title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: Brian Tallerico of "Vulture" gave the episode a 4 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "The final season of "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" was rocky, but it was worth the show coming back to say goodbye for this episode alone, a reminder of how funny and quick this comedy was at its best. I’ll miss it."


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: Tara Ariano of "Vanity Fair" wrote, "The true marvel of this short final season is that, despite the way it — belatedly, perhaps — faced down the complexities that underlay the workplace at its center, "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" still delivered the same kinds of good, hard laughs as always. The finale also made me cry a little bit. To create this kind of work requires, on both sides of the camera, a strong and nimble staff. (Title of your sex tape.)" Nick Harley of "Den of Geek" gave the episode a 4.5 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "Season 8 of "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" wasn't the triumphant victory lap that it should have been, but 'The Last Day' absolutely sends off our favorite precinct with grace, humor, and heart. 'Silly cops' is how Bill Hader once dismissively ripped on Andy Samberg at a "Comedy Central Roast", and in today's climate, it's probably never felt more biting, but "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" was always something more. The series was rarely ever less than a feel-good ensemble that made you think, made you laugh, and made you start dropping 'Cool cool cool' into daily conversation. It will be missed, but it went out beautifully. NINE-NINE!"


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: The Tappan Zee Bridge, officially named the Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge, is a twin cable-stayed bridge spanning the Hudson River between Tarrytown and Nyack in the U.S. state of New York. It was built to replace the original Tappan Zee Bridge, which was located just to the south. The new bridge's north span carries the northbound and westbound automobile traffic of the New York State Thruway, Interstate 87 (I-87) and I-287; it also carries a shared use path for bicycles and pedestrians. The south span carries southbound and eastbound automobile traffic.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: The process to replace the original bridge kicked off in 2012, with construction on the new spans beginning by contractor Tappan Zee Constructors in 2013. The "Left Coast Lifter" (one of the world's biggest cranes) was instrumental in the construction of the bridge. The north span officially opened to westbound traffic on August 26, 2017, and eastbound traffic temporarily began using the north span on October 6, 2017. Contractors then began demolishing the old bridge. An opening ceremony for the south span was held on September 7, 2018, and traffic started using the new span three days later.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: The bridge's official name, commemorating former New York Governor Mario Cuomo, has been controversial since its announcement. A petition and several pieces of proposed legislation have sought to restore the bridge's name to that of its predecessor.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: The Tappan Zee river crossing was named by 17th century Dutch settlers. The Tappan Zee Bridge is the only crossing of the Hudson between Westchester and Rockland counties. The original Tappan Zee Bridge was a cantilever bridge built from 1952 to 1955. The bridge was long and spanned the Hudson at its second-widest point. It was the longest bridge in New York State, at a length of including approaches. Built immediately after the Korean War, the bridge had a low construction budget of only $81 million and a designed life-span of only 50 years. During its first decade, the bridge carried fewer than 40,000 vehicles per day.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: By the start of the 21st century, the old Tappan Zee Bridge was "decaying" and "overburdened". The deteriorating structure bore an average of 140,000 vehicles per day, substantially more traffic than its designed capacity. The collapse of Minnesota's I-35W Mississippi River bridge in 2007 raised worries about the Tappan Zee Bridge's structural integrity. These concerns, together with traffic overcapacity and increased maintenance costs, escalated the serious discussions already ongoing about replacing the Tappan Zee with a tunnel or a new bridge. Six options were identified and submitted for project study and environmental review.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: The Federal Highway Administration issued a report in October 2011 designating the Tappan Zee's replacement to be a dual-span twin bridge. The new bridge was to be built a few yards to the north of the existing bridge, connecting to the existing highway approaches of the New York State Thruway (I-87/I-287) on both river banks. The New York State Thruway Authority requested design proposals from four companies in 2012 and eventually received three project proposals. The authority awarded a $3.142 billion contract to Tappan Zee Constructors (TZC), whose proposal was not only the least expensive but also promised the shortest construction timeline and included plans to minimize environmental impact.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: Originally, some motorists thought that bridge tolls could more than double (to $12-$15 for automobiles, eastbound only), rising to those of New York City's Hudson River crossings. However, the state passed legislation freezing the toll on the bridge at $5 through 2020 in its 2016 legislative session.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: The new Tappan Zee Bridge was proposed to include four vehicle lanes on each span, for a total of eight lanes, as well as a shared-use bicycle and pedestrian path. Like its predecessor, the new Tappan Zee Bridge is to be administered by the New York State Thruway Authority. The authority is the project co-sponsor, along with the state Department of Transportation.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: The New York Metropolitan Transportation Council added the Tappan Zee Bridge to its list of projects eligible for federal funds in August 2012. The United States Department of Transportation approved the plan on September 25, 2012. The approval process took fewer than 10 months as opposed to the traditional multi-year process as a result of being placed on a "fast track" for approval by the Obama Administration. On December 17, 2012, New York state officials dropped their proposal for a 45 percent increase on the state Thruway toll for trucks, while advancing a $3.14 billion project to replace the bridge. The project was funded through a public-private partnership.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: Construction began as scheduled in October 2013, with completion targeted for 2017. TZC, the contractor, was composed of several design, engineering, and construction firms including Fluor Corporation, American Bridge Company, Granite Construction Northeast and Traylor Bros. The Left Coast Lifter was used to install groups of pre-assembled girders one full span at a time. The contractors were obliged to finish the bridge by 2018, after which the state would fine the contractors around $100,000 per day.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: By the end of 2013, General Electric had completed four seasons of dredging to remove contaminants from the river bottom. Approximately 70 percent of the sediments targeted for dredging were removed (totaling more than of sediment).


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: On July 19, 2016, a crane used for the construction of the bridge collapsed onto the existing older bridge. Five people were injured, including three drivers and two bridge workers; no one was killed or critically injured.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: The project timeline originally indicated that the old bridge would be closed in 2016 and that the demolition of the old bridge would begin in February 2017. The new northbound/westbound span opened on August 26, 2017. Southbound/eastbound traffic remained on the existing span until October 6, 2017, when it was shifted to the new northbound/westbound span to allow for the completion of the new southbound/eastbound span. The northbound/westbound span of the new Tappan Zee Bridge temporarily carried four lanes in both directions until the new southbound/eastbound span was completed.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: After some delays, the project was later expected to be completed by June 15, 2018, at a cost of $3.98 billion. However, the scheduled opening was later pushed back to mid-September. The new southbound/eastbound span was supposed to open to traffic on September 8, 2018. An opening ceremony was held on that date, but the traffic shift itself was delayed when a piece of the old bridge came loose on September 7 while being demolished. The opening of the eastbound span, which was away from the old bridge, was delayed until the old bridge could be stabilized. After the old bridge was stabilized, all lanes were opened on September 11, 2018.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: The demolition of the old bridge started in November 2017 with the removal of the first steel section from the Rockland County approach. The work continued to April 2018 including the removal of the truss sections. In May 2018, the 10-million-pound main span was removed, leaving only the east and west approaches. The original plan was to complete the remaining demolition by taking down spans piece by piece in order to minimize the environmental impacts. However, when the instability of the eastern span was discovered in September 2018, it was decided to destroy it outright. The explosive demolition of the eastern approach took place on January 15, 2019, while the western approach was lowered onto a barge on May 12, 2019 and hauled away.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: Reports of a coverup of structural problems emerged in December 2018. Dozens of bolts holding the steel girders together had failed, and some bolts broke more than a year after they had been tightened into the plates that hold the girders together. A presentation by a whistleblower included allegations that the bolts had broken due to hydrogen embrittlement, which weakened the metal. The number of failed bolts was abnormally high for a project the size of this bridge. Engineering experts warned that the structural problems could compound, causing the girders to fall and the bridge to collapse.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: The issue was known as early as February 2016, when New York state officials had begun testing some bolts for breaks. The Attorney General of New York began investigating whether structural problems with the bridge had been covered up in 2017. According to a report in the "Times Union", the attorney general's office relied on other investigations of the bridge instead of conducting its own investigations, and the office did not treat the allegations as serious. Third-party consultant Alta Vista conducted its own study, concluding in late 2017 that hydrogen embrittlement was not the cause of the broken bolts.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: In March 2021, some records relating to the case were unsealed. Following this, U.S. Representative Mondaire Jones, whose district encompasses the bridge, and all Republican members of the New York State Assembly requested that the United States Department of Transportation investigate the allegations of structural deficiencies. In response, the Federal Highway Administration issued a statement claiming it had "no safety concerns" with either of the Tappan Zee Bridge's spans. In a lawsuit filed that month, a whistleblower claimed that TZC had knowingly delivered many defective high-strength bolts and taken measures to hide evidence of the defects.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: The new Tappan Zee Bridge is composed of two cable-stayed decks and has a total length of . The main span of both decks is and is approached on either side by side spans. Each deck carries four lanes of traffic in one direction, plus inner and outer shoulders. The clearance below is . Upon completion, the new Tappan Zee Bridge became one of the widest cable-stayed bridges in the world, having a combined width across both decks of . The new spans equal the width of the relatively short-span, cable-stayed Leonard Zakim Bridge in Boston. Turkey's 3rd Bosphorus bridge, completed in 2016, has a single deck about wide. The new Tappan Zee Bridge is intended to last at least 100 years.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: Each span contains four cable-stayed towers (two on each side of the Tappan Zee), with eight total across the length of the bridge. The towers are tall and lean five degrees outward from the vertical axis. The towers are constructed of open-box beams, with cross beams linking the towers below each deck. The towers support a total of 192 cable stays, which consist of of steel strands. The decks of each span are composed of precast concrete panels, connected underneath by "edge girders" running parallel to the edges of each deck, as well as floor beams running perpendicularly to the deck. The cable stays are anchored to the outer faces of the edge girders underneath each span. The bridge is supported by 1,250 girders, each measuring up to long and high. They are secured to splice plates by about 500 bolts.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: The north span has a bicycle and pedestrian path, which opened on June 15, 2020. This path connects the towns of Tarrytown and South Nyack and measures 3.6 miles (5.8 km) in length. It has visitor centers at each end, named after the counties of Rockland and Westchester. Both of these contain restrooms, brochures, and interactive displays. The Westchester visitor center also has vendors that operate daily. The path is split into two lanes with bikes on the east and pedestrians on the west. The path has six scenic overlooks known as "belvederes." Each belvedere is named after a local point of interest and provides Wi-Fi, a seating area, bike racks (on most), informational kiosks, and trash cans. The path also contains LED displays for warning messages.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: The bridge is equipped with LEDs for the roadways and structures. The lights can be changed to a variety of colors for decorative purposes on major holidays such as Memorial Day and Christmas, traditional dates such as Mother's Day, Father's Day and St. Patrick's Day, and special commemorations throughout the year. The lighting system reputedly has the ability to be synced to music, although it has yet to be demonstrated.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: The Tappan Zee Bridge charges tolls in the Westchester southbound/eastbound direction only. On weekdays, tolls are variable based on the New York State Thruway's vehicle classification system and the time of day, and are collected using a cashless toll system. On weekends, each vehicle class pays a flat rate. E-ZPass users pay the lowest rate possible, the rate normally charged from 12:00 midnight to 6:14 a.m., while other users are charged using the highest rate possible, the rate normally charged from 7:00 a.m. to 8:59 a.m. Class 2L vehicles, which have a height of less than and contain two axles, pay a flat rate of $6.83 at all times, $5.25 with a New York-issued E-ZPass, or $6.04 with an out-of-state E-ZPass.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: The Hudson Link BRT runs the HO3, HO5, HO7, and HO7X across the bridge. In the summer months Hudson Link also runs free shuttle buses on the route of the HO7 bus. Responding to widespread concerns about the lack of new public transit services, bridge planners agreed only to build one "dedicated express bus lane" in each direction for use during rush hour. Construction on the new bridge's bus lanes finished in 2020, leaving one bus lane in each direction. The bridge was also structurally built for expansion with commuter rail at a later date. The existing Tarrytown station of the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line is located about from the new bridge's eastern landing.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: During construction, the project's website referred to the crossing as the "New NY Bridge". However, other sources referred to the crossing as the "New Tappan Zee Bridge".


