title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: On July 14, an outbreak of mostly weak tornadoes struck the state of Iowa, with at least 26 tornadoes being confirmed in the state. A tornado watch was issued for northern Iowa at 2:35 pm CDT, and numerous tornadic supercells moved through central and eastern portions of the state. The most significant tornado of the outbreak was a large multiple-vortex EF3 tornado that destroyed a farmstead near Lake City, Iowa, and caused damage to a bus shed, trees, power lines, and the roofs of homes in the town itself. An EF2 tornado caused substantial damage to trees, power lines, and farm buildings near Waverly. An EF1 tornado destroyed outbuildings and inflicted roof damage to homes in the town of Dysart, and other EF1 tornadoes caused minor to moderate damage to crops and farms as they passed near Readlyn, Shell Rock, and Stanhope, Iowa. An EF0 tornado caused tree, roof, and siding damage in Oelwein as well. The next day, the weather system moved northeastward into Canada and produced six EF2 tornadoes and one EF1 tornado in Ontario, along with one EF1 tornado in Quebec. The most significant tornado of the day was a high-end EF2 tornado that impacted Barrie, where significant damage to many homes occurred in residential areas of town. Multiple homes had their roofs torn off, and a few sustained some loss of their second floor exterior walls. Trees were downed and cars were flipped by the tornado as well. A total of 71 homes were left uninhabitable due to the tornado. Ten people were injured in Barrie, a few seriously. An EF1 tornado was confirmed between Chalk River and Petawawa, causing tree damage along its path, while another EF1 tornado was confirmed near Sheenboro, Quebec. A strong EF2 tornado injured one person and severely damaged a brick farmhouse near Little Britain, which had its roof ripped off and also sustained some collapse of its upper exterior walls. Near Lorneville, another EF2 tornado carved a 13 km long damage path, downing trees and destroying barns and farm outbuildings. Two EF2 tornadoes also tracked through remote areas near Dwight and Lake Traverse, snapping and uprooting numerous trees. The sixth EF2 tornado was confirmed near Sunbeam Lake in Algonquin Provincial Park, downing a swath of trees and injuring two campers. A total of 32 tornadoes were confirmed as a result of this outbreak, which caused 13 injuries. The tornadoes in Canada caused $100 million in damage. Meanwhile, the tornadoes in Iowa caused $4.183 million in damage.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: A damaging high-end EF2 tornado struck the Donglü section of Baoding in Hebei Province on July 21, killing two people and injuring dozens more. Many homes and businesses were badly damaged or destroyed by the strong tornado. Multiple factory buildings sustained significant structural damage or had their roofs torn off, and at least one was destroyed. Courtyard walls were blown over, and gas lines and telephone poles were broken. Reports of hail and damaging straight-line winds were also received in the area.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: A significant severe weather and tornado outbreak severely impacted portions of the Northern United States in late July 2021. On July 28, the SPC issued moderate risk of severe weather for parts of the Great Lakes region, highlighting the potential for a major damaging straight-line wind event. A secondary threat for embedded tornadoes was also present, and a 10% risk area for tornadoes was outlined. An intense linear mesoscale convective system formed during the overnight hours of July 28 into the early morning hours of July 29, producing widespread damaging winds across Wisconsin before moving south into northern Illinois and Indiana. Countless trees and power lines were downed, structures were damaged, and more than 130,000 homes and businesses were without power in Wisconsin and Illinois following the passage of the damaging line of storms. A motorist near Ripon, Wisconsin was killed after crashing into a fallen tree and power line. The severe weather forced a nighttime airshow at the Experimental Aircraft Association's EAA AirVenture Oshkosh to be postponed until Thursday, and most activities at the event shut down earlier than planned on Wednesday. 14 weak tornadoes embedded within the line of storms touched down in Wisconsin overnight, causing extensive tree and roof damage along their paths. Two of these tornadoes caused EF1 damage in the Madison suburbs of West Middleton and Verona. An EF1 tornado also caused considerable damage to homes, trees, and power poles in and around the small community of Concord before striking the north edge of Dousman, where docks and boats were damaged at a small lake. Later on July 29, 2021, the SPC issued an enhanced risk for portions of the Mid Atlantic with a slight risk extending back through the Ohio Valley. This included a 5% risk of tornadoes, as a moderately sheared but extremely moist and unstable airmass was in place across the region. Multiple tornadic supercells formed in the Ohio Valley during the afternoon, and spread eastward across the Mid-Atlantic later that evening, producing numerous tornadoes. Some of the tornadoes were strong and damaging, including an EF2 tornado that caused heavy damage to homes, outbuildings, power poles, and trees in New Athens, Ohio. Another EF2 tornado destroyed a metal shed, caused major tree damage, and completely deforested a wooded hillside near Salineville. In Wintersville, an EF1 tornado damaged a church, one business, and 23 homes. An EF2 tornado snapped and uprooted many large hardwood trees, and triggered a PDS tornado warning as it tracked from near New Hope, Pennsylvania to Titusville, New Jersey. In the Philadelphia suburbs, a destructive low-end EF3 tornado struck Trevose and Bensalem, Pennsylvania, causing major damage to multiple car dealerships and a mobile home park, flipping cars, and injuring five people. An anticyclonic EF0 tornado also briefly touched down in the Philadelphia neighborhood of Bustleton, Pennsylvania, causing minor damage to trees, an apartment building, and a few other structures. A damaging EF2 tornado moved through High Bar Harbor, New Jersey later that night, tearing the roofs off of multiple homes, tossing boats and a boat trailer, snapping many trees and power poles, and causing eight minor injuries. Many other weak tornadoes were confirmed in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Maryland. Overall, 46 tornadoes were confirmed as a result of this outbreak.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: On August 2, a significant tornado outbreak affected Eastern Europe, including a couple of strong, damaging tornadoes that caused fatalities. Ten tornadoes occurred in Tver Oblast, Russia, the most significant of which was an F3 tornado that caused major damage in Andreapol, killing three people and injuring 10 others. Sixty-five homes were damaged or destroyed in town, structural debris was scattered throughout residential areas, large trees were snapped and denuded, power lines were downed, and vehicles were damaged. Outside of Andreapol, a wide path of trees was flattened as the tornado moved through remote forested areas. An F2 tornado struck the small village of Rogozha, damaging homes and outbuildings, killing one person, and injuring four others. A small and poorly-anchored building was pushed off of its foundation and destroyed, and countless large trees were snapped in and around the village as well. Two additional F2 tornadoes occurred in very remote areas near the towns of Zabor'ye and Glazuny as well, and cut paths of significant tree damage through areas of dense forest. A tornado also impacted the village of Kartun', causing F1 tree and roof damage. The five other tornadoes that occurred in Tver Oblast were also rated F1, and downed numerous trees and tree limbs near the small villages of Kononovo, Zaplav’ye, Krasukha, Zarech'ye, and Zabor’ye. Five additional F1 tornadoes also caused tree damage in unpopulated areas of Pskov Oblast. In Belarus, a high-end F1 tornado inflicted considerable roof damage to homes and apartment buildings in Rasony, where one person was injured by a falling tree. A rooftop radio tower was blown over at an apartment building as well. Four other F1 tornadoes also downed numerous trees in more rural areas of Belarus that afternoon, including one that was caught on video near Strubki. A total of 20 tornadoes and four fatalities were confirmed as a result of this outbreak.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: During the early evening hours of August 7, an isolated supercell thunderstorm produced a tornado that touched down and moved through the southern edge of Boscobel, Wisconsin, causing minor to moderate roof and tree damage in town. The tornado strengthened and widened significantly as it moved east of town, reaching high-end EF3 intensity and damaging or destroying multiple homes, barns, and outbuildings. Power poles were snapped, and many trees were snapped and denuded by the tornado. After the tornado dissipated, the same parent supercell spawned an EF1 tornado that caused damage to trees and two barns near Highland.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: A small outbreak of mostly weak tornadoes occurred across an area extending from North Dakota to northern Illinois during the afternoon and evening of August 9. An EF1 tornado and two EF0 tornadoes were caught on video by multiple storm chasers as they impacted multiple farms near Sycamore, Illinois, damaging or destroying numerous outbuildings, and inflicting roof damage to homes. An EF1 tornado also damaged several farms near Arlington, Illinois as well. In McHenry, a brief EF1 tornado caused significant roof damage at a townhouse complex in the northern part of town. The strongest tornado of the outbreak was a low-end EF2 tornado that snapped or uprooted numerous hardwood trees, and completely destroyed a barn near Sharon, North Dakota. An EF1 tornado also caused damage to farm homes, barns, and trees near Davidson, Minnesota, Minnesota. A total of 20 tornadoes were confirmed.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: Four tornadoes were confirmed in Ontario on August 11. An EF1 tornado touched down near Urquhart Lake, while three EF2 tornadoes occurred near the rural communities of Dunns Valley, Kynoch, and Blinko Lake. All four tornadoes moved through remote forested areas, snapping or uprooting numerous trees along their paths.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: A strong F2 tornado struck the small town of Berumerfehn, Germany and caused extensive damage. A total of 50 homes were damaged in and around town, including some homes that sustained severe damage and significant loss of their roof structures. Vehicles were overturned, and many trees were snapped or uprooted along the path. A tornadic waterspout also came ashore in Juist, causing F1 damage as a small shack was destroyed, trees and tree limbs were damaged, and pieces of beach furniture were lofted and thrown. In Denmark, an F0 tornado damaged a roof, a greenhouse, trampolines, fences, and trees near Næsby.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: An outbreak of weak tornadoes, associated with Tropical Storm Fred, impacted the Eastern United States. Eight tornadoes struck Georgia and thirteen struck the Carolinas on August 17, causing mostly minor property damage. An EF1 tornado caused shingle and tree damage in Americus, Georgia, while trees were downed and homes sustained roof and siding damage from another EF1 tornado in Mauldin, South Carolina. Homes were severely damaged by falling trees and outbuildings were destroyed by two EF1 tornadoes that passed near Carey and Danielsville, Georgia as well. Eight more weak tornadoes touched down in Pennsylvania and New Jersey on August 18 and in the early morning hours of August 19. This included an EF1 tornado that downed many trees, some of which landed on cars, and damaged the roof of a house in Tilden Township, Pennsylvania. An EF0 tornado also caused minor roof damage in Valley View. Later on August 19, a few more EF0 tornadoes touched down in Connecticut and Massachusetts before the outbreak came to and end. A total of 31 tornadoes were confirmed.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: An EF2 tornado touched down near Hodgeville, Saskatchewan, heavily damaging a farm. Another tornado was confirmed east of Kindersley and was given an EF0 rating. No injuries were reported.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: On August 23, an EF2 tornado touched down in the city of Huludao in Liaoning Province, China. The narrow but strong tornado downed power lines, snapped or uprooted large trees, and damaged multiple homes and apartment buildings, some of which sustained shattered windows and had roofing torn off. Brick fencing was blown over, and projectiles were driven into the exterior walls of structures as well. A high-end EF2 tornado also touched down in a rural area outside of Jinzhou, knocking down metal truss electrical transmission towers, and snapping or uprooting many hardwood trees, a few of which sustained some low-end debarking. Power poles were snapped, vehicles were damaged, and a brick outbuilding was destroyed. Farm fields were also scoured by the tornado.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: A tornado outbreak occurred from Mississippi to Massachusetts due to Hurricane Ida. It started in the Southeastern United States as numerous weak tornadoes touched down between August 29–31. On August 30, an EF1 tornado in Saraland, Alabama caused considerable damage to two hotels and an industrial building, injuring two people. The most significant day of the outbreak was September 1, as 10 tornadoes struck the Northeastern United States, a few of which were strong. New Jersey, Maryland, and Eastern Pennsylvania were particularly hard-hit, a region that had sustained significant damage from another outbreak that occurred just over a month prior. An EF2 tornado caused severe damage in Annapolis, Maryland, where homes and businesses had their roofs torn off and many trees and power lines were downed. Another EF2 tornado moved through a residential neighborhood in Oxford, Pennsylvania, causing extensive damage to homes. One person was killed and at least five others were injured due to a strong rain-wrapped EF2 tornado that moved through the Philadelphia suburbs of Fort Washington, Upper Dublin, and Maple Glen, flipping vehicles and leaving a path of significant damage to trees and structures. The strongest and most destructive tornado of the outbreak was a large EF3 tornado that struck Mullica Hill, New Jersey, destroying multiple homes and a large dairy farm. The same storm later dropped an EF1 tornado that prompted a tornado emergency for Burlington, New Jersey and Croydon, and Bristol, Pennsylvania, the first of its kind in the Northeast, as well as the first such alert associated with a tropical cyclone. On September 2, a final weak EF0 tornado caused minor damage in Dennis, Massachusetts before the outbreak came to an end. A total of 35 tornadoes were confirmed as a result of this outbreak, causing one fatality and 7 injuries.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: A few tornadoes, two of which were strong, impacted parts of Ontario in early September. On September 6, at 4:05 am EST (08:05 UTC), an EF0 tornado hit Port Albert, damaging trees. The next day, two large EF2 tornadoes caused considerable damage in Southern Ontario. The first, and most significant, was a large, multiple-vortex EF2 wedge tornado that occurred near Lucknow, and grew to a peak width of wide. This strong rain-wrapped tornado was spawned by a large high-precipitation supercell thunderstorm, and first developed over Lake Huron before moving ashore, causing extensive tree and structural damage from Kingsbridge to south of Lucknow. Many large trees were downed along the path, and outbuildings were destroyed, with sheet metal debris from the structures scattered across fields. A second EF2 tornado was confirmed near Kenilworth. It grew to a width of wide as it impacted a farm, took the top off of a silo, and caused severe tree damage. The last two tornadoes of the day were both given an EF0 rating, and they occurred near Goderich and in the city of Vaughan, causing tree damage. A total of five tornadoes were confirmed. In addition to these tornadoes, straight-line winds from downbursts caused considerable damage in several other communities in Ontario as well.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: A strong, rain-wrapped tornadic waterspout moved ashore and caused severe damage in the northern part of Pantelleria, an island in the Strait of Sicily. Several well-built masonry homes had their roofs torn off, and a few sustained partial collapse of their upper exterior walls. 10 cars were thrown and severely damaged or destroyed, multiple trees were snapped, and light poles were knocked down. Roads were blocked by debris, and signs were blown over as well. Two people died when they were thrown from their cars and nine others were injured, including four serious injuries. The tornado was given an F2 rating.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: A localized outbreak of seven tornadoes spawned by multiple severe supercell thunderstorms struck northern Italy during the afternoon of September 19. The first tornado of the outbreak was an F1 tornado that struck the town of Roncaro, where numerous homes, businesses, and apartment buildings sustained damage to roofs, gutters, and balconies. Trees, light poles, and fences were blown over in town as well, and vehicles had their windows shattered. After the first tornado dissipated, a narrow but strong tornado produced F2 damage in Corte Palasio as it inflicted severe roof damage to multiple homes and struck a large masonry outbuilding, which had its roof torn off and sustained exterior wall loss. An F0 tornado also downed small trees and tree limbs, and partially removed the roof of a mausoleum at a cemetery in Settimo Milanese. The next three tornadoes were spawned by a single, long tracked cyclical supercell, with the first one causing F1 damage in the town of Soresina, where a large industrial building had windows blown out and sustained considerable roof damage, with debris strewn long distances through nearby fields. A sports complex was damaged as well, and damage to trees, fences, roof tiles, and power lines also occurred. After moving away from Soresina, the same parent supercell thunderstorm produced a large, destructive F2 stovepipe tornado that caused significant damage in the small village of Bettegno, located near Pontevico. Streets in Bettegno were left covered in debris as multiple large brick buildings sustained major structural damage, including roof loss and collapse of exterior walls. Trees and power lines were downed in the area, and a few masonry outbuildings were completely destroyed as well. After the Bettegno tornado dissipated, the cyclic supercell thunderstorm produced a third tornado. This large F2 cone tornado ripped the roofs off of several brick farm homes near Carpenedolo, including one that sustained partial loss of its upper exterior walls. The last tornado, also rated F2, was spawned by a separate supercell thunderstorm and hit a small airport north of Carpi, badly damaging or destroying hangars and other structures on the property. Several small airplanes were thrown and destroyed, and vehicles were damaged by flying debris. A farmstead near the airport also sustained significant damage. No injuries were reported with any of the tornadoes.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: An F1 tornado passed through several districts of Kiel, damaging the roofs of homes and downing trees and tree limbs along its path. The tornado originated in Kiel-Meimersdorf and covered a distance of within 31 minutes before dissipating near the village of Pries. The tornado was photographed and caught on video from multiple angles as it moved through Kiel, and at one point became a tornadic waterspout as it moved across Kieler Förde, where a rowing team had to be rescued after their rowboat was thrown into the air and completely destroyed, tossing multiple people into the water. Seven people were injured, four of them severely, as the tornado passed through the port area of the city, where several people were struck by debris and blown into the water. A small satellite waterspout was observed over the water during this time, though it dissipated before reaching land.