title: She's Funny That Way (film)

text: The film received mixed reviews from American critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 45%, based on reviews from 100 critics, with an average rating of 5.30/10. The site's critical consensus states: ""She's Funny That Way" is an affectionate, talent-filled throwback to screwball comedies of old—which makes it even more frustrating that the laughs are disappointingly few and far between." Metacritic gives the film a score of 45 out of 100, based on reviews from 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Ko (film)

text: Ko () is a 2011 Indian Tamil-language political action thriller film directed by K. V. Anand, and written by Anand and the duo Suresh and Balakrishnan. The film stars Jiiva, Ajmal, Karthika (in her major Tamil debut), and Piaa Bajpai in lead roles, while Prakash Raj and Kota Srinivasa Rao appear in supporting roles.


title: Ko (film)

text: The film follows Ashwin (Jiiva), a photojournalist working for "Dina Anjal" who covers the Tamil Nadu State Election. The core plot of the movie was reported to be based on the 2009 movie "State of Play".


title: Ko (film)

text: The film features music composed by Harris Jayaraj, with cinematography handled by Richard M. Nathan and editing done by Anthony. The film was released on 22 April 2011 to mostly positive reviews, and became a commercial success. It was dubbed in Telugu as "Rangam", and released on the same date, which also becoming a success at the box-office.


title: Ko (film)

text: The film won two Filmfare Awards South, three Vijay Awards, two SIIMA Awards, and four Tamil Nadu State Film Awards. Based on an online poll conducted by The Times of India, it won the Chennai Times Best Film Award for 2011. The film was remade in Bengali as "Kanamachi" (2013). A standalone sequel to the film titled as "Ko 2" was released in 2016.


title: Ko (film)

text: Ashwin Kumar is a photojournalist working for the private newspaper "Dina Anjal". He witnesses Naxalites robbing a local bank. He chases them and manages to click photos of the robbers. When he tries to escape, he is stopped by a woman Renuka 'Renu', who assumes he is the culprit and helps the robbers take his camera. However, he is able to secure the camera's memory card. The police catch Ashwin, and to prove that he is a press photographer, he shows the photos to them, who identify everyone except the gang leader (whose face is covered by a mask). At his office, he again meets Renu, who has newly joined as an article editor. He slowly falls in love with Renu. Saraswathi 'Saro' also works in his office and has feelings for Ashwin, who does not reciprocate.


title: Ko (film)

text: Settled in her new job, Renu writes a cover story about a politician Aalavandhan, describing his attempt to marry a minor. Enraged by this, Aalavandhan barges into the newspaper office and shouts at Renu. The audio recording of her interview disappears (courtesy of Aalavandhan), and she is fired from her job for falsified reporting. Ashwin later risks his life to capture the pictures of Aalavandhan, who actually engages in child marriage in a temple at midnight. Later the story with the photos is printed in their newspaper, and this makes Renu reciprocate Ashwin's love. Saro is initially jealous of the love between Ashwin and Renu but later accepts it and gets over Ashwin. Meanwhile, Vasanthan Perumal, an engineer and recent graduate, strives hard to enter politics by contesting in the upcoming election. He is contesting against more experienced politicians who capture the people by giving freebies and money.


title: Ko (film)

text: Nobody cares about Vasanthan and his team of graduates, who promise a healthy government to people. Their party name is "Siragugal" (wings). Ashwin and Renu find out about Vasanthan's election campaign, and they and the entire "Dina Anjal" team extend their support to the campaign, covering it extensively, much to the chagrin of Aalavandhan and the CM Yogeswaran. One night, Vasanthan's party organizes an election campaign meeting. While photographing the event, Ashwin receives a text message from Saro that states there is a bomb underneath the stage where Vasanthan is speaking. Ashwin manages to save Vasanthan just before the bomb explodes. Later, Ashwin finds Saro fatally wounded near the blast site. Saro struggles to tell something to Ashwin and Renu before she dies. Ashwin, through a video clip recorded by another photographer, discovers that Saro was intentionally killed by someone. He later notices a resemblance between the leader of the bank robbery and this unknown killer, concluding that the Naxalite leader killed Saro.


title: Ko (film)

text: A few days later, Renu notices that Vasanthan's photo in their newspaper was cut from a college class photo, where Ashwin is also present. It is revealed that Vasanthan is Ashwin's former college mate. Confronted by Renu, Ashwin tells her that he and Vasanthan studied in the same college and were best friends. He also tells her that he is happy for Vasanthan's success and is wholeheartedly supporting his election campaign. In the election, Vasanthan's party wins by a huge majority, and Vasanthan becomes the Chief Minister. He orders the release of 20 Naxals on Republic Day, citing humanity. Shocked on hearing this news, Ashwin rushes to the secretariat to meet Vasanthan. In Vasanthan's office, Ashwin notices that the Naxalite leader who killed Saro is there, talking with Vasanthan. Ashwin airs his grievances to Vasanthan, who ignores him. Ashwin follows the leader to his hideout.


title: Ko (film)

text: At the same time, Vasanthan orders the Tamil Nadu Police (T.N.P) to go kill the Naxals at their hideout, and the commandos surround the perimeter of that place. Ashwin, already at the hideout, confronts the Naxalite leader Kadhir, and finds out from him that Vasanthan had made a deal with the Naxalites to help him win the election. They orchestrated events such as the burning of a hut and saving the woman in that hut (who was also a Naxalite) to win people's sympathy. In the same vein, they had planted a bomb on the stage where Vasanthan was speaking during his meeting. Saro had found out the truth about Vasanthan but was fatally assaulted by him so that she does not reveal his intentions to anyone. Ashwin realises that Saro had tried to warn him and Renu about Vasanthan's true character before dying and also that now Vasanthan is double-crossing the Naxalites and is planning to kill them as a show of achievement.


title: Ko (film)

text: Ashwin records this confession using his mobile phone camera and sends it to Renu, who plans to publish this story in their newspaper. Vasanthan then arrives and kills Kadhir. He also tries to kill Ashwin. However, Ashwin triggers a land mine there, which explodes, killing Vasanthan, while Ashwin manages to escape. Vasanthan's party members arrive at the hideout on hearing the news that Vasanthan had died. Seeing their innocence, Ashwin forces Renu not to reveal the truth about Vasanthan because his party members would get into serious trouble and lose their seats just for supporting him. They did not know about Vasanthan's intentions and supported him, believing his false claims of a "healthy government". Renu publishes an article saying that Vasanthan had sacrificed his life fighting the Naxalites and died as a martyr. Ashwin and Renu submit their resignations to the editor, S. Krishnakumar 'Krish', for falsified reporting, but he rejects their resignations and tells them to cover the next CM.


title: Ko (film)

text: Initially the film was rumored to have Karthi in the lead. However, it was later officially announced that Silambarasan would play the lead in the film, but was later replaced by Jiiva. Actors Ajith and Suriya were also considered for the role. The lead female role was initially supposed to be enacted by Tamannaah, who was replaced by actress Karthika Nair. Piaa Bajpai and Ajmal Ameer in pivotal roles.


title: Ko (film)

text: KV Anand approached Dravidian ideologue Suba Veerapandian ("Subavee") for casting him as Krish, but the latter declined the offer after showing some initial interest, resulting in Achyuth Kumar taking the role instead. Had Subavee accepted the offer, "Ko" would have been his second film as an actor, after Ilakkanam (2006).


title: Ko (film)

text: The film was shot on location in Chennai, Harbin in China as well as in Western Norway at Trolltunga, Stalheim, Bergen and Prekestolen, becoming the first Tamil film to be shot in Norway and places of Bangalore near Nayandahalli under bridge.


title: Ko (film)

text: The trailer of this film was played during the screening of "Manmadan Ambu" and got a favourable response.


title: Ko (film)

text: For the film's soundtrack and score, K. V. Anand, roped in composer Harris Jayaraj, who previously worked with the director on "Ayan" (2009). The composition of the songs took place in Macau. The album features six tracks, with lyrics written by Pa. Vijay, Madhan Karky, Kabilan, Viveka, Vanamali, Sricharan, Emcee Jesz. On 5 November 2010, coinciding with Diwali, a short teaser was released which featured the song "Enamo Aedho" which received acclaim from critics and audience. Another song, "Aga Naga", featured special appearances by several Tamil film personalities, including composer Jayaraj (see under cast). The album was launched on 12 January 2011, at the Image Auditorium in Chennai, with the presence of the film's cast and crew, and other celebrities, which was followed by a press meet the following day, at the Green Park Hotel in Chennai. The audio event was telecasted on Kalaignar TV on 26 January 2011, coinciding with Republic Day.


title: Ko (film)

text: The soundtrack received mixed reviews from critics. C. Karthik from Behindwoods.com gave 2.5 out of 5 writing, "Overall, Harris has tried to re-create the Ayan magic in KV Anand's latest and has achieved it to an extent [...] There are a couple of songs that give bragging rights to Harris but the others fail to scale the same height. Ko is worth having in your personal collection!" Pavithra Srinivasan of Rediff gave a 2 out of 5, citing that "aside from the sweetly melodious Ennamo Edho, the other numbers are all mish-mashed versions of his earlier hits." Indiaglitz said, "Ko's music is vivacious with different genres of romantic songs, hip hop and nevertheless even poetic." Milliblog reviewed "KV Anand may be a master storyteller, but his music sense continues to be strictly average; Harris doesn't help either." Music Aloud gave a rating of 7 out of 10, to the soundtrack and commented, "Barring the one gem in the form of Ennamo Yaedho, a middling score from Harris Jayaraj for Ko. Which is a huge letdown when compared to the score w he produced less than 2 months back."


title: Ko (film)

text: "Ko" was originally scheduled to release on 11 February 2011, the film was postponed due to the 2011 Cricket World Cup which was held in India, and as it ends on 2 April, the makers fixed the release to 14 April 2011, which was again postponed due to the 2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Election, which was held at that time, and was finally slated to release on 22 April 2011. The film was opened in nearly 2230 theatres worldwide, making it Jiiva's biggest release ever. It was also released in multiplexes across metros like Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, Chandigarh, Lucknow and Vadodara with English subtitles to attract the non-Tamil audience.


