title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: In 2020, Dongfeng dissolved its ventures Dongfeng Renault, Dongfeng Yulon and withdrawn from Dongfeng Yueda Kia in 2021.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: On June 12 2020, the mass-produced version of the Dongfeng Sharing-VAN 1.0 rolled off the production line at its technical center, demonstrating Dongfeng's 5G-enabled autonomous vehicle with level 4 applications.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Dongfeng sells vehicles under various brand names. Other brands may be associated with products manufactured or assembled by joint-venture companies that see foreign firms cooperate with Dongfeng in order to gain access to the Chinese market.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Voyah (岚图) is a sub-brand specializing in designing and developing electric vehicles. Voyah is the luxury division of Chinese State-owned automaker Dongfeng Motor Corporation.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: 2009 saw the release of an own-brand sedan, the Fengshen S30, built with support from PSA Peugeot Citroën and in the same factories that produce its Peugeot and Citroën-branded products for the Chinese market. The S30 may have been the first instance of Dongfeng selling private label passenger vehicles using its own "Dual Sparrows" logo in combination with its name.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Dongfeng Venucia Motor Company is a subsidiary of Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd. established in 2017 and focused on the marketing and production of passenger cars. The Venucia marque, launched in September 2010, was originally owned by Dongfeng Nissan Passenger Vehicle, itself another subsidiary of Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Launched in 2013, Fengdu () is a sub-brand of Dongfeng Automobile started by producing out of production Nissan CUVs bearing the Dongfeng logo. Older Nissan tooling was set up in China by Zhengzhou-Nissan to produce the second generation Nissan X-Trail rebadged as the Dongfeng Fengdu MX6.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Two concepts were unveiled at the brand's launch in 2020, the Voyah i-Land coupe concept and the Voyah i-Free crossover concept that previews the Voyah Free premium crossover that was introduced in 2021. The design of Voyah vehicles were co-developed with ItalDesign. Both concept vehicles previews the production cars of Voyah in the following years, and the initial concept and production cars are all built on Dongfeng's Essa electric platform.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor Co., Ltd. is a subsidiary of Dongfeng Motor Group, located in the city of Liuzhou, Guangxi, China. Passenger vehicles produced by Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor bears the Dongfeng Fengxing brand and most products are based on older platforms from Mitsubishi and Nissan.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Dongfeng Skio is a sub-brand of Dongfeng that focuses on producing electric vehicles. The current lineup are mostly Dongfeng-petrol-car-based electric vehicles.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Dongfeng EV is a new marque using Dongfeng branding. It currently only has one product, the Dongfeng EX1.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Dongfeng established its joint venture with American parts-maker Dana Holding Corporation, Dongfeng Dana Axle Co, 2005. As of 2011, Dana and Dongfeng both have 50% ownership of this joint venture.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Dongfeng DFSK (Sokon) or in Chinese Dongfeng Xiaokang () is Sino-sino joint venture between Dongfeng and a local company, Chongqing Sokon Industry Group Co Ltd. Brands under the joint venture includes Dongfeng Sokon (DFSK, sometimes known as DF Dongfeng as the official website suggests) light commercial vehicles and Dongfeng Fengguang passenger vehicles. Sokon also has its own electric startup brand based in North America called SF Motors.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: In January 2013, Dongfeng and Volvo agreed to form a China-based medium- and heavy-duty truck manufacturing joint venture, Dongfeng Commercial Vehicles, with 55% ownership by Dongfeng Motor and 45% by Volvo. As part of the transaction, Volvo will pay 5.6 billion yuan (US$900 million) to Dongfeng, which will pay Nissan Motors to replace it with Volvo in an existing commercial vehicle joint venture. It's unclear if the vehicles produced will be sold under the Volvo brand as a smaller, pre-existing Volvo-Dongfeng joint venture markets and assembles products with a "UD" brand and the Dongfeng brand name is traditionally used on commercial vehicles.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: A Nissan joint venture engine production base in Shiyan, Hubei province, was producing diesel engines c. 2010, and it is possible this location was one asset of the former Nissan joint venture Dongfeng bought out as part of the Volvo deal.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Based in Wuhan, Hubei province, Dongfeng Honda Automobile Company was established in 2003 and manufactures Honda-branded SUVs and automobiles for the Chinese market. Products produced by this joint venture with Honda include the Honda Civic, the CR-V, and the Spirior. As of early 2011, some offerings may incorporate Japanese-made parts.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: In 2010, its model line included what was China's best-selling SUV that year, the CR-V. Other Honda-branded models sold in China are made by Guangqi Honda Automobile, but a 2004 agreement allowed Dongfeng-built CR-Vs to be sold through Guangqi's showrooms.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Primary production may be at its two Wuhan, Hubei, production sites, one of which became operational c. 2012. Another plant produces engines for this joint venture in Guangzhou.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Nissan and Dongfeng have a long-standing relationship. Early on, the Chinese company produced diesel-powered Nissan trucks built from complete knock-down kits, and Nissan lent Dongfeng technical assistance. When the Chinese State began allowing foreign automakers market access through joint ventures, Nissan remained with Dongfeng.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: As an example of the extensive and comprehensive nature of Nissan's technical assistance to the Chinese company, in 2011 nearly 70% of products Dongfeng manufactured were connected in some way to Nissan.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Established in 2002, Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd (DFL) began operating in July 2003. Nissan holds 50% ownership in this maker of heavy trucks, light commercial vehicles, and passenger cars. Heavy-duty trucks and buses exclusively carry the Dongfeng brand name, light-duty trucks use both the Nissan and Dongfeng names, and consumer offerings are Nissan products. While the great majority of passenger cars retain the Nissan name, a small number sell under the brand name Venucia which is Dongfeng–Nissan's brand which offers cheaper products targeted at less-affluent inland city consumers. Venucia ("Qi Chen") launched its first models in 2012. The name is derived from that of the Roman goddess of beauty, Venus.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: A few of its Dongfeng-branded light commercial vehicles have been exported to Afghanistan, Pakistan, Africa, and the Middle East.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Infiniti-branded vehicles are most probably imported as of 2006, but 2013 news stories suggested that some production would be moved to China in the future. Manufacture of the brand in China may have begun with the Q50L being produced at a site in Xiangyang sometime after 2014.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Other joint ventures include Dongfeng Nissan Passenger Vehicle Co, a unit of Dongfeng Motor Company that makes automobiles for the domestic market and has exported to Egypt. Another unit of Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou Nissan Automobile Co, manufactures light commercial vehicles. Most Zhengzhou products are sold under the Dongfeng brand, such as the Dongfeng Rich ("Rui Qi"), a reworked Nissan D22.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: A passenger-car production base and technical center in Guangzhou, Guangdong, are part of both the Nissan joint venture Dongfeng Motor Co and a unit of that joint venture, Dongfeng Nissan Passenger Vehicle Co.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Another Guangzhou production base manufactures Nissan engines. As of 2009, a Nissan joint venture engine production base in Shiyan, Hubei province, produced diesel engines and other sites, auto parts. It is possible this location has been shuttered and the tooling moved as Dongfeng bought out Nissan's stake in a joint venture company, Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co Ltd, as part of a deal to initiate a new joint venture with Volvo. In the Huadu District of Guangzhou, a production base was under construction in late 2010. Planned to have a 240,000 units/year production capacity, these may be engines not vehicles. It could be the large-scale vehicle production base under construction in 2010 that would expand Dongfeng-Nissan local production capacity in this area to 600,000 units/year.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: A joint venture with Nissan has a production base, Zhengzhou Light Truck plant, in Zhengzhou, Henan. In 2010, this was joined by a second, increasing production capacity by 120,000 units/year. Production capacity figures may consider engines and vehicles as discrete.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: A handful of Nissan joint venture production bases are located in Xiangfan, Hubei, making light commercial vehicles and cars.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Dong Feng Peugeot Citroën Automobile Company is a joint venture with PSA Peugeot-Citroën set up in 1992 and based in Wuhan, capital of Hubei province.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Currently selling a range of Peugeot and Citroën models, its first offering was a hatchback built from semi-complete knock-down kits, the ZX Fukang. Its first Peugeot-branded product was introduced in 2004.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Some of the engines made by this joint venture are used in other Dongfeng passenger car products, the Fengshen S30 and H30, for example.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: As of 2010, the PSA Peugeot Citroën joint venture had two production bases in Wuhan, and a third base for this joint venture was in the planning stages around 2010. Xiangfan serves as location for a powertrain production base for the joint venture with PSA Peugeot Citroën as of 2010. An R&D center in Shanghai, the China Tech Center, is wholly owned by PSA Peugeot Citroën but lends assistance to the joint venture with this French automaker.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Created in late 2013, Dongfeng Renault Automotive Co Ltd planned to produce 150,000 whole vehicles per year at an as-yet-unbuilt production base in China. This facility may become operational as early as 2016. In August 2020, the Dongfeng Renault venture was officially dissolved and Renault transferred its stake to Dongfeng.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: A joint venture with the Korean Kia Motors, Dongfeng Yueda Kia Automobile Co is based in Yancheng, Jiangsu province, and produces Kia-branded automobiles for the Chinese market. As of 2007, it has two production bases–the newer located in the Yancheng Economic Development Zone of Jiangsu province.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Kia may have initially partnered with Jiangsu Yueda Auto Works–not Dongfeng–in an effort that produced the Kia Pride c. 1997. Dongfeng soon stepped in, however, forming Yueda Kia Motors in 1999 and buying out Jiangsu Yueda's ownership in March 2002. Prior to this and as of 2007, Kia had a 50% share while Dongfeng and Jiangsu Yueda Investment Co Ltd () each held 25% ownership.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: In 2010, the Sportage was the 8th most-purchased SUV in China. The company was reported as having two production bases in China that year.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: As of 2017, Korean automakers in China continued to flog a product mix highly reliant on less-favored sedans and were seeing flagging sales amid rising political tensions between China and the Korea peninsula. Dongfeng exited the venture in 2021.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: An equally owned joint venture with Taiwanese automaker Yulon, Dongfeng Yulon (or Dongfeng Yulong), was set up in 2009 and will manufacture Yulon's Luxgen models in China. Dongfeng Yulon began production of its first model, the Luxgen 7 SUV, on 28 July 2011. The venture was liquidated in 2020.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Reflecting its past foreign partner, Dongvo Truck Co was formerly named Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel Company. Currently, it is a joint venture between Volvo's UD Trucks and Dongfeng established in 1996.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Volvo's first joint venture company with Dongfeng, Dongvo Truck Co was the precursor to a larger scale cooperation, Dongfeng Commercial Vehicles, but may continue to exist independently of this newer legal entity.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Chufeng (also called CHTC) was founded in 1957 as a joint venue located in Hubei.They manufacture private use vehicles, including cement mixers, dump trucks, oil tankers, crane trucks, school buses, garbage trucks, street sweepers, construction vehicles, cargo vans, box trucks, semi trucks, fire trucks, and livestock transportation vehicles.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Its primary production base for passenger vehicle manufacture is in Wuhan, capital of Hubei province, with secondary sites in the city of Wenzhou, Zhejiang province. Some commercial vehicles are most likely made in the city of Shiyan, Hubei province, as it is the home to a Dongfeng commercial vehicle division.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Dongfeng sells products overseas through various legal arrangements that see mostly light commercial vehicles sold under its own brand name in a variety of formats and specifications.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Foreign countries where Dongfeng has or had a presence include: Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Paraguay, Philippines, Vietnam, and the United Kingdom, et al.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Dongfeng has a joint venture for assembly of commercial trucks with Pakistan's Ghandhara Nissan, whereas it assembles DFSK light commercial vehicles in Pakistan as a joint venture with Regal automobile industries limited