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: A significant tornado touched down in the New South Wales Central West region of Australia, causing severe damage to several properties near the town of Bathurst. The tornado impacted 11 homes, a few of which were significantly damaged or destroyed. Barns and outbuildings were completely destroyed as well, vehicles were damaged, and many large trees were snapped or uprooted. A storage trailer that was thrown from one property was reportedly never found, and a chain link fence was found wrapped around the top of a utility pole. Three people were injured, two of whom were hospitalized. Later that evening, a highly-photogenic tornado touched down in a remote area near Narrabri at around sunset, causing no known damage.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: There were 150 tornadoes confirmed in the United States in October. That set a new monthly record for October.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: A long-lasting outbreak of mainly weak tornadoes affected the Great Plains and Midwest beginning on October 9, when a few weak tornadoes touched down in North Dakota and Minnesota. During the early morning hours of October 10, an EF2 tornado snapped and uprooted numerous trees as it moved through heavily forested areas of Cook County, Minnesota before crossing the border into Canada, causing additional tree damage at EF1 intensity near Mountain Lake. Also in Canada, an EF2 tornado caused significant tree damage near Dryden, Ontario. Later that day, a shortwave trough moved over the Great Plains, prompting the Storm Prediction Center to issue a moderate risk for portions of Oklahoma and northeastern Texas. 13 tornadoes touched down in Oklahoma that evening, most of which were weak. However, one EF2 tornado caused considerable damage in Anadarko, where several structures were damaged, and a few were destroyed. Another tornado caused EF1 damage to homes, businesses, and a school building in Coweta. In addition to the tornadoes, a destructive hailstorm moved through the Oklahoma City metropolitan area just six months after another hailstorm damaged the southern part of the same area. More tornadoes developed on October 11, most of them in Illinois, including an EF2 tornado that destroyed a couple of large outbuilding structures in Wrights. Another round of tornadoes struck Oklahoma and Kansas on October 12, continuing into the early morning hours of October 13. Some of these tornadoes were large and may have been strong, but remained in remote areas. An EF1 tornado tracked from Mustang to the southeast side of Oklahoma City, damaging homes, trees, and vehicles. Another EF1 tornado caused tree damage near downtown Oklahoma City. Two more EF1 tornadoes touched down in Traverse County, Minnesota later that day, causing damage to trees and farm outbuildings. Overall, 68 tornadoes were confirmed as a result of this outbreak.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: A strong nighttime tornado touched down and moved directly through the city of Armidale, New South Wales. Several homes had their roofs torn off, many trees were snapped or uprooted, power lines were downed, and vehicles were flipped. Several farms and forested areas outside of town sustained extensive damage as well.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: A small outbreak produced several tornadoes in Arkansas, Indiana, Ohio and Pennsylvania, most of them weak. The outbreak first produced a few weak tornadoes on October 15, including an EF0 tornado that caused minor damage in Lexington, Indiana. More tornadoes touched down on October 16, a majority of which were spawned by a very long-tracked cyclical supercell that formed in southwestern Indiana, and dissipated in western Pennsylvania. A brief but damaging EF2 tornado caused heavy damage in New Salem, Ohio. A well-built outbuilding structure was destroyed, many trees and power lines were downed, a house sustained roof and exterior wall loss, other structures had roof damage, and debris was scattered throughout the small town. A secondary EF0 tornado also touched down outside of town, damaging outbuildings, blowing the roof off of a manufactured home, and injuring one person. An EF0 tornado also downed trees and damaged a pavilion in the town of Shippingport, Pennsylvania. In Quebec, two EF0s near Sainte-Séraphine and Cowansville caused tree and structural damage. The weather system also brought forth a cold front, ending a warm spell in the Northeast, as temperatures dropped by around 20 °F (11 °C). This allowed New York City to get below for the first time since late May on October 18, the second latest on record. Altogether, 20 tornadoes were confirmed.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: For the second time in a week, a small outbreak of mostly weak tornadoes impacted the Ohio Valley region. In Ohio, an EF1 tornado damaged several homes in Wickliffe, including one that sustained considerable damage. A high-end EF1 tornado also moved through Jackson Township, heavily damaging a large garage, recreational buildings, trees, and some businesses. Another EF1 tornado struck Mecca, causing damage to some homes in a subdivision. The strongest tornado of the outbreak produced EF2 damage as it tracked through Buffalo Township in Washington County, Pennsylvania and dissipated near Houston. The tornado ripped the roofs off of two homes, one of which sustained partial collapse of some exterior walls. Other homes were also damaged, barns and outbuildings were destroyed, and many trees were snapped or uprooted along the path. A total of 19 tornadoes were confirmed.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: Ahead of an advancing cold front, several supercells developed within an enhanced risk area for severe thunderstorms across central and southeast Missouri and southern Illinois, producing several tornadoes during the afternoon and evening hours. Just before 5:00 PM CDT, an EF2 tornado passed near the town of Purdin, Missouri, ripping the roof off of a house, destroying an office trailer at a propane company, destroying outbuildings, and snapping or uprooting numerous large trees. Later that night, a long-tracked EF3 tornado touched down and severely damaged or destroyed several homes near Farmington, before striking the town of St. Mary, where several more homes sustained significant damage, a large antique mall had its roof ripped off, and vehicles were flipped. A tornado emergency was issued for the town of Chester, Illinois before the tornado crossed the Mississippi River into Illinois and struck the town, where many trees were downed and homes, businesses, and a nursing home were damaged. The tornado also caused minor to moderate damage in the small community of Bremen before dissipating. Farther to the south, another strong and destructive EF3 tornado moved through the northwestern fringes of Fredericktown, destroying multiple homes and businesses in the area. The tornado caused additional damage to trees, homes, and businesses in Junction City as well. Several other weak tornadoes occurred across the region that evening as well, including two EF0 tornadoes that touched down in the Sedalia, Missouri area, one of which caused minor damage to trees and houses along the eastern outskirts of town. An EF1 tornado damaged a school building in Zalma, and another EF1 tornado blew the roof off of a house, damaged a barn, and downed trees near Camden as well. A lower-end severe weather threat occurred farther east the next day, with an EF1 tornado touching down and causing tree damage near Turbeville, Virginia. A total of 18 tornadoes were confirmed, resulting in at least two injuries. Damage was at least $160 million.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: Late on October 26 and just after midnight on October 27, scattered severe thunderstorms and couple of isolated weak tornadoes occurred in the Great Plains region. An EF1 tornado caused minor damage in the Norman, Oklahoma area, and an EF0 tornado caused damage to tree tops and roof panels in Turon, Kansas. To the south of this area, a strong cold front produced a strong to severe line of thunderstorms that moved into Eastern Texas. Later that morning, a supercell ahead of the squall line produced an EF2 tornado northwest of Pinehurst, which crossed Interstate 10, heavily damaging a home and several garages at a Texas Department of Transportation maintenance facility. An RV camper was tossed, and an ATV was lofted and thrown across Interstate 10 by the tornado. The same storm produced a second EF2 tornado southeast of Mauriceville and continued northeast to near Deweyville, critically injuring one person when it flipped a mobile home near the beginning of the path. Other mobile homes were damaged or destroyed, and several site built homes had their roofs torn off. An EF0 tornado also moved through the Port Acres neighborhood in Port Arthur, causing minor damage. Later, a brief but strong EF2 tornado embedded within the squall line also caused major structural damage to homes southern Lake Charles, Louisiana, while an EF1 tornado caused additional damage to warehouse buildings on the east side of the city. In Mandeville, a brief EF0 tornado caused minor tree and roof damage. During the evening of October 27, a high-end EF1 tornado caused considerable damage in Picayune, Mississippi, where some mobile homes were damaged or destroyed, extensive tree damage occurred, and homes had roofing and carports torn off. In Moss Point, another EF1 tornado killed one person when it struck a car traveling along MS 63, causing the driver to lose control and be ejected from the vehicle. Trees, structures, and other vehicles were also damaged in Moss Point. Overall, this small outbreak produced 17 tornadoes, resulting in one fatality and at least three injuries, one critical. Damage amounted to ten million dollars.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: Eight weak tornadoes were confirmed in England with six other damaging wind events listed as 'probable tornadoes' as a line of severe thunderstorms moved through the region. Five touched down just outside the city of Oxford, and two more touched down between Northampton and Peterborough. The last tornado was confirmed northwest of the town of Boston. Only one tornado was given an official rating. It was rated F1/T4 on the TORRO scale and caused considerable tree damage in Burleigh Wood in Berkshire, with numerous trees snapped along the path.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: An EF0 tornado moved through parts of Vancouver, British Columbia; an area where tornadoes are extremely rare. The tornado struck part of the University of British Columbia campus and a nearby neighborhood, downing power lines, trees, and tree branches. Roads were blocked by debris, vehicles were damaged by falling trees, and power outages occurred.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: During the afternoon of November 13, an intense line of thunderstorms and cold front moved through the New York City metropolitan area and into Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts, producing widespread wind damage, damaging hail, and several tornadoes on Long Island and across Connecticut and Rhode Island, which marked the first Long Island tornado in November in history. Considerable damage occurred with a high-end EF1 tornado in Suffolk County, New York, where numerous homes and businesses were damaged in Shirley and several airplanes were flipped or moved at Brookhaven Airport A total of eleven tornadoes were confirmed, five of which struck Suffolk County. Damage from the line of storms amounted to nearly $2.9 million in damage, with $900,000 being in the EF1 tornado that struck Suffolk County.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: Beginning on November 16, a tornado outbreak affected Sicily, with many of the tornadoes first forming over the Mediterranean Sea as tornadic waterspouts before moving ashore. The first tornado of the outbreak was an F1 tornado that came ashore near Selinunte and passed near Castelvetrano, causing tree damage. An F1 multiple-vortex tornado passed near Bisacquino and impacted several farms, damaging the roofs of homes, snapping and uprooting trees, moving and damaging a car, severely damaging a large metal agricultural building, and destroying small sheds. Three weak tornadoes struck Sciacca, two of which caused F0 tree damage, while the other caused no noticeable damage. Two F0 tornadoes also struck Siculiana and Naro, causing minor damage to buildings and downing trees and light poles. Around sunset, three large and highly photogenic tornadic waterspouts occurred simultaneously in the Licata area, and were caught on video from multiple angles. Two of them dissipated before reaching land, though one impacted a marina, damaging boats and causing F0 damage to several nearby buildings. On November 17, an F2 cone tornado touched down in Comiso, where a gas station, a car wash, and multiple industrial buildings suffered extensive damage. Homes had sections of their roofs torn off, vehicles were damaged by flying debris, and a semi-trailer was overturned. Concrete power poles and trees were snapped, and masonry fencing was blown over as well. Not long after, a multiple-vortex F2 wedge tornado caused significant damage in Modica, killing one person and injuring two others. Homes, businesses, warehouses, and other structures were heavily damaged, some of which had their roofs torn off. Trees and power poles were snapped, brick fences were destroyed, and cars were thrown as well. The fatality occurred when a car was tossed into a gate, killing the driver. Lastly, on the 18th, an isolated rope tornado developed near Caltabellotta, causing no known damage. Overall, a total of 11 tornadoes were confirmed as a result of this outbreak, which caused one fatality and two injuries.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: There were 227 tornadoes confirmed in the United States in December. It was by far the most active December for tornadoes on record, as tornado outbreaks on December 10–11 and December 15 (with 191 tornadoes between the outbreaks) helped to more than double the old record of 99 tornadoes in December 2002. It also surpassed January 1999 (which had 216 tornadoes) for the most active month in meteorological winter on record. An eight-hour period on December 15 resulted in 120 tornadoes, beating the record in a single day.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: A tornado spawned by a severe thunderstorm struck Parakan, Temanggung, Central Java. The tornado caused significant damage to five homes and two religious places. There were no fatalities or injuries as a result of this tornado.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: On December 5, a squall line ahead of an advancing cold front spawned a couple tornadoes in Missouri and Illinois. Early the next morning, as the squall line intensified and moved eastward, numerous tornadoes, rated EF0–EF1, were produced in Tennessee and Kentucky, causing mainly minor damage. In Louisiana, an EF0 tornado struck a strip mall in Covington, causing minor structural damage.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: The deadliest December tornado outbreak in United States history caused catastrophic damage and numerous fatalities, as multiple strong to violent long-tracked tornadoes devastated portions of the Southern United States and Ohio Valley from the evening of December 10, into the early morning hours of December 11. The event came to fruition as a trough progressed eastward across the United States, interacting with an unseasonably moist, unstable, and highly sheared environment across the Mississippi Valley. The SPC had issued a moderate risk of severe weather prior to the outbreak, including a 15% hatched risk area for tornadoes. Multiple supercell thunderstorms developed, and tornadic activity began later that evening in northeastern Arkansas, before progressing into Missouri, Illinois, Tennessee, and Kentucky. A high-end EF3 tornado damaged or destroyed multiple homes near Defiance, Missouri, killing one person and injuring two others. An EF3 tornado also destroyed an Amazon warehouse in Edwardsville, Illinois, killing six employees. Several other strong EF2 tornadoes touched down in more rural areas of Illinois with one of them tearing the roof off of a house, flipping tanker trucks, and destroying buildings at an agricultural services plant near Gays. Farther south, another EF2 tornado destroyed homes, mobile homes, and a vacant grocery story building in Trumann, Arkansas, and damaged the town's fire department building.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: The most significant tornadoes of the outbreak were spawned by a long-tracked supercell thunderstorm that produced a violent tornado family across four states. Initially, media reports suggested that the tornado family, which was inaccurately identified by some media outlets as the "Quad-State tornado" due to the storm's similar characteristics to the Tri-State tornado, may have actually been a single, extremely long-tracked tornado that cut a path of destruction of up to from near Bay, Arkansas to Rough River Lake in Kentucky. However, a path break in Obion County, Tennessee, confirmed two separate EF4 tornadoes, one tracking and the other tracking . The first of these tornadoes first caused major damage in the Arkansas towns of Monette and Leachville, as many homes and businesses were destroyed in both towns. The tornado crossed into the Missouri Bootheel, where homes were swept completely away near Braggadocio, and semi-trucks were thrown from roadways near Hayti before it crossed the Mississippi River into Tennessee. There, many other structures were completely destroyed at a resort along the shores of Reelfoot Lake, and in Samburg. A total of eight people were killed by this first tornado, and 16 others were injured. The second violent tornado, which was rated high-end EF4, caused catastrophic damage and 57 fatalities as it tore through the towns of Cayce, Mayfield, Princeton, Dawson Springs, and Bremen. Thousands of homes and businesses were destroyed along the path, many of which were leveled or swept from their foundations. Trees were debarked, vehicles were thrown and mangled, severe ground scouring occurred, and 24 people were killed in Mayfield and surrounding Graves County alone. Mayfield sustained near-total destruction of its historic downtown square, and nine of the fatalities occurred at a candle factory that was flattened in the southwest part of town.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: The city of Bowling Green, Kentucky sustained major damage as it was struck by a high-end EF3 tornado during the very early morning hours of December 11, which destroyed numerous homes, and inflicted severe structural damage to townhouses and apartment buildings as it moved through multiple neighborhoods. Many businesses also sustained severe damage or were destroyed, including the GM Corvette Assembly Plant, which had much of its roofing torn off. The main Bowling Green tornado was accompanied by an EF2 satellite tornado that caused additional significant damage in the city. The supercell that produced the two Bowling Green tornadoes also produced an EF3 tornado that destroyed a dairy farm, homes and mobile homes, chicken houses, and a metal truss tower near Russellville. Another long-tracked, high-end EF3 tornado caused severe damage to homes in Kenton, Tennessee before destroying many homes and businesses in Dresden, where major structural damage occurred in the downtown area. It continued past Dresden and eventually crossed into Kentucky, where additional significant damage occurred in the town of Pembroke before the tornado dissipated, resulting in 34 injuries but no fatalities along its path. Yet another EF3 tornado destroyed houses, tossed vehicles, killed one person, and injured 31 others near Saloma, Kentucky, while an EF2 tornado heavily damaged hotels, restaurants, and a trailer park in Cave City. Overall, this outbreak produced a total of 71 tornadoes, resulting in 89 fatalities and over 650 injuries.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: A large and powerful low-pressure system that had previously produced heavy rain and snow to the Western United States the previous two days rapidly deepened and contributed to a historic expanse of inclement weather on December 15. On the west side of the system, a destructive wind storm impacted Colorado and Kansas. In Colorado, a wind gust was recorded in Lamar with widespread power outages and damage to homes recorded elsewhere. In Kansas, the intense winds led to substantial amounts of dust being stirred up. The massive dust storms closed several highways and led to numerous crashes along Interstate 70, including two crashes that resulted in three fatalities. The wind storms also contributed to an outbreak of wildfires in the drought-stricken north-central part of the state with 163,755 acres (66,269 ha) of land being burned across the region. The wildfires burned numerous buildings and killed hundred of livestock. Two men were killed as a result of being burned and three other people were hospitalized due to their injuries. (These casualties were labeled as indirect.)


