title: Baskets (TV series)

text: In December 2013, Louis C.K.'s production company, Pig Newton, signed a deal with FX for him to create new shows for their various networks. FX ordered a pilot episode for "Baskets" with C.K. and Galifianakis to co-write, and Galifianakis to star. On August 27, 2014, FX picked up the show for a 10-episode first season with production to commence in 2015.


title: Baskets (TV series)

text: In November 2017, after Louis C.K. confirmed the sexual misconduct allegations against him were true, FX canceled their overall deal with C.K. and his production company, Pig Newton. C.K. would have no involvement in future seasons of the series.


title: Baskets (TV series)

text: "Baskets" incorporated several ideas Galifianakis originally came up with for "" but were discarded early in the film's development.


title: Baskets (TV series)

text: "Baskets" has received positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season 70% with an average score of 7.4 out of 10, based on 36 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "Though its themes may be unpleasant for some and LOL moments are few and far between, "Baskets" succeeds on the strength of its deadpan delivery and terrific cast." On Metacritic, the first season holds a score of 68 out of 100, based on 32 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Baskets (TV series)

text: Internationally, the series premiered in Australia on January 26, 2016. It aired in the UK on Fox from April 13, 2017.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: The Hutch–Kinahan feud is a major ongoing feud between two criminal organisations in the Republic of Ireland that has resulted in the deaths of eighteen people, the majority of which have been perpetrated by the Kinahan family. The Hutch gang, led by Gerry Hutch, and the Kinahan Family, led by Daniel Kinahan, are the main participants.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: The feud has taken the form of a large number of attacks, mostly shootings, on people associated with the Hutch and Kinahan gangs (though some have been cases of mistaken identity). Most attacks have been in Dublin, a few elsewhere in Ireland, and some in Spain, including the initial murder of Gary Hutch which sparked off the feud.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: The feud began in 2015, when Gary Hutch was murdered in Marbella, Spain. As of August 2021, at least 18 people have been killed in the feud.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: As of June 2018, Gardaí have seized 456 firearms, €2.2 million in cash, and €64 million worth of drugs in their efforts to tackle the feud. Commentators have noted that the feud highlights the difficulty An Garda Síochána have with policing Irish gangs with transnational structures.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: The murder of Gary Hutch at approximately 11:30 a.m. on 24 September 2015 initiated the ongoing feud. Gary Hutch, who was 34 years old at the time of his death, was shot dead at an apartment complex in the Miraflores neighborhood of Marbella, Spain. Originally from Champions Avenue in Dublin's city centre, Gary was the nephew of Gerry "the Monk" Hutch, the leader of the Hutch crime syndicate. At the time of his death, Gary was a "well-known" criminal in Dublin, who had previously been convicted of armed robbery. After his release from prison he moved to Spain, where had lived for the eight years prior to his death. Gary, unarmed at the time of his killing, is reported have pleaded for his life before being shot by his killer.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Gary Hutch had been working closely with Daniel Kinahan for some time before his death. By 2014, however, he was suspected as being an informant for the Spanish police, though this would posthumously be discovered to have been a false allegation. He also tried to shoot a senior Kinahan gang member. Allegedly, Gerry Hutch had organised with Daniel Kinahan for a close associate of Gerry's to be shot in a "punishment shooting", as compensation for Gary's supposed role as an informant. Patrick Hutch, Gary's brother, is alleged to have voluntarily been shot in the leg by Daniel Kinahan in an attempt to save his brother's life. €200,000 was also paid to the Kinahan family by Gary Hutch, in exchange for his life. Both deals, however, were reneged upon, and Gary was killed.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: On 4 August 2014, ex-boxer Jamie Moore was shot twice in the leg, in a case of mistaken identity. Sources differ on whether the intended victim was Gary Hutch or Daniel Kinahan.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: In 2018, Dubliner James Quinn, a former boxer with a criminal record, was convicted of being involved in the murder by being a lookout and helping the killer to reach and flee the scene. He was also found guilty of a second charge of illegal weapons possession.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: The state prosecutor called on the judge to jail Quinn for a total of 28 years - 25 for the murder and 3 for the weapons possession charges. A life sentence was ruled out because jurors rejected the prosecution's claims that Quinn was a member of a criminal organisation despite the prosecution saying the killing was part of the Kinahan-Hutch feud. The jury also found that it had not been proven that Quinn had been paid for the murder.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Quinn is a nephew of Martin Foley, a criminal known as "the Viper" who was an associate of Martin Cahill. He had worked as an enforcer for drug dealers and developed strong links with the Kinahans.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: On 9 October 2015, two weeks after Gary Hutch was murdered, his younger brother Derek "Del Boy" Hutch was stabbed while serving a sentence for murder in Mountjoy prison. A €10,000 bounty had been put on him by Christy Kinahan. He survived the attack.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: On 30 December 2015, Darren Kearns, an associate of the Hutches, was shot dead in front of his wife shortly after he left the Phoenix Chinese restaurant on Blackhorse Avenue He had convictions for drug dealing and spent time in prison. It is thought that Kearns and another gang member are responsible for a botched attempt on the lives of Kinahan gang members.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: On 5 February 2016, a WBO boxing match for the European Lightweight title between Jamie Kavanagh and Antonio João Bento was to take place at the Regency Hotel in Whitehall, Dublin. At the weigh-in, there was an organised armed attack; the match was cancelled after the shooting. There were at least four attackers wearing masks, army style-helmets and flak jackets; two of whom were disguised as members of the Garda Emergency Response Unit and armed with AK-47s. An associate of the Kinahan cartel, David Byrne, was shot dead; security sources said that the gang had intended to kill others. Two men were injured and taken to the Mater Private Hospital and Beaumont Hospital. It is believed that Daniel Kinahan, the son of Christy Kinahan, was the intended target, but he had left early. After the attack, security camera recordings suggested that six people had been involved, including a man disguised as a woman. The attackers escaped in a Ford Transit van which was later found burnt-out.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: On 18 May 2016, Patrick Hutch, the brother of Gary Hutch, was charged at the Criminal Courts of Justice with the murder of David Byrne. His trial for murder and possession of firearms was later set for January 2018 at the non-jury Special Criminal Court; he was denied bail.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: In October 2020 a 26 year old Hutch gang member was arrested with a Coolock criminal when Garda detectives halted an alleged drugs handover in which over three kilos of cannabis were seized. The Kinahan cartel reportedly believe he was involved in the Regency Hotel attack.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: In August 2021 Gerry Hutch was arrested in Spain on a European Arrest Warrant in connection with the shooting.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: 2016 was the bloodiest year of the feud, with ten people being killed that year, six of whom were killed in the first six months of the year. Of the dead, six were associated with the Hutch gang, one with the Kinahans, and two were innocent men who were killed in cases of mistaken identity.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: After the Regency Hotel attack, two others were killed in the same month. Eddie Hutch Snr was killed at his home on 8 February 2016. He was an uncle of Gary Hutch. The motive for his death is suspected to be revenge for the death of David Byrne. On 29 February, Vincent Ryan was shot dead while sitting in his car outside his partner's home in Finglas on 29 February 2016. A brother of Real IRA leader Alan Ryan, Vincent was murdered by members of the Kinahan gang, though sources differ on whether or not this was related to the Hutch-Kinahan conflict.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: On 23 March, Noel "Kingsize" Duggan, a friend of Gerry Hutch, was shot dead while sitting in his car outside his home in Ratoath, County Meath on 23 March 2016.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Two men were killed in April. Martin O'Rourke was shot dead on 14 April on Lower Sheriff Street, Dublin in a case of mistaken identity. He had no known criminal connections. Michael Barr was shot dead on 25 April 2016, in the Sunset House in Summerhill, Dublin. The Garda Síochána suspect he was killed by the Kinahan gang because of involvement in the Regency Hotel attack. He had dissident republican links and is understood to have provided the weaponry involved in the attack. The dissident republicans broke off ties with the Hutch gang after Barr's murder.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: On 24 May, Gareth Hutch was fatally shot by two attackers in the carpark of the Avondale House flats complex where he lived. He was a minor figure in the criminal world. In November 2018 the Special Criminal Court found Johnathan Keogh, his sister Regina Keogh and Thomas Fox guilty of the murder. All three were sentenced to life imprisonment.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: On 18 June, two men in their thirties were arrested by armed members of the Garda Emergency Response Unit and Drugs and Organised Crime Bureau on the Naas Dual carriageway. A Glock 9mm semi-automatic handgun was found in one man's car. Both were linked to the Kinahan gang; one was a close associate of David Byrne. Gardaí believe they were planning to shoot someone.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: David Douglas was fatally shot outside a shop he ran with his wife in Bridgefoot Street, Dublin 8, on 1 July. He had survived being shot the previous November.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Trevor O'Neill, a Dublin City Council worker from Drimnagh was killed in a case of mistaken identity in Costa de la Calma, near Magaluf, on 17 August 2016 He was shot five times in front of his family. Gardaí believe that he was mistaken for a member of the Hutch family by the Kinahan gang.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Noel "Duck Egg" Kirwan, a close associate of Gerry Hutch, was shot dead in front of his partner outside his house in Ronanstown in west Dublin on 22 December 2016. It is believed he was killed simply because of his association with Hutch, as he was photographed talking to him at Eddie Hutch's funeral in February 2016.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Of the ten people killed in 2016, murder convictions were only brought in four cases: Ryan's, Barr's, Gareth Hutch's, and Douglas'.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Tom Fox, on remand in Mountjoy Prison in relation to the shooting death of Gareth Hutch, was attacked on 28 March 2017 along with another inmate, suffering multiple stab wounds.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: An Irish man in his thirties, another aged 58, and 58-year-old Estonian man Imre Arakas were arrested by armed members of the Garda Emergency Response Unit and Drugs and Organised Crime Bureau on 4 April 2017. They were arrested in Blakestown Road in Clonsilla in a safe house owned by Kinahan associate Eric Fowler who had allegedly tipped-off Gardaí, resulting in his death in December 2018. It is believed the Estonian may be a hired killer, brought into the country by the Kinahan gang to continue the feud. Drugs and a list of Hutch associates were found. Only Mr Arakas was charged.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: James 'Mago' Gateley, a 29-year-old long-term friend of Gary Hutch, had been hiding out in Belfast and Newry having fled his home in Dublin's north inner city. On 10 May 2017, he was shot fives times by a lone gunman in his car at the Topaz petrol station on the Clonshaugh Road in North Dublin. It is believed a bullet-proof vest he was wearing saved his life as four shots went into it, but he was also shot in the jaw, causing serious injuries. Gately was in a red Mondeo and the shooter was in a black Lexus which pulled alongside the Mondeo before Gately was shot. It was the second attempt on Gateley's life in six months.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: In July 2020 two men were charged at the Special Criminal Court with involvement with the attempted murder of James Gately. They were ordered to both reappear at the court on 8 July.