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Dongfeng sponsored the Chinese entry for the 2014–2015 Volvo Ocean Race, a round-the-world sailing race. Dongfeng also sponsored the winning entry in the 2017–18 Volvo Ocean Race.


title: Dongfeng Motor Corporation

text: Some Dongfeng heavy duty trucks are sold as military vehicles, and limited exports under the name Dongfeng Aeolus have occurred. Dongfeng has, at times, exported military spec vehicles to conflict-ridden nations and places including 400 to Myanmar in 2005 and 200 into Darfur, Sudan, that same year. This precipitated the Government Pension Fund of Norway abstaining from investment in Dongfeng Motor Group for a seven-year period between 2007 and 2014.


title: Qubool Hai

text: Qubool Hai () is an Indian soap opera that was produced by 4 Lions Films and broadcast on Zee TV. The series focused on the Muslim community and initially aimed to dispel stereotypes regarding Islam, and had been credited for pioneering Muslim oriented programming in Indian television.


title: Qubool Hai

text: The first season of the show focused on the love story of Asad Ahmed Khan and Zoya Farooqui, played by Karan Singh Grover, who was later replaced by Raqesh Bapat, and Surbhi Jyoti. The show was also focused on the lives of Humaira Siddiqui Sheikh, played by Ketki Kadam, Ayaan Ahmed Khan, played by Rishabh Sinha / Vikrant Massey and Haider Sheikh played by Mohit Sehgal.


title: Qubool Hai

text: In May 2014, the second season introduced Asad and Zoya's twin daughters, Sanam and Seher (both played by Jyoti), and revolved around their lives 20 years after the death of their parents. Karanvir Bohra portrayed Sanam's husband Aahil Raza Ibrahim. Shehzad Shaikh joined the cast as Rehaan Imraan Qureshi, Seher's love interest.


title: Qubool Hai

text: The third season of the show portrayed Aahil and Sanam's incomplete love story after she loses her memory, is transported to Pakistan, and an imposter takes her place.


title: Qubool Hai

text: The fourth season of the show, launched in August 2015 and incorporating supernatural elements, was set 25 years after Sanam's suicide. It focused on the love story of Mahira, who was the result of Sanam's last prayer (again portrayed by Jyoti), and her two husbands - Azaad Iqbal Khan (Rajbeer Singh), who is revealed to be a vampire and is the "fake" Sanam's son, and his long-lost brother, Armaan Iqbal Khan, who receives his heart in a transplant. The show ended in January 2016 after Armaan and Mahira's remarriage.


title: Qubool Hai

text: Zoya Farooqui, a fun-loving girl brought up in the USA enters Bhopal in search of her real father and stays with her foster sister's aunt Dilshad, who has a daughter Najma and a silent, traditional, orthodox and short tempered son Asad Ahmed Khan. Zoya and Asad gradually fall in love, but his childhood friend Tanveer Baig creates obstacles for them. Asad's father Rashid now lives with his much wealthy second wife Shireen, though their son Ayaan has a loving relationship with Asad.


title: Qubool Hai

text: Shireen's brother Gafoor Siddiqui turns out to be Zoya's biological father, who presumed her dead after his second wife, Razia, killed his first wife (Zoya's mother) in a fire, though Zoya had escaped that time. Rashid and Dilshad unite. Razia and Gafoor's daughter Humaira loves Ayaan but is shattered as he leaves with Shireen. Haider enters to take revenge for his parents' death but falls in love with and marries Humaira, after knowing he is Zoya's lost brother.


title: Qubool Hai

text: Zoya and Asad marry and eventually become parents to twin daughters, Sanam and Seher. Haider moves to Dubai with the pregnant Humaira. Tanveer traces Asad and Zoya out and brutally stabs and kills them, setting fire to their house. Dilshad escapes with Haya (Najma's daughter) and Sanam, but loses Seher in the fire.


title: Qubool Hai

text: Dilshad, Haya and Sanam live in Punjab. Sanam runs a restaurant and crosses her path with business tycoon Aahil Raza Ibrahim, Tanveer's stepson. She later arrives in Bhopal. Soon, Aahil falls for Sanam and marries her due to Tanveer, who wants to get the property. Sanam and Aahil gradually fall in love. Two brothers Faiz and Raahat fall in love with Haya, who reciprocates Raahat. Faiz tries to attack them, but they kill him and unite. Aahil and Sanam separate when Tanveer finds she's Asad and Zoya's daughter. She kidnaps Sanam and puts an alive Seher in her place.


title: Qubool Hai

text: Soon, Dilshad finds out about Tanveer and reveals Sanam and Seher's history to them. They vow to avenge their parents' death. Tanveer tricks Aahil into marrying a woman who she imposters as Sanam. He later finds out his father Raza is alive. As Aahil dismisses Tanveer, she attacks him but instead kills her own son Rehan. Zoya's soul kills Tanveer. The impostor Sanam, to separate the united Aahil and Sanam, tries to sell Seher to a brothel. Sanam reaches to rescue her but Seher dies. Sanam, unaware of this searches for her and reaches to Lahore.


title: Qubool Hai

text: Sanam has lost her memory and lives with a Pakistani Major, Shaad Aftaab Khan, who in order to save her life, lied that she is his wife, Jannat. "Jannat" confusingly remembers extracts of her life with Aahil.


title: Qubool Hai

text: Soon, Tanveer's daughter enters their life disguised as Misbah, Shaad's cousin, and kills the family posing as a terrorist. Shaad and Jannat chase Misbah and reach India, where Aahil finds her and suggests they come to Bhopal for her treatment. Shaad realises Jannat is Sanam and leaves her with Aahil. But Sanam's impostor, still living with Aahil, tries to keep her away from him. She pays a man to kill them and successfully kills Aahil. Devastated Sanam regains her memory and vows to take revenge from her husband, Aahil's killers. After taking her revenge from all the murderers except Nayi Sanam, Sanam commits suicide, taking away all her powers.


title: Qubool Hai

text: Mahira takes birth at the same time when Sanam dies. Mahira is the answer to Sanam's last prayer. She comes to Bhopal to stay with her stepsisters. She encounters Fake Sanam (now Khan Begum) who is now miserable without her powers. She also encounters her older son Azaad, and they fall in love. However, Azaad is revealed to be a vampire. Mahira is initially engaged to Amaad (Khan Begum's youngest son) as Azaad rejects her to keep her safe from himself. But Khan Begum later has her marry Azaad on persistence of Razia, who believes only the offspring of true lovers can help them recover Khan Begum's evil powers. But soon, Afreen enters in their lives, killing Amaad and causes a havoc, tormenting and separating the newlyweds. Afreen in her attempt to kill Khan Begum kills Azaad and his heart is transplanted into his older brother Armaan, who is the first born of KB. She also learns that her first born and Mahira's offspring can actually bring back her evil powers.


title: Qubool Hai

text: Though, they are initially at loggerheads as Armaan fakes his love for Mahira to take the revenge of her slaps, they are married as he blackmails her. Both Mahira and Armaan try to trouble and outsmart each other after the marriage but soon falls for each other after she saves him from terrorists. Amaad returns their lives and manipulates Armaan into divorcing Mahira. Khan Begum finally realizes her mistakes and is now powerless. She sacrifices herself to revive Armaan. In the end, Mahira and Armaan gets married again and names their daughter, Zoya, ending Qubool Hai.


title: Qubool Hai

text: The show has been written and created by Mrinal Jha and directed by Gul Khan under the banner of 4 Lions Films. Karan Singh Grover was the first to sign onto the show. He made his comeback to fiction with Qubool Hai. Grover was paid Rs. 20 lakhs per month because of his "formidable female fan base." Punjabi actress Surbhi Jyoti landed in lead role opposite Karan Singh Grover in the show. Rishabh Sinha was finalised to be the second lead. In April 2013, he was replaced by Vikrant Massey due to some reasons. Nisha Nagpal entered the show as the main antagonist in November 2012. Later Nisha was replaced by Amrapali Gupta in April 2013. In November 2013, as Vikrant Massey quit the show Mohit Sehgal joined the star cast of Qubool Hai as the second lead. In January 2014, Karan Singh Grover was replaced by Raqesh Bapat as the male lead. In March 2014, the makers Qubool Hai decided to introduce a 22-year leap in the series showcasing a new generation with Karanvir Bohra in the role of Aahil Raza Ibrahim and Surbhi Jyoti as Sanam Ahmed Khan and Seher Ahmed Khan, daughters of Asad and Zoya. After the 22 year leap was introduced in the show, entire cast of the show was changed except Surbhi Jyoti and Amrapali Gupta. Consequently, Karanvir Bohra entered the show as the male lead to star alongside Surbhi Jyoti and Shehzad Shaikh as the parallel lead. Chahatt Khanna entered the show as the parallel antangonist somewhere in the end of June 2014 but soon quit the show for some health reasons. After Shalini Kapoor Sagar's and Alka Kaushal's exit from the series Additi Gupta made an entry in the show as the main antangonist. The show underwent a revamp in first week of March 2015 and Varun Toorkey was roped to star opposite Surbhi Jyoti. The makers of the show have starred 7 male actors opposite Surbhi Jyoti. In 2015, Karanvir Bohra quit the show, as he was not convinced with the show taking a 20-year leap and Harshad Arora was finalised as the new lead opposite Surbhi Jyoti. Amrapali Gupta's character was also shown getting killed, prior to the leap. However, later Arora was replaced by Rajbeer Singh as Azaad due to some creative differences as the channel thought that Arora looked young for the role. Post the leap, Surbhi Jyoti and Additi Gupta were the only faces from the former cast of the show which were retained. Jyoti played Mahira and Gupta played Nawab Begum/Khan Begum. Ankit Raj entered the show as one of the leads.