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: On the warm side of the system, an intense derecho struck areas of the Midwest, including Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. In Russell, Kansas, wind gusts measured at blew roofs off homes and uprooted trees while Lincoln Airport in Lincoln, Nebraska measured peak winds of . At least 57 hurricane-force wind reports were received by the National Weather Service, signaling the most prolific wind event in the United States dating back to at least 2004. A semi-truck on US 151 near Walford, Iowa was blown over, ejecting and fatally injuring the driver who was not wearing a seatbelt. The derecho was also a prolific tornado producer with dozens of tornado touchdowns being confirmed in Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, including several strong tornadoes in the Omaha metropolitan area and across Guthrie, Greene, and Webster counties in Iowa. Although none of the tornadoes exceeded EF2 intensity, 33 of the tornadoes were given this rating. One EF2 tornado struck Columbus, Nebraska, causing minor to heavy damage to homes, snapping power lines, and damaging trees. It was the only tornado of the event to cause casualties as two people were injured. The tornado outbreak set a new record for the most tornadoes to hit Iowa in a single day with 61, far exceeding the previous record of 35 tornadoes set on August 31, 2014. Additionally, 21 of the tornadoes in Iowa were rated EF2 which beat the previous record of 16 EF2/F2 or greater tornadoes set on June 7, 1984. Prior to this event, there had only been five December tornadoes in Iowa, all in southeast Iowa. This outbreak also marked the first time that tornadoes were recorded in Minnesota in the month of December. Additionally, it was the first time since record keeping began in 1986 that the National Weather Service Forecast Office in Sioux Falls, South Dakota had to issue both severe thunderstorm and tornado warnings during the month of December, with 6 and 8 issued, respectively. All of the severe storms took place in their coverage area in northwest Iowa. Total damage from the tornado outbreak amounted to at least $16.6 million in damage. Although the tornadoes were not as intense as the ones produced by the outbreak a few days prior, this event produced the most total confirmed tornadoes ever recorded in a December outbreak, with 120 in total. Ultimately, this became one of the largest single-day tornado outbreaks–in terms of number of confirmed tornadoes–in recorded history. Temperatures behind the derecho also dropped tremendously across the region, leading to light snow that was accompanied by strong winds. This triggered the first issuance of snow squall warnings by the National Weather Service Forecast Office in Hastings, Nebraska. As a whole, the event caused seven total deaths and at least $1.8 billion in damage.


