe Biden welcomed Mattarella's re-election and said he looks forward to "continuing our efforts to further strengthen US-Italy ties, deepen the transatlantic partnership, and address common global challenges." Referring to Mattarella as "dear Sergio", French president Emmanuel Macron posted a message in Italian saying: "I know I can count on your commitment to ensure the friendship between our countries and this united, strong and prosperous Europe that we are building." Ursula von der Leyen, president of the European Commission, congratulated Mattarella in an Italian tweet saying: "Italy can always count on the EU." Pope Francis assured Mattarella of his prayers "so that he may continue to support the dear Italian people in building an ever more fraternal coexistence and encouraging them to face the future with hope."


title: Calvin Ramsay

text: Calvin William Ramsay (born 31 July 2003) is a Scottish professional footballer who currently plays as a right-back for Premier League club Liverpool and the Scotland national team.


title: Calvin Ramsay

text: After progressing through the youth ranks at Aberdeen, Ramsay made his debut as a late substitute against Dundee United in March 2020, under caretaker manager Paul Sheerin. Ramsay went on to make another five appearances in his first season with the senior team. He made his European debut for the club against Swedish side BK Häcken in July 2021 in a UEFA Conference League qualifier. He started at right back in a 5–1 win and assisting the first goal of the game. Ramsay won the SFWA Young Player of the Year award for 2021–22, his only full season with Aberdeen.


title: Calvin Ramsay

text: Ramsay moved to Premier League club Liverpool in June 2022. He signed a five-year contract for an initial fee of £4.2m, a club record sale for Aberdeen.


title: Calvin Ramsay

text: On 1 November 2022, Ramsey made his debut for Liverpool when he came on as an 87th minute substitute in the 2-0 win against Napoli in the 2022–23 UEFA Champions League.


title: Calvin Ramsay

text: On 9 November 2022, he started his first game for Liverpool in the win against Derby County in the third round of the EFL Cup at Anfield.


title: Calvin Ramsay

text: Ramsay was called up to the senior Scotland squad in November 2022. He made his international debut on 16 November in a 2-1 friendly defeat to Turkey.


title: Kingdom of Montenegro

text: The Kingdom of Montenegro () was a monarchy in southeastern Europe, present-day Montenegro, during the tumultuous period of time on the Balkan Peninsula leading up to and during World War I. Officially it was a constitutional monarchy, but absolutist in practice. On 28 November 1918, following the end of World War I, with the Montenegrin government still in exile, the Podgorica Assembly proclaimed unification with the Kingdom of Serbia, which itself was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes three days later, on 1 December 1918. This unification with Serbia would last, through various successor states, for almost 88 years, until finally coming to an end in 2006.


title: Kingdom of Montenegro

text: Prince Nicholas of Montenegro proclaimed the Kingdom of Montenegro in Cetinje on 28 August 1910, elevating the country from the rank of Principality. King Nicholas I had ruled the country as Prince since 1860, and had initiated several modernising reforms at the beginning of the 20th century, such as introducing a constitution and a new currency, the Montenegrin perper.


title: Kingdom of Montenegro

text: Montenegro joined the First Balkan War in 1912, hoping to win a share in the last Ottoman-controlled areas of Rumelia. Montenegro did make further territorial gains by splitting Sandžak with Serbia on 30 May 1913. But the Montenegrins had to abandon the newly captured city of İşkodra ("Skadar" in Serbian, modern-day Shkodër) to the new state of Albania in May 1913, at the insistence of the Great Powers. Esad Pasha made a deal to surrender the town to the Montenegrins in exchange for Montenegro supporting his claims in Central Albania. However, as Shkodër and the surroundings had a large ethnic Albanian majority, the area went to the state of Albania instead.


title: Kingdom of Montenegro

text: When the Second Balkan War broke out in June 1913, Serbia fought against Bulgaria, and King Nicholas sided with Serbia.


title: Kingdom of Montenegro

text: During World War I (1914–1918) Montenegro allied itself with the Triple Entente, in line with King Nicholas' pro-Serbian policy. Accordingly, Austria-Hungary occupied Montenegro from 15 January 1916 to October 1918.


title: Kingdom of Montenegro

text: On 20 July 1917, the signing of the Corfu Declaration foreshadowed the unification of Montenegro with Serbia. On 26 November 1918, the Podgorica Assembly, an elected body claiming to represent Montenegrin people, unanimously adopted a resolution deposing king Nicholas I (who was still in exile) and unifying Montenegro with Serbia. Upon this event Nicholas I, who had previously supported unification with Serbia into a greater state with his dynasty playing the pivotal role, switched to promoting Montenegrin nationalism and opposing the union with Serbia, a position he maintained until his death in France in 1921.


title: Kingdom of Montenegro

text: On 1 December 1918, Serbia and Montenegro together formed a major part of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia).


title: Kingdom of Montenegro

text: During World War II, the occupying forces in Yugoslavia considered turning the Italian governorate of Montenegro into a puppet kingdom, but nothing came of these plans.


title: Rosanna Pansino

text: Rosanna Pansino is an American YouTuber, actress, author and singer. Pansino is one of the highest-paid content-creators on YouTube, and was listed first on "Forbes" "Top Influencers: Food" list in 2017.


title: Rosanna Pansino

text: Pansino has hosted the internet series "Nerdy Nummies" since 2011, which won her a Shorty Award and earned her five Streamy Award nominations. She has written and published two cookbooks based on the series, as well as releasing a baking line.


title: Rosanna Pansino

text: Pansino starred in the web series "Broken Quest" in 2013, and the YouTube Premium series "Escape the Night" in 2018 and 2019, the latter of which earned her two Streamy Award nominations. In 2021, she has hosted the HBO Max series "Baketopia".


title: Rosanna Pansino

text: Rosanna Pansino was born in Seattle, King County, Washington, where she was raised alongside her sister Molly Lu. She is of Italian, Croatian, German, and Irish ancestry. Throughout her childhood, she was known by friends and family as a "nerdy" and "awkward" kid, and in school, she struggled with dyslexia. She originally wanted to become an actress, and after attending Pacific Lutheran University, she moved to Los Angeles to pursue acting. At one stage, Pansino was a teacher.


title: Rosanna Pansino

text: Pansino's interest in cooking was inspired by her father and grandmother, and she stated in 2014 that "...baking has always been a hobby of mine. I have always loved being creative with my food and making themed sweets for my friends." On December 17, 2019, Pansino announced throughout her social media outlets that her father, who appeared in several of her videos, had died due to leukemia, which he had been fighting for six years.


title: Rosanna Pansino

text: Pansino began her YouTube channel in 2009 after she was encouraged by a few of her friends who had also worked on YouTube, and had started making videos to get more comfortable in front of a camera. After her early baking videos gained a steady following, viewers eventually started to request more. Because she had never seen a baking show on television or the Internet, Pansino decided to create the "Nerdy Nummies" series. She later revealed that in her early years of YouTube while she had still worked as an actress that she had to choose between acting or YouTube, the ultimatum given by her agent. She remained adamant that she would not quit YouTube, despite the risks being taken at the time. Pansino told Cosmopolitan in 2015: " At this point, I wasn't making any money on YouTube. I knew that it was possible to do that but I wasn't making a dime. I decided, I'm going to do this. I'm not going to let YouTube go."


title: Rosanna Pansino

text: "Nerdy Nummies" quickly became a hit, and it brought Pansino much recognition and acclaim. As of November 2022, her channel has attained over 4.2 billion views and 14 million subscribers, making it the most popular cooking channel on YouTube. She has since received several accolades; in 2013, she won the Shorty Award for Best Foodie, Chef or Food Lover in Social Media. She has also received five Streamy Award nominations for her work on "Nerdy Nummies". According to "Forbes", Pansino has remained one of the highest-paid YouTubers, reporting her to have made seven figures each year through sponsorships and advertisements. Commenting on her success in an interview with Business Insider in 2014, she stated: "I've never thought about how to make a video go viral. From the very beginning I have always wanted to use YouTube to better myself and share things I enjoy with the world. If others want to join me on that journey I am happy to have them as viewers."