title: Ko (film)

text: The satellite rights of the film were secured by Kalaignar while Ayngaran International released the film on DVD and Blu-ray. The film was later dubbed and released in Hindi as "The Real Leader" on YouTube in 2018.


title: Ko (film)

text: The film opened to positive reviews. "Behindwoods" wrote "The director has aptly mixed intelligent and commercial cinema in Ko. The film making is nearly flawless and excels in places where he brings in slice of life incidents to invoke humor". "The Hindu" described the film as a "tale with a realistic twist" and praised Anand who "strikes gold with Ko. Blending the commercial with the realistic is a challenge, but K. V. Anand proves adept at it." "Indiaglitz" wrote "Anand deserves all accolades for rendering a brisk entertainer that is devoid of cliches. Racy all through, it is a movie that is worth a watch, if you are really not bothered about logic at certain places". "The Times of India" gave three and a half citing: "With "Ko", director Anand gives notice of his immense talent once again, making a movie that is all set to lord over the box office this summer". Nowrunning wrote "Ko staggers throughout, pretending to take risks and after the first misstep; it's nothing but a free fall, all the way. The funny thing is the free fall isn't a smooth ride either. It hits every protruding rock". National Film Award-winning critic, Baradwaj Rangan wrote: "If someone wants to make a case for the abolishment of song and dance from our cinema, Ko would be Exhibit A." He also went on to state that "Ko" was "a series of big scenes with no transitions, no segues, no scenes that just stop to smell the scenery."


title: Ko (film)

text: The film opened 95–100% occupancy on first day collected . The film first weekend collection is . The film first week collection is . In Chennai, it collected in the opening weekend. After 9 weeks, it collected in Chennai The film's total worldwide collection is at the box office thus being biggest blockbuster ever in Jiiva's career, and completed 100-day run at the box office.


title: Ko (film)

text: The Telugu version, "Rangam" collected at the box office and also declared Blockbuster, with distributors organizing celebrations in Tirupati on its 100th day of theatrical run.


title: Ko (film)

text: The film was remade in Bengali as "Kanamachi" (2013) by Raj Chakraborty. It stars Ankush Hazra, Srabanti and Abir Chatterjee.


title: Ko (film)

text: A standalone sequel to the film titled "Ko 2" was announced by the producer Elred Kumar, which features a different cast and crew, starring Bobby Simha and Nikki Galrani, except Prakash Raj, who reprised his role from the original. The film was released in May 2016.


title: Ko (film)

text: The song "Ennamo Edho" inspired a 2014 film of same name starring Gautham Karthik and the Telugu version "Enduko Emo" inspired a 2018 film starring Nandu. Brahmanandam performed a parody of the song in Telugu film "Naayak" (2013). The song placement of "Venpaniye" was widely criticised, and KV Anand made a humor of it in his film "Maattrraan" (2012).


title: Kingdom of Holland

text: The Kingdom of Holland ( (contemporary), (modern); ) was created by Napoleon Bonaparte, overthrowing the Batavian Republic in March 1806 in order to better control the Netherlands. Since becoming Emperor in 1804, Napoleon sought to extirpate republican tendencies in territories France controlled, and placed his third brother, Louis Bonaparte, on the throne of the puppet kingdom. The name of the leading province, Holland, now designated the whole country. In 1807, East Frisia and Jever were added to the kingdom.


title: Kingdom of Holland

text: In 1809, after the Walcheren Campaign, Holland had to surrender all territories south of the river Rhine to France. Also in 1809, Dutch forces fighting on the French side participated in defeating the anti-Bonapartist German rebellion led by Ferdinand von Schill, at the battle of Stralsund.


title: Kingdom of Holland

text: King Louis did not perform to Napoleon's expectations – he tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's – and the kingdom was dissolved in 1810, after which the Netherlands were annexed by France until 1813. Holland covered the area of the present-day Netherlands, with the exception of Limburg, and parts of Zeeland, which were French territory, and with the addition of East Frisia. It was the first formal monarchy in the Netherlands since 1581.


title: Kingdom of Holland

text: The long range result of the country having been a monarchy was to facilitate the ability of the House of Orange to assume, after Napoleon's fall, the status of full-fledged Monarchs – ending their centuries-long ambiguous status as Stadholders, which had been the source of unending instability and conflict throughout the history of the Dutch Republic.


title: Kingdom of Holland

text: Napoléon's brother Louis Bonaparte was installed as King of Holland on 5 June 1806. Originally the arms of the new kingdom were to be like those of the Kingdom of Italy: an eagle bearing a shield, with the arms of the United Netherlands, the lion, now royally crowned. In December 1806, in Paris, A. Renodi designed arms quartering the Napoléonic eagle with the lion of the United Netherlands. Around the shield was the French Order of the Grand Aigle. Behind the shield are crossed sceptres, typical for Napoleonic heraldry, and above the shield, Napoleon's star.


title: Kingdom of Holland

text: A few months later, on 20 May 1807, King Louis – now called "Lodewijk" – altered these arms, adding a helmet, leaving out his brother's star, and replacing the "Grand Aigle" with his own Dutch Order of the Union and the old Dutch devise "Unity makes strength" around the shield. Exemplary for the innovation in Napoleon's heraldry are the two hands coming out of clouds from behind the shield holding swords, designating King Louis as "Connétable de France".


title: Kingdom of Holland

text: Napoléon felt the Batavian Republic was becoming too independent for his liking. He thus forced the Dutch to accept his brother, Louis Bonaparte, as king. The alternative would have been outright annexation to France. Despite these circumstances, many citizens were very happy with his arrival. But there was also opposition, because many feared the new King would introduce the dreaded policy of conscription. However, the new king did not implement the policy, despite the ire of Napoléon, who demanded that King Louis raise a large army to guard the North from possible British incursions, and to aid the French armies in Germany and Spain.


title: Kingdom of Holland

text: Apart from the lavishly uniformed Royal Guard, the army of the Kingdom of Holland would always be short of recruits, leading to units being disbanded or amalgamated. Acts to recruit more troops, for instance by raising a Jewish regiment or by adding all male orphans to the army as Velites, were of little effect, the latter leading to public riots and accusations of introducing the conscription.


title: Kingdom of Holland

text: Napoléon intended for Louis to be little more than the prefect of Holland. For example, the ministers were provided mostly by Napoléon. However, Louis had his own mind, and was determined to be as independent of his elder brother as possible. In addition to refusing to introduce conscription, he made a sincere effort to learn the Dutch language, even going as far as to adopt the Dutch spelling of his name, Lodewijk. He declared himself Dutch rather than French and demanded that his ministers renounce their French citizenships as well. He also required his ministers and court to only speak Dutch.


title: Kingdom of Holland

text: Due to the economic blockade enforced by Napoléon, the economy of the Kingdom of Holland was further depressed; and many Dutch citizens turned to getting goods from smugglers. Louis hesitated to oppose this, which led Napoléon to sending units of "Douanes Imperiales" to Holland.


title: Kingdom of Holland

text: After British troops launched an ill-fated invasion of Walcheren in the Walcheren Campaign of 1809, Napoléon lost patience with his hesitant brother and decided to make Holland an integral part of France. After annexing the southern provinces of Holland into the Empire, he forced King Louis to abdicate in 1810. Louis's son, Napoléon Louis Bonaparte, reigned for a week as "Louis II" before Napoléon annexed the rest of the kingdom into the French Empire. During that period Queen Hortense acted as Regent of the Kingdom.


title: Kingdom of Holland

text: The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland was short-lived, but in the aftermath of Napoléon's fall, the precedent of the Netherlands having been a Kingdom facilitated the House of Orange's successful efforts to upgrade themselves from the rank of "stadhouder" to being fully-fledged monarchs.


title: Topo Chico

text: Topo-Chico is a brand of sparkling mineral water from Mexico. Topo-Chico is both naturally carbonated at the source and artificially carbonated.


title: Topo Chico

text: Topo-Chico has been sourced from and bottled in Monterrey, Mexico since 1895. The drink takes its name from the mountain Cerro del Topo Chico, near Monterrey.


title: Topo Chico

text: In 2017, The Coca-Cola Company purchased Topo-Chico for $220 million. The brand was originally popular in northern Mexico and Texas, with the Coca-Cola Company later helping popularize it across the United States. The drink has a cult following.


title: Topo Chico

text: Ranch Water is a cocktail made with tequila, lime juice and Topo-Chico, over ice, a popular drink in Texas.


title: Topo Chico

text: In 2021, the Coca-Cola Co used its sparkling mineral water brand Topo-Chico to launch a range of vegan friendly alcoholic hard seltzers in the United Kingdom and in the United States with Molson Coors. The range includes Tangy Lemon Lime, Tropical Mango and Cherry Acai flavors in the United Kingdom and flavors such as Tangy Lemon Lime, Tropical Mango, Strawberry Guava and Exotic Pineapple in the US.


title: Topo Chico

text: In early 2022, Topo Chico Hard Seltzer launched their new Hard Seltzer Topo Chico Ranch Water in select markets, along with the national rollout of its popular variety pack. The product features real lime juice and a refreshing, crisp taste. The product is now available in stores across Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas.


title: Topo Chico

text: "Topo Chico" is the subject and title of the last song on Robert Ellis's 2019 album "Texas Piano Man".