title: Qubool Hai

text: Later in first week of October 2015, Pooja Bose was signed in to play the role of a witch, Afreen. In mid-October 2015, Avinash Sachdev joined the cast of the show as the 10 male lead opposite Surbhi Jyoti.


title: Qubool Hai

text: "Qubool Hai" first aired on 29 October 2012 on Zee TV. Most of its shooting is done in Bhopal and Mumbai. The Ajmer Special Episode of the show was shot in Ajmer. A sad separation scene between Asad and Zoya in the Ajmer Special episode was shot in the sand dunes at Pushkar in Ajmer. Karan Singh Grover was mobbed by the crowd during outdoor shoots of the show, once in Bhopal, and once in Rajasthan with Surbhi Jyoti. The episode of Asad and Zoya's marriage was shot at the Taj Mahal. The McLeod Ganj Special episodes have been shot at McLeod Ganj in Himachal Pradesh. In Mcleodganj while shooting Karanvir Bohra was left stumped when he stumbled upon a group of nuns declaring themselves as his ‘ardent fan followers’.


title: Qubool Hai

text: The series has shot many scenes which resemble some of the scenes from Bollywood. In October 2014, Surbhi Jyoti shot a Human Bomb sequence similar to the one enacted by Tabu in "Haider". In an episode of December 2014, Surbhi Jyoti performed a mujra on the song "Dil Mera Muft Ka". Surbhi Jyoti's character was married 10 times. In June 2015, Karanvir Bohra and Surbhi Jyoti dressed as tribals for a scene.


title: Qubool Hai

text: In 2013 and in 2015 the Broadcasting Content Complaints Council required the broadcaster to run notices across the screen because of scenes of torture and excessive violence against women that were aired on the show.


title: Qubool Hai

text: In October 2013, there were rumours of Karan Singh Grover quitting the show, but Grover rubbished those rumours. However, in December 2013, the channel of the show asked Grover to leave the show citing alleged unprofessional behaviour and lack of commitment towards the show. Grover stated that he completed the length of time with the show, and has been looking to quit the show ever since his contract expired but stayed on due to his good bonding with the production house, he also stated that he was ill and that he needed time off, he further mentioned that he could file a defamation case over the statements that had been made about him. Fans protested to bring Grover back on to the show. In May 2014, Grover joined 4 Lions Films as a co-producer of the show. He came back on the sets which irked the channel. Grover's exit caused a sizeable drop in the viewership figures of the show.


title: Qubool Hai

text: In the last week of March 2015, Karanvir Bohra decided to quit the show. Karanvir said that he wasn't convinced with the show taking a leap in Season 3. The actor was of the opinion that the storyline was about Aahil and Sanam but the former character did not fit in the third season. Since the role was not exciting enough and the TRPs low, Karanvir chose to call it quits. Fans also started an online petition on for him to stay back at Change.org His co-star Surbhi Jyoti also requested him to stay back. There were also rumours of him being insecure about the length of his role and his male co-stars. However, later he decided to return to the show on his fans demands after making some alterations to the script. He confirmed with "The Times Of India" that he had a meeting with the production house and they convinced him to stay back. Before Bohra decided to return to the show, actor Harshad Chopra was approached to replace him but he was dropped from the show on Additi Gupta's behest. However, in July Bohra quitted the show as the production house of the show planned a 20 years leap. He confirmed that "He doesn't do replacements and leaps by policy. When they told him about the leap, he decided to step down".


title: Qubool Hai

text: In July 2014, the sets of Qubool Hai caught fire however there was no loss of life in the fire accident. In June 2014, actress Surbhi Jyoti accidentally herself cut her wrist while shooting, in spite of the injury she continued shooting. In September 2014, a choreographer's dupatta caught fire but it was averted by actor Karanvir Bohra and the choreographer was saved. In March 2015, actress Amrapali Gupta injured herself by a fake bullet while shooting a scene where in she had to shoot her on screen uncle with a gun. In August 2015, Jyoti suffered a head injury while she was shooting on a harness. She was rushed to Dr LH Hiranandani Hospital, Powai and was saved. In spite of having six stitches on her forehead and prescribed bed rest, the actress resumed shooting as the producers did not have a bank of episodes.


title: Qubool Hai

text: "Eid Mubarak" was a three-hour event, with music and dance performances by various actors. The contemporary lead couple of the show, Karan Singh Grover (Asad) and Surbhi Jyoti (Zoya), performed to a medley of three songs. "Dawat-E-Eid" was an Eid special event on the sets of "Qubool Hai". At this event Parineeti Chopra and Aditya Roy Kapoor promoted their movie "Dawat-E-Ishq". At this event TV Stars gave various dance performances. Karanvir Bohra (Aahil) and Surbhi Jyoti (Sanam) performed on Bollywood songs like "Jumme Ki Raat Hai", "Mera Naam Ishq" and "Main Rang Sharbaton Ka". Ravi Dubey (Siddharth) and Nia Sharma (Roshni) of Jamai Raja performed to the song "Wallah Re Wallah". Sajid–Wajid the most well known music director duo also performed. "Holi Bemisaal" was Zee TV's three hour Holi special. Karanvir Bohra (Aahil) and Surbhi Jyoti (Sanam) danced on songs "Holi Hai", "Rang Barse", "Holi ke Din" and "Aaj naa chodenge khelenge hum Holi". "Zee 20 Cricket League" was an event organised by Zee TV, wherein there were two cricket teams Raj Ke Challengers and Samarth Ke Daredevils. Karanvir Bohra (Aahil) was a player of the team Samarth Ke Daredevils. At 2012 "Zee Rishtey Awards" Karan Singh Grover (Asad), Surbhi Jyoti (Zoya) and Rishab Sinha (Ayaan) gave a dance performance on the song "Disco Deewane". At 2013 awards, Karan Singh Grover (Asad) and Surbhi Jyoti (Zoya) presented a sizzling aerial act on the song "Anga Laga De". At the 2014 Rishtey awards, Karanvir Bohra (Aahil) and Surbhi Jyoti (Sanam) performed on the song "Shaam Gulabi". Crossover promotional events have occurred with "Punar Vivah" on 18 January 2013, "Pavitra Rishta" and "Badalte Rishton Ki Dastaan" on 20 May 2013, "Punar Vivah - Ek Nayi Umeed" and "Connected Hum Tum" on 11 July 2013 "Khelti Hai Zindagi Aankh Micholi" on 4 December 2013. In the Mahasangam episode on 11 July 2013 wherein Imran Khan promoted his movie "Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!", the contemporary lead couple of the show, Karan Singh Grover (Asad) and Surbhi Jyoti (Zoya) presented a romantic number on the song "Teri Meri". Surbhi Jyoti gave a performance with film actor, Imran Khan on the song "Tayyab Ali" in the episode. The Grand Finale of "Dil Se Nache Indiawaale" on 9 November 2014 showcased a dazzling act by the lead couple of the show, Karanvir Bohra (Aahil) & Surbhi Jyoti (Sanam). Akshay Kumar appeared on the show in a guest appearance for the promotion of his film "". In 2015, makers of the show arranged five Eid special episodes and named them as Rangat-E-Eid, wherein many television actors gave performances. Riteish Deshmukh and Pulkit Samrat promoted their movie "Bangistan" during Rangat-E-Eid.


title: Qubool Hai

text: Due to Karan Singh Grover's presence, the show made a grand entry into Indian television. "The Times of India" wrote that "Karan Singh Grover - one of the television's hottest hunks and popular actors - is making his comeback on television after almost two years in a daily soap. And it is no mean feat for the broadcaster as they would want to give the best possible time SLOT to his show, Qubool Hai." In January 2013 "The Times Of India" reported that "Zee TV's Qubool Hai has inched into a comfortable No.8 slot thanks to Karan Singh Grover's charisma and also an honour killing track - both appear to have found a connect with audiences." The chemistry between the lead couple pulled in the TRPS. Around April 2013, the show became the number 2 show of Indian Television. The show also won many awards in 2013 including Best Show and Best Actor Karan Singh Grover at Indian Television Academy Awards. "The Times Of India" gave Karan Singh Grover credit for the high television ratings of the show. In October 2014, Kavita Awaasthi interviewed Jyoti for "Hindustan Times" and introduced her by stating that "Surbhi made a mark with her effervescent character of Zoya Farooqui in Qubool Hai. The story of the show may be interesting, but a large part of its success is because of her chemistry with co-star Karan Singh Grover."


title: Qubool Hai

text: In late December 2013, when Karan Singh Grover left the show Shraddha Bhandari, writing for "CNN-IBN" in December 2013, stated that "Qubool Hai" was typical of "All serials start off brilliantly with immense promise and somewhere in the middle they get lost in the maze of TRPs, cheap publicity and making what sells."Bhandari had appreciated that when the series had started, "Zoya Farooqui was a jeans wearing, very modern women, raised in the US, yet very close to her culture and roots. The story moved on with her clashes with the very orthodox, Asad Ahmed Khan and how she changed his conservative thinking and start of their love story." but stated that "the serial became lost in multitude of vamps, warring families, crude language and events that in real life are unfathomable." After Karan Singh Grover was replaced by Raqesh Vashisth as "Asad Ahmed Khan" the show received high level critical response up to the extent of Raqesh receiving hate mails. These hate mails criticised Raqesh's acting for playing Asad. This criticism upset Vashisth and lowered his morale. Grover's exit caused a sizeable drop in the viewership figures of the show. In January 2014, the show moved to the fourth position on the channel.


