title: Battle of Britain (film)

text: The job was accepted by Ron Goodwin, who also served as conductor. Producer S. Benjamin Fisz and actor Sir Laurence Olivier protested against this decision, and Olivier threatened to take his name from the credits. In the end, one segment of the Walton score, "Battle in the Air", which depicted the climactic air battles of 15 September 1940, was retained in the final cut, as well as a few bars of his march edited into the final scene before the credits roll. The Walton score for the battle sequence was played with no sound effects of aircraft engines or gunfire, giving the segment a transcendent, lyrical quality.


title: Battle of Britain (film)

text: Prime Minister Edward Heath retrieved Walton's manuscript from United Artists in 1972, presenting it to the composer at Walton's 70th birthday party held at 10 Downing Street. Tapes of the Walton score were believed lost forever until being rediscovered in 1990 in the sound mixer's garage. Since then the score has been restored and released on compact disc. The option to watch the film with the complete Walton score was included on the Region 2 special edition DVD of the film, which was released in June 2004 and the Region A Blu-ray released on 3 June 2008.


title: Battle of Britain (film)

text: Ron Goodwin's score opens with the "Luftwaffe March", later retitled "Aces High", in the style of a traditional German military march in 6/8 time. The march places heavy emphasis on the "oom-pah" sound of tubas and lower-pitched horns on the first and second beats and has the glockenspiel double the horns in the melody. Because of the great length of this sequence, which shows a Luftwaffe general's inspection of a Heinkel squadron in occupied France, the "Aces High" has three separate bridges between choruses of the main theme, one of which recurs several times in a gently sentimental variation. Despite its origin in a representation of a tyrannical threat to democracy, the march has become a popular British march tune, like the "Dambusters March". An adaptation was first played by a British military band in 1974 by the Corps of Drums of the Royal Pioneer Corps and is now frequently played at military parades and by marching bands in Northern Ireland. American radio personality and convicted Watergate conspirator G. Gordon Liddy used the march as bumper music on his syndicated radio programme.


title: Battle of Britain (film)

text: Reporting on the film's premiere, "The Times" commented: "Handsomely shot, soberly put together, it is weighed down somewhat by a platitudinous score from Ron Goodwin. The only sequence of the rejected Walton score, the Battle in the Air, turned down allegedly because it was not long enough to fill an LP, is not perhaps vintage Walton, but at least lifts the film with moments of sharp excitement."


title: Battle of Britain (film)

text: In 2004, both Ron Goodwin's and Sir William Walton's scores were released on a single CD for the first time - Goodwin's music occupied tracks 1 to 19, while Walton's was tracks 20 to 28.


title: Battle of Britain (film)

text: In the United Kingdom, filming of the aerial battle scenes over London and the home counties had generated considerable interest. Pre-release publicity included the film's quad posters on prominent billboard locations and features in "The Sunday Times" magazine and local press. However, the film was released at a time when anti-war feeling stirred by the Vietnam War was running high, together with cynicism among post-war generations about the heroism of those who participated in the Battle of Britain. The film's premiere was held at the Dominion Theatre in London on 15 September 1969 and was attended by 350 Battle of Britain veterans, including Air Chief Marshal Lord Dowding.


title: Battle of Britain (film)

text: It received mixed reviews in the UK and was not well received by American critics either. The "Evening Standard" called it "an absorbing rather than a stirring film", "The Times" noted that it was "a discreet mixture of all possible approaches, tastefully done, not unintelligent, eminently respectable, and for the most part deadly dull" while "The Guardian" was less impressed calling it "neither a very good movie nor a very formidable piece of history". Vincent Canby wrote in "The New York Times" that, ""Battle of Britain", which opened yesterday at the DeMille, 86th Street East and 34th Street East Theaters, is a homage to those airmen who, in 1940, broke the back of the threatened Nazi invasion. It is also one of those all-star non-movies, of a somewhat lower order than "The Longest Day", that attempt to recapitulate history, but add nothing to one's understanding. The mixture of minor-key fiction and restaged fact is – for me, anyway – never particularly satisfying, since it is denied the prerogatives and possibilities of both the documentary and the fiction film." In the "Chicago Tribune", Gene Siskel stated, "We believe American film audiences are no longer impressed by casts of thousands and budgets of millions. Unfortunately, Harry Saltzman, who produced "The Battle of Britain", disagrees. The film is a 12-thousand-megadollar bomb that features 100 vintage planes eating up 40 minutes of film. The film has absolutely no dramatic Interest in the other 93 minutes, and I challenge the notion that it is worth seeing just for the aerial sequences."


title: Battle of Britain (film)

text: He later placed it on his list of the twenty worst films to have been released that year. Commenting on the audience reaction to the aerial footage, he remarked that "the planes had the only good lines in the film." Remarking on the same footage, Roger Ebert wrote that "the aerial scenes are allowed to run forever and repeat themselves shamelessly, until we're sure we saw that same Heinkel dive into the sea (sorry – the "drink") three times already. And the special effects aren't all that good for a movie that cost $12,000,000." "Battle of Britain" currently scores a 67% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 9 reviews.


title: Battle of Britain (film)

text: In its first two days in 11 cities in the UK, the film grossed $56,242. It was the number one film in the United Kingdom for a total of 14 weeks beginning 26 September 1969 (4 weeks), 7 November 1969 (7 weeks), 6 February 1970 (2 weeks) and finally 27 February 1970 (1 week). After worldwide distribution, the film grossed just under $13 million according to Guy Hamilton in an interview on the two-disc DVD edition, but due to the large cost of production, the film lost $10 million, although home media sales finally moved it into profit.


title: Battle of Britain (film)

text: The use of actual aircraft in flying sequences has led to a number of subsequent productions utilising stock footage derived from "Battle of Britain". These productions include the films "" (1972), "Carry On England" (1976), "Midway" (1976), "Baa Baa Black Sheep" (television series 1979), "Hope and Glory" (1987), "Piece of Cake" (1988 ITV mini-series), "No Bananas" (BBC drama series 1996), "Dark Blue World" (2001), and "First Light" (BBC drama 2010). as well as the History Channel documentary "The Extraordinary Mr Spitfire" about the life of wartime test pilot Alex Henshaw (2007).


title: Battle of Britain (film)

text: Dinky Toys produced a pair of diecast model aircraft based on the film. A Spitfire Mk II (Dinky Toys 719) in 1/65 scale and Junkers Ju 87B Stuka (Dinky Toys 721) in 1/72 scale were released in special boxes with "Battle of Britain" logo on the box and photographs from the film included.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: Shikara is a 2020 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film produced and directed by Vidhu Vinod Chopra. The film is based on the Kashmiri pandit exodus of 1990. The story revolved around the love story of Shanti and Shiv Dhar, who are Kashmiri Pandits in the backdrop of the Exodus of Kashmiri Pandits from Kashmir. The book "Our Moon Has Blood Clots" by Rahul Pandita has inspired many parts of the movie.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: While it received mixed reviews from critics, the audience was critical of the film for failing to tell the untold story of Kashmiri Pandits, as claimed. The movie received a lot of negative reactions from general public for portrayal of Kashimiri pandits' exodus in a very unrealistic manner as opposed to the title of the movie.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: The movie starts with an aged Shiv writing a letter to the President of the United States of America explaining to him the situation of Kashmiri Pandits who are living like refugees in their own country. It turns out that he has written several letters since the year 1990. His most recent letter received a response from POTUS and inviting him over to a presidential suite in Delhi. He along with Shanti leave for Delhi. In their palatial room they see a movie DVD - "love in kashmir" and recalls their first meet, marriage in Kashmir and forced exodus to Jammu.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: On the set of "Love in Kashmir", a young college professor and Ph.D. student Shiv Kumar Dhar meets a medical student Shanti Sapru. They soon becomes friends with each other in their very first meet out of their love for poetry and Shiv being the author to newly published "Shikara". Soon they falls for each other and Shiv proposes Shanti with the help of his best friend Lateef Lone, an aspiring cricketer and the son of a local politician who is like a fatherly figure to Shiv. Soon they get married in a traditional Kashmiri Pandit Ritual Wedding and Lateef falls for Shanti's best friend Arti (who's also a medical student).