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: On 5 January 2021 Caolan Smyth from Donore, County Meath was convicted of attempting to murder James Gately. Gary McAreavey of Castlebellingham, County Louth was convicted of acting to impede an apprehension or prosecution by purchasing petrol and assisting in the burning out of the car used in the attempted murder at Newrath, Dromiskin, Co. Louth. Sentencing is due on 25 January 2021.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: In July 2021 Peadar Keating of Rowlagh Green, Clondalkin pleaded guilty in the Special Criminal Court to directing the activities of a criminal gang between December 2016 and April 2017. He admitted gathering information on James Gately and following him as well as involving Estonian hitman Imre Arakas to kill Gately. Gately has ten previous convictions, including one in Spain for brawling. Keating was sentenced to 11 years imprisonment in September 2021.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Michael Keogh, who had minor links to the Kinahan gang, was shot dead on 31 May 2017. He was in his car in the underground car park of the apartment complex where he lived in Dorset Street in north inner city Dublin.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: He had previous convictions for assaulting Gardaí and for firearms offences. He was before the courts in 2016 in relation to a firearms charge. He was also a known associate of Jason Molyneux and other Hutch gang members. It is believed the Kinahan cartel killed him because of this. However, he had links with numerous different criminals and Gardaí could not rule out that he was killed by another criminal gang or that he was set up to be killed by Molyneux.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: 24 year-old Kane McCormack was shot in the head on 1 December 2017. His body was found in Walterstown, Co. Meath between Leixlip and Dunboyne. He was last seen alive at 5pm the previous day after telling his partner he was going to meet someone. When he failed to return, his partner became concerned for his safety and contacted the Gardaí. His car was later found at an Aldi supermarket in Clonee.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Gardaí believe he parked his car at the Aldi in Clonee and then got into a black saloon-type car. Gardaí in Finglas later received a call that a black Audi was on fire just off the M50 at Meakstown Cottages at about 6pm.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Kane McCormack was a son of Noel Kirwan, who was had been shot about a year before as part of the feud between the Kinahans and Hutches.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: One line of inquiry is that the Kinahan gang believed he posed a threat to them because he wanted revenge for his fathers' death. He had been officially warned by the Gardaí that his life was in danger. McCormack had been caught with 50 rounds of .32 ammunition in November 2017. It was suspected the ammunition was connected with dissident Republican extortion rackets. Gardaí believe he had enemies other than the Kinehan gang.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: A man was arrested on suspicion of McCormack's murder on 17 December 2018 but was released without charge. On 6 March 2019, another man was arrested in Mountjoy Prison in connection with the murder but he too was released without charge.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: At about 3pm on 20 January 2018, Derek Coakley-Hutch was shot while he sat in a car in the Bridgeview halting site beside Cloverhill Prison. He had gone to the prison earlier in the day to visit his brother Nathan, then returned to the area with two other men in a car. They were there to throw drugs over the prison wall. The two men got out of the car and went to part of the halting site where horses were kept in a pen. On hearing shots, they ran back to the car, which had moved a short distance. They tried to resuscitate Coakley-Hutch, but he died at the scene., having been shot in the head a number of times. He had been warned that his life was in danger.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Gardaí believe the killers escaped in a black Volkswagen Golf that was set on fire at nearby Crag Avenue before transferring to a black Toyota Avensis which was found burned out at Snowdrop Walk, Darndale. He had been warned his life was in danger.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Derek Coakley-Hutch had a criminal record, having previously pleading guilty to possession of an imitation firearm during the robbery of a Spar in Styles Road, Clontarf on 11 June 2015.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: He had carried the coffin of his uncle, Eddie Hutch, who had been shot as part of the feud. He was also a nephew of Gerry Hutch.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: A member of the Hutch family was due to compete in a tournament on 26 January 2018. It began at the National Boxing Stadium on the South Circular road in Dublin, and there was a heavy Garda presence as a result. A car pulled up near the National Stadium at around about 9.45pm on the night of the tournament and fired at a man who is known to gardaí; he was hit in the foot as he ran towards Griffith College. The second man, who was injured in the hand, is understood to have been a student at the college who had been walking nearby. Both men, who were aged in their 40s and 20s, were taken to St James Hospital with injuries which were not life threatening. Two cars were later found burnt-out in north Dublin.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Jason Molyneux, a well-known Dublin criminal with 122 prior convictions, was shot dead on 30 January 2018. He was shot at the James Larkin House flats complex on the North Strand close to where he lived, and had just returned from the wake of his friend Derek Coakley-Hutch who had been shot dead 10 days earlier. The two-man hit team immediately drove from North Strand to the nearby East-Link Toll Bridge and abandoned their Renault Kango van. They returned two hours later and attempted to set fire to it.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Three men were arrested in a van in the car park of the Belmont apartments in Gardiner Street at 8am on 10 March 2018. They were armed with a sub-machine gun, an automatic pistol and a revolver. Another man was arrested later in the day and further searches were conducted in several locations in Dublin. These searches yielded a machine gun and another firearm, a silencer and a quantity of ammunition.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Gardaí believed that the men were intending to attack Patsy Hutch, brother of Gerry Hutch. Patsy's son Gary had been shot dead in Spain by the Kinahans in Spain in 2015. Patsy himself has no connections to crime, but he has survived at least three attempts on his life and had been warned repeatedly by the Gardaí that his life was in danger. Despite the threats on his life he has refused to move from his home.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Gardaí believed that the men intended to create a disturbance that would draw Patsy out of his home and then attack him.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Late on the night of 27 March 2018 three walls in the north inner city of Dublin near Patsy Hutch's home were daubed with the graffiti "Patsy dies feud ends". Gardaí believe the graffiti was to draw Patsy out of his house in order to shoot him.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: In June 2020, Michael Burns, Stephen Curtis and Ciarán O'Driscoll were jailed for a total of nineteen years for their parts in a plot to murder Patrick "Patsy" Hutch. Burns was sentenced to nine years in prison while the other two were sentenced to five years each. The execution was to be carried out for the Kinahan gang which is organised in a hierarchical structure with cells and subcells.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Burns had received instructions on an encrypted phone from someone referred to as Suspect Number 1 and the evidence definitely involved in the preparation of the murder attempt. Burns passed on instructions developed by others and was not at the top of the hierarchy. Burns was also a supervisor in the plot who organised cars and phones.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Curtis had acted in a more limited role that was nevertheless important - he was involved in meetings and had obtained phone and SIM cards for the hit-team. He was recorded expressing reservations about Suspect Number 1 and saying he wanted to get out of the gang.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: O'Driscoll would perform the role of watching Patsy Hutch's house until he emerged then alert the hit-team so they could shoot him. His grandmother lived on Champions Avenue and he was useful to the gang as his presence on the road would not rouse any suspicions. He took risks that were naive, such as using his own phone which assisted in his identification. He did not stand to gain in any significant way and was told that his drug debt would be cleared.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: On 31 August 2020 Patrick Curtis, 38, of Bellman's Walk, Seville Place, Dublin 1 and Mohammed Smew, 27, of Milner's Square, Shanowen Road, Santry, Dublin 9 were jailed. Curtis was sentenced to ten years while Smew was sentenced to seven years.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Mr Justice Tony Hunt said both men were part of a sub-cell of the Kinahan organised crime group. Patrick Curtis was the most senior member of the subcell and he was entrusted to take orders on an encrypted phone from someone at the highest level of the gang known by the pseudonym "Lordnose". Gardaí were able to access some of the messages because Curtis could not remember all the instructions and photographed some of them on his own phone.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Curtis had admitted directing the activities of a criminal cell between 1 February 2018 and 10 March 2018.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Smew had pleaded guilty to participating in the activities of a criminal organisation, namely the murder of Mr. Hutch, by providing, moving and repairing vehicles and planning or assisting to plan an attempted shooting between 1 February 2018 and 3 March 2018.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Smew was involved in planning and was part of the original hit team with Mark Capper, but he could not take part because he was arrested in Tallaght for looting a Centra shop during Storm Emma.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Two men were arrested in front of the SuperValu shop on Howth Road in Killester on 16 July 2018. They were arrested by the Garda Emergency Response Unit who found a loaded handgun in their car. The two men, aged 25 and 28, are known by Gardai to be connected to the Kinahan gang and it was suspected that they were targeting a member of the Hutch gang.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Clive Staunton, a street trader, was shot dead outside his home around 9:15pm on 15 November 2018. He had been selling merchandise at the Beggars Bush junction before the Ireland v Northern Ireland match at the Aviva Stadium. Normally he sold merchandise before and after matches, but he left during the game. He arrived at his home in the Glen Easton estate in Leixlip around 9:10-9:15pm. A gunman fired shots through the windscreen and drivers window - Staunton tried to escape but the gunman shot him twice in the head. The gunman fled in a silver/grey Volvo S40 which was later found burnt out in Kilbride, County Wicklow. Mr Staunton was originally from the Greek Street flats of Dublin, but had lived in Leixlip for more than 20 years. He as a widower and was a distant relation through marriage of the Hutch family. He had minor convictions for counterfeiting, but was never involved in serious criminality. Gardai confirmed that a link to the feud was one element of the investigation.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: On 22 December 2018, exactly two years after Noel Kirwan had been shot dead, 34-year-old Eric Fowler was shot in the head and killed at his home at Blakestown Cottages in Clonsilla. Two gunmen waited outside the house before running up as he was locking his car. He was shot a number of times in the head and collapsed at the side of the house despite trying to escape. A silver Volkswagen Jetta was found burnt out at Rusheeny Green in Clonee. Fowler had been formally warned by Gardaí that there was a credible threat to his life. Gardaí said there were a number of lines of inquiry, but it was possible that it was connected to the local criminal feuds in Finglas and Blanchardstown or possibly to the Kinahan-Hutch feud.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: The trial of Patrick Hutch at the Criminal Courts of Justice for the murder of David Byrne collapsed on 20 February 2019, after the suicide of lead investigator, Detective Superintendent Colm Fox. An investigation into the circumstances surrounding the death of the Superintendent was launched by the Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: 24 year-old Lee Boylan was shot three times and critically injured on 6 March 2019. He was driving a van on Blakestown Road in Clonsilla close to the scene of the murder of Boylan's friend Eric Fowler over two months previously. A BMW 3 Series that was involved in the shooting was found burnt out on nearby Saddlers Drive.