title: Rosanna Pansino

text: Pansino has been noted for her consistent upload schedule, not having missed a single date since creating her channel. She stated in an interview with "Forbes" that "I don't want to miss an upload; I'm just not going to do that to my community, they've shown up for me and been so supportive of me, and in exchange I've been there for them—there's always going to be a video waiting for them on Saturday. It's this relationship and bond that I never wanted to break and I'm really proud that I haven't because it has been difficult at times." For the upcoming future, she said that she hoped to "be making baking videos until I'm 90 years old."


title: Rosanna Pansino

text: Pansino made her first appearance on television as a contestant on Season 2 of VH1's "Scream Queens", a reality series in which the prize was a role in one of the "Saw" films; she ended in 9th place. Following this, Pansino appeared in small roles on shows such as "Parks and Recreation" and "". She voiced the role of Violet in the animated web series "Broken Quest" in 2013.


title: Rosanna Pansino

text: In 2015, she made a cameo in the music video for "Dessert" by Dawin ft Silentó. She also released her first single, entitled "Perfect Together" in 2015, which was produced by Kurt Hugo Schneider. It was initially released on iTunes, and the music video was released later the same year which , has over 20 million views. Also in 2015, Pansino wrote and published "The Nerdy Nummies Cookbook", which was officially released that same year. The book includes selected recipes previously featured on "Nerdy Nummies," along with previously featured recipes have been remastered. The book became a "New York Times" best seller, and has been listed by BookRiot on a list of "50 Must-Read Books by YouTubers".


title: Rosanna Pansino

text: In 2016, she had a recurring voice role for the television series "Emo Dad", and also guest starred in the Disney Channel series "Bizaardvark" as herself. In August 2017, Pansino released a baking line in collaboration with cooking company Wilton. The set ranges from cooking tools and products intended more for the use of beginners, with the items including measurements and guides on each. It was released to a massive number of retailers, including Walmart and Michael's. In 2018, she released new items to further extend her line. Also in 2018, Pansino released another cookbook, entitled "Baking All Year Round", which was based on the same concept of her previous cookbook. Pansino starred in the third season of YouTube Red's "Escape the Night" as The Jet Setter in 2018, and in the fourth season as The Socialite in 2019. Pansino and the rest of the cast for both the third and fourth season were nominated for Streamy Awards.


title: Rosanna Pansino

text: In 2019, she made an appearance as a guest judge on Netflix original competitive-baking show "Nailed It!". In 2020, she appeared on YouTuber Lauren Riihimaki's show "Craftopia". In 2021, Pansino hosted the HBO Max series "Baketopia", where contestants compete in a bake-off to win up to $10,000; her hosting work on the show has received praise, and she has also executive-produced several episodes. That same year, she was among several other YouTubers who appeared in MrBeast's "$1,000,000 Influencer Tournament". Pansino was also on a season of "Top That".


title: Rosanna Pansino

text: Pansino currently resides in Los Angeles, where she films all her YouTube videos. In 2018, Pansino announced that she is in a relationship with Mike Lamond, better known as Husky, a former E-sports commentator who currently works with Pansino on "Nerdy Nummies". In her 2019 Valentine's Day video, she stated that they've worked together for nine years and have been dating for six years.


title: Rosanna Pansino

text: In 2019, Pansino was admitted to a local hospital after complaining of severe pain and illness. It was then later revealed that she'd caught a life-threatening bacterial infection, which was treated immediately. The news was announced on her Twitter account. In February 2021, she underwent a removal of her breast implants, which was announced on her Instagram. Pansino discussed her reason for choosing to remove her implants a year later in a YouTube video.


title: Lorenzo Music

text: Gerald David "Lorenzo" Music (May 2, 1937 – August 4, 2001) was an American actor, producer and writer. Music began his career in the late 1960s as a writer and a regular performer on the controversial CBS variety show "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour". In the 1970s, Music co-created the sitcom "The Bob Newhart Show" with David Davis and composed its theme music with his wife, Henrietta. He also wrote episodes for "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" and "Rhoda", and got his major voiceover role for playing the unseen, but often heard, Carlton the Doorman in "Rhoda". Music gained fame in the 1980s for voicing Jim Davis' comic strip character Garfield on twelve animated specials, and later in cartoons, video games, and commercials until his death in 2001. Music's distinctive voice of Garfield is still often used in animated specials in his legacy.


title: Lorenzo Music

text: Gerald David Music was born on May 2, 1937, in Brooklyn, New York. He was six years old when his family moved to Duluth, Minnesota, for his father's job at one of the shipyards.


title: Lorenzo Music

text: He was a student at Central High School and then at the University of Minnesota Duluth. Music met his wife Henrietta at the latter, in the Theatre Arts Department. Together, they formed a comedy duo named Gerald and His Hen, who performed together for eight years.


title: Lorenzo Music

text: Music changed his first name to Lorenzo for spiritual reasons after he became a member of the international spiritual association Subud.


title: Lorenzo Music

text: Music became a writer and a regular performer on "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour" during 1968 and 1969. His work as a writer on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" in 1970 would lead him to his big break. Music was the co-creator of "The Bob Newhart Show" with his producer/writing partner David Davis. The show ran on CBS from 1972 to 1978; he also co-wrote the theme song to the show with his wife Henrietta.


title: Lorenzo Music

text: Music continued writing for "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" spin-off "Rhoda". While casting "Rhoda", the producers were looking for a voice actor to play the part of a character that would be heard but never seen, Carlton the doorman. When they heard Music's sleepy, husky voice, they offered him that role, which made his voice recognizable to a worldwide television audience. The character was popular enough to warrant a one-off single in 1975 called "Who Is It?" (b/w "The Girl in 510", United Artists UA-XW643-X), which became a regional hit. Music also co-produced and co-wrote a 1980 animated special called "Carlton Your Doorman" which won an Emmy Award. Though it was a pilot episode, CBS did not pick it up as a series.


title: Lorenzo Music

text: In 1976, Lorenzo and Henrietta were given the opportunity to host a syndicated television variety show of their own. "The Lorenzo and Henrietta Music Show" was produced at a time when there was a glut of television variety shows, but it did not last. In 1983, Music voiced the character Ralph the All-Purpose Animal in the stop-motion animated film "Twice Upon a Time".


title: Lorenzo Music

text: In 1982, Jim Davis's "Garfield" was the most popular comic strip in America. Compilation books and merchandising of the strip were topping best seller lists, and Davis was negotiating to make an animated television special. Producers needed someone to voice the main character in the strip: Garfield, a fat, lazy, sarcastic, and demanding cat. The audition attracted several famed vocal talents, including Sterling Holloway, the voice of Winnie the Pooh. After one audition, Music was immediately cast as the voice of Garfield; in Davis's words, "I looked at the room full of [voice] actors, and then in the corner I saw Lorenzo, quietly licking himself". Music would serve as the voice of Garfield in more than 12 television specials, in the "Garfield and Friends" animated television series that ran from 1988-1994 on CBS, video games and commercials until 2001. He last voiced Garfield for an automobile commercial that year.


title: Lorenzo Music

text: Music voiced characters for shows such as "TaleSpin" as Sgt. Dunder, "The Real Ghostbusters" as the original voice of Peter Venkman, "Adventures of the Gummi Bears" as Tummi Gummi, "Fluppy Dogs" as Ozzie the Green Cool Fluppy, "Pac-Man", "Pound Puppies" as Teensy in the season 2 episode "Little Big Dog", and "Darkwing Duck". In the mid-1990s, after "Garfield and Friends", "Darkwing Duck" and "Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears" concluded, Music retired from cartoon voice acting.


title: Lorenzo Music

text: During the 1980s, Music also did voice-overs for many commercials for prime-time TV, such as Larry the Crash Test Dummy in the "You Could Learn a Lot from a Dummy" public safety announcements sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation and for Florida grapefruit juice, a lesser-known series of commercials extolling Florida agriculture as opposed to the more popular "Florida orange juice" commercials.


title: Lorenzo Music

text: In keeping with his beliefs in Subud and emphasis on charity, Music frequently volunteered his time on a suicide hotline. Music recalled that sometimes a caller would change his tone: "I am bankrupt, my wife ran off with another man... Hey, you sound just like that cat on TV!"