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: They soon build a huge mansion with the help of Lateef's father and names it as "Shikara"(owing to their first night spent on a Shikara). The entire community including Hindus and Muslims live together in Harmony. Their first marriage anniversary arrives and Shiv's cousin, Naveen, a doctor gifts him a typewriter to write his thesis on it. However their happiness was short lived as Lateef's father, a politician who is out for a rally is fatally injured and gets admitted at Naveen's clinic. It is stated that the police attacked him on the behest of the current central government. (However, nowhere in the movie any evidence of this situation is presented). However he dies while being shifted to a multi-speciality hospital for his surgery. Lateef cannot bear the loss of his father and crosses the border to Lahore to get trained as a militant. This incident changes the peaceful valley.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: Shiv notices a lot of students from his class missing. Shanti is also made to cover her head and remove her bindi by a group of people during a bus ride. It is there she finds out that there are direct buses from Laal chowk to Islamabad and Lahore. She even witnesses a shootout that kills 6 police officers trying to stop young men from boarding these buses to militancy.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: Shiv is kidnapped by a few of his missing students and taken to meet Lateef who is now leading a group of militants against the Kashmiri Pandits. He warns Shiv to leave the valley before it is too late, and he is only doing so since they were friends in the past. Shiv still believes that the Kashimiri Pandits are safe, and all these changes are temporary. However, he had misjudged the situation. A hit-list is released warning all Hindu Kashmiri Pandits to leave Kashmir valley in a month. Soon Kashimiri Pandit houses are burnt down. Naveen gets killed in the chaos in front of Shiv's eyes leaving him shocked. Shiv and Shanti, along with the rest of their family manage to escape to Jammu. The couple that once resided in a huge mansion is now reduced to living in tents. They see rich and affluent Kashmiri Pandits struggling to get something as simple as tomatoes. It is at this moment Shiv starts writing letters to the POTUS (George Bush at that time) by the typewriter gifted by Naveen to tell them about refugees miserable condition.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: Shiv completes his Ph.D. and decides to take a new job at Punjab University. However Shanti encourages him to teach the local refugee students. Soon he gets a call to sell his house "Shikara" at a hefty cost to the local Kashmiri Muslims to which he denies remembering Lateef's father and Naveen's deaths and he accidentally finds Naveen's coat being worn by one of the brokers which Naveen promises to gift him after he completes his Ph.D.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: Over the years the Dhar family gets habituated to live in refugee quarters with Shiv continuing to teach local refugee students and writing letters to POTUS (now Barack Obama) while Shanti starts showing signs of having PTSD due to that horrible night prior to their forced exodus. One night, Shiv and Shanti are called upon by the Indian Army to meet with a now captured terrorist Lateef in Kashmir Valley. Shiv talks to Lateef, but Lateef dies soon after. Shiv and Shanti also visit their old home which has now been taken over by their once trusted neighbor. Shiv and Shanti are shocked to see how their neighbor, who they treated like family, has changed everything they had built together.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: Back in refugee towers, a small event of happiness comes their way. One of their neighbor's daughters is getting married. Shanti is overjoyed hoping to see a Kashimiri Pandit wedding. However, the wedding is nothing like what she imagined. There is a DJ, bright lights, loud music etc. The despair of losing not just her home but also her culture is evident on her face, and she soon collapses. It turns out that she is suffering from a neurological issue and needs surgery by one of the local refugee doctor who was once a student to Shiv in refugee quarters.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: It is before the surgery that the couple received a call from the POTUS and went to live in the presidential suite. It is then that Shiv reveals to Shanti that it was him who booked the hotel and the postman got confused by the term "presidential suite" assuming that the president had invited them over. It was their 30th wedding anniversary and he wanted to fulfill her long pending dream of seeing the Taj Mahal. Shanti asks him how he managed to pay for the suite which costs around 1.25 lakhs. Shiv tells her that he sold their house for her surgery and used some of the money to fulfill her dream. Shanti is dejected but doesn't say anything. Later Shiv takes her on a boat ride to Taj Mahal (just like their wedding night where he had taken her to Shikara). Shanti passes away in his arms on the boat.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: Shiv takes Shanti's ashes to Kashmir like he had promised her and decides to stay in his parents' old house. He starts teaching young boys there hoping that they don't turn into terrorists like his best friend did.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: In March 2018, it was reported that a film was shot under the title "Love and Letters" in Kashmir by Vidhu Vinod Chopra. In an interview later, he mentioned that almost entirely film was shot in Kashmir. Initially in Summer, then in autumn and again in Winter. Only refugee camps were recreated in Mumbai and some sequences in Agra, but this part of story is brief. Shots in Kashmir included several places such as the Lalit Hotel in Srinagar, on shikaras in the middle of a lake, on the backwaters of the Dal, in a desolate Hindu house, near Hazratbal and many more.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: Some scenes were reported to be shot in Wandhama near Ganderbal, where one of the biggest massacres occurred in the Valley. Twenty-three Kashmiri Hindus – four children, nine women and ten men – were massacred in 1998.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: Lead characters of Kashmiri birth, Aadil Khan and Sadia were cast to lend authenticity. Several Kashmiri Pandits were selected for principal cast. Also, to make refugee camps as similar as possible to the real ones 30 years ago (19 January 1990), actual refugees were cast. Approximately 4,000 out of 400,000 refugees, who are currently inhabitants of Jagti Nagrota Migrant Camp and other refugee camps agreed to take part. They were women, children and older people. Refugee camp scenes were shot for several days and nights in Bhagwati Nagar, Jammu.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: The film was released on 7 February 2020. It was released digitally on 4 April 2020, on Amazon Prime Video in India.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: The film received negative reviews from critics with many criticising the weak history plot." The Times of India" gave the movie 3 out of 5 stars, and called it largely a one-sided story which does cater to the cinematic appeal of certain movie-goers. Jyoti Kanyal of "India Today" also gives the movie 3 out of 5 stars and writes that the story "beautifully combines real incidents and a fictional love story". Both TOI and India Today praise debutantes Sadia and Aadil Khan. "Newslaundry" reviewed the film as a successful love story but a failed political drama."The Hindu" gives a more critical review, saying that "Chopra buries politics under the garb of ‘love and hope’" and ends up making the movie simplistic. "Livemint" also comments on the 'simplification of politics behind the exodus' in the movie. Nandini Ramnath of "Scroll.in" also writes a similar review, weak in history, strong in love. "Firstpost" also gave the movie 3 out of 5 stars. According to "The Wire", the film is "a poetically told tale that someone loses its way".


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: The film score was composed by A. R. Rahman and his apprentice group Qutub-E-Kripa. This marked Rahman's first collaboration with Vidhu Vinod Chopra, 26 years after Rahman declined an offer by Chopra in 1994.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: The film's songs are composed by Sandesh Shandilya, Abhay Sopori and Rohit Kulkarni with lyrics written by Irshad Kamil, Bashir Arif and Raqueeb Alam.


title: Shikara (2020 film)

text: "Shikara" earned 1.20 crore at the domestic box office on its opening day. On the second day, the film collected ₹1.85 crore. On the third day, the film collected ₹1.90 crore, taking total opening weekend collection to ₹4.95 crore. The lifetime collection of the film in net gross India was ₹8.15 crore.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Djurgårdens IF Fotbollsförening – commonly known as Djurgårdens IF, Djurgården Fotboll (official name), Djurgården (), and (especially locally) Djurgår'n (), Dif or DIF – is the men's association football department of its parent association Djurgårdens IF. Founded 1891 on the island of Djurgården, the club's home ground is Tele2 Arena, situated in the Johanneshov district of Stockholm.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Competing in the highest Swedish tier, Allsvenskan, the club has won the league twelve times and the cup five times. The league titles have mainly been won during three separate eras. The first period was the 1910s, when they won four league titles. The second era occurred in the 1950s and 60s, when Djurgården also won the league four times. The most recent era was the first half of the 00s when they won both the league and the cup three times. From 2017 to the current day, the club has seen a boom, both nationally and internationally, highlighted by the Svenska Cupen title in 2018, the league title in 2019 & their qualification to 2022-23 Europa Conference League round of 16.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Supporters of the club, called "djurgårdare", are found in all socio-economic spheres and throughout all areas of Stockholm. To some extent, also all over Sweden. However, east Vasastan and especially Östermalm, the later where Djurgården's former home ground Stadion is situated, is by some considered the club's heartland. Djurgården is affiliated to the Stockholms Fotbollförbund.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Djurgårdens IF was founded, primarily by John G. Jansson, on 12 March 1891 at a café in Alberget 4A in the island Djurgården in central Stockholm. Most of the founding members were from the dockyard-industry working class, an identity that stayed true up until the 1940s and 1950s.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The club originally focused on winter sports and athletics. The first real football field in Stockholm was created in 1896. Djurgårdens IF's football section was formed in 1899, with the help of former GAIS player Teodor Andersson. Djurgården played their first match in July 1899, a 1–2 loss against AIK.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The first real achievement was made in 1902 when the team finished second in the tournament Rosenska Pokalen. Just two years later, in 1904, the first Swedish Championship final of the club was played, ending in a defeat against Örgryte IS. The team finished second in three more finals before the first Championship victory came in 1912 after two draws in the final matches against Örgryte, and a replay which Djurgården won. The club won three more Swedish Championships in the early years, in 1915 against Örgryte, 1917 against AIK and 1920 against IK Sleipner. However, DIF never managed to win Svenska Serien, the top Swedish league of the period, before the club's first great era ended. Between 1911 and 1935, Tranebergs Idrottsplats was the homeground for Djurgården. For the 1912 Summer Olympics, Stockholms Stadion was built. It became Djurgården's permanent home arena in 1936.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The club did not qualify for the first season of Allsvenskan, and only reached that league twice between 1924 and 1944, both times being directly relegated back down to the second division, at that time called Division 2. The club did also play three seasons in the then third highest league, Division 3, between 1929 and 1932. From 1944 on, the club became a stable Allsvenskan club. In 1951, the team became runners-up in Svenska Cupen after Malmö FF; this was the team's first Cup final.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The second great era took place in the 1950s and 1960s, winning Allsvenskan four times during the period. Djurgården's fifth Swedish championships, and first Allsvenskan championship, was taken in the 1954–55 season under the lead of Frank Soo. In the 1955–56 season, Djurgården became the first Swedish team to enter the European Cup. Beating Gwardia Warszawa in the first round, Djurgården advanced to quarter finals against Scottish Hibernian that they lost by 1–4 over two matches.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: In 1959, both the football team and Djurgårdens IF's hockey team won their respective Swedish Championships of Sweden's two most popular sports, a remarkable happening. The 1959 title was secured on Råsunda Stadium, in front of 48,894 people, marking a record attendance for Djurgården, with a team of Sven Tumba, Birger Eklund, Lars Broström, John Eriksson, Hans Karlsson, Gösta Sandberg, Olle Hellström, Stig Gustafsson, Arne Arvidsson, Hans Mild and Sigge Parling.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The year after, in the 1960 season Djurgården finished 11th and was relegated to the second division. The team only needed one year to return to Allsvenskan. In 1964 and 1966, Djurgården took its seventh and eight championships, with 1966 marking the end of the career of Gösta Sandberg. Sandberg played 322 league matches for the team 1951–66 and scored 77 goals. Gösta Sandberg is known as "Mr Djurgården" and was in 1991 named "Djurgårdare of the century". Sandberg also played for the club's Bandy and Ice Hockey section. He died on his way home after attending the Tvillingderbyt in 2006. A fun and interesting anecdote from this period is that Djurgården are the first and so far only swedish team to have beaten Real Madrid, the game was a friendly at Råsunda in 1960 and ended 2–1 to the Swedes.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: It is during this era that the nickname "Järnkaminerna" ("The Iron Furnaces") was established, due to the club's physical playing style. The ideal of a strong and uncompromising Djurgården player might also be traced back to the club's working-class roots.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The 1970s saw no greater successes; however, Djurgården was steady in Allsvenskan and had three third-places and a final loss in the 1975 Svenska Cupen Final as the best results. Gary Williams became the first foreign player in the team in the 1977 season.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The 1980s was not a good decade for the club, being relegated from Allsvenskan in 1981, and losing two promotion play-offs, before making a one-year visit in the highest league in 1986, although DIF returned two years later, and stayed in Allsvenskan for five consecutive seasons, but had no greater success except losing the Championship final in 1988. In 1987, Djurgårdens IF Fotboll presented a 12 million SEK deficit and later transformed into an aktiebolag. Former England striker Teddy Sheringham had a brief spell at Djurgården early in his career, as a 19-year-old loanee in 1985, and was part of the squad that won the promotion to Allsvenskan after beating GAIS in a dramatic penalty shoot-out in the playoffs.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The 1990s started off well for Djurgården and in 1990 the team won the Svenska Cupen (Swedish Cup) for the first time and took Djurgårdens biggest ever win when they defeated local rival Hammarby with 9–1 in Allsvenskan on August 13. Although Djurgården undisputedly had a promising start of the 1990s the rest of the decade was not particularly successful and Djurgården was relegated from Allsvenskan no less than three times, and being promoted back two times. During this decade, the club suffered from great economical problems and was close to bankruptcy. The 1995 season started well, but ended badly; in the last home match of the 1995 Allsvenskan, a supporter, later named Terror-Tommy in media, came on pitch and kicked referee Anders Frisk.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: In the middle of 1999 season, Zoran Lukic and Sören Åkeby took over the team and won the inaugural 2000 Superettan and finished 2nd as newly promoted in the 2001 Allsvenskan. With a team consisting of Stefan Rehn, Kim Källström, Andreas Johansson, and Andreas Isaksson, Djurgården secured its first title in 36 years in the last round of the 2002 Allsvenskan. The first half of the 2000s was a golden era for the club, with three championships (2002, 2003 and 2005) and three cup wins (2002, 2004 and 2005). This marked the end of the golden era for Djurgården, which ended on sixth place in 2006. The club was one of the main contenders for the league championship in 2007, which ultimately led to a third place. The golden era saw the club play against big and classic clubs like Juventus, FC Girondins de Bordeaux, Shamrock Rovers F.C., FK Partizan and FC Utrecht. The most remarkabel resultat being the 2-2 draw away against Juventus at