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: Nuclear power in Germany accounted for 13.3% of German electricity supply in 2021, generated by six power plants, of which three were switched off at the end of 2021, the other three due to cease operation at the end of 2022 according to the complete nuclear phase-out plan of 2011. However, in early 2022 this plan was called into question once more in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine which threatens Germany's supply of natural gas. There have been calls to either delay the shutdown of the remaining three reactors or to restart operation in those reactors that were shut down in late 2021.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: German nuclear power began with research reactors in the 1950s and 1960s with the first commercial plant coming online in 1969. Nuclear power has been a topical political issue in recent decades, with continuing debates about when the technology should be phased out. The anti-nuclear movement in Germany has a long history dating back to the early 1970s, when large demonstrations prevented the construction of a nuclear plant at Wyhl. This greatly intensified when the Chernobyl disaster happened in 1986 and radionuclides released by the accident could be detected in much of Germany. The topic received renewed attention and policy reversals when the anti-nuclear Green party was part of the federal government from 1998 to 2005, at the start of 2007 due to the political impact of the Russia-Belarus energy dispute, in 2010 when the economy-friendly FDP was part of Merkel's coalition, and in 2011 after the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan. Within days of the March 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, large anti-nuclear protests occurred in Germany. Protests continued and, on 29 May 2011, Merkel's government announced that it would close all of its nuclear power plants by 2022. Political writer David Frum characterized Merkel's decision as a political move to improve her approval ratings which had sagged after the post 2008 financial crisis bailout of southern Europe by Germany.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: Eight of the seventeen operating reactors in Germany, mostly older ones, were permanently shut down following Fukushima. Chancellor Angela Merkel said the nuclear power phase-out, previously scheduled to be completed as late as 2036, would give Germany a competitive advantage in the renewable energy era, stating, "As the first big industrialized nation, we can achieve such a transformation toward efficient and renewable energies, with all the opportunities that brings for exports, developing new technologies and jobs". Merkel also pointed to Japan's "helplessness"—despite being an industrialized, technologically advanced nation—in the face of its nuclear disaster. The nuclear electricity production was primarily replaced with coal electricity production and electricity importing. One study found that the nuclear phase-out caused €3 to €8 billion in social costs per year, primarily due to increases in mortality due to exposure to pollution from fossil fuels.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: German engineering-industry giant Siemens announced a complete withdrawal from the nuclear industry in 2011, as a response to the Fukushima nuclear disaster. Remaining nuclear operating companies in Germany are E.ON, RWE, and EnBW. Germany remains active in basic and applied research in many nuclear fields, including the Forschungsreaktor München II, which does not have a firm shutdown date set. Germany also contributes its significant expertise in particle accelerators to MYRRHA a research project into a subcritical reactor used for the nuclear transmutation of high level waste.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: Prior to the takeover of Nazi Germany, German universities were the employers of some of the world's most renowned nuclear physicists, including Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Leo Szilard and others. In 1938 Hahn and his colleague Fritz Straßmann conducted an experiment designed by Lise Meitner (who had already been driven into exile due to her Jewish ancestry) which led to the discovery of nuclear fission. Soon thereafter a "race" began between the soon to be belligerents of World War II to find - military or civilian - applications of the new technology. Hampered by infighting, lack of resources, mistakes and the suspicion of Nazi authorities against "Jewish physics", the "Uranverein" ("uranium club") led by Werner Heisenberg never got close to building a "Uranmaschine" ("uranium machine" - what the Americans called a "pile") that achieved criticality, let alone building a nuclear weapon. When the Americans took over the last German attempt at a research reactor during the war at Haigerloch in southwestern Germany, it was clear to the people involved in the Alsos Mission that Germany had fallen behind the Manhattan project by a considerable amount.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: German publications of the 1950s and 1960s contained criticism of some features of nuclear power including its safety. Nuclear waste disposal was widely recognized as a major problem, with concern publicly expressed as early as 1954. In 1964, one author went so far as to state "that the dangers and costs of the necessary final disposal of nuclear waste could possibly make it necessary to forego the development of nuclear energy".


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: As in many industrialised countries, nuclear power in Germany was first developed in the late 1950s. Only a few experimental reactors went online before 1960, and an experimental nuclear power station in Kahl am Main opened in 1960. All of the German nuclear power plants that opened between 1960 and 1970 had – like otherways in the whole world – a power output of less than 1,000 MW and have now all closed down. The first almost fully commercial nuclear power plant started operating in 1969: Obrigheim operated until 2005, where it was shutdown by phaseout decision of the government. The first station with a power output of more than 1000 MW each were the two units of Biblis Nuclear Power Plant in 1974 and 1976.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: A closed nuclear fuel cycle was planned, starting with mining operations in the Saarland and the Schwarzwald; uranium ore concentration, fuel rod filling production in Hanau; and reprocessing of the spent fuel in the never-built nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Wackersdorf. The radioactive waste was intended to be stored in a deep geological repository, as part of the Gorleben long-term storage project. Today, there is a "ergebnisoffener" searching process over the whole country for the storage of the irradiated nuclear fuel.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: In the early 1960s there was a proposal to build a nuclear power station in West Berlin, but the project was dropped in 1962. Another attempt to site a reactor in a major city was made in 1967, when BASF planned to build a nuclear power station on its ground at Ludwigshafen, to supply process steam. The project was withdrawn by BASF.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: In 1959, 15 municipal electric companies established the "Association of Experimental Reactor GmbH" (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Versuchsreaktor, AVR) to demonstrate the feasibility and viability of a gas-cooled, graphite-moderated high temperature reactor (HTGR).


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: In the early 1960s, it started the design and construction of AVR at the Jülich Research Centre. First criticality was attained in 1966, and the AVR was in operation for more than 22 years. Despite the fuel feed and discharge system showed excellent availability, the AVR was shut down for political reasons in 1988. The AVR was designed to breed uranium-233 from thorium-232. Thorium-232 is over 100 times as abundant in the Earth's crust as uranium-235.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: In 1965, before the AVR started operation, a basic design for a commercial demonstration HTGR reactor using thorium was started, the THTR-300. The HTGR, rated at 300 MW, synchronized with the grid in 1985. Six months later a fuel pebble became lodged in the reactor core. After repairs, it was restarted and operated from July 1986, reaching full power in September 1986. It operated until September 1988, and was shutdown in September 1989.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: In the early 1970s, large public demonstrations prevented the construction of a nuclear plant at Wyhl. The Wyhl protests were an example of a local community challenging the nuclear industry through a strategy of direct action and civil disobedience. Police were accused of using unnecessarily violent means. Anti-nuclear success at Wyhl inspired nuclear opposition throughout Germany and elsewhere.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: The Rheinsberg Nuclear Power Plant was the first (mostly experimental) nuclear power plant in East Germany. It was of low power and operated from 1966 until 1990. The second to be commissioned, the Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant, was planned to house eight of the Russian 440 MW VVER-440 reactors. The first four went online between 1973 and 1979. Greifswald 5 operated for less than a month before it was closed, the other three were cancelled during different stages of their build-up. In 1990, during the German reunification, all eastern Germany nuclear power plants were closed due to flaws in safety standards. The Stendal Nuclear Power Plant in East Germany was to be the largest nuclear power station in Germany. After German reunification, and due to concerns about the Soviet design, construction was stopped and the power station was never completed. In the 1990s the three cooling towers which had been erected were demolished, and the area is an industrial estate today.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: By 1992, a group of German and Swiss firms planned to proceed with construction of a HTR-500, a design that made considerable use of the THTR-300 technology. But the by then politically hostile environment in the light of the Chernobyl disaster as well as technical issues with the THTR-300 halted any effort. The technology is now pursued by the Chinese as the HTR-PM.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: In September 2011, Siemens, which had been responsible for constructing all 17 of Germany's existing nuclear power plants, announced that it would exit the nuclear sector following the Fukushima disaster and the subsequent changes to German energy policy. It will no longer build nuclear power plants anywhere in the world. The company's chairman, Peter Löscher, said that "Siemens was ending plans to cooperate with Rosatom, the Russian state-controlled nuclear power company, in the construction of dozens of nuclear plants throughout Russia over the coming two decades". Peter Löscher has supported the German government's planned energy transition to renewable energy technologies, calling it a "project of the century" and saying Berlin's target of reaching 35% renewable energy sources by 2020 was feasible.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: An October 2016 story in the "Süddeutsche Zeitung" reports that Finnish operator TVO is calling on Siemens to take financial responsibility for the completion of Unit3 of the Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant in Finland, because its project partner, the French-German Areva Group, is being broken up by the French government. Unit3, an EPR, has a history of delays and its future profitability is in doubt.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: During the chancellorship of Gerhard Schröder, the social democratic-green government had decreed Germany's final retreat from using nuclear power by 2022, but the phase-out plan was initially delayed in late 2010, when during chancellorship of center-right Angela Merkel the coalition conservative-liberal government decreed a 12-year delay of the schedule. This delay provoked protests, including a human chain of 50,000 from Stuttgart to the nearby nuclear plant in Neckarwestheim. Anti-nuclear demonstrations on 12 March attracted 100,000 across Germany.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: On 14 March 2011, in response to the renewed concern about the use of nuclear energy the Fukushima incident raised in the German public and in light of upcoming elections in three German states, Merkel declared a 3-month moratorium on the reactor lifespan extension passed in 2010. On 15 March, the German government announced that it would temporarily shut down 8 of its 17 reactors, i.e. all reactors that went online before 1981. Former proponents of nuclear energy such as Angela Merkel, Guido Westerwelle, and Stefan Mappus changed their positions, yet 71% of the population believed that to be a tactical manoeuvre related to upcoming state elections. In the largest anti-nuclear demonstration ever held in Germany, some 250,000 people protested on 26 March under the slogan "heed Fukushima – shut off all nuclear plants".


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: On 30 May 2011, the German government announced a plan to shut all nuclear reactors by 2022. Environment Minister Norbert Röttgen stated of the decision, "It's definite. The latest end for the last three nuclear power plants is 2022. There will be no clause for revision". Prior to the decision, Germany's renewable energy sector already provided 17% of Germany's electricity and employed about 370,000. The decision to phase-out nuclear power has been called the swiftest change of political course since unification. Only a year earlier Angela Merkel's government overturned a decade-old decision to close all nuclear plants by 2022.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: Physicist Amory Lovins has said: "Chancellor Merkel was so shocked by Fukushima that she turned Germany’s energy focus from nuclear (of which she closed 41% and will close the rest within a decade) to efficiency and renewables. That’s supported by three-fourths of Germans and opposed by no political party".