title: Tornadoes of 2021

text: An unsettled pattern across the Southern United States led to several weak tornadoes being produced over Alabama and Georgia over three days. Bainbridge, Georgia was struck directly by a weak tornado, rated EF0, during the afternoon of December 29, while Winfield, Alabama was struck a few hours later by a long-tracked EF1 tornado. The commercial district in Winfield was impacted, with numerous businesses sustaining damage. Additional EF1 tornadoes struck near Rainsville and in Chilton County. On the afternoon of December 30, three tornadoes, all rated EF1, struck southern Georgia, impacting Colquitt, Cook, and Jeff Davis counties, with numerous homes being damaged. On December 31, additional EF1 tornadoes impacted Carroll and Newton counties in Georgia, producing damage to numerous homes, businesses, and a school. Six minor injuries occurred during the event, all from an EF1 tornado that struck near a Chick-fil-A near Covington, Georgia on December 31.


title: The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!

text: The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead! is the sixteenth studio album by American thrash metal band Megadeth, released on September 2, 2022, on frontman Dave Mustaine's Tradecraft label via Universal. It is the first Megadeth album to feature drummer Dirk Verbeuren, the second Megadeth album to feature guitarist Kiko Loureiro, and their first studio album in six years since "Dystopia" (2016), marking the longest gap between two studio albums in the band's career. In production for more than two years, the album was produced by Mustaine and Chris Rakestraw. During the album's recording, founding bassist David Ellefson was dismissed from the band due to a sex scandal. His bass parts were removed from the album and were re-recorded by Testament bassist Steve Di Giorgio.


title: The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!

text: "The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!" took more than two years to materialize, with the recording sessions taking place between May 2019 and towards the end of 2021, the longest time Megadeth has taken to record an album up to this point. The album's release had been delayed several times. It was originally intended to be released in 2019, before its ultimate release in September 2022.


title: The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!

text: On May 10, 2019, Megadeth entered the studio in Franklin, Tennessee with co-producer Chris Rakestraw to begin pre-production of the album. In June, the band announced the cancellation of then-upcoming shows, as Mustaine had been diagnosed with throat cancer; Despite Mustaine's illness, the band vowed to continue working on the album. On November 6, 2018 Mustaine shared a video on Twitter teasing a track from the album, which at the time, was originally set for release in the next year.


title: The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!

text: The band re-entered the studio in Nashville in mid-2020 to resume recording their new album, by now tentatively planned for release in 2021. While hosting a Masterclass "Front Row Live" for fans via Zoom on January 9, 2021, Mustaine announced the album's title as "The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!", but indicated that the title might be subject to change.


title: The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!

text: An early 2022 release was scrubbed due to issues with vinyl printing and distribution. The album was later delayed further to a September 2022 release.


title: The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!

text: On May 10, 2021, sexually explicit videos of David Ellefson were posted on Twitter. The videos were reportedly recorded by a fan that Ellefson was in correspondence with. Initially accusations of child grooming were raised against Ellefson, although both parties denied this. The fan publicly claimed she was a consenting adult. Ellefson subsequently contacted the authorities to seek charges for revenge porn and presented the police with evidence related to the allegations. An official statement released the next day from Megadeth stated that the situation was being "watched closely". Following the incident, Mustaine announced Ellefson's departure from the band on May 24, 2021. His already-recorded bass parts were subsequently removed from the album and rerecorded by Steve Di Giorgio of Testament.


title: The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!