title: Hutch–Kinahan feud

text: Boylan was an associate of the Kinahan cartel and it is unclear if they organised his shooting or if the Hutch gang were behind it.


title: Christian Navarro

text: Christian Lee Navarro (born August 21, 1991) is an American actor known for playing Tony Padilla in the Netflix series "13 Reasons Why". He also had a recurring role in the HBO series "Vinyl" as he works on other movie projects such as "Can You Ever Forgive Me?" which was released in 2018.


title: Christian Navarro

text: He began acting in 2005 at the age of 14. Initially, he had to struggle for work, starring in commercials and low budget films. His first film was "Day of the Dead 2: Contagium". In 2007, he appeared in one episode of "Law and Order: Criminal Intent". He also had roles in various TV series, such as "Blue Bloods", "Taxi Brooklyn", and "The Affair". Christian kept appearing in different television series until he landed a recurring role in the TV series "Vinyl". He was also selected for the role of John White in the film "Run It". In 2015, Navarro got a role in a TV series named "Rosewood". His big break came in 2017 when he landed the role of Antonio "Tony" Padilla in "13 Reasons Why".


title: Chicago Fire (season 3)

text: The third season of "Chicago Fire", an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, premiered on Tuesday, September 23, 2014, at 10 pm on NBC television network and concluded on May 12, 2015. The season contained 23 episodes.


title: Chicago Fire (season 3)

text: The show follows the lives of the firefighters and paramedics working at the Chicago Fire Department at the firehouse of Engine 51, Truck 81, Squad 3, Ambulance 61 and Battalion 25.


title: Chicago Fire (season 3)

text: NBC renewed "Chicago Fire" for a third season on March 19, 2014 which premiered on September 23 that same year.


title: Chicago Fire (season 3)

text: On September 29, 2014, it was announced that Wolf's shows "Chicago P.D.", "Chicago Fire" and "" would be doing a three-part crossover event on November 11–12, 2014, starting with "Chicago Fire" and ending with "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit", and "Chicago P.D." On January 22, 2015, another crossover between "Chicago Fire", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit", and "Chicago P.D." was announced, to have "more integrated storytelling" than the first. The episodes aired on April 28–29, 2015.


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: Aleksander Čeferin (, born 13 October 1967) is a Slovenian lawyer and football administrator. Between 2011 and 2016, he was president of the Football Association of Slovenia. Since September 2016, he has been the president of UEFA.


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: After graduating from Ljubljana University's law faculty, Čeferin went to work for his family's law firm, developing a special interest in representing professional athletes and sports clubs. He later took over from his father as company director. His brother Rok is currently Vice President of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Slovenia, to which he was initially elected as a judge in 2019. His sister Petra is an architect and a professor in the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Ljubljana.


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: In 2005, Čeferin took a formal interest in local football through his work with the executive board of futsal club FC Litija. A member of the executive committee of amateur side FC Ljubljana Lawyers since 2005, he served as a member at NK Olimpija Ljubljana from 2006 to 2011. In 2011, Čeferin was elected president of the Football Association of Slovenia. He also served as a second and third vice-chairman of the UEFA Legal Committee from 2011 to 2016.


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: On 14 September 2016, Čeferin was elected the seventh President of UEFA, automatically becoming a vice-president of FIFA in the process. He polled 42 votes at the UEFA Congress in Athens, beating Dutchman Michael van Praag, who received 13 votes. Čeferin's presidential manifesto and campaign centred on the need for UEFA to adopt good governance reforms and his proposals were approved in April 2017 by the 41st Ordinary UEFA Congress in Helsinki. These reforms included the introduction of term limits for UEFA presidents and UEFA Executive Committee members and the provision that Executive Committee candidates must hold an active office (president, vice-president, general secretary, or CEO) with their national association.


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: One of Čeferin's initial priorities was to work on ways to improve competitive balance in European football and to reduce the gap between the elite clubs and the rest. A series of meetings were held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon with key stakeholders to align on a strategy and to explore options available. Čeferin pledged to strengthen the UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations (FFPR) measures put in place in 2009, and supervised amendments to the regulations for the new competition cycle 2018–21. Thanks to the FFPR, European clubs reported €600 million in profits in 2017, compared to the €1,700 million combined losses in 2011.


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: Other statutory changes approved at the congress in Helsinki included the strengthening of the UEFA Governance and Compliance Committee with two additional independent members, and the granting of two full member positions on the UEFA Executive Committee to representatives of the European Club Association (ECA). A representative of the European Professional Football Leagues (EPFL) was later also added to the UEFA Executive Committee in February 2018 at the 42nd Ordinary UEFA Congress in Bratislava.


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: As part of his objective to consolidate communication and collaboration with key football stakeholders, Čeferin worked to strengthen ties with members of the European Parliament, the Council of Europe, and the European Commission. Investment in grassroots and women's association football has also been at the core of Čeferin's mandate. While record grants for the development of football were announced at the 42nd UEFA Ordinary Congress in February 2018, UEFA also pledged to increase the funding of women's football development projects by 50% in October 2018. He also oversaw the signing of UEFA's first-ever sponsorship deal dedicated entirely to women's football in December 2018.


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: On 7 February 2019, Čeferin was re-elected by acclamation for a new four-year term at the 43rd Ordinary UEFA Congress in Rome. During his acceptance speech, he reinforced a message of unity to ensure that "European football remains united, that European football remains respectful, respectable and respected, and that European football continues to demonstrate solidarity and bring hope."


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: When the 2019–20 football season was interrupted due to the COVID-19 pandemic, UEFA was still able to conclude all of its senior club competitions under the stewardship of Čeferin, as final-eight tournaments were successfully held for the Champions League, Europa League, and Women's Champions League in Portugal, Germany, and Spain, respectively.


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: Čeferin always refused the creation of an independent Super League and guaranteed it would never happen on his watch, which led to clashes with FIFA president Gianni Infantino. On 19 April 2021, after the European Super League proposal was publicised, Čeferin threatened potential sanctions on the participating members in a press conference in Montreux. On 20 April, Čeferin urged the owners and presidents of the breakaway clubs, especially the English ones, to change their minds. In his speech at the Ordinary 45th UEFA Congress, he said: "Gentlemen, you made a huge mistake. Some will say it is greed, others disdain, arrogance, flippancy or complete ignorance of England's football culture. It does not matter. What does matter is that there is still time to change your mind. Everyone makes mistakes." Following Čeferin's appeal and a number of public protests by football fans in the United Kingdom, most clubs involved in the Super League turned their backs on the project, as it collapsed three days after it had been announced.


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: Even though, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, UEFA banned Russia from the organisation, Čeferin "sees no reason to remove" its key ally Belarus.


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: Čeferin was elected chairman of the UEFA Foundation for Children in November 2017, taking over from former European Commission president José Manuel Barroso. The UEFA Foundation for Children supports humanitarian projects around the world linked to children's rights in areas such as health, education and integration.


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: Also in November 2017, Čeferin joined the football-led charity movement Common Goal, pledging to give 1% of his salary to the organization's charity projects. About the movement, Čeferin said: "I firmly believe that football has the power to change the world and I was inspired by Juan Mata to join the Common Goal movement. I call upon everyone in the football family – players, coaches, clubs and leagues – to show they care about social responsibility and donate to causes that they believe in."


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: In March 2022, the members of the board of trustees of the UEFA Foundation for Children and its chairman, Aleksander Čeferin, allocated the 2022 UEFA Foundation Award of €1 million to help children in Ukraine as well as child refugees in neighbouring countries as a result of the war which erupted in the region.


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: In 2016, Čeferin was voted sports personality of the year by the Slovenian sports newspaper "Ekipa SN". This was the ninth edition of the award, which is voted on by newspaper journalists and readers. In January 2019, SportsPro Media included Čeferin in the exclusive list of most influential people in the sports industry. He was also selected as one of the people of the year by "World Soccer" in its first issue of 2019.


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: In September 2021, Čeferin was named “2021 Best Executive” by the World Football Summit (WFS) Awards, "in recognition of his exemplary leadership in combating the European Super League and delivering a hugely successful UEFA Euro 2020 tournament in the midst of a global pandemic”. The WFS Awards judges acknowledged Čeferin's inspiring management role whilst UEFA faced a uniquely testing time for the organisation and the football world as a whole.


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: Čeferin's frontline role in defeating the so-called European Super League and opposing a biennial World Cup was formally recognised in November 2021 when he was included on Politico's prestigious annual list of the most influential people in Europe.