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: Governor Andrew Cuomo was successful in passing legislation to name the bridge after his late father, former Governor Mario Cuomo, on June 29, 2017. This has been met with significant opposition from residents of nearby localities. Many, including the daughter of former New York Governor Malcolm Wilson (whose name was on the original Tappan Zee Bridge), were vocal in their opposition to the name. A Reclaim New York Initiative poll of Rockland and Westchester county residents found only 14.7% of respondents supported the new name. As of November 29, 2017, over 100,000 people had signed a Change.org petition called "Return the Cuomo Bridge its original name: The Tappan Zee. That bridge is our history." Despite the official name, "Tappan Zee Bridge" remains a common name for the structure.


title: Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)

text: On December 6, 2017, State Assemblyman Kevin Byrne, a Republican from Mahopac in Putnam County, announced that he would introduce legislation to change the name of the bridge to the "Malcolm Wilson Tappan Zee Bridge". The old Tappan Zee Bridge had been named for Wilson from 1994 to October 2017. A compromise bill to rename the bridge the "Governor Mario M. Cuomo Tappan Zee Bridge" was later introduced and sponsored by both Senate Deputy Majority Leader John DeFrancisco, Republican of Upstate New York, as well as Assemblyman Byrne. On June 20, 2018, the State Senate voted 40–20 in favor of renaming the bridge. However, the effort failed after the Assembly's legislative session ended without the bill being put to a vote. After Cuomo's resignation in August 2021, another bill to change the official name to "Tappan Zee Bridge" was proposed in the New York state legislature.


title: Vincent Mangano

text: Vincent Mangano (born Vincenzo Giovanni Mangano; ; March 28, 1888 – disappeared April 19, 1951, declared dead October 30, 1961) was an Italian-born mobster also known as "Vincent The Executioner" as named in a Brooklyn newspaper, and the head of the Mangano crime family from 1931 to 1951. He was the brother of Philip Mangano.


title: Vincent Mangano

text: Mangano was named head of what was then the Mineo family in 1931, following the Castellammarese War. He was one of the original bosses of the modern Five Families, the others being Joseph Bonanno, Lucky Luciano, Joe Profaci and Tommy Gagliano.


title: Vincent Mangano

text: Mangano made the waterfront his family's main income producer. He and his associates would threaten to prevent cargo from being loaded or unloaded if the shipping company refused to pay a tribute. This effort was helped by the family's control of Brooklyn Local 1814 of the International Longshoremen's Association; its president, Anthony Anastasio, was a member of the family.


title: Vincent Mangano

text: Despite being a mob power in his own right, Albert Anastasia was nominally the underboss of the Mangano crime family, under Mangano. During his 20-year rule, Mangano had resented Anastasia's close ties to Luciano and Costello, particularly the fact that they had obtained Anastasia's services without first seeking Mangano's permission. This and other business disputes led to heated, almost physical fights between the two mobsters.


title: Vincent Mangano

text: Mangano's brother was found dead near Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn on April 19, 1951. Vincent Mangano disappeared the same day. Both of them are believed to have been murdered on the orders of family underboss Albert Anastasia in Brooklyn as part of a coup in 1951. Vincent Mangano's body was never found, and he was declared dead 10 years later on October 30, 1961, by the Surrogate's Court in Brooklyn. No one was ever arrested in the Mangano homicide, but it was widely assumed that Anastasia had them killed.


title: John G. Avildsen

text: John Guilbert Avildsen (December 21, 1935 – June 16, 2017) was an American film director. He is perhaps best known for directing "Rocky" (1976), which earned him the Academy Award for Best Director, and the first three "The Karate Kid" films. Other films he directed include "Joe" (1970), "Save the Tiger" (1973), "The Formula" (1980), "Neighbors" (1981), "Lean on Me" (1989), "Rocky V" (1990), and "8 Seconds" (1994).


title: John G. Avildsen

text: Avildsen was born in Oak Park, Illinois, the son of Ivy ("née" Guilbert) and Clarence John Avildsen. He was educated at the Hotchkiss School and at New York University.


title: John G. Avildsen

text: After starting out as an assistant director on films by Arthur Penn and Otto Preminger, Avildsen's early low-budget feature "Joe" (1970) received good notices for star Peter Boyle and was a big box-office hit grossing $26 million from a $100,000 budget. Avildsen followed this early success with the low-budget 1971 cult classic comedy film "Cry Uncle!" (released in the UK as "Superdick" and on video as "American Oddballs"), a 1971 American film in the Troma Entertainment library that stars Allen Garfield. This was followed by "Save the Tiger" (1973), a film nominated for three Oscars, winning Best Actor for star Jack Lemmon.


title: John G. Avildsen

text: His greatest success came with "Rocky" (1976), which he directed working in conjunction with writer and star Sylvester Stallone. The film was a major critical and commercial success, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1976 and garnering ten Academy Award nominations and winning three, including Best Picture and Best Director. Avildsen later returned to direct what was then expected to be the series' final installment, "Rocky V" (1990).


title: John G. Avildsen

text: He directed the mystery-drama "The Formula" (1980), starring Marlon Brando and George C. Scott, for which he was nominated for Razzie Award for Worst Director.


title: John G. Avildsen

text: Avildsen's other films include "Neighbors" (1981), "For Keeps" (1988), "Lean on Me" (1989), "The Power of One" (1992), "8 Seconds" (1994), and the first three "The Karate Kid" films.


title: John G. Avildsen

text: He was the original director for both "Serpico" (1973) and "Saturday Night Fever" (1977), but was fired over disputes with, respectively, producers Martin Bregman and Robert Stigwood.


title: John G. Avildsen

text: A documentary on the life, career and films of Avildsen was released in August 2017, approximately two months after his death. "John G. Avildsen: King of the Underdogs" (2017), directed and produced by Derek Wayne Johnson, features interviews with Sylvester Stallone, Ralph Macchio, Martin Scorsese, Jerry Weintraub, and Burt Reynolds, among others. The documentary is a companion to the book "The Films of John G. Avildsen: Rocky, The Karate Kid, and other Underdogs", written by Larry Powell and Tom Garrett.


title: John G. Avildsen

text: Avildsen's first wife was Marie Olga Maturevich (Melissa McCall). After they divorced, he married actress Tracy Brooks Swope in 1987; they separated in 2006. He had five children. His estranged son, Ash (born November 5, 1981), founded Sumerian Records. Another son, Jonathan Avildsen, appeared in the films "The Karate Kid Part III" and "Rocky V". His eldest son was named Anthony, and he had a daughter, Penelope Avildsen. John also had a daughter with Tracy Swope, named Bridget.


title: John G. Avildsen

text: Avildsen died at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on June 16, 2017. He was 81. The cause of his death was pancreatic cancer, according to his son Anthony Avildsen.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: A Lewis acid (named for the American physical chemist Gilbert N. Lewis) is a chemical species that contains an empty orbital which is capable of accepting an electron pair from a Lewis base to form a Lewis adduct. A Lewis base, then, is any species that has a filled orbital containing an electron pair which is not involved in bonding but may form a dative bond with a Lewis acid to form a Lewis adduct. For example, NH is a Lewis base, because it can donate its lone pair of electrons. Trimethylborane (MeB) is a Lewis acid as it is capable of accepting a lone pair. In a Lewis adduct, the Lewis acid and base share an electron pair furnished by the Lewis base, forming a dative bond. In the context of a specific chemical reaction between NH and MeB, a lone pair from NH will form a dative bond with the empty orbital of MeB to form an adduct NH•BMe. The terminology refers to the contributions of Gilbert N. Lewis.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: The terms "nucleophile" and "electrophile" are more or less interchangeable with Lewis base and Lewis acid, respectively. However, these terms, especially their abstract noun forms "nucleophilicity" and "electrophilicity", emphasize the kinetic aspect of reactivity, while the Lewis basicity and Lewis acidity emphasize the thermodynamic aspect of Lewis adduct formation.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: In many cases, the interaction between the Lewis base and Lewis acid in a complex is indicated by an arrow indicating the Lewis base donating electrons toward the Lewis acid using the notation of a dative bond — for example, ←. Some sources indicate the Lewis base with a pair of dots (the explicit electrons being donated), which allows consistent representation of the transition from the base itself to the complex with the acid:


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: A center dot may also be used to represent a Lewis adduct, such as . Another example is boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, . In a slightly different usage, the center dot is also used to represent hydrate coordination in various crystals, as in for hydrated magnesium sulfate, irrespective of whether the water forms a dative bond with the metal.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: Although there have been attempts to use computational and experimental energetic criteria to distinguish dative bonding from non-dative covalent bonds, for the most part, the distinction merely makes note of the source of the electron pair, and dative bonds, once formed, behave simply as other covalent bonds do, though they typically have considerable polar character. Moreover, in some cases (e.g., sulfoxides and amine oxides as and ), the use of the dative bond arrow is just a notational convenience for avoiding the drawing of formal charges. In general, however, the donor–acceptor bond is viewed as simply somewhere along a continuum between idealized covalent bonding and ionic bonding.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: Lewis acids are diverse and the term is used loosely. Simplest are those that react directly with the Lewis base, such as boron trihalides and the pentahalides of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: In the same vein, CH can be considered to be the Lewis acid in methylation reactions. However, the methyl cation never occurs as a free species in the condensed phase, and methylation reactions by reagents like CHI take place through the simultaneous formation of a bond from the nucleophile to the carbon and cleavage of the bond between carbon and iodine (S2 reaction). Textbooks disagree on this point: some asserting that alkyl halides are electrophiles but not Lewis acids, while others describe alkyl halides (e.g. CHBr) as a type of Lewis acid. The IUPAC states that Lewis acids and Lewis bases react to form Lewis adducts, and defines electrophile as Lewis acids.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: The variability of the colors of iodine solutions reflects the variable abilities of the solvent to form adducts with the Lewis acid I.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: Some Lewis acids binding two Lewis bases, a famous example being the formation of hexafluorosilicate:


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: Most compounds considered to be Lewis acids require an activation step prior to formation of the adduct with the Lewis base. Complex compounds such as EtAlCl and AlCl are treated as trigonal planar Lewis acids but exist as aggregates and polymers that must be degraded by the Lewis base. A simpler case is the formation of adducts of borane. Monomeric BH does not exist appreciably, so the adducts of borane are generated by degradation of diborane:


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: Many metal complexes serve as Lewis acids, but usually only after dissociating a more weakly bound Lewis base, often water.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: The proton (H)  is one of the strongest but is also one of the most complicated Lewis acids. It is convention to ignore the fact that a proton is heavily solvated (bound to solvent). With this simplification in mind, acid-base reactions can be viewed as the formation of adducts:


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: A typical example of a Lewis acid in action is in the Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction. The key step is the acceptance by AlCl of a chloride ion lone-pair, forming AlCl and creating the strongly acidic, that is, electrophilic, carbonium ion.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: A Lewis base is an atomic or molecular species where the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is highly localized. Typical Lewis bases are conventional amines such as ammonia and alkyl amines. Other common Lewis bases include pyridine and its derivatives. Some of the main classes of Lewis bases are


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: The most common Lewis bases are anions. The strength of Lewis basicity correlates with the of the parent acid: acids with high 's give good Lewis bases. As usual, a weaker acid has a stronger conjugate base.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: Nearly all electron pair donors that form compounds by binding transition elements can be viewed as a collections of the Lewis bases—or ligands. Thus a large application of Lewis bases is to modify the activity and selectivity of metal catalysts. Chiral Lewis bases thus confer chirality on a catalyst, enabling asymmetric catalysis, which is useful for the production of pharmaceuticals.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: Many Lewis bases are "multidentate," that is they can form several bonds to the Lewis acid. These multidentate Lewis bases are called chelating agents.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: Lewis acids and bases are commonly classified according to their hardness or softness. In this context hard implies small and nonpolarizable and soft indicates larger atoms that are more polarizable.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: For example, an amine will displace phosphine from the adduct with the acid BF. In the same way, bases could be classified. For example, bases donating a lone pair from an oxygen atom are harder than bases donating through a nitrogen atom. Although the classification was never quantified it proved to be very useful in predicting the strength of adduct formation, using the key concepts that hard acid—hard base and soft acid—soft base interactions are stronger than hard acid—soft base or soft acid—hard base interactions. Later investigation of the thermodynamics of the interaction suggested that hard—hard interactions are enthalpy favored, whereas soft—soft are entropy favored.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: Many methods have been devised to evaluate and predict Lewis acidity. Many are based on spectroscopic signatures such as shifts NMR signals or IR bands e.g. the Gutmann-Beckett method and the Childs method.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: The ECW model is a quantitative model that describes and predicts the strength of Lewis acid base interactions, −ΔH. The model assigned E and C parameters to many Lewis acids and bases. Each acid is characterized by an E and a C. Each base is likewise characterized by its own E and C. The E and C parameters refer, respectively, to the electrostatic and covalent contributions to the strength of the bonds that the acid and base will form. The equation is


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: The W term represents a constant energy contribution for acid–base reaction such as the cleavage of a dimeric acid or base. The equation predicts reversal of acids and base strengths. The graphical presentations of the equation show that there is no single order of Lewis base strengths or Lewis acid strengths. and that single property scales are limited to a smaller range of acids or bases.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: The concept originated with Gilbert N. Lewis who studied chemical bonding. In 1923, Lewis wrote "An acid substance is one which can employ an electron lone pair from another molecule in completing the stable group of one of its own atoms." The Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory was published in the same year. The two theories are distinct but complementary. A Lewis base is also a Brønsted–Lowry base, but a Lewis acid doesn't need to be a Brønsted–Lowry acid. The classification into hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB theory) followed in 1963. The strength of Lewis acid-base interactions, as measured by the standard enthalpy of formation of an adduct can be predicted by the Drago–Wayland two-parameter equation.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: Lewis had suggested in 1916 that two atoms are held together in a chemical bond by sharing a pair of electrons. When each atom contributed one electron to the bond, it was called a covalent bond. When both electrons come from one of the atoms, it was called a dative covalent bond or coordinate bond. The distinction is not very clear-cut. For example, in the formation of an ammonium ion from ammonia and hydrogen the ammonia molecule donates a pair of electrons to the proton; the identity of the electrons is lost in the ammonium ion that is formed. Nevertheless, Lewis suggested that an electron-pair donor be classified as a base and an electron-pair acceptor be classified as acid.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: A more modern definition of a Lewis acid is an atomic or molecular species with a localized empty atomic or molecular orbital of low energy. This lowest-energy molecular orbital (LUMO) can accommodate a pair of electrons.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: A Lewis base is often a Brønsted–Lowry base as it can donate a pair of electrons to H; the proton is a Lewis acid as it can accept a pair of electrons. The conjugate base of a Brønsted–Lowry acid is also a Lewis base as loss of H from the acid leaves those electrons which were used for the A—H bond as a lone pair on the conjugate base. However, a Lewis base can be very difficult to protonate, yet still react with a Lewis acid. For example, carbon monoxide is a very weak Brønsted–Lowry base but it forms a strong adduct with BF.


title: Lewis acids and bases

text: In another comparison of Lewis and Brønsted–Lowry acidity by Brown and Kanner, 2,6-di-"t"-butylpyridine reacts to form the hydrochloride salt with HCl but does not react with BF. This example demonstrates that steric factors, in addition to electron configuration factors, play a role in determining the strength of the interaction between the bulky di-"t"-butylpyridine and tiny proton.


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: The Potsdam Declaration, or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender, was a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during World War II. On July 26, 1945, United States President Harry S. Truman, United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Chairman of China Chiang Kai-shek issued the document, which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan, as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference. The ultimatum stated that, if Japan did not surrender, it would face "prompt and utter destruction."


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: On July 26, the United States, Britain, and China released the declaration announcing the terms for Japan's surrender, with the warning as an ultimatum: "We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives. We shall brook no delay." For Japan, the terms of the declaration specified:


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: Contrary to what had been intended at its conception, which was to disenfranchise the Japanese leadership so that the people would accept a mediated transition, the declaration made no direct mention of the Japanese emperor at all. However, it insisted that "the authority and influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of Japan into embarking on world conquest must be eliminated for all time." Allied intentions on issues of utmost importance to the Japanese, including the extent and number of Allied "occupation points," the fate of Japan's minor islands, and the extent to which the Allies planned to "control" Japan's "raw materials," as well as whether Hirohito was to be regarded as one of those who had "misled the people of Japan" or he might potentially become part of "a peacefully inclined and responsible government," were thus left unstated, which essentially made it a blank check for the Allies.


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: The "prompt and utter destruction" clause has been interpreted as a veiled warning about American possession of the atomic bomb, which had been successfully tested in New Mexico on July 16, 1945, the day before the opening of the conference. Although the document warned of further destruction like the "Operation Meetinghouse" raid on Tokyo and other carpetbombing of Japanese cities, it did not mention anything about the atomic bomb.


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: The Potsdam Declaration was intended to be ambiguous. It is not clear from the document itself whether a Japanese government would remain under Allied occupation or the occupation would be run by a foreign military government. In the same manner, it was not clear whether after the end of the occupation, Japan was to include any territory other than the four main Japanese islands. That ambiguity was intentional on the part of the US government to allow the Allies a free hand in running the affairs of Japan afterwards.


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: Each of the Allies who signed the Declaration had their own intentions for doing so, and all parties desired to receive reparations for war damages from the Japanese.


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: The Republic of China - under the Nationalist rule of Chiang Kai-shek - desired immediate withdrawal of the Imperial Japanese Army and its subsidiary force the Kwantung Army from all Chinese territory, including Manchuria. Until the very end of the war the Japanese Army had been campaigning in China to assert the rule of the Japanese colonial state there, and the Chinese Nationalists and Communists had been fighting in tandem to expel them from the country. The Potsdam Declaration was issued in part to make clear the Chinese expectation of complete Japanese withdrawal from China.


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: Great Britain had lost control of its possessions in Southeast Asia and China to the Japanese advance in the late 1930s and early 1940s. These included Singapore, Malaya, North Borneo, Hong Kong, and others. A key motivation of the British government was a restoration of control in its prewar possessions, along with a prompt end to the Japanese war effort, especially on the Indian front in Burma.