title: Qubool Hai

text: The "Deccan Chronicle" reported that, fans had predicted doom for "Qubool Hai" after the original lead Karan Singh Grover quit, but the show picked up again after Bohra's entry. In December 2014, Shruti Jambhekar writing for "The Times of India" stated that "Karanvir Bohra and Surbhi Jyoti as Aahil and Sanam in the post leap version of Qubool Hai had managed to save their show from getting the axe earlier in the year 2014. The couple have an "impressive fan following" on social networking sites." In October 2014, the show ranked 9th on the list of top 10 shows on Indian television. In December 2014, "The Times Of India" reported Sanam and Aahil(Saahil) to be "hit with the viewers." In May 2015 Gayatri Kolwankar writing for "The Times Of India" stated that Surbhi Jyoti has been the face of 'Qubool Hai' since its inception and the show is popular, and that "Surbhi and Karanvir make an ideal pair on-screen". At 2015 Zee Gold Awards, the couple were titled as the Best Onscreen Jodi. Neha Maheshwri, writing for "The Times of India" in July 2014, stated that the show "has failed to impress the audience." In May 2015 Zehra Kazmi writing for "Hindustan Times" stated that the show should end as it has nothing new to offer, which is evident with the dip of TRPS. In March 2015, when news of Karanvir Bohra quitting the show were out, fans had set up an online petition to reunite Sanam and Aahil in the show.


title: Qubool Hai

text: Qubool Hai 2.0 () is an Indian Hindi-language web series, starring Surbhi Jyoti and Karan Singh Grover. Produced by Mrinal Jha under MAJ Productions, this web series is directed by Glen Barretto and Ankush Mohla. Also, it premiered on ZEE5 on 12 March 2021. and shot in Belgrade


title: Cathay

text: Cathay (; ) is a historical name for China that was used in Europe. During the early modern period, the term "Cathay" initially evolved as a term referring to what is now Northern China, completely separate and distinct from China, which was a reference to southern China. As knowledge of East Asia increased, Cathay came to be seen as the same polity as China as a whole. The term "Cathay" became a poetic name for China.


title: Cathay

text: The name "Cathay" originates from the word "Khitan", a name of a para-Mongolic nomadic people who ruled the Liao dynasty in northern China from 916 to 1125, and who later migrated west after they were overthrown by the Jin dynasty to form the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty) for another century thereafter. Originally, this name was the name applied by Central and Western Asians and Europeans to northern China; the name was also used in Marco Polo's book on his travels in Yuan dynasty China (he referred to southern China as "Mangi"). Odoric of Pordenone (d. 1331) also writes about Cathay and the Khan in his travelbooks from his journey before 1331, perhaps 1321–1330.


title: Cathay

text: The term "Cathay" came from the name for the Khitans. A form of the name "Cathai" is attested in a Uyghur Manichaean document describing the external people circa 1000. The Khitans refer to themselves as Qidan (Khitan small script: ; ), but in the language of the ancient Uyghurs the final -n or -ń became -y, and this form may be the source of the name "Khitai" for later Muslim writers. This version of the name was then introduced to medieval and early modern Europe via Muslim and Russian sources.


title: Cathay

text: The Khitans were known to Muslim Central Asia: in 1026, the Ghaznavid court (in Ghazna, in today's Afghanistan) was visited by envoys from the Liao ruler, he was described as a "Qatā Khan", i.e. the ruler of "Qatā"; "Qatā" or "Qitā" appears in writings of al-Biruni and Abu Said Gardezi in the following decades. The Persian scholar and administrator Nizam al-Mulk (1018–1092) mentions "Khita" and "China" in his "Book on the Administration of the State", apparently as two separate countries (presumably, referring to the Liao and Song Empires, respectively).


title: Cathay

text: The name's currency in the Muslim world survived the replacement of the Khitan Liao dynasty with the Jurchen Jin dynasty in the early 12th century. When describing the fall of the Jin Empire to the Mongols (1234), Persian history described the conquered country as "Khitāy" or "Djerdaj Khitāy" (i.e., "Jurchen Cathay"). The Mongols themselves, in their "Secret History" (13th century) talk of both Khitans and Kara-Khitans.


title: Cathay

text: In about 1340 Francesco Balducci Pegolotti, a merchant from Florence, compiled the "Pratica della mercatura", a guide about trade in China, a country he called "Cathay", noting the size of Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) and how merchants could exchange silver for Chinese paper money that could be used to buy luxury items such as silk.


title: Cathay

text: Words related to Khitay are still used in many Turkic and Slavic languages to refer to China. The ethnonym derived from Khitay in the Uyghur language for Han Chinese is considered pejorative by both its users and its referents, and the PRC authorities have attempted to ban its use. The term also strongly connotes Uyghur nationalism.


title: Cathay

text: As European and Arab travelers started reaching the Mongol Empire, they described the Mongol-controlled Northern China as "Cathay" in a number of spelling variants. The name occurs in the writings of Giovanni da Pian del Carpine (c. 1180–1252) (as "Kitaia"), and William of Rubruck (c. 1220–c. 1293) (as "Cataya" or "Cathaia"). "Travels in the Land of Kublai Khan" by Marco Polo has a story called "The Road to Cathay". Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, ibn Battuta, and Marco Polo all referred to Northern China as Cathay, while Southern China, ruled by the Song dynasty, was "Mangi", "Manzi", "Chin", or "Sin". The word "Manzi" (蠻子) or "Mangi" is a derogatory term in Chinese meaning "barbarians of the south" ("Man" was used to describe unsinicised Southern China in its earlier periods), and would therefore not have been used by the Chinese to describe themselves or their own country, but it was adopted by the Mongols to describe the people and country of Southern China. The name for South China commonly used on Western medieval maps was "Mangi", a term still used in maps in the 16th century.


title: Cathay

text: The division of China into northern and southern parts ruled by, in succession, the Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties in the north, and the Song dynasty in the south, ended in the late 13th century with the conquest of southern China by the Yuan dynasty.


title: Cathay

text: While Central Asia had long known China under names similar to "Cathay", that country was known to the peoples of South-East Asia and India under names similar to "China" (cf. e.g. "Cina" in modern Malay). Meanwhile, in China itself, people usually referred to the realm in which they lived on the name of the ruling dynasty, e.g. "Da Ming Guo" ("the kingdom of the Great Ming"), or as the "Middle Kingdom" or "Central Kingdom" ("Zhongguo" 中國); see also Names of China for details.


title: Cathay

text: When the Portuguese reached South-East Asia (Afonso de Albuquerque conquering Malacca in 1511) and the southern coast of China (Jorge Álvares reaching the Pearl River estuary in 1513), they started calling the country by the name used in South and South-East Asia. It was not immediately clear to the Europeans whether this "China" is the same country as "Cathay" known from Marco Polo. Therefore, it would not be uncommon for 16th-century maps to apply the label "China" just to the coastal region already well known to the Europeans (e.g., just Guangdong on Abraham Ortelius' 1570 map), and to place the mysterious Cathay somewhere inland.


title: Cathay

text: It was a small group of Jesuits, led by Matteo Ricci who, being able both to travel throughout China and to read, learned about the country from Chinese books and from conversation with people of all walks of life. During his first fifteen years in China (1583–1598) Matteo Ricci formed a strong suspicion that Marco Polo's "Cathay" is simply the Tatar (i.e., Mongol) name for the


title: Cathay

text: country he was in, i.e. China. Ricci supported his arguments by numerous correspondences between Marco Polo's accounts and his own observations:


title: Cathay

text: Most importantly, when the Jesuits first arrived to Beijing 1598, they also met a number of "Mohammedans" or "Arabian Turks" – visitors or immigrants from the Muslim countries to the west of China, who told Ricci that now they "were" living in the Great Cathay. This all made them quite convinced that Cathay was indeed China.


title: Cathay

text: China-based Jesuits promptly informed their colleagues in Goa (Portuguese India) and Europe about their discovery of the Cathay–China identity. This was stated e.g. in a 1602 letter of Ricci's comrade Diego de Pantoja, which was published in Europe along with other Jesuits' letters in 1605. The Jesuits in India, however, were not convinced, because, according to their informants (merchants who visited the Mughal capitals Agra and Lahore), Cathay – a country that could be reached via Kashgar – had a large Christian population, while the Jesuits in China had not found any Christians there.


title: Cathay

text: In retrospect, the Central Asian Muslim informants' idea of the Ming China being a heavily Christian country may be explained by numerous similarities between Christian and Buddhist ecclesiastical rituals – from having sumptuous statuary and ecclesiastical robes to Gregorian chant – which would make the two religions appear externally similar to a Muslim merchant. This may also have been the genesis of the Prester John myth.


title: Cathay

text: To resolve the "China"–"Cathay" controversy, the India Jesuits sent a Portuguese lay brother, Bento de Góis, on an overland expedition north and east, with the goal of reaching Cathay and finding out once and for all whether it is China or some other country. Góis spent almost three years (1603–1605) crossing Afghanistan, Badakhshan, Kashgaria, and Kingdom of Cialis with Muslim trade caravans. In 1605, in Cialis, he, too, became convinced that his destination "is" China, as he met the members of a caravan returning from Beijing to Kashgar, who told them about staying in the same Beijing inn with Portuguese Jesuits. (In fact, those were the same very "Saracens" who had, a few months earlier, confirmed it to Ricci that they were in "Cathay"). De Góis died in Suzhou, Gansu – the first Ming China city he reached – while waiting for an entry permit to proceed toward Beijing; but, in the words of Henry Yule, it was his expedition that made ""Cathay"... finally disappear from view, leaving "China" only in the mouths and minds of men".


title: Cathay

text: Samuel Purchas, who in 1625 published an English translation of Pantoja's letter and Ricci's account, thought that perhaps Cathay still can be found somewhere north of China. In this period, many cartographers were placing Cathay on the Pacific coast, north of Beijing (Pekin) which was already well known to Europeans. The borders drawn on some of these maps would first make Cathay the northeastern section of China (e.g. by Gerardus Mercator), or, later, a region separated by China by the Great Wall and possibly some mountains and/or wilderness (as in a by Jodocus Hondius, or a by John Speed).


title: Cathay

text: J. J. L. Duyvendak hypothesized that it was the ignorance of the fact that "China" is the mighty "Cathay" of Marco Polo that allowed the Dutch governor of East Indies Jan Pieterszoon Coen to embark on an "unfortunate" (for the Dutch) policy of treating the Ming Empire as "merely another 'oriental' kingdom".


title: Cathay

text: The last nail into the coffin of the idea of there being a Cathay as a country separate from China was, perhaps, driven in 1654, when the Dutch Orientalist Jacobus Golius met with the China-based Jesuit Martino Martini, who was passing through Leyden. Golius knew no Chinese, but he was familiar with "Zij-i Ilkhani", a work by the Persian astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, completed in 1272, in which he described the Chinese ("Cathayan") calendar. Upon meeting Martini, Golius started reciting the names of the 12 divisions into which, according to Nasir al-Din, the "Cathayans" were dividing the day – and Martini, who of course knew no Persian, was able to continue the list. The names of the 24 solar terms matched as well. The story, soon published by Martini in the "Additamentum" to his Atlas of China, seemed to have finally convinced most European scholars that China and Cathay were the same.


