title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: Václav Havel Airport Prague (), formerly "Prague Ruzyně International Airport" (, ) , is the international airport of Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic. The airport was founded in 1937, when it replaced the Kbely Airport (founded in 1918). It was reconstructed and extended in 1956, 1968, 1997, and 2006. In 2012, it was renamed after the last president of Czechoslovakia and the first president of the Czech Republic, Václav Havel. It is located at the edge of the Prague-Ruzyně area, next to Kněževes village, west of the centre of Prague and southeast of the city of Kladno.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: In 2018 it served around 17 million passengers. It serves as a hub for Czech Airlines and Smartwings, and as a base for Ryanair and Eurowings.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: Prague–Ruzyně Airport began operations on 5 April 1937, but Czechoslovak civil aviation history started at the military airport in Prague–Kbely in 1919. The Prague Aviation Museum is now found at Kbely Airport.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: Due to insufficient capacity of Kbely Airport by the mid-1930s, the government decided to develop a new state civil airport in Ruzyně. One of the major awards Prague Ruzyně Airport received include Diploma and Gold Medal granted in 1937 at the occasion of the International Art and Technical Exhibition in Paris ("Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne" also known as "Paris 1937 World's Fair") for the technical conception of the central airport, primarily the architecture of the check-in building (nowadays known as Terminal 4) designed by architect Adolf Benš.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: In one of the most dramatic moments in its history, the airport was seized by Soviet paratroopers on the night of 20–21 August 1968, who then facilitated the landing of Soviet troops and transports for the invasion of Czechoslovakia.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: Moreover, the Ruzyně fields provide opportunities for further expansion of the airport according to the increasing capacity demand. The airport serves as a hub of the trans-European airport network.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: Political and economic changes have significantly influenced Prague–Ruzyně Airport's seventy year history. Some new air transportation companies and institutions were founded and some ceased operation since then. Ten entities have been responsible for airport administration over time, including the new construction and development. Until the 1990s, there were two or three-decade gaps before the major modernisation of Prague–Ruzyně Airport began to match the current capacity requirements.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: An online petition organised by one of the best-known Slovak film directors, Fero Fenič, calling on the government and the Parliament to rename Prague Ruzyně Airport to Václav Havel International Airport attracted – in just one week after 20 December 2011—the support of over 65,000 signatories both within and outside the Czech Republic. A rendition of the airport with the proposed Václav Havel name in the form of his signature followed by his typical heart symbol suffix was included in the blog's article in support of renaming of the airport. This name change took place on 5 October 2012 on what would have been Havel's 76th birthday. However, the PRG name of the airport for IATA and ICAO will remain the same.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: As the capacity of the airport has been reaching its limit for the last couple of years (as of 2005), further development of the airport is being considered. Besides regular repairs of the existing runways, Prague Airport () began the preparations for building a new runway, parallel to the 06/24 runway. The construction with estimated costs of CZK 5–7 billion was scheduled to begin in 2007, and the new runway marked 06R/24L (also called the BIS runway) was to be put into service in 2010. However, because of many legal problems and the protests of people who live close to the airport premises, the construction has not yet begun. Despite these problems, the project has support from the government, and is expected to be completed by the end of 2014.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: It will be over long. Located about southeast of the present main runway, the 24L runway will be equipped with a category III ILS, allowing landing and taking off under bad weather conditions.