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: The United States desired to keep maximum strategic latitude for itself upon the defeat of Japan. The American government had demanded in the past the unconditional surrender of Japan as the precondition to peace, and the text of the Declaration reiterated this demand. In the remainder of Asia, the American government had the goals of total rollback of the Empire of Japan's overseas possessions, as well as the additional goal of preventing the communists - with the support and patronage of the Soviet Union - from expanding influence in East Asia and Southeast Asia.


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: The declaration was released to the press in Potsdam on the evening of July 26 and simultaneously transmitted to the Office of War Information (OWI) in Washington. By 5:00 p.m. Washington time, OWI's West Coast transmitters, aimed at the Japanese home islands, were broadcasting the text in English, and two hours later they began broadcasting it in Japanese. The declaration was never transmitted to the Japanese government by diplomatic channels, one reason being that the State Department did not want the United States to be seen as suing for peace. The Japanese ambassador to Moscow reacted to the news by calling the declaration "a big scare-bomb directed against us". American bombers dropped over 3 million leaflets describing the declaration over Japan, despite the fact that picking up enemy propaganda leaflets and listening to foreign radio broadcasts was illegal in Japan.


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: The Potsdam Declaration and consideration of adopting it occurred before nuclear weapons were used. The terms of the declaration were hotly debated within the Japanese government. Upon receiving the declaration, Foreign Minister Shigenori Tōgō hurriedly met with Prime Minister Kantarō Suzuki and Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu. Sakomizu recalled that all felt the declaration must be accepted. Despite being sympathetic to accepting the terms, Tōgō felt it was vague about the eventual form of government for Japan, disarmament, and the fate of accused war criminals. He also still had hope that the Soviet Union would agree to mediate negotiations with the Western Allies to obtain clarifications and revisions of the declaration's terms. Shortly afterwards, Tōgō met with Emperor Hirohito and advised him to treat the declaration with the utmost circumspection, but that a reply should be postponed until the Japanese received a response from the Soviets to mediate peace. Hirohito stated that the declaration was "acceptable in principle."


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: Meanwhile, the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War met the same day to discuss the declaration. War Minister Korechika Anami, General Yoshijirō Umezu, and Admiral Soemu Toyoda opposed accepting the declaration, argued that the terms were "too dishonorable," and advised for the Japanese government to reject it openly. Suzuki, Tōgō, and Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai leaned towards accepting it but agreed that clarification was needed over the status of the Emperor. Tōgō's suggestion for the government not to respond until it received the Soviet response was accepted.


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: Suzuki stated that the Japanese policy toward the declaration was one of , which the United States interpreted as meaning "rejection by ignoring." That led to a decision by the White House to carry out the threat of destruction. After the White House decision, the United States Army Air Forces dropped the first atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and then the second atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. Both bombings devastated the two cities, killing tens of thousands of people and destroying much of the cities' infrastructure as well as military bases and factories in a matter of seconds in a radius that stretched for more than 1 mile (1.6 kilometers).


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: On August 9, 1945, Soviet general secretary Joseph Stalin, based on a secret agreement at the Yalta Conference in February, unilaterally abrogated the 1941 Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact and declared war on Japan. Thus began the Soviet–Japanese War, with the Soviets invading Manchuria on three fronts.


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: However, the word can also mean "withholding comment." Since then, it has been alleged that the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were attributable to English translations of having misrepresented Suzuki as rejecting the terms of the Potsdam Declaration; however, this claim is not universally accepted.


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: In a widely broadcast speech after the bombing of Hiroshima, which was picked up by Japanese news agencies, Truman warned that if Japan failed to accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, it could "expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth." As a result, Suzuki felt compelled to meet the Japanese press, and he reiterated his government's commitment to ignore the Allies' demands and fight on.


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: However, soon after that statement, it became clear to many that surrender was a realistic option. The thoroughness of the Allies' demands and the fact they were made public forced the Japanese leaders and populace to realize the success that Japan's enemies had achieved in the war. After the receipt of the Potsdam Declaration, the Japanese government attempted to maintain the issue of the Emperor's administrative prerogative within the Potsdam Declaration by its surrender offer of August 10, but in the end, it had to take comfort with US Secretary of State James F. Byrnes' reply: "From the moment of surrender the authority of the Emperor and the Japanese Government to rule the state shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied powers who will take such steps as he deems proper to effectuate the surrender terms." Thus, at 1200 JST on August 15, 1945, the Emperor announced his acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, which culminated in the surrender documents signature on board the on September 2, 1945. The radio announcement to the Japanese people was the first time many of them had actually heard the voice of the Emperor.


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: The Potsdam Declaration was intended from the start to serve as legal basis for handling Japan after the war. After the surrender of the Japanese government and the landing of General MacArthur in Japan in September 1945, the Potsdam Declaration served as the legal basis for the occupation's reforms.


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: The Imperial Japanese Government, under the direction of prime minister Suzuki Kantarō, did not publicly entertain the possibility of surrender to the Allies. The historical controversy lies in whether or not the demand for an unconditional surrender by Japan stalled possible peace negotiations. If the demand for unconditional surrender had not been made, so the argument goes, there could be no argument for the necessity of the use firebombing and nuclear weapons against Japan. This is the flashpoint around which much of historiographical controversy surrounding the Declaration revolves.


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: According to historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, the Japanese Cabinet was not particularly inclined to surrender at all, and records of the events immediately after the dropping of the Hiroshima Bomb do not indicate an effect on the government towards surrender on the terms of the Potsdam Declaration immediately after the dropping of the bomb.


title: Potsdam Declaration

text: Hasegawa also notes that Stalin told Truman at the Potsdam Conference that the Soviet Union would begin war with Japan within the beginning of August, but that American estimates placed the estimated time at the end of the month.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: Rudramadevi is a 2015 Indian Telugu-language 3D biographical action film based on the life of Rudrama Devi, one of the prominent rulers of the Kakatiya dynasty in the Deccan, and one of the few ruling queens in Indian history. The film written and directed by Gunasekhar features Anushka Shetty in a titular role as Rudramadevi, alongside an ensemble cast including Allu Arjun, Rana Daggubati, Vikramjeet Virk, Krishnam Raju, Prakash Raj, Suman, Nithya Menen, Adithya, and Catherine Tresa. The film is narrated by Chiranjeevi. The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by Ilaiyaraaja.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: "Rudhramadevi" was released worldwide on 9 October 2015, with dubbed versions in Hindi and Malayalam languages. The Tamil version was released by Sri Thenandal Films on 16 October. The film became the fifth highest opening day grossing Indian film of 2015. It grossed 32 crore worldwide in the opening weekend.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: Ganapatideva (Krishnam Raju) is the emperor of the Kakatiya dynasty who rules the Kakatiya Empire from Orugallu (present day Warangal, Telangana) as its capital city. There are only two threats to Ganapati's rule. Murari Devudu (Adithya Menon) and Hari Hara Devudu (Suman), dukes of Kakatiya, are both obviously unsatisfied with Ganapati's reign, and plot to usurp the throne. Emperor Singhana of the Devagiri Empire also wishes to conquer the Kakatiyas and name his grandson and heir, Mahadeva, as the king. Meanwhile, Ganapati's wife is pregnant. Everyone prays for a boy child, because a prince can repel the Devagiri Empire and serve as a successor to the throne. A priest working for Murari and Hari Hara predicts Ganapati's baby will be a girl who will be the saviour of the kingdom.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: Ganapati's baby indeed turns out to be a girl, Rudramadevi (Anushka Shetty). Her birth disappoints Ganapati, who, being helpless, takes advice from his prime minister, Siva Devayya (Prakash Raj), to announce the baby to be a boy – Rudrama. Murari and Hari Hara go mad after hearing the news that Ganapati gets a prince, a successor to be of the crown; they then angrily kill the priest who predicted Rudrama would be a girl before "his" birth. Rudrama's gender and real name are kept secret from everyone other than Ganapati, his wife, and Siva Devayya; even Rudramadevi herself does not know she's a girl in her childhood.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: Rudrama is then brought up and trained in a prince's manner. After a few years of training, Rudrama is summoned back to Oragallu for her coronation as the crown prince. At her coronation, she befriends Chalukya Veerabhadra (Rana Daggubati), a neighborhing prince, and forms a friendly rivalry with Gona Ganna Reddy (Allu Arjun), another neighboring prince. She sneaks out of the capital along with Chalukya to bathe in the river. She realizes her gender when she sees an elegant statue of a beautiful woman. After seeing the boys disrobe, she realizes that her body is different from theirs. She then runs to her mother angrily and confusedly to ask the reason for hiding her real gender; her mother confesses the story and tells her the reason was to protect the kingdom. In front of her parents and Siva Devayya, Rudrama swears to continue living as a boy until the kingdom's safety is assured.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: Years later, in a sporting event, Naga Devudu, the nephew of Murari and Hari Hara, fails to subdue a raging elephant. Murari and Hari Hara challenge Rudrama to defeat the elephant. Rudrama accepts, however she is unaware that Murari and Hari Hara have rigged the competition so no one can win. Despite this, Rudrama wins the challenge, making her adored by several princesses in the scene, including Muktamba (Nithya Menen). Gona Ganna Reddy, one of Rudrama's playmates in childhood and who was then thrown out of the palace and is now called a traitor, shows up in the scene to confront Rudrama. Gona is now the leader of an opposition army, which has been a threat to Ganapati's position. He manages to escape when Ganapati's army tries to arrest him.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: Ganapati, unable to escape from the pressure from inside and outside his palace, decides to get Rudrama married to a princess, and he chooses Muktamba. On their wedding night, Rudrama, in order to protect her secret, tells Muktamba that she has taken a vow of celibacy until the kingdom is safe. The conversation is tapped by a spy of Murari and Hari Hara, and she tells it to the two, making the secret and the fame of the Ganapati's family in danger.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: The two plan to reveal the secret and use it as an excuse to force Ganapati off the throne. However, before they can do so, Siva Devayya decides to reveal the secret to the people.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: Siva Devayya then announces Rudramadevi's real identity and her to be the queen of the kingdom. The people of Kakatiya, after knowing Ganapati has cheated them for many years, become angry and unsatisfied and strongly object. Rudramadevi is not accepted by the people to be their queen and is hence driven out of the kingdom. Ganapati also loses the trust and support of his people because of this. Murari and Hari Hara take this chance to launch a coup using the secret passageway. They then proclaim that they will rule Oragallu in Mahadeva's name, while maintaining their own power. Before Murari and Hari Hara can kill Siva Devayya, he has a heart attack and dies.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: It doesn't take too long for the people to realize that who deserves to rule the kingdom, as Murari and Hari Hara start to prosecute them with higher tax rates and unprecedented cruelty and aristocracy soon after they take power. The desperate people, along with Siva Devayya (who faked his death), then turn to Rudramadevi to apologize and for help. Rudramadevi then forms these people as an opposition army to fight against her own kingdom's army.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: Rudramadevi and her army meet Gona Ganna Reddy's army on her way, which is surprisingly not about to attack her, but to help her get her crown back. It is revealed that Gona, who noticed Rudramadevi was a girl in their childhood, is not a traitor but a most loyal warrior of the kingdom. He had already expected that Rudramadevi would lose her power and be driven out of the kingdom one day, so he left the palace, pretending to be driven out for being a traitor, to form his own army to wait for the day.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: After they join hands, their united army is greater and stronger than that of Murari and Hari Hara and beats the latter. They also repel and defeat the Devagiri Empire. Rudramadevi then gets her crown back, marries Chalukya, and becomes the first queen in South Indian history.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: Director Gunasekhar readied a script based on the life of Rani Rudramadevi. Anushka, Nayanthara and Priyanka Chopra were considered for the title role but Anushka was signed based on her performance in Arundhati. Gunasekhar selected Ilaiyaraja to compose the music and Thotta Tharani for art direction. The film is made on a budget of . Mahesh Babu and Jr. NTR were first approached for the role of Gona Ganna Reddy, but both of them rejected the offer. Later, Allu Arjun was eventually selected to do the role. Neeta Lulla designed the costumes. Rapper Baba Sehgal was hired by director Gunasekhar for a role. Vikramjeet Virk, who earlier played a negative role in Ashutosh Gowarikar's "Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey" (2010) and in Puri Jagannadh's 2014 film "Heart Attack", was selected to play a negative character named Mahadeva Nayakadu.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: The filming was started on 14 February 2013 in Warangal. The first shot was shot at the Thousand Pillar Temple in Warangal. Final schedule of shoot ended in July 2014.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: The film's official trailer was released on 2 March 2015. The film was slated to be released on 26 June 2015, but it was but postponed to 9 October due to technical problems. Telangana state has given entertainment tax exemption for the film.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: HeroTalkies has legally released "Rudhramadevi" in 2D and 3D formats to overseas customers who have 3D TVs.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: Upon release, the film received positive reviews, with critics praising the direction, narration, and Anushka's performance. Belvoir Eagle gave the film 3.5/5 rating, and Kiaara Sindu of "The Hans India" rated 4/5.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: The film became the fifth highest opening-day gross of any Indian film in 2015. It grossed in its first weekend at the domestic box office, and it was finally an average grosser. It made in its first week. The worldwide collection exceeded in 17 days and in 21 days. The worldwide gross was in 35 days.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: The Hindi-dubbed version collected nett from its two weeks of release. The film had an overseas collection of $990,772 in 24 days, and $993,837 in 31 days.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: The soundtrack album and background score were composed by Ilaiyaraaja. The audio music was planned to release separately in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states having the Chief ministers of these states as chief guests. The songs were released simultaneously in Visakhapatnam and Warangal on 25 July 2015. Deccan Music named it as the Best Telugu Album of the month. The soundtrack for the Tamil version were released on 15 August 2015 and the Malayalam version was released on 4 September 2015, respectively.