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: In January 2022, Slovenian newspaper Delo declared UEFA president Aleksander Čeferin the Person of the Year for 2021 for “suppressing in a swift action the plan of the richest clubs to establish a super-league and thus destroy the European model of sport”.


title: Aleksander Čeferin

text: Čeferin is married to his wife Barbara and is a father of three girls. He is fluent in Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, Italian, and English. He grew up supporting Hajduk Split. Čeferin is a 4th Dan black belt in Shotokan Karate. He is also a motorsport aficionado and has crossed the Sahara Desert five times, four by car and once by motorcycle. As a teenager, Čeferin served in the Yugoslav People's Army in 1986 and later served as a Slovenian Territorial Defence soldier in the Slovenian War of Independence in 1991.


title: The Final Problem

text: "The Final Problem" is a short story by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle featuring his detective character Sherlock Holmes. It was first published in "The Strand Magazine" in the United Kingdom, and "McClure's" in the United States, under the title "The Adventure of the Final Problem" in December 1893. It appears in book form as part of the collection "The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes".


title: The Final Problem

text: This story, set in 1891, introduced Holmes's archenemy, the criminal mastermind Professor Moriarty. It was intended to be the final Holmes story, ending with the character's death, but Conan Doyle was later persuaded to revive Holmes for additional stories and novels.


title: The Final Problem

text: Conan Doyle later ranked "The Final Problem" fourth on his personal list of the twelve best Holmes stories.


title: The Final Problem

text: Holmes arrives at Dr. John Watson's residence one evening in a somewhat agitated state and with grazed and bleeding knuckles. Much to Watson's surprise and horror, Holmes had apparently escaped three separate murder attempts that day after a visit from Professor Moriarty, who warned Holmes to withdraw from his pursuit of justice against him to avoid any regrettable outcome. First, just as Holmes was turning a street corner, a cab suddenly rushed toward him and he just managed to leap out of the way in time. Second, while Holmes was walking along the street, a brick fell from the roof of a house, just missing the detective. He then called the police to search the whole area but could not prove that it was anything other than an accident. Finally, on his way to Watson's house, Holmes was attacked by a thug armed with a cosh. Holmes managed to overcome his assailant and handed him to the police but admitted that there was virtually no hope of proving that the man was in the employ of the criminal mastermind.


title: The Final Problem

text: Holmes has been tracking Moriarty and his agents for months and is on the brink of snaring them all and delivering them to the dock. Moriarty is the criminal genius behind a highly organised and extremely secret criminal force and Holmes will consider it the crowning achievement of his career if he can defeat Moriarty. Moriarty is out to thwart Holmes's plans and is well capable of doing so, for he is, as Holmes admits, the great detective's intellectual equal.


title: The Final Problem

text: Holmes asks Watson to come to the continent with him, giving him unusual instructions designed to hide his tracks to the boat train at Victoria station. Holmes is not quite sure where they will go, which seems rather odd to Watson. Holmes, certain that he has been followed to his friend's house, then makes off by climbing over the back wall in the garden. The next day Watson follows Holmes's instructions to the letter and finds himself waiting in the reserved first-class coach for his friend, but only an elderly Italian priest is there. The cleric soon makes it apparent that he is, in fact, Holmes in disguise.


title: The Final Problem

text: As the boat train pulls out of Victoria, Holmes spots Moriarty on the platform, making gestures in an unsuccessful attempt to stop the train. Holmes is forced to take action as Moriarty has obviously tracked Watson, despite extraordinary precautions. Holmes and Watson alight at Canterbury, making a change to their planned route. As they are waiting for another train to Newhaven a special one-coach train roars through Canterbury, as Holmes suspected it would. It contains the professor, who has hired the train in an effort to overtake Holmes. Holmes and Watson are forced to hide behind luggage.


title: The Final Problem

text: Having made their way to Strasbourg via Brussels, the following Monday Holmes receives a message that most of Moriarty's gang have been arrested in England and recommends Watson return there now, as the detective will likely prove to be a very dangerous companion. Watson, however, decides to stay with his friend. Moriarty himself has slipped out of the grasp of the English police and is obviously with them on the continent.


title: The Final Problem

text: Holmes and Watson's journey takes them to Switzerland where they stay at Meiringen. From there they fatefully decide to take a walk which will include a visit to the Reichenbach Falls, a local natural wonder. Once there, a boy appears and hands Watson a letter, saying that there is a sick Englishwoman back at the hotel who wants an English doctor. Holmes realises at once it is a hoax although he does not say so. Watson goes to see about the patient, leaving Holmes by himself.


title: The Final Problem

text: Upon returning to the "Englischer Hof", Watson finds that the innkeeper has no knowledge of any sick Englishwoman. Realising at last that he has been deceived, he rushes back to the Reichenbach Falls but finds no one there, although he does see two sets of footprints going out onto the muddy dead end path with none returning. There is also a note from Holmes, explaining that he knew the report Watson was given to be a hoax and that he is about to fight Moriarty, who has graciously given him enough time to pen this last letter. Watson sees that towards the end of the path there are signs that a violent struggle has taken place and there are no returning footprints. It is all too clear Holmes and Moriarty have both fallen to their deaths down the gorge while locked in mortal combat. Saddened, Dr. Watson returns to England. The Moriarty gang are all convicted on the strength of evidence secured by Holmes. Watson ends his narrative by saying that Sherlock Holmes was the best and the wisest man he had ever known.


title: The Final Problem

text: "The Final Problem" was intended to be exactly what its name says. Conan Doyle meant to stop writing about his famous detective after this short story; he felt the Sherlock Holmes stories were distracting him from more serious literary efforts and that "killing" Holmes off was the only way of getting his career back on track. "I must save my mind for better things," he wrote to his mother, "even if it means I must bury my pocketbook with him."


title: The Final Problem

text: Conan Doyle sought to sweeten the pill by letting Holmes go in a blaze of glory, having him rid the world of a criminal so powerful and dangerous that any further task would be trivial in comparison; indeed, Holmes says as much in the story.


title: The Final Problem

text: In 1893, Conan Doyle and his wife toured Switzerland and discovered the village of Meiringen in the Bernese Alps. This experience fired Conan Doyle's imagination.


title: The Final Problem

text: The story was published in the UK in "The Strand Magazine" in December 1893, and in the US in "McClure's" in the same month. It was also published in the US edition of "The Strand Magazine" in January 1894. It was published with nine illustrations by Sidney Paget in the "Strand", and with eleven illustrations by Harry C. Edwards in "McClure's". It was included in "The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes", which was published in December 1893 in the UK and February 1894 in the US.


title: The Final Problem

text: In an article published by the BBC, Jennifer Keishin Armstrong noted that "The public reaction to the death was unlike anything previously seen for fictional events." "The Strand Magazine" "barely survived" the resulting rush of subscription cancellations. There were some stories that "young men throughout London wore black mourning crêpes on their hats or around their arms for the month of Holmes’ death" although these may have been exaggerations propounded by Doyle's son. Armstrong continues, "Readers typically accepted what went on in their favourite books, then moved on. Now they were beginning to take their popular culture personally, and to expect their favourite works to conform to certain expectations."


title: The Final Problem

text: Pressure from fans eventually persuaded Doyle to bring Holmes back, writing "The Hound of the Baskervilles" (set before "The Final Problem") and reviving him in "The Adventure of the Empty House". There were enough holes in eyewitness accounts to allow Doyle to plausibly resurrect Holmes; only the few free surviving members of Moriarty's organisation and Holmes' brother Mycroft (who appears briefly in this story) know that Sherlock Holmes is still alive, having won the struggle at the Reichenbach Falls and sent Moriarty to his doom—though nearly meeting his own at the hands of one of Moriarty's henchmen.


title: The Final Problem

text: Inhabitants of Meiringen are still grateful to Doyle and Holmes for ensuring the enduring worldwide fame of their falls and considerably promoting tourism to the town.


title: The Final Problem

text: A museum dedicated to Holmes is housed in the basement of the English Church, located in what has now been named Conan Doyle Place.


title: The Final Problem

text: At the funicular station near the falls, there is a memorial plate to "the most famous detective in the world".


title: The Final Problem

text: The actual ledge from which Moriarty fell is on the other side of the falls. It is accessible by climbing the path to the top of the falls, crossing the bridge, and following the trail down the hill. The ledge is marked by a plaque written in English, German, and French. The English inscription reads "At this fearful place, Sherlock Holmes vanquished Professor Moriarty, on 4 May 1891." It is also marked by a large cross so as to be visible from the viewing platform.


title: The Final Problem

text: Fans who call themselves "pilgrims" travel to Meiringen dressed as characters, both major and minor, from the Holmes stories. There, they take part in a reenactment of the events of "The Final Problem" organized by the Sherlock Holmes Society of London.


title: The Final Problem

text: "The Final Problem" was adapted as a 1923 silent short film as part of the Stoll film series, starring Eille Norwood as Holmes and Hubert Willis as Watson, with Percy Standing as Moriarty.


title: The Final Problem

text: The 1931 film "The Sleeping Cardinal", the first film in the 1931–1937 film series starring Arthur Wontner as Holmes, is based in part on "The Adventure of the Empty House" and "The Final Problem." The scene from "The Final Problem" in which Moriarty confronts Holmes at Baker Street and attempts to persuade Holmes to stop his investigations is used in "The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes" (1935), another film in the series.


title: The Final Problem

text: In the 1939–1946 film series starring Basil Rathbone as Holmes and Nigel Bruce as Watson, a number of films borrow elements from "The Final Problem". Most noticeable of these elements are the methods of killing Moriarty off; in "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" (1939), "Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon" (1942) and "The Woman in Green" (1945), Moriarty is seen in all three films falling from a great height to his death. "The Woman in Green" contains a variation on the conversation between Holmes and Moriarty in Baker Street, as well as the idea of Moriarty manipulating Watson out of the way by hoaxing an injured Englishwoman who requires his treating.


title: The Final Problem

text: The 2011 film "" is based in part on "The Final Problem". Like the story, it ends with Holmes and Moriarty plummeting into the falls, and Watson is shown writing the final sentences of "The Final Problem" on his typewriter. However, in the film, the characters are attending a European Peace Conference held near the falls which Moriarty seeks to sabotage, and the two plunge down from a balcony overlooking the falls rather than from the ledge of the original story. Holmes is also shown falling over the edge with Moriarty rather than simply being assumed to have fallen, being too injured to defeat Moriarty in a straight fight but knowing that Moriarty will go after Watson if he lives. While Holmes is shown to have survived, having used his brother's oxygen inhaler to survive the water at the bottom of the falls, Moriarty's fate is less certain.