title: Lorenzo Music

text: In 1996, Music's voice could be heard on Stan Freberg's "Stan Freberg Presents the United States of America Volume Two" album, released as a CD by Rhino Records. Music appeared on the album as James Madison and Robert E. Lee. Music also appeared as an intercom announcer on an episode of "The Drew Carey Show".


title: Lorenzo Music

text: In the early 1990s, he served as the voice-over for commercials for Ore-Ida Potatoes and Fruit and Cream Strawberry Twinkies. He later served as the pitchman for Ruggles Ice Cream (a local brand from Orrville, Ohio).


title: Lorenzo Music

text: Music died from complications related to lung and bone cancer on August 4, 2001, aged 64. He was cremated and his ashes scattered at sea.


title: Lorenzo Music

text: Since Music's death, Frank Welker has often replaced him as the voice of Garfield in recent productions of the "Garfield" franchise including three fully-CGI films: "Garfield Gets Real", "Garfield's Fun Fest", and "Garfield's Pet Force" and the CGI animated series, "The Garfield Show". In the live-action films "" and "", Garfield's voice was provided by Bill Murray. Coincidentally, Music voiced Peter Venkman (a role originally played by Murray) in the first two seasons of the animated series of "The Real Ghostbusters", before being replaced by Dave Coulier. Welker provided the voices of Ray Stantz and Slimer in the same series.


title: Dhananjaya (actor)

text: Kalenahalli Adaviswamy Dhananjaya (born 23 August 1986), also known as Daali, is an Indian actor, lyricist and film producer known for his work in Kannada cinema. He made his acting debut in "Director's Special" in 2013 for which he won the best debut actor award at the 3rd SIIMA Awards. He turned producer through the film, "Badava Rascal". He has also occasionally penned columns for leading Kannada newspapers.


title: Dhananjaya (actor)

text: Dhananjaya got the major breakthrough in the film "Tagaru" (2018) directed by Duniya Soori for his performance as a menacing villain. He is now popularly addressed as Daali - the character name in the film. Dhananjaya has also played roles in films in other languages such as Telugu and Tamil.


title: Dhananjaya (actor)

text: Dhananjaya was born on 23 August 1986. Dhananjaya excelled in studies and had secured top marks for the whole of Hassan District once when he was in 7th standard and then again in 10th standard. He says he grew up watching Dr. Rajkumar movies and hence he started acting in dramas, mono-acting competitions and street plays while he was still in school.


title: Dhananjaya (actor)

text: Dhananjaya then moved to Mysore for higher studies and having completed his PUC in Marimallappa College, he secured an engineering seat in one of the reputed engineering colleges in Mysore, SJCE. He even got a job in a software company, Infosys. However, he started taking acting more seriously and joined an amateur theatre group called GPIER which was headed and mentored by a senior Rangayana artist named Mime Ramesh. He was also recognized and mentored by Germany theatre artist in Germany. During one of his performances in a drama, he was recognised by popular Kannada director Guruprasad and was offered a lead role in a feature film. Thus began his career in Sandalwood.


title: Dhananjaya (actor)

text: Dhananjaya appeared in a Kannada short film on YouTube called Jayanagar 4th Block which has over 2.5 million views as of 2022. Dhananjaya was offered a lead role in Guruprasad's feature film "Director's Special". The film took three years in the making and was finally released in 2013 to mixed and negative responses at the box office. Dhananjaya was lauded for his performance and won the best debut actor award at the 3rd SIIMA Awards for the same. Many prominent filmmakers approached him for the roles in their films. He was then cast in A. P. Arjun's next film "Rhaatee" opposite Shruthi Hariharan under musician V. Harikrishna's debut production. His next was Preetham Gubbi's film Boxer, produced under Jayanna Films banner, which brought him wide accolades. He was known for his fit boxer's body, which he had achieved by rigorous training. He was then offered a role by National award-winning director T. S. Nagabharana for the film "Allama" which is based on the life of 12th century saint poet Allama Prabhu. Dhananjaya underwent harsh training to master the musical instrument Mridanga and also the classical dance for the role and received great reviews for his performance. Although his movies did not make a big impact on the box office collection, he constantly received good reviews from the audience and critics for his acting skills.


title: Dhananjaya (actor)

text: His biggest breakthrough came when he was offered a negative role named "'"Daali"" opposite Shiva Rajkumar In Tagaru directed by Duniya Suri. Director Suri has shared that he was a bit hesitant to offer negative role to Dhananjaya as he was always playing good deed doing lead (or "hero") roles in his previous movies and was pleasantly surprised when he accepted the offer. The film opened with very good reviews and was declared a huge hit in terms of box office collection. Dhananjaya's acting as a menacing villain won him accolades across the film fraternity, critics and the audience. The role earned him nicknames such as ""Nataraakshasa"", ""Nata bhayanakara"", ""Daali"" etc.. He is currently one of the most sought-after actors who is seen as a capable lead to play both antagonist and protagonist roles. After this movie, he has played many roles with leading actors in the Kannada film industry such as Darshan in "Yajamana", Puneeth Rajkumar in "Yuvarathna" and Duniya Vijay in "Salaga" as well as paving the way to receive offers for films in other languages.


title: Dhananjaya (actor)

text: Riding on the success of his acting career in Sandalwood, Dhananjaya has set up his own production house Daali Pictures named after his popular character "Daali". "Badava Rascal" - A Kannada film, will be marking Dhananjaya's entry into the journey as a producer under his home banner. The film has the production part and is due for release soon. According to recent announcements Dhananjaya is set to produce second film named "Head Bush" under his home banner Daali Pictures. The film based on the life-story of Bangalore's infamous underworld don - Jayaraj.


title: Dhananjaya (actor)

text: Dhananjaya has also penned for songs in movies that he has starred in as well as other indie films. The upcoming Kannada film named "Orchestra -" a first production venture by musician Raghu Dixit being one of his first as a lyricist in Kannada film industry. He has also written multiple songs for his upcoming movie "Badava Rascal" among which one of them was released recently and was a huge hit.


title: Dhananjaya (actor)

text: Dhananjaya often writes columns in Kannada newspapers choosing topics such as social issues and human values.


title: Christopher Evan Welch

text: Christopher Evan Welch (September 28, 1965 – December 2, 2013) was an American TV, film, and stage actor. He is best known as the narrator in Woody Allen's "Vicky Cristina Barcelona" and his role as Peter Gregory in the HBO series "Silicon Valley". He died due to complications from lung cancer in Santa Monica, California in 2013.


title: Christopher Evan Welch

text: Welch was born in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. He attended the University of Dallas on a full scholarship and was a graduate of the school's drama program. He attended graduate school at the University of Washington School of Drama in Seattle, under the direction of Jack Clay.


title: Christopher Evan Welch

text: In 1999, Welch appeared in NBC’s Third Watch he appeared in the television series "", the short film "Custody", and the television film "Hamlet". He then appeared in an episode each of "The Practice", "", and "Whoopi".


title: Christopher Evan Welch

text: Welch had an extensive stage career. He appeared in several noted Off-Broadway productions, as well as in three Broadway shows.


title: Christopher Evan Welch

text: In 2004, Welch appeared in the films "Marie and Bruce", "The Stepford Wives", and "Keane". In 2005, he again appeared in "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit", and also had roles in the films "The Interpreter" and "War of the Worlds". In 2006, he had roles in the television shows, "The Book of Daniel" and "The Sopranos", as well as the films "The Hoax" and "The Good Shepherd".


title: Christopher Evan Welch

text: Welch had roles in the 2008 films "What Just Happened" and "Synecdoche, New York". He appeared as David Haig in the television series "Law & Order" from 2008 to 2010. In 2009, he appeared in the film "Whatever Works" and the television series "Nurse Jackie". In 2010, he appeared as Grant Test in the AMC series Rubicon. In 2012, he appeared in the films "The Master" and "Lincoln" as Clerk of the House Edward McPherson, as well as a role in the television series "Elementary". In 2013, he also had a role in the films "Syrup" and "Admission", with a role in the television series "Golden Boy".