title: Rudhramadevi (film)

text: "Rudhramadevi" is the first Telugu film to have its recording in London, United Kingdom. The garments and jewellery designed for the lead cast are available in NAC Jewellers in Chennai as Rudhramadevi Collections.


title: 2019–20 La Liga

text: The 2019–20 La Liga season, also known as LaLiga Santander for sponsorship reasons, was the 89th since its establishment. The season began on 16 August 2019 and was originally scheduled to conclude on 24 May 2020.


title: 2019–20 La Liga

text: Barcelona were the two-time defending champions, after winning their 26th title in the previous season. Osasuna, Granada and Mallorca joined as the promoted clubs from the 2018–19 Segunda División. They replaced Rayo Vallecano, Huesca and Girona, who were relegated to the 2019–20 Segunda División.


title: 2019–20 La Liga

text: On 12 March 2020, both La Liga and the Segunda División were suspended for at least two weeks due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The league became suspended indefinitely on 23 March. The season recommenced on 11 June, with matches being played every single day until 13 July; all games in the penultimate round were held on 16 July, with all final round matches being played on 19 July.


title: 2019–20 La Liga

text: On 16 July, Real Madrid secured a record-extending 34th league title with one match remaining, following their victory against Villarreal.


title: 2019–20 La Liga

text: A total of 20 teams contested the league, including 17 sides from the 2018–19 season and three promoted from the 2018–19 Segunda División. This included the two top teams from the Segunda División, and the winners of the play-offs.


title: 2019–20 La Liga

text: The first team to be relegated from La Liga were Rayo Vallecano. Their relegation was ensured on 5 May 2019, after Valladolid beat Athletic Bilbao 1−0, suffering an immediate return to the Segunda División. The second team to be relegated were Huesca, who were also relegated on 5 May 2019 after a 2−6 home defeat to Valencia, also suffering an immediate return to the second tier. The third and final relegated club were Girona, who concluded their two-year stay in La Liga in a 1−2 away loss at Alavés on 18 May 2019.


title: 2019–20 La Liga

text: Osasuna (on 20 May 2019) and Granada (on 4 June 2019) were the two teams directly promoted from Segunda División, both after a two-year absence. The third and final team to earn promotion to La Liga was play-offs winner Mallorca, after coming back from a 2-goal deficit against Deportivo La Coruña on 23 June 2019. Mallorca returned after a six-year absence from Spain's top flight, spending one of those years in the Segunda División B and achieving two consecutive promotions.


title: 2019–20 La Liga

text: The Zamora Trophy is awarded by newspaper "Marca" to the goalkeeper with the lowest goals-to-games ratio. A goalkeeper had to have played at least 28 games of 60 or more minutes to be eligible for the trophy.


title: 2019–20 La Liga

text: On 15 April 2019, Puma announced their official partnership with La Liga to manufacture the official match ball for the Liga de Fútbol Profesional. This ended La Liga's 23-year partnership with Nike.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar () is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language black comedy drama film directed and produced by Dibakar Banerjee with distribution by Yash Raj Films. Parineeti Chopra and Arjun Kapoor star in lead roles. The filming began on 7 November 2017 in Mahipalpur. Initially scheduled for theatrical release on 20 March 2020, the film was postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic in India. After being delayed for a year, it was finally released theatrically on 19 March 2021 and later on Amazon Prime.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: Made on the budget of 20 crores the film grossed 58.125 lakhs globally, emerging as a box office bomb. The critical reception was mixed-to-positive with praise towards the storyline, performances(particularly Chopra), Banerjee's direction and social commentary but criticism towards its slow pacing.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: At the 67th Filmfare Awards, "Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar" received 10 nominations, including Best Film (Critics), Best Actress (Chopra) and Best Supporting Actress (Gupta), and won Best Dialogue (Grover & Banerjee).


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: The film opens with a group of friends joking in their SUV while returning home from a party when suddenly, they are killed in a rain of bullets. Several hours earlier, Sandeep Kaur Walia a.k.a. Sandy, a top executive at Parivartan Bank, is waiting for her boss, Parichay, for a dinner date at an upscale restaurant. She meets a journalist, Purva, who invites her to a party later in the evening. Outside, Sandy meets Satinder Dahiya alias "Pinky", who informs her that he is a cop with Haryana police and Parichay has sent a car to take her to a different location. Sandy is annoyed by Pinky's driving, especially since he is continuously on the phone with his boss (informing him of their location) and reveals that she is three months pregnant. Pinky encounters hooting from an SUV of young men and when his boss asks for his car's license plate number, he gives the number of the SUV.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: The SUV is stopped at a police checkpost and they start firing indiscriminately at it, as shown in the first scene. Pinky, who is behind the SUV, witnesses the massacre and drives to an isolated place. He concludes that Sandy was the actual target and the police wanted to kill him as well to make Sandy a casualty in a failed operation on a suspended police officer. Pinky calls up his boss Tyagi, the head of a private security firm, who tries to calm him down and demands answers from Sandy but she remains evasive.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: Sandy takes Pinky to the party Purva invited her to in order to relax and get a sense of the situation, where she finds that her SM accounts are blocked. The police track her and the duo flees the party. Pinky briefly considers killing Sandy to protect himself but cannot go through with it. He plans to go to Nepal and Sandy asks Pinky to take her with him, promising a million rupees in exchange. They travel by train and then bus to Pithoragarh, a border town to Nepal. Upset by the unsanitary conditions around her, Sandy requests a friendly couple, Aunty and Uncle, in the market to take them as paying guests. Pinky finds an agent who will create fake documents for them to cross over.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: Uncle reveals that he has invested four lakhs in the 'Swabhiman' scheme of Parivartan Bank. Sandy is alarmed and helps him to withdraw his money from the scheme. Sandy reveals to Pinky that the Swabhiman scheme was her brainchild: a fraudulent scheme designed to get a vast number of depositors in a small-time to save her sinking bank. During this time, she had an affair with her boss and became pregnant. Sandy wanted to resign after taking her share of 32 crores for the sake of her child, which Parichay refused and is the reason he wants to kill her. She gets Uncle a refund from the scheme at the bank by offering the manager a chance to embezzle a few million rupees using her intimate knowledge of its operations.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: Later that night, when the funds are transferred, Parichay's team in Delhi is alerted to Sandy's location. The bank manager recognizes Sandy and tries to rape her but she fights him off and consequently suffers a miscarriage. Pinky tends to Sandy's wounds and cremates her foetus. Sandy cannot bear this loss and goes into shock. Pinky tries to help her recover and they grow closer.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: Tyagi traces the two to a wedding procession which they were supposed to use as a guise to cross the border. Pinky learns of this and calls Tyagi, asking him to let Sandy pass in return for the 1 million he had earlier received from her and his surrender but his boss refuses. Sandy decides to settle some scores and convinces Pinky to leave without her. She returns to the city while Pinky cross-dresses and escapes the police check post.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: Sandy understands that if Tyagi's team gets hold of her, she would be killed. She instead surrenders herself to the local police and exposes the scam of Parivartan Bank. Purva visits Sandy in jail and tells her about Parichay's arrest, with six cases of fraud filed against him. Purva points out that Sandy could have received a lighter sentence and more sympathy if she disclosed her miscarriage but Sandy refuses. Purva then gives Sandy a package from P. Thapa, which has been posted from Nepal, addressed to her. It contains only a few photos of kids dancing in a Bollywood dance school in Nepal. Sandy understands it's from Pinky and smiles.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: Yash Raj Films announced the film on 3 July 2017. It marks the third collaboration between Kapoor and Chopra after they starred together in "Ishaqzaade" (2012), which was followed by the two pairing up again in "Namaste England" (2018).