title: Cathay

text: Even then, some people still viewed Cathay as distinct from China, as did John Milton in the 11th Book of his "Paradise Lost" (1667).


title: Cathay

text: In 1939, Hisao Migo (, a Japanese botanist) published a paper describing "Iris cathayensis" (meaning "Chinese iris") in the "Journal of the Shanghai Science Institute".


title: Cathay

text: In many Turkic and Slavic languages a form of "Cathay" (e.g., , "Kitay") remains the usual modern name for China. In Javanese, the word ꦏꦠꦻ (Katai, Katé) exists, and it refers to 'East Asian', literally meaning 'dwarf' or 'short-legged' in today's language.


title: Cathay

text: In the English language, the word "Cathay" was sometimes used for China, although increasingly only in a poetic sense, until the 19th century, when it was completely replaced by "China". Demonyms for the people of Cathay (i.e., Chinese people) were "Cathayan" and "Cataian". However the terms "China" and "Cathay" have histories of approximately equal length in English. "Cathay" is still used poetically. The Hong Kong flag-bearing airline is named "Cathay Pacific". One of the largest commercial banks of Taiwan is named "Cathay United Bank".


title: Cathay

text: The novel "Creation" by Gore Vidal uses the name in reference to "those states between the Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers" as the novel is set in the fifth and sixth centuries B.C. Ezra Pound's "Cathay" (1915) is a collection of classical Chinese poems translated freely into English verse.


title: Cathay

text: In Robert E. Howard's Hyborian Age stories (including the tales of Conan the Barbarian), the analog of China is called "Khitai".


title: Cathay

text: In "Warhammer Fantasy", a fantastical reimagination of the world used as a setting for various novels and games produced by Games Workshop, Grand Cathay is the largest human empire, situated in the far east of the setting and based on medieval China.


title: Cathay

text: Cathay United Bank and Cathay Life Insurance are, respectively, a financial services company and an insurance company, both located in Taiwan.


title: Convection oven

text: A convection oven (also known as a fan-assisted oven or simply a fan oven) is an oven that has fans to circulate air around food to create an evenly heated environment. The increased air circulation causes a fan-assisted oven to cook food faster than a conventional non-fan oven, which relies only on natural convection to circulate the hot air. Fan-assisted convection ovens are commonly used for baking as well as non-food, industrial applications.


title: Convection oven

text: When cooking using a fan-assisted oven, the temperature is usually lower compared to that of a non-fan oven, often by , to avoid overcooking the outside of the food.


title: Convection oven

text: In the context of ovens, the term "convection" is widely used to mean "fan-assisted", but this is perhaps not the most precise way to differentiate fan-assisted ovens from conventional ovens, since both types of oven cook using convective heat transfer (transfer of heat due to the bulk movement of hot air).


title: Convection oven

text: Conventional ovens circulate hot air using natural convection and fan-assisted ovens circulate hot air using forced convection, so scientifically the term "convection" applies equally to both conventional (natural convection) ovens and fan-assisted (forced convection) ovens.


title: Convection oven

text: Convection ovens distribute heat evenly around the food, removing the blanket of cooler air that surrounds food when it is first placed in an oven and allowing food to cook more evenly in less time and at a lower temperature than in a conventional oven.


title: Convection oven

text: The first oven with a fan to circulate air was invented in 1914 but it was never launched commercially.


title: Convection oven

text: A convection oven has a fan with a heating element around it. A small fan circulates the air in the cooking chamber.


title: Convection oven

text: One effect of the fan is to reduce the thickness of the stationary thermal boundary layer of cooler air that naturally forms around the food. The boundary layer acts as an insulator and slows the rate that the heat reaches the food. By moving the cool air ("convecting" it) away from the food the layer is thinned, and cooking occurs faster. To prevent overcooking before the middle is cooked, the temperature is usually reduced by about . In addition, because the air gets well mixed, the oven has a very even temperature.


title: Convection oven

text: Convection ovens may include radiant heat sources at the top and bottom of the oven, which improves heat transfer and speeds cooking from initial cold start. On the other hand, some ovens have all the heating elements placed in an outside enclosure and hidden from the food. This reduces the effect of radiant heat on the food; however, the walls of the oven will also be heated by the circulating hot air, and though the resulting temperature is much lower than that of a radiant heat source, it is still hot enough to provide some heating of the food by radiation from the walls.


title: Convection oven

text: A convection oven allows a reduction in cooking temperature compared to a conventional oven. This comparison will vary, depending on factors including, for example, how much food is being cooked at once or if airflow is being restricted, for example by an oversized baking tray. This difference in cooking temperature is offset as the circulating air transfers heat more quickly than still air of the same temperature. In order to transfer the same amount of heat in the same time, the temperature must be lowered to reduce the rate of heat transfer in order to compensate.


title: Convection oven

text: Product testing of toaster ovens has demonstrated no notable advantages to convection cooking over conventional toasting or baking.


title: Convection oven

text: Another form of a convection oven is called an "impingement oven". This type of oven is often used to cook pizzas and lightly toast bread in restaurants, but it can also be used for other foods. Impingement ovens have a high flow rate of hot air from both above and below the food. The air flow is directed onto food that usually passes through the oven on a conveyor belt.


title: Convection oven

text: Impingement ovens can achieve a much higher heat transfer than a conventional oven, and fully enclosed models can also use dual magnetrons, like a microwave oven. The most notable manufacturer of this type of oven is Turbochef. The differences between an impingement oven (with magnetrons) and a convection microwave oven are cost, power consumption, and speed. Impingement ovens are designed to be used in restaurants, where speed is essential and power consumption and cost are less of a concern.


title: Convection oven

text: There are also convection microwave ovens which combine a convection oven with a microwave oven to cook food with the speed of a microwave oven and the browning ability of a convection oven.


title: Convection oven

text: An air fryer is a smaller countertop oven that also circulates hot air through the oven, but an air fryer uses a higher rate of air flow.


title: Convection oven

text: A combi steamer is an oven that combines convection functionality with superheated steam to cook foods even faster and retain more nutrients and moisture.


title: Convection oven

text: Industrial convection ovens can be very large-sized and are typically used for manufacturing various items.


title: Michael McElhatton

text: Michael McElhatton (born 12 September 1963) is an Irish actor and writer. He is best known for playing the role of Roose Bolton in the HBO series "Game of Thrones". He joined the series as a guest star in the second season, and continued to play this role until the sixth season, promoted to a regular cast member from the fifth season onwards.


title: Michael McElhatton

text: McElhatton was born on 12 September 1963 in Terenure, a suburb in the south of Dublin. He began studying acting at Terenure College, a school known for its drama tradition, and afterward spent eight years in London where he graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1987. McElhatton returned to Ireland in the early nineties, where he began his acting career mainly in theatre and television. He appeared in a short film titled "The Loser" in 1990. In 1996, he was directed by John Carney in the film "November Afternoon", in which he plays the main character. In the late nineties and early 2000s, McElhatton appeared in numerous series and TV films in Ireland, working with various film directors, including Paddy Breathnach and Conor McPherson for roles in " I Went Down " (1997), "Saltwater" (2000), "Blow Dry" (2001), and "The Actors" (2003). Between 2000 and 2002, McElhatton gained fame from appearing in the situation comedies "Paths to Freedom" and "Fergus's Wedding". In addition to acting, he also took on the role of screenwriter, writing the screenplay for all of the episodes. The character of Rats in "Paths to Freedom", which he wrote and starred in, became popular with the public and allowed it to be adapted into an entire feature film in 2003 ("Spin the Bottle"). As his career went on, McElhatton continued playing minor characters in films by directors such as Lenny Abrahamson, John Boorman and Kari Skogland. McElhatton also appeared in "Perrier's Bounty" (2009) and "Death of a Superhero" (2011).


title: Michael McElhatton

text: He returned to his role as writer in 2010, writing six episodes of the sitcom "Your Bad Self". Over the next decade, McElhatton began appearing in much larger roles. In 2011, he had a role in the film "Albert Nobbs "directed by Rodrigo García, and the following year the short "Pentecost", which received a nomination for Best Short Film at the 2012 Academy Awards. That same year he took part in the film "Shadow Dancer" directed by James Marsh, while also on television in the cast of the miniseries "".


title: Michael McElhatton

text: In 2012, McElhatton joined the cast of the HBO television series "Game of Thrones", beginning in the second season, playing the character of Roose Bolton. From the fifth season on he was promoted to series regular. In 2015, he played one of the protagonists in the horror film "The Hallow", which was presented at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival. He appeared in the screen adaptation of the true story of World War II drama "The Zookeeper's Wife" in 2017.


title: Michael McElhatton

text: In 2021, McElhatton appeared as Tam al'Thor in the adaptation of "The Wheel of Time" on Amazon Prime Video. His casting was announced on 06 November 2019 through Twitter.


title: Steregushchiy-class corvette

text: The "Steregushchiy" class (), Russian designation Project 20380, is a class of corvettes being built for the Russian Navy. Designed by the Almaz Central Marine Design Bureau, subsequent vessels were built to an improved design (Project 20381), incorporating the Zaslon-Redut SAM system. The ship full displacement and dimensions are large for a corvette, thus it is designated as a frigate by NATO. The "Steregushchiy" class has been further developed into the (Project 20385) and Project 20386 subclasses. The export variant is known as Project 20382 "Tigr".


title: Steregushchiy-class corvette

text: The ships of the "Steregushchiy" class are multipurpose corvettes, designed to replace the . Such ships are used for littoral zone operations, engagement of enemy submarines and surface ships, and gun support of landing operations. The first batch built at the Severnaya Verf shipyard in St. Petersburg consists of four ships. A second building line has been started at Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The lead ship of this second batch was named .


title: Steregushchiy-class corvette

text: The Russian Navy has publicly announced that they expect to buy at least 30 of these ships, for all four major fleets.


title: Steregushchiy-class corvette

text: An additional order of eight corvettes of the project 20380 (and an additional two of the project 20385) was made in August 2020. Some of the ships may reportedly be built at the Amur Shipyard as destined for the Pacific Fleet, while others could be built at Severnaya Verf. As of November 2020, the allocation between shipyards for the ten new vessels had still to be decided. In December it was announced that the Amur Shipyard would build six new corvettes (two Project 20380 and four Project 20385) for the Pacific Fleet with projected service entry between 2024 and 2028. Construction was to begin in 2021.