title: Christopher Evan Welch

text: At the time of his death, he was filming his scenes as Peter Gregory in the HBO series "Silicon Valley", having completed five episodes. Welch's character was not written out of the show until the second season. When "Silicon Valley" won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Comedy Series, creator Mike Judge dedicated the award to Welch, at the request of Welch's co-star T.J. Miller.


title: Christopher Evan Welch

text: Welch narrated "The Last Apprentice" series audiobooks, a young adult fantasy series, for Harper Audio, as well as other audiobooks.


title: Christopher Evan Welch

text: On December 2, 2013, at the age of 48, Welch died due to complications of lung cancer at a hospital in Santa Monica, California.


title: Christopher Evan Welch

text: Welch was survived by his wife Emma Roberts (m. 2008), their daughter, his parents, and his siblings.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: A commutator is a rotary electrical switch in certain types of electric motors and electrical generators that periodically reverses the current direction between the rotor and the external circuit. It consists of a cylinder composed of multiple metal contact segments on the rotating armature of the machine. Two or more electrical contacts called "brushes" made of a soft conductive material like carbon press against the commutator, making sliding contact with successive segments of the commutator as it rotates. The windings (coils of wire) on the armature are connected to the commutator segments.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Commutators are used in direct current (DC) machines: dynamos (DC generators) and many DC motors as well as universal motors. In a motor the commutator applies electric current to the windings. By reversing the current direction in the rotating windings each half turn, a steady rotating force (torque) is produced. In a generator the commutator picks off the current generated in the windings, reversing the direction of the current with each half turn, serving as a mechanical rectifier to convert the alternating current from the windings to unidirectional direct current in the external load circuit. The first direct current commutator-type machine, the dynamo, was built by Hippolyte Pixii in 1832, based on a suggestion by André-Marie Ampère.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Commutators are relatively inefficient, and also require periodic maintenance such as brush replacement. Therefore, commutated machines are declining in use, being replaced by alternating current (AC) machines, and in recent years by brushless DC motors which use semiconductor switches.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: A commutator consists of a set of contact bars fixed to the rotating shaft of a machine, and connected to the armature windings. As the shaft rotates, the commutator reverses the flow of current in a winding. For a single armature winding, when the shaft has made one-half complete turn, the winding is now connected so that current flows through it in the opposite of the initial direction. In a motor, the armature current causes the fixed magnetic field to exert a rotational force, or a torque, on the winding to make it turn. In a generator, the mechanical torque applied to the shaft maintains the motion of the armature winding through the stationary magnetic field, inducing a current in the winding. In both the motor and generator case, the commutator periodically reverses the direction of current flow through the winding so that current flow in the circuit external to the machine continues in only one direction.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Practical commutators have at least three contact segments, to prevent a "dead" spot where two brushes simultaneously bridge only two commutator segments. Brushes are made wider than the insulated gap, to ensure that brushes are always in contact with an armature coil. For commutators with at least three segments, although the rotor can potentially stop in a position where two commutator segments touch one brush, this only de-energizes one of the rotor arms while the others will still function correctly. With the remaining rotor arms, a motor can produce sufficient torque to begin spinning the rotor, and a generator can provide useful power to an external circuit.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: A commutator consists of a set of copper segments, fixed around the part of the circumference of the rotating machine, or the rotor, and a set of spring-loaded brushes fixed to the stationary frame of the machine. Two or more fixed brushes connect to the external circuit, either a source of current for a motor or a load for a generator.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Commutator segments are connected to the coils of the armature, with the number of coils (and commutator segments) depending on the speed and voltage of the machine. Large motors may have hundreds of segments.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Each conducting segment of the commutator is insulated from adjacent segments. Mica was used on early machines and is still used on large machines. Many other insulating materials are used to insulate smaller machines; plastics allow quick manufacture of an insulator, for example. The segments are held onto the shaft using a dovetail shape on the edges or underside of each segment. Insulating wedges around the perimeter of each segment are pressed so that the commutator maintains its mechanical stability throughout its normal operating range.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: In small appliance and tool motors the segments are typically crimped permanently in place and cannot be removed. When the motor fails it is discarded and replaced. On large industrial machines (say, from several kilowatts to thousands of kilowatts in rating) it is economical to replace individual damaged segments, and so the end-wedge can be unscrewed and individual segments removed and replaced.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Replacing the copper and mica segments is commonly referred to as "refilling". Refillable dovetailed commutators are the most common construction of larger industrial type commutators, but refillable commutators may also be constructed using external bands made of fiberglass (glass banded construction) or forged steel rings (external steel shrink ring type construction and internal steel shrink ring type construction).