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: On 30 October 2017, Arjun Kapoor shared an image of his character which is shown to be a cop. On 27 March 2018, the second look of both actors came out giving a glimpse of their different worlds.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: Filming took place at the nearby places (Pithoragarh) of Indo-Nepal border of Uttarakhand. To get into their characters, Banerjee insisted the two not to communicate with each other prior to filming and even off-screen. Filming of Arjun's portion wrapped up on 17 January 2018.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: The film's soundtrack is composed by Anu Malik, Dibakar Banerjee, Narendra Chandra and Kamlesh Haripuri, with lyrics written by Anu Malik, Dibakar Banerjee, Pardhaan, Narendra Chandra, Sangeeta Chandra and Kamlesh Haripuri. The film's background score is composed by Dibakar Banerjee.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: Initially scheduled for release on 20 March 2020, the film release was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The producers announced in May 2020 that the film's release had been postponed until theatres reopen. The film was released in theatres on 19 March 2021.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: Upon release, the film received mixed reviews from the film critics who generally praised the performances of the lead actors, particularly of Chopra's but criticised the film for its slow pacing.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV awarded the film 3.5 stars (out of 5) and wrote, ‘‘"Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar" is an inspired cinematic essay that draws strength from upending time-worn tics’’. Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" gave the film 3 stars (out of 5) and wrote, ‘‘Dibakar Banerji, who has a nuanced eye when it comes to depicting power play and class differences in the NCR, should have given us a tighter film’’. Sukanya Verma of Rediff gave the film 3 stars (out of 5) and stated, ‘‘"Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar" is an intriguing mess’’. Stutee Ghosh of "The Quint" gave the film a score of 3 (out of 5) and wrote, ‘‘Devoid of excesses and dramatic highs, the sparseness with which Banerjee steers the story adds meaning and subtly. While mainstream Bollywood fares spell out every little detail and even hammer it repeatedly, "Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar" fervently sticks to its austerity’’. Anupama Chopra of "Film Companion" wrote, ‘‘"Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar" doesn't have the pacing that you might expect in a chase film. The narrative has long stretches that plod dangerously. But ultimately, Dibakar steers it to a climax that is both stinging and satisfying’’.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: Anna M. M. Vetticad of "Firstpost" gave the film 2.75 stars (out of 5) and wrote, ‘‘The film is a mixed bag but I found myself drawn to its quietude and to its heartening conviction that kindness may be found in the most unexpected places and the most unexpected persons could turn out to be allies, sometimes without the expectation of anything in return’’. Ronak Kotecha of "Times of India" gave 2.5 stars (out of 5) and wrote, ‘‘"Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar" is one of those neo-noir films that set out with a promise to engage, entertain and educate by slowly unraveling its layered subtext. But with its preposterous execution and frustratingly slow pace, it’s the audience who might want to escape, much before Sandeep and Pinky’’. Film critic based at "Bollywood Hungama" gave the film 2 stars (out of 5) and wrote, ‘‘"Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar" has a bearable first half but goes terribly downhill in the second hour’’. However, they praised Chopra and Kapoor by stating that they delivered a ‘‘convincing’’ and ‘‘restrained’’ respectively. Tanul Thakur of "The Wire (India)" called the film “a joyless, drab watch” and stated that its Banerjee’s most ‘‘underwhelming’’ movie. He wrote, ‘‘The most obvious culprits are the lead actors who struggle to bring any kind of magnetism or chemistry to their roles’’.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: The film was released in 375 screens on 19 March 2021. The film earned 6 lakhs on its opening day and the opening weekend collection was 20 lakhs.


title: Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar

text: In its complete theatrical run the film grossed lakh in India and lakh overseas, for a worldwide gross collection of lakhs.


title: Anna-Louise Plowman

text: Plowman was born in New Zealand. She attended Samuel Marsden Collegiate School, Wellington, between 1982 and 1989, and then the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art and the Lecoq School in Paris.


title: Anna-Louise Plowman

text: She played consultant anaesthetist Annalese Carson in "Holby City" and Sarah Gardner/Osiris in "Stargate SG-1". In 2003 she played Melinda MacLean, wife of British communist spy Donald Maclean, and mistress of spy Kim Philby (played by her husband Toby Stephens), in the TV mini-series "Cambridge Spies".


title: Anna-Louise Plowman

text: She played Diana Goddard in the "Doctor Who" story "Dalek" in 2005. Plowman also played the role of "C" in a revival of Edward Albee's play, "Three Tall Women", in 2006, at the Oxford Playhouse.


title: Anna-Louise Plowman

text: From 2016 to 2017, she played chamber maid Mrs Hudson in the series "Black Sails", which also starred Toby Stephens.


title: Anna-Louise Plowman

text: Plowman married actor Toby Stephens, who is the son of actors Dame Maggie Smith and the late Sir Robert Stephens, in London, in 2001. In May 2007, Plowman and Stephens had their first child, a son named Eli Alistair. Simon Gray, the renowned British playwright (who wrote "Japes", a stage play, and "Missing Dates", a radio drama, both of which starred Stephens), was Eli's godfather. Their daughters, Tallulah and Kura, were born in May 2009 and in September 2010, respectively.


title: Anna-Louise Plowman

text: Plowman and Stephens performed together as Sibyl and Elyot in Jonathan Kent's revival of "Private Lives" for the 2012 Chichester Festival, reprised at the Gielgud Theatre in 2013.


title: Robert Glasper

text: Robert Andre Glasper (born April 6, 1978) is an American pianist, record producer, songwriter, and musical arranger with a career that bridges several different musical and artistic genres, mostly centered on jazz. To date, Glasper has won four Grammy Awards and received nine nominations across eight categories.


title: Robert Glasper

text: Glasper's breakout crossover album, "Black Radio," won the 2013 Grammy for best R&B album, and following this success he performed on various successful albums, including playing keyboards on Kendrick Lamar's "To Pimp a Butterfly" and winning another Grammy for the track “These Walls”. The ongoing Black Radio series of albums has since become Glasper's calling card, with guests such as Yasiin Bey (formerly Mos Def), Bilal, Ledisi, Lupe Fiasco, Jill Scott, and Erykah Badu. "Black Radio" was the first album in history to debut in the top 10 of four different genre charts simultaneously: Hip Hop R&B, Urban Contemporary, Jazz and Contemporary Jazz. The feat was then repeated by "Black Radio 2".


title: Robert Glasper

text: Glasper has toured extensively, drawing a large and loyal following globally. He has also been an Artist in Residence at some of the most prestigious festivals and institutions worldwide, including the London Jazz Festival, North Sea Jazz Festival, The Kennedy Center, Hollywood Bowl, Carnegie Hall and the Blue Note Jazz Club.


title: Robert Glasper

text: Glasper has written, performed and produced on albums by Mac Miller, Anderson .Paak, Banks, Herbie Hancock, Big K.R.I.T., Brittany Howard, Bilal, Kendrick Lamar, Denzel Curry, Q-Tip, Common and Talib Kweli amongst others. Glasper has also written music successfully for film. He won the 2017 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics for his song "A Letter to the Free" featured in Ava DuVernay’s critically hailed documentary, "13th", with Common and Karriem Riggins. Glasper has also scored the Emmy-winning documentary "The Apollo", won a Grammy for his soundtrack to "Miles Ahead", and composed the original score for Issa Rae’s "The Photograph".


title: Robert Glasper

text: Glasper's earliest musical influence was his mother, Kim Yvette Glasper, who sang jazz and blues professionally. She took him with her to club dates rather than leave her son with babysitters. She was the music director at the East Wind Baptist Church, where Glasper first performed in public. He performed during services at three churches: Baptist, Catholic and Seventh-day Adventist. Glasper has said that he first developed his sound in church, where he learned his own way to hear harmony and was inspired to mix church and gospel harmonies with jazz harmonies.


title: Robert Glasper

text: Glasper attended Elkins High School in Missouri City, Texas, and the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts. In tenth grade he performed with the jazz band at Texas Southern University. He was in the second Vail Jazz Workshop in 1997, and went on to attend the New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music in New York City. At the New School, Glasper met neo-soul singer Bilal. They began performing and recording together, which led to associations with a variety of hip hop and R&B artists parallel to Glasper's emerging jazz career.


title: Robert Glasper

text: Glasper's playing career was launched in earnest whilst still studying at The New School in New York when he started touring as a sideman with some of the established greats of the scene (bassist Christian McBride, and trumpeters Terence Blanchard and Roy Hargrove). At the same time, Robert was forging a friendship with his New School-mate Bilal, as well as a musical bond that saw them embedded in a burgeoning hip hop and neo soul movement alongside era-defining artists such as Jill Scott, The Roots and J Dilla—during which time Glasper became music director for Yasiin Bey (formerly Mos Def).


title: Robert Glasper

text: Glasper released his first album, Mood, in 2002 with Fresh Sound New Talent. Mood features six original compositions alongside versions of the jazz standards including Herbie Hancock's "Maiden Voyage". Primarily a piano trio recording, with Bob Hurst on bass and Damion Reid on drums, the album also features saxophonists Marcus Strickland and John Ellis, along with the vocalist Bilal.


