title: 2000 World Series

text: The American national anthem was sung by Robert Merrill. Roger Clemens started for the Yankees. Earlier in the year, during Interleague play, Clemens had hit Mets catcher Mike Piazza in the head with a fastball that resulted in a concussion and Piazza going on the disabled list. Early in Game 2, during Piazza's first time up, a Clemens pitch shattered Piazza's bat. The ball went foul, but a sharp edge of the bat came towards Clemens. He came off the mound and threw the bat towards the baseline, almost hitting the running Piazza. Piazza appeared baffled by Clemens' actions, but both benches cleared as a physical altercation nearly ensued. After the game, Clemens would say he did not see Piazza running and threw the bat because he was pumped up with nervous energy and initially charged the incoming broken bat, believing it to be the ball.


title: 2000 World Series

text: The Yankees struck in the bottom of the first when Mets starter Mike Hampton walked two with two outs before RBI singles by Tino Martinez and Jorge Posada put them up 2–0. Scott Brosius's leadoff home run next inning made it 3–0. Martinez doubled in the fifth and, after an intentional walk, scored on Paul O'Neill's single. In the seventh, reliever Glendon Rusch allowed a one-out single to Posada and subsequent double to O'Neill. Rick White relieved Rusch and allowed a sacrifice fly to Brosius. In the eighth, Derek Jeter doubled with one out off of White, who was relieved by Dennis Cook and allowed an RBI single to Martinez. Clemens pitched eight shutout innings, allowing just two hits (both singles by Todd Zeile) while striking out nine. In the ninth, Jeff Nelson relieved Clemens and allowed a leadoff single to Edgardo Alfonzo before Piazza homered to make it 6–2. After Robin Ventura singled, Mariano Rivera relieved Nelson. He retired Zeile, allowed a single to Benny Agbayani and then, after Lenny Harris hit into a force-out at home, Jay Payton's three-run home run cut the Yankee lead to 6–5. Rivera struck out Kurt Abbott looking to end the game, and give the Yankees a 2–0 series lead heading to Shea Stadium.


title: 2000 World Series

text: The Yankees' Game 2 win tied the longest AL winning streak in the World Series at ten games (the AL had previously won ten straight 1927–29 and again 1937–40).


title: 2000 World Series

text: The American national anthem was sung by NSYNC. In Game 3, Robin Ventura's leadoff home run in the second off of Orlando Hernandez gave the Mets a 1–0 lead, but the Yankees tied it in the third when Derek Jeter singled with two outs off of Rick Reed and scored on David Justice's double. Next inning, Tino Martinez hit a leadoff single and scored on Paul O'Neill's one-out triple, but the Mets tied the game in the sixth when Mike Piazza hit a leadoff double and after a walk, scored on Todd Zeile's double. In the eighth, Zeile singled with one out and scored on Benny Agbayani's double. After Jay Payton singled, Mike Stanton relieved Hernandez and allowed a sacrifice fly to Bubba Trammell to pad the Mets lead. Closer Armando Benitez pitched a scoreless ninth despite allowing a leadoff single to Chuck Knoblauch as the Mets' 4–2 win ended the Yankees' fourteen-game winning streak in World Series play dating back to the 1996 World Series.


title: 2000 World Series

text: Yankee hurler Orlando "El Duque" Hernandez earned the loss, snapping his previous undefeated postseason record of 6–0.


title: 2000 World Series

text: The American national anthem was sung by Sheryl Crow. Before Game 4, some analysts felt the tide had changed, that the Mets (down 2–1 in the Series) were now geared with enough momentum to make a comeback. That momentum lasted only until the first pitch from Mets starter Bobby Jones, which Jeter hit far into Shea Stadium's left-field bleachers. It was the 16th leadoff homer in World Series history, also extending a 13-game hitting streak in the World Series for Jeter. The Yankees added to their lead when Paul O'Neill tripled with one out in the second and after an intentional walk, scored on Scott Brosius's sacrifice fly. In the third, Jeter hit a leadoff triple and scored on Luis Sojo's groundout. Mike Piazza's two-run home run off of Denny Neagle cut the Yankees' lead to 3–2, but neither team would score after that. The Yankees secured a dominant 3–1 lead in the Series, with elite pitchers Andy Pettitte and Roger Clemens poised for Games 5 and 6 (if necessary). With this win, the Yankees had effectively killed all hope for the Mets.


title: 2000 World Series

text: A now-iconic moment in Yankees lore, footage of Jeter's leadoff home run, currently serves as the background for the title screen of YES Network's "Yankeeography" series.


title: 2000 World Series

text: The American national anthem was sung by Marc Anthony. Looking to clinch, the Yankees scored first on a Bernie Williams home run in the second inning. In the bottom half, however, with runners on second and third and two outs, Andy Pettitte's fielding error on Al Leiter's bunt attempt allowed the Mets to tie the score. Benny Agbayani's RBI single then put them up 2–1. In the top of the sixth inning, Derek Jeter homered to tie the game at 2–2.


title: 2000 World Series

text: The Series effectively ended in the top of the ninth. Mets ace Al Leiter had a pitch count that was approaching 140, but manager Bobby Valentine insisted that he would live or die with Leiter. After striking out Tino Martinez and Paul O'Neill, Leiter walked Jorge Posada and allowed a single to Scott Brosius. Yankees infielder Luis Sojo then singled to center, and the throw from center fielder Jay Payton hit Posada as he was sliding into home plate. The ball went into the Yankees' dugout. Bottom of the 9th inning, Mets' slugger Mike Piazza hit a fly ball off Mariano Rivera with two outs and a runner on third. Many thought the ball was a home run. Yankees manager Joe Torre said of the last at-bat:


title: 2000 World Series

text: It was probably the most scared I've been when Mike hit that ball ... I screamed, "No!" Because any time he hits a ball in the air, it's a home run in my mind. I saw Bernie trotting over for that. I said, "Wow! I guess I misread that one."


title: 2000 World Series

text: I remember it was a loud sound ... It was a pitch that got too much of the plate. It was supposed to be inside. I remember the swing, I remember Mo’s reaction. And then I looked at the ball and I see Bernie running after it, and then he stopped. And I’m like, O.K., we’re good.


title: 2000 World Series

text: However, Bernie Williams, after the game, with champagne pouring over him, said, "I knew right away ... I knew he didn't hit it." Likewise, Mariano Rivera in his last season (2013) was asked if he thought Piazza had hit a home run and answered, "No ... He didn't hit it with the sweet spot."


title: 2000 World Series

text: Game 5 was the final World Series game at Shea Stadium (, , and 2000). This would also be the only time that visiting teams won a World Series at Shea Stadium (the Mets lost in 1973 in Oakland). This World Series provided some measure of revenge for Roger Clemens. He won the World Series in the same stadium he lost it at in 1986 while with the Yankees' fierce rival, the Boston Red Sox. Incidentally, members of the 1986 Mets World Series team threw out the ceremonial first pitch before the game.


title: 2000 World Series

text: The winning margin of three runs was the second-lowest for a five-game series; the 1915 margin was two runs, and five runs in 1933, 1942, and 1974.


title: 2000 World Series

text: 2000 would be the last World Series title the Yankees would win for nine years, though they would remain competitive each year. They lost the 2001 World Series to the Arizona Diamondbacks in a classic seven game series, and the 2003 World Series to the Florida Marlins in six games.


title: 2000 World Series

text: The 2000 World Series was the last hurrah for this Mets core that consisted of Piazza, Leiter, Franco, Alfonzo, Ventura, and manager Bobby Valentine. After four consecutive seasons of competitive baseball, the Mets would average just 74 wins in the next four seasons, including a 95-loss season in 2003 and two last-place finishes in the NL East (2002 and 2003). After 2002, Bobby Valentine and nearly all of the coaching staff were fired, and by 2005, Mike Piazza was the only remnant from the 2000 team; he would leave the Mets after that season.


title: 2000 World Series

text: The Mets have made four postseason appearances since then. The first occurred in 2006, when they lost the NLCS to the eventual champions, the St. Louis Cardinals; the second came in 2015, as NL East champions, when they made a return trip to the World Series and lost to the Kansas City Royals (also in five games); the third took place in 2016 when they lost to the San Francisco Giants in the National League Wild Card game; the team's most recent postseason appearance was in 2022, when they clinched a spot in the newly expanded postseason's National League Wild Card series, only to lose to the San Diego Padres in three games.


title: 2000 World Series

text: With the New Jersey Devils winning the 2000 Stanley Cup Finals the previous spring, the New York metropolitan area was home to a World Series and Stanley Cup champion in the same season or calendar year, a distinction it previously earned in 1928 and 1939–40 when the Yankees and New York Rangers won the World Series and Stanley Cup respectively. New York missed out on a championship trifecta, however, when the NFL Giants lost Super Bowl XXXV to the Baltimore Ravens.


title: 2000 World Series

text: This was the final World Series the New York Yankees won while playing at the old Yankee Stadium (as previously mentioned, they lost in and again in ) and the final World Series played at Shea Stadium. Both stadiums closed at the end of the 2008 Major League Baseball season. The first season at the new Yankee Stadium () ended with the Yankees winning their 27th; meanwhile, the New York Mets hosted their first-ever World Series at Citi Field, where they lost to the Kansas City Royals in five games.


title: 2000 World Series

text: Derek Jeter was the last active player involved in the 2000 World Series. He retired following the 2014 season. Some players, like Robin Ventura and Joe McEwing, currently work as coaches.


title: 2000 World Series

text: Beginning with this World Series, the official logo would be revised annually (effective with the 2001 series) as opposed to previous World Series where the same logo would be recycled for several seasons. As of 2021, Major League Baseball is the only one of the "Big Four" leagues to change its championship tournament logos annually; the Super Bowl in the National Football League (since 2010), the Stanley Cup Finals in the National Hockey League, and the NBA Finals in the National Basketball Association continue to use standardized logos with the year (or in the case of the Super Bowl, Roman numerals) updated annually. This also applies to the official logos used for the Wild Card Round (starting in 2012), Division Series and League Championship Series.


title: 2000 World Series

text: On October 11, 2005, A&E Home Video released "The New York Yankees Fall Classic Collectors Edition (1996–2001)" DVD set. Game 5 of the 2000 World Series is included in the set. The entire series was released in October 2013 by Lionsgate Home Entertainment


title: 2000 World Series

text: The World Series telecast on Fox was the first year of their exclusive coverage of the Fall Classic (although the new contract would technically begin the next year). As in previous World Series televised by the network, Joe Buck called the play-by-play with Tim McCarver (himself a Yankees broadcaster and a former Mets broadcaster) served as color commentator in the broadcast booth, and Bob Brenly provided color commentary and reporting from the stands. Game 5 of the series was Brenly's last broadcast for Fox, as he left to become manager of the Arizona Diamondbacks and, incidentally, go on to defeat the Yankees in the World Series the following year. Brenly returned to broadcasting in 2005 as part of the Chicago Cubs broadcasts on CSN Chicago and WGN, and also has called postseason games for TBS. In 2012, Brenly returned to the Diamondbacks as a broadcaster.