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The results went downhill in 2008 and 2009; Djurgården ended up in 14th place in 2009, and had to play through a relegation playoff against Assyriska Föreningen to remain in Allsvenskan.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: In the early 2010s, Djurgården was a mid-table Allsvenskan team finishing 7th to 11th between 2010 and 2014. When the newly appointed Director of sport Bo Andersson who led Djurgården to three titles in the early 21st century came back in 2014 he was forced to sell players such as Daniel Amartey (who became the most expensive defender ever sold by an Allsvenskan club for about 25 million SEK), Erton Fejzullahu, Christian Rubio Sivodedov and Simon Tibbling which stabilized the economy.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: In January 2017, Djurgården sold the Kenyan international forward Michael Olunga for a club record fee of 40 million SEK which made the club's financial positions one of the best in the country. The transfer also made it possible to sign club legend Kim Källström and fellow former Swedish international Jonas Olsson. Both players, together with recently returned goalkeeper Andreas Isaksson, played important roles as Djurgården finished in third place in the 2017 allsvenskan, qualifying for the second qualifying round for the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League for the first time in ten years.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: After 13 years without a title Djurgården won the Svenska Cupen (Swedish Cup) on 10 May 2018 going through the Cup scoring 14 goals and not conceding a single goal. They defeated Malmö FF 3–0 in a thrilling final at Tele2 Arena, impressive considering the poor form they had in the league before the game.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: In 2019 they won the league title for the first time in fourteen years (2005). They secured the title and a spot in the UEFA Champions League 3rd Qualifying round, on the last day of the season after a 2–2 draw (after being down 2–0 at half time) away from home against IFK Norrköping. After the season Djurgården sold defender and team captain Marcus Danielsson to the Chinese club Dalian Professional based in Dalian for a club record fee of more than 50 million SEK. This made Djurgården one of Sweden's wealthiest clubs along with various other sales.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The club ended up in fourth place in the 2020 campaign. The season was highly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, with the start of the season being significantly delayed and all the games played with no crowd.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The 2021 campaign ended with a third place in the league, qualifying for the UEFA Europa Conference League 2nd Qualifying Round. It was a three horse race until Djurgården lost the must win match in their penultimate game of the season against Varberg at home. The team also reached the knockout stage in the Svenska Cupen (Swedish Cup) for the 2021/2022 campaign, they reached the semifinals where they lost to Malmö FF.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Their 2022–23 UEFA Europa Conference League journey began in the second qualifying round against Rijeka who they defeated 4–1 on aggregate over the two games. With this they advanced to the third qualifying round where they were drawn against the Romanian Cup winners Sepsi OSK, who they managed to beat 6–2 over the two legs. Finally, they were then drawn against the experienced Cypriot campaigners APOEL in the play-off round. The two-legged fixture ended 5–3 in favour of Djurgården, and with this they qualified for the group stages of a European tournament for the first time in club history. They were subsequently drawn into group F alongside Belgian Cup winners Gent, Irish champions Shamrock Rovers and Norwegian neighbours Molde, with whom they had a Nordic derby.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Djurgården sold their young and talented centre back Isak Hien to Serie A side Hellas Verona for around 3.2 million Euro or 34 million SEK, his last match for the club was the second leg against APOEL. Djurgården also secured at least 3.2 million Euros for qualifying for the group stages.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The club advanced to the knockout phase after their 4–2 win over Gent in Stockholm, securing another 2 million Euros in prize money. The Swedes topped their group with one game to spare after they came from 2–0 down away against Molde to record a 3–2 win, with Haris Radetinac scoring the winner. They ended up on 16 points, 8 clear of Gent on second place and 9 of Molde in third.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Their domestic 2022–2023 season included the club qualifying for the cup group stages, after a 3–0 victory against Örebro Syrianska.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Djurgården secured a European qualifying spot in the 2023-24 UEFA Conference League, in the third to last game of the Allsvenskan season, after other results went in their favour. They ended in second place, securing it after a late winner against IFK Norrköping, the runners up spot also meant they finished ahead of both their city rivals.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Djurgården signed the highly talented and covoted trio, Wilmer Odefalk 18, and the Bergvall brothers, Theo 18 and Lucas 16 from the talent factory and Stockholm club Brommapojkarna in the winter transfer window before the 2023 campaign. The trio had other interested clubs from both Sweden and major European leagues, but they all chose to stay and play for Djurgården.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: This is Djurgårdens' history in international cups and tournaments, past and forthcoming organised by UEFA. As of October 2022, the club is ranked 123rd by UEFA in its of European football clubs by coefficient, surpassing arch rivals AIK in the process, and thereby becoming Sweden's second highest ranked team after Malmö FF.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The Royal League is not included since it was a tournament exclusively for Scandinavian teams and wasn't arranged by UEFA, but the club qualified for the tournament three out of the five years (namely during the seasons 2004–05, 2005–06, and 2007–08).


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Djurgården is one of the most supported clubs in Sweden (with 21 232 paying members and around 10 000 season ticket holders as of 2022/2023), with most of its supporters living in Stockholm and the neighbouring suburbs. Traditionally, the borough of Östermalm is considered to be the club's stronghold (where Stockholms Stadion is located) which is why the stereotypical view of the clubs supporters is, for them to be upperclass since Östermalm is considerwd one the wealthier parts of the city. However, a 2015 T-shirt campaign suggests that supporters are spread fairly evenly throughout all geographical and socio-economical areas of Stockholm.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Although Djurgården's supporters have been organizing themselves since the late 1940s, with the founding of DIF Supporters Club back in 1947, the 1970s saw singing supporter sections emerging which led to a new supporter club to be founded in 1981, named Blue Saints. The supporter club later changed its name in 1997 to Järnkaminerna (lit. "the Iron Furnaces") since the old name was perceived to be associated with violence. Järnkaminerna is Djurgården's official supporters' group with a membership of about 5800.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The 2000s saw the emergence and creation of independent ultras groups. The oldest active ultra group, Ultra Caos Stockholm, formed in 2003 is largely influenced by southern European supporter culture.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: In 2005 Fabriken Stockholm was formed and took over the role of creating tifos for the team's games from a former, now abolished group, Ultras Stockholm, founded in the late 1990s. In 2013 a larger and more open organization (SOFIA TIFO) was formed and took charge of the terrace choreography, headed by Ultra Caos Stockholm.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The ultras can be found on the lower part of Sofialäktaren/ the Sofia stand located in the south end of the stadium. The origins of the name comes from the hospital (Sofiahemmet) behind Stockholms stadion and the section where the ultras used to stand when they played there.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Djurgården's archrival is AIK. AIK was founded on February 15, 1891, and Djurgården just four weeks later on March 12, both in Stockholm City Centre. Because of this, games between the teams are called Tvillingderbyt ("Derby of the twins") by the media, a name that has not caught on among supporters since they don't view themselves as such. They are also historically the biggest and most successful clubs from Stockholm, with 21 titles won by AIK and 17 by Djurgården. Games between the two teams draw large crowds of rival supporters and can often be highly charged occasions.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Hammarby is the other main rival mostly because of their geographical proximity in central Stockholm, with Djurgården's stronghold in the Östermalm district and Hammarby's in Södermalm. Since 2013, the two teams have shared the same home ground, the Tele2 Arena.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Malmö FF and IFK Göteborg has to be viewed the biggest rivals outside of the Stockholm area. The fixtures against these draw almost as much crowd as the derbys, especially the last couple of years.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Another rivalry that has come to grow bigger and more intense is with Helsingborg IF, and that after an incident where a Djurgården supporter was beaten to death before the premier of the 2014 season in Helsingborg.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Djurgården have gym/PE teachers working in around 31 different schools around Stockholm as a part of a big project they have together with Djurgårdens hockey section. The goal is to get the city's children to be physically active since children today have a tendency to be less active.The classes Djurgårdens teachers have are in addition to the original classes.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The home shirt is vertically striped in sky and dark blue. This is the reason Djurgården are called Blåränderna (the Blued stripes). The shorts are usually dark blue but have some years been white.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The club's kit manufacturer, Adidas, presents a new kit every other (even) year. Apart from Adidas, Djurgården has the logos of the following companies visible on their shirt and shorts: Prioritet Finans, a financial-services company; Stadium, a sporting-goods retail chain; Fxoro a financial and trading company; German automakers Volkswagen; Nordic wellness a gym brand and league sponsors Unibet