title: Steregushchiy-class corvette

text: The "Steregushchiy"-class corvettes have a steel hull and composite material superstructure, with a bulbous bow and nine watertight subdivisions. They have a combined bridge and command centre, and space and weight provision for eight SS-N-25 missiles. Stealth technology was widely used during construction of the ships, as well as 21 patents and 14 new computer programs. Newest physical field reduction solutions were applied too. As a result, designers considerably reduced the ship's radar signature thanks to hull architecture and fire-resistant radar-absorbent fiberglass applied in tophamper's design.


title: Steregushchiy-class corvette

text: The Kashtan CIWS on the first ship was replaced in subsequent vessels by twelve Redut VLS cells containing 9M96E medium-range SAMs of the S-400 system. SS-N-27 (Kalibr type missiles) will be fitted to a larger domestic version, Project 20385. For the anti-submarine warfare the ships are equipped with two 4-tube launchers of the Paket-NK ASW system.


title: Steregushchiy-class corvette

text: The export version known as Project 20382 "Tigr" carries either eight supersonic SS-N-26 (P-800 Oniks) anti-ship missiles or sixteen subsonic SS-N-25 'Switchblade' (Kh-35E Uran). It also carries two twin-tube launchers for 533 mm heavy torpedoes instead of Paket-NK on the domestic version. The A-190E 100 mm gun first used in the s is controlled by a 5P-10E system that can track four targets simultaneously. Protection from air attacks is provided by the Kashtan CIWS and eight mounts for the SA-N-10 'Grouse' (9K38 Igla) SAM.


title: Steregushchiy-class corvette

text: In 2007 the Indonesian Navy made an agreement in principle (pending a full contract) for four vessels of this type to replace their ageing Dutch-built corvettes. The first was to be built in Spain and fitted out in St. Petersburg, leaving open the option of Indonesian involvement in building the subsequent ships. This agreement appears to have lapsed; in 2011 Indonesia signed a deal for two Ada-class corvettes from Turkey. Rosoboronexport have briefed Singapore and the United Arab Emirates on the vessel.


title: Steregushchiy-class corvette

text: The first actual contract for the export version, Project 20382 "Tigr", was signed at the 5th International Maritime Defense Show in St. Petersburg in July 2011 when Algeria ordered two ships. The cost was estimated at US$120–150 million per ship. One was to be delivered to the Algerian Navy in 2014 and one in 2015, but over five years later, the IISS Military Balance 2020 did not list any such vessels in service with the Algerian Navy (IISS MB 2020, p. 341).


title: Steregushchiy-class corvette

text: On 14 October 2017, "Soobrazitelny", "Boikiy" and tanker "Kola" embarked a deployment to the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. The ships returned to their homeport on 14 January 2018 and were greeted by the commander of the Baltic Fleet Vice-Admiral Aleksandr Nosatov.


title: Steregushchiy-class corvette

text: The first six corvettes participated in a large-scale exercise of the Russian Navy in March–April 2020. The exercise has been suggested to be an answer to the largest NATO post-Cold War simulation of amphibious landing in Europe "Defender 2020".


title: Steregushchiy-class corvette

text: The Russian exercise started with corvette "Stoikiy" and tank landing ship (LST) "Korolyov" being deployed to the North Sea in early March. In mid and late March, the three remaining corvettes saw deployments as well. "Boikiy" was active in the southern North Sea, together with LSTs "Minsk" and "Kaliningrad", while "Steregushchiy" and "Soobrazitelnyy" were active in the central North Sea. Auxiliary ships present included the tug "Nikolay Chiker", tankers "Kola" and "Akademik Pashin", as well as special-purpose ship "Yantar". Adding the "Yaroslav Mudry's" deployment to the Indian Ocean, this means that all active major surface combatants of the Baltic Fleet were active at the same time, which was an unprecedented event at the time and can be roughly compared only with the "Ocean Shield 2019" exercise, where two LSTs, three corvettes and a frigate were active in the Baltic Sea. At the same time, however, frigates "Admiral Grigorovich", "Admiral Essen" and "Admiral Makarov" of the Black Sea Fleet were also active. On 26 March, the combined Russian force with two Black Sea Fleet frigates, three corvettes and two LSTs of the Baltic Fleet was tracked by a nine-ship strong Royal Navy squadron.


title: Steregushchiy-class corvette

text: At the Pacific Fleet, "Sovershennyy" and "Gromkiy" held an exercise along with cruiser "Varyag", destroyers "Bystryy", "Admiral Tributs", "Admiral Panteleyev", tracking ship "Marshal Krylov" and icebreakers "Sadko", "Ivan Susanin", as well as civilian icebreaker "Kapitan Khlebnikov" in the Sea of Japan. Another exercise was held in the Bering Sea by corvettes "MPK-82", "MPK-107", "Ust-Ilimsk", "Kholmsk", "Moroz", "Razliv", "Iney", "Smerch" and two minesweepers.


title: Steregushchiy-class corvette

text: The second stage of the exercise started on 8 April, when "Steregushchiy", "Soobrazitelnyy" and "Stoikiy" were again deployed to the Baltic Sea. A day earlier, frigate "Admiral Kasatonov", submarine "Sankt Peterburg" and tug "Pamir" of the Northern Fleet were reported to be in the Norwegian Sea on their way to the Baltic Sea as well.


title: Steregushchiy-class corvette

text: The intense period of exercises continued in mid April. At the Pacific Fleet they involved one LST and six anti-ship corvettes. At the Northern Fleet they included two anti-ship, three anti-submarine corvettes and supposedly six nuclear submarines. The Baltic Fleet held three more exercises involving two LSTs, six anti-ship corvettes, two anti-submarine corvettes as well as other ships. "Boikiy" was deployed to the English Channel with tanker "Akademik Pashin" on 30 April.


title: Steregushchiy-class corvette

text: In November–December 2020, corvettes "Steregushchiy", "Boikiy" and tanker "Kola" took part in an unusually intensive Russian naval activity in the North Sea and areas near the United Kingdom. The deployments could have been an answer to the sailing of US, British and Norwegian warships to the Barents Sea for the first time after the Cold War earlier in 2020. Destroyer "Severomorsk", accompanied by the tanker "Sergey Osipov" had been active in the area, as well and shortly afterwards destroyer "Vice-Admiral Kulakov", accompanied by the tanker "Akademik Pashin" and intelligence ship "Viktor Leonov". "Vice-Admiral Kulakov", unusually, sailed west of the United Kingdom, in the area where the Russian Navy hasn't been known to be active since 2009 (in 2012 there was a friendly port call of "Vice-Admiral Kulakov" to Cork). Russian ships in the area included also submarine "Staryy Oskol", tug "Kapitan Guryev" and patrol ship "Vasily Bykov".


title: Steregushchiy-class corvette

text: During the February–March exercises of the Baltic Fleet, "Boikiy", "Soobrazitelnyy" and "Steregushchy" were active in the Baltic Sea, along with frigate "Yaroslav Mudry", anti-ship corvettes "Mytishchy", "Sovetsk", "Odintsovo", "Zelenyy Dol", "Serpukhov", "Morshansk", "Zarechnyy", "Passat", anti-submarine corvettes "Aleksin" and "Kabardino-Balkariya", LSTs "Minsk" and "Korolyov", tanker "Aleksandr Grebenshchikov", tug "Anatoly Ptytsyn", research vessel "Sibiryakov", minesweepers and other ships. The crews of the warships conducted artillery fires against targets simulating enemy warships and air attack weapons. On 18 February, conventional submarine "Rostov-na-Donu" and escort tug "Nikolay Muru" transited the area towards the Mediterranean Sea, as well. Finally, an amphibious landing exercise has been held with landing craft "Michman Lermontov", "Leytenant Rimskiy Korsakov", "D-325", "Mordoviya" and others.


title: Batman vs. Robin

text: Batman vs. Robin is a 2015 American animated superhero film which is the 22nd film of the DC Universe Animated Original Movies and the fifth film in the DC Animated Movie Universe. The film is partially based on the "Batman: The Court of Owls" saga written by Scott Snyder and illustrated by Greg Capullo and Jonathan Glapion, combined with aspects of "Batman & Robin: Born to Kill" by Peter Tomasi and Patrick Gleason and "Detective Comics: Faces of Death" arcs by Tony S. Daniel, and serves as a sequel to 2014's "Son of Batman". The film was shown during WonderCon on April 3, 2015, and was released on Blu-ray and DVD formats on April 14.


title: Batman vs. Robin

text: Stuart Allan, Jason O'Mara, David McCallum, and Sean Maher reprise their respective roles from "Son of Batman.


title: Batman vs. Robin

text: In the past, a young Bruce Wayne learns of a secret organization called the Court of Owls from his father Thomas, that lurks in the shadows. After witnessing the death of his parents, Bruce suspects that the Court was behind the murder but finds no evidence, which leads him to believe the Court was in fact just a story. In the present day, Bruce’s son Damian goes out as Robin to rescue a group of missing children abducted by Anton Schott, who has been turning them into dolls. Afterward, a mysterious figure in an owl costume suddenly appears and kills Anton, leaving a feather behind. However, due to his past violent actions, Bruce blames Damian for his murder, prompting him to place security measures around Wayne Manor to prevent Damian from going out as Robin.


title: Batman vs. Robin

text: The following night, Bruce goes out as Batman to track down the feather, leading him to a museum where he is confronted by a group of owl costumed assassins. They eventually capture him and take him to the Court of Owls headquarters, where he meets their leader the "Grandmaster". The Grandmaster offers Bruce the chance to join them, but he kindly declines, with the Court returning him home safely. Meanwhile, Damian manages to escape Wayne Manor, and while out he meets the same assassin who killed Anton, introducing himself as Talon. Talon takes Damian under his wing, training him to become a Court assassin.


title: Batman vs. Robin

text: Bruce infiltrates a Court headquarters and is taken out by hallucination gas, but is rescued by Nightwing and Alfred Pennyworth. When Damian is revealed to be Bruce's son, the Grandmaster rejects him under the decision to emotionally cripple Bruce with Damian's death, prompting Talon to attack the Court killing several members in the process before killing the Grandmaster, who is revealed to be socialite Samantha Vanaver, Bruce’s girlfriend, while also insisting that she would have done the same to him. Now having control of the Court, Talon leads an attack on Wayne Manor, but Batman, Nightwing and Alfred fend them off.