title: 2000 World Series

text: ESPN Radio's coverage was without Joe Morgan for a second consecutive year for reasons that remain unclear. Instead, Jon Miller shared the booth with Dave Campbell, ESPN Radio's "Sunday Night Baseball" color man. In 1999, Morgan was absent from ESPN Radio's World Series coverage because he was working the television broadcasts with Bob Costas on NBC. During Game 3, Miller was forced to leave the booth after the top of the first inning due to an upper respiratory infection. Charley Steiner, serving as a field reporter for the network, filled in on play-by-play for the rest of the game; Miller resumed his duties in Game 4 of the Series.


title: 2000 World Series

text: John Sterling and Michael Kay also broadcast this on WABC and on WFAN, Bob Murphy, and Gary Cohen broadcast this series.


title: 2000 World Series

text: The World Series drew an average of 12.4 national rating and a 21% share of the audience, down 22.5% from the previous year. The Series drew well in the New York metropolitan area, but nationally, it was, at the time, the lowest-rated World Series in history by a solid margin. Many contemporary analysts argued that the ratings slide was due to lack of interest outside of the New York City area. Others thought the ratings slide was related to the television viewing audience becoming more fragmented in the wake of cable television. Online streaming media services were in their infancy and were a non-factor in 2000.


title: 2000 World Series

text: Three of the next four World Series (2001, 2003 and 2004) were all rated higher than the 2000 World Series. Following the Boston Red Sox' 86-year championship drought ending with a victory in the 2004 World Series, the event has seen a decline in ratings; every World Series from 2005 to 2013 has drawn lower ratings (sometimes substantially lower) than the 2000 Series.


title: Sea spider

text: Sea spiders are marine arthropods of the order Pantopoda ( ‘all feet’), belonging to the class Pycnogonida, hence they are also called pycnogonids (; named after "Pycnogonum", the type genus; with the suffix '). They are cosmopolitan, found in oceans around the world. The over 1,300 known species have legs ranging from to over . Most are toward the smaller end of this range in relatively shallow depths; however, they can grow to be quite large in Antarctic and deep waters.


title: Sea spider

text: Although "sea spiders" are not true spiders, or even arachnids, their traditional classification as chelicerates places them closer to true spiders than to other well-known arthropod groups, such as insects or crustaceans. This is in dispute, however, as genetic evidence suggests they may be the sister group to all other living arthropods.


title: Sea spider

text: Sea spiders have long legs in contrast to a small body size. The number of walking legs is usually eight (four pairs), but the family Pycnogonidae have species with five pairs, and the families Colossendeidae and Nymphonidae have species with both five and six pairs. Seven species distributed among four genera ("Decolopoda", "Pentacolossendeis", "Pentapycnon", and "Pentanymphon") have five pairs, and two species in two genera ("Dodecolopoda" and "Sexanymphon") have six pairs. Pycnogonids do not require a traditional respiratory system. Instead, gasses are absorbed by the legs and transferred through the body by diffusion. A proboscis allows them to suck nutrients from soft-bodied invertebrates, and their digestive tract has diverticula extending into the legs.


title: Sea spider

text: Certain pycnogonids are so small that each of their very tiny muscles consists of a single cell, surrounded by connective tissue. The anterior region (cephalon) consists of the proboscis, which has fairly limited dorsoventral and lateral movement, the ocular tubercle with eyes, and up to four pairs of appendages. The first of these are the chelifores, followed by the palps , the s, which are used for cleaning themselves and caring for eggs and young as well as courtship, and the first pair of walking legs. Nymphonidae is the only family where both the chelifores and the palps are functional. In the others the chelifores or palps, or both, are reduced or absent. In some families, also the ovigers can be reduced or missing in females, but are always present in males. In those species that lack chelifores and palps, the proboscis is well developed and flexible, often equipped with numerous sensory bristles and strong rasping ridges around the mouth. The last segment includes the anus and tubercle, which projects dorsally.


title: Sea spider

text: In total, pycnogonids have four to six pairs of legs for walking. A cephalothorax and a much smaller unsegmented abdomen make up the extremely reduced body of the pycnogonid, which has up to two pairs of dorsally located simple eyes on its non-calcareous exoskeleton, though sometimes the eyes can be missing, especially among species living in the deep oceans. The abdomen does not have any appendages, and in most species it is reduced and almost vestigial. The organs of this chelicerate extend throughout many appendages because its body is too small to accommodate all of them alone.


title: Sea spider

text: The morphology of the sea spider creates an efficient surface area-to-volume ratio for respiration to occur through direct diffusion. Oxygen is absorbed by the legs and is transported via the hemolymph to the rest of the body. The most recent research seems to indicate that waste leaves the body through the digestive tract or is lost during a moult. The small, long, thin pycnogonid heart beats vigorously at 90 to 180 beats per minute, creating substantial blood pressure. The beating of the sea spider heart drives circulation in the trunk and in the part of the legs closest to the trunk, but is not important for the circulation in the rest of the legs. Hemolymph circulation in the legs is mostly driven by the peristaltic movement in the part of the gut that extends into every leg, a process called gut peristalsis. These creatures possess an open circulatory system as well as a nervous system consisting of a brain which is connected to two ventral nerve cords, which in turn connect to specific nerves.


title: Sea spider

text: All pycnogonid species have separate sexes, except for one species that is hermaphroditic. Females possess a pair of ovaries, while males possess a pair of testes located dorsally in relation to the digestive tract. Reproduction involves external fertilisation after "a brief courtship" . Only males care for laid eggs and young.


title: Sea spider

text: The larva has a blind gut and the body consists of a head and its three pairs of cephalic appendages only: the chelifores, palps and s. The abdomen and the thorax with its thoracic appendages develop later. One theory is that this reflects how a common ancestor of all arthropods evolved; starting its life as a small animal with a pair of appendages used for feeding and two pairs used for locomotion, while new segments and segmental appendages were gradually added as it was growing.


title: Sea spider

text: At least four types of larvae have been described: the typical protonymphon larva, the encysted larva, the atypical protonymphon larva, and the attaching larva. The typical protonymphon larva is most common, is free living and gradually turns into an adult. The encysted larva is a parasite that hatches from the egg and finds a host in the shape of a polyp colony where it burrows into and turns into a cyst, and will not leave the host before it has turned into a young juvenile.


title: Sea spider

text: Little is known about the development of the atypical protonymphon larva. The adults are free living, while the larvae and the juveniles are living on or inside temporary hosts such as polychaetes and clams. When the attaching larva hatches it still looks like an embryo, and immediately attaches itself to the ous legs of the father, where it will stay until it has turned into a small and young juvenile with two or three pairs of walking legs ready for a free-living existence.


title: Sea spider

text: These animals live in many different parts of the world, from Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific coast of the United States, to the Mediterranean Sea and the Caribbean Sea, to the north and south poles. They are most common in shallow waters, but can be found as deep as , and live in both marine and estuarine habitats. Pycnogonids are well camouflaged beneath the rocks and among the algae that are found along shorelines.


title: Sea spider

text: Sea spiders either walk along the bottom with their stilt-like legs or swim just above it using an umbrella pulsing motion. Sea spiders are mostly carnivorous predators or scavengers that feed on cnidarians, sponges, polychaetes, and bryozoans. Although they can feed by inserting their proboscis into sea anemones, which are much larger, most sea anemones survive this ordeal, making the sea spider a parasite rather than a predator of anemones.


title: Sea spider

text: The class Pycnogonida comprises over 1,300 species, which are normally split into eighty-six genera. The correct taxonomy within the group is uncertain, and it appears that no agreed list of orders exists. All families are considered part of the single order Pantopoda.


title: Sea spider

text: Sea spiders have long been considered to belong to the Chelicerata, together with horseshoe crabs, and the Arachnida, which includes spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, and harvestmen, among other, lesser-known orders.


title: Sea spider

text: A competing theory proposes that pycnogonida belong to their own lineage, distinct from chelicerates, crustaceans, myriapods, or insects. This theory contends that the sea spider's chelifores, which are unique among extant arthropods, are not in any way homologous to the chelicerae in real chelicerates, as was previously supposed. Instead of developing from the deutocerebrum, they can be traced to the protocerebrum, the anterior part of the arthropod brain and found in the first head segment that in all other arthropods give rise to the eyes only. This is not found anywhere else among arthropods, except in some fossil forms like "Anomalocaris", indicating that the Pycnogonida may be a sister group to all other living arthropods, the latter having evolved from some ancestor that had lost the protocerebral appendages. If this is confirmed, it would mean the sea spiders are the last surviving (and highly modified) members of an ancient stem group of arthropods that lived in Cambrian oceans. However, a subsequent study using Hox gene expression patterns consistent with a developmental homology between chelicerates and chelifores, with chelifores innervated from a deuterocerebrum that has been rotated forwards; thus, the protocerebral Great Appendage clade does not include the Pycnogonida.


title: Sea spider

text: Recent work places the Pycnogonida outside the Arachnomorpha as basal Euarthropoda, or inside Chelicerata (based on the chelifore-chelicera putative homology).


title: Sea spider

text: This taxonomic classification replaces the older version in which Pantopoda is subdivided into families as follows:


title: Sea spider

text: Although the fossil record of pycnogonids is scant, it is clear that they once possessed a coelom, but it was later lost, and that the group is very old.


title: Sea spider

text: The earliest fossils are known from the Cambrian 'Orsten' of Sweden, the Silurian Coalbrookdale Formation of England and the Devonian Hunsrück Slate of Germany. Some of these specimens are significant in that they possess a longer 'trunk' behind the abdomen and in two fossils the body ends in a tail; something never seen in living sea spiders.


title: Sea spider

text: In 2013, the first fossil pycnogonid found within an Ordovician deposit was reported from William Lake in Manitoba.


title: Sea spider

text: In 2007, remarkably well preserved fossils were exposed in fossil beds at La Voulte-sur-Rhône, south of Lyon in south-eastern France. Researchers from the University of Lyon discovered about 70 fossils from three distinct species in the 160-million-year-old Jurassic La Voulte . The find will help fill in an enormous gap in the history of these creatures.