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The first crest of the club was a four-pointed silver star in saltire, which had a shield on it with the letters DIF. This star pre-dates the similar star which Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna adopted and is using to this day. The present crest, in the form of a shield in yellow, red and blue with the text D.I.F. was adopted in 1896. According to an often-quoted poem by Johan af Klercker from 1908, blue and yellow stand for Sweden and red stands for love. Blue and yellow are also the colours of Stockholm and yellow, red and blue are the colors of the crest of Stockholm County.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The club is named after the city park and borough Djurgården, which originally was a royal hunting park. A direct translation of "Djurgården" would be “animal garden” or "animal yard". The word "djur" is cognate with the English word “deer”, so "deer garden" may have been the name's original meaning.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Djurgården has a couple of nicknames, such as Järnkaminerna (the iron stoves), Blåränderna (the blue stripes) and Stockholms stolthet (The pride of Stockholm). The first two are used by both media and the club and its supporters, Stockholms stolthet are just used within the circles of Djurgården.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Djurgården's primary stadium since 2013 is Tele2 Arena. The club's first match at Tele2 was a 1–2 defeat to IFK Norrköping on 31 July 2013, which drew 27,798 people. The current record attendance at Tele2 Arena is 28,258 versus Örebro SK on the last home game of the 2019 season.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Between 1936 and 2013, Djurgården's home ground was Stockholm Olympic Stadium, where the national league and cup games were played. Their secondary venue was Råsunda Stadium, where Stockholm derbies against AIK and Hammarby IF were played. The old Olympic Stadium, built in 1912, didn't fulfill UEFA's stadium requirements and therefore international cup games were also played at Råsunda. The club's record attendance at the Olympic Stadium is at least 21,995 against AIK on 16 August 1946. Djurgården's record attendance at Råsunda is 50,750 against IFK Göteborg on 11 October 1959.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The club's first stadium was Stockholms idrottspark where the club played from 1899 until 1906, when it moved to the newly built Östermalm Athletic Grounds. However, in August 1910 Djurgården signed a 25-year contract with the Stockholm City Council to build a stadium in Traneberg, a district west of the inner city. Tranebergs Idrottsplats was finished in October 1911 and inaugurated by Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf. The contract expired in 1935, and with the City Council intending to establish residential housing on the site, Djurgården moved to the Stockholm Olympic Stadium in 1936, where the club had played previously on several occasions after the construction of the stadium in 1912.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: As attendances increased in the latter half of the 1940s, the club decided to play some games at the newer and larger Råsunda Stadium. And as Djurgården climbed in the league table at the beginning of the 1950s, all games were played at Råsunda. But by the end of the 1960s, Djurgården returned to the Olympic stadium, and soon all games were played there, with the exception of derbies.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The club's achievements in the early 2000s drew larger attendances which led Djurgården to plan for a new stadium with modern facilities and individual seats. Along with political promises in 2006, Djurgården aimed for a rehaul of Stockholm Olympic Stadium and later an entirely new stadium at Östermalm Athletic Grounds. These plans were abandoned in December 2011 as the building costs exceeded the club's financial capabilities. New stadium requirements from the Swedish Football Association also did not allow Djurgården to play at the Olympic Stadium after 2013. Thus, the club board made the decision to move to Tele2 Arena for the 2013 season.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: The youth academy is located at Hjorthagens IP. In December 2012, an indoor arena named "Johan Björkmans hall" with one regulation-size turf and two smaller turfs was built at Hjorthagens IP which enables football training all year around.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: In 2007 Djurgården invested 65 million SEK (roughly 7 million Euro) in their youth academy, which former director of sports, Göran Aral, described as a unique investment by a Swedish club. In 2015 the training ground for the first team was renovated which enabled the PA19 and PA17 teams to be training at Kaknäs IP and therefore come closer to the first team. The academy has produced players like Simon Tibbling, Emil Bergström and Christian Rubio Sivodedov. They recently changed the name of the academy teams from U to PA/FA, meaning boys academy and girls academy.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: In recent years Djurgården have been known for signing young talents from around Africa relatively cheap and sell them to bigger clubs for millions. The club's director of sports Bo Andersson are a big reason for that and he's known as “MR Bo” in big parts of the continent.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: Some of the players that have played for Djurgården are Leicester's Daniel Amartey, Al-Duhail SC's Michael Olunga, Amiens' Aliou Badji, Midtjylland's Edward Chilufya, Sampdoria's Omar Colley and Lyon's Tino Kadewere


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: "As of 27/01 2022" Djurgården are to 100% owned by the members of the club, meaning they have the power to choose the boardroom and vote in important questions, they run the club with democracy.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: It is not known for sure who was the team's manager until 1922, though it is believed that Birger Möller was in charge during a part of the club's first decades.


title: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll

text: "Competitive matches only, includes appearances as substitute. Numbers in brackets indicate goals scored."


title: William Steig

text: William Steig (November 14, 1907 – October 3, 2003) was an American cartoonist, illustrator and writer of children's books, best known for the picture book "Shrek!", which inspired the film series of the same name, as well as others that included "Sylvester and the Magic Pebble", "Abel's Island", and "Doctor De Soto". He was the U.S. nominee for both of the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Awards, as a children's book illustrator in 1982 and a writer in 1988.


title: William Steig

text: Steig was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1907, and grew up in the Bronx. His parents were Polish-Jewish immigrants from Lemberg, Austria-Hungary; both socialists. His father, Joseph Steig, was a house painter, and his mother, Laura Ebel Steig, was a seamstress who encouraged his artistic leanings. As a child, he dabbled in painting and was an avid reader of literature. Among other works, he was said to have been especially fascinated by "Pinocchio". In addition to his artistic endeavors, he also did well at athletics, being a member of the collegiate All-American water polo team. He graduated from Townsend Harris High School at 15 but never completed college, though he attended three, spending two years at City College of New York, three years at the National Academy of Design and a mere five days at the Yale School of Art before dropping out of each.


title: William Steig

text: Hailed as the "King of Cartoons", Steig began drawing illustrations and cartoons for "The New Yorker" in 1930, producing more than 2,600 drawings and 117 covers for the magazine. One of his cartoon characters, Poor Pitiful Pearl, was made into a popular line of dolls starting in 1956.


title: William Steig

text: Later, when he was 61, Steig began writing children's books. In 1968, he published his first children's book. He excelled here as well, and his third book, "Sylvester and the Magic Pebble" (1969), won the Caldecott Medal. He went on to write more than 30 children's books, including the "Doctor De Soto" series, and he continued to write into his nineties. Among his other well-known works, the picture book "Shrek!" (1990) formed the basis for the DreamWorks Animation film "Shrek" (2001). After the release of "Shrek 2" in 2004, Steig became the first sole-creator of an animated movie franchise that went on to generate over $1 billion from theatrical and ancillary markets after only one sequel.


title: William Steig

text: When asked his opinion about the movie based on his picture book "Shrek", William Steig responded: “It’s vulgar, it’s disgusting — and I loved it.”


title: William Steig

text: In 1984, Steig's film adaptation of "Doctor De Soto", directed by Michael Sporn, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.


title: William Steig

text: Also in 1984, Steig received the CINE Golden Eagle Award in Education for the film adaptation of this book.


title: William Steig

text: Steig married four times and had three children. From 1936 to 1949, Steig was married to educator and artist Elizabeth Mead Steig (1909–1983, sister of anthropologist Margaret Mead), from whom he was later divorced. For a time, Steig lived at 75½ Bedford Street, purported to be the narrowest house in Manhattan.


title: William Steig

text: Steig's first marriage also made him a brother-in-law of Leo Rosten and an uncle of Mary Catherine Bateson. Steig and Mead were the parents of jazz flutist Jeremy Steig (playing the Pied Piper in "Shrek Forever After") and a daughter, Lucinda. He married second wife Kari Homestead in 1950, and they had a daughter, Margit Laura (now professionally known as Maggie Steig). After their divorce, he was married to Stephanie Healey from 1964 to 1966. His final marriage, to Jeanne Doron, endured for the rest of his life.


title: William Steig

text: His brother Irwin was a journalist and painter, for whom William illustrated two books on poker strategy. His brother Henry was a jeweler and a writer who played the saxophone and painted. And his brother Arthur was a writer and poet, who, according to Steig, read "The Nation" in the cradle, was telepathic and "drew as well as Picasso or Matisse".


title: William Steig

text: Steig died of natural causes in Boston, Massachusetts, on October 3, 2003, aged 95. "Shrek 2", which was released seven months after his death, was dedicated to his memory.


title: Pundit

text: A pundit is a person who offers to mass media opinion or commentary on a particular subject area (most typically politics, the social sciences, technology or sport).


title: Pundit

text: The term originates from the Sanskrit term ("" ), meaning "knowledge owner" or "learned man". It refers to someone who is erudite in various subjects and who conducts religious ceremonies and offers counsel to the king and usually referred to a person from the Hindu Brahmin but may also refer to the siddhas, Siddhars, Naths, ascetics, sadhus, or yogis (rishi).