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: Merkel stated that Germany "[does not] only want to renounce nuclear energy by 2022, we also want to reduce our CO emissions by 40 percent and double our share of renewable energies, from about 17 percent today to then 35 percent". The chancellor noted the "helplessness" of Japan to manage the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Merkel asserted that Germany's energy policy would be safe, reliable, and independent from imports, with affordable prices for both consumers and industry. Increased investment in natural gas plants would provide a backup to ensure consistency for those times when the solar, wind and hydroelectric sources did not meet demand.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: At the time of the Japanese Fukushima disaster, Germany was getting just under a quarter of its electricity from nuclear power. After the Fukushima disaster, the following eight German nuclear power reactors were declared permanently shut down on 6 August 2011: BiblisA andB, Brunsbuettel, Isar1, Kruemmel, Neckarwestheim1, Philippsburg1 and Unterweser.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: Some German manufacturers and energy companies have criticized the phase-out plans, warning that Germany could face blackouts. While this did not happen there has been an increase in voltage fluctuations which has damaged industrial facilities and caused them to install voltage regulators. A 2020 study by the Haas School of Business found that the lost nuclear electricity production has been replaced primarily by coal-fired production and net electricity imports. The social cost of this shift from nuclear to coal is approximately twelve billion US dollars per year, mostly from the eleven hundred additional deaths associated with exposure to the local air pollution emitted when burning fossil fuels. Swedish energy company Vattenfall went in front of the World Bank's International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) to seek compensation from the German government for the premature shut-down of its nuclear plants.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: On 5 December 2016, the Federal Constitutional Court ("") ruled that the nuclear plant operators affected by the accelerated phase-out of nuclear power following the Fukushima disaster are eligible for "adequate" compensation. The court found that the nuclear exit was essentially constitutional but that the utilities are entitled to damages for the "good faith" investments they made in 2010. The utilities can now sue the German government under civil law. E.ON, RWE, and Vattenfall are expected to seek a total of €19billion under separate suits.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: As of March 2019, only seven nuclear plants had been left in operation and should be scheduled to be shut down and dismantled. As of early 2022, three plants remain for the final year.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: After Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022, German energy policy – which had up to that point relied on Russian imports (particularly natural gas) to a large degree – was re-evaluated, including a temporary suspension of the controversial Nord Stream 2 pipeline.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: The German minister of economy and climate, Robert Habeck answered in an interview that he would be "open" to extending the life of the remaining three nuclear power plants, but expressed skepticism as to the feasibility of and sense in such a move. Several newspapers called for a re-opening of the debate on the nuclear phaseout, including the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung". The (former) operators of Germany's remaining three nuclear power plants as well as the three reactors that had been shut down in late 2021 (but not yet dismantled) commented that they are "open" to negotiations with the government as to extending the lifetime of those reactors or restarting those that were already shut down. On 21 August 2022, German Economy Minister Robert Habeck said that Germany would not reverse the phase-out itself, but said that he was open to the idea of extending the lifespan of the Isar Nuclear Power Plant in Bavaria, subject to a stress test of Germany's electricity system.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: On 5 September 2022, the Federal Government announced that two of the three remaining nuclear power plants (Neckarwestheim and Isar 2) would operate beyond 31 December 2022 until April 2023 (cycle stretch out), while the Emsland Nuclear Power Plant was to be shut down as planned. However, on 10 October 2022, Scholz announced that all three would remain operating until April 2023.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: Nuclear power plants take years to be dismantled and contaminated sites have to be cleared and declared free of radiation. One estimate puts the cost of dismantling Germany's nuclear reactor sites at €18 billion, not counting the cost of radioactive waste disposal.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: No country has permanent storage sites for nuclear energy waste and spent nuclear fuel is stockpiled in temporary locations. In Germany, heavily contaminated spent fuel rods are stored in Castor containers on several temporary sites around the country.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: Germany is preparing the former iron-ore mine Schacht Konrad in Salzgitter as a national facility for the permanent disposal of low- to medium-grade radioactive waste materials.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: On 19 October 2016, the German cabinet ("") finalized a deal with nuclear power plant operators E.ON, EnBW, RWE, and Vattenfall over long-term nuclear waste disposal. Under the agreement, the four operators are freed of responsibility for storing radioactive waste – that responsibility is instead transferred to the state. In return, the operators will pay a total of €17.4billion into a state-administered fund to finance the interim and final storage of nuclear waste. They will also pay an additional "risk surcharge" of €6.2billion (35.5%) to cover the eventuality that costs exceed current projections and that the interest accrued by the fund is lower than expected. The operators will be responsible for decommissioning and deconstructing their own nuclear power plants, as well as preparing their radioactive waste for final storage.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: Critics, including the and BUND, claim the total of €23.6billion would prove insufficient and that future taxpayers will carry the risk.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: While the official policy of Germany is to dispose of spent fuel in a deep geological repository inside Germany's borders, Germany is also involved in research into nuclear transmutation of high level waste (primarily Actinides, which account for most of the long-term radiotoxicity of spent nuclear fuel). An important research project underway in Belgium is MYRRHA which relies on German suppliers for the particle accelerator which is in a sense the "heart" of every Accelerator Driven System and whose reliability is the key issue to be solved before such systems can be commercialized.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: Since nuclear power generated almost a third of the electricity in Germany, many thought that the country would have to import energy as the nuclear phase-out progressed. At first, Germany was still selling more electricity than it bought, due to its renewable energy industry. Renewable energy supplied a record 20.8% of Germany's electricity in the first half of 2011, from wind power, solar power, biomass and hydro. Germany installed over 7,400 MW of solar in 2010 and another 7,000 MW was added in 2011. Solar and wind capacity is expected to grow by 32% from 2012 to 2013. Since 2011 the price of electricity has risen by 20% and as of 2018 the cost of electricity in Germany is the 10th most expensive compared to other countries in the world.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: Germany has combined the phase-out with an initiative for renewable energy and wants to increase the efficiency of fossil power plants in an effort to reduce the reliance on coal. According to the former German Minister for the Environment Jürgen Trittin, in 2020, this would cut carbon dioxide emissions by 40 percent compared with 1990 levels. Germany has become one of the leaders in the efforts to fulfill the Kyoto protocol. Critics of the German policy have called it a mistake to abandon nuclear power, claiming the only alternative to nuclear power was coal and abandoning nuclear power was therefore contradictory to the goal of lowering CO emissions.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: As a result of its efforts and subsidies, Germany has developed advanced non-conventional renewable energy for electricity generation, particularly in photovoltaic and wind turbine installations. At the same time, Germany continues to rely heavily on coal power, with usage increasing to offset the phase-out of nuclear energy.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: The German nuclear industry has insisted that its shutdown would cause major damage to the country's industrial base. In 2012, member firms of the Verband der Industriellen Energie- und Kraftwirtschaft (VIK) reported power failures of several seconds duration, combined with a rise in frequency fluctuations. These were reportedly caused by network overloads due to the shutdown of nuclear power plants, and an increase in wind power generation. VIK also fear that industrial control units will be damaged by outages.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: The cost of replacing Germany's nuclear power generation with renewable energy has been officially estimated by the German Ministry of Economics at about €0.01/kWh (about €55 billion for the next decade), on top of the €13 billion per year already devoted to subsidizing renewables.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: However, unofficial estimates of the ministry, and of the Rhenish-Westphalian Institute for Economic Research (RWI), German Energy Agency (DENA), Federation of German Consumer Organizations (VZBV), and the government-owned development bank (KfW), put the cost several times higher, at about €250 billion ($340 B) over the next decade.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: In March 2013, the administrative court for the German state of Hesse ruled that a three-month closure imposed by the government on RWE's Biblis A and B reactors as an immediate response to Fukushima Daiichi accident was illegal. The state ministry of the environment acted illegally in March 2011, when an order was issued for the immediate closure of the Biblis units. RWE complied with the decree by shutting Biblis-A immediately, however as the plants were in compliance with the relevant safety requirements, the German government had no legal grounds for shutting them. The court ruled that the closure notice was illegal because RWE had not been given sufficient opportunity to respond to the order.


title: Nuclear power in Germany

text: In July 2022, faced with an energy crisis, the German parliament voted to reactivate closed coal power plants, at least temporarily.


title: Porsche 968

text: The Porsche 968 is a sports car manufactured by German automobile manufacturer Porsche AG from 1991 until 1995. It was the final evolution of a series of water-cooled front-engine rear wheel drive models begun almost 20 years earlier with the 924, taking over the entry-level position in the company lineup from the 944 with which it shared about 20% of its parts. The 968 was Porsche's last new front-engined vehicle before the introduction of the Cayenne SUV in 2003.


title: Porsche 968

text: Porsche's 944 model debuted for the 1982 model year as an evolution of the 924, was updated as "944S" in 1987 and as "944S2" in 1989. Porsche was in significant financial crisis at the time with less interest in its sports cars from customers, especially in the US. The virtually unchanged design of the 944, which was derived from the 924, was showing its age and sales of the model declined. Porsche hence found the need to develop a new entry level model. Shortly after the start of production of the S2 variant, Porsche engineers began working on another set of significant upgrades for the model, as executives were planning a final "S3" variant of the 944 with a design language in line with the models in its lineup in order to save development costs. During the development phase, 80% of the 944's mechanical components were either significantly modified or completely replaced by the engineers, leaving so little of the outgoing S2 model that Porsche management chose to introduce the variant as a new model, calling it the 968. In addition to the numerous mechanical upgrades, the new model also received significantly evolved styling both inside and out, with a more modern, streamlined look and more standard luxury amenities than on the 944. To save production costs, production was moved from the Audi plant in Neckarsulm (where the 924 and 944 had been manufactured under contract to Porsche), to Porsche's own factory in Zuffenhausen.


title: Porsche 968

text: The 968 was mainly a restyled evolution of the 944 with design links visible to its predecessor. Design work was done by Harm Lagaay who had designed the 924 and the 944 as well. The front of the car largely resembled the top-of-the line 928, sharing its exposed pop-up headlamps and the integrated front bumper. This frontal design would eventually appear on the 911 (993) two years later.


title: Porsche 968

text: The rear of the 968 was also redesigned, featuring fully coloured rounded taillamps. Special bulbs were used in the taillamps which either illuminated a small area in amber colour when the turn signals were activated or in white when the car was reversing. PORSCHE badging was fitted between the taillights just below the model type number. The rear apron was integrated into the smoothened rear bumper.