title: Batman vs. Robin

text: Damian escapes the Court headquarters and defeats Talon, telling him he can never be a better father than Bruce. In his defeat, Talon commits suicide by forcing Damian to stab him through the neck with his own sai. This greatly traumatizes Damian, who rejects Bruce’s offer to return home on the grounds that he doesn’t know who he is. Ultimately, Damian decides to leave Bruce, who suggests he should go to a monastery in the Himalayas in order to find himself.


title: Batman vs. Robin

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of , with an average score of , based on reviews. IGN rated it 6.7/10 and Screen Rant 2.5/5. The film earned $4,238,572 in domestic home video sales.


title: Infant mortality

text: Infant mortality is the death of young children under the age of 1. This death toll is measured by the infant mortality rate (IMR), which is the probability of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live births. The under-five mortality rate, which is also referred to as the "child mortality rate", is also an important statistic, considering the infant mortality rate focuses only on children under one year of age.


title: Infant mortality

text: In 2013, the leading cause of infant mortality in the United States was birth defects. Other leading causes of infant mortality include birth asphyxia, pneumonia, congenital malformations, term birth complications such as abnormal presentation of the fetus umbilical cord prolapse, or prolonged labor, neonatal infection, diarrhea, malaria, measles, and malnutrition. One of the most common preventable causes of infant mortality is smoking during pregnancy. Lack of prenatal care, alcohol consumption during pregnancy, and drug use also cause complications which may result in infant mortality. Many environmental factors contribute to infant mortality, such as the mother's level of education, environmental conditions, and political and medical infrastructure. Improving sanitation, access to clean drinking water, immunization against infectious diseases, and other public health measures can help reduce high rates of infant mortality.


title: Infant mortality

text: In 1990, 8.8 million infants younger than 1 year died globally. Until 2015, this number has almost halved to 4.6 million infant deaths. Over the same period, the infant mortality "rate" declined from 65 deaths per 1,000 live births to 29 deaths per 1,000. Globally, 5.4 million children died before their fifth birthday in 2017. In 1990, the number of child deaths was 12.6 million. More than 60% of these deaths are seen as being avoidable with low-cost measures such as continuous breast-feeding, vaccinations, and improved nutrition.


title: Infant mortality

text: The child mortality rate, but not the infant mortality rate, was an indicator used to monitor progress towards the Fourth Goal of the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations for the year 2015. A reduction in child mortality is now a target in the Sustainable Development Goals—Goal Number 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. Throughout the world, the infant mortality rate (IMR) fluctuates drastically, and according to Biotechnology and Health Sciences, education and life expectancy in the country is the leading indicators of IMR. This study was conducted across 135 countries over the course of 11 years, with the continent of Africa having the highest infant mortality rate of any region studied, with 68 deaths per 1,000 live births.


title: Infant mortality

text: Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under one year of age. The rate for a given region is the number of children dying under one year of age, divided by the number of live births during the year, multiplied by 1,000.


title: Infant mortality

text: Causes of infant mortality directly lead to the death. Environmental and social barriers prevent access to basic medical resources and thus contribute to an increasing infant mortality rate; 99% of infant deaths occur in developing countries, and 86% of these deaths are due to infections, premature births, complications during delivery, and perinatal asphyxia and birth injuries. Greatest percentage reduction of infant mortality occurs in countries that already have low rates of infant mortality. Common causes are preventable with low-cost measures. In the United States, a primary determinant of infant mortality risk is infant birth weight with lower birth weights increasing the risk of infant mortality. The determinants of low birth weight include socioeconomic, psychological, behavioral and environmental factors.


title: Infant mortality

text: There are three main leading causes of infant mortality; namely Premature-related conditions, Congenital anomalies and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. In North Carolina,Premature-related conditions ranked first, with a percentage of 37.5%, followed by congenital anomalies which accounted for 17.4% of the total infant deaths, while Sudden Infant Death Syndrome accounted for 12.9%.


title: Infant mortality

text: Premature, or preterm birth (PTB) is defined as birth before 37 weeks of gestation and can be further sub-classified as extremely PTB (occurring at less than 28 weeks gestation), very preterm birth (occurring between 28 and 32 weeks gestation), and moderate to late PTB (occurring from 32 through 36 weeks gestation). Lower gestational age increases the risk of infant mortality.


title: Infant mortality

text: Over the last decade, prematurity has been the leading cause of worldwide mortality for neonates and children under the age of five. The overall PTB mortality rate in 2010 was 11.1% (15 million deaths) worldwide and was highest in low to middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia (60% of all PTBs), compared with high-income countries in Europe, or the United States. Low-income countries also have limited resources to care for the needs of preterm infants, which increases the risk of infant mortality. The survival rate in these countries, for infants born before 28 weeks of gestation is 10%, compared with a 90% survival rate in high-income countries.In the United States, the past two decades of the 20th century has seen a significant increase in Premature births,despite a decrease in the total number of infant mortality cases.


title: Infant mortality

text: Based on distinct clinical presentation, there are three main subgroups of preterm births; those that occur due to spontaneous premature labor, those that occur due to spontaneous membrane (Amniotic sac) rapture, and those that are medically induced. Both spontaneous factors are viewed to be a result of similar causes, hence two main classifications remain: spontaneous and medically induced causes.The risk of spontaneous PTB increases with "extremes of maternal age (both young and old), short inter-pregnancy interval, multiple gestation, assisted reproductive technology, prior PTB, family history, substance abuse, cigarette use, low maternal socioeconomic status, late or no prenatal care, low maternal prepregnancy weight, bacterial vaginosis, periodontal disease, and poor pregnancy weight gain." Medically induced PTB is often conducted when continued pregnancy poses significant risks to the mother or fetus. The most common attributing factors for medically induced PTB include preeclampsia, diabetes, maternal medical conditions, fetal distress, or developmental problems. Despite these risk factors, the underlying causes of premature infant death are often unknown and approximately 65% of all cases are not associated with any known risk factor.


title: Infant mortality

text: Infant mortality caused by premature birth is mainly attributed to the various complications of preterm births. A key characteristic of preterm birth is developmental immaturity, which directly impacts different organ systems of the infant's body. Main body systems affected include the respiratory system, which due to failure of fetal breathing movement may result in pulmonary hypoplasia, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Chronic Lung Disease, and apnea . Other body systems that rely on later gestational age to be fully developed include, the gastrointestinal system, the skin, the Immune System, Cardiovascular System, Hematologic System. Poor development of these body systems increase the risks of infant mortality.


title: Infant mortality

text: Understanding the biological causes and predictors is important for identifying and preventing premature birth and infant mortality. While the exact mechanisms responsible for inducing premature birth are often unknown, many of the underlying risk factors are associated with inflammation. Approximately "80% of preterm births that occur at <1000 g or at <28 to 30 weeks of gestation" have been associated with inflammation. Biomarkers of inflammation, including C-reactive protein, ferritin, various interleukins, chemokines, cytokines, defensins and bacteria have been shown to be associated with increased risks of infection or inflammation-related preterm birth. Biological fluids have been utilized to analyze these markers in hopes of understand the pathology of preterm birth, but are not always useful if not acquired at the appropriate gestational time-frame. For example, biomarkers such as fibronectihn are accurate predictors of premature birth at over 24 weeks gestation, but have a poor predictive values before then. Additionally, understanding the risks associated with different gestational ages is a helpful determiner of Gestational age-specific mortality. This way, the rate of infant mortality in preterm births of gestational age above 26-31weeks are significantly lower compared to those under the same age.


title: Infant mortality

text: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a syndrome where an infant dies in their sleep for no known reason. Even with a complete autopsy, no one has been able to figure out what causes this disease. This disease is more common in Western countries. The United States Center for Disease Control reports SIDS to be the leading cause of death in infants age 1 month to 1 year of life. Even though researchers are not sure what causes this disease, they have discovered that it is healthier for babies to sleep on their backs instead of their stomachs. This discovery saved many families from the tragedy that this disease causes. Scientists have also discovered three causes within a model they created called "the contemporary triple risk model". This model states that three conditions such as the mother smoking while pregnant, the age of the infant, and stress referring to conditions such as overheating, prone sleeping, co-sleeping, and head covering. In the early 1990s, it was argued immunizations could attribute to an increased risk of SIDS; however, studies since then have proven otherwise and in fact support the idea that vaccinations provide protective properties by reducing the risk of SIDS.


title: Infant mortality

text: In the United States, approximately 3,500 infants deaths are attributed to sleep-related deaths included in this category is SIDS. For this reason, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends providing infants with safe-sleeping environments; additionally for the reductions of these sleep-related mortalities, they recommend the prevention of the following, respectively, while pregnant or around infants: exposure to smoke, alcohol, and illicit drugs—this includes second hand smoking. They recommend the following do's: do breastfeed, do schedule immunizations according to proper immunization scheduling, and do use a pacifier.


title: Infant mortality

text: Congenital malformations are birth defects that babies are born with, such as cleft lip and palate, Down Syndrome, and heart defects. Some congenital malformations may be more likely when the mother consumes alcohol, but can also be caused by genetics or unknown factors.


title: Infant mortality

text: Congenital malformations have had a significant impact on infant mortality. Malnutrition and infectious diseases were the main cause of death in more undeveloped countries. In the Caribbean and Latin America, congenital malformations only accounted for 5% of infant deaths, while malnutrition and infectious diseases accounted for 7% to 27% of infants deaths in the 1980s. In more developed countries such as the United States, there was a rise in infant deaths due to congenital malformations. These birth defects were mostly due to heart and central nervous system problems. In the 19th century, there was a decrease in the number of infant deaths from heart diseases. From 1979 to 1997, there was a 39% decline in infant mortality due to heart problems.


title: Infant mortality

text: Causes of infant mortality and deaths that are related to medical conditions include: low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome, malnutrition, congenital malformations and infectious diseases, and low income for health care including neglected tropical diseases.


title: Infant mortality

text: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants need multiple doses of vaccines such as diphtheria–tetanus–acellular pertussis vaccine, "Haemophilus influenzae" type b (Hib) vaccine, hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine, inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), and pneumococcal vaccine (PCV). Research conducted by the Institute of Medicine's Immunization Safety Review Committee concluded that there is no relationship between these vaccines and the risk of SIDS in infants.