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Disposable, molded type commutators commonly found in smaller DC motors are becoming increasingly more common in larger electric motors. Molded type commutators are not repairable and must be replaced if damaged.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: In addition to the commonly used heat, torque, and tonnage methods of seasoning commutators, some high performance commutator applications require a more expensive, specific "spin seasoning" process or over-speed spin-testing to guarantee stability of the individual segments and prevent premature wear of the carbon brushes. Such requirements are common with traction, military, aerospace, nuclear, mining, and high speed applications where clamping failure and segment or insulation protrusion can lead to serious negative consequences.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Friction between the segments and the brushes eventually causes wear to both surfaces. Carbon brushes, being made of a softer material, wear faster and may be designed to be replaced easily without dismantling the machine. Older copper brushes caused more wear to the commutator, causing deep grooving and notching of the surface over time.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: The commutator on small motors (say, less than a kilowatt rating) is not designed to be repaired through the life of the device. On large industrial equipment, the commutator may be re-surfaced with abrasives, or the rotor may be removed from the frame, mounted in a large metal lathe, and the commutator resurfaced by cutting it down to a smaller diameter. The largest of equipment can include a lathe turning attachment directly over the commutator.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Early machines used brushes made from strands of copper wire to contact the surface of the commutator. However, these hard metal brushes tended to scratch and groove the smooth commutator segments, eventually requiring resurfacing of the commutator. As the copper brushes wore away, the dust and pieces of the brush could wedge between commutator segments, shorting them and reducing the efficiency of the device. Fine copper wire mesh or gauze provided better surface contact with less segment wear, but gauze brushes were more expensive than strip or wire copper brushes.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Modern rotating machines with commutators almost exclusively use carbon brushes, which may have copper powder mixed in to improve conductivity. Metallic copper brushes can be found in toy or very small motors, such as the one illustrated above, and some motors which only operate very intermittently, such as automotive starter motors.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Motors and generators suffer from a phenomenon known as 'armature reaction', one of the effects of which is to change the position at which the current reversal through the windings should ideally take place as the loading varies. Early machines had the brushes mounted on a ring that was provided with a handle. During operation, it was necessary to adjust the position of the brush ring to adjust the commutation to minimise the sparking at the brushes. This process was known as 'rocking the brushes'.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Various developments took place to automate the process of adjusting the commutation and minimizing the sparking at the brushes. One of these was the development of 'high resistance brushes', or brushes made from a mixture of copper powder and carbon. Although described as high resistance brushes, the resistance of such a brush was of the order of milliohms, the exact value dependent on the size and function of the machine. Also, the high resistance brush was not constructed like a brush but in the form of a carbon block with a curved face to match the shape of the commutator.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: The high resistance or carbon brush is made large enough that it is significantly wider than the insulating segment that it spans (and on large machines may often span two insulating segments). The result of this is that as the commutator segment passes from under the brush, the current passing to it ramps down more smoothly than had been the case with pure copper brushes where the contact broke suddenly. Similarly the segment coming into contact with the brush has a similar ramping up of the current. Thus, although the current passing through the brush was more or less constant, the instantaneous current passing to the two commutator segments was proportional to the relative area in contact with the brush.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: The introduction of the carbon brush had convenient side effects. Carbon brushes tend to wear more evenly than copper brushes, and the soft carbon causes far less damage to the commutator segments. There is less sparking with carbon as compared to copper, and as the carbon wears away, the higher resistance of carbon results in fewer problems from the dust collecting on the commutator segments.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: The ratio of copper to carbon can be changed for a particular purpose. Brushes with higher copper content perform better with very low voltages and high current, while brushes with a higher carbon content are better for high voltage and low current. High copper content brushes typically carry 150 to 200 amperes per square inch of contact surface, while higher carbon content only carries 40 to 70 amperes per square inch. The higher resistance of carbon also results in a greater voltage drop of 0.8 to 1.0 volts per contact, or 1.6 to 2.0 volts across the commutator.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: A spring is typically used with the brush, to maintain constant contact with the commutator. As the brush and commutator wear down, the spring steadily pushes the brush downwards towards the commutator. Eventually the brush wears small and thin enough that steady contact is no longer possible or it is no longer securely held in the brush holder, and so the brush must be replaced.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: It is common for a flexible power cable to be directly attached to the brush, because current flowing through the support spring would cause heating, which may lead to a loss of metal temper and a loss of the spring tension.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: When a commutated motor or generator uses more power than a single brush is capable of conducting, an assembly of several brush holders is mounted in parallel across the surface of the very large commutator. This parallel holder distributes current evenly across all the brushes, and permits a careful operator to remove a bad brush and replace it with a new one, even as the machine continues to spin fully powered and under load.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: High power, high current commutated equipment is now uncommon, due to the less complex design of alternating current generators that permits a low current, high voltage spinning field coil to energize high current fixed-position stator coils. This permits the use of very small singular brushes in the alternator design. In this instance, the rotating contacts are continuous rings, called slip rings, and no switching happens.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Modern devices using carbon brushes usually have a maintenance-free design that requires no adjustment throughout the life of the device, using a fixed-position brush holder slot and a combined brush-spring-cable assembly that fits into the slot. The worn brush is pulled out and a new brush inserted.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: The different brush types make contact with the commutator in different ways. Because copper brushes have the same hardness as the commutator segments, the rotor cannot be spun backwards against the ends of copper brushes without the copper digging into the segments and causing severe damage. Consequently, strip/laminate copper brushes only make tangential contact with the commutator, while copper mesh and wire brushes use an inclined contact angle touching their edge across the segments of a commutator that can spin in only one direction.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: The softness of carbon brushes permits direct radial end-contact with the commutator without damage to the segments, permitting easy reversal of rotor direction, without the need to reorient the brush holders for operation in the opposite direction. Although never reversed, common appliance motors that use wound rotors, commutators and brushes have radial-contact brushes. In the case of a reaction-type carbon brush holder, carbon brushes may be reversely inclined with the commutator so that the commutator tends to push against the carbon for firm contact.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: The contact point where a brush touches the commutator is referred to as the "commutating plane". To conduct sufficient current to or from the commutator, the brush contact area is not a thin line but instead a rectangular patch across the segments. Typically the brush is wide enough to span 2.5 commutator segments. This means that two adjacent segments are electrically connected by the brush when it contacts both.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Most introductions to motor and generator design start with a simple two-pole device with the brushes arranged at a perfect 90-degree angle from the field. This ideal is useful as a starting point for understanding how the fields interact but it is not how a motor or generator functions in actual practice.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: In a real motor or generator, the field around the rotor is never perfectly uniform. Instead, the rotation of the rotor induces field effects which drag and distort the magnetic lines of the outer non-rotating stator.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: The faster the rotor spins, the further this degree of field distortion. Because a motor or generator operates most efficiently with the rotor field at right angles to the stator field, it is necessary to either retard or advance the brush position to put the rotor's field into the correct position to be at a right angle to the distorted field.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: These field effects are reversed when the direction of spin is reversed. It is therefore difficult to build an efficient reversible commutated dynamo, since for highest field strength it is necessary to move the brushes to the opposite side of the normal neutral plane. These effects can be mitigated by a compensation winding in the face of the field pole that carries armature current.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: The effect can be considered to be analogous to timing advance in an internal combustion engine. Generally a dynamo that has been designed to run at a certain fixed speed will have its brushes permanently fixed to align the field for highest efficiency at that speed.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Self-induction – The magnetic fields in each coil of wire join and compound together to create a magnetic field that resists changes in the current, which can be likened to the current having inertia.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: In the coils of the rotor, even after the brush has been reached, currents tend to continue to flow for a brief moment, resulting in a wasted energy as heat due to the brush spanning across several commutator segments and the current short-circuiting across the segments.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: "Spurious resistance" is an apparent increase in the resistance in the armature winding, which is proportional to the speed of the armature, and is due to the lagging of the current.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: To minimize sparking at the brushes due to this short-circuiting, the brushes are advanced a few degrees further yet, beyond the advance for field distortions. This moves the rotor winding undergoing commutation slightly forward into the stator field which has magnetic lines in the opposite direction and which oppose the field in the stator. This opposing field helps to reverse the lagging self-inducting current in the stator.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: So even for a rotor which is at rest and initially requires no compensation for spinning field distortions, the brushes should still be advanced beyond the perfect 90-degree angle as taught in so many beginners textbooks, to compensate for self-induction.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Modern motor and generator devices with commutators are able to counteract armature reaction through the use of "interpoles", which are small field coils and pole pieces positioned approximately halfway between the primary poles of the stator.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: By applying a dynamic varying field to the interpoles as the load, RPM, or direction of rotation of the device changes, it is possible to balance out field distortions from armature reaction so that the brush position can remain fixed and sparking across the segments is minimized.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Although direct current motors and dynamos once dominated industry, the disadvantages of the commutator have caused a decline in the use of commutated machines in the last century. These disadvantages are:


title: Commutator (electric)

text: With the wide availability of alternating current, DC motors have been replaced by more efficient AC synchronous or induction motors. In recent years, with the widespread availability of power semiconductors, in many remaining applications commutated DC motors have been replaced with "brushless direct current motors". These don't have a commutator; instead the direction of the current is switched electronically. A sensor keeps track of the rotor position and semiconductor switches such as transistors reverse the current. Operating life of these machines is much longer, limited mainly by bearing wear.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: These are single-phase AC-only motors with higher starting torque than could be obtained with split-phase starting windings, before high-capacitance (non-polar, relatively high-current electrolytic) starting capacitors became practical. They have a conventional wound stator as with any induction motor, but the wire-wound rotor is much like that with a conventional commutator. Brushes opposite each other are connected to each other (not to an external circuit), and transformer action induces currents into the rotor that develop torque by repulsion.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: One variety, notable for having an adjustable speed, runs continuously with brushes in contact, while another uses repulsion only for high starting torque and in some cases lifts the brushes once the motor is running fast enough. In the latter case, all commutator segments are connected together as well, before the motor attains running speed.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Once at speed, the rotor windings become functionally equivalent to the squirrel-cage structure of a conventional induction motor, and the motor runs as such.


title: Commutator (electric)

text: Commutators were used as simple forward-off-reverse switches for electrical experiments in physics laboratories. There are two well-known historical types:


title: Commutator (electric)

text: This is similar in design to the commutators used in motors and dynamos. It was usually constructed of brass and ivory (later ebonite).


title: Commutator (electric)

text: This consisted of a block of wood or ebonite with four wells, containing mercury, which were cross-connected by copper wires. The output was taken from a pair of curved copper wires which were moved to dip into one or other pair of mercury wells.


title: NMDA receptor antagonist

text: NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that work to antagonize, or inhibit the action of, the "N"-Methyl--aspartate receptor (NMDAR). They are commonly used as anesthetics for animals and humans; the state of anesthesia they induce is referred to as dissociative anesthesia.


title: NMDA receptor antagonist

text: Several synthetic opioids function additionally as NMDAR-antagonists, such as pethidine, levorphanol, methadone, dextropropoxyphene, tramadol and ketobemidone.


title: NMDA receptor antagonist

text: Some NMDA receptor antagonists, such as ketamine, dextromethorphan (DXM), phencyclidine (PCP), methoxetamine (MXE), and nitrous oxide (NO), are sometimes used as recreational drugs, for their dissociative, hallucinogenic, and euphoriant properties. When used recreationally, they are classified as dissociative drugs.


title: NMDA receptor antagonist

text: NMDA receptor antagonists induce a state called dissociative anesthesia, marked by catalepsy, amnesia, and analgesia. Ketamine is a favored anesthetic for emergency patients with unknown medical history and in the treatment of burn victims because it depresses breathing and circulation less than other anesthetics. Dextrorphan, a metabolite of dextromethorphan (one of the most commonly used cough suppressants in the world), is known to be an NMDA receptor antagonist.