title: Porsche 968

text: While the exterior of the car was rounded and smoothed, the interior was largely unchanged and mostly shared with the preceding 944 S2 with the exception of switches and control knobs. The 968 also featured numerous small equipment and detail upgrades from the 944, including a Fuba roof-mounted antenna, updated single lens tail lamps, "Cup" style 16-inch alloy wheels, a wider selection of interior and exterior colours, a slightly updated "B" pillar and rear quarter window to accommodate adhesive installation to replace the older rubber gasket installation.


title: Porsche 968

text: Like its predecessor, the 968 was offered in coupé and convertible bodystyles. The 968 was powered by an updated version of the 944's Inline-four engine, now displacing 3.0 L with a 104 mm bore and an 88 mm stroke and rated at at 6,200 rpm and of torque at 4,100 rpm. Modifications to the engine include a higher 11.0:1 compression ratio, lighter crankshaft, crankcase and pistons along with revised intake valves and intake manifold. Changes to the 968's powertrain also included the addition of Porsche's then-new VarioCam variable valve timing system, newly optimized induction and exhaust systems, a dual-mass flywheel, and updated engine management electronics. The 968's engine was the fourth-largest four-cylinder engine ever offered in a production car at that time. A new 6-speed manual transmission replaced the 944's old 5-speed, and Porsche's dual-mode 4-speed Tiptronic automatic became an available option. Both the VarioCam timing system and Tiptronic transmission were very recent developments for Porsche. The Tiptronic transmission had debuted for the first time only 3 years prior to the debut of the 968, on the 1989 Type 964 911. The VarioCam timing system was first introduced on the 968 and would later become a feature of the Type 993 air-cooled six-cylinder engine.


title: Porsche 968

text: Much of the 968's chassis was carried over from the 944 S2, which in itself shared many components with the 944 Turbo (internally numbered "951") due to lack of development funds at the time. Borrowed components include the Brembo-sourced four-piston brake calipers on all four wheels with ventilated brake rotors, ABS, aluminium semi-trailing arms and aluminum front A-arms, used in a Macpherson strut arrangement. The steel unibody structure was also very similar to that of the previous models. Porsche maintained that 80% of the car was new.


title: Porsche 968

text: The 968 can attain a top speed of when equipped with the manual transmission and has a 0– acceleration time of 6.5 seconds.


title: Porsche 968

text: For the 1993 model year, the 968 received minor changes which included a pollen filter to increase the cleanliness of the air being channeled through the air conditioner and the introduction of special packages. The seat package included heated driver and front passenger seats, the sound package included an additional amplifier in the coupé and two additional speakers installed at the rear in the convertible while the suspension package included larger 17 inch wheels and an improved braking system with cross-drilled brake discs.


title: Porsche 968

text: From October 1992 through 1995, Porsche offered a lighter-weight "Club Sport" version of the 968 designed for enthusiasts seeking increased track performance. Much of the 968's luxury-oriented equipment was removed or taken off the options list; less sound deadening material was used, power windows were replaced with crank-driven units, upgraded stereo systems, A/C and sunroof were still optional as on the standard coupé and Convertible models. In addition, Porsche installed manually adjustable lightweight Recaro racing seats rather than the standard power-operated leather buckets (also manufactured by Recaro), a revised suspension system optimised and lowered by 20 mm for possible track use, 17-inch wheels (also slightly wider to accommodate wider tyres) rather than the 16-inch as found on the coupé and wider tyres, 225 front and 255 rear rather than 205 and 225 respectively. The four-spoke airbag steering wheel was replaced with a thicker-rimmed three-spoke sports steering wheel with no airbag, heated washer jets were replaced with non heated, vanity covers in the engine bay were deleted, as was the rear wiper. The Club Sport has no rear seats, unlike the 2+2 Coupé.


title: Porsche 968

text: Model year 1993 Club Sport models were only available in Grand Prix White, black, Speed yellow, Guards red or Maritime blue exterior colours. Seat backs were colour-coded to the body. "Club Sport" decals were applied to UK market cars in either black, red or white but there was a 'delete' option.


title: Porsche 968

text: For model year 1994, Riviera blue replaced Maritime Blue and a number of other colours and option packs were available including the option to add comfort rear seats with an electric boot release.


title: Porsche 968

text: All Club Sports had black interiors with simpler door cards similar to the 944. Due to the reduction in the number of electrical items the wiring loom was reduced in complexity which saved weight and also the battery was replaced with a smaller one, again reducing weight. With the no frills approach meaning less weight, as well as the optimising of the suspension, Porsche could focus media attention on the Club Sport variants fast road and track abilities. This helped to slightly bolster the flagging sales figures in the mid-1990s. The Club Sport variant achieved a 'Performance Car Of The Year' award in 1993 from Performance Car magazine in the UK. Club Sport models were only officially available in the UK, Europe, Japan & Australia, although "grey market" cars found their way elsewhere. The declared weight of the 968 CS is , ~ lighter than the regular 968. Acceleration from a standstill to takes 5.6 seconds and top speed is .


title: Porsche 968

text: A UK-only version called "968 Sport", was offered in 1994 and 1995, and was essentially a Club Sport model (it uses CS chassis numbers) with various model year 1994 option packs to create the P35 "CS UK Luxury Pack". This added an alarm, power windows / mirrors, electric release boot, central locking, sunroof and cloth "comfort" front and rear seats (the same front seats were a non cost option on the CS). With the added electrics the larger wiring loom was used. At £32,995, the 968 Sport was priced £4,500 lower than the standard 968, but had most of the latter's desirable "luxuries" and consequently outsold it by a large margin (306 of the 968 Sport models compared to 40 standard 968 coupés).


title: Porsche 968

text: In 1993, Porsche Motorsports at Weissach briefly produced a turbocharged 968 Turbo S, a fairly odd naming choice for Porsche which usually reserves the added "S" moniker for models that have been tuned for more power over a "lesser" counterpart, such as with the 911 Turbo. The 968 Turbo S shared the same body and interior as the Club Sport and visually can be identified by the NACA bonnet hood scoops, adjustable rear wing, three-piece speedline wheels and deeper front spoiler. The car had the suspension lowered by and was lighter than the standard 968. The 968 Turbo S was powered by a 3.0 L engine with an 8-valve SOHC cylinder head (from the 944 Turbo S) and 944S2 style engine block. Tests conducted in 1993 returned a 0 to time of 4.7 seconds and a top speed of . The engine generated at 5,600 rpm with a maximum torque of at 3,000 rpm. Only 14 were produced in total and only for sale in mainland Europe.


title: Porsche 968

text: Between 1992 and 1994, Porsche Motorsports Research and Development built and provided a full "Race" version (stripped out 968 Turbo S) for Porsche's customer race teams. The 968 Turbo RS was available in two variations; a version using the K27 turbocharger from the Turbo S, which was built to the German ADAC GT specification (ballast added to bring the car up to the 1,350 kg minimum weight limit), and an international spec version which used a KKK L41 turbocharger with the engine rated at and a reduced weight of 1,212 kg (2672 lbs). The interior of the Turbo RS features a single racing bucket seat with six point harness along with a welded in roll cage required for it to be eligible. Other modifications included a modified 6-speed manual transmission having altered gear ratios and a racing clutch along with racing suspension. Only 4 were ever produced as privateer racing teams showed much interest in the 911 Carrera RS 3.8 race car offered at the same time. These are the rarest 968s ever produced.


title: Porsche 968

text: In the ADAC GT Cup, the Joest team achieved fourth place in the Avus race in 1993 with the Turbo RS driven by Manuel Reuter. In the BPR, the car was driven at the 4-hour race by Dijon in 1994 to sixth place which was its best result in the race series. The Seikel Motorsport team used a 968 Turbo RS at the 1994 24 Hours of Le Mans, driven by John Nielsen, Thomas Bscher and Lindsay Owen-Jones. After 84 laps, the team had to end the race prematurely after an accident.


title: Porsche 968

text: The 968 was Porsche's last front-engine vehicle of any type before the introduction of the Cayenne SUV in 2003. Its discontinuation in 1995 due to poor sales coincided with that of the 928, Porsche's only other front-engine car at the time. The 968 was also the last Porsche sold with a four-cylinder engine prior to the introduction of the Porsche Macan in 2014.


title: Porsche 968

text: While lacking the wider ranging appeal of the 911, the 968 developed its own following. This is likely due to the 968's unique combination of speed and practicality, and low production numbers.


title: The Adventures of Paddington (2019 TV series)

text: The Adventures of Paddington (French: Les aventures de Paddington) is an animated television series developed for television by Jon Foster and James Lamont. The series is co-produced by Heyday Films and StudioCanal, with the participation of Nickelodeon, M6 and Piwi+. The animation for the series is produced by Blue-Zoo Animation Studio and Superprod Studio. The series is based on the "Paddington Bear" franchise. The series airs on Nickelodeon internationally, except in France where the series airs on Gulli and later on M6 and Piwi+.


text: The second season premiered on February 19, 2021. In July 2021, StudioCanal confirmed a third season was in development.


text: The show centers on a younger Paddington as he writes letters to his Aunt Lucy celebrating the new things he's discovered throughout the day.


text: "The Adventures of Paddington" was first announced on 14 February 2019 as part of Nickelodeon's 2019 upfront under the working title "Paddington", and the series' release date was later announced on 20 November 2019 with a new title, "The Adventures of Paddington". Ben Whishaw reprises his role as Paddington Bear from the two Paddington films. Gary Barlow composed, wrote, and performed the theme song for the series.


text: "The Adventures of Paddington" premiered on Nickelodeon in the United States on 20 January 2020. A sneak-peek premiere of the first episode aired on 20 December 2019. It is set to premiere on M6 in France on a date to be determined, although the series would eventually premiere in the country on Gulli. In the United Kingdom, the series was premiered on Nick Jr. on 2 March 2020 and it first aired on Channel 5's Milkshake! block on 5 October. It started on Nick Germany in April 2020. The series first aired on Nick Jr. in Croatia on 31 October. The series also began airing in April 2021 on Nick Junior in Poland, where episodes can be watched in English.