text: "Night Stalkers" features rapper Ice-T on vocals, and "is about the 160th Battalion with the U.S. Army, and it's all the black-ops helicopters that go in at night." "Killing Time" focuses on a former girlfriend of Mustaine's. The first clip released from the album (which was released on Cameo) was titled "Life in Hell".


title: The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!

text: According to Mustaine, "Dogs of Chernobyl" is not about the war in Ukraine, but "is a love song". Prior to the album's production, Mustaine had been diagnosed with throat cancer. He revealed that his treating radiologist contributed "a couple of phrases and some information about the radiation poisoning when everyone got sick at Chernobyl" to the song's lyrics.


title: The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!

text: Two cover songs are featured on various editions of the album. Sammy Hagar features on a cover of his solo song, "This Planet's on Fire". "Police Truck" is a heavier cover of the Dead Kennedys song.


title: The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!

text: As of December 2022, six singles have been released from the album. The first, "We'll Be Back" was released via streaming services on June 23, with "Night Stalkers" following on July 22.


title: The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!

text: The third single to be released was "Soldier On!" on August 12. The title track was released as a single on September 2, the same day as the album.


title: The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!

text: "The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!" has received favorable reviews and holds a Metacritic rating of 78/100. Dom Lawson of Blabbermouth.net rated the album 9 out of 10 and wrote, "That means that Dave Mustaine is well aware of how lethal Megadeth are, circa 2022. This is easily the band's best album since "Endgame"... possibly even "Countdown To Extinction". The cantankerous old devil is back in blistering top form and making music that will remind you exactly why we love the cantankerous old devil in the first place."


title: 2020 AFF Championship

text: The 2020 AFF Championship (officially AFF Suzuki Cup 2020 for sponsorship reasons) was the 13th edition of the AFF Championship, the football championship of nations affiliated to the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF), the 7th and the last edition under the name AFF Suzuki Cup.


title: 2020 AFF Championship

text: The final tournament was originally scheduled to run from 23 November to 31 December 2020. However the tournament was postponed and rescheduled at least twice due to the COVID-19 pandemic; the tournament was first rescheduled to run from 11 April to 8 May 2021 and the schedule later pushed backed further to 5 December 2021 to 1 January 2022. Singapore later was chosen for host this tournament in a centralized venue.


title: 2020 AFF Championship

text: Vietnam were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Thailand in the semi-finals. Thailand won the tournament by a 6–2 victory in the two-legged final against Indonesia to secure their sixth title.


title: 2020 AFF Championship

text: The AFF Suzuki Cup 2020 was hosted in a centralized venue due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia. On 28 September 2021, it was announced that Singapore would host the tournament. Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam also expressed interest in hosting the tournament.


title: 2020 AFF Championship

text: In the group stage of the competition proper, ten teams were drawn in two groups of five with single round-robin format. The top two teams of each group advance to the semi-finals.


title: 2020 AFF Championship

text: The organizers preferred to hold the tournament under its original format, which featured two-leg home-and-away games. Away goals rule wouldn't be applied.


title: 2020 AFF Championship

text: Nine teams automatically qualified to the AFF Championship final tournament; they were separated into their respective pots based on their performance of the last two editions. Brunei and Timor-Leste who were the two lowest-performing teams were supposed to play a match where the winner will secure a spot to the final tournament but Brunei withdrew citing the COVID-19 pandemic. Australia, a member since 2013, did not enter the tournament.


title: 2020 AFF Championship

text: Due to non-compliance with conditions set by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), Thailand and Indonesia were not allowed to be represented by their national flags.


title: 2020 AFF Championship

text: The draw for the 2020 AFF Championship was originally set to be held on 10 August 2021 in Singapore but due to the enhanced COVID-19 restrictions in the country, the draw was postponed. The draw was done virtually and held on 21 September 2021. The pot placements followed each teams progress in the previous two editions.


title: 2020 AFF Championship

text: At the time of the draw, the identity of the national team that secured qualification was unknown, as it was supposed to be contested between Brunei and Timor Leste. Timor Leste qualified to the group stage after the withdrawal of Brunei from the qualification play-off.


title: 2020 AFF Championship

text: Each team were allowed a preliminary squad of 50 players. A final squad of 30 players (three of whom must be goalkeepers) 23 players registered for each match.


title: 2020 AFF Championship

text: If two or more teams are equal on the basis on the above three criteria, the place shall be determined as follows:


title: 2020 AFF Championship

text: In the final tournament, a player was suspended for the subsequent match in the competition for either getting red card or accumulating two yellow cards in two different matches.


title: 2020 AFF Championship

text: In addition, 4 Indonesian players (Elkan Baggott, Victor Igbonefo, Rizky Ridho and Rizky Dwi Febrianto) were barred from the 2nd leg of the Indonesia-Thailand Final on 1 January 2022 for breaching COVID-19 safety measures by leaving the team hotel without authorisation.


title: Spain national under-21 football team

text: The Spain national under-21 football team is the national under-21 football team of Spain and is controlled by the Royal Spanish Football Federation. The team, nicknamed La Rojita (The Little Red [One]), competes in the biennial UEFA European Under-21 Championship.


title: Spain national under-21 football team

text: Following the realignment of UEFA's youth competitions in 1976, the Spain under-21 team was formed. Spain has a strong record (competition winners five times and runners-up twice); having consecutively won the 2011 and 2013 Championships. They hold the joint record with Italy for the most wins of the competition.


title: Spain national under-21 football team

text: Since the under-21 competition rules insist that players must be 21 or under at the start of a two-year competition, technically it is an U-23 competition. For this reason, Spain's brief record in the preceding U-23 competitions is also shown, though in actuality, Spain played only three competitive U-23 matches. The first was in the "under-23 Challenge", which they lost, while the next two were in a two-team qualification "group" for the 1972 competition (facing the Soviet Union team, they lost 2–1 at home then drew 1–1 away and failed to qualify. Spain did not enter a team in the other two U-23 competitions, but have been ever present in under-21 competitions).


title: Spain national under-21 football team

text: Spain's youth development programs has been challenging the South American dominance in the FIFA U-17 World Championship and the FIFA U-20 World Cup. In fact, 20 of the Spanish 23-man squad that won the Euro 2008 came through the ranks of the youth teams; most of them had won titles at the youth level as well.


title: Spain national under-21 football team

text: Note: " represents all the clubs that players played in at the time they did it too in the Under-21s.


title: Spain national under-21 football team

text: The following players have been called up within the last twelve months are still eligible for selection.


title: Perry King

text: Perry Firestone King (born April 30, 1948) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles on television and in films.


title: Perry King

text: King received a Golden Globe nomination for his role in the television film "The Hasty Heart" (1983), which is a remake of the 1949 film of the same title.


title: Perry King

text: King was born in Alliance, Ohio; his father was a physician. His maternal grandfather was Maxwell Perkins, a well-known editor for the publishing house Charles Scribner's Sons. Through Perkins, King is the great-great-grandson of U.S. Senator William M. Evarts and the great-great-great-great-grandson of Roger Sherman, one of the signers of the Declaration of independence. King received a degree in drama from Yale University, and also studied at Juilliard.


title: Perry King

text: King made his film debut, aged around 23, in the 1972 film "Slaughterhouse-Five". In 1975, he portrayed Hammond Maxwell in the blaxploitation film "Mandingo".


title: Perry King

text: Since the 1970s, he has appeared in dozens of feature films, television series and television movies. He auditioned for the role of Han Solo in "Star Wars", but the role ultimately went to Harrison Ford. However, he played the character in the radio adaptations of "Star Wars" and both its sequels.


title: Perry King

text: In 1984, King was nominated for a Golden Globe award for his role in the TV movie "The Hasty Heart". That same year, he landed the role of Cody Allen on the series "Riptide".


title: Perry King

text: In 1993, he starred in the television adaptation of Sidney Sheldon's novel "A Stranger in the Mirror", which is a roman à clef on Groucho Marx. In 1995, he portrayed the role of Hayley Armstrong on "Melrose Place". He also appeared as Richard Williams in the NBC TV series "Titans" with Yasmine Bleeth in 2000 and as the President of the United States in the 2004 film "The Day After Tomorrow".


title: Perry King

text: King has made guest appearances on TV shows including "Spin City", "Will & Grace", "Eve", and "Cold Case".


title: Perry King

text: He has also worked as a voice actor, voice-acting for Samson in the 1985 animated feature "Samson & Delilah" and the character of Randall in an episode of "".


title: Perry King

text: An avid motorcyclist, King was featured on Huell Howser's "California's Gold" where he spoke about his collection of motorcycles and sidecars. In December 2008, the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) appointed King to its Board of Directors.


title: Sola fide

text: Justificatio sola fide (or simply sola fide), meaning justification by faith alone, is a soteriological doctrine in Christian theology commonly held to distinguish the Lutheran and Reformed traditions of Protestantism, among others, from the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian churches. The doctrine asserts that it is on the basis of faith that believers are made right of their transgressions of the law of God rather than on the basis of what Paul calls "works of the law", sometimes called good works. This forgiveness is known as "justification". In classical Lutheran and Reformed theologies, works are seen to be "evidence" of faith, but the works themselves do not determine salvation. In contrast, Methodist doctrine affirms a belief in justification by faith that offers God's forgiveness, but holds that holy living with the goal of Christian perfection (sanctification) is essential for salvation.


title: Sola fide

text: The doctrine of justification by faith alone and the role of repentance has been interpreted differently by different Protestants, causing multiple controversies such as: the Antinomian controversy, the Marrow controversy and the Lordship salvation controversy.