title: Robert Glasper

text: Around this time, Glasper recorded with Bilal at Electric Lady Studios for the singer's unreleased but widely leaked second album, "Love for Sale".


title: Robert Glasper

text: In 2005 Glasper released his debut on Blue Note Records, "Canvas", with what was to become his quintessential piano trio lineup of Vicente Archer on bass and Damion Reid on drums. The album features nine original compositions alongside a cover of Herbie Hancock's "Riot".


title: Robert Glasper

text: His third album, "In My Element", was released in 2007 and includes songs written in honor of Glasper's mother ("Tribute") and hip hop producer J Dilla ("J Dillalude"). The pianist also revisits Hancock's "Maiden Voyage" in what was becoming his signature fusion style, moving between contemporary and classic as it segues into a version of Radiohead's "Everything in Its Right Place", and quoting Duke Ellington's "Fleurette Africaine".


title: Robert Glasper

text: Glasper's 2009 album, "Double-Booked", is divided between songs performed by Glasper in an acoustic piano trio format, and his groundbreaking electric group, The Experiment, with Derrick Hodge, Casey Benjamin and Chris "Daddy" Dave. The album features guest vocals and spoken-word appearances by Bilal and Yasiin Bey (formerly Mos Def). The track "All Matter", which featured Bilal, received a 2010 Grammy Award nomination for Best Urban/Alternative Performance.


title: Robert Glasper

text: In February 2012, Glasper released his fifth and seminal album "Black Radio", which featured performances by a lineup of neo-soul and hip-hop artists including Lupe Fiasco, Bilal, Lalah Hathaway, Erykah Badu and Yasiin Bey. "Black Radio" was met with both commercial success (a #10 debut on "Billboard"s Top Current Albums chart) and critical acclaim, with "Rolling Stone" declaring that it "feels like a blueprint forward", and went on to win the 2013 Grammy for best R&B album. In 2012 a concert at the Village Vanguard was recorded on video and published on YouTube. In November 2012, "Black Radio Recovered: The Remix EP" was released with five remixed tracks from the prior album, including remixes by Questlove, Solange, Georgia Muldrow, Pete Rock and 9th Wonder.


title: Robert Glasper

text: In October 2013, Glasper released "Black Radio 2". The core remained the Robert Glasper Experiment, featuring Robert Glasper on keyboards, Derrick Hodge on bass, Mark Colenburg on drums, and Casey Benjamin on vocoder and saxophone. Guest vocalists included Common, Brandy, Jill Scott, Marsha Ambrosius, Anthony Hamilton, Faith Evans, Norah Jones, Snoop Dogg, Lupe Fiasco and Emeli Sandé. Notably, Lalah Hathaway and Malcolm-Jamal Warner were featured on a cover of Stevie Wonder's "Jesus Children of America", a dedication to the victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shootings. The track would go on to win the Grammy for Best Traditional R&B Performance in 2015, whilst the album was nominated for Best R&B album.


title: Robert Glasper

text: On June 16, 2015, Robert Glasper released "Covered", a return to his acoustic piano trio format alongside musicians Damion Reid and Vicente Archer. The album features cover songs, drawn from an eclectic variety of artists, including Radiohead, John Legend, Kendrick Lamar, and Joni Mitchell. The album was recorded live at Capitol Studios in 2014. "Covered" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album.


title: Robert Glasper

text: 2015 saw Glasper and Lauryn Hill co-produce "Nina Revisited... A Tribute to Nina Simone", an all-star tribute album pegged to the release of Liz Garbus's documentary "What Happened, Miss Simone?" The album features artists bringing a contemporary reimagining of Nina Simone's catalogue including contributions from Usher, Common and Mary J. Blige.


title: Robert Glasper

text: In 2015, Glasper served as producer, composer, and arranger for the film "Miles Ahead", a biopic documenting the life of jazz trumpeter Miles Davis, whom Glasper cites as being one of his major musical influences. The soundtrack primarily consists of arrangements and interpretations of some of Davis' most well-known compositions, with the exception of a few tunes written by Glasper himself, and won him the 2017 Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media.


title: Robert Glasper

text: In 2016, Glasper was able to pay further tribute to Miles Davis, releasing "Everything's Beautiful" on May 27, 2016, his first with Columbia Records and Legacy Recordings. The album serves as a tribute to Davis by way of remixes and reinterpretations of several of his original works. The album debuted in the top 10 billboard Hip Hop and R&B charts, the highest Miles Davis charted according to "Rolling Stone". Although Davis died in 1991, he is credited as a co-artist of the album. The album includes features from Stevie Wonder, Bilal, Illa J, Erykah Badu, Phonte, Hiatus Kaiyote, Laura Mvula, Georgia Anne Muldrow, Ledisi, and John Scofield.


title: Robert Glasper

text: September 16, 2016 marked Glasper's return to his electric group, the Robert Glasper Experiment, with the release of "ArtScience": The first Experiment LP where all members write and produce, and the first with no guest vocalists, although Glasper himself sings on the album. It features saxophonist and vocalist Casey Benjamin, bassist Derrick Hodge and drummer Mark Colenburg alongside Glasper, and was recorded in New Orleans. Glasper would go on to release a remix version of the album in collaboration with Kaytranada in 2018 entitled "Robert Glasper x Kaytranada: The ArtScience Remixes".


title: Robert Glasper

text: 2016 saw Glasper receive attention for his prominent role on Kendrick Lamar's critically acclaimed album "To Pimp a Butterfly", notably playing on the Grammy-winning track "These Walls".


title: Robert Glasper

text: In October 2016, Glasper co-hosted the inaugural Blue Note Cruise alongside Gregory Porter. The cruise became an annual event and Robert co-hosts it each year with bassist Marcus Miller.


title: Robert Glasper

text: In January 2017, Glasper performed with Christina Aguilera at Taking the Stage, the celebratory concert commemorating the opening of the Smithsonian's new National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C. It was hosted by Dave Chappelle and featured a plethora of other icons of black music and culture including Stevie Wonder, Mary J. Blige, Chuck D and others. The concert was made into a feature-length program and broadcast on ABC in June 2020.


title: Robert Glasper

text: In February 2017, Glasper partnered with Afropunk as Creative and Musical Director for their special Unapologetically Black show, performed at the Apollo Theater. A celebration of African American protest music, the show featured Jill Scott, Bilal, Staceyann Chin and Toshi Reagon alongside a special big band ensemble led by Glasper.


title: Robert Glasper

text: On September 29, 2017 Glasper released "Our Point of View" with the Blue Note All Stars band, for which he brought together other leading figures of his generation for a special project celebrating the legacy and future of Blue Note Records. The record featured each artist's original compositions as well as a jam session, recorded live in the studio, where the band were joined by Glasper's heroes and jazz icons Herbie Hancock and Wayne Shorter. Don Was co-produced the album with Glasper and footage of the recording session features on Sophi Huber's 2019 documentary, "Blue Note Records: Behind the Notes".


title: Robert Glasper

text: In September 2017, Glasper appeared on a live stream with Esperanza Spalding while recording "Heaven in Pennies" for Spalding's album "Exposure", which was released in December 2017.


title: Robert Glasper

text: In 2018 Glasper formed two new supergroups: R+R=Now with Terrace Martin, Derrick Hodge, Taylor McFerrin, Christian Scott and Justin Tyson; and August Greene with Common and Karriem Riggins accompanied by Burniss Travis and Samora Pinderhughes.


title: Robert Glasper

text: R+R=Now stands for Reflect+Respond=Now, a nod to Nina Simone's statement that "An artist's duty, as far as I'm concerned, is to reflect the times" and a reference to the current political climate. R+R=Now's debut album, "Collagically Speaking", was released on June 15, 2018.


title: Robert Glasper

text: August Greene was formed by Glasper, Common and Riggins after Glasper and Riggins jointly produced Common's "Black America" album, which included the Emmy-winning track "Letter to the Free", which featured on Ava DuVernay's documentary "13th". The group had previously performed together for a special edition of the Tiny Desk Concerts concert series at the White House in 2016, the only one done in the location. August Greene released their self-titled debut album on February 21, 2018.


title: Robert Glasper

text: In October 2018 Glasper launched the first of what would become his annual month-long residencies at the Blue Note Jazz Club.


title: Robert Glasper

text: Each year, in the course of playing 56 sold-out shows across 30 days, Glasper curates a unique program—testimony to the breadth of his portfolio, vision and bandmates—and draws the great and the good of his creative community to the shows on and off stage. Projects have included a tribute to Stevie Wonder with Luke James, a band with Yasiin Bey (formerly Mos Def) and a trio with Esperanza Spalding. Guests have ranged from Common, Black Thought, Yebba and Q-Tip to Angela Davis and Ilyasah Shabazz, Dave Chappelle and Tiffany Haddish, many of whom have made unscripted appearances performing with Glasper as well as watching the show.


title: Robert Glasper

text: In the summer of 2019 Glasper was Artist in Residence at the North Sea Jazz Festival, curating and performing over the weekend with a series of special bands and projects across the festival's stages.


title: Robert Glasper

text: In September 2019 Glasper was Artist in Residence at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. He commemorated the opening of their new building with a two-week series of events and outreach.


title: Robert Glasper

text: On October 3, 2019 Glasper released the mixtape "Fuck Yo Feelings", his first recording with Loma Vista Recordings, on the first day of his 56-show 2019 residency at the Blue Note Jazz Club. "Fuck Yo Feelings" is the result of a two-day session in which Glasper texted invitations to his musician friends to stop by the studio and organically create together. Featured artists, who included Herbie Hancock, Cordae, Buddy, Andra Day, Yebba, Baby Rose and Rhapsody, often composed their contributions on the spot. The album's name mirrors a tattoo that Glasper got a week before recording.


title: Robert Glasper

text: In 2019 Robert Glasper appeared in Toni Thai Sterrett's "Potty Break" web series as an R&B artist named "The Hawk".