title: Pundit

text: From at least the early 19th century, a Pundit of the Supreme Court in Colonial India was an officer of the judiciary who advised British judges on questions of Hindu law. In Anglo-Indian use, "pundit" also referred to a native of India who was trained and employed by the British to survey inaccessible regions beyond the British frontier.


title: Pundit

text: Josef Joffe's book chapter "The Decline of the Public Intellectual and the Rise of the Pundit" describes a change in the role of public experts and relates to developments in the audience and the media itself. In the second half of the 20th century, foreigners like Hannah Arendt or Jürgen Habermas and others gained a certain position in the US as public intellectuals due to the (over)specialization of US academics.


title: Pundit

text: A pundit now combines the roles of a public intellectual and has a certain expertise as a media practitioner. They play an increasing role in disseminating ideas and views in an accessible way to the public. From Joffe's view, Karl Marx in Europe and e.g. in the US, Mark Twain were early and "relentless pundits" ante festum. In addition, the growing role of think tanks and research institutions like the Brookings Institution, the American Enterprise Institute and the Manhattan Institute provided a place for those dealing with 'big issues' in public language.


title: Pundit

text: The term "talking head" (in existence since 1964) has derogatory overtones. For example, the judge in the David Westerfield trial in San Diego in 2002 said "The talking heads are doing nothing but speculating about what the jury may or may not be thinking".


title: Pundit

text: Punditry has become a more popular vehicle in nightly newscasts on American cable news networks. A rise of partisanship among popular pundits began with Bill O'Reilly of Fox News Channel. His opinion-oriented format led him to ratings success and has led others, including Bill Maher, Keith Olbermann, and Nancy Grace to express their opinions on matters on their own programs.


title: Pundit

text: In sports commentating, a "pundit" or color commentator may be partnered with a play-by-play announcer who will describe the action while asking the pundit for analysis.


title: Howa Type 89

text: The , referred to as the , is a Japanese assault rifle used by the Japan Self-Defense Forces, the Japan Coast Guard's Special Security Team units, and the Special Assault Team. It has never been exported outside Japan due to its strict Japanese Arms Export Ban. It is known in JGSDF service as Buddy.


title: Howa Type 89

text: The Type 89 was introduced to replace the Howa Type 64 battle rifle in frontline units, entering service in 1989. It has remained Japan's principal service rifle since then. Limited numbers of the Type 89's replacement, the Howa Type 20, were purchased in 2020.


title: Howa Type 89

text: Like most other nations, Japan began the Cold War with a battle rifle – the 7.62×51mm NATO Howa Type 64. However, over time, especially during the Vietnam War, the battle rifle's shortcomings became apparent, and ultimately, battle rifles began to be replaced with assault rifles, which fired intermediate cartridges, though they had a weaker effective range compared to battle rifles. The 5.56×45mm round (SS109), first used in the M16 rifle, eventually became the standard of ammunition type for all NATO member assault rifles. In accordance with this, the Defense Agency began development on their next generation assault rifle to replace the 7.62×51mm Type 64 battle rifle after its 25-year span of service.


title: Howa Type 89

text: Development was handled primarily by Howa since it was already licensed to produce the AR-180 version of the Armalite AR-18 rifle for commercial purposes, and some of the Type 89's internal workings are the same as those of the AR-18 - the Type 89 uses the same short-stroke gas piston system with a rotating bolt as the AR-18, but not its dual recoil springs. In order to determine suitability of the rifle, it was issued in limited numbers to the Japan Self-Defense Forces for field testing purposes. After the data collected from the field testing stage of the AR-18 was examined, formal development of the next-generation assault rifle began with its designation as the HR-16 (HR1604). The HR-15 was the first version of the experimental rifle that would eventually become the Type 89, but was developed concurrently with the HR-10, HR-11 and HR-13 by 1989.


title: Howa Type 89

text: On December 6, 2019, the Japanese Ministry of Defense announced that plans have started to eventually change the Type 89 to a new 5.56-based assault rifle. In 2020, the Howa Type 20 was developed, and is planned to replace the Type 89 as Japan's service rifle.


title: Howa Type 89

text: One of the most advantageous features of the Type 89 rifle over the Type 64 was the ability to ease the load on the individual soldier in relation to the amount of ammunition that he could carry. Also, due to the use of aluminum and thermoset plastic as opposed to the steel and wood construction of the Type 64 rifle, the speed with which a soldier could react to a threat was increased. The fixed stock version of the rifle contains a storage space covered by a rubberized cap that may be accessed by pulling the cap away from the body for the rifle and rotating it in either direction. Although the typical issue model is equipped with a fixed stock, a small number of the steel tubing folding stock version were produced for AFV crews and paratroopers.


title: Howa Type 89

text: Fit and finish of the Type 89 was improved greatly over the Type 64 due to the use of forged aluminum, molded thermoset plastics and stamped steel manufacturing methods pioneered by the processes used to produce the AR-18 and Heckler & Koch G3 series rifle.


title: Howa Type 89

text: The Type 89 was designed with simplified operation and minimal number of parts due to the understanding that the complex structure and large number of parts were responsible for the often defective operation of the Type 64 rifle. Because of this, the cost of the Type 89 rifle was roughly half that of the 870,000 yen Type 64 rifle in 1989. According to the Defense Agency, the unit cost of the Type 89 rifle was reduced to about 340,000 yen by fiscal year 2005.


title: Howa Type 89

text: Despite this, it is still considered too expensive for general issue as the ideal price required by the Japanese Government for general production is between 10,000 and 100,000 yen per unit. This is further complicated because the procurement method for the weapon is limited to single fiscal year accounting and further reductions in manufacturing process costs are currently non existent.


title: Howa Type 89

text: The Type 89 can accept magazines designed for the M16 series of rifles. However, the magazine produced specifically for the Type-89 uses a follower that has a special shape to hold the bolt open after the final round is spent. If an M16 series magazine is used, the bolt will not lock back after the final round is expended. The magazine designed for the Type 89 also differs from ones produced for the M16 because it has holes in the sides of the body to indicate if it has been loaded with 30 or 20 rounds of ammunition. However, this comes with the hidden cost of allowing sand and other foreign bodies to enter the magazine easily and cause malfunctions in the operation of the weapon.


title: Howa Type 89

text: Unlike the M16, the magazine well of the Type 89 is not beveled or tapered because the lower receiver is only slightly wider than that of the magazine body, which makes reloading the rifle more difficult.


title: Howa Type 89

text: Type 89 rifle ammunition is interchangeable with the 5.56×45mm SS109/M855 round used by the U.S. military and NATO. Along with the 7.62×51mm round used in the Type 64 rifle, this allows for interchangeability with ammunition stockpiles of U.S. forces stationed in Japan. Since the ammunition developed for the Type 89 rifle is produced in Japan, it is head stamped with the sakura mark of the Self Defense Forces instead of the typical NATO circle-cross used on the SS109/M855 round.


title: Howa Type 89

text: The selector switch is located on the right side of the lower receiver and is often referred to as the "Atare 3," (アタレサン "Ataresan" アタレ(Atare) means "hit it") referencing the different selection positions. The markings and associated feature are as follows in functional order:


title: Howa Type 89

text: The bayonet manufactured specifically for the Type 89 rifle can be used as a wire cutter by connecting it to a lug on the scabbard. Furthermore, the end of the bayonet scabbard can be used as a bottle opener. The US Military M9 bayonet may also be affixed to the rifle.


title: Howa Type 89

text: The Type 89 rifle is equipped with an integrated bipod to facilitate accuracy, which was also on the Type 64. However, unlike the bipod on the Type 64, the version on the Type 89 is easily removed as it is clamped onto the barrel behind the bayonet lug with a clothes-pin style spring mechanism and retained with a lever-like lock. Also, the Type 89's handguard is molded with inlets along its lower edges in order to accommodate the legs of the bipod if they are folded inwards for storage.


title: Howa Type 89

text: The Type 06 rifle grenade is designed for the Type 89. The attachment of the M203 grenade launcher is possible with the proper adapter.


title: Howa Type 89

text: Special forces units of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force are additionally issued a pressure switch activated targeting laser and flashlight which are mounted on the barrel end of the weapon ahead of the front sight assembly. Regular members of the Self-Defense Forces may also obtain these, but must pay for them out of their own funds.


title: Howa Type 89

text: A number of recent modifications have been made to the Type 89 due to the recent armed deployment to Iraq of JSDF members as well as an overall concern over counter-terrorist and possible future combat deployments.


title: Howa Type 89

text: In accordance with the "Iraq Revival Support Law on Special Measures on Land for the U.S. Military" (イラク復興支援特措法) or the "Self-Defense Forces Iraq Dispatch Law," a selector switch has been manufactured and installed on the left hand side of the lower receiver for ambidextrous use for rifles issued to JSDF members in Iraq. However, this is only a temporary modification and the rifle must be returned to its original state (with the selector switch on the right side only) when it is returned to Japan.


title: Howa Type 89

text: In 2004, JSDF elements that had the possibility of seeing combat were issued an optic (an unmagnified red dot sight) with their Type 89 along with a mounting bracket in order to decrease target acquisition time. However, since the use of the sight is still in its provisional stage, individual JSDF members are expected to purchase their own commercially available model for use in a possible combat theater. Among the commonly used optics include the MD-33 manufactured by Tasco Optics Japan under license.


title: Howa Type 89

text: During the initial deployment in Iraq, JSDF elements that had the possibility of seeing combat (for example the Western Army Infantry Regiment) were issued a removable foregrip and a 25 mm Weaver rail was installed under the front handguards of their Type 89s to accommodate it. Shortly afterwards, the restriction was lifted and all units began to receive foregrips despite common complaints about damage to the handguards that were caused by the mount. However, the JGSDF prohibited the attachment of foregrips due to concerns of damage.