title: NMDA receptor antagonist

text: Depressed NMDA receptor function is associated with an array of negative symptoms. For example, NMDA receptor hypofunction that occurs as the brain ages may be partially responsible for memory deficits associated with aging. Schizophrenia may also have to do with irregular NMDA receptor function (the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia). Increased levels of another NMDA antagonist, kynurenic acid, may aggravate the symptoms of schizophrenia, according to the "kynurenic hypothesis". NMDA receptor antagonists can mimic these problems; they sometimes induce "psychotomimetic" side effects, symptoms resembling psychosis. Such side effects caused by NMDA receptor inhibitors include hallucinations, paranoid delusions, confusion, difficulty concentrating, agitation, alterations in mood, nightmares, catatonia, ataxia, anesthesia, and learning and memory deficits.


title: NMDA receptor antagonist

text: Because of these psychotomimetic effects, NMDA receptor antagonists, especially phencyclidine, ketamine, and dextromethorphan, are used as recreational drugs. At subanesthetic doses, these drugs have mild stimulant effects and, at higher doses, begin inducing dissociation and hallucinations, though these effects and the strength thereof vary from drug to drug.


title: NMDA receptor antagonist

text: Most NMDA receptor antagonists are metabolized in the liver. Frequent administration of most NMDA receptor antagonists can lead to tolerance, whereby the liver will more quickly eliminate NMDA receptor antagonists from the bloodstream.


title: NMDA receptor antagonist

text: NMDA receptor antagonists are also under investigation as antidepressants. Ketamine, in particular, has been demonstrated to produce lasting antidepressant effects after administration in a clinical setting. In 2019 esketamine, an NMDA antagonist enantiomer of ketamine, was approved for use as an antidepressant in the United States.


title: NMDA receptor antagonist

text: Although NMDA antagonists were once thought to reliably cause neurotoxicity in humans in the form of Olney's lesions, recent research suggests otherwise. Olney's lesions involve mass vacuolization of neurons observed in rodents. However, many suggest that this is not a valid model of human use, and studies conducted on primates have shown that use must be heavy and chronic to cause neurotoxicity. A 2009 review found no evidence of ketamine-induced neuron death in humans. However, temporary and permanent cognitive impairments have been shown to occur in long-term or heavy human users of the NMDA antagonists PCP and ketamine. A large-scale, longitudinal study found that current frequent ketamine users have modest cognitive deficits, while infrequent or former heavy users do not.


title: NMDA receptor antagonist

text: Many drugs have been found that lessen the risk of neurotoxicity from NMDA receptor antagonists. Centrally acting alpha 2 agonists such as clonidine and guanfacine are thought to most directly target the etiology of NMDA neurotoxicity. Other drugs acting on various neurotransmitter systems known to inhibit NMDA antagonist neurotoxicity include: anticholinergics, diazepam, barbiturates, ethanol, 5-HT serotonin receptor agonists, anticonvulsants, and muscimol.


title: NMDA receptor antagonist

text: Since NMDA receptor overactivation is implicated in excitotoxicity, NMDA receptor antagonists have held much promise for the treatment of conditions that involve excitotoxicity, including benzodiazepine withdrawal, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's. This is counterbalanced by the risk of developing Olney's lesions, which have only ever been observed in rodents, and studies have started to find agents that prevent this neurotoxicity. Most clinical trials involving NMDA receptor antagonists have failed due to unwanted side effects of the drugs; since the receptors also play an important role in normal glutamatergic neurotransmission, blocking them causes side-effects. These results have not yet been reproduced in humans, however. Mild NMDA receptor antagonists like amitriptyline have been found to be helpful in benzodiazepine withdrawal.


title: NMDA receptor antagonist

text: The NMDA receptor is an ionotropic receptor that allows for the transfer of electrical signals between neurons in the brain and in the spinal column. For electrical signals to pass, the NMDA receptor must be open. To remain open, glutamate and glycine must bind to the NMDA receptor. An NMDA receptor that has glycine and glutamate bound to it and has an open ion channel is called "activated."


title: NMDA receptor antagonist

text: Chemicals that deactivate the NMDA receptor are called antagonists. NMDAR antagonists fall into four categories: Competitive antagonists, which bind to and block the binding site of the neurotransmitter glutamate; glycine antagonists, which bind to and block the glycine site; noncompetitive antagonists, which inhibit NMDARs by binding to allosteric sites; and uncompetitive antagonists, which block the ion channel by binding to a site within it.


title: Blue hole

text: A blue hole is a large marine cavern or sinkhole, which is open to the surface and has developed in a bank or island composed of a carbonate bedrock (limestone or coral reef). Their existence was discovered in the late 20th century by fishermen and recreational divers. Blue holes typically contain tidally influenced water of fresh, marine, or mixed chemistry. They extend below sea level for most of their depth and may provide access to submerged cave passages. Well-known examples are the Dragon Hole (in the South China Sea) and, in the Caribbean, the Great Blue Hole and Dean's Blue Hole.


title: Blue hole

text: "Blue holes" are distinguished from "cenotes" in that the latter are inland voids usually containing fresh groundwater rather than seawater.


title: Blue hole

text: Blue holes are roughly circular, steep-walled depressions, and so named for the dramatic contrast between the dark blue, deep waters of their depths and the lighter blue of the shallows around them. Their water circulation is poor, and they are commonly anoxic below a certain depth; this environment is unfavorable for most sea life, but nonetheless can support large numbers of bacteria. The deep blue color is caused by the high transparency of water and bright white carbonate sand. Blue light is the most enduring part of the spectrum; other parts of the spectrum—red, yellow, and finally green—are absorbed during their path through water, but blue light manages to reach the white sand and return upon reflection.


title: Blue hole

text: The deepest blue hole in the world at 300.89 meters (987 feet) deep is in the South China Sea and is named the Dragon Hole, or Longdong. The second deepest blue hole in the world with underwater entrance at is Dean's Blue Hole, located in a bay west of Clarence Town on Long Island, Bahamas. Other blue holes are about half that depth at around . The diameter of the top entrance ranges typically from (Dean's Blue Hole) to (Great Blue Hole in Belize).


title: Blue hole

text: The overall largest blue hole (taking into account depth and width) is located 100 kilometers from the coast of Belize. The Great Blue Hole is a massive 300 meters wide and 125 meters deep.


title: Blue hole

text: Blue holes formed during past ice ages, when the sea level was as low as lower than at present. At those times, these formations were targets of the same erosion from rain and chemical weathering common in all limestone-rich terrains; this ended once they were submerged at the end of the ice age.


title: Blue hole

text: Most blue holes contain freshwater and saltwater. The halocline is the point in these blue holes where the freshwater meets the saltwater and where a corrosive reaction takes place that eats away at the rock. Over time this can create side passages, or horizontal "arms", that extend from the vertical cave. These side passages can be quite long; e.g., over in the case of the Sawmill Sink in the Bahamas.


title: Blue hole

text: The means in which blue holes are formed is through Karst processes. Karst processes need a specific type of topography. Rocks like limestone, gypsum and marble are soluble and so dissolution creates passages and cave systems underground. This paired with doline formation allows blue holes to be formed. Doline formation were once closed depressions formed by solution of superficial rock or subsidence collapse into an underground void.


title: Blue hole

text: Most blue holes are formed through these processes, however, some show no signs of passages or cave systems which are requirements of karst and doline processes. Therefore, these blue holes must have other origins like possibly vertical reef development.


title: Blue hole

text: Some blue holes however do not experience karst or doline processes during their formation. Some form through bedrock dissolution and collapse which in this case usually is controlled through tidal forcing, while others are controlled by carbonate dissolution, sea level fluctuations, and the presence of eogenetic carbonates.


title: Blue hole

text: Blue holes are typically found on shallow carbonate platforms, exemplified by the Bahama Banks, as well as on and around the Yucatán Peninsula, such as at the Great Blue Hole at Lighthouse Reef Atoll, Belize.


title: Blue hole

text: Many deep spring basins formed by karst processes and located inland also are called blue holes, for example, Blue Hole in Castalia, Ohio.