title: The Final Problem

text: The Soviet television film series "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson" (1979–1986) adapted "The Final Problem" as "The Deadly Fight" (and "The Adventure in the Empty House" as "Hunt for the Tiger").


title: The Final Problem

text: In the television series "Sherlock Holmes" starring Jeremy Brett, the 1985 episode based on the story begins with the theft of the "Mona Lisa", masterminded by Moriarty in order to sell prepared fakes to collectors. Holmes recovers the original painting just before Moriarty makes a sale to a "Mr. Morgan". Holmes's interference with his plans convinces Moriarty that the detective must be eliminated, and Holmes is subsequently presumed to have died in a tumble down the Reichenbach Falls. This was the last episode to star David Burke as Dr. Watson. Burke was replaced by Edward Hardwicke until the end of the show's run, starting with the adaptation of "The Empty House" which acted as the first episode of "The Return of Sherlock Holmes".


title: The Final Problem

text: The BraveStarr episode "Sherlock Holmes in the 23rd Century" begins with a revised version of the climax of "The Final Problem", in which only Holmes plummets down Reichenbach Falls, but instead of falling to his doom, he falls into a natural time warp that transports him into the year 2249.


title: The Final Problem

text: The first episode of the animated television series "Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century" (1999–2001) begins with the climax of "The Final Problem" where it was later revealed in the second episode that while Holmes managed to survive the fall by grabbing a tree branch and would go on to solve many more cases (later being entombed in honey upon his death of old age, which preserved his body enough to be revitalized in the 22nd century), Moriarty had indeed parished and was buried by Holmes himself, preserved in ice in a freezing cave. Holmes, the robotic Watson and Inspector Beth Lestrade later visit the burial site at Reichenbach Falls to confirm Moriarty's death upon news of a lookalike causing a crime spree in New London. Upon seeing a drill hole in the ice, Holmes surmises that the new Moriarty is in fact a clone with all the original's memories and skills.


title: The Final Problem

text: The two part six season finale of "Monk," "Mr. Monk is on the Run" (2008), is loosely inspired by both "The Final Problem and "The Empty House." Adrian Monk is supposedly shot over a pier after being accused of murder, only to be alive in the second part. The orchestrator is revealed to be Dale "the Whale" Biederbeck, described as "the Genghis Khan of world finance," much like Moriarty as "the Napoleon of Crime."


title: The Final Problem

text: A variation on the scene in which Moriarty confronts Holmes at Baker Street is used in "The Great Game" (2010), the third episode of the BBC television series "Sherlock". The story is also the basis of "The Reichenbach Fall", the third episode of the second season of the TV series "Sherlock", which first aired on 15 January 2012 and shows Holmes falling from the roof of St Bartholomew's Hospital in London, supposedly leading to his death. Throughout a confrontation between Sherlock and Jim Moriarty in Baker Street, Moriarty repeatedly utters the phrase "the final problem". The special episode of "Sherlock", "The Abominable Bride", which was broadcast on 1 January 2016, featured a re-creation of the showdown between Sherlock and Moriarty set in Victorian times, as depicted in the book. The 2017 series finale of "Sherlock" is named for this story, but bears little resemblance to the canon story.


title: The Final Problem

text: The 2012 series finale of the American medical drama "House"—which was inspired by the Sherlock Holmes stories—sees Dr. Gregory House fake his own death, in an ode to "The Final Problem".


title: The Final Problem

text: The 2013 Russian television series "Sherlock Holmes" adapted "The Final Problem" as "Holmes' Last Case".


title: The Final Problem

text: The 2018 HBO Asia/Hulu Japan series "Miss Sherlock" loosely adapts this story for its series finale "The Dock." In this version, the famous scene at the Reichenbach Falls is replaced by an analogous scene set at a fictional "Reichenbach Building" in Tokyo.


title: The Final Problem

text: The 2019 penultimate episode (Season 7 Episode 12) of the CBS adaptation of Sherlock Holmes, "Elementary", was named "Reichenbach Falls", and portrayed Sherlock's ploy to bring down a powerful serial killer billionaire, Odin Reichenbach.


title: The Final Problem

text: "The Final Problem" was loosely adapted for multiple episodes of the American radio series "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" starring Richard Gordon as Sherlock Holmes and Leigh Lovell as Dr. Watson, including episodes titled "Murder in the Waxworks" (March 1932), "The Adventure of the Ace of Spades" (May 1932), and "Murder by Proxy" (January 1933).


title: The Final Problem

text: The story was later adapted for radio by John Kier Cross; it was broadcast on the BBC Light Programme in December 1954 and starred John Gielgud as Holmes and Ralph Richardson as Dr. Watson, with Orson Welles as Professor Moriarty. The production was also broadcast on NBC radio on 17 April 1955.


title: The Final Problem

text: Felix Felton adapted the story as a radio adaptation which aired on the BBC Home Service in March 1955 as part of the 1952–1969 radio series starring Carleton Hobbs as Holmes and Norman Shelley as Watson, with Ralph Truman as Moriarty. Another dramatisation of the story adapted by Felton aired on the BBC Home Service in November 1957, again starring Hobbs and Shelley, with Felton playing Moriarty. Hobbs and Shelley also starred as Holmes and Watson in a 1967 BBC Light Programme adaptation of the story which was adapted by Michael Hardwick.


title: The Final Problem

text: "The Final Problem" was dramatized for BBC Radio 4 in 1992 by Bert Coules as part of the 1989–1998 radio series starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson. It featured Michael Pennington as Professor Moriarty, Frederick Treves as Colonel Moran, Sean Arnold as Inspector Patterson, Terence Edmond as Steiler, Richard Pearce as Jenkinson, and Norman Jones as Sir George.


title: The Final Problem

text: An episode of "The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes", a series on the American radio show "Imagination Theatre", combined "The Final Problem" with the events of "The Empty House". The episode, titled "The Return of Sherlock Holmes", aired in 2009, and starred John Patrick Lowrie as Holmes and Lawrence Albert as Watson.


title: The Final Problem

text: William Gillette's 1899 stage play "Sherlock Holmes" is based on several stories, among them "The Final Problem." Films released in 1916 (starring Gillette as Holmes) and 1922 (starring John Barrymore), both titled "Sherlock Holmes", were based on the play, as well as a 1938 "Mercury Theatre on the Air" radio adaptation titled "The Immortal Sherlock Holmes", starring Orson Welles as Holmes, although in none of these retellings do Holmes die (and indeed in the two film versions he marries).


title: The Final Problem

text: In 1975, DC Comics published "Sherlock Holmes" #1, a comic book which adapted both "The Final Problem" and "The Adventure of the Empty House". It was intended to be an ongoing series, but future issues were canceled due to low sales.


title: The Final Problem

text: The 1999 comic series "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume One" by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill briefly adapts "The Final Problem" in issue #5 and shows Holmes triumphing over Moriarty and climbing the cliff, although Moriarty survives as well. The film adaptation references these events, but does not show them; the novelization copies the event almost verbatim from the graphic novel.


title: The Final Problem

text: An arc of the Japanese manga series "Moriarty the Patriot", a series featuring a young Moriarty as a crime consultant, is named after the Japanese translation of the story's title. The final two episodes, "The Final Problem Act 1" and "The Final Problem Act 2", feature Sherlock and William (Moriarty) falling from Tower Bridge to River Thames, though revealed that both of them are alive and in Switzerland.


title: Rooh Afza

text: Rooh Afza (; ; ) (Soul Refresher) is a concentrated squash. It was formulated in 1906 in Ghaziabad, British India by Hakeem Muhammad Kabeeruddin and introduced by Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed, and launched from Old Delhi, India. Currently, Rooh Afza is manufactured by the companies founded by him and his sons, Hamdard Laboratories, India, Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Pakistan and Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Bangladesh. Since 1948, the company has been manufacturing the product in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.


title: Rooh Afza

text: Other companies formulate the same un-patented recipe in these countries as well. The specific Unani recipe of Rooh Afza combines several ingredients popularly believed to be cooling agents, such as rose, which is used as a remedy for loo (the hot summer winds of Northern India and Pakistan and Bangladesh). The drink is commonly associated with the month of Ramadan, in which it is usually consumed during iftar. It is sold commercially as a syrup to flavour sherbets, cold milk drinks, ices, and cold desserts such as the popular falooda. The name "Rooh Afza" is sometimes translated as "refresher of the soul". It is said that this name was made up by the original formulator of the drink, with possible cultural influences.


title: Rooh Afza

text: Rooh Afza was founded by Hamdard's founder Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed. In 1906, he wanted to create a herbal mix that would help Delhi's people stay cool in the summer. He selected herbs and syrups from traditional Unani medicine and created a drink that would help counter heat strokes and prevent water loss in people. An artist, Mirza Noor Ahmad, designed the labels of Rooh Afza in many colours in 1910. Progress in development and refining the original recipe continued all along until the final drink emerged.


title: Rooh Afza

text: After Majeed's death 15 years later, his wife Rabea Begum established a charitable trust in the name of herself and their two sons.


title: Rooh Afza

text: Following the partition of India in 1947, while the elder son, Hakim Abdul Hameed, stayed back in India – the younger son, Hakim Mohammad Said, migrated to Pakistan on 9 January 1948 and started a separate Hamdard Company from two rooms in the old Arambagh area of Karachi. Hamdard Pakistan finally became profitable in 1953. Hakim Mohammad Said had opened a branch of Hamdard in the former East Pakistan. According to Hakim Mohammad Said's daughter, Sadia Rashid, chairperson of Hamdard Pakistan in 2019, her father gifted the business to the people of Bangladesh after their independence in 1971.