title: Robert Glasper

text: Glasper closed out 2019 by composing the original music for the documentary "The Apollo", which tells the story of the Harlem venue of the same name. Glasper co-wrote and performed the film's end credit song "Don't Turn Back Now" alongside Ledisi.


title: Robert Glasper

text: In 2020 Glasper continued his work on the big screen by writing the score for the film "The Photograph". Released on February 14, 2020, the film was directed by Stella Meghie and stars Issa Rae and Lakeith Stanfield.


title: Robert Glasper

text: On June 25, 2020, Robert Glasper, Kamasi Washington, Terrace Martin, and 9th Wonder announced the formation of a supergroup, Dinner Party. They released a single, "Freeze Tag", followed by their self-titled debut album July 10, 2020.


title: Robert Glasper

text: In March 2020 March Glasper performed at the March On Washington with Derrick Hodge and George Clinton.


title: Robert Glasper

text: On August 27 of 2020, Robert released "Better Than I Imagined", the first single from his forthcoming "Black Radio 3" album. It features H.E.R. and Meshell Ndegeocello.


title: Robert Glasper

text: In August 2020, Glasper contributed to the live streamed recording of the singer Bilal's EP "Voyage-19", created remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. It was released the following month with proceeds from its sales going to participating musicians in financial hardship from the pandemic.


title: Robert Glasper

text: In September 2020 Glasper collaborated with Common to write and perform the ending theme song for the educational Netflix show "Bookmarks", in which Black celebrities and artists read children's books by Black authors to spark meaningful conversations about empathy, equality, justice, self-love, and anti-racism. Presented by Marley Dias, the show features readings by Lupita Nyong'o, Jill Scott, Misty Copeland, Karamo Brown and more.


title: Robert Glasper

text: In 2018, Glasper appeared on The Potash Twins series 'Beats + Bites' (Bravo TV) along with Wynton Marsalis, Smino & Tom Colicchio.


title: Robert Glasper

text: On January 14, 2022, Glasper announced on his Instagram page that on February 25 he would be releasing the third installment in his "Black Radio" series, entitled "Black Radio III".


title: Robert Glasper

text: Glasper's albums are centered on his work as a solo artist, and two bands: The Robert Glasper Trio (on piano Robert Glasper, drummer Damion Reid, and bassist Vicente Archer) as an acoustic jazz trio, and The Robert Glasper Experiment (Glasper, drummer Mark Colenburg, saxophonist/vocoderist Casey Benjamin and bassist Derrick Hodge) as an electronic act that defies genre norms from any single discipline. "That's what makes this band unique... We can go anywhere, literally anywhere, we want to go. We all have musical ADD and we love it." With primary influences in neo-soul, hip-hop, jazz, gospel, and R&B, Glasper also has reinterpreted songs from rock acts Nirvana, Radiohead, Soundgarden, and David Bowie. As a jazz artist, Rashod D. Ollison reviewed him after the release of "Canvas" as "a gifted jazz musician with a brilliant, energetic technique and a fresh, mesmerizing sense of melody and composition".


title: Robert Glasper

text: Glasper claims that the music of Miles Davis has had a significant influence on his style throughout his career as a musician. Both the soundtrack for "Miles Ahead" and the tribute album "Everything's Beautiful" are clear indications of this influence.


title: Robert Glasper

text: "I'm obviously influenced by Miles Davis – even just the psyche of how he thinks about music...how he moves through, and always wanted to reflect the times he's in. That's what I'm doing now. He opened that door."


title: Robert Kagan

text: Robert Kagan (; born September 26, 1958) is an American neoconservative scholar, critic of U.S. foreign policy, and a leading advocate of liberal interventionism.


title: Robert Kagan

text: A co-founder of the neoconservative Project for the New American Century, he is a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. Kagan has been a foreign policy adviser to U.S. Republican presidential candidates as well as Democratic administrations via the Foreign Affairs Policy Board. He writes a monthly column on world affairs for "The Washington Post". During the 2016 U.S. presidential election campaign, Kagan left the Republican Party due to the party's nomination of Donald Trump and endorsed the Democratic candidate, Hillary Clinton, for president.


title: Robert Kagan

text: Kagan was born in Athens, Greece. His father, historian Donald Kagan, the Sterling Professor of Classics and History Emeritus at Yale University and a specialist in the history of the Peloponnesian War, was of Lithuanian Jewish descent. His brother, Frederick, is a military historian and author. Kagan has a BA in history (1980) from Yale, where in 1979 he had been Editor-in-Chief of the "Yale Political Monthly", a periodical he is credited with reviving. He later earned a Master of Public Policy from Harvard's Kennedy School of Government and a PhD in American history from American University in Washington, D.C.


title: Robert Kagan

text: Kagan is married to American diplomat Victoria Nuland, who served as deputy national security advisor to Vice President Dick Cheney and Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs in the Biden administration since April 2021, and previously as Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs in the Barack Obama administration. Nuland held the rank of Career Ambassador, the highest diplomatic rank in the United States Foreign Service. She is noted for her criticism of Russian policies.


title: Robert Kagan

text: In 1983, Kagan was foreign policy advisor to New York Republican Representative Jack Kemp. From 1984 to 1986, under the administration of Ronald Reagan, he was a speechwriter for Secretary of State George P. Shultz and a member of the United States Department of State Policy Planning Staff. From 1986 to 1988, he served in the State Department Bureau of Inter-American Affairs.


title: Robert Kagan

text: In 1997, Kagan co-founded the now-defunct neoconservative think tank Project for the New American Century with William Kristol. Through the work of the PNAC, from 1998, Kagan was an early and strong advocate of military action in Syria, Iran, Afghanistan as well as to "remove Mr. Hussein and his regime from power". In January 2002, Kagan and Kristol falsely claimed in a "Weekly Standard" article that Saddam Hussein was supporting the "existence of a terrorist training camp in Iraq, complete with a Boeing 707 for practicing hijackings, and filled with non-Iraqi radical Muslims". Kagan and Kristol further alleged that the September 11 hijacker Mohamed Atta met with an Iraqi intelligence official several months before the attacks. The allegations were later shown to be false.


title: Robert Kagan

text: From 1998 until August, 2010, Kagan was a Senior Associate with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He was appointed senior fellow in the Center on United States and Europe at the Brookings Institution in September 2010.


title: Robert Kagan

text: During the 2008 presidential campaign he served as foreign policy advisor to John McCain, the Republican Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 2008 election.


title: Robert Kagan

text: Since 2011, Kagan has also served on the 25-member State Department's Foreign Affairs Policy Board under Secretaries of State Hillary Clinton and John Kerry.


title: Robert Kagan

text: Andrew Bacevich referred to Kagan as "the chief neoconservative foreign-policy theorist" in reviewing Kagan's book "The Return of History and the End of Dreams".


title: Robert Kagan

text: A profile in "The Guardian" described Kagan as being "uncomfortable" with the 'neocon' title, and stated that "he insists he is 'liberal' and 'progressive' in a distinctly American tradition".


title: Robert Kagan

text: In 2008, Kagan wrote an article titled "Neocon Nation: Neoconservatism, c. 1776" for "World Affairs", describing the main components of American neoconservatism as a belief in the rectitude of applying US moralism to the world stage, support for the US to act alone, the promotion of American-style liberty and democracy in other countries, the belief in American hegemony, the confidence in US military power, and a distrust of international institutions. According to Kagan, his foreign-policy views are "deeply rooted in American history and widely shared by Americans".


title: Robert Kagan

text: In 2006, Kagan wrote that Russia and China are the greatest "challenge liberalism faces today": "Nor do Russia and China welcome the liberal West's efforts to promote liberal politics around the globe, least of all in regions of strategic importance to them. ... Unfortunately, al-Qaeda may not be the only challenge liberalism faces today, or even the greatest." In a February 2017 essay for Foreign Policy, Kagan argued that U.S. post-Cold War retrenchment in global affairs has emboldened Russia and China, "the two great revisionist powers," and will eventually lead to instability and conflict.


title: Robert Kagan

text: In October 2018, Kagan said: "Unless are you willing to punish" Saudi Arabia for the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi, "then they own you."


title: Robert Kagan

text: Kagan is a columnist for "The Washington Post". He has also written for "The New York Times", "Foreign Affairs", "The Wall Street Journal", "Commentary", "World Affairs", and "Policy Review".


title: Robert Kagan

text: Regarding Kagan's July 2000 opinion piece "Problem with Powell", Guy Roberts stated that "PNAC co-founder Robert Kagan sought to explain core differences" between the positions of the neoconservatives and those of Colin Powell. In that piece, Kagan wrote,


title: Robert Kagan

text: Clarence Lusane has described Kagan as blaming Powell "for Saddam Hussein remaining in power" in the "Washington Post" piece.


title: Robert Kagan

text: In a subsequent opinion piece "Spotlight on Colin Powell" ("The Philadelphia Inquirer", February 12, 2002) Kagan praised Powell for "[a]rticulately defending the new Bush Doctrine" and declaring "his support for 'regime change' in Iraq".


title: Robert Kagan

text: In 2003, Kagan's book "Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order", published on the eve of the US invasion of Iraq, created something of a sensation through its assertions that Europeans tended to favor peaceful resolutions of international disputes while the United States takes a more "Hobbesian" view in which some kinds of disagreement can only be settled by force, or, as he put it: "Americans are from Mars and Europe is from Venus." A "New York Times" book reviewer, Ivo H. Daalder wrote:


title: Robert Kagan

text: In "Dangerous Nation: America's Place in the World from its Earliest Days to the Dawn of the Twentieth Century" (2006) Kagan argued forcefully against what he considers the widespread misconception that the United States had been isolationist since its inception. "Dangerous Nation" was awarded the 2007 Lepgold Prize by Georgetown University.


title: Robert Kagan

text: Kagan's essay "Not Fade Away: The Myth of American Decline" ("The New Republic", February 2, 2012) was very positively received by President Obama. Josh Rogin reported in "Foreign Policy" that the president "spent more than 10 minutes talking about it...going over its arguments paragraph by paragraph." The essay was excerpted from Kagan's book, "The World America Made" (2012).


title: Robert Kagan

text: John Bew and Kagan lectured on March 27, 2014, on Realpolitik and American exceptionalism at the Library of Congress.