title: ATmega328

text: The ATmega328 is a single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the megaAVR family (later Microchip Technology acquired Atmel in 2016). It has a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC processor core.


title: ATmega328

text: The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 KB EEPROM, 2 KB SRAM, 23 general-purpose I/O lines, 32 general-purpose working registers, 3 flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8 channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and 5 software-selectable power-saving modes. The device operates between 1.8 and 5.5 volts.


title: ATmega328

text: A common alternative to the ATmega328 is the "picoPower" ATmega328P. A comprehensive list of all other members of the megaAVR series can be found on the Atmel website.


title: ATmega328

text: ATmega328 is commonly used in many projects and autonomous systems where a simple, low-powered, low-cost micro-controller is needed. Perhaps the most common implementation of this chip is on the popular Arduino development platform, namely the Arduino Uno, Arduino Pro Mini and Arduino Nano models.


title: ATmega328

text: Reliability qualification shows that the projected data retention failure rate is much less than over 20 years at 85 °C or 100 years at 25 °C.


title: ATmega328

text: Programming mode is entered when PAGEL (PD7), XA1 (PD6), XA0 (PD5), BS1 (PD4) is set to zero. RESET pin to 0 V and V to 0 V. V is set to 4.5–5.5 V. Wait 60 μs, and RESET is set to 11.5–12.5 V. Wait more than 310 μs. Set XA1:XA0:BS1:DATA = , pulse XTAL1 for at least 150 ns, pulse WR to zero. This starts the chip erase. Wait until RDY/BSY (PD1) goes high. XA1:XA0:BS1:DATA = , XTAL1 pulse, pulse WR to zero. This is the flash write command. And so on.


title: ATmega328

text: Serial data to the MCU is clocked on the rising edge and data from the MCU is clocked on the falling edge. Power is applied to V while RESET and SCK are set to zero. Wait for at least 20 ms and then the programming enable serial instruction 0xAC, 0x53, 0x00, 0x00 is sent to the MOSI pin. The second byte (0x53) will be echoed back by the MCU.


title: Galaxy filament

text: In cosmology, galaxy filaments (subtypes: supercluster complexes, galaxy walls, and galaxy sheets)<ref name="astro-ph/9602090"> Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravtsov, Vladimir N. Lukash; "The search and investigation of the Large Groups of Quasars" ; ;</ref> are the largest known structures in the universe, consisting of walls of gravitationally bound galaxy superclusters. These massive, thread-like formations can reach 80 megaparsecs "h" (or of the order of 160 to 260 million light-years) and form the boundaries between large voids.


title: Galaxy filament

text: In the standard model of the evolution of the universe, galactic filaments form along and follow web-like strings of dark matter—also referred to as the galactic web or cosmic web. It is thought that this dark matter dictates the structure of the Universe on the grandest of scales. Dark matter gravitationally attracts baryonic matter, and it is this "normal" matter that astronomers see forming long, thin walls of super-galactic clusters.


title: Galaxy filament

text: Discovery of structures larger than superclusters began in the late-1980s. In 1987, astronomer R. Brent Tully of the University of Hawaii's Institute of Astronomy identified what he called the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex. In 1989, the CfA2 Great Wall was discovered, followed by the Sloan Great Wall in 2003. On January 11, 2013, researchers led by Roger Clowes of the University of Central Lancashire announced the discovery of a large quasar group, the Huge-LQG, which dwarfs previously discovered galaxy filaments in size. In November 2013, using gamma-ray bursts as reference points, astronomers discovered the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, an extremely huge filament measuring more than 10 billion light-years across.


title: Galaxy filament

text: Filament subtype of filaments have roughly similar major and minor axes in cross-section, along the lengthwise axis.


title: Galaxy filament

text: The galaxy wall subtype of filaments have a significantly greater major axis than minor axis in cross-section, along the lengthwise axis.


title: Galaxy filament

text: Large quasar groups (LQGs) are some of the largest structures known. They are theorized to be protohyperclusters/proto-supercluster-complexes/galaxy filament precursors.


title: British rule in Ireland

text: British rule in Ireland spanned several centuries and involved British control of parts, or entirety, of the island of Ireland. British involvement in Ireland began with the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169. Most of Ireland gained independence from Great Britain following the Anglo-Irish War. Initially formed as a Dominion called the Irish Free State in 1922, the Republic of Ireland became a fully independent republic following the passage of the Republic of Ireland Act in 1949. Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom as a constituent country.


title: British rule in Ireland

text: From the late 12th century, the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland resulted in Anglo-Norman control of much of Ireland, over which the kings of England then claimed sovereignty. By the late Late Middle Ages, Anglo-Norman control was limited to an area around Dublin known as the Pale.


title: British rule in Ireland

text: Enacted in 1494, Poynings law ensured that the Irish parliament could not meet without the approval of England's monarch and Privy Council. In 1541, English king Henry VIII changed Ireland's status from a lordship to a kingdom, and he was proclaimed King of Ireland.


title: British rule in Ireland

text: The Ulster Plantation began in the 16th century and involved the settling of English and Scottish Protestants in Ulster.


title: British rule in Ireland

text: Coinciding largely with the Eleven Years' War, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland was led by Oliver Cromwell between 1649 and 1651, resulting in the confiscation of land from many native landowners and regranting to Parliamentarian supporters.


title: British rule in Ireland

text: Introduced in the 17th century, the Penal Laws outlawed the Catholic clergy and precluded Catholics in Ireland from owning or leasing land above a certain value, accessing higher education and certain professions, and gave primacy to the established church and the Church of Ireland. While these laws were later eased, including by the Treaty of Limerick which followed the Williamite War in Ireland (1688–1691), by 1778 Catholics still held only around 5% of land in Ireland.


title: British rule in Ireland

text: The United Irishmen Rebellion of 1798 (which sought to end British rule in Ireland) failed, and the 1800 Act of Union merged the Kingdom of Ireland into a combined United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.


title: British rule in Ireland

text: In the mid-19th century, the Great Famine (1845-1851) resulted in the death or emigration of over two million people. At the time, trade agreements were controlled by the British government and whilst hundreds of thousands were suffering from hunger, Irish dairy products and wheat harvests were exported to Britain and other overseas territories.


title: British rule in Ireland

text: A Home Rule Bill was passed in 1912 but not brought into law due to the outbreak of World War I in 1914. The Easter Rising of 1916 resulted in the execution of the rebellion's leaders. In the 1918 Irish general election, Sinn Féin won a majority of Irish seats and in 1919 these elected MPs declared the independence of the Irish Republic. The Irish War of Independence followed from 1919 to 1921. The Government of Ireland Act of 1920 and the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 resulted in the formation of the Irish Free State, while Northern Ireland's MPs opted out to form Northern Ireland.


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: Decimation (; "decem" = "ten") was a form of Roman military discipline in which every tenth man in a group was executed by members of his cohort. The discipline was used by senior commanders in the Roman army to punish units or large groups guilty of capital offences, such as cowardice, mutiny, desertion, and insubordination, and for pacification of rebellious legions. The word "decimation" is derived from Latin meaning "removal of a tenth".


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: The procedure was an attempt to balance the need to punish serious offences with the realities of managing a large group of offenders.


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: A cohort (roughly 480 soldiers) selected for punishment by decimation was divided into groups of ten. Each group drew lots (sortition), and the soldier on whom the lot of the shortest straw fell was executed by his nine comrades, often by stoning, clubbing, or stabbing. The remaining soldiers were often given rations of barley instead of wheat (the latter being the standard soldier's diet) for a few days, and required to bivouac outside the fortified security of the camp for some time.


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: As the punishment fell by lot, all soldiers in a group sentenced to decimation were potentially liable for execution, regardless of individual degrees of fault, rank, or distinction.


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: The earliest documented decimation occurred in 471 BC during the Roman Republic's early wars against the Volsci and was recorded by Livy. In an incident where his army had been scattered, consul Appius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis had the culprits punished for desertion: centurions, standard-bearers and soldiers who had cast away their weapons were individually scourged and beheaded, while of the remainder, one in ten was chosen by lot and executed.


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: The practice was revived by Marcus Licinius Crassus in 71 BC during the Third Servile War against Spartacus, and some historical sources attribute part of Crassus' success to it. The total number of men killed through decimation is not known, but it varied on occasion between 1,000 from 10,000 men and 48–50 from a cohort of around 500 men. A specific instance saw 500 men selected by Crassus from the survivors of two legions which had broken and run in combat against the rebel slaves. They were divided into groups of ten, one of whom was chosen by lot regardless of actual behaviour in the battle. The nine remaining legionaries in each party were then forced to club their former comrade to death. The dual purpose intended was to stiffen discipline amongst the army at large and to demoralise the enemy.


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: Decimation was still being practised during the time of the Roman Empire, although it was very uncommon. Suetonius records that it was used by Emperor Augustus in 17 BC and later by Galba, while Tacitus records that Lucius Apronius used decimation to punish a full cohort of the III Augusta after their defeat by Tacfarinas in AD 20. G.R. Watson notes that "its appeal was to those obsessed with "nimio amore antiqui moris"" – that is, an excessive love for ancient customs – and notes, "Decimation itself, however, was ultimately doomed, for though the army might be prepared to assist in the execution of innocent slaves, professional soldiers could hardly be expected to cooperate in the indiscriminate execution of their own comrades." The emperor Macrinus instituted a less harsh "centesimatio", the execution of every 100th man.


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: According to legend, the Theban Legion, led by Saint Maurice, was decimated in the third century AD. The legion had refused, to a man, to accede to an order of the emperor, and the process was repeated until none were left. They became known as the Martyrs of Agaunum.


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: The Eastern Roman Emperor Maurice forbade in his "Strategikon" the "decimatio" and other brutal punishments. According to him, punishments where the rank and file saw their comrades dying by the hands of their own brothers-in-arms could lead to a collapse of morale. Moreover, it could seriously deplete the manpower of the fighting unit.