title: Rooh Afza

text: In 2010, chef Nita Mehta and Indian film actress Juhi Chawla were hired for promotional activities by Hamdard Laboratories to create new mocktail and dessert recipes for Rooh Afza, their all-season summer drink, which was used in a new marketing campaign.


title: Rooh Afza

text: Rooh Afza syrup is generally served mixed with cold milk and ice; the closest Western equivalent is strawberry milk. Rooh Afza is often prepared as part of Iftar (the evening meal for breaking the fast or "roza"), during Ramadan (the holy month of fasting for Muslims). The concentrate can also be mixed with water, which is a common preparation in the hot Pakistani summer. When mixed with water, the final drink is a type of sharbat. Rooh Afza syrup is often mixed with Kulfi ice cream and vermicelli to make a similar version of the popular Iranian dessert Faloodeh.


title: Rooh Afza

text: On the complaint of false information, misleading advertisements and publication of false information on the web site, Safe Food Inspector Kamrul Hassan filed a case against Hamdard Laboratories Bangladesh on May 30, 2018. In the case, he mentions that the information published in the advertisement with 'Rooh Afza made with 35 fruit juice' is not correct. On June 12 of the same year, Pure food court judge AFM Maruf Chowdhury fined the company four lakhs taka for publishing misleading advertisements. If unable to pay the fine, then the Hamdard chairman and managing director would be punished for three months' imprisonment.


title: Rooh Afza

text: Hamdard Laboratories India has launched two ready to drink variants in India namely RoohAfza Fusion and RoohAfza Milkshake.


title: John Russell (actor)

text: John Lawrence Russell (January 3, 1921 – January 19, 1991) was an American film and television actor, most noted for his starring role as Marshal Dan Troop in the ABC western television series "Lawman" from 1958 to 1962 and his lead role as international adventurer Tim Kelly in the syndicated TV series "Soldiers of Fortune" from 1955 to 1957.


title: John Russell (actor)

text: Born in Los Angeles to insurance company executive John Henry Russell and his wife, Amy Requa, John Lawrence Russell was the eldest of three children. He attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) as a student athlete.


title: John Russell (actor)

text: Following the start of World War II, he joined the United States Marine Corps, though he was initially rejected because of his height (). He was commissioned as a 2d Lieutenant on November 11, 1942, and was assigned to the 6th Marine Regiment. His division was sent to Guadalcanal, where he served as an assistant intelligence officer. He contracted malaria and returned home with a medical discharge.


title: John Russell (actor)

text: Russell signed a contract with 20th Century Fox in 1945 and made his first film appearance as a guard in "A Royal Scandal". He played several supporting parts while at Fox, acting the role of a junior law partner in the Clifton Webb comedy "Sitting Pretty" (1948) as well as a navy pilot in "Slattery's Hurricane" (1949). He primarily played secondary roles, often in western films, including William A. Wellman's 1948 "Yellow Sky." Later, however, he signed with Republic Pictures, where he was cast in a starring role opposite Judy Canova in "Oklahoma Annie" (1952).


title: John Russell (actor)

text: In 1955, Russell landed the lead role in a television drama series called "Soldiers of Fortune". This half-hour syndicated adventure show placed him and his sidekick (played by Chick Chandler) in a dangerous setting each week. While the show proved popular with young boys, it did not draw enough adult viewers to its prime slot and was canceled in 1957. That same year, he returned to films briefly to appear as a corrupt agricultural magnate in the Warner Brothers low-budget exploitation film "Untamed Youth". A year later he returned to the small screen as gunslinger Matt Reardon, in "The Empty Gun" episode of the ABC/Warners western series, "Cheyenne", starring Clint Walker. In 1958 Russell appeared as Saylor Hornbook on "Cheyenne" in the episode titled "Dead to Rights".


title: John Russell (actor)

text: In 1958, Russell was cast in his best-known role: the stolid, taciturn Marshal Dan Troop, the lead character in "Lawman", an ABC/Warners hit western series that ran for four years. Co-starring alongside Peter Brown, who played Deputy Johnny McKay, and Peggie Castle as Birdcage Saloon owner Lily Merrill, Russell portrayed a US frontier peace officer mentoring his younger compatriot. At the same time that "Lawman" premiered, Russell played an outlaw, along with Edd Byrnes and Rodolfo Hoyos Jr., in the 1958 season premiere episode of "Sugarfoot", another ABC/WB hit western, with Will Hutchins in the title role.


title: John Russell (actor)

text: Russell also appeared in other motion pictures for Warner Bros., notably as a Sioux chieftain in "Yellowstone Kelly" (1959), as well as a rich, corrupt cattle rancher, Nathan Burdette, in the highly successful Howard Hawks western "Rio Bravo" (1959), starring John Wayne.


title: John Russell (actor)

text: At the same time, Russell guest-starred in an episode of NBC's adventure series "Northwest Passage". In 1969, Russell appeared in five episodes of the Robert Wagner series, "It Takes a Thief": "Guess Who's Coming To Rio?" (January 9, 1969), "Saturday Night In Venice" (September 25, 1969), "The Blue, Blue Danube" (October 30, 1969), "Payoff In The Piazza" (November 13, 1969) and "A Friend In Deed" (November 27, 1969).


title: John Russell (actor)

text: Throughout the remainder of his movie career, he played secondary roles in more than 20 films, including several A.C. Lyles westerns and three films directed by his friend Clint Eastwood, most notably as Marshal Stockburn, the chief villain in Eastwood's 1985 film "Pale Rider".


title: John Russell (actor)

text: Russell also appeared in the second season of the Filmation children's science-fiction series "Jason of Star Command". He played Commander Stone, a blue-skinned alien from Alpha Centauri. He replaced James Doohan, who had played the commander in the previous season, but left to start working on "" (1979).


title: John Russell (actor)

text: Russell died of complications from emphysema in 1991 and was interred in the Los Angeles National Cemetery, a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs cemetery in Los Angeles.


title: John Russell (actor)

text: He married Renata Titus in 1943. They had three children, and divorced in 1965. He married again in 1970 to Lavergne Warner Pearson but was divorced the following year.


title: French Directory

text: The Directory (also called Directorate, ) was the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic from 2 November 1795 until 9 November 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the Consulate. "Directoire" is the name of the final four years of the French Revolution. Mainstream historiography also uses the term in reference to the period from the dissolution of the National Convention on 26 October 1795 (4 Brumaire) to Napoleon's coup d’état.


title: French Directory

text: The Directory was continually at war with foreign coalitions, including Britain, Austria, Prussia, the Kingdom of Naples, Russia and the Ottoman Empire. It annexed Belgium and the left bank of the Rhine, while Bonaparte conquered a large part of Italy. The Directory established 196 short-lived sister republics in Italy, Switzerland and the Netherlands. The conquered cities and states were required to send France huge amounts of money, as well as art treasures, which were used to fill the new Louvre museum in Paris. An army led by Bonaparte tried to conquer Egypt and marched as far as Saint-Jean-d'Acre in Syria. The Directory defeated a resurgence of the War in the Vendée, the royalist-led civil war in the Vendée region, but failed in its venture to support the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and create an Irish Republic.


title: French Directory

text: The French economy was in continual crisis during the Directory. At the beginning, the treasury was empty; the paper money, the Assignat, had fallen to a fraction of its value, and prices soared. The Directory stopped printing assignats and restored the value of the money, but this caused a new crisis; prices and wages fell, and economic activity slowed to a standstill.


title: French Directory

text: In its first two years, the Directory concentrated on ending the excesses of the Jacobin Reign of Terror; mass executions stopped, and measures taken against exiled priests and royalists were relaxed. The Jacobin political club was closed and the government crushed an armed uprising planned by the Jacobins and an early socialist revolutionary, François-Noël Babeuf, known as ""Gracchus" Babeuf". But after the discovery of a royalist conspiracy including a prominent general, Jean-Charles Pichegru, the Jacobins took charge of the new Councils and hardened the measures against the Church and émigrés. They took two additional seats in the Directory, hopelessly dividing it.


title: French Directory

text: In 1799, after several defeats, French victories in the Netherlands and Switzerland restored the French military position, but the Directory had lost all the political factions' support. Bonaparte returned from Egypt in October, and was engaged by Abbé Sieyès and others to carry out a parliamentary coup d'état on 8–9 November 1799. The coup abolished the Directory and replaced it with the French Consulate led by Bonaparte.


title: French Directory

text: The period known as the Reign of Terror began as a way of harnessing revolutionary fervour, but quickly degenerated into the settlement of personal grievances. On 17 September 1793, the Law of Suspects authorised the arrest of any suspected "enemies of freedom"; on 10 October, the National Convention recognised the Committee of Public Safety under Maximilien Robespierre as the supreme authority, and suspended the Constitution until "peace was achieved".


title: French Directory

text: According to archival records, from September 1793 to July 1794 some 16,600 people were executed on charges of counter-revolutionary activity; another 40,000 may have been summarily executed or died awaiting trial. At its peak, the slightest hint of counter-revolutionary thoughts could place one under suspicion, and even his supporters began to fear their own survival depended on removing Robespierre. On 27 July, he and his allies were arrested and executed the next day.


title: French Directory

text: In July 1794, the Convention established a committee to draft what became the 1795 Constitution. Largely designed by Pierre Daunou and Boissy d'Anglas, it established a bicameral legislature, intended to slow down the legislative process, ending the wild swings of policy under the previous unicameral systems. Deputies were chosen by indirect election, a total franchise of around 5 million voting in primaries for 30,000 electors, or 0.5% of the population. Since they were also subject to stringent property qualification, it guaranteed the return of conservative or moderate deputies.


title: French Directory

text: It created a legislature consisting of the Council of 500, responsible for drafting legislation, and Council of Ancients, an upper house containing 250 men over the age of 40, who would review and approve it. Executive power was in the hands of five Directors, selected by the Council of Ancients from a list provided by the lower house, with a five-year mandate. This was intended to prevent executive power being concentrated in the hands of one man.