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: Treasure Island is a 1950 adventure film produced by RKO-Walt Disney British Productions, adapted from Robert Louis Stevenson's 1883 novel of the same name. Directed by Byron Haskin, it stars Bobby Driscoll as Jim Hawkins and Robert Newton as Long John Silver. "Treasure Island" was Disney's first completely live-action film and the first screen version of "Treasure Island" made in color. It was filmed in the United Kingdom on location and at Denham Film Studios, Buckinghamshire.


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: In the West Coast of England in 1765, a young boy called Jim Hawkins lives with his mother in a tiny country inn which they run. Captain William Bones, a sickly lodger, gives Jim a treasure map after being visited by two pirates, the second of whom gives the captain a note marked with the black spot, and sends him for help with a mysterious promise to share. Jim returns with Squire Trelawney and Dr. Livesey, only to find Bones dead at the inn, and Jim shows Trelawney the map. Trelawney recognizes the map as belonging to the buccaneer Captain Flint and bankrolls a voyage to discover the pirate's lost treasure. Trelawney hires Captain Smollett and his ship, the "Hispaniola", bringing along Dr Livesey as the ship's doctor and Jim as the cabin boy.


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: Before departure, Trelawney is taken in by Long John Silver, a one-legged innkeeper, who agrees to gather a crew. Silver strikes up a friendship with Jim and joins the expedition as the ship's cook. Smollett is concerned about the crew, especially because the nature of their journey is common knowledge.


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: At sea, Silver convinces Jim to acquire some rum, which he uses to get the first mate, Mr Arrow, drunk so that he is washed overboard in a storm.


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: Jim overhears Silver and the crew's plan to mutiny, discovering that the seamen hired by Silver are Captain Flint's old crew. Jim reveals the treachery to Smollett, who asks Jim to stay friends with Silver to learn more. Upon reaching Treasure Island, Silver offers to tow the ship to a safer anchorage, using two of the ship's rowboats. While the ship is being towed, one of Silver's men, Merry, leads a mutiny on the ship. Smollett, having been warned of the plot by Jim, can hold them off with the few men loyal to him and imprisons the mutineers below decks. Silver cuts the rowboats from the "Hispaniola" and heads for shore with the rest of his men, taking Jim as a hostage. Smollett, Trelawney, and Livesey go ashore after them, leaving two guards on the ship.


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: On the island, Jim escapes and meets Ben Gunn, marooned by Flint five years ago. Gunn shows Jim the boat he's built, then leads him to Flint's stockade, where he meets up with Smollett and the others. Meanwhile, Merry escapes, takes the ship and raises the Jolly Roger. Silver returns to the "Hispaniola", arms his men with muskets and makes plans to take the stockade. Short of men, Silver attempts to parlay with Smollett, but when he is rebuffed, Silver calls his men to attack. The assault on the stockade fails, but Silver wounds Smollett. Although seemingly protected by the stockade, Smollett surmises that, with the morning tide, Silver could move the "Hispaniola" into cannon range and level the fort.


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: Jim takes Gunn's boat and cuts the "Hispaniola"'s anchor rope. The pirate Israel Hands discovers Jim and chases him up into the ship's rigging. Hands injures Jim's arm with a throwing knife but is killed by the boy's pistol. The "Hispaniola" runs aground, Jim strikes the Jolly Roger and hoists the Union Jack. Slowed by his wound, which becomes badly infected by swamp water, it takes him all night to get back to the stockade, which is unguarded. Inside, Jim searches for the doctor to tend his wound, but the man asleep under Livesey's coat is Long John Silver. Jim faints on the spot. Silver finds the map on him as his men wake up. Merry wants Jim dead, but Silver states he wants to trade him for the map, which his men believe is with Smollett. The men go outside to vote, pirate-style. From the stockade's lookout, while calling for Livesey, Silver sees that the ship's aground, flying the Union Jack, and believes that Smollett's party has recaptured the ship. The other pirates give Silver the black spot, but he refuses to acknowledge it. Rattled, they let him bargain with Livesey, who has come to treat Jim's infected wound, for the map.


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: Silver secretly barters with Livesey for leniency in court, inadvertently revealing to him that the ship is no longer under his control. Livesey agrees only when Jim refuses to try and escape with him since Silver saved his life by calling for Livesey. Livesey leaves, and Silver returns with Jim, flaunting the map to convince his men that his bargain was successful. The pirates are overjoyed and take back the black spot, then proceed on a gruelling treasure hunt. When they finally reach the spot where the treasure — supposed to be 700,000 pounds — is supposed to be buried, they discover instead an empty pit, save for one guinea. The pirates turn on Silver, who manages to kill three of them before Smollett's men appear to defeat the rest. Greeting Silver, Gunn reveals that he dug up Flint's treasure and has stashed it in a cave.


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: Despite keeping his end of the bargain, Captain Smollett still wants Silver taken back for trial in England for his mutiny. Hawkins, Trelawney and two others take Silver to the "Hispaniola" aboard a rowboat loaded with a few chests of treasure. Silver snatches Jim's pistol and forces Trelawney and the others out of the boat but makes Jim stay to steer him out of the cove. Jim instead beaches him on a sandbar, and Silver orders him to push him off at pistol point, though Jim bravely refuses. Silver is unable to carry out his threat to shoot and drops the pistol in the water, attempting to push the boat off on his own. Seeing Silver struggle, Jim helps him, waving a hesitant farewell as Silver rows away with the treasure and bids him farewell in return.


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: "Treasure Island" was produced by RKO-Walt Disney British Productions, Ltd., a joint-venture owned by Walt Disney Productions and RKO Radio Pictures. Walt Disney had been planning an adaptation of "Treasure Island," originally intended to be animated, since the 1930s. Disney acquired the film rights to the novel from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, which had been planning on producing its own adaptation, in 1949. Disney decided to film the production in the United Kingdom with financial assistance from RKO so both could use "frozen" funds from ticket sales of their films released in Britain, which were required to be spent on film productions in the country.


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: Exterior scenes were shot in Cornwall (River Fa), Falmouth, Carrick Roads, Gull Rick and Helford River), Devon (cliff scenes), Bristol (wharf), and Iver Heath in Buckinghamshire. Interiors were filmed at Denham Film Studios, Denham, Buckinghamshire. The ship scenes were filmed aboard the "Ryelands", a real-life schooner from the 19th century.


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: The casting of Bobby Driscoll, the film's only American actor, violated British labour laws as he did not have a Ministry of Labour permit to work in the country and additionally, was two years younger than the minimum to obtain one. A court in Beaconsfield fined Driscoll, his father, and Walt Disney Productions £100 each, and prohibited Driscoll from further work on the film. Still, Disney completed Driscoll's scenes and sent him back to the United States while his case was under appeal. The appeals court ruled that Disney had "brazenly flouted British law" by doing this.


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: Reviews from critics were mostly positive. Thomas M. Pryor of "The New York Times" called the film "a grand and glorious entertainment" that "captures the true spirit of the novel." "Variety" praised the film for its "sumptuous" set pieces and "a virtual tour de force" performance by Newton. Sonia Stein of "The Washington Post" wrote that the film was "like a treasure chest of precious stones," with "some of the most beautiful color photography ever shot." "Harrison's Reports" called it a "first-rate adventure melodrama that should thrill young and old alike," while Philip Hamburger of "The New Yorker" called it "absolutely first-class ... mounted in Technicolor with such meticulous and imaginative care that I had the feeling throughout that I was watching a handsome illustrated edition of the book come to life." "The Monthly Film Bulletin" was less positive, however, calling the production values "serviceable rather than imaginative" and finding Driscoll to be "unmistakably 20th century-American in this context," and "insufficiently an actor to have much of a shot at Jim."


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: The film returned rentals to RKO from its initial release of $4,100,000 with $2,100,000 being generated in the United States and Canada.


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: The film was the sixth most popular movie at the British box office in 1950. According to "Kinematograph Weekly" the 'biggest winners' at the box office in 1950 Britain were "The Blue Lamp", "The Happiest Days of Your Life", "Annie Get Your Gun", "The Wooden Horse", "Treasure Island" and "Odette", with "runners up" being "Stage Fright", "White Heat", "They Were Not Divided", "Trio", "Morning Departure", "Destination Moon", "Sands of Iwo Jima", "Little Women", "The Forsythe Saga", "Father of the Bride", "Neptune's Daughter", "The Dancing Years", "The Red Light", "Rogues of Sherwood Forest", "Fancy Pants", "Copper Canyon", "State Secret", "The Cure for Love", "My Foolish Heart", "Stromboli", "Cheaper by the Dozen", "Pinky", "Three Came Home", "Broken Arrow" and "Black Rose".


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: In 1954, Newton reprised his role of Long John Silver in a non-Disney sequel also directed by Haskin, "Long John Silver" (this, incidentally, was the first CinemaScope film to be shot in Australia), and went on to play Silver again in a television series, "The Adventures of Long John Silver" (made 1954–55), also shot at Pagewood Studios Sydney, made before Australia had television.


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: Walt Disney Productions re-released the film to US theaters in 1975. It had to be submitted to the MPAA to receive a rating; they gave the film a PG. At the time, Disney had a G-only policy that would not be relaxed for another four years to allow PG-rated films, so they cut the film to receive a G rating. Those cuts totaled 9 minutes, bringing the film's running time down to 87 minutes.


title: Treasure Island (1950 film)

text: The film came out on videotape in the US in 1981, 1985, 1991, 1996, and 1997, and on laserdisc in 1983 and 1992. While the original videotape and laserdisc releases contained the 87-minute G-rated version, by the early 1990s the studio had restored the original theatrical cut with a PG rating, as several Disney-branded releases had already been rated PG by this point, and every release since 1991, including the 2003 DVD release, has been the uncut 96-minute version. The film was released on Blu-ray through the Disney Movie Club in 2015.


title: CREST syndrome

text: CREST syndrome, also known as the limited cutaneous form of systemic sclerosis (lcSSc), is a multisystem connective tissue disorder. The acronym "CREST" refers to the five main features: calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia.


title: CREST syndrome

text: CREST syndrome is associated with detectable antibodies against centromeres (a component of the cell nucleus), and usually spares the kidneys (a feature more common in the related condition systemic scleroderma). If the lungs are involved, it is usually in the form of pulmonary arterial hypertension.


title: CREST syndrome

text: CREST causes thickening and tightening of the skin with deposition of calcific nodules ("calcinosis").


title: CREST syndrome

text: Raynaud's phenomenon is frequently the first manifestation of CREST/lcSSc, preceding other symptoms by years. Stress and cold temperature induce an exaggerated vasoconstriction of the small arteries, arterioles, and thermoregulatory vessels of the skin of the digits. Clinically this manifests as a white-blue-red transition in skin color. Underlying this transition is pallor and cyanosis of the digits, followed by a reactive hyperemia as they rewarm. When extreme and frequent, this phenomenon can lead to digital ulcerations, gangrene, or amputation.