title: Sola fide

text: The doctrine of faith alone precedes Martin Luther in the theologies of many proto-Protestant reformers: Wessel Gansfort, Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples, Gottschalk, Claudius of Turin and possibly also in Johann Pupper. The doctrine of sola fide also seems to appear in the doctrine of John Wycliffe, as he stated: "Trust wholly in Christ; rely altogether on his sufferings; beware of seeking to be justified in any other way than by his righteousness. Faith in our Lord Jesus Christ is sufficient for salvation.". According to some historians Luther's view on the doctrine of sola fide was influenced by the Italian reformer Girolamo Savonarola. Savonarola himself declared that works are a result of predestination and not a cause of predestination, and his views were praised by Martin Luther himself, who read his works. It is untrue that God’s grace is obtained by pre-existing works of merit as though works and deserts were the cause of predestination. On the contrary, these are the result of predestination. Tell me, Peter; tell me, O Magdalene, wherefore are ye in paradise? Confess that not by your own merits have ye obtained salvation, but by the goodness of God... Not by their own deservings, O Lord, or by their own works have they been saved, lest any man should be able to boast, but because it seemed good in Thy sight - Girolamo Savonarola


title: Sola fide

text: Some have argued that Ildefonsus and Julian of Toledo believed that faith alone was sufficient for salvation, Julian of Toledo made statements such as "all effort of human argument must be suspended where faith alone is sufficient".


title: Sola fide

text: Protestants also have claimed that the writings of Clairvaux include the doctrine of justification by faith alone.


title: Sola fide

text: According to Thomas Schreiner sola fide can be found in some apostolic fathers. He contends that Clement of Rome, Ignatius of Antioch and the Epistle to Diognetus viewed salvation as being God's work granted to those who exercise faith, which then causes works. Clement's view on justification has caused much scholarly discussion, because Clement asserted: "we are not justified through ourselves, but through faith", but still emphasizing God's judgement upon wickedness. Some see Clement as believing in faith alone but that faith will lead into doing good works, while some others have argued that Clement held synergist views. The Epistle to Diognetus talks much about the human inability to merit justification themselves by their own good works. However, for the apostolic fathers, the Shepherd of Hermas has a clear rejection of the faith alone doctrine, instead holding works to have merit. The Didache also appears to see works as meritorious, though not unambigiously.In whom was it possible for us, the lawless and ungodly, to be justified, except in the Son of God alone? O sweet exchange, O the incomprehensible work of God, O the unexpected blessings, that the sinfulness of many should be hidden in one righteous man, while the righteousness of one should justify many sinners - "Epistle to Diognetus"


title: Sola fide

text: Thomas Schreiner asserted that because justification wasn't a big issue in the patristic perioid, "thus the theology isn’t always integrated or consistent", however Schreiner argued that people such as John Chrysostom, and Ambrosiaster had similarities to the views of justification as the reformers did:"By faith alone one is freely forgiven of all sins and the believer is no longer burdened by the Law for meriting good works. Our works, however, are demonstrative of our faith and will determine whether we are ultimately justified" <br> —Ambrosiaster


title: Sola fide

text: Schreiner observes that Augustine of Hippo differs from the reformers as he understood the word "justify" to mean make righteous and not declare righteous, and thus he denied imputed righteousness, he also saw salvation as a process, despite that, he still had very grace oriented views of salvation, having similarities to the views reformers later would believe. Jovinian, who is often seen as a heretic by Catholics and as a forerunner by Protestants, has been argued to have been a very early witness to a Protestant view of justification. It has been argued that Marius Victorinus and Hilary of Poitiers taught faith alone. Marius Victorinus wrote that our own merits do not justify us and that we are justified by faith alone, however works should follow from that faith. Hilary of Poitiers seemed to have believed grace oriented views of salvation, which is by faith: as he declared "salvation is entirely by faith", Hilary often contrasts salvific faith and salvation by works, which leads to unbelief. He also believed salvation to be by grace in the Old Testament and he saw Abraham as a model for the Jews, who was justified by faith.


title: Sola fide

text: Thomas R. Schreiner argued that the Odes of Solomon taught that works do not justify a person, but instead faith, he also argued that the book supports imputed righteousness. Schreiner wrote that some statements made by Origen are consistent with the doctrine of faith alone, claiming that faith is the foundation of justification, but that he is not very clear on his view of justification.


title: Sola fide

text: Clement of Alexandria taught that faith was the basis of salvation, however he also believed that faith was also the basis of "gnosis" which for him mean spiritual and mystical knowledge.


title: Sola fide

text: According to Philip Schaff faith alone was not clearly taught by most church fathers, except for Clement of Rome.


title: Sola fide

text: Because Polycarp does not make enough statements on salvation, he could have been either believed sola fide or that both works and faith are needed, but it is unclear which one he believed from his few statements.


title: Sola fide

text: In contrast, the Catholic Encyclopedia indicates that Clement of Rome held works to be meritorious and holding works to be a part of justification.


title: Sola fide

text: Catholic Answers wrote that Origen, Cyprian, Aphraates, Gregory of Nyssa, Clement of Alexandria, Gregory the Great and Jerome held that both faith and works are part of the process of salvation.Whoever dies in his sins, even if he profess to believe in Christ, does not truly believe in him; and even if that which exists without works be called faith, such faith is dead in itself, as we read in the epistle bearing the name of James” - Origen


title: Sola fide

text: Paul, joining righteousness to faith and weaving them together, constructs of them the breastplates for the infantryman, armoring the soldier properly and safely on both sides. A soldier cannot be considered safely armored when either shield is disjoined from the other. Faith without works of justice is not sufficient for salvation; neither is righteous living secure in itself of salvation, if it is disjoined from faith - Gregory of Nyssa


title: Sola fide

text: Neither faith without works nor works without faith is of any avail, except, perhaps, that works may go towards the reception of faith, just as Cornelius, before he had become one of the faithful, merited to be heard on account of his good works. From this it can be gathered that his performance of good works furthered his reception of faith” - Gregory the Great


title: Sola fide

text: When we hear, ‘Your faith has saved you,’ we do not understand the Lord to say simply that they will be saved who have believed in whatever manner, even if works have not followed. To begin with, it was to the Jews alone that he spoke this phrase, who had lived in accord with the law and blamelessly and who had lacked only faith in the Lord - Clement of Alexandria


title: Sola fide

text: The doctrine of "sola fide" asserts that God's pardon for guilty sinners is granted to and received through faith alone, excluding all "works" (good deeds). Without God's input, mankind, Christianity asserts, is fallen and sinful, meaning its actions and omissions are afflicted by the curse and most if not all would face God's wrath due to the fall of man (which spelt the end of Eden). God, the faith holds, sent his only Son in human form, to be reborn in all mankind so through Jesus Christ alone ("solus Christus") sinners may receive pardon (justification), which is granted solely through faith.


title: Sola fide

text: Christ's righteousness, according to the followers of "sola fide", is imputed (or attributed) by God to sinners coming to a state of true, loving belief (as opposed to infused or imparted). If so God's verdict and potential pardon is from genuinely held Christian faith (or in a few more liberal sects, all of Christ's principles) rather than anything in the sinner. This contrasts with other supposed means of grace, such as priestly confession and rituals such as weekly taking of the sacrament. See the "ordo salutis" for more detail on the doctrine of salvation considered more broadly than justification by faith alone.


title: Sola fide

text: The standalone "sola fide" justification of souls is a tenet of most Lutheran and Reformed churches but neither the Roman Catholic nor the Eastern Orthodox churches affirm it. These Protestant traditions exclude all human works (except the works of Jesus Christ, which form the basis of justification) from the legal verdict (or pardon) of justification. According to Martin Luther, justification by faith alone is the article on which the Church stands or falls. Thus, "faith alone" is foundational to Lutheranism and Reformed Christianity, and as a formula distinguishes it from other Christian denominations.


title: Sola fide

text: From 1510 to 1520, Martin Luther lectured on the Book of Psalms and the Pauline epistles to the Galatians, Hebrews, and Romans. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Roman Catholic Church in new ways (see Genesis , Galatians , Romans ). He became convinced that the Roman Catholic Church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity, the most important of which, for Luther, was the doctrine of justification—God's act of declaring a sinner righteous—by faith alone through God's grace. Therefore, he began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of God's grace, attainable exclusively through faith in Jesus Christ.


title: Sola fide

text: "This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification," insisted Luther, "is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness." He also called this doctrine the "articulus stantis et cadentis ecclesiae" ("article of the standing and falling church"): "if this article stands, the Church stands; if it falls, the Church falls." For Lutherans this doctrine is the material principle of theology in relation to the Bible, which is the formal principle. They believe justification by grace alone through faith alone in Christ's righteousness alone is the gospel, the core of the Christian faith around which all other Christian doctrines are centered and based.


title: Sola fide

text: Luther came to understand justification as entirely the work of God. When God's righteousness is mentioned in the gospel, it is God's action of declaring righteous the unrighteous sinner who has faith in Jesus Christ. The righteousness by which the person is justified (declared righteous) is not his own (theologically, "proper" righteousness) but that of another, Christ ("alien" righteousness). "That is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law," said Luther. "Faith is that which brings the Holy Spirit through the merits of Christ." Thus faith, for Luther, is a gift from God, and "a living, bold trust in God's grace, so certain of God's favor that it would risk death a thousand times trusting in it." This faith grasps Christ's righteousness and appropriates it for the believer. He explained his concept of "justification" in the Smalcald Articles:


title: Sola fide

text: Traditionally, Lutherans have taught "forensic" (or legal) justification, a divine verdict of acquittal pronounced on the believing sinner. God declares the sinner to be "not guilty" because Christ has taken his place, living a perfect life according to God's law and suffering for his sins. For Lutherans, justification is in no way dependent upon the thoughts, words, and deeds of those justified through faith alone in Christ. The new obedience that the justified sinner renders to God through sanctification follows justification as a consequence, but is not part of justification.


title: Sola fide

text: Lutherans believe that individuals receive this gift of salvation through faith alone. Saving faith is the knowledge of, acceptance of, and trust in the promise of the Gospel. Even faith itself is seen as a gift of God, created in the hearts of Christians by the work of the Holy Spirit through the Word and Baptism. Faith is seen as an instrument that receives the gift of salvation, not something that causes salvation. Thus, Lutherans reject the "decision theology" which is common among modern evangelicals.


title: Sola fide

text: For Lutherans, justification provides the power by which Christians can grow in holiness. Such improvement comes about in the believer only after he has become a new creation in Christ through Holy Baptism. This improvement is not completed in this life: Christians are always "saint and sinner at the same time" ("simul iustus et peccator")—saints because they are holy in God's eyes, for Christ's sake, and do works that please him; sinners because they continue to sin until death.