title: Howa Type 89

text: A three-point sling was issued to JSDF elements that had the possibility of seeing combat due to the positive testimonials of various international military and police forces. The issued three-point sling is in black color (unlike the olive-drab for standard sling), with a buckle similar to the one for the ALICE LC-2 belt. Individual JSDF members were also allowed to purchase their own commercially available models for their own use if they wished.


title: Howa Type 89

text: The only variant of the Type 89 is the Type 89-F rifle, also known as the Type 89 Para, which has a folding stock compared to the fixed stock of the standard Type 89. The Type 89 Para is issued to airborne soldiers, tankers, recon soldiers, and armored infantry soldiers. The stock folds to the left side in order to not cover the safety selector on the right side.


title: Howa Type 89

text: As part of the development of the JSDF's Advanced Combat Infantry Equipment System (先進個人装備)—which is the approximate equivalent of the American Future Soldier program—some Type 89 Rifles have been modified to a carbine format with an overall length of about 800 millimeters, a four-sided rail system, a polymer retractable stock, and a shorter barrel.


title: Howa Type 89

text: Publicity photographs taken at exhibitions hosted by the Technical Research and Development Institute of the Japanese Ministry of Defense (TRDI) also show that the third generation of the prototyping process for ACIES has now produced a full size version of this modified Type 89 with a retractable stock and rail system.


title: Howa Type 89

text: That variant has a full-length barrel and an overall length of about 940 millimeters. An underbarrel digital interface switch connected to a foregrip has also been developed, along with an unusually large top-mounted sighting system. The sighting system incorporates a ranging device and a video camera so that, at least under shooting range conditions, it is possible to hold the rifle at a distance from the body to train and fire it around corners—much like analogous foreign systems. There was also some evidence of evaluation of other assault rifles as possible replacements for the Type 89, but this may no longer be the case.


title: Dan Cortese

text: Daniel James Cortese (; born September 14, 1967) is an American actor and director. He played Perry Rollins on "Veronica's Closet" and Vic Meladeo on "What I Like About You".


title: Dan Cortese

text: Of Italian (Calabrese) descent, Cortese was born on September 14, 1967, in Sewickley, Pennsylvania, and graduated from Quaker Valley High School in Leetsdale, where he played football and basketball. Prior to becoming an actor, Cortese played college football at the University of North Carolina as a backup quarterback. In his freshman year in 1986, the Tar Heels went to the Aloha Bowl in Hawaii. Cortese graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with a Bachelor of Arts degree in broadcasting in 1990.


title: Dan Cortese

text: Cortese first came to prominence as the host of the Emmy Award-winning show "MTV Sports" from 1992 to 1997. Cortese was also the player/coach of The Bricklayers and The Homeboys for the "MTV Rock N' Jock" games. During Burger King's "Your Way, Right Away" advertising campaign in the 1990s, Cortese was hired as the company's official spokesperson. He appeared in over 90 national and regional commercials for the fast food giant.


title: Dan Cortese

text: In 1993, per producer Joel Silver, Cortese made two separate cameos (Taco Bell Lounge singer and a Cryo Prison guard) in the hit Sylvester Stallone film "Demolition Man". Also, in 1993, Cortese landed the lead role in NBC's remake of "Route 66". In 1994, he co-starred in the CBS police drama "Traps" with Academy Award winner George C. Scott. He gained further recognition in 1995 as Jess Hanson in "Melrose Place". He played Jake Hanson's half brother for 8 episodes in the third season but he was killed off in that season's cliffhanger finale.


title: Dan Cortese

text: In 1996, Cortese starred as Jason in the NBC TV movie "The Lottery". The film turned out to be the highest rated of the year for the network. Also in 1996, he starred in the feature film "Weekend In The Country" with Jack Lemmon, as well as the HBO film "Public Enemies".


title: Dan Cortese

text: Cortese appeared on the NBC sitcom "Seinfeld". He played Tony, the ultra-cool, good-looking, rock climbing boyfriend of Elaine Benes (Julia Louis-Dreyfuss). In the episode, titled "The Stall", he was dubbed a "mimbo" (a male bimbo) by Jerry. During rehearsals, Cortese improvised the line "Step off", which became the catchphrase that Larry David insisted was used for the episode.


title: Dan Cortese

text: From 1997 to 2000, Cortese starred with Kirstie Alley in "Veronica's Closet", part of NBC's "Must See TV" Thursday night lineup. Then in 2000, he starred with Brooke Shields in the feature film "After Sex". Cortese followed that up in 2001 with the TBS film "The Triangle" with Luke Perry. In 2003, Cortese came back to comedy and starred in the sitcom "Rock Me Baby".


title: Dan Cortese

text: From 2002 to 2003, Cortese also had a recurring role in the first season of The WB sitcom "What I Like About You" as Vic Maledeo, the boss of Val Tyler (Jennie Garth). He reprised the role as a series regular from 2005 to 2006 in the fourth and final season. He also directed the episode "The Other Woman" that same season. In 2004, he appeared in two episodes of the third season of the ABC Family sitcom "8 Simple Rules" as Scott McCallister, a tennis coach who is briefly caught in a love triangle with his player Bridget Hennessy (Kaley Cuoco) and her mother Cate Hennessy (Katey Sagal). Also in 2004, he starred in the SyFy film "".


title: Dan Cortese

text: In 2008, producer Mark Burnett then hired Cortese to host "My Dad Is Better Than Your Dad" for NBC. Cortese got back to his athletic roots for ABC and appeared in the eight-episode special "The Superstars".


title: Dan Cortese

text: In 2008, Cortese co-starred with Emily Osment in the feature film "Soccer Mom" as Lorenzo Vincenzo, a world-famous Italian soccer player.


title: Dan Cortese

text: He co-hosted the ABC game show "Crash Course" in 2009. Also in 2009, he co-starred with Bob Saget in the sitcom "Surviving Suburbia". In 2010, Cortese hosted VH-1's weight loss competition "Money Hungry".


title: Dan Cortese

text: In 2012, Cortese guest-starred in the "Hot in Cleveland" episode (#3.8) titled "God and Football". where he played Jimmy Armstrong, a professional football player.


title: Dan Cortese

text: From 2013 to 2014, Cortese served a two-year run as the host of truTV's "Guinness World Records Unleashed". In 2015, Cortese starred in the feature film "Changing Seasons". In 2019, Cortese showed off his rapping skills on the hit TBS show "Drop The Mic".


title: Dan Cortese

text: On October 11, 2014, while reprising his role as Stefon on "Saturday Night Live", Bill Hader repeatedly mentions Cortese's name during the show's Weekend Update segment when he speaks of New York City's hot spots.


title: Neil Brown Jr.

text: Cornelius C. Brown Jr. (born June 19, 1980), better known as Neil Brown Jr., is an American actor. His most recognizable role may be in the television series "The Walking Dead" as Guillermo, leader of the Vatos and as Felix on the short-lived "South Beach" on the former UPN. He also played DJ Yella in the 2015 biopic, "Straight Outta Compton". In 2017 Brown was cast as Ray Perry on the CBS show "SEAL Team".


title: Neil Brown Jr.

text: Brown was born in Orlando, Florida, to Cornelius Brown, a US Marine, and Carrie Brown, an insurance underwriter. In 2000 he married Catrina Robinson Brown and they welcomed two children.


title: Neil Brown Jr.

text: Brown appeared in the martial arts TV series "WMAC Masters". He plays the smart-mouthed Marine, Lcpl. Richard "Motown" Guerrero, in the action film "". The movie reunited him with "Fast & Furious" castmate Michelle Rodriguez where he played Drug Runner and racer Malik Zon.


title: Neil Brown Jr.

text: Neil Brown, Jr played the recurring role of Chad opposite Issa Rae and Yvonne Orji in HBO comedy series Insecure.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Delft University of Technology (), also known as TU Delft, is the oldest and largest Dutch public technical university, located in Delft, Netherlands. As of 2022 it is ranked by QS World University Rankings among the top 10 engineering and technology universities in the world. In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, it was ranked 2nd in the world, after MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology).


title: Delft University of Technology

text: With eight faculties and numerous research institutes, it has more than 26,000 students (undergraduate and postgraduate) and 6,000 employees (teaching, research, support and management staff).