title: CREST syndrome

text: Presents as a sensation of food getting stuck (dysphagia) in the mid- or lower esophagus, atypical chest pain, or cough. People often state they must drink liquids to swallow solid food. This motility problem results from atrophy of the gastrointestinal tract wall smooth muscle. This change may occur with or without pathologic evidence of significant tissue fibrosis.


title: CREST syndrome

text: Though it is the most easily recognizable manifestation, it is not prominent in all patients. Thickening generally only involves the skin of the fingers distal to the metacarpophalangeal joints in CREST. Early in the course of the disease, the skin may appear edematous and inflamed. Eventually, dermal fibroblasts overproduce extracellular matrix leading to increased tissue collagen deposition in the skin. Collagen cross-linking then causes a progressive skin tightening. Digital ischemic ulcers commonly form on the distal fingers in 30–50% of patients.


title: CREST syndrome

text: Marked telangiectasias (dilated capillaries) occur on the skin of the face, the palmar surface of the hands, and the mucous membranes. Telangiectasias tend to be more numerous in people with other scleroderma related vascular disease (i.e., pulmonary arterial hypertension). The number of telangiectasias and the sites involved tend to increase over time...


title: CREST syndrome

text: Other symptoms of CREST syndrome can be exhaustion, weakness, difficulties with breathing, pain in hands and feet, dizziness and badly healing wounds.


title: CREST syndrome

text: Patients with lcSSc commonly induce pulmonary artery hypertension which may result in cor pulmonale (heart failure due to increased pulmonary artery pressure).


title: CREST syndrome

text: CREST syndrome involves the production of autoimmune anti-nuclear and anti-centromere antibodies, though their cause is not currently understood. There is no known infectious cause.


title: CREST syndrome

text: CREST is not easily diagnosed as it closely mimics symptoms of other connective tissue and autoimmune diseases. Diagnoses are usually given when a patient presents two or more of the five major clinical symptoms. Additionally, blood exams can be given to test for a positive ANAs and ACAs or skin biopsies can be given to help confirm a diagnosis.


title: CREST syndrome

text: Disease progression may be slowed with immunosuppressives and other medications, and esophageal reflux, pulmonary hypertension and Raynaud phenomenon may benefit from symptomatic treatment. However, there is no cure for this disease as there is no cure for scleroderma in general.


title: CREST syndrome

text: The combination of symptoms was first reported in 1964 by R.H. Winterbauer, at that point a medical student at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: Lego Marvel Super Heroes is a 2013 Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii U, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows, and published by Feral Interactive for OS X. The game features gameplay similar to other "Lego" titles, such as "" and "", alternating between various action adventure sequences and puzzle solving scenarios. The handheld version of the game by TT Fusion was released under the title Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Universe in Peril for iOS, Android, Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS and PlayStation Vita. A Nintendo Switch version was released on October 8, 2021.


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: The game's storyline sees various heroes from the Marvel Universe joining forces to foil the schemes of Doctor Doom and Loki, who have also recruited a number of villains to aid them, and seek to conquer the Earth using the Doom Ray of Doom, a device built from the shards of the Silver Surfer's board called "Cosmic Bricks". "Lego Marvel Super Heroes" received generally positive reviews, and is currently the best-selling Lego video game of all time. A spin-off titled "Lego Marvel's Avengers" was released on 26 January 2016, and a sequel titled "Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2" was released on 14 November 2017.


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: Following the gameplay style of past "Lego" titles, players are able to control 180 characters from the Marvel Universe, each with their own unique abilities. For example, Spider-Man can swing on his webs and use his spider-sense while the Hulk, who is larger than the standard minifigures, can throw large objects, as well as shrink down into Bruce Banner to access computers. Galactus was chosen as the main antagonist of the game. According to game director, Arthur Parsons, and producer, Phil Ring, one of the main settings of "Lego Marvel Super Heroes" is a Lego version of New York City. In addition, a Lego version of Asgard was created.


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: The creative team has also incorporated Marvel Comics co-creator Stan Lee in the game. He is a part of missions called "Stan Lee in Peril" (similar to "Citizen in Peril" missions from previous games). He is also a playable character and has several of the other characters' abilities (such as Spider-Man's webbing, a combination of the Human Torch's heat beam and Cyclops' optic blast, Mister Fantastic's ability to grapple, Wolverine's adamantium skeleton when all health is depleted, and the ability to transform into a Hulk-like version of Lee).


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: Players can also explore the Marvel version of New York City, though they can only use a specific character and access buildings after the campaign is complete. Bonus missions are narrated by Deadpool and take place in buildings with their own storylines. There are a total of 15 missions in the main single-player campaign, followed by 11 side missions.


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: Many of the main LEGO minifigure characters are based on their appearance from the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Tony Stark is modeled on Robert Downey Jr., Nick Fury is modeled on Samuel L. Jackson, whilst Agent Phil Coulson is both modeled on and voiced by Clark Gregg, Captain America is modeled on Chris Evans, Black Widow is modeled on Scarlett Johansson, Bruce Banner is modeled on Mark Ruffalo, Clint Barton is modeled on Jeremy Renner, Loki is modeled on Tom Hiddleston, Thor is modeled on Chris Hemsworth, and Maria Hill is modeled on Cobie Smulders.


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: While searching the universe for planets for his master Galactus to consume, Silver Surfer is captured by Doctor Doom, and his board shattered into multiple "Cosmic Bricks". Having been warned about Galactus' upcoming arrival on Earth by an imprisoned Loki, Doom aims to build his "Doom Ray of Doom" using these bricks, which will allow the pair to defeat Galactus and then take over the world. Meanwhile, Nick Fury enlists Earth's heroes to retrieve the bricks before they fall into the wrong hands.


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: Sandman and Abomination, hired by Doom to retrieve a brick, hold Grand Central Station hostage for it, but are defeated by Iron Man, Hulk, and Spider-Man. The brick is left in the Fantastic Four's care at the Baxter Building, but Doctor Octopus steals it, forcing Mister Fantastic and Captain America to pursue him. Aided by Spider-Man when the fight goes through the Daily Bugle, they defeat him in Times Square, but he tosses the Brick to Green Goblin. Tasked with retrieving it, Black Widow, Hawkeye, and Spider-Man infiltrate Oscorp, but are forced to fight Venom while the Green Goblin escapes.


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: Iron Man and Hulk respond to a prison riot at the Raft, orchestrated by Magneto, Mystique, and Sabretooth to break out Loki and other villains. Aided by Wolverine, they defeat the escaped inmates and Sabretooth, but Magneto destroys Iron Man's armor and escapes with Mystique and Loki. Captain America and Tony Stark go to Stark Tower so that the latter can get his latest suit, only to encounter Loki, Mandarin, and Aldrich Killian, who have hacked J.A.R.V.I.S., turning it against the heroes. After restoring J.A.R.V.I.S. back to normal, they defeat the Mandarin and Killian, but Loki escapes with one of Stark's experimental arc reactors.


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: After S.H.I.E.L.D. tracks the reactor's signature to a HYDRA base beneath the Empire State Building, Black Widow and Hawkeye investigate and discover that the Red Skull and Arnim Zola are building a portal generator powered by the stolen reactor, which Loki uses to travel to Asgard. Human Torch, Captain America, and Wolverine arrive to help defeat Red Skull, but inadvertently damage the portal generator in the process. Pursuing Loki with Thor's help, the trio discover that he invaded Asgard, aided by the Frost Giants, and has stolen the Tesseract. Loki unleashes the Destroyer upon the heroes, but they defeat it and retrieve the Tesseract, despite Loki's escape.


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: Wolverine takes the Tesseract to the X-Mansion for Professor X to analyze it, but Doom dispatches the Brotherhood of Mutants to retrieve it. The X-Men defeat Toad, Pyro, and Juggernaut, but fail to prevent Magneto and Mystique from stealing the Tesseract. Tracking it down to Latveria, Nick Fury and the Fantastic Four storm Castle Doom, defeat Green Goblin, and rescue Silver Surfer, but Doom and Loki escape.


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: Iron Man, Thor, and Spider-Man later infiltrate a A.I.M. submarine where Doom is hiding out, defeating MODOK and capturing Doom with Jean Grey's help. However, Magneto magnetically controls the Statue of Liberty and uses it to rescue Doom. Despite Mister Fantastic, Wolverine, and Hulk's attempts to stop him after defeating Mastermind, Magneto brings the Statue to an island filled with dinosaurs from the Savage Land, whereupon he uses a nuclear core stolen from Roxxon Industries to power his space station, Asteroid M. Captain America, Storm, and Thing pursue Magneto and defeat Rhino and Mystique (disguised as Magneto), but fail to prevent the station's launch.


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: Iron Man, Thor, and Spider-Man board Asteroid M and defeat Magneto, before confronting Doom and Loki, who have finished building the Doom Ray. After Doom incapacitates Iron Man and Thor, Captain America, the Thing, and Storm arrive to help Spider-Man defeat him. However, Loki reveals that he had manipulated Doom into building a flying pod, powered by the Tesseract, that will allow him to control Galactus and destroy Earth and Asgard. After Galactus arrives to consume Earth, Loki mind-controls him into destroying Asteroid M, though everyone aboard survives.


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: To stop Loki and Galactus, the heroes and villains form an uneasy alliance, and manage to open a portal to an unknown region of space and send the two through it, destroying Loki's pod and freeing Galactus from his control in the process. While Nick Fury recovers the Tesseract, the heroes decide to give the villains a head start to avoid capture. With his board rebuilt, Silver Surfer recovers his powers and leaves Earth, promising to lead Galactus far away.


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: In a mid-credits scene, Fury oversees the repair of the Statue of Liberty, when the Guardians of the Galaxy arrive, having been called earlier to help against Galactus, but they arrived too late. Though Star-Lord warns Fury that there is something else threatening Earth. Later while having lunch with the construction crew, Fury encounters Black Panther, who was looking for his cat Mr. Tiddles and tells Fury that the people of Wakanda are grateful to him.


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: "Lego Marvel Super Heroes" received generally positive reviews upon release. Among its strengths, reviewers cited its humor, variety of missions, characters, and open-world gameplay. According to Metacritic, it received an average review score of 83/100 based on 22 reviews, indicating "generally positive reviews".