title: Blue hole

text: Many different fossils have been discovered that indicate the type of life forms that existed in blue holes. Other life forms such as marine life and marine fossils have also been noticed; crocodile and tortoise fossils, for instance, have been found in blue holes. Important types of bacterial colonies have also been found in blue holes. Due to the conditions of a blue hole, they are forced to live off of sulfur compounds like hydrogen sulfide, which are toxic to most organisms. These special bacteria have produced many insights into the chemistry and biology of microbial life.


title: Blue hole

text: Blue holes have a great diversity of microbes. They create biogeochemical pathways creating a unique and diverse environment within the blue holes. In the surface layer, oxygen, DOC, POC and chlorophyll need to be in low levels in order for cyanobacteria to respire. As depth increases, many branches and sub branches of microbes create specific niches based on the chemistry and nutrient availability of that depth.


title: Blue hole

text: Microorganisms including foraminifera, meiobenthic, and nematodes also follow this pattern of organization, and inhabit the areas of the water column where the nutrients they rely on are most available. Nematodes, which are predominantly non-selective detrivores, are tolerable to the anoxic conditions at the base of blue holes, allowing them to survive where other species cannot. They thrive at the lowest depths of blue holes due to the abundance of organic matter that settles there. Similarly, foraminifera inhabit the lower depths, and even increase in diversity with depth. Meiobenthic organisms cannot survive the high sulfide found at depth, and remain in the surface layers of blue holes. Generally, the diversity of all forms of life is 2-3x greater in blue holes than other diverse areas of the ocean, including coastal and abyssal environments. When the diversity of microorganisms is larger, a proportional increase in larger organisms and their diversity is to be expected.


title: Blue hole

text: Sediment accumulation is quite unique in blue holes. Sedimentation occurs at the center of holes rather than the edges. There are many different kinds of sediment that help preserve fossils and climate records. Main sediments that build up and create layers in blue holes are sapropel, detrital peat and lacustrine marls. Within these layers, microfossils can be found.


title: Blue hole

text: Sediment cores taken from three blue holes in the Bahamas showed that with depth, more sapropel, detrital and freshwater peat, and lacustrine marls were found. At about 150 cm of sediment core, microfossils of wood, Charophytes and Hydrobiidae were found.


title: Blue hole

text: The chemistry of blue holes vary greatly depending on how they were formed. All blue holes have a layer of freshwater at the surface and more saline water as the depth increases. Many have pycnoclines and haloclines that show these zones, similar to the ocean around it. Many blue holes are great sediment traps and can preserve climate and fossil records dating back to the last glacial maximum. The reason blue holes are able to preserve such records is due to the anoxic bottom water most blue holes contain.


title: Blue hole

text: Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen isotopes can be used to help identify where the water within blue holes comes from. Scientists have discovered that many have meteoric or marine sources of saline water within them. Being able to identify where the water comes from in these columns allows scientists to see how tidally influenced they are. Most blue holes have a range in salinity from fresh water to hypersaline. Conduits and passage ways allow for brackish water to enter as well. When the same isotopes of major ions are found in blue holes and in the surrounding ocean, it can be concluded that these blue holes are tidally influenced and have a marine water source, however, if the isotopes are similar to those found in meteoric lenses, then the source is meteoric.


title: Blue hole

text: Due to water conditions at the bottom of blue holes, fossil preservation is very effective. Insufficient oxygen and light prevent decay have resulted in preservation of fossils for thousands of years, allowing scientists to identify the skeletons of species extinct for years, as well as human skeletons. Sediments surrounding the fossils are rich in macro and microfossils (twigs, leaves, pollen, spores, etc), further improving their preservation.


title: Blue hole

text: Plant fossils are also well preserved at the bottom of blue holes, and using sediment cores it is possible to determine what species of plants and trees existed around the area thousands of years ago. For example, The Bahamas today are dominated by tropical dry evergreens, and tropical pines, but sediment cores from the Abacos blue hole revealed preserved woody species such as "Coccoloba, Exothea, Bursera," etc.


title: Blue hole

text: Exploring blue holes requires a level of competence and equipment appropriate to the depth and overhead penetration. In 2009 a team of scientists set out to study seven of these blue holes in the Bahamas. Through over 150 dives, the scientists, led by Keith Tinker, investigated bacteria able to live in anoxic environments. This allowed them to make connections to fields such as astrobiology where organisms thrive without oxygen or sunlight.


title: Blue hole

text: In 2018, another group of scientists set out to explore the Great Blue Hole of Belize using two submarines of the latest technology. One of the major scientific contributions to result from this expedition was the first 3-dimensional map of its interior. The researchers captured features such as stalactites, the hydrogen sulfide layer, and other details that cannot usually be seen by the naked human eye.


title: Blue hole

text: As part of a three-year study, a group of scientists set out in May and September 2019 to explore a blue hole nicknamed the "Amberjack Hole" located 30 miles off the coast of Sarasota, Florida. Individuals from Mote Marine Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Harbor Branch, Georgia Institute of Technology, the United States Geological Survey, and the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration participated in the expedition. The expedition gathered information about life around and within the hole, seawater composition, and the hole's bottom sediments. A follow-up expedition is planned in August 2020 to a deeper blue hole named the "Green Banana" off the coast of Florida.


title: Blue hole

text: In contrast to the various successful expeditions completed, many explorers have perished in their attempts to reach the bottom of a blue hole. The Red Sea Blue Hole located in Egypt is nicknamed the "Divers' Cemetery" because at least 40 divers have died there.


title: Blue hole

text: Despite the beauty and allure of blue holes, they are some of the most dangerous waters to dive. Nitrogen Narcosis, begins to set in at depths below 70 feet, and causes disorientation and changes in consciousness. Divers experiencing Nitrogen Narcosis may become too confused to swim back into shallower waters, and some unfortunately never make it back to the surface. Water clarity and light both decrease significantly with depth, adding to the disorientation divers experience. If the risks weren’t already great enough, divers must also remain aware of the animals they may encounter in these holes. Shark species including Bull sharks, reef sharks, and Hammerhead sharks have been seen making use of Blue holes, and while they rarely attack humans, it is important to keep an eye out and remain calm. In recent years, Dean’s Blue Hole, and the Great Blue Hole have claimed over 200 lives each, many of which occurred due to divers pushing past the limits of their training. Diving in Blue Holes can be done safely, as long as you remain aware of your equipment, depth, and surroundings, and do not exceed your predetermined limits.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: The Douglas C-54 Skymaster is a four-engined transport aircraft used by the United States Army Air Forces in World War II and the Korean War. Like the Douglas C-47 Skytrain derived from the DC-3, the C-54 Skymaster was derived from a civilian airliner, the Douglas DC-4. Besides transport of cargo, the C-54 also carried presidents, prime ministers, and military staff. Dozens of variants of the C-54 were employed in a wide variety of non-combat roles such as air-sea rescue, scientific and military research, and missile tracking and recovery. During the Berlin Airlift it hauled coal and food supplies to West Berlin. After the Korean War it continued to be used for military and civilian uses by more than 30 countries. It was one of the first aircraft to carry the President of the United States, the first being President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: With the looming entry of the United States into World War II, in June 1941 the War Department took over the provision orders for the airlines for the Douglas DC-4 and allocated them to the United States Army Air Forces with the designation C-54 Skymaster. The first, a C-54, flew from Clover Field in Santa Monica, California on 14 February 1942.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: To meet military requirements the first civil production aircraft had four additional auxiliary fuel tanks in the main cabin which reduced the passenger seats to 26. The following batch of aircraft, designated C-54A, were built with a stronger floor and a cargo door with a hoist and winch. The first C-54A was delivered in February 1943. The C-54B, introduced in March 1944, had integral fuel tanks in the outer wings, allowing two of the cabin tanks to be removed. This change allowed 49 seats (or 16 stretchers) to be fitted. The , a hybrid for Presidential use, had a C-54A fuselage with four cabin fuel tanks and C-54B wings with built in tanks to achieve maximum range.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: The most common variant was the C-54D, which entered service in August 1944. Based on the C-54B, it was fitted with more powerful R-2000-11 engines. With the C-54E, the last two cabin fuel tanks were moved to the wings which would allow more freight or 44 passenger seats.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: Aircraft transferred to the United States Navy were designated Douglas R5D. With the introduction of the Tri-Service aircraft designation system in 1962, all R5Ds were re-designated C-54.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: C-54s began service with the USAAF in 1942, carrying up to 26 passengers, later versions carrying up to 50 passengers. The C-54 was one of the most commonly used long-range transports by the U.S. armed forces in World War II. Of the C-54s produced, 515 were manufactured in Santa Monica, California and 655 were manufactured at Orchard Place/Douglas Field, in unincorporated Cook County, Illinois, near Chicago (later the site of O'Hare International Airport).