title: French Directory

text: We propose to you to compose an executive power of five members, renewed with one new member each year, called the Directory. This executive will have a force concentrated enough that it will be swift and firm, but divided enough to make it impossible for any member to even consider becoming a tyrant. A single chief would be dangerous. Each member will preside for three months; he will have during this time the signature and seal of the head of state. By the slow and gradual replacement of members of the Directory, you will preserve the advantages of order and continuity and will have the advantages of unity without the inconveniences.


title: French Directory

text: The 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was attached as a preamble, declaring "the Rights of Man in society are liberty, equality, security, and property". It guaranteed freedom of religion, freedom of the press, and freedom of labour, but forbade armed assemblies and even public meetings of political societies. Only individuals or public authorities could tender petitions.


title: French Directory

text: The judicial system was reformed, and judges were given short terms of office: two years for justices of the peace, five for judges of department tribunals. They were elected, and could be re-elected, to assure their independence from the other branches of government.


title: French Directory

text: The new legislature had two houses, a Council of Five Hundred and a Council of Ancients with two hundred fifty members. Electoral assemblies in each "canton" of France, which brought together a total of thirty thousand qualified electors, chose representatives to an electoral assembly in each department, which then elected the members of both houses. The members of this legislature had a term of three years, with one-third of the members renewed every year. The Ancients could not initiate new laws, but could veto those proposed by the Council of Five Hundred.


title: French Directory

text: The Constitution established a unique kind of executive, a five-man Directory chosen by the legislature. It required the Council of Five Hundred to prepare, by secret ballot, a list of candidates for the Directory. The Council of Ancients then chose, again by secret ballot, the Directors from that provided list. The Constitution required that Directors be at least forty years old. To assure gradual but continual change, one Director, chosen by lot, was replaced each year. Ministers for the various departments of State aided the Directors. These ministers did not form a council or cabinet and had no general powers of government.


title: French Directory

text: The new Constitution sought to create a separation of powers; the Directors had no voice in legislation or taxation, nor could Directors or Ministers sit in either house. To assure that the Directors would have some independence, each would be elected by one portion of the legislature, and they could not be removed by the legislature unless they violated the law.


title: French Directory

text: Under the new Constitution of 1795, to be eligible to vote in the elections for the Councils, voters were required to meet certain minimum property and residency standards. In towns with over six thousand population, they had to own or rent a property with a revenue equal to the standard income for at least one hundred fifty or two hundred days of work, and to have lived in their residence for at least a year. This ruled out a large part of the French population.


title: French Directory

text: The greatest victim under the new system was the City of Paris, which had dominated events in the first part of the Revolution. On 24 August 1794, the committees of the sections of Paris, bastions of the Jacobins which had provided most of the manpower for demonstrations and invasions of the Convention, were abolished. Shortly afterwards, on 31 August, the municipality of Paris, which had been the domain of Danton and Robespierre, was abolished, and the city placed under direct control of the national government. When the Law of 19 Vendémiaire Year IV (11 October 1795), in application of the new Constitution, created the first twelve "arrondissements" of Paris, it established twelve new committees, one for each "arrondissement". The city became a new department, the department of the Seine, replacing the former department of Paris created in 1790.


title: French Directory

text: Meanwhile, the leaders of the still ruling National Convention tried to meet challenges from both neo-Jacobins on the left and royalists on the right. On 21 September 1794, the remains of Jean-Paul Marat, whose furious articles had promoted the Reign of Terror, were placed with great ceremony in the Panthéon, while on the same day, the moderate Convention member Merlin de Thionville described the Jacobins as "A hangout of outlaws" and the "knights of the guillotine". Young men known as Muscadins, largely from middle-class families, attacked the Jacobin and radical clubs. The new freedom of the press saw the appearance of a host of new newspapers and pamphlets from the left and the right, such as the royalist "L'Orateur du peuple" edited by Stanislas Fréron, an extreme Jacobin who had moved to the extreme right, and at the opposite end of the spectrum, the "Tribun du peuple", edited by Gracchus Babeuf, a former priest who advocated an early version of socialism. On 5 February 1795, the semi-official newspaper "Le Moniteur Universel" ("Le Moniteur") attacked Marat for encouraging the bloody extremes of the Reign of Terror. Marat's remains were removed from the Panthéon two days later. The surviving Girondin deputies, whose leaders had been executed during the Reign of Terror, were brought back into the Convention on 8 March 1795.


title: French Directory

text: The Convention tried to bring a peaceful end to the Catholic and royalist uprising in the Vendée. The Convention signed an amnesty agreement, promising to recognize the freedom of religion and allowing territorial guards to keep their weapons if the "Vendéens" would end their revolt. On a proposal from Boissy d'Anglas, on 21 February 1795 the Convention formally proclaimed the freedom of religion and the separation of church and state.


title: French Directory

text: Between July 1794 and the October 1795 elections for the new-style Parliament, the government tried to obtain international peace treaties and secure French gains. In January 1795 General Pichegru took advantage of an extremely cold winter and invaded the Dutch Republic. He captured Utrecht on 18 January, and on 14 February units of French cavalry captured the Dutch fleet, which was trapped in the ice at Den Helder. The Dutch government asked for peace, conceding Dutch Flanders, Maastricht and Venlo to France. On 9 February, after a French offensive in the Alps, the Grand Duke of Tuscany signed a treaty with France. Soon afterwards, on 5 April, France signed a peace treaty, the Peace of Basel, with Prussia, where King Frederick William II was tired of the war; Prussia recognized the French occupation of the western bank of the Rhine. On 22 July 1795, a peace agreement, the "Treaty of Basel", was signed with Spain, where the French army had marched as far as Bilbao. By the time the Directory was chosen, the coalition against France was reduced to Britain and Austria, which hoped that Russia might be brought in on its side.


title: French Directory

text: On 20 May 1795 (1 Prairial Year III), the Jacobins attempted to seize power in Paris. Following the model of Danton's seizure of the National Assembly in June 1792, a mob of sans-culottes invaded the meeting hall of the Convention at the Tuileries, killed one deputy, and demanded that a new government be formed. This time the army moved swiftly to clear the hall. Several deputies who had taken the side of the invaders were arrested. The uprising continued the following day, as the sans-culottes seized the "Hôtel de Ville" as they had done in earlier uprisings, but with little effect; crowds did not move to support them. On the third day, 22 May, the army moved into and occupied the working-class neighborhood of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. The sans-culottes were disarmed and their leaders were arrested. In the following days the surviving members of the Committee of Public Safety, the committee that had been led by Robespierre, were arrested, with the exception of Carnot and two others. Six of the deputies who had participated in the uprising and had been sentenced to death committed suicide before they were taken to the guillotine.


title: French Directory

text: On 23 June 1795, the Chouans, royalist and Catholic rebels in Brittany, formed an army of 14,000 men near Quiberon. With the assistance of the British navy, a force of two thousand royalists was landed at Quiberon. The French army under General Hoche reacted swiftly, forcing the royalists to take refuge on the peninsula and then to withdraw. They surrendered on 21 July; 748 of the rebels were executed by firing squad.


title: French Directory

text: The new Constitution of the Year III was presented to the Convention and debated between 4 July – 17 August 1795, and was formally adopted on 22 August 1795. It was a long document, with 377 articles, compared with 124 in the first French Constitution of 1793. Even before it took effect, however, the members of the Convention took measures to assure they would still have dominance in the legislature over the government. They required that in the first elections, two hundred and fifty new deputies would be elected, while five hundred members of the old Convention would remain in place until the next elections. A national referendum of eligible voters was then held. The total number of voters was low; of five million eligible voters, 1,057,390 electors approved the Constitution, and 49,978 opposed it. The proposal that two thirds of members of the old Convention should remain in place was approved by a much smaller margin, 205,498 to 108,754.


title: French Directory

text: The new Constitution of the Year III was officially proclaimed in force on 23 September 1795, but the new Councils had not yet been elected, and the Directors had not yet been chosen. The leaders of the royalists and constitutional monarchists chose this moment to try to seize power. They saw that the vote in favor of the new Constitution was hardly overwhelming. Paris voters were particularly hostile to the idea of keeping two-thirds of the old members of the Convention in the new Councils. A central committee was formed, with members from the wealthier neighborhoods of Paris, and they began planning a march on the center of the city and on the Tuileries, where the Convention still met.


title: French Directory

text: The members of the Convention, very much experienced with conspiracies, were well aware that the planning was underway. A group of five republican deputies, led by Paul Barras, had already formed an unofficial directory, in anticipation of the creation of the real one. They were concerned about the national guard members from western Paris, and were unsure about the military commander of Paris, General Menou. Barras decided to turn to military commanders in his entourage who were known republicans, particularly Bonaparte, whom he had known when Bonaparte was successfully fighting the British in Toulon. Bonaparte, at this point a general of second rank in the Army of the Interior, was ordered to defend the government buildings on the right bank.


title: French Directory

text: The armed royalist insurgents planned a march in two columns along both the right bank and left bank of the Seine toward the Tuileries. There on 5 October 1795, the royalists were met by the artillery of "sous-lieutenant" Joachim Murat at the Sablons and by Bonaparte's soldiers and artillery in front of the church of Saint-Roch. Over the next two hours, the "whiff of grapeshot" of Bonaparte's cannons and gunfire of his soldiers brutally mowed down advancing columns, killing some four hundred insurgents, and ending the rebellion. Bonaparte was promoted to General of Division on 16 October, and General in Chief of the Army of the Interior on 26 October. It was the last uprising to take place in Paris during the French Revolution.


title: French Directory

text: Between 12 and 21 October 1795, immediately after the suppression of royalist uprising in Paris, the elections for the new Councils decreed by the new Constitution took place. 379 members of the old Convention, for the most part moderate republicans, were elected to the new legislature. To assure that the Directory did not abandon the Revolution entirely, the Council required that all of the members of the Directory be former members of the Convention and regicides, those who had voted for the execution of Louis XVI.


title: French Directory

text: Due to the rules established by the Convention, a majority of members of the new legislature, 381 of 741 deputies, had served in the Convention and were ardent republicans, but a large part of the new deputies elected were royalists, 118 versus 11 from the left. The members of the upper house, the Council of Ancients, were chosen by lot from among all of the deputies.