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: Steve Butts of IGN gave the game a 9 out of 10, praising it for being: "the best thing to happen to the Marvel games since 2006” """. He added, "it's a warm and witty, multi-layered approach to the brand that ties in hundreds of Marvel's most iconic characters, settings, and stories". Steve Hannley of Hardcore Gamer gave the game a 4/5, calling it "one of the best Marvel games this generation". "Game Informer" gave the game a 9 out of 10, while Polygon gave the game an 8.5 out of 10. GameZone's Matt Liebl, regarding the PS4 version, stated, "on a console filled with shooters like "Killzone" and "Call of Duty", TT Games' "Lego Marvel Super Heroes" presents a nice break from the complex sports titles and intense shooters that overrun the console".


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment President David Haddad has stated that Lego Marvel Super Heroes is the best-selling LEGO video game of all time.


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: A sequel titled "Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2" was released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on 14 November 2017.


title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes

text: Two add-on packs were released for the game. The first, "Super Pack", included 7 characters: Dark Phoenix, Winter Soldier, Symbiote Spider-Man, Hawkeye (classic), Beta Ray Bill, Thanos and A-Bomb as well as two vehicles: The Spider Buggy and Hawkeye's Sky Cycle, and 10 races that can only be done with the new vehicles. The second, "Asgard Character Pack", was released in November to coincide with the release of "", and included 8 characters: Malekith, Kurse, Sif, Volstagg, Odin, Hogun, Fandral and Jane Foster.


title: Viper (rapper)

text: Lee Arthur Carter (born October 7, 1971), known professionally by his stage name Viper, is an American rapper, producer and actor. Viper has been producing music since childhood, but he received widespread attention online for his 2008 album, "You'll Cowards Don't Even Smoke Crack". The prolific nature of his work, together with his commitment to self production, has garnered him a cult following as an outsider artist, with comparisons drawn to rapper Lil B and musician Wesley Willis. He is also regarded as one of the originators of cloud rap.


title: Viper (rapper)

text: Viper was born in El Dorado, Arkansas. He began playing the piano at the age of five. At the age of six, he relocated to the Hiram Clarke neighborhood of Houston, Texas and started rapping at the age of nine. In 1997, he was an actor in the film Fifth Ward, directed by his brother, Greg Carter.


title: Viper (rapper)

text: While Viper reportedly started rapping as a child, his first musical appearance was on the soundtrack for Fifth Ward, under the name "J-Ride."


title: Viper (rapper)

text: Originally under the artist name Lee Dogg, Viper released his first album, "Lee Dogg", on October 7, 2003, which would later be renamed "Hustlin' Thick". The album was created mostly in collaboration with various artists signed to local music label Dope House Records at the time, whom Viper thanks multiple times in the liner notes. Viper planned to continue releasing albums under the Lee Dogg name and had numerous plans for collaborations, but for unknown reasons this never happened, and he retroactively changed both the name of his album to "Hustlin' Thick" and his artist name to Viper.


title: Viper (rapper)

text: Viper continued to release mixtapes regularly throughout the early 2000s under his Rhyme Time Records label through the CD Baby website, becoming one of the first cloud rap artists. Throughout this period he showed frustration at his obscurity and limited exposure, as detailed on one of his early songs, "9900 Haters On The Wall", where he claimed out of ten thousand people who heard his albums on the site, only a hundred had bought them.


title: Viper (rapper)

text: His obscurity would continue until early 2013, when the title track of his album "You'll Cowards Don't Even Smoke Crack", released in 2008, was posted onto YouTube. Since then it has garnered over three million views, and news outlets started reporting on him shortly after. "You'll Cowards Don't Even Smoke Crack" is by far Viper's most popular album. University of Notre Dame newspaper "The Observer" noted that the album became an "internet meme due to its shockingly upfront title and unique album cover".


title: Viper (rapper)

text: Despite the heavily independent and lo-fi nature of the album, it received positive coverage in the music press. Sputnik Music wrote that the album fuses "a nostalgic and ethereal blend of cloud rap and vaporwave". The "Chicago Reader" wrote that the album is "outsider-artist genius. People on the Internet are initially drawn to Viper because of his blatant disregard for grammar, outrageously violent and drug-centric lyrics, and how sonically bizarre he is in general."


title: Viper (rapper)

text: Since then, Viper has remained active, releasing almost an album per day on average in 2014, often consisting of recycled or chopped and screwed material, while making his music available on Spotify and iTunes and giving interviews to the local music press. As of 2020, he has released more than 1,500 albums, although only approximately 15 or so consist of solely original material. In early 2019, he created a new YouTube channel, RapperViper VEVO, as a collaborative project with his new video editor.


title: Viper (rapper)

text: Carter has four children; one born in 2002, two with his ex-wife, and the most recent being born in October 2020. He claims to believe he is the second Christ, and refers to himself as "Black Jesus" and is a devout Christian. In June 2016, Carter suffered pneumonia. In 2021, Betty Carter, Lee Carter's mother, died at the age of 79.


title: Viper (rapper)

text: His low-budget, DIY aesthetic is present not only in his music but also its accompanying videos and album art, which frequently consist of simple self-portraits, clip art and his name and the album title superimposed in plain text.


title: Viper (rapper)

text: Musically, he is recognized for his deep voice, occasional use of autotune, and slowed-down, low-fidelity and glitchy and ethereal production predating cloud rap or the chopped and screwed subgenre native to Viper's Houston scene.


title: Viper (rapper)

text: Viper has released hundreds of albums. (249, albums from 2015- present on spotify) However, a vast majority of these releases contain songs that have been chopped and screwed, slowed down, or simply recycled and put under different names with no change to their content. Therefore, only releases which contain original material have been listed here.


title: Aromaticity

text: In chemistry, aromaticity is a chemical property of cyclic (ring-shaped), "typically" planar (flat) molecular structures with pi bonds in resonance (those containing delocalized electrons) that gives increased stability compared to saturated compounds having single bonds, and other geometric or connective non-cyclic arrangements with the same set of atoms. Aromatic rings are very stable and do not break apart easily. Organic compounds that are not aromatic are classified as aliphatic compounds—they might be cyclic, but only aromatic rings have enhanced stability. The term "aromaticity" with this meaning is historically related to the concept of having an aroma, but is a distinct property from that meaning.


title: Aromaticity

text: Since the most common aromatic compounds are derivatives of benzene (an aromatic hydrocarbon common in petroleum and its distillates), the word "aromatic" occasionally refers informally to benzene derivatives, and so it was first defined. Nevertheless, many non-benzene aromatic compounds exist. In living organisms, for example, the most common aromatic rings are the double-ringed bases (Purine) in RNA and DNA. An aromatic functional group or other substituent is called an aryl group.


title: Aromaticity

text: In terms of the electronic nature of the molecule, aromaticity describes a conjugated system often represented in Lewis diagrams as alternating single and double bonds in a ring. In reality, the electrons represented by the double bonds in the Lewis diagram are actually distributed evenly around the ring ("delocalized"), increasing the molecule's stability. Due to the restrictions imposed by the way Lewis diagrams are drawn, the molecule cannot be represented by one diagram, but rather a hybrid of multiple different diagrams (called resonance), such as with the two resonance structures of benzene. These molecules cannot be found in either one of these representations, with the longer single bonds in one location and the shorter double bond in another (see below). Rather, the molecule exhibits all equal bond lengths in between those of single and double bonds. This commonly seen model of aromatic rings, namely the idea that benzene was formed from a six-membered carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds (cyclohexatriene), was developed by August Kekulé (see below). The model for benzene consists of two resonance forms, which corresponds to the double and single bonds superimposing to produce six one-and-a-half bonds. Benzene is a more stable molecule than would be expected without accounting for charge delocalization.


title: Aromaticity

text: As it is a standard for resonance diagrams, the use of a double-headed arrow indicates that two structures are not distinct entities but merely hypothetical possibilities. Neither is an accurate representation of the "actual" compound, which is best represented by a hybrid (average) of these structures. A C=C bond is shorter than a C−C bond. Benzene is a regular hexagon—it is planar and all six carbon–carbon bonds have the same length, which is intermediate between that of a single and that of a double bond.


title: Aromaticity

text: In a cyclic molecule with three alternating double bonds, cyclohexatriene, the bond length of the single bond would be 1.54 Å and that of the double bond would be 1.34 Å. However, in a molecule of benzene, the length of each of the bonds is 1.40 Å, indicating it to be the average of single and double bond.


title: Aromaticity

text: A better representation is that of the circular π-bond (Armstrong's "inner cycle"), in which the electron density is evenly distributed through a π-bond above and below the ring. This model more correctly represents the location of electron density within the aromatic ring.


title: Aromaticity

text: The single bonds are formed from overlap of hybridized atomic sp-orbitals in line between the carbon nuclei—these are called σ-bonds. Double bonds consist of a σ-bond and a π-bond. The π-bonds are formed from overlap of atomic p-orbitals above and below the plane of the ring. The following diagram shows the positions of these p-orbitals:


title: Aromaticity

text: Since they are out of the plane of the atoms, these orbitals can interact with each other freely, and become delocalized. This means that, instead of being tied to one atom of carbon, each electron is shared by all six in the ring. Thus, there are not enough electrons to form double bonds on all the carbon atoms, but the "extra" electrons strengthen all of the bonds on the ring equally. The resulting molecular orbital is considered to have "π symmetry".


title: Aromaticity

text: The first known use of the word "aromatic" as a "chemical" term—namely, to apply to compounds that contain the phenyl group—occurs in an article by August Wilhelm Hofmann in 1855. Hofmann used the term for a class of benzene compounds, many of which have odors (aromas), unlike pure saturated hydrocarbons. Aromaticity as a chemical property bears no general relationship with the olfactory properties of such compounds (how they smell), although in 1855, before the structure of benzene or organic compounds was understood, chemists like Hofmann were beginning to understand that odiferous molecules from plants, such as terpenes, had chemical properties that we recognize today are similar to unsaturated petroleum hydrocarbons like benzene. If this was indeed the earliest introduction of the term, it is curious that Hofmann says nothing about why he introduced an adjective indicating olfactory character to apply to a group of chemical substances, of which only some have notable aromas. Also, some of the most odoriferous organic substances known are terpenes, which are not aromatic in the chemical sense. Terpenes and benzenoid substances do have a chemical characteristic in common, that is, higher unsaturation than many aliphatic compounds, and Hofmann may not have made a distinction between the two categories. Many of the earliest-known examples of aromatic compounds, such as benzene and toluene, have distinctive pleasant smells. This property led to the term "aromatic" for this class of compounds, and hence the term "aromaticity" for the eventually discovered electronic property.


title: Aromaticity

text: In the 19th century, chemists found it puzzling that benzene could be so unreactive toward addition reactions, given its presumed high degree of unsaturation. The cyclohexatriene structure for benzene was first proposed by August Kekulé in 1865. Most chemists were quick to accept this structure, since it accounted for most of the known isomeric relationships of aromatic chemistry. The hexagonal structure explains why only one isomer of benzene exists and why disubstituted compounds have three isomers.