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: During World War II, the C-54 was used by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Douglas MacArthur, and Winston Churchill. The American delegates to the Casablanca Conference used the Skymaster. The C-54 was also used by the Royal Air Force, the French Air Force, and the armed forces of at least 12 other nations.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: President Harry S. Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947, which created the U.S. Air Force, on board "Sacred Cow", the Presidential VC-54C which is preserved at the National Museum of the United States Air Force near Dayton, Ohio. More than 300 C-54s and R5Ds formed the backbone of the US contribution to the Berlin Airlift in 1948. They also served as the main airlift during the Korean War. After the Korean War, the C-54 was replaced by the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, but continued to be used by the U.S. Air Force until 1972. The last active C-54 Skymaster in U.S. Navy service (C-54Q, BuNo "56501", of the Navy Test Pilot School, NAS Patuxent River) was retired on 2 April 1974.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: In late 1945, several hundred C-54s were surplus to U.S. military requirements and these were converted for civil airline operation, many by Douglas Aircraft at its aircraft plants. The aircraft were sold to airlines around the world. By January 1946, Pan American Airways was operating their Skymasters on transatlantic scheduled services to Europe and beyond. Trans-Pacific schedules from San Francisco to Auckland began on 6 June 1946. After disposal by the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy, many C-54s were modified for use in civilian firefighting and air tanker roles. This included fitting tanks inside and under the fuselage and the fitting of dumping and spraying equipment also on the wing trailing edges. C-54s continued in this role until the late 1990s.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: On 3 July 1947: US Army Air Force C-54G "45-519" crashed in the Atlantic 294 mi off Florida after a loss of control caused by turbulence from a storm, killing the six crew.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: On 14 May 1948, an army transport plane flying through a rainstorm crashed in Northampton, Massachusetts, killing the three crew members aboard.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: On 26 January 1950, a C-54D operated by the United States Air Force disappeared during a flight between Anchorage-Elmendorf Air Force Base (Alaska) and Great Falls Air Force Base (Montana) with a crew of eight and 36 passengers (34 service personnel and two civilians). No trace of the aircraft or its occupants has ever been found.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: On 19 September 1950, a U.S. Navy C-54 en-route to Korea crashed into the sea approximately one minute after takeoff from Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands. The aircraft had 26 personnel aboard including eleven nurses. There were no survivors.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: On 31 January 1951, the C-54D with tail number 282 of the Portuguese Military Aeronautics, operated by the Search and Rescue Squadron of the Lajes Air Base, Azores, flying from the Lisbon Airport back to its base, crashed in the Atlantic, when approaching Lajes. All of the 14 people on board (two pilots, nine mechanics and three other military personnel) were killed.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: On 29 April 1952, an Air France Douglas C-54A (registration F-BELI) operating a scheduled service from Frankfurt Rhein-Main Airport to Berlin Tempelhof Airport came under sustained attack from two Soviet MiG-15 fighters while passing through one of the Allied air corridors over East Germany. Although the attack had severely damaged the aircraft, necessitating the shutdown of engines number three and four, the pilot in command of the aircraft managed to carry out a safe emergency landing at Tempelhof Airport. A subsequent inspection of the aircraft's damage revealed that it had been hit by 89 shots fired from the Soviet MiGs. There were no fatalities among the 17 occupants (six crew, 11 passengers) despite the severity of the attack. The Soviet military authorities defended this attack on an unarmed civilian aircraft by claiming the Air France plane was outside the air corridor at the time of attack.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: On 23 July 1954, a Douglas C-54 Skymaster civilian airliner, registration VR-HEU, operated by Cathay Pacific Airways, en route from Bangkok to Hong Kong, was shot down by Chinese PLAAF Lavochkin La-11 fighters off the coast of Hainan Island, killing ten people.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: On 11 December 1955, the C-54 of the United States Air Force's 1700th Air Transport Group, based at Kelly Field, San Antonio, Tex. The transport crashed in the Gomor district near the border, between French and Spanish Morocco. Flying from Wheelus Field in Tripoli to Casablanca, it was believed en route to the United States. Eight United States airmen died when their plane exploded in the rugged Riff Mountains of North Africa. One of the eight Airmen was identified as Staff Sergeant George R. Haug, 26, of Butler, PA, R. D. 7, a flight mechanic. Published in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on Wednesday, December 14, 1955, page 26.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: On 28 March 1964, a C-54A disappeared over the Pacific (about 1120 km west of San Francisco—last reported position: ) on an executive passenger flight from Honolulu International Airport, Hawaii to Los Angeles International Airport, California. The pilot reported a fire in No. 2 engine, which might make it necessary to ditch. Nothing more was heard from the aircraft, nor was any trace of it found despite an extensive search. Three crew and six passengers died in the accident.


title: Douglas C-54 Skymaster

text: A C-54, registration C-FIQM (Buffalo 5-721 (tail 57)), was used as a substitute Lancaster bomber due to its similar top speed and maximum payload, for a recreation of Operation Chastise with its bouncing bomb. It was filmed in the UK documentary "Dambusters: Building the Bouncing Bomb", Canadian documentary "Dambusters Fly Again", "Nova" season 39 episode "Bombing Hitler's Dams", and "Ice Pilots NWT" season 3 episode 2 "Dambusters". The 1950 drama, "The Big Lift" features C-54s flying the Berlin Airlift.


title: The People's Court

text: The People's Court is an American arbitration-based reality court show, featuring an arbitrator handling small claims disputes in a simulated courtroom set. Within the court show genre, it is the first of all arbitration-based reality style programs, which has overwhelmingly become the convention of the genre. The original series ran from 1981 to 1993, and the current revival debuted in 1997. Both versions have run in first-run syndication. The show ranks as the longest running traditional court show and second-longest running court show in general, having a total of 38 overall seasons as of the 2022-23 television year, behind only niche court show "Divorce Court" by 2 seasons.


title: The People's Court

text: The first version of "The People's Court" was presided over solely by former Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge Joseph Wapner. The current incarnation of the show has had different presiding judges: former New York City Mayor Ed Koch (1997–1999), former New York Supreme Court Judge Jerry Sheindlin (1999–2001), and former Florida State Circuit Court Judge Marilyn Milian (2001–present). Milian is the show's longest-reigning arbiter, having made it to 20 years of presiding over the series by spring 2021.


title: The People's Court

text: The program is the third highest rated of court shows after only "Judge Judy" reruns (ended original run in July 2021) and "Hot Bench" (produced by Judy Sheindlin), respectively. With "Judge Judy"s end at 25 seasons in 2021, "The People's Court"s current/2nd production cycle now boasts the genre's longest single production continuance having entered its 26th season in the 2022-23 television year (albeit having gone through 3 arbitrators in its current installment). In June 2021, "The People's Court" won its 4th Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Legal/Courtroom Program, which officially gives it the most Daytime Emmy wins in the court show genre.


title: The People's Court

text: When John Masterson devised the original camera-in-court concept in 1975, he first pitched it to Monty Hall, the producer and host of the game show "Let's Make a Deal", and his partner, producer-writer Stefan Hatos. They put a young associate, Stu Billett, in charge of selling it, but the networks were not interested. Billett later went out on his own and refined the concept into a show shot in a studio rather than a real courtroom. Small-claims court participants agreed to drop their court cases and accept binding arbitration in a simulated courtroom. The networks expressed interest, but still did not buy it; however, it did sell into the first-run syndication market. The series was executive produced by Ralph Edwards, who also created and hosted the documentary show "This Is Your Life", and Stu Billett, who later went on to create "Moral Court". John Masterson, whom many consider a pioneer and originator of "reality TV" also created "Bride and Groom" and "Breakfast in Hollywood".