title: Delft University of Technology

text: The university was established on 8 January 1842 by William II of the Netherlands as a Royal Academy, with the primary purpose of training civil servants for work in the Dutch East Indies. The school expanded its research and education curriculum over time, becoming a polytechnic school in 1864 and an institute of technology (making it a full-fledged university) in 1905. It changed its name to Delft University of Technology in 1986.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Dutch Nobel laureates Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, and Simon van der Meer have been associated with TU Delft. TU Delft is a member of several university federations, including the IDEA League, CESAER, UNITECH International, LDE (Leiden University, Delft University of Technology and Erasmus University), and 4TU.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Delft University of Technology was founded on 8 January 1842 by William II of the Netherlands as "Royal Academy for the education of civilian engineers, for serving both nation and industry, and of apprentices for trade". One of the purposes of the academy was to educate civil servants for the colonies of the Dutch East India Company. The first director of the academy was Antoine Lipkens, constructor of the first Dutch optical telegraph, called simply as Lipkens. Royal Academy had its first building located at Oude Delft 95 in Delft. On 23 May 1863 an Act was passed imposing regulations on technical education in the Netherlands, bringing it under the rules of secondary education.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: On 20 June 1864, Royal Academy in Delft was disbanded by a Royal Decree, giving a way to a "Polytechnic School of Delft" (). The newly formed school educated engineers of various fields and architects, so much needed during the rapid industrialization period in the 19th century.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Yet another Act, passed on 22 May 1905, changed the name of the school to "Technical College (Institute) of Delft" (, from 1934 ), emphasizing the academic quality of the education. Polytechnic was granted university rights and was allowed to award academic degrees. The number of students reached 450 around that time. The official opening of the new school was attended by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands on 10 July 1905. First dean of the newly established college was ir. J. Kraus, hydraulic engineer. In 1905, the first doctoral degree was awarded. From 1924 until the construction of the new campus in 1966 the ceremonies were held in the Saint Hippolytus Chapel.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Corporate rights were granted to the college on 7 June 1956. Most of the university buildings during that time were located within Delft city centre, with some of the buildings set on the side of the river Schie, in the Wippolder district.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Student organizations grew together with the university. The first to be established on 22 March 1848 is the "Delftsch Studenten Corps" housed in the distinctive "Sociëteit Phoenix" on the Phoenixstraat. This was followed by the "Delftsche Studenten Bond " (est. 30 October 1897) and the "KSV Sanctus Virgilius" (est. 2 March 1898). In 1917 "Proof Garden for Technical Plantation" () was established by Gerrit van Iterson, which today is known as Botanical Garden of TU Delft. In that period a first female professor, Toos Korvezee, was appointed.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: After the end of World War II, TU Delft increased its rapid academic expansion. Studium Generale was established at all universities in the Netherlands, including TU Delft, to promote a free and accessible knowledge related to culture, technology, society and science. Because of the increasing number of students, in 1974 the first "Reception Week for First Year Students" (, OWEE) was established, which became a TU Delft tradition since then.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Since 2006 all buildings of the university are located outside of the historical city center of Delft. The relatively new building of Material Sciences department was sold, later demolished in 2007 to give place for a newly built building of the Haagse Hogeschool. Closer cooperation between TU Delft and Dutch universities of applied sciences resulted in physical transition of some of the institutes from outside to Delft. In September 2009 many institutes of applied sciences from the Hague region as well as Institute of Applied Sciences in Rijswijk, transferred to Delft, close to the location of the university, at the square between Rotterdamseweg and Leeghwaterstraat.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: In 2007 the three Dutch technical universities, TU Delft, TU Eindhoven and University of Twente, established a federation, called 3TU.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: On 13 May 2008, the building of the Faculty of Architecture was destroyed by fire, presumed caused by a short circuit in a coffee machine due to a ruptured water pipe. Luckily, the architecture library, containing several thousands of books and maps, as well as many architecture models, including chairs by Gerrit Rietveld and Le Corbusier, were saved. The Faculty of Architecture is currently housed in the university's former main building.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Through the course of the years the logo of the TU Delft changed a number of times, along with its official name. The current logo is based on the three university colors cyan, black and white. The letter "T" bears a stylized flame on top, referring to the flame that Prometheus brought from Mount Olympus to the people, against the will of Zeus. Because of this, Prometheus is sometimes considered as the first engineer, and is an important symbol for the university. His statue stood in the center of the newly renovated TU Delft campus, Mekelpark, until it was stolen in 2012.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Initially, all of the university buildings were located in the historic city centre of Delft. This changed in the second half of the 20th century with relocations to a separate university neighbourhood. The last university building in the historic centre of Delft was the university library, which was relocated to a new building in 1997. On the 12 September 2006 the design of the new university neighbourhood, Mekelpark, was officially approved, giving a green light to the transformation of the area around the Mekelweg (the main road on the university terrain) into a new campus heart. The new park replaced the main access road and redirected car traffic around the campus, making the newly created park a safer place for bicycles and pedestrians.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: New university neighborhood called Mekelpark (its name commemorating TH Delft professor and WW II resistance fighter, Jan Mekel, who was executed by the Nazis on 2 May 1942 in Sachsenhausen) was opened on 5 July 2009. Mekelpark replaced old parking structures, bike lanes and gas station, constructed between faculty buildings of the university in the late 1950s. Its 832-meter-long promenade eased the commute between faculty buildings. Both sides of the promenade are covered by stone benches, 1547 meters long in total. Some of the university buildings around the Mekelpark deserve certain attention.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: TU Delft Aula was designed by Van den Broek en Bakema architecture bureau founded by two TU Delft alumni Jo van den Broek and Jaap Bakema. It was officially opened on 6 January 1966 by Dutch Prime Minister Jo Cals. It is a classical example of a structure built in Brutalist style. TU Delft Aula, which symbolically opens the Mekelpark, houses main university restaurant and store, as well as lecture halls, auditoria, congress center, and administrative offices of the university. All doctoral promotion, honoris causa ceremonies, as well as academic senate meetings take place in the Aula.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: The TU Delft Library, constructed in 1997, was designed by Delft-based Mecanoo architecture bureau. It is located behind university aula. The roof of the library is covered with grass, which serves as a natural insulation. The structure lifts from the ground on one side allowing to walk to the top of the building. The library is topped by the steel cone, giving its unique shape. All the walls are completely filled with glass. The library won the Dutch "National Steel Prize" in 1998 in the "buildings of steel and hybrid constructions" category. The library is also host of the 4TU.Centre for Research Data, the archive for research data in the technical sciences in the Netherlands.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: The TU Delft Sports and Culture Center, recently renamed X, is located at Mekelweg 10, at the edge of the Mekelpark. It was designed by architect Vera Yanovshtchinsky and opened to TU Delft students and staff in 1995. Since then it has undergone expansions and renovations.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Three musea are associated with the university: Science Centre Delft, Mineralogy-geology museum and Beijerinck en Kluyver archive.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Science Centre Delft was opened in September 2010 and is located at Mijnbouwstraat 120 in Delft. Science Center Delft is a successor of Technical Exhibition Center. Technical Exhibition Center was established by a group of TU Delft professors with the aim of presenting the recent advances in technology to a wider audience. Parts of the collection were shown outside of Delft: in the Netherlands and abroad, including Israel and Czech Republic. The collection was permanently hosted in the building of former department of geodesy. The historical collections of Technical Exhibition Center were moved Delft Museum of Technology, located at Ezelsveldlaan, in the buildings of the former department of naval architecture (), next to the city center of Delft. As Delft city council together with TU Delft decided to move the collection close to the university campus (currently the building of the former museum are transformed into lofts), Science Centre Delft shows visitors current TU Delft research projects are available, including Eco Runner and Nuna.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Beijerinck en Kluyver archive hosts a collection of documents, exhibits and memorabilia of two scientists historically connected with the university.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Mineralogy-geology museum is a part of TU Delft Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences and contains around 200,000 geological, mineralogical and crystallographical items divided into numerous sub-collections. The oldest items date back to 1842 when the TU Delft (then Delft Royal Academy) was established.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: TU Delft botanical garden dates back to 1917, where "Proof Garden for Technical Plantation" () was established by Gerrit van Iterson Jr., TU Delft graduate and assistant to Martinus Beijerinck. Gerrit van Iterson Jr. was the first director of the garden until 1948. Creation of botanical gardens at TU Delft was partially a result of the increasing needs of systematized development of tropical agriculture in then Dutch colony of Dutch East Indies. Over 7000 different species of plants, including tropical and subtropical plants, herbs, and ornamental plants cover the area of almost 2.5 ha. Furthermore, more than 2000 unique species are preserved in university's greenhouses. All facilities of TU Delft botanical garden are open to the public.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Along with Delft, UNStudio developed the 'Echo' building on the TU campus for interfaculty lecture halls and cyber security research offices. It is an energy-producing building within the campus of Delft which aims at energy conservation to delve into the future.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: TU Delft comprises eight faculties. These are (official Dutch name and faculty abbreviation are given in brackets):


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Since 2004, the TU Delft education system is divided into three tiers: the Bachelor's degree, Master's degree, and Doctorate. The academic year is divided into two semesters: the first semester from September until January and the second semester from the end of January until July. Most of the lectures are available through OpenCourseWare.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: As of 2016 TU Delft offers 16 BSc programmes. TU Delft students obtain their degree after a three-year study. The test project finalizes the BSc studies. All BSc programmes are taught in Dutch, except for Aerospace Engineering, Applied Earth Sciences, Nanobiology, and Computer Science, which are taught entirely in English, and Electrical Engineering which is taught in a mixture of both.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: TU Delft uses the European Credit Transfer System, where each year MSc students are required to obtain 60 ECTS points. An honours track exists for motivated MSc students, who obtained a mark of 7.5 or higher (in Dutch grading scale) and did not fail any courses. This track, associated with 30 ECTS points, is taken alongside the regular MSc programme and must be related to student's regular degree courses or the role of technology in society. The honours track must be completed within the time allowed for the MSc programme.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: MSc programmes are also offered through the 3TU federation, Erasmus Mundus programmes, IDEA League joint MSc programs and QuTech Academy.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Doctoral studies at TU Delft are divided into two phases. The first phase, lasting one year, serves as a trial period during which the doctoral candidate must prove capability for performing research on a doctoral level. The candidate must pass the evaluation performed at the end of the year by his/her promoter in order to continue doing research the following three years. The research the candidate performs must be finalized by submitting a doctoral thesis. The thesis is evaluated by a doctoral committee composed of TU Delft professors and external opponents. Once the thesis has been revised and comments have been taken into account, the candidate gives a formal doctoral defense.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: In contrast to US graduate school, other duties such as following lectures and giving TAs form only a small portion of the programme.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: The doctoral defense is of ceremonial nature and is held in the senate room. It lasts exactly one hour, during which the doctoral candidate must answer all questions from the committee. Sometimes the candidate is accompanied by one or two paranymphs, who theoretically might help defend a question asked by a committee member. The defense is ended by the pedel, who enters the room and says in Latin "Hora est" ("It is time"), stamping the university staff on the floor. The committee then moves to a separate room to decide whether to grant the candidate a doctorate or not. Then the committee returns to the room where the defense was held, and if the doctorate is granted the promoter presents the laudation praising the new doctor. The entire ceremony is chaired by the rector or a representative.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: TU Delft has three officially recognized research institutes: Research Institute for the Built Environment, International Research Centre for Telecommunications-transmission and Radar, and Reactor Institute Delft. In addition to those three institutes, TU Delft hosts numerous smaller research institutes, including the Delft Institute of Microelectronics and Submicron Technology, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Materials innovation institute, Astrodynamics and Space Missions, Delft University Wind Energy Research Institute,