title: Aromaticity

text: Between 1897 and 1906, J. J. Thomson, the discoverer of the electron, proposed three equivalent electrons between each pair of carbon atoms in benzene. An explanation for the exceptional stability of benzene is conventionally attributed to Sir Robert Robinson, who was apparently the first (in 1925) to coin the term "aromatic sextet" as a group of six electrons that resists disruption.


title: Aromaticity

text: In fact, this concept can be traced further back, via Ernest Crocker in 1922, to Henry Edward Armstrong, who in 1890 wrote "the [six] centric affinities act within a cycle … benzene may be represented by a double ring … and when an additive compound is formed, the inner cycle of affinity suffers disruption, the contiguous carbon-atoms to which nothing has been attached of necessity acquire the ethylenic condition".


title: Aromaticity

text: Here, Armstrong is describing at least four modern concepts. First, his "affinity" is better known nowadays as the electron, which was to be discovered only seven years later by J. J. Thomson. Second, he is describing electrophilic aromatic substitution, proceeding (third) through a Wheland intermediate, in which (fourth) the conjugation of the ring is broken. He introduced the symbol C centered on the ring as a shorthand for the "inner cycle", thus anticipating Erich Clar's notation. It is argued that he also anticipated the nature of wave mechanics, since he recognized that his affinities had direction, not merely being point particles, and collectively having a distribution that could be altered by introducing substituents onto the benzene ring (much as the distribution of the electric charge in a body is altered by bringing it near to another body).


title: Aromaticity

text: The quantum mechanical origins of this stability, or aromaticity, were first modelled by Hückel in 1931. He was the first to separate the bonding electrons into sigma and pi electrons.


title: Aromaticity

text: Aromaticity of an arbitrary aromatic compound can be measured quantitatively by the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) computational method and aromaticity percentage methods.


title: Aromaticity

text: According to Hückel's rule, if a molecule has 4"n" + 2 π-electrons, it is aromatic, but if it has 4"n" π-electrons and has characteristics 1–3 above, the molecule is said to be antiaromatic. Whereas benzene is aromatic (6 electrons, from 3 double bonds), cyclobutadiene is antiaromatic, since the number of π delocalized electrons is 4, which of course is a multiple of 4. The cyclobutadienide(2−) ion, however, is aromatic (6 electrons). An atom in an aromatic system can have other electrons that are not part of the system, and are therefore ignored for the 4"n" + 2 rule. In furan, the oxygen atom is sp hybridized. One lone pair is in the π system and the other in the plane of the ring (analogous to the C–H bond in the other positions). There are 6 π-electrons, so furan is aromatic.


title: Aromaticity

text: Aromatic molecules typically display enhanced chemical stability, compared with similar non-aromatic molecules. A molecule that can be aromatic will tend to change toward aromaticity, and the added stability changes the chemistry of the molecule. Aromatic compounds undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution and nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions, but not electrophilic addition reactions as happens with carbon–carbon double bonds.


title: Aromaticity

text: In the presence of a magnetic field, the circulating π-electrons in an aromatic molecule produce an aromatic ring current that induces an additional magnetic field, an important effect in nuclear magnetic resonance. The NMR signal of protons in the plane of an aromatic ring are shifted substantially further down-field than those on non-aromatic sp carbons. This is an important way of detecting aromaticity. By the same mechanism, the signals of protons located near the ring axis are shifted upfield.


title: Aromaticity

text: Aromatic molecules are able to interact with each other in so-called π–π stacking: The π systems form two parallel rings overlap in a "face-to-face" orientation. Aromatic molecules are also able to interact with each other in an "edge-to-face" orientation: The slight positive charge of the substituents on the ring atoms of one molecule are attracted to the slight negative charge of the aromatic system on another molecule.


title: Aromaticity

text: Planar monocyclic molecules containing 4"n" π-electrons are called antiaromatic and are, in general, unstable. Molecules that could be antiaromatic will tend to change from this electronic or conformation, thereby becoming non-aromatic. For example, cyclooctatetraene (COT) distorts out of planarity, breaking π overlap between adjacent double bonds. Recent studies have determined that cyclobutadiene adopts an asymmetric, rectangular configuration in which single and double bonds indeed alternate, with no resonance; the single bonds are markedly longer than the double bonds, reducing unfavorable p-orbital overlap. This reduction of symmetry lifts the degeneracy of the two formerly non-bonding molecular orbitals, which by Hund's rule forces the two unpaired electrons into a new, weakly bonding orbital (and also creates a weakly antibonding orbital). Hence, cyclobutadiene is non-aromatic; the strain of the asymmetric configuration outweighs the anti-aromatic destabilization that would afflict the symmetric, square configuration.


title: Aromaticity

text: Hückel's rule of aromaticity treats molecules in their singlet ground states (S). The stability trends of the compounds described here are found to be reversed in the lowest lying triplet and singlet excited states (T and S), according to Baird's rule. This means that compounds like benzene, with 4"n" + 2 π-electrons and aromatic properties in the ground state, become antiaromatic and often adopt less symmetric structures in the excited state.


title: Aromaticity

text: Aromatic compounds play key roles in the biochemistry of all living things. The four aromatic amino acids histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine each serve as one of the 20 basic building-blocks of proteins. Further, all 5 nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil) that make up the sequence of the genetic code in DNA and RNA are aromatic purines or pyrimidines. The molecule heme contains an aromatic system with 22 π-electrons. Chlorophyll also has a similar aromatic system.


title: Aromaticity

text: Aromatic compounds are important in industry. Key aromatic hydrocarbons of commercial interest are benzene, toluene, "ortho"-xylene and "para"-xylene. About 35 million tonnes are produced worldwide every year. They are extracted from complex mixtures obtained by the refining of oil or by distillation of coal tar, and are used to produce a range of important chemicals and polymers, including styrene, phenol, aniline, polyester and nylon.


title: Aromaticity

text: Benzene, as well as most other annulenes (with the exception of cyclodecapentaene, because it is non-planar) with the formula CH where "n" is a natural number, such as cyclotetradecaheptaene ("n"=3).


title: Aromaticity

text: In heterocyclic aromatics (heteroaromatics), one or more of the atoms in the aromatic ring is of an element other than carbon. This can lessen the ring's aromaticity, and thus (as in the case of furan) increase its reactivity. Other examples include pyridine, pyrazine, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, thiophene, and their benzannulated analogs (benzimidazole, for example). In all these examples, the number of π-electrons is 6, due to the π-electrons from the double bonds as well as the two electrons from any lone pair that is in the p-orbital that is in the plane of the aromatic π system. For example, in pyridine, the five sp-hybridized carbons each have a p-orbital that is perpendicular to the plane of the ring, and each of these p-orbitals contains one π-electron. Additionally, the nitrogen atom is also sp-hybridized and has one electron in a p-orbital, which adds up to 6 p-electrons, thus making pyridine aromatic. The lone pair on the nitrogen is not part of the aromatic π system. Pyrrole and imidazole are both five membered aromatic rings that contain heteroatoms. In pyrrole, each of the four sp-hybridized carbons contributes one π-electron, and the nitrogen atom is also sp-hybridized and contributes two π-electrons from its lone pair, which occupies a p-orbital. In imidazole, both nitrogens are sp-hybridized; the one in the double bond contributes one electron and the one which is not in the double bond and is in a lone pair contributes two electrons to the π system.


title: Aromaticity

text: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are molecules containing two or more simple aromatic rings fused together by sharing two neighboring carbon atoms. Examples are naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene. In fused aromatics, not all carbon–carbon bonds are necessarily equivalent, as the electrons are not delocalized over the entire molecule. The aromaticity of these molecules can be explained using their orbital picture. Like benzene and other monocyclic aromatic molecules, polycyclics have a cyclic conjugated pi system with p-orbital overlap above and below the plane of the ring.


title: Aromaticity

text: Many chemical compounds are aromatic rings with other functional groups attached. Examples include trinitrotoluene (TNT), acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), paracetamol, and the nucleotides of DNA.


title: Aromaticity

text: Aromatic molecules need not be neutral molecules. Ions that satisfy Huckel's rule of 4"n" + 2 π-electrons in a planar, cyclic, conjugated molecule are considered to be aromatic ions. For example, the cyclopentadienyl anion and the cycloheptatrienylium cation are both considered to be aromatic ions, and the azulene molecule can be approximated as a combination of both.


title: Aromaticity

text: In order to convert the atom from sp to sp, a carbocation, carbanion, or carbon radical must be formed. These leave sp-hybridized carbons that can partake in the π system of an aromatic molecule. Like neutral aromatic compounds, these compounds are stable and form easily. The cyclopentadienyl anion is formed very easily and thus 1,3-cyclopentadiene is a very acidic hydrocarbon with a p"K" of 16. Other examples of aromatic ions include the cyclopropenium cation (2 π-electrons) and cyclooctatetraenyl dianion (10 π electrons).


title: Aromaticity

text: Aromaticity also occurs in compounds that are not carbocyclic or heterocyclic; inorganic six-membered-ring compounds analogous to benzene have been synthesized. For example, borazine is a six-membered ring composed of alternating boron and nitrogen atoms, each with one hydrogen attached. It has a delocalized π system and undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions appropriate to aromatic rings rather than reactions expected of non-aromatic molecules.


title: Aromaticity

text: Quite recently, the aromaticity of planar rings occurring in the Zintl phase LiSi was experimentally evinced by Li solid-state NMR. Metal aromaticity is believed to exist in certain clusters of aluminium and gallium, specifically Ga and Al, for example.


title: Aromaticity

text: Homoaromaticity is the state of systems where conjugation is interrupted by a single sp hybridized carbon atom.


title: Aromaticity

text: Y-aromaticity is used to describe a Y-shaped, planar (flat) molecule with resonance bonds. The concept was developed to explain the extraordinary stability and high basicity of the guanidinium cation. Guanidinium is not a ring molecule, and is cross-conjugated rather than a π system of consecutively attached atoms, but is reported to have its six π-electrons delocalized over the whole molecule. The concept is controversial and some authors emphasize different effects. This has also been suggested as the reason that the trimethylenemethane dication is more stable than the butadienyl dication.


title: Aromaticity

text: σ-aromaticity refers to stabilization arising from the delocalization of sigma bonds. It is often invoked in cluster chemistry and is closely related to Wade's Rule. Furthermore, in 2021 a σ-aromatic Th complex was reported, indicating that the concept of σ-aromaticity remains relevant for orbitals with principle quantum number 6.