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: Von Sparr's cuirassier regiment in Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim's corps fled the field during the Battle of Lützen (1632) during the Thirty Years' War. The imperial commander, Wallenstein, appointed a court martial, which directed the execution of the officer in command, Colonel Hagen, together with Lt Col Hofkirchen, ten other officers and five troopers. They were beheaded with the sword, while two men found guilty of looting the baggage were sentenced to a less honourable death, by hanging. The remaining troopers were decimated, one in every ten cavalrymen being hanged; the others were assembled beneath the gallows, beaten, branded and declared outlaws. Their standards were burned by an executioner after the emperor's monogram had been cut from the fabric.


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: Similarly, during the Battle of Breitenfeld (1642), near Leipzig, Colonel Madlo's cavalry regiment was the first that fled without striking a blow. This was followed by the massive flight of other cavalry units, an early turning point in the battle. It ended in a decisive victory for the Swedish Army under the command of Field Marshal Lennart Torstenson over an Imperial Army under Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria and his deputy Ottavio Piccolomini, Duke of Amalfi. Leopold Wilhelm assembled a court-martial in Prague which sentenced the Madlo regiment to exemplary punishment. Six regiments, which had distinguished themselves in the battle, were assembled fully armed, and surrounded Madlo's regiment, which was severely rebuked for its cowardice and misconduct, and ordered to lay down its arms at the feet of General Piccolomini. When they had obeyed this command, their ensigns (flags) were torn in pieces; and the general, having mentioned the causes of their degradation, and erased the regiment from the register of the imperial troops, pronounced the sentence that had been agreed upon in the council of war, condemning the colonel, captains and lieutenants to be beheaded, the ensigns (junior officers) to be hanged, the soldiers to be decimated and the survivors to be driven in disgrace out of the army. Ninety men (chosen by rolling dice) were executed at Rokycany, in western Bohemia, now in the Czech Republic, on December 14, 1642 by Jan Mydlář (junior), the son of Jan Mydlář, the famous executioner from Prague. On the first day of the execution, the regiment's cords were broken by the executioner. On the second day, officers were beheaded and selected men hanged on the trees on the road from Rokycany to Litohlavy. Another version says that the soldiers were shot, and their bodies hanged from the trees. Their mass grave is said to be on the Black Mound in Rokycany, which commemorates the decimation to this day.


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: On September 3, 1866, during the Battle of Curuzu, during the Paraguayan War, the Paraguayan 10th Battalion fled without firing a shot. President Lopez ordered the decimation of the battalion, which was accordingly formed into line and every tenth man shot.


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: In 1914, in France, there was a case in which a company of Tunisian "tirailleurs" (colonial soldiers) refused an order to attack and was ordered decimated by the divisional commander. This involved the execution of ten men.


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: Italian general Luigi Cadorna allegedly applied decimation to underperforming units during World War I. However, the British military historian John Keegan records that his "judicial savagery" during the Battle of Caporetto took the form of the summary executions of individual stragglers rather than the formalized winnowing of entire detachments. Certainly one specific instance of actual decimation did occur in the Italian Army during the war, on May 26, 1916. This involved the execution of one in ten soldiers of a 120 strong company of the 141st Catanzaro Infantry Brigade, which had mutinied. Officers, "carabinieri" and non-mutinying soldiers had been killed during the outbreak.


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: During the suppression of the German Revolution, 29 men from the Volksmarinedivision were executed after 300 men turned up to receive their discharge papers and back pay.


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: At one point of the Battle of Stalingrad in the Second World War, the commander of the Soviet 64th Rifle Division resorted to decimation as a punishment for cowardice.


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: Decimation can be also used to punish the enemy. In 1918, during the Finnish Civil War, White troops, after conquering the Red city of Varkaus, summarily executed around 80 captured Reds in what became known as the Lottery of Huruslahti. According to some accounts, the Whites ordered all the captured Reds to assemble in a single row on the ice of Lake Huruslahti, selected every tenth prisoner, and executed him on the spot. The selection was not entirely random though, as some prisoners (primarily Red leaders) were specifically selected for execution and other individuals were intentionally spared.


title: Decimation (punishment)

text: The word "decimation" in English is often used to refer to an extreme reduction in the number of a population or force or an overall sense of destruction and ruin.


title: Jumpin' Jack Flash

text: "Jumpin' Jack Flash" is a song by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released as a non-album single in 1968. Called "supernatural Delta blues by way of Swinging London" by "Rolling Stone" magazine, the song was perceived by some as the band's return to their blues roots after the baroque pop and psychedelia heard on their preceding albums "Aftermath" (1966) (which did feature some blues songs), "Between the Buttons" (1967) and especially "Their Satanic Majesties Request" (1967). One of the group's most popular and recognisable songs, it has featured in films and been covered by numerous performers, notably Thelma Houston, Aretha Franklin, Tina Turner, Peter Frampton, Johnny Winter, Leon Russell and Alex Chilton. To date, it is the band's most-performed song: they have played it over 1,100 times in concert.


title: Jumpin' Jack Flash

text: It is one of their most popular songs, and it is on "Rolling Stone"s 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list. It is also, according to Acclaimed Music, the 77th-best-ranked song on critics' all-time lists.


title: Jumpin' Jack Flash

text: Written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, recording on "Jumpin' Jack Flash" began during the "Beggars Banquet" sessions of 1968. Regarding the song's distinctive sound, guitarist Richards has said:


title: Jumpin' Jack Flash

text: Richards has stated that he and Jagger wrote the lyrics while staying at Richards' country house, when they were awoken one morning by the clumping footsteps of his gardener Jack Dyer walking past the window. Surprised, Jagger asked what it was, and Richards responded: "Oh, that's Jack – that's jumpin' Jack." The lyrics evolved from there. Humanities scholar Camille Paglia speculated that the song's lyrics might have been partly inspired by William Blake's poem "The Mental Traveller": "She binds iron thorns around his head / And pierces both his hands and feet / And cuts his heart out of his side / To make it feel both cold & heat." The main riff is similar to their song "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction".


title: Jumpin' Jack Flash

text: Jagger said in a 1995 interview with "Rolling Stone" that the song arose "out of all the acid of "Satanic Majesties". It's about having a hard time and getting out. Just a metaphor for getting out of all the acid things." And in a 1968 interview, Brian Jones described it as "getting back to ... the funky, essential essence" following the psychedelia of "Their Satanic Majesties Request".


title: Jumpin' Jack Flash

text: In his autobiography "Stone Alone", Bill Wyman has said that he came up with the song's distinctive main guitar riff, working on it with Brian Jones and Charlie Watts before it was ultimately credited to Jagger and Richards. In "Rolling with the Stones", Wyman credits Jagger with vocals, Richards with guitar and bass guitar, Jones with guitar, Watts with drums and himself with organ on the track with producer Jimmy Miller adding backing vocals.


title: Jumpin' Jack Flash

text: According to the book "Keith Richards: The Biography" by Victor Bockris, the line "I was born in a crossfire hurricane", was written by Richards, and refers to his being born amid the bombing and air raid sirens of Dartford, England, in 1943 during World War II.


title: Jumpin' Jack Flash

text: Released on 24 May 1968 in the UK by Decca Records and on 1 June in the US by London Records, "Jumpin' Jack Flash" (backed with "Child of the Moon") was the band's first UK release in five and a half months – this marked the group's longest gap between releases in the country up to that point. A major commercial success, reached the top of the UK Singles Chart and peaked at number three in the United States. It topped the US "Cashbox" chart for one week and the WLS 890 Hit Parade for four weeks. Some early London Records US pressings and Decca single in the UK of the single had a technical flaw in them: at about 2:10 about halfway through the song's instrumental bridge, the speed of the master tape slows down for a moment, before coming back to speed. The first Rolling Stones album on which the song appeared was their 1969 compilation album, "Through the Past, Darkly (Big Hits Vol. 2)", one year after the single was released. Since then, it has appeared on numerous other Stones compilations, including "Hot Rocks 1964–1971" (1971), "" (1975), "" (1989), "Forty Licks" (2002), "GRRR!" (2012), and "Stray Cats", a collection of singles and rarities included as part of "The Rolling Stones in Mono" box set (2016).


title: Jumpin' Jack Flash

text: The Rolling Stones have played "Jumpin' Jack Flash" during every tour since its release. It is the song the band have played in concert most frequently, and has appeared on the concert albums "Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!" (recorded 1969, released 1970), "Love You Live" (recorded 1976, released 1977), "Flashpoint" (recorded 1990, released 1991), "Shine a Light" (recorded 2006, released 2008), "Hyde Park Live" (2013), "Totally Stripped" (recorded 1995, released 2016), and "" (2016), as well as, notably, "The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus" (recorded 1968, released 1996), featuring the only released live performance of the song with Brian Jones. Unlike most of that show, Jones is heard clearly, mixing with Richards's lead throughout the song. The intro is not usually played in concert and instead the song begins with the main riff. The open E or open D tuning of the rhythm guitar on the studio recording has also not been replicated in concert (with the possible exception of the 1968 NME awards show, no recording of which has ever surfaced). In the performance filmed for "The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus" in December 1968, Richards used standard tuning; and ever since the band's appearance at Hyde Park on 5 July 1969, he has played it in open G tuning with a capo on the fourth fret. Richards is particularly fond of the song's main riff, often crediting it as his favorite among all of his most revered guitar riffs.


title: Jumpin' Jack Flash

text: In March 2005, "Q" magazine placed "Jumpin' Jack Flash" at number 2 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks. VH1 placed it at number 65 in its show "100 Greatest Rock Songs".


title: Jumpin' Jack Flash

text: It has placed in various positions on many "best of" lists including a ranking at 144 on "Rolling Stone"'s list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time", 7th on their list of the band's best songs, and the 77th most celebrated song according to Acclaimed Music.


title: Jumpin' Jack Flash

text: A cover version of the song was composed to serve as the final mission of the Nintendo DS rhythm game "Elite Beat Agents", in which the titular protagonists use their dancing skills to rally humanity against alien invaders who plan to outlaw all forms of music.


title: Jumpin' Jack Flash

text: Two promotional videos were made in May 1968: one of a live performance and another of the band lipsyncing to the studio recording. In the latter, the band members wear makeup.