title: Infant mortality

text: Low birth weight makes up 60–80% of the infant mortality rate in developing countries. "The New England Journal of Medicine" stated that "The lowest mortality rates occur among infants weighing . For infants born weighing or less, the mortality rate rapidly increases with decreasing weight, and most of the infants weighing or less die. As compared with normal-birth-weight infants, those with low weight at birth are almost 40 times more likely to die in the neonatal period; for infants with very low weight at birth the relative risk of neonatal death is almost 200 times greater." Infant mortality due to low birth weight is usually a direct cause stemming from other medical complications such as preterm birth, poor maternal nutritional status, lack of prenatal care, maternal sickness during pregnancy, and an unhygienic home environments. Along with birth weight, period of gestation makes up the two most important predictors of an infant's chances of survival and their overall health.


title: Infant mortality

text: According to the "New England Journal of Medicine", "in the past two decades, the infant mortality rate (deaths under one year of age per thousand live births) in the United States has declined sharply." Low birth weights from African American mothers remain twice as high as that of white women. LBW may be the leading cause of infant deaths, and it is greatly preventable. Although it is preventable, the solutions may not be the easiest but effective programs to help prevent LBW are a combination of health care, education, environment, mental modification and public policy, influencing a culture supporting lifestyle. Preterm birth is the leading cause of newborn deaths worldwide. Even though America excels past many other countries in the care and saving of premature infants, the percentage of American woman who deliver prematurely is comparable to those in developing countries. Reasons for this include teenage pregnancy, increase in pregnant mothers over the age of thirty-five, increase in the use of in-vitro fertilization which increases the risk of multiple births, obesity and diabetes. Also, women who do not have access to health care are less likely to visit a doctor, therefore increasing their risk of delivering prematurely.


title: Infant mortality

text: Malnutrition or undernutrition is defined as inadequate intake of nourishment, such as proteins and vitamins, which adversely affects the growth, energy and development of people all over the world. It is especially prevalent in women and infants under 5 who live in developing countries within the poorer regions of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Children are most vulnerable as they have yet to fully develop a strong immune system, as well as being dependent upon parents to provide the necessary food and nutritional intake. It is estimated that about 3.5 million children die each year as a result of childhood or maternal malnutrition, with stunted growth, low body weight and low birth weight accounting for about 2.2 million associated deaths. Factors which contribute to malnutrition are socioeconomic, environmental, gender status, regional location, and breastfeeding cultural practices. It is difficult to assess the most pressing factor as they can intertwine and vary among regions.


title: Infant mortality

text: Children suffering from malnutrition face adverse physical effects such as stunting, wasting, or being overweight. Such characteristics entail difference in weight-and-height ratios for age in comparison to adequate standards. In Africa the number of stunted children has risen, while Asia holds the most children under 5 suffering from wasting. The number of overweight children has increased among all regions of the globe. Inadequate nutrients adversely effect physical and cognitive developments, increasing susceptibility to severe health problems. Micronutrient deficiency such as iron has been linked to children with anemia, fatigue, and poor brain development. Similarly, the lack of Vitamin A is the leading cause of blindness among malnourished children. The outcome of malnutrition in children results in decreased ability of the immune system to fight infections, resulting in higher rates of death from diseases such as malaria, respiratory disease and diarrhea.


title: Infant mortality

text: Babies born in low to middle income countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia are at the highest risk of neonatal death. Bacterial infections of the bloodstream, lungs, and the brain's covering (meningitis) are responsible for 25% of neonatal deaths. Newborns can acquire infections during birth from bacteria that are present in their mother's reproductive tract. The mother may not be aware of the infection, or she may have an untreated pelvic inflammatory disease or sexually transmitted disease. These bacteria can move up the vaginal canal into the amniotic sac surrounding the baby. Maternal blood-borne infection is another route of bacterial infection from mother to baby. Neonatal infection is also more likely with the premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) of the amniotic sac.


title: Infant mortality

text: Seven out of ten childhood deaths are due to infectious diseases: acute respiratory infection, diarrhea, measles, and malaria. Acute respiratory infection such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis account for 30% of childhood deaths; 95% of pneumonia cases occur in the developing world. Diarrhea is the second-largest cause of childhood mortality in the world, while malaria causes 11% of childhood deaths. Measles is the fifth-largest cause of childhood mortality. Folic acid for mothers is one way to combat iron deficiency. A few public health measures used to lower levels of iron deficiency anemia include iodize salt or drinking water, and include vitamin A and multivitamin supplements into a mother's diet. A deficiency of this vitamin causes certain types of anemia (low red blood cell count).


title: Infant mortality

text: Infant mortality rate can be a measure of a nation's health and social condition. It is a composite of a number of component rates which have their separate relationship with various social factors and can often be seen as an indicator to measure the level of socioeconomic disparity within a country.


title: Infant mortality

text: Organic water pollution is a better indicator of infant mortality than health expenditures per capita. Water contaminated with various pathogens houses a host of parasitic and microbial infections. Infectious disease and parasites are carried via water pollution from animal wastes. Areas of low socioeconomic status are more prone to inadequate plumbing infrastructure, and poorly maintained facilities. The burning of inefficient fuels doubles the rate of children under 5 years old with acute respiratory tract infections. Climate and geography often play a role in sanitation conditions. For example, the inaccessibility of clean water exacerbates poor sanitation conditions.


title: Infant mortality

text: People who live in areas where particulate matter (PM) air pollution is higher tend to have more health problems across the board. Short-term and long-term effects of ambient air pollution are associated with an increased mortality rate, including infant mortality. Air pollution is consistently associated with post neonatal mortality due to respiratory effects and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Specifically, air pollution is highly associated with SIDS in the United States during the post-neonatal stage. High infant mortality is exacerbated because newborns are a vulnerable subgroup that is affected by air pollution. Newborns who were born into these environments are no exception. Women who are exposed to greater air pollution on a daily basis who are pregnant should be closely watched by their doctors, as well as after the baby is born. Babies who live in areas with less air pollution have a greater chance of living until their first birthday. As expected, babies who live in environments with more air pollution are at greater risk for infant mortality. Areas that have higher air pollution also have a greater chance of having a higher population density, higher crime rates and lower income levels, all of which can lead to higher infant mortality rates.


title: Infant mortality

text: The key pollutant for infant mortality rates is carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas that does great harm especially to infants because of their immature respiratory system.


title: Infant mortality

text: Another major pollutant is second-hand smoke, which is a pollutant that can have detrimental effects on a fetus. According to the "American Journal of Public Health", "in 2006, more than 42 000 Americans died of second hand smoke-attributable diseases, including more than 41 000 adults and nearly 900 infants ... fully 36% of the infants who died of low birth weight caused by exposure to maternal smoking in utero were Blacks, as were 28% of those dying of respiratory distress syndrome, 25% dying of other respiratory conditions, and 24% dying of sudden infant death syndrome." "The American Journal of Epidemiology" also stated that "Compared with nonsmoking women having their first birth, women who smoked less than one pack of cigarettes per day had a 25% greater risk of mortality, and those who smoked one or more packs per day had a 56% greater risk. Among women having their second or higher birth, smokers experienced 30% greater mortality than nonsmokers."


title: Infant mortality

text: Modern research in the United States on racial disparities in infant mortality suggests a link between the institutionalized racism that pervades the environment and high rates of African American infant mortality. In synthesis of this research, it has been observed that "African American infant mortality remains elevated due to the social arrangements that exist between groups and the lifelong experiences responding to the resultant power dynamics of these arrangements."


title: Infant mortality

text: It is important to note that infant mortality rates do not decline among African Americans even if their socio-economic status does improve. Parker Dominguez at the University of Southern California has made some headway in determining the reasoning behind this, claiming black women are more prone to psychological stress than other women of different races in the United States. Stress is a lead factor in inducing labor in pregnant women, and therefore high levels of stress during pregnancy could lead to premature births that have the potential to be fatal for the infant.


title: Infant mortality

text: Early childhood trauma includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse of a child ages zero to five years-old. Trauma in early development has extreme impact over the course of a lifetime and is a significant contributor to infant mortality. Developing organs are fragile. When an infant is shaken, beaten, strangled, or raped the impact is exponentially more destructive than when the same abuse occurs in a fully developed body. Studies estimate that 1–2 per 100,000 U.S. children annually are fatally injured. Unfortunately, it is reasonable to assume that these statistics underrepresent actual mortality. Three-quarters (70.6 percent) of child fatalities in FFY 2018 involved children younger than 3 years, and children younger than 1 year accounted for 49.4 percent of all fatalities. In particular, correctly identifying deaths due to neglect is problematic, and children with sudden unexpected death or those with what appear to be unintentional causes on the surface often have preventable risk factors which are substantially similar to those in families with maltreatment.


title: Infant mortality

text: There is a direct relationship between age of maltreatment/injury and risk for death. The younger an infant is, the more dangerous the maltreatment.


title: Infant mortality

text: Family configuration, child gender, social isolation, lack of support, maternal youth, marital status, poverty, parental ACES, and parenting practices are thought to contribute to increased risk.


title: Infant mortality

text: Social class is a major factor in infant mortality, both historically and today. Between 1912 and 1915, the Children's Bureau in the United States examined data across eight cities and nearly 23,000 live births. They discovered that lower incomes tend to correlate with higher infant mortality. In cases where the father had no income, the rate of infant mortality was 357% more than that for the highest income earners ($1,250+). Differences between races were also apparent. African-American mothers experience infant mortality at a rate 44% higher than average; however, research indicates that socio-economic factors do not totally account for the racial disparities in infant mortality.


title: Infant mortality

text: While infant mortality is normally negatively correlated with GDP, there may indeed be some opposing short-term effects from a recession. A recent study by "The Economist" showed that economic slowdowns reduce the amount of air pollution, which results in a lower infant mortality rate. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the recession's impact on air quality is estimated to have saved around 1,300 US babies. It is only during deep recessions that infant mortality increases. According to Norbert Schady and Marc-François Smitz, recessions when GDP per capita drops by 15% or more increase infant mortality.


title: Infant mortality

text: Social class dictates which medical services are available to an individual. Disparities due to socioeconomic factors have been exacerbated by advances in medical technology. Developed countries, most notably the United States, have seen a divergence between those living in poverty who cannot afford medical advanced resources, leading to an increased chance of infant mortality, and others.


title: Infant mortality

text: Political modernization perspective, the neo-classical economic theory that scarce goods are most effectively distributed to the market, say that the level of political democracy influences the rate of infant mortality. Developing nations with democratic governments tend to be more responsive to public opinion, social movements, and special interest groups for issues like infant mortality. In contrast, non-democratic governments are more interested in corporate issues and less so in health issues. Democratic status effects the dependency a nation has towards its economic state via export, investments from multinational corporations and international lending institutions.