title: Sola fide

text: Martin Luther elevated "sola fide" to the principal cause of the Protestant Reformation, the rallying cry of the Lutheran cause, and the chief distinction of the Lutheran and Reformed branches of Christianity from Roman Catholicism. John Calvin, also a proponent of this doctrine, taught that "every one who would obtain the righteousness of Christ must renounce his own." According to Calvin, it is only because the sinner is able to obtain the good standing of the Son of God, through faith in him, and union with him, that sinners have any hope of pardon from, acceptance by, and peace with God.


title: Sola fide

text: Historically, the expression—"justification by faith alone"— has appeared in a number of Catholic bible translations: the Nuremberg Bible (1483) in Galatians ("δικαιοῦται ἄνθρωπος ... διὰ πίστεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ") has ""nur durch den glauben"", and the Italian translations of 1476, 1538, and 1546 have ""ma solo per la fede"" or ""per la sola fede"". The official Italian Bible of the Catholic Church, "La Sacra Bibbia della Conferenza Episcopale Italiana" (2008), in Galatians 2:16, reads in part: "but only through faith in Jesus Christ" ("ma soltanto per mezzo della fede").


title: Sola fide

text: Luther added the word "allein" ("alone" in German) to Romans controversially so that it read: "So now we hold, that man is justified without the help of the works of the law, "alone" through faith". The word "alone" does not appear in the Greek manuscripts and Luther acknowledged this fact, but he defended his translation by maintaining that the adverb "alone" was required by idiomatic German:


title: Sola fide

text: Luther further stated that "sola" was used in theological traditions before him and this adverb makes Paul's intended meaning clearer:


title: Sola fide

text: Other Catholic authorities also used "alone" in their translation of Romans 3:28 or exegesis of salvation by faith passages.


title: Sola fide

text: Paul was not antinomian. While salvation cannot be achieved through works (Titus ), faith being a unity with Christ in the Spirit naturally issues in love (Galatians ). This was Martin Luther's emphasis likewise.


title: Sola fide

text: In relation to "Sola Fide", the place of works is found in the second chapter of the Epistle to the Ephesians: Justification is by grace through faith, ""not from yourselves"" and ""not by works"". In other words, it is by faith alone since all human efforts are excluded here (Ephesians ). Ephesians goes on to say that every person who has faith is to produce good works, according to God's plan (Ephesians ). These works, however, are not a cause of forgiveness but a result of forgiveness. Faith alone justifies but faith is never alone. It is followed by works. In short, works of love are the goal of the saving faith (1 Timothy ).


title: Sola fide

text: According to the Defense of the Augsburg Confession of Philipp Melanchthon, the Epistle of James clearly teaches that the recipients of the letter have been justified by God through the saving Gospel (James ):


title: Sola fide

text: In answer to a question on James ("you see that a person is justified by what he does and not by faith alone"), the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod has written: "In James 2, the author was dealing with errorists who said that if they had faith they didn't need to show their love by a life of faith (2:14–17). James countered this error by teaching that true, saving faith is alive, showing itself to be so by deeds of love (James 2:18, 26). The author of James taught that justification is by faith alone and also that faith is never alone but shows itself to be alive by good deeds that express a believer's thanks to God for the free gift of salvation by faith in Jesus Christ."


title: Sola fide

text: Martin Luther, who opposed antinomianism, is recorded as stating, "Works are necessary for salvation but they do not cause salvation; for faith alone gives life."


title: Sola fide

text: a living, creative, active and powerful thing, this faith. Faith cannot help doing good works constantly. It doesn’t stop to ask if good works ought to be done, but before anyone asks, it already has done them and continues to do them without ceasing. Anyone who does not do good works in this manner is an unbeliever...Thus, it is just as impossible to separate faith and works as it is to separate heat and light from fire!


title: Sola fide

text: "Faith alone justifies but a justified person with faith alone would be a monstrosity which never exists in the kingdom of grace. Faith works itself out through love (Gal. 5:6). And Faith without works is dead (James 2:17–20)."


title: Sola fide

text: "It is living faith that justifies and living faith unites to Christ both in the virtue of his death and in the power of his resurrection. No one has entrusted himself to Christ for deliverance from the guilt of sin who has not also entrusted himself to him for deliverance from the power of sin."


title: Sola fide

text: The relationship of faith and good works is one that may be distinguished but never separated ... if good works do not follow from our profession of faith, it is a clear indication that we do not possess justifying faith. The Reformed formula is, "We are justified by faith alone but not by a faith that is alone."


title: Sola fide

text: This debate, therefore, is not over the question of whether God renews us and initiates a process of gradual growth in holiness throughout the course of our lives. 'We are justified by faith alone, but not by a faith that is alone,' Luther stated, and this recurring affirmation of the new birth and sanctification as necessarily linked to justification leads one to wonder how the caricatures continue to be perpetuated without foundation.


title: Sola fide

text: Many Catholics see the exclusion of "works of the law" as only referring to works done for salvation under the Mosaic law, versus works of faith which are held as meritorious for salvation.


title: Sola fide

text: Adherents of sola fide respond that Jesus was not instituting keeping a higher moral code as means of salvation, and tend to see the exclusion of "works of the law" (as the means of obtaining justification) as referring to any works of the Mosaic law, and by implication, any "works of righteousness which we have done" (Titus ) or any system in which one earns eternal life on the basis of the merit of works.


title: Sola fide

text: However, most understand that the "righteousness of the law" is to be fulfilled by those who are justified by faith (Romans ). The Mosaic law and the principles of the gospel (such as the Sermon on the Mount and the Last Judgment of Matthew 25) are seen as being in correspondence, with the latter fulfilling, clarifying, and expanding on the former, centering on God's love for us, and love to others. Thus a Lutheran or Reformed believer can claim that "the law is holy, and the commandment holy, and just, and good," (Romans ) harmonizing the two principles of the same Bible.


title: Sola fide

text: Christian theologies answer questions about the nature, function, and meaning of justification quite differently. These issues include: Is justification an event occurring instantaneously or is it an ongoing process? Is justification effected by divine action alone ("monergism"), by divine and human action together ("synergism"), or by human action (erroneously called "Pelagianism")? Is justification permanent or can it be lost? What is the relationship of justification to sanctification, the process whereby sinners become righteous and are enabled by the Holy Spirit to live lives pleasing to God?


title: Sola fide

text: Discussion in the centuries since the Reformation and in some ways liberalising Counter-Reformation has suggested that the differences are in emphasis and concepts rather than doctrine, since Catholic and Orthodox Christians concede works are not the basis of "justification" nor relatedly "salvation", and most Protestants accept the need for repentance and the primacy of grace (see and below). Further, many Protestant churches actually hold more nuanced positions such as "sola gratia, sola fide" or "justification by faith" (i.e. without the "alone"). According to a 2017 survey conducted in Western Europe by the Pew Research Center, "fewer people say that faith alone (in Latin, "sola fide") leads to salvation, the position that Martin Luther made a central rallying cry of 16th-century Protestant reformers." Protestants in every country surveyed except Norway are more likely to say that both good deeds and faith in God are necessary for salvation.


title: Sola fide

text: The Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (JDDJ), signed by both the Lutheran World Federation and the Roman Catholic Church on 31 October 1999 declares:


title: Sola fide

text: We confess together that good works – a Christian life lived in faith, hope and love – follow justification and are its fruits. When the justified live in Christ and act in the grace they receive, they bring forth, in biblical terms, good fruit. Since Christians struggle against sin their entire lives, this consequence of justification is also for them an obligation they must fulfill. Thus both Jesus and the apostolic Scriptures admonish Christians to bring forth the works of love.


title: Sola fide

text: The Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (JDDJ), signed by the Lutheran World Federation and the Catholic Church, says that "sinners are justified by faith in the saving action of God in Christ. ... Such a faith is active in love and thus the Christian cannot and should not remain without works." And later, "Good works – a Christian life lived in faith, hope and love – follow justification and are its fruits. When the justified live in Christ and act in the grace they receive, they bring forth, in biblical terms, good fruit. Since Christians struggle against sin their entire lives, this consequence of justification is also for them an obligation they must fulfill. Thus both Jesus and the apostolic Scriptures admonish Christians to bring forth the works of love."


title: Sola fide

text: The Joint Declaration never mentions the expression "Sola Fide" and the Catechism of the Catholic Church clearly teaches that salvation is obtained by a combination of both faith and good works, which are considered to be a human response to God's grace.


title: Sola fide

text: Chapter 2 of the Epistle of James, verses 14–26, discusses faith and works, starting with verse 14, "What doth it profit, my brethren, though a man say he hath faith, and have not works? Can faith save him?" In verse 20 it says that faith without works is dead.


title: Sola fide

text: The Defense of the Augsburg Confession rejects the idea that the Epistle of James contradicts the Lutheran teaching on Justification.


title: Sola fide

text: Confessional Lutheran theologians summarize James 2: "we are justified/declared righteous by people when they see the good works we do as a result of our faith and they conclude that our faith is sincere."


title: Sola fide

text: In answer to another question on James 2:24 as well as Romans 3:23–24, the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod replied:


title: Sola fide

text: A Lutheran exegesis further points out that James is simply reaffirming Jesus' teaching in Matthew 7:16, and that in the tenth verse of the same chapter ("For whoever keeps the whole law and yet stumbles at just one point is guilty of breaking all of it"), James too denies works as a means to obtain forgiveness:


title: Sola fide

text: Lutheran and Reformed Protestants, as well as others, base the sola fide on the fact that the New Testament contains almost two hundred statements that appear to imply that faith or belief is sufficient for salvation, for example: "Jesus said unto her, I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live." () and especially Paul's words in Romans, "Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith without the deeds of the law." ()


title: Sola fide

text: "Now to him that worketh is the reward not reckoned of grace, but of debt. But to him that worketh not, but believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly, his faith is counted for righteousness." ()


title: Sola fide

text: The precise relationship between faith and good works remains an area of controversy in some Protestant traditions (see also Law and Gospel). Even at the outset of the Reformation, subtle differences of emphasis appeared. For example, because the Epistle of James emphasizes the importance of good works, Martin Luther sometimes referred to it as the "epistle of straw". Calvin on the other hand, while not intending to differ with Luther, wrote of the necessity of good works as a consequence or 'fruit' of faith. The Anabaptists tended to make a nominal distinction between faith and obedience.