title: Jumpin' Jack Flash

text: In 1986, the song's title was used for the Whoopi Goldberg film "Jumpin' Jack Flash". In addition to the Rolling Stones' version of the song, the film features Aretha Franklin's cover version in which Ronnie Wood and Richards play guitar, and Franklin plays piano. This version is characterised by influences from the popular black music scene. Only the Rolling Stones' version is on the film's original soundtrack recording.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Matthew Burton Brown (born January 10, 1981) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional competitor since 2004, Brown was a contestant on the seventh season of "The Ultimate Fighter" television series and holds the current record for most knockouts in UFC Welterweight history.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown was born and raised in Jamestown, Ohio. After being home schooled for two years, he attended Greeneview High School, where he struggled to fit in. Living in a small town with no foreseeable future outside of a low paying factory job as a machinist, Brown grew frustrated and turned to drugs and alcohol. For a period, he was addicted to meth, regularly used cocaine and would often get into fights at parties. By his early twenties he had survived a heroin overdose (which led to his nickname "The Immortal"), had been homeless and had been to prison. Brown's interest in MMA started with drunkenly practicing various submission holds that he had seen on VHS tapes featuring Ken Shamrock on friends.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: In what started as a cocaine-fueled trip to see his friend fight, Brown signed up to his first fight on a few hours' notice. He purchased a mouth piece from across the road, boiled it in a nearby restaurant and fought his first fight without any training; despite this he ended up winning. Brown fought again in the same night and was beaten badly, losing a decision. His first formal training was at a Japanese jiu-jitsu gym, where he agreed to another fight in two weeks with Muay Thai rules. In what was actually a sanshou match, Brown wound up losing by decision and went to work the same night. He later transitioned to a Jorge Gurgel affiliate, which led him to full MMA training.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: After compiling an amateur record of 2–0, Brown made his professional MMA debut in the fall of 2005, winning via submission.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: On February 9, 2007 in Kennesaw, Georgia, Matt Brown won the ISCF (International Sport Combat Federation) East Coast Welterweight Championship over Douglas Lima by referee stoppage due to strikes at 2:50 of the second round.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown thought his career was over due to money problems, yet "The Ultimate Fighter" trials came along and he was selected to be on the show. He then began splitting time training with Matt Hume in Seattle, Washington and at Throwdown Training Center in Las Vegas, Nevada.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown was chosen as one of the thirty-two fighters to get a chance at a six-figure UFC contract in "". He officially entered the show after defeating Josh Hall by TKO in the preliminary round. Brown moved on to the quarter finals by defeating Jeremy May in the first round via head kick KO. He faced eventual winner Amir Sadollah in the quarter-finals but lost by triangle choke in the second round.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown won his UFC debut at "The Ultimate Finale 7" by defeating Matt Arroyo, a season six contestant, via second-round TKO. The fight was a rematch from their 2007 fight, which Brown took on a few hours' notice and also won via TKO.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown lost his second fight in the organization by split decision to Korean Dong Hyun Kim at UFC 88. Kim threatened Brown with a rear-naked choke from back control in the first round, but became exhausted in the second round. In the third, Kim used some effective ground-and-pound and cut Brown with an elbow. All three judges scored the bout 29–28, two of them in Kim's favor and one in Brown's favor. The decision was contested by the partisan American crowd in attendance with noticeable booing. Commentator Joe Rogan announced during the post-fight interviews that he believed Brown had won the fight.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: After Matthew Riddle sustained a knee injury during training, Brown replaced him at UFC 91 and fought Ryan Thomas. Brown won by armbar in the second round.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown next fought at UFC 96 on March 7, 2009, in which he fought Pete Sell. Brown defeated Sell via TKO in the first round.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown was scheduled to fight on the TUF 9 Finale card against Anthony Johnson. However, Johnson pulled out of the fight after injuring his knee during practice. The UFC set out to find a replacement for Johnson but Brown pulled out as well, to heal up some nagging injuries.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown faced James Wilks at UFC 105, defeating him via TKO in the third round. Brown landed a flying knee during the second round that knocked Wilks to the canvas and in the third round, Brown escaped a near fight ending submission attempt by Wilks to take top position. After obtaining full mount, Brown landed multiple unanswered strikes, causing the referee to stop the fight, awarding Brown his third straight UFC win and taking his overall UFC record to 4–1.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: During a radio interview held by MMAWeekly, Brown stated he would like to fight Renzo Gracie for his next fight. Instead, Brown faced Ricardo Almeida on March 27, 2010 at UFC 111. Brown lost the fight by rear-naked choke in the second round.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown had a rematch with Chris Lytle on July 3, 2010 at UFC 116. He lost the fight via submission in the second round.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown was expected to face Canadian Rory MacDonald on November 20, 2010 at UFC 123. However, MacDonald withdrew from the card with an injury and replaced by Brian Foster, who defeated Brown by submission (guillotine choke) in the second round of their bout. After his third consecutive loss, it was announced on ESPN's "MMA Live" that Brown had been released from the promotion. However, Ariel Helwani announced that Brown had in fact not been released from the UFC, citing his source as the UFC itself.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown was expected to face Mark Scanlon on March 3, 2011 at . However, Scanlon was forced off the card and replaced by Matthew Riddle. Not long after the Riddle-Brown announcement was made, it was announced that Riddle had been pulled from the fight.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown was expected to face Rich Attonito on June 26, 2011 at UFC on Versus 4. However, main card participant Martin Kampmann was forced out of his bout with John Howard with an injury and Brown was chosen as his replacement, while Attonito faced Daniel Roberts. Brown won the fight against Howard via unanimous decision (29–28, 29–28, and 29–28).


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown was expected to face British fighter John Hathaway on November 5, 2011 at UFC 138, replacing an injured Pascal Krauss. However, John Hathaway was forced to pull out of the bout due to an undisclosed injury and Brown was pulled from the event. Instead Brown faced Seth Baczynski on November 19, 2011 at UFC 139. He lost the fight via submission in the second round.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown fought Chris Cope on February 4, 2012 at UFC 143. Brown won the fight via TKO in the second round.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown fought prospect Stephen Thompson on April 21, 2012 at UFC 145. Brown handed Thompson his first professional loss via unanimous decision (30–27, 29–27, and 30–27).


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown faced Luis Ramos on June 22, 2012 at , replacing an injured Matthew Riddle. Brown earned his third straight victory with a second-round TKO over Ramos.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown next faced Mike Swick on December 8, 2012 at UFC on Fox 5. Despite being a slight underdog, Brown dominated on the ground in the first round, threatening with D'arce and triangle chokes. He eventually won the fight via knockout in the second round, capping a 4-0 year for Brown in 2012.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown was expected to face Dan Hardy on April 20, 2013 at UFC on Fox 7. However, Hardy was forced out of the bout with an injury and replaced by Jordan Mein. Brown won via TKO due to punches and elbows to the body in the second round, the win also earned him his first "Fight of the Night" bonus award.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown was expected to face Thiago Alves on August 17, 2013 at UFC Fight Night 26. However, Alves pulled out of the bout citing an injury and was replaced by Mike Pyle.<ref name="AlvesOut/PyleIn"></ref> Brown won via knockout due to punches in twenty nine seconds of round one. The win also earned Brown his first "Knockout of the Night" bonus award.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown was expected to face former WEC Welterweight Champion Carlos Condit on December 14, 2013 at UFC on Fox 9. However, in the week leading up to the event, Brown pulled out of the bout citing a back injury. As a result, Condit was removed from the card as well.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown faced Brazilian Erick Silva in his main-event debut at . After surviving a gruelling start of the first round, in which Silva dropped him with a body kick and almost caught him in a rear-naked choke, Brown came to win the fight via TKO due to punches in the third round. The win also earned Brown an extra $100,000 as he received both a "Fight of the Night" and a "Performance of the Night" bonus award.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown faced Robbie Lawler in a 5-round Welterweight title eliminator bout on July 26, 2014 at UFC on Fox 12. He lost the bout via unanimous decision. Brown received a bonus award for "Fight of the Night".


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: A bout with Tarec Saffiedine was expected to take place on February 14, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 60. However, it was announced on January 1, 2015 that Saffiedine had pulled out of the bout, citing a groin injury. Subsequently, Brown was pulled from the event altogether.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown was then rescheduled to face Johny Hendricks on March 14, 2015 at UFC 185. Hendricks won the one sided fight via unanimous decision.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown was briefly linked to a bout with Nate Diaz on July 11, 2015 at UFC 189. However, in mid-April, Brown announced that the pairing had been scrapped. Brown instead faced Tim Means on the card. He won the fight via submission in the first round.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown was expected to face Kelvin Gastelum on November 21, 2015 at . However, Brown withdrew from the fight in early November citing an ankle injury. He was replaced by Neil Magny.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown next faced Demian Maia on May 14, 2016 at UFC 198. He lost the fight via submission in the third round.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: As the first fight of his new, eight-fight contract Brown faced Jake Ellenberger on July 30, 2016 at UFC 201. He lost the fight via TKO early in the first round.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: A pairing with Tarec Saffiedine was rescheduled and was expected to take place on 30 December 2016 at UFC 207. However, Brown was pulled from the fight on November 11 in favor of a matchup with Donald Cerrone three weeks earlier at UFC 206. He lost the fight via knockout in the third round.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown faced Diego Sanchez on November 11, 2017 at . Brown connected with a brutal elbow strike that knocked Sanchez out cold, winning the fight by knockout in round one. This win also earned him a Performance of the Night bonus award.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown was expected to face Carlos Condit on April 14, 2018 at UFC on Fox 29. However, he was pulled out from the fight due to a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: After one year rehabilitating his injury from torn ACL, Brown returned to face Ben Saunders on December 14, 2019 at UFC 245. He won the fight via knockout in the second round.


title: Matt Brown (fighter)

text: Brown was scheduled to face Miguel Baeza on March 28, 2020 at . Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was eventually postponed and the bout has moved to May 16, 2020 at . Despite knocking Baeza down in the first round, Brown lost the bout via second-round knockout.