title: Delft University of Technology

text: TU Delft Safety and Security Institute, and the Delft Space Institute, Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics is also an important research institute which connects all engineering departments with respect to research and academia. A complete list of research schools is available on TU Delft website.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Important part of Dutch university system are research schools. They combine education, training and research for PhD candidates and postdoctoral researchers in a given field. The main goal of the research schools is to coordinate nationwide research programs in a given area. Research schools of TU Delft cooperate with other universities in the Netherlands. Research schools are required to have an accreditation of Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. TU Delft is taking the lead in ten research schools, and participates in nine. The full list of research schools affiliated with TU Delft is available on TU Delft website, see for example TRAIL Research School.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: During an academic year the TU Delft publishes a weekly magazine: "Delta", which aims at the student and employee community of the university. The newspaper is predominantly in Dutch, with the last few pages published in English. "TU Delta" is distributed freely in paper form over the campus and is also available for free on the Internet. Articles focus mainly on current university affairs and student life. The weekly agenda including PhD promotions, inaugural lectures, etc. is also published therein.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Also, approximately four times a year, the TU Delft publishes a magazine devoted only to research conducted by the university, called "Delft Outlook". "Delft Outlook" is published in English, while the same content is published in Dutch in "Delft Integraal" magazine. Both magazines present interviews with TU Delft researchers, university officials. Columns by some university professors are published therein, as well as alumni letters and excerpts from recently published PhD theses.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: TU Delft is governed by the executive board (), controlled and advised by student council, workers council, board of professors, board of doctorates, assistant staff office, committee for the application of the allocation model, operational committee, advisory council for quality and accreditation, deans of each TU Delft faculty, and directors of TU Delft research centers, research schools and research institutes.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Executive board is chaired academically by the Rector Magnificus. The currently appointed Rector Magnificus, Tim van der Hagen, has held the position since 2018. He replaced Prof. Ir. Karel Ch.A.M. Luyben who was rector for the period 2010 to 2018. Previous Rectors of TU Delft include Prof. K.F. Wakker (1993–1997 and 1998–2002), Prof. J. Blauwendraad (1997–1998) and Prof. J.T. Fokkema (2002–2010). Executive board is accountable to the Supervisory Board, appointed by the Minister of Education, Culture and Science. One of the many tasks of executive board is the approval of management regulations.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Board of professors advises in the matter of academic quality, deciding on the selection of guest lecturers, research fellows as well as revising proposals submitted for royal honors for professors. Board of doctorates appoints supervisors for PhD students, forms promotion committees, determines promotional code, and confers PhD and doctorate Honoris Causa degrees. Committee for the application of the allocation model reports to the executive board regarding allocation model. Further, it controls output data supplied to the executive board. Operational committee is composed of members of the executive board and the s. The committee collaborates on the issues of general importance, related in part to the specific interests of the faculties, and strengthens the unity of the university overall.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Student life at TU Delft is organized around numerous student societies and corporations. They can be generally categorized into professional societies, social societies and sport societies. More than half of TU Delft students belong to an officially recognized society.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: There are two student parties at TU Delft: ORAS () and Lijst Bèta (successor of AAG). AAG (Afdeling Actie Groepen) started as an action group of students in the 1960s, willing to have more impact on the quality of education at then Polytechnic Institute Delft. ORAS became active in the early 1970s as a counterbalance to AAG. After already taking a break from the yearly elections in 2008, AAG did not participate anymore in the elections of 2010 due to disappointing results. In 2011, a new party was established, Lijst Bèta, that got 2 out of the 10 seats in the student counsil. Since then, Lijst Bèta and ORAS compete each year for seats in TU Delft's Students Council (). Further, all student organizations of TU Delft are associated with The Council of Student Societies Delft VeRa () and The Society for Study and Student Matters Delft VSSD ().


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Apart from bachelor and master student organizations, PhD students of TU Delft have their own organization called Promood (PhD Students Discussion Group Delft) (), which represents TU Delft PhD students at the university. It is also a member of Dutch PhD Students Network ().


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Each faculty of TU Delft has its own set of professional student organizations. Numerous societies are present at the university, many of them with rich traditions, customs and history. For example, aerospace engineering department hosts Foundation for Students in Airplane Development, Manufacturing and Management (), while civil engineering department Society for Practical Studies. International professional student organizations are also present at TU Delft, including European Association of Aerospace Students.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Apart from professional student societies, students organize themselves only for the purpose of enriching their social life. Many of the societies have sectarian roots, like a Catholic Wolbodo Student Society, Katholieke Studentenvereniging Sanctus Virgilius Delft, that during the course of the years lost the religious affiliations and accepts students from any denomination. Besides societies which have their roots in religion, there are also general (with no religious bonds) societies. One of these is Sint Jansbrug. These societies accept anyone who studies at the TU Delft or any other higher education facility in the Delft area. Also organization that has its roots in Rover Scout movement Delftsche Zwervers (at the same time the oldest student scouting group in the world) is present or local branch of the European AEGEE.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Student sports are organized around clubs, that focus mostly on single discipline. Those include rowing society Laga and rowing club Proteus-Eretes (both with many Olympic medals won by the members of the club) or American football club Delft Dragons.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: TU Delft researchers developed many new technologies used today, including Glare, a Fibre Metal Laminate used in Airbus A380 skin and Vision in Product Design design method. Cees Dekker's lab at TU Delft demonstrated in 1998 the first transistor made out of single nanotube molecule. Delta Works plan was, in part, a child of TU Delft graduates, including Johan Ringers and Victor de Blocq van Kuffeler. TU Delft was a precursor of Open design concept.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: In architecture, TU Delft is famous for Traditionalist School in Dutch architecture. TU Delft was a home to many prominent microbiologists including Martinus Beijerinck, who in 1898 discovered viruses while working at TU Delft, and Albert Kluyver, father of comparative microbiology, which resulted in the creation of so-called Delft School of Microbiology.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: The majority of TU Delft's students are male. In 2021 among all students of the university (MSc and BSc level) 30% were women. The biggest imbalance between men and women is experienced by Mechanical engineering faculty, while the smallest is seen at Industrial Design and Architecture departments. Despite many efforts of the university to change that imbalance, the number of women studying at TU Delft stays relatively constant over the years.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Since 2002 the number of students admitted to TU Delft increases rapidly (from approximately 2,200 in 2002 to almost 3,700 in 2009). The same applies to the total student population (from approximately 13,250 in 2002 to almost 16,500 in 2009).


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Number of international students also increases steadily. Approximately half of the international students are European, among them the biggest group comes from (in decreasing order, number of students admitted in 2009): Belgium (approximately 340 students), Germany (approximately 100 students), Greece (approximately 100 students), and Italy (approximately 100 students). Among non-Europeans, the biggest nationality group comes from China (approximately 340 students; the number of Chinese and Belgian newly admitted students is relatively equal since 2003), then Iran (approximately 150 students), India (approximately 140 students), Suriname (approximately 100 students), Indonesia (approximately 80 students) and Turkey (approximately 80 students). Large number of students from Suriname and Indonesia can be admitted to historical ties between those two countries and the Netherlands, as both of them were the former Dutch colonies. Due to TU Delft presence, the city of Delft has one of the biggest population of Iranians in the Netherlands. It resulted in one of the biggest Iranian opposition centers against Iranian government in Europe, with many protests organized at TU Delft campus by Iranian TU Delft students during 2009 Iranian Election Protests. The biggest number of international students studies at Aerospace Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science departments.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Currently TU Delft is a home to 437 faculty, with more than 3,375 academic staff. The responsibility of TU Delft professors is lecturing, guiding undergraduate and graduate students, as well as performing original research in their respective fields.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Many notable people were TU Delft faculty. In science, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, a 1913 Nobel Laureate in physics, a discoverer of superconductivity, was a former TU Delft faculty member, working as an assistant to Johannes Bosscha. Discoverer of the Prins reaction Hendrik Jacobus Prins, co-founders of National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science Hendrik Anthony Kramers and David van Dantzig, developer of the iodide process Jan Hendrik de Boer, discoverer of the particle spin Ralph Kronig, discoverer of the Einstein–de Haas effect Wander Johannes de Haas and discoverer of hafnium Dirk Coster, all were at some point the faculty members of the university. Faculty members of Delft School of Microbiology were the founder of modern microbiology Martinus Beijerinck and the father of comparative microbiology Albert Kluyver.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: In engineering, the inventor of penthode and gyrator Bernard Tellegen and Balthasar van der Pol developer of Van der Pol oscillator, were TU Delft faculty. Currently Vic Hayes, and the father of Wi-Fi, is affiliated with the Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management. STS-61A of the Space Shuttle Challenger crew member Wubbo Ockels was professor of Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology. TU Delft faculty geologist were Berend George Escher, Johannes Herman Frederik Umbgrove, discoverer of Bushveld complex Gustaaf Adolf Frederik Molengraaff and discoverer of gravity anomalies above the sea level Felix Andries Vening Meinesz.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Since TU Delft is a home to a major architecture school in the Netherlands, many important architects were a faculty of the university, including Hein de Haan, founder of Traditionalist School in Architecture Marinus Jan Granpré Molière, Bent Flyvbjerg, co-founder of Mecanoo architects bureau Francine Houben, co-founder of MVRDV architects bureau Winy Maas and Nathalie de Vries, co-founder of Team 10 Jacob B. Bakema and Aldo van Eyck, as well as Herman Hertzberger and Jo Coenen. Some notable designers were faculty of TU Delft, including Paul Mijksenaar, developer of visual information systems for JFK, LaGuardia and Schiphol airports.


title: Delft University of Technology

text: Political figures that were faculty of TU Delft include former mayor of Lisbon Carmona Rodrigues, former mayor of Sarajevo Kemal Hanjalić, and the first Dutch prime minister of the Netherlands after World War II Wim Schermerhorn.