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: Prague Airport states that besides increasing the airport capacity, the new runway system will greatly reduce the noise level in some densely inhabited areas of Prague. This should be achieved by reorganising the air traffic space around the airport, and shifting the traffic corridors after putting the two parallel runways into service. The vision of heavy traffic raised many protests from the suburban communities directly surrounding the airport. On 6 November 2004, local referendums were held in two Prague suburbs – Nebušice and Přední Kopanina – giving official support to the local authorities for active opposition against the construction of the parallel runway.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: The construction of a railway connection between the airport and Prague city centre is also in the planning stage. The track will be served by express trains with special fares, connecting non-stop the airport with the city centre, and local trains fully integrated into Prague integrated transit system.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: The main runway 06/24 was reconstructed from 2012 - 2013 due to poor technical conditions. During reconstruction, runway 12/30 was the only usable runway as runway 04/22 is closed permanently. The runway reconstruction was originally planned for three stages. The first stage in 2012, the second stage in 2013 and the last stage in 2014. However, runway 12/30 (which would be used during the reconstruction of the main runway) is not equipped for low visibility landings as it offers only ILS CAT I landings. In addition, the approach path of runway 12/30 goes above high-density population areas (such as Prague 6 and Kladno). Therefore, the second and the third stage of the runway reconstruction had to be merged so the works could be finished in 2013.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: Prague Airport has two main passenger terminals, two general aviation terminals, as well as a cargo facility. Most flights depart Prague Airport from the North Terminals (Terminal 1 and 2). The South Terminals (Terminal 3 and 4) handle a few irregular flights, as well as VIP flights, special flights and small aircraft.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: There are also two freight terminals, "Cargo Terminal 1" is operated by Menzies Aviation Czech while "Cargo Terminal 2" is operated by Skyport.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: The airport contains two runways in service: 06/24 (till April 1993 07/25) and 12/30 (till May 2012 13/31). Former runway 04/22 is permanently closed for take-offs and landings and is used for taxiing and parking only. The most used runway is 24 due to the prevailing western winds. Runway 30 is also used often. Runway 06 is used rarely, while runway 12 is used only exceptionally.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: The company operating the airport is Prague Airport ("Letiště Praha, a. s."), a joint-stock company that has one shareholder, the Ministry of Finance. The company was founded in February 2008, as part of a privatisation process involving the Airport Prague ("Správa Letiště Praha, s.p.") state enterprise. This action was in accordance with the Czech Republic Government Memorandum Nr. 888, which had been passed on 9 July 2008. On 1 December 2008, Prague Airport took all rights and duties formerly held by Správa Letiště Praha, s.p., and Prague Airports took all business authorisations, certificates, employees, and licenses from the former company. The head office of Prague Airport is in Prague 6. The former state-owned enterprise had its head office on the airport property.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: It was the 35th busiest airport in Europe in 2019 and the second busiest (after Warsaw Chopin Airport) in the newer EU member states.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: Czech Airlines has its head office, the APC Building, on the grounds of Prague Airport. On 30 December 2009 CSA announced that it will sell its head office to the airport for CZK 607 million. Smartwings have their head office on the airport property. In addition the Civil Aviation Authority also has its head office on the airport property.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: Buses of DPP, the Prague Public Transit Co., stop at both terminals 1 and 2 frequently. A Czech Railways public bus service, AE – AirportExpress, connects Terminal 1 with Praha hlavní nádraží. From bus station in front of Terminal 1 there are also regular buses to Kladno, intercity buses of Regiojet run every 30–60 minutes to Karlovy Vary and Cheb.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: There are plans to build a rail connection to the airport. Preliminary work commenced in 2018, with procurement proceedings launched the following year. Main construction is likely to start around 2023, and completion is (as of summer 2022) expected to be 2029.