title: Aromaticity

text: Möbius aromaticity occurs when a cyclic system of molecular orbitals, formed from p atomic orbitals and populated in a closed shell by 4"n" ("n" is an integer) electrons, is given a single half-twist to form a Möbius strip. A π system with 4"n" electrons in a flat (non-twisted) ring would be antiaromatic, and therefore highly unstable, due to the symmetry of the combinations of p atomic orbitals. By twisting the ring, the symmetry of the system changes and becomes allowed (see also Möbius–Hückel concept for details). Because the twist can be left-handed or right-handed, the resulting Möbius aromatics are "dissymmetric" or chiral. But as of 2012, no Möbius aromatic molecules had been synthesized. Aromatics with two half-twists corresponding to the paradromic topologies were first suggested by Johann Listing. In one form of carbo-benzene, the ring is expanded and contains alkyne and allene groups.


title: Aromaticity

text: Spherical aromaticity is aromaticity that occurs in fullerenes. In 2000, Andreas Hirsch and coworkers in Erlangen, Germany, formulated a rule to determine when a fullerene would be aromatic. They found that if there were 2("n" + 1) π-electrons, then the fullerene would display aromatic properties. This follows from the fact that an aromatic fullerene must have full icosahedral (or other appropriate) symmetry, so the molecular orbitals must be entirely filled. This is possible only if there are exactly 2("n" + 1) electrons, where "n" is a nonnegative integer.


title: Dr. Slump

text: The manga was adapted into an anime television series by Toei Animation that ran on Fuji TV from 1981 to 1986 for 243 episodes. A remake series was created thirteen years after the manga ended, consisting of 74 episodes that were broadcast from 1997 to 1999. The series has also spawned several novels, video games and eleven animated films.


title: Dr. Slump

text: "Dr. Slump" launched Toriyama's career. It was awarded the Shogakukan Manga Award for "shōnen" and "shōjo" manga in 1981 and has sold over 35 million copies in Japan. The manga was released in North America by Viz Media from 2004 to 2009. Discotek Media released the first five films in North America in 2014. In 2021, Tubi announced their acquisition of the 1997 TV anime.


title: Dr. Slump

text: "Dr. Slump" is set in , a place where humans co-exist with all sorts of anthropomorphic animals and other objects. In this village lives Senbei Norimaki, an inventor. In the first chapter, he builds what he hopes will be the world's most perfect little girl robot, named Arale Norimaki. However, she turns out to be in severe need of eyeglasses. She is also very naïve, and in later issues she has adventures such as bringing a huge bear home, having mistaken it for a pet. To Senbei's credit, she does have super-strength. In general, the manga focuses on Arale's misunderstandings of humanity and Senbei's inventions, rivalries, and romantic misadventures. In the middle of the series, a recurring villain named Dr. Mashirito appears as a rival to Senbei.


title: Dr. Slump

text: "Dr. Slump" is filled with puns and toilet humor, and parodies of both Japanese and American culture. For example, one of the recurring characters is Suppaman, a short, fat, pompous buffoon who changes into a Superman-like alter-ego by eating a sour-tasting ("suppai" in Japanese) umeboshi. Unlike Superman, Suppaman cannot fly, and instead pretends to fly by lying belly down on a skateboard and scooting through the streets. Also, one of the village's policemen wears a "Star Wars"-style stormtrooper helmet, just as in the American movies. Toriyama himself has been portrayed as a bird (the "tori" in his last name means "bird", hence the name of his production studio Bird Studio), although it has been suggested (by himself even) that he actually based the design of Senbei on himself. In addition, other real-life people make appearances as well, such as Toriyama's editor (Kazuhiko Torishima), assistants, wife, his colleague friends (such as Masakazu Katsura) and others.


title: Dr. Slump

text: With Toriyama a newcomer to manga and his editor Kazuhiko Torishima still relatively new at his job as well, the two worked for 18 months with Torishima rejecting all the author's ideas until the first draft of "Dr. Slump". One of these rejected works, , served as a basis for "Dr. Slump". After his 1979 one-shot "Tomato the Cutesy Gumshoe" saw some popularity, Toriyama decided to create another manga with a female lead character and that became "Dr. Slump". Toriyama drew several short omake included in the "Dr. Slump" "tankōbon" volumes that supposedly depict actual events on the production of the series, although, as they are often humorous, the level of truthfulness to them is uncertain. In one, he claimed that when he told Torishima that he wanted to make a manga about a doctor, the editor told him to add a robot. Toriyama originally wanted a very large robot, but as it would not fit in the panels, he instead made it small. When Torishima rejected that idea, he made the robot a girl, knowing Torishima would find her "cute". He also stated that Senbei was supposed to be the main character, but his editor told him to make it Arale instead, which Toriyama agrees turned out better. The act of having Senbei and Midori get married came from having nothing else to draw that week, and it happened quickly because he does not like romance. He went on to state that Torishima does enjoy romance, and that the relationships of Arale and Obotchaman, Akane and Tsukutsun, and Taro and Tsururin were all Torishima's ideas.


title: Dr. Slump

text: Toriyama did not expect "Dr. Slump" to last long, as even before it debuted Torishima was asking him what he would draw for his next series. However, it lasted for roughly five years. When Toriyama began "Dr. Slump", he worked at home, where he lived with his parents, and had one assistant who worked one day a week. Toriyama has said several times that he typically would not have any ideas for the story for that week's chapter, but would think up something as soon as Torishima called asking. He thought up each week's story as he drew and sent the rough draft to Torishima at "Weekly Shōnen Jump" headquarters in Tokyo by air courier from Nagoya Airport. After getting the approval of his editor, he began by drawing the lines that stick out of the frames, then the frames themselves, before using a g-pen to draw clear crisp lines at roughly one page an hour. After he had around eight pages finished, his assistant (also known as ) came over, although Toriyama stated he only allowed him to color. For color pages, Toriyama first drew them with permanent ink and used water-soluble color pens, before touching up with a wet brush. Later in serialization (around volume 13, as stated in volume 18), became his assistant when Hiswashi started his own series, although Hiswashi occasionally still helped out, as did Toriyama's wife when they were close to a deadline.


title: Dr. Slump

text: In 2016, Torishima said that although "Dr. Slump" was very successful, having debuted at number two in the magazine's reader rankings, Toriyama wanted to stop it after about six months. He explained that because it was a self-contained comedy each week, if something did not work, the author had to change everything. Torishima said that because it was a top-ranking series, would regularly sell a million copies, and had an anime about to begin, "Jump" and Shueisha would not allow it to end. However, Torishima claimed the magazine's chief editor told him that if they could come up with something more interesting and successful then they could. In order to have time to discuss new ideas they had to adjust the weekly schedule, finishing a "Dr. Slump" chapter in five days instead of seven. Toriyama stated that one of the conditions he agreed to that allowed him to end the popular "Dr. Slump", was that he start his next series relatively soon after. He began "Dragon Ball" roughly three months later.


title: Dr. Slump

text: In his own words, Toriyama described the scenery of "Dr. Slump" as having an "American West Coast" feel. Torishima recalled that when he asked Toriyama why he drew relatively sparse backgrounds, his reply was simply that it was easier that way. However, Toriyama has stated that he was particular about the art, working more hours on it than he would later on "Dragon Ball". In an actual chapter of "Dr. Slump", where Toriyama and Matsuyama appear, it was revealed that Matsuyama draws most of the backgrounds and houses. Toriyama often used colored paper, a technique fairly common in design, but less-so in manga. He stated that the tournament-type events, such as the Penguin Village Grand Prix and the kick the can contest, were popular with readers and inspired the Tenkaichi Budōkai in "Dragon Ball".


title: Dr. Slump

text: Torishima described the "Dr. Slump" anime as unsuccessful in his opinion because it did not loyally follow the manga. He said this was because it was the first time the "Weekly Shōnen Jump" team had to manage an anime based on one of their manga and its creative process, explaining that, if something went wrong, it was too late to change because it was already animated.


title: Dr. Slump

text: Akira Toriyama's "Dr. Slump" was originally serialized in the "shōnen" manga anthology "Weekly Shōnen Jump" from issue No. 5/6 on February 4, 1980 to No. 39 on September 10, 1984. Its 236 individual chapters were collected into 18 "tankōbon" volumes by publisher Shueisha under the "Jump Comics" imprint. It was reassembled as a 9-volume "aizōban" edition in 1990, a 9-volume "bunkoban" edition in 1995, and a 15-volume "kanzenban" edition in 2006. Viz Media licensed the series for North America in 2004, and published the first volume on March 3, 2005 with translation done by Alexander O. Smith and some censorship. All 18 original volumes have been released in North America as of May 5, 2009.


title: Dr. Slump

text: After "Dr. Slump" ended in 1984, its characters returned for an extended cameo in Toriyama's next series "Dragon Ball", in which Arale and Son Goku briefly team up to defeat General Blue during the Red Ribbon Army storyline. A "Dr. Slump" follow-up manga was written by Takao Koyama and illustrated by Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru, with supervision by Toriyama. It was serialized in "V Jump" from February 21, 1993 to September 1996 under the title . It was collected into four "tankōbon" volumes.


title: Dr. Slump

text: To promote the release of the first "Dr. Slump - Arale-chan" anime DVD box set, Akira Toriyama illustrated a special one-shot colored spin-off manga titled published in the April 2007 issue of "Monthly Shōnen Jump". The story centers around an evil counterpart of Arale created by Dr. Mashirito Jr., named Abale.


title: Dr. Slump

text: The "Dr. Slump" manga was adapted into two separate anime television series by Toei Animation, both of which aired on Fuji TV. The first, , ran from April 8, 1981 to February 19, 1986 and spanned 243 episodes. The second anime, simply titled , ran from November 26, 1997 to September 22, 1999 and lasted seventy-four episodes.


title: Dr. Slump

text: The first anime was released on home video for the first time in 2007, remastered, in two 22-disc DVD sets; on March 23, which contains the first 120 episodes, and on September 14, which contains the remainder. Likewise, the second series was released the following year as "Slump the Box 90's" on March 21. The first anime was then released in twenty 2-disc sets (the last was 3-disc) of roughly twelve episodes each, titled "Slump the Collection"; the first three sets on October 9, 2008, the next five on November 28, the next six on December 21, and the last six on January 30, 2009. The first episode of the original anime was adapted into English by Harmony Gold USA in 1984, but the pilot was never picked up. Characters from "Dr. Slump" also prominently feature in the 69th episode of "Dragon Ball Super", "Goku vs. Arale! An Off-the-Wall Battle Spells the End of the Earth?"