title: French Directory

text: On 31 October 1795, the Council of Ancients chose the first Directory from a list of candidates submitted by the Council of Five Hundred. One person elected, the Abbé Sieyès, refused to take the position, saying it didn't suit his interests or personality. A new member, Lazare Carnot, was elected in his place.


title: French Directory

text: The following day, the members of the new government took over their offices in the Luxembourg Palace, which had previously been occupied by the Committee of Public Safety. Nothing had been prepared, and the rooms had no furniture: they managed to find firewood to heat the room, and a table in order to work. Each member took charge of a particular sector: Rewbell diplomacy; Carnot and Le Tourneur military affairs, La Révellière-Lépeaux religion and public instruction, and Barras internal affairs.


title: French Directory

text: The Council of Ancients was attributed the building at the Tuileries Palace formerly occupied by the Convention, while the Council of Five Hundred deliberated in the "Salle du Manège", the former riding school west of the palace in the Tuileries Garden. One of the early decisions of the new parliament was to designate uniforms for both houses: the Five Hundred wore long white robes with a blue belt, a scarlet cloak and a hat of blue velour, while members of the Ancients wore a robe of blue-violet, a scarlet sash, a white mantle, and a violet hat.


title: French Directory

text: The new Director overseeing financial affairs, La Réveillière-Lépeaux, gave a succinct description of the financial state of France when the Directory took power: "The national Treasury was completely empty; not a single sou remained. The assignats were almost worthless; the little value which remained drained away each day with accelerated speed. One could not print enough money in one night to meet the most pressing needs of the next day... The public revenues were nonexistent; citizens had lost the habit of paying taxes. [...] All public credit was dead and all confidence lost. [...] The depreciation of the "assignats", the frightening speed of the fall, reduced the salary of all public employees and functionaries to a value which was purely nominal."


title: French Directory

text: The drop in value in the money was accompanied by extraordinary inflation. The "Louis d'or" (gold coin), which was worth 2,000₶. in paper money at the beginning of the Directory, increased to 3,000₶. and then 5,000₶. The price of a liter of wine increased from 2₶.10s. in October 1795 to 10₶. and then 30₶. A measure of flour worth 2₶. in 1790 was worth 225₶. in October 1794.


title: French Directory

text: The new government continued to print "assignats", which were based on the value of property confiscated from the Church and the aristocracy, but it could not print them fast enough; even when it printed one hundred million in a day, it covered only one-third of the government's needs. To fill the treasury, the Directory resorted in December 1795 to a forced loan of 600 million-₶. from wealthy citizens, who were required to pay between 50₶. and 6,000₶. each.


title: French Directory

text: To fight inflation, the government began minting more coins of gold and silver, which had real value; the government had little gold but large silver reserves, largely in the form of silverware, candlesticks and other objects confiscated from the churches and the nobility. It minted 72 million écus, and when this silver supply ran low, it obtained much more gold and silver through military campaigns outside of France, particularly from Bonaparte's army in Italy. Bonaparte demanded gold or silver from each city he conquered, threatening to destroy the cities if they did not pay.


title: French Directory

text: These measures reduced the rate of inflation. On 19 February 1796, the government held a ceremony in the Place Vendôme to destroy the printing presses which had been used to produce huge quantities of "assignats". This success produced a new problem: the country was still flooded with more than two billion four hundred million (2.400.000.000) "assignats", claims on confiscated properties, which now had some value. Those who held "assignats" were able to exchange them for state mandates, which they could use to buy châteaux, church buildings and other biens nationaux (state property) at extremely reduced prices. Speculation became rampant, and property in Paris and other cities could change hands several times a day.


title: French Directory

text: Another major problem faced by the Directory was the enormous public debt, the same problem that had led to the Revolution in the first place. In September–December 1797, the Directory attacked this problem by declaring bankruptcy on two-thirds of the debt, but assured payment on the other third. This resulted in the ruin of those who held large quantities of government bonds, but stabilized the currency. To keep the treasury full, the Directory also imposed new taxes on property owners, based on the number of fireplaces and chimneys, and later on the number of windows, of their residences. It refrained from adding more taxes on wine and salt, which had helped cause the 1789 revolution, but added new taxes on gold and silver objects, playing cards, tobacco, and other luxury products. Through these means, the Directory brought about a relative stability of finances which continued through the Directory and Consulate.


title: French Directory

text: The food supply for the population, and particularly for the Parisians, was a major economic and political problem before and during the Revolution; it had led to food riots in Paris and attacks on the Convention. To assure the supply of food to the sans-culottes in Paris, the base of support of the Jacobins, the Convention had strictly regulated grain distribution and set maximum prices for bread and other essential products. As the value of the currency dropped, the fixed prices soon did not cover the cost of production, and supplies dropped. The Convention was forced to abolish the maximum on 24 December 1794, but it continued to buy huge quantities of bread and meat which it distributed at low prices to the Parisians. This Paris food distribution cost a large part of the national budget, and was resented by the rest of the country, which did not have that benefit. By early 1796, the grain supply was supplemented by deliveries from Italy and even from Algeria. Despite the increased imports, the grain supply to Paris was not enough. The Ministry of the Interior reported on 23 March 1796 that there was only enough wheat to make bread for five days, and there were shortages of meat and firewood. The Directory was forced to resume deliveries of subsidized food to the very poor, the elderly, the sick, and government employees. The food shortages and high prices were one factor in the growth of discontent and the Gracchus Babeuf's uprising, the Conspiracy of the Equals, in 1796. The harvests were good in the following years and the food supplies improved considerably, but the supply was still precarious in the north, the west, the southeast, and the valley of the Seine.


title: French Directory

text: In 1795, the Directory faced a new threat from the left, from the followers of François Noël Babeuf, a talented political agitator who took the name "Gracchus" and was the organizer of what became known as the Conspiracy of the Equals. Babeuf had, since 1789, been drawn to the Agrarian Law, an agrarian reform preconized by the ancient Roman brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, of sharing goods in common, as means of achieving economic equality. By the time of the fall of Robespierre, he had abandoned this as an impractical scheme and was moving towards a more complex plan. Babeuf did not call for the abolition of private property, and wrote that peasants should own their own plots of land, but he advocated that all wealth should be shared equally: all citizens who were able would be required to work, and all would receive the same income. Babeuf did not believe that the mass of French citizens was ready for self-government; accordingly, he proposed a dictatorship under his leadership until the people were educated enough to take charge. "People!", Babeuf wrote. "Breathe, see, recognize your guide, your defender... Your tribune presents himself with confidence."


title: French Directory

text: At first, Babeuf's following was small; the readers of his newspaper, "Le Tribun du peuple" ("The Tribune of the People"), were mostly middle-class far-left Jacobins who had been excluded from the new government. However, his popularity increased in the working-class of the capital with the drop in value of the "assignats", which rapidly resulted in the decrease of wages and the rise of food prices. Beginning in October 1795, he allied himself with the most radical Jacobins, and on 29 March 1796 formed the "Directoire secret des Égaux" ("Secret Directory of Equals"), which proposed to "revolutionize the people" through pamphlets and placards, and eventually to overthrow the government. He formed an alliance of utopian socialists and radical Jacobins, including Félix Lepeletier, Pierre-Antoine Antonelle, Sylvain Marechal, Jean-Pierre-André Amar and Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet. The Conspiracy of Equals was organized in a novel way: in the center was Babeuf and the Secret Directory, who hid their identities, and shared information with other members of the Conspiracy only via trusted intermediaries. This conspiratorial structure was later adopted by Marxist movements. Despite his precautions, the Directory infiltrated an agent into the conspiracy, and was fully informed of what he was doing. Bonaparte, the newly named commander of the Army of the Interior, was ordered to close the Panthéon Club, the major meeting place for the Jacobins in Paris, which he did on 27 February 1796. The Directory took other measures to prevent an uprising; the Legion of Police ("légion de police"), a local police force dominated by Jacobins, was forced to become a part of the Army, and the Army organized a mobile column to patrol the neighborhoods and stop uprisings.


title: French Directory

text: Before Babeuf and his conspiracy could strike, he was betrayed by a police spy and arrested in his hiding place on 10 May 1796. Though he was a talented agitator, he was a very poor conspirator; with him in his hiding place were the complete records of the conspiracy, with all of the names of the conspirators. Despite this setback, the conspiracy went ahead with its plans. On the night of 9–10 September 1796, between 400 and 700 Jacobins went to the 21st Regiment of Dragoons ("21e régiment de dragons") army camp at Grenelle and tried to incite an armed rebellion against the Convention. At the same time a column of militants was formed in the working-class neighborhoods of Paris to march on the Luxembourg Palace, headquarters of the Directory. Director Carnot had been informed the night before by the commander of the camp, and a unit of dragoons was ready. When the attack began at about ten o'clock, the dragoons appeared suddenly and charged. About twenty Jacobins were killed, and the others arrested. The column of militants, learning what had happened, disbanded in confusion. The widespread arrest of Babeuf's militants and Jacobins followed. The practice of arresting suspects at their homes at night, stopped after the downfall of Robespierre, was resumed on this occasion.


title: French Directory

text: Despite his arrest, Babeuf, in jail, still felt he could negotiate with the government. He wrote to the Directory: "Citizen Directors, why don't you look above yourselves and treat with me as with an equal power? You have seen now the vast confidence of which I am the center... this view makes you tremble." Several attempts were made by Babeuf's followers to free him from prison. He was finally moved to Vendôme for trial. The Directory did not tremble. The accused Jacobins were tried by military courts between 19 September and 27 October. Thirty Jacobins, including three former deputies of the Convention, were convicted and guillotined. Babeuf and his principal followers were tried in Vendôme between 20 February and 26 May 1797. The two principal leaders, Babeuf and Darthé, were convicted. They both attempted suicide, but failed and were guillotined on 27 May 1797. However, in the following months, the Directory and Councils gradually turned away from the royalist right and tried to find new allies on the left.