title: Václav Havel Airport Prague

text: According to a 2021 media report, the airport is to be served via a branch off the Prague-Kladno line, including an underground station to serve the airport. The project also includes double tracking and electrifying the existing single-track railway. The plan also includes upgrades to Prague-Masarykovo station


title: Persib Bandung

text: Persatuan Sepakbola Indonesia Bandung ( 'Indonesian Football Association of Bandung'), commonly referred to as Persib Bandung, or simply Persib, is a professional football club based in Bandung, West Java, which competes in Liga 1, the top tier of Indonesian football. Founded in 1923 as (BIVB), it adopted its current name in 1933. Persib is among Indonesia's most successful clubs, having won five Perserikatan titles and two Liga Indonesia titles. The team's home base is at the Gelora Bandung Lautan Api Stadium with a capacity of 38,000. The team's nicknames include (Bandung Tigers) and (The Blue Prince).


title: Persib Bandung

text: The club won its first Indonesian Super League (now known as Liga 1) title in 2014. Before the current league format, Persib won the 1994–95 Liga Indonesia Premier Division title, and five Perserikatan titles, all of which through tournament structures. Persib has also reached the quarter-finals of the Asian Club Championship in 1995.


title: Persib Bandung

text: The earliest football organization in Bandung was the "Bandoeng Inlandsche Voetbal Bond" (BIVB) (Dutch for 'Bandung Domestic Football Federation') formed in 1923. It was succeeded by "Persatuan Sepak Bola Indonesia Bandung" (PSIB) ('Bandung Indonesian Football Association') and teams affiliated to the "National Voetball Bond" (NVB). These outfits merged on 14 March 1933 to form Persib.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Persib won the 1937 Dutch Indies football tournament and reached the finals in the 1933, 1934 and 1936 editions before Indonesia's 1945 independence.


title: Persib Bandung

text: After Indonesia's independence, Persib was reformed in Bandung in 1948, during the Indonesian National Revolution war. In the 1950s, Persib players Aang Witarsa and Anas appeared for the Indonesia national football team.


title: Persib Bandung

text: In the Perserikatan era, when Indonesian football clubs were amateur outfits funded by local governments, Persib won their second national title in 1961 and competed in that year's Aga Khan Gold Cup. The club's next significant achievement was as runner-up in the 1966 season. Persib's success declined in the 1970s culminating with their relegation to the First Division in the 1978–79 season. In response, the club hired Polish coach Marek Janota to lead the youth squad and Risnandar Soendoro to manage the senior team. Under their guidance, Persib earned a promotion to the Premier Division, with players including Robby Darwis, Adeng Hudaya, Adjat Sudrajat and Suryamin. The team finished as runners-up in the 1982–83 and 1984–85 seasons.


title: Persib Bandung

text: The club won the league in 1986 by beating Perseman Manokwari by a goal from Djadjang Nurdjaman at the Senayan Stadium. They became champions again in 1990, beating Persebaya Surabaya 2–0. Among the players of this golden era were Samai Setiadi, Ade Mulyono, Asep Sumantri and Djadjang Nurdjaman who would become the only person to win a national title for Persib as a player and coach.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Persib became champions in the final season of the Perserikatan era before it was merged with the fledgling, semi-professional Galatama league to become the Liga Indonesia Premier Division and so earned the right to keep the President Cup in perpetuity.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Persib Bandung in 1995 became the first champion of the newly formed Liga Indonesia Premier Division by beating Petrokimia Putra 1–0 in the final, which gave the club the right to compete at the Asian level. In 1995, Persib managed to reach the quarter-finals of the Asian Club Championship after beating teams from Thailand and the Philippines. While Persib failed to advance further, coach Indra Tohir was selected as the Best of Coach in Asia by the Asian Football Confederation.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Persib struggled to emulate the 1995 success in the next two decades. In 2008, Persib hired coach Jaya Hartono, who managed to push unheralded team Persik Kediri all the way to win the 2003 Liga Indonesia, to bring back its glory. Unfortunately, he only got Persib to third place. They had also used many foreign coaches such as Marek Andrzej Sledzianowski, Juan Páez and Arcan Iurie but the national title was elusive.


title: Persib Bandung

text: As a result of 2006-07 national government policies that restrict the use of state budget in professional football clubs after a series of financial scandals involving politicians and clubs in their jurisdictions, 36 stakeholders compelled then-Bandung mayor Dada Rosada to cut ties between the city's government and Persib. Their campaign led to the 20 August 2009 establishment of PT Persib Bandung Bermartabat, the company that currentyly runs Persib.


title: Persib Bandung

text: In 2012, Persib hired former player Djadjang Nurdjaman as their new head coach in another attempt to bring back its glory. However, his tenure started bumpy when in 