title: Sola fide

text: A recent article suggests that the current confusion regarding the Epistle of James about faith and works resulted from Augustine of Hippo's anti-Donatist polemic in the early fifth century. This approach reconciles the views of Paul and James on faith and works. Recent meetings of scholars and clergy have attempted to soften the antithesis between Protestant and Catholic conceptions of the role of faith in salvation, which, if they were successful, would have far reaching implications for the relationship between most Protestant churches and the Catholic Church. These attempts to form a consensus are accepted among many Protestants and Catholics, but among others, "sola fide" continues to divide the Reformation churches, including many Lutherans, Reformed, and others, from other denominations. Some statements of the doctrine are interpreted as a denial of the doctrine as understood by other groups.


title: Sola fide

text: In the Council of Trent (1545-1563), the Catholic Church cautioned against an extreme version of "sola fide" in canon XIV on self-righteousness and justification without repentance, declaring: "If any one says, that man is truly absolved from his sins and justified, because that he assuredly believed himself absolved and justified; or, that no one is truly justified but he who believes himself justified; and that, by this faith alone, absolution and justification are effected; let him be anathema." This can be reconciled easily with the first of Luther's 95 Theses (and thus much of its theologian's teachings) which is to call for repentance.


title: Sola fide

text: Pope Benedict XVI summarized the Catholic position as ""...Luther's phrase: "faith alone" is true, if it is not opposed to faith in charity, in love. Faith is looking at Christ, entrusting oneself to Christ, being united to Christ, conformed to Christ, to his life. ... St Paul speaks of faith that works through love (cf. Gal 5: 14).""


title: Sola fide

text: The following principles from the Catechism of the Catholic Church (labeled by paragraph number) are useful for understanding the Catholic view of justification.


title: Sola fide

text: Thus the Catholic view could perhaps be interpreted as a progression or flow: first grace, then initial trust/repentance/conversion, then faith/hope/charity, combined with an emphasis that none of these elements should be isolated thus missing the package.


title: Sola fide

text: Further, the sacraments of baptism, Eucharist, and reconciliation relate to each: baptism for the removal of sin (in the case of an infant, original sin), Eucharist for the participation in Jesus' sacrifice, and penance for the confession of lapses of faith and charity and the assignment of prayers/actions to rejoin faith and charity. "Sola fide" is rejected only as far is it would ignore or reject grace or the New Commandment.


title: Sola fide

text: Some scholars of Early Christianity are adherents of the New Perspective on Paul and so believe sola fide is a misinterpretation on the part of Lutherans and that Paul was actually speaking about laws (such as Circumcision, Dietary laws, Sabbath, Temple rituals, etc.) that were considered essential for the Jews of the time.


title: Sola fide

text: The Catholic view holds instead that grace, specifically, the form of grace known as "sanctifying grace", and which first floods the soul at baptism, which empowers one's ability both to believe and to perform good works, is essential as the gateway to salvation, but not the only element needed for salvation (Eph 2:8–10). God's freely given grace is offered and empowers one's ability to believe and to perform good works, both then becoming meritorious because they are joined to Christ's saving power of the Cross. (Phil 2:12–13) (Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1987–2029) A Christian must respond to this free gift of Grace from God given first, ordinarily, in Baptism (1 Pet 3:21) both by having faith and by living in the light of Christ through love (Jn 3:16; 1 Jn 1:7) (Galatians 5:6) which perfects the Christian throughout his or her life (James 2:22). The Catholic position is best summed up in John 3:16, if one has the proper, contextual understanding of the word "believe". "Believe", in context and in ancient Judaism, meant more than an intellectual assent. "To believe" also meant to obey, which is seen, in context, in Jn 3:36, 1 Jn 2:3ff, and 1 Jn 5:1ff. Without our positive response to grace offered, salvation is not possible.


title: Sola fide

text: As expounded in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the Catholic Church's teaching is that it is the grace of God, "the free and undeserved help that God gives us to respond to his call", that justifies us, a grace that is a prerequisite for our free response of "collaboration in justification through faith, and in sanctification through charity".


title: Sola fide

text: According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church justification is conferred in baptism, the sacrament of faith. The sacrament of reconciliation enables recovery of justification, if lost through committing a mortal sin. A mortal sin makes justification lost, even if faith is still present.


title: Sola fide

text: The Council of Trent sought to clarify the Catholic Church's teaching on justification and the manner in which it differed from that proposed by Lutheran and Reformed Christians. It stated: "Faith is the beginning of human salvation, the foundation and root of all justification, without which it is impossible to please God () and to come to the fellowship of His sons; and we are therefore said to be justified gratuitously, because none of those things that precede justification, whether faith or works, merit the grace of justification." "Faith, unless hope and charity be added to it, neither unites man perfectly with Christ nor makes him a living member of His body. For which reason it is most truly said that faith without works is dead () and of no profit, and in Christ Jesus neither circumcision availeth anything nor uncircumcision, but faith that worketh by charity ()." After being justified, "to those who work well unto the end and trust in God, eternal life is to be offered, both as a grace mercifully promised to the sons of God through Christ Jesus, and as a reward promised by God himself, to be faithfully given to their good works and merits. ... Since Christ Jesus Himself, as the head into the members and the vine into the branches (), continually infuses strength into those justified, which strength always precedes, accompanies and follows their good works, and without which they could not in any manner be pleasing and meritorious before God, we must believe that nothing further is wanting to those justified to prevent them from being considered to have, by those very works which have been done in God, fully satisfied the divine law according to the state of this life and to have truly merited eternal life, to be obtained in its [due] time, provided they depart [this life] in grace".


title: Sola fide

text: Catholic exegetes believe that St. James, to continue the thread above, had no other object than to emphasize the fact—already emphasized by St. Paul—that only such faith as is active in charity and good works (fides caritate formata) possesses any power to justify man (cf. Galatians 5:6; 1 Corinthians 13:2), whilst faith devoid of charity and good works (fides informis) is a dead faith and in the eyes of God insufficient for justification (cf. James 2:17 sqq.)


title: Sola fide

text: Methodism affirms the doctrine of justification by faith, but in Wesleyan-Arminian theology, justification refers to "pardon, the forgiveness of sins", rather than "being made actually just and righteous", which Methodists believe is accomplished through sanctification. John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist Churches, taught that the keeping of the moral law contained in the Ten Commandments, as well as engaging in the works of piety and the works of mercy, were "indispensable for our sanctification".


title: Sola fide

text: Methodist soteriology emphasizes the importance of the pursuit of holiness in salvation. Thus, for Wesley, "true faith ... "cannot" subsist without works". Bishop Scott J. Jones in "United Methodist Doctrine" (2002) writes that in Methodist theology:


title: Sola fide

text: Bishop Jones concludes that "United Methodist doctrine thus understands true, saving faith to be the kind that, given time and opportunity, will result in good works. Any supposed faith that does not in fact lead to such behaviors is not genuine, saving faith." Methodist evangelist Phoebe Palmer stated that "justification would have ended with me had I refused to be holy". While "faith is essential for a meaningful relationship with God, our relationship with God also takes shape through our care for people, the community, and creation itself." Methodism, influenced by Lutheran Pietism and influential in the Holiness movement, thus teaches that "justification [is made] conditional on obedience and progress in sanctification", emphasizing "a deep reliance upon Christ not only in coming to faith, but in remaining in the faith".


title: Sola fide

text: Richard P. Bucher contrasts this position with the Lutheran one, discussing an analogy put forth by the founder of the Methodist Church, John Wesley:


title: Sola fide

text: The position of the Mennonite Church USA is set out in the pamphlet "Confession of Faith in a Mennonite Perspective" (1995). It is a typical Anabaptist confession of faith. The commentary to Article 8 of the "Confession" states:


title: Sola fide

text: The Anglican position is set out in the Thirty-nine Articles, specifically Article XI "Of the Justification of Man":


title: Sola fide

text: Chapter XI of the London Baptist Confession of Faith 1689 is the same as the Westminster Confession of Faith.


title: Sola fide

text: The following statements from confessions of faiths of the Wesleyan-Arminian tradition reflect Methodist theology on salvation:


title: Sola fide

text: In the preamble , it is suggested that much of the debate on "sola fide" has been based on condemnations of caricatured positions not actually held: "The teaching of the Lutheran Churches presented in the Declaration does not fall under the condemnations from the Council of Trent. The condemnations in the Lutheran Confessions do not apply to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church presented in this Declaration."


title: John McAleese

text: John Thomas "Mac" McAleese, MM (25 April 1949 – 26 August 2011) was a British soldier who took part in several late 20th century conflicts with the British Army's Royal Engineers and the Special Air Service, which is now within the umbrella organisation, United Kingdom Special Forces. During his time in the Special Air Service, he famously had a role in the storming of the Iranian Embassy in London during a hostage taking siege incident in May 1980.


title: John McAleese

text: He joined the Royal Engineers in 1969, aged 20, and in 1973 passed the All Arms Commando Course (AACC), which earned him the green beret and a transfer to 59 Independent Commando, Royal Engineers.


title: John McAleese

text: In 1975 he transferred into the Special Air Service. He was a lance corporal in 1980, serving in Pagoda Troop, 'B' Squadron, 22 SAS Regiment, when he led "Blue Team" in the storming of the Iranian Embassy in London during a hostage siege on 5 May 1980. McAleese fought in the Falklands War in 1982, and in The Troubles. He was awarded the Military Medal for gallantry in action at the Loughgall ambush in County Armagh on 8 May 1987, and was present at the Drumnakilly ambush in County Tyrone in August 1988. He also served as a bodyguard for three Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom. He was discharged from the British Army on 8 February 1992 with the rank of staff sergeant.