title: Dr. Slump

text: In February 2021, American streaming service Tubi announced their acquisition of the "Dr. Slump" TV anime for release with English subtitles.


title: Dr. Slump

text: Toei has also created eleven animated films based on "Dr. Slump", beginning with "Hello! Wonder Island" on July 18, 1981. They continued to produce one film a year until 1985; ""Hoyoyo!" Space Adventure" on July 10, 1982, "Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hoyoyo! The Great Race Around the World" on March 13, 1983, "Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hoyoyo! The Secret of Nanaba Castle" on December 22, 1984, and "Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hoyoyo! The City of Dreams, Mechapolis" on July 13, 1985.


title: Dr. Slump

text: In 1993, "Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: N-cha! Clear Skies Over Penguin Village" and "Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: N-cha! From Penguin Village with Love" were released on March 6 and July 10 respectively. In 1994, "Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hoyoyo!! Follow the Rescued Shark..." and "Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: N-cha!! Excited Heart of Summer Vacation" were released on March 12 and July 9 respectively. On March 6, 1999, "Arale's Surprise Burn" was produced.


title: Dr. Slump

text: Toriyama's 2007 one-shot was adapted into a five-minute short titled "Dr. Slump: Dr. Mashirito and Abale-chan" that was shown alongside the theatrically released "". In 2008, all eleven films were released in a remastered DVD box set titled "Slump the Box Movies" on September 21. Discotek Media acquired the first five "Dr. Slump" films for release in North America and released in a two-disc DVD box set in Japanese with English subtitles on July 29, 2014.


title: Dr. Slump

text: A series of three "Dr. Slump - Arale-chan" video games called , and , by Animest were released as Game & Watch clones in 1982. A "Dr. Slump" video game was released in 1983 for the Arcadia 2001. was released for the NEC PC-6001 in 1984 by Enix. An action game, simply titled , for the PlayStation based on the second television series was released on March 18, 1999 by Bandai. was released on October 30, 2008 for the Nintendo DS. Arale appears in the 1988 Famicom game "". In the Nintendo DS game "Jump Super Stars", Arale and Dr. Mashirito are player characters, while Senbei appears as a support character. They both return in the sequel "Jump Ultimate Stars", where Senbei, Midori, Gatchan, Obotchaman and Unchi-kun are support characters. Arale appears as a playable character in "J-Stars Victory VS", with Penguin Village as a featured stage.


title: Dr. Slump

text: Arale appears in several "Dragon Ball" video games as well. She and several other "Dr. Slump" characters appear in "", she alone is a hidden battle in "Dragon Ball 3: Goku Den", and she and Senbei briefly appear in "Dragon Ball Z: Super Goku Den — Totsugeki-Hen". Arale is a playable character, and Penguin Village is a playable map, in "" for the PlayStation 2 and Wii. In the PS2 game "Super Dragon Ball Z", Suppaman appears in the background of the city level; after breaking the porta-potty, Suppaman will roll off on his skateboard. Arale can also be unlocked as a playable character in "" for the Wii, "" for the DS, and "Dragon Ball Fusions" for the Nintendo 3DS. Finally, she, along with Gatchan and Senbei Norimaki, appear as non-playable characters in the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows game "", as does Penguin Village.


title: Dr. Slump

text: "Puyopuyo!! Quest" features the event as part of the "Dr. Slump" franchise: "Dr. Slump Arale-chan Festival", from July 15 to 21, 2019.


title: Dr. Slump

text: There have been several light novels based on "Dr. Slump". The first two, released in July 1981 and released in April 1982, were written by Masaki Tsuji, who also wrote for the anime adaptation. A novel written by Shun'ichi Yukimuro and based on the second movie was released on July 15, 1982. and , released on October 1989 and June 27, 1997 respectively, are original works written by Genichiro Takahashi, but draw from the world of "Dr. Slump".


title: Dr. Slump

text: A radio drama adaptation was broadcast at around the same time the anime was airing. Arale was voiced by Yuko Hara, keyboardist of the popular rock band Southern All Stars.


title: Dr. Slump

text: In 2014, two commercials featuring "Dr. Slump" were created by Toei for Suzuki. The commercials advertise the car manufacturer's Kei SUV Hustler and include new acting from Mami Koyama as Arale and Kumiko Nishihara as Gatchan.


title: Dr. Slump

text: In celebration of the anime adaptation's 35th anniversary, the "Dr. Slump - Arale-chan N'Cha! Best" album containing music from the series was released on June 1, 2016.


title: Dr. Slump

text: As of 2008, the collected volumes of "Dr. Slump" had sold over 35 million copies in Japan alone. Only a year after its debut, the series was awarded the 1981 Shogakukan Manga Award for "shōnen" and "shōjo" manga. Viz Media's North American release of the first volume of "Dr. Slump" was nominated for the 2005 Quill Award in the Graphic Novel category. The first anime adaptation of "Dr. Slump" was also popular, holding the coveted Saturday 6pm timeslot for five years. With a 36.9% average household rating, its December 16, 1981 episode is the third most watched anime since the television ratings group Video Research began keeping track on September 26, 1977. In 1982, it was voted the 13th Favorite Anime in Japanese magazine "Animage"s fourth annual Anime Grand Prix. In 2001, "Animage" ranked it number 48 on its list of the Top 100 Anime. TV Asahi released two Top 100 Anime lists in 2005, in the web poll "Dr. Slump" ranked number 34, while a nationwide poll of multiple age groups named it number 29. The following year, a list created from polling 100 celebrities had it in the 25th position. A running gag in "Dr. Slump" that utilizes feces has been reported as an inspiration for the Pile of Poo emoji. Ian Jones-Quartey, a former producer of the American animated series "Steven Universe" and creator of "OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes", is a fan of "Dragon Ball" and "Dr. Slump", and uses Toriyama's vehicle designs as reference for his own. He also stated that "We're all big Toriyama fans on ["Steven Universe"], which kind of shows a bit."


title: Dr. Slump

text: Mike Toole of Anime News Network called "Dr. Slump" "the greatest manga of all time", filled with "parody, gags, and fart jokes that everyone from toddlers to grandparents can enjoy together". Jason Thompson referred to "Dr. Slump" as the best series Toriyama has created, claiming it is better drawn and more creative than "Dragon Ball". He also reports that it is considered "the last non-manufactured hit" by many in the Japanese manga industry, particularity among "Weekly Shōnen Jump" titles. In their review, "Publishers Weekly" stated "Toriyama has created his own demented sitcom, and his fantastic imagination and comic invention never let up", "The [English] translation is a bit flat, but the uncommonly good storytelling more than makes up for it." Eduardo M. Chavez of Mania Entertainment summarized "Dr. Slump" as a "quirky slap-stick comedy entirely based in fantasy." He thinks that while Toriyama's usual art style uses "SD" characters, "Dr. Slump" also shows hints that he can draw realistic. He noted that "little nuances", particularity puns, are lost in translation from Japanese to English and expressed disdain for Viz's censorship, saying it took away from the honesty of the series. Chavez feels that what the characters do never crosses the line into inappropriate; "The jokes might not be wholesome, but they are genuinely funny and harmless"; and went on to say that the series fills the void for "all ages manga" in bookstores and libraries.


title: Dr. Slump

text: Reviewing the first five movies, Carl Kimlinger of Anime News Network summarized "Dr. Slump" as "random silly adventures [...] delivered with a lot of surreal nonsense humor, only the most basic sense of continuity, and not a whiff of substance or seriousness." He felt that much of the humor comes simply from the visuals; stating that the vintage hand-done art and animation provide a "warmth" and "raises Slump's visuals above" other anime. However, he called the background music "non-descript" and stated that the films are only for viewers who are familiar with the series, as they provide no exposition.


title: Samsonite

text: Samsonite International S.A. () is an American premium luggage manufacturer and retailer, with products ranging from large suitcases to small toiletries bags and briefcases. The company was founded in Denver, Colorado, United States.


title: Samsonite

text: The company was founded in Denver, Colorado, on March 10, 1910 by Black Hawk, Colorado-born luggage salesman Jesse Shwayder (1882–1970) as the Shwayder Trunk Manufacturing Company. A religious man, Shwayder named one of his initial cases Samson, after the Biblical strongman, and began using the trademark "Samsonite" in 1941 for its tapered vulcanized fiber suitcase, introduced in 1939. In 1965 after the Samsonite suitcase became its best-selling product, the company changed its name to SAMSONITE. For many years the subsidiary SAMSONITE Furniture Co. made folding chairs and card tables in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.


title: Samsonite

text: The Shwayder family sold the company to Beatrice Foods in 1973. Samsonite operated with relative independence within Beatrice until 1986, when the company was sold to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts. Subsequently, the company went through multiple changes of ownership in the 1980s and into the 1990s. First, Samsonite was spun off from KKR as part of E-II, which came under the control of American Brands. E-II went through bankruptcy and was renamed Astrum International. In 1993, Astrum purchased American Tourister luggage, complementing Samsonite. In 1995, Astrum split, and an independent Samsonite (now including American Tourister) was once again headquartered in Denver.


title: Samsonite

text: The Denver factory, which employed 4,000 at its peak, closed in May 2001. Samsonite headquarters moved from Denver to Mansfield, Massachusetts, after a change of ownership in May 2005.


title: Samsonite

text: Samsonite moved its US marketing and sales offices from 91 Main Street in Warren, Rhode Island, to Mansfield, Massachusetts, effective September 1, 2005.


title: Samsonite

text: In 2005 the company was acquired by Marcello Bottoli, former CEO of Louis Vuitton, to pull them out of a long slump. Bottoli left the company in 2009.


title: Samsonite

text: In July 2007 finance investor CVC Capital Partners took over Samsonite for $1.7 billion. CVC Capital Partners Ltd. became Samsonite's fifth owner in 21 years.


title: Samsonite

text: On September 2, 2009, Samsonite Company Store LLC (U.S. Retail Division), formally known as Samsonite Company Stores Inc, filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy. It planned to close up to 50% of its stores and discontinue the "Black Label" brand in the United States.


title: Samsonite

text: In August 2012 Samsonite paid $35 million in cash to buy the high-end luggage brand Hartmann, which was founded in 1877.


title: Samsonite

text: In June 2014, Samsonite agreed to buy technical outdoor backpack brand Gregory Mountain Products from Black Diamond, Inc., for US$85.0 million in cash.


title: Samsonite

text: In March 2016 Samsonite agreed to buy luxury baggage maker Tumi for $1.8 billion in its largest ever acquisition.


title: Samsonite

text: In April 2017 Samsonite agreed to acquire eBags for $105 million in cash. eBags generated $158.5 million in sales in 2016, up 23.5% from $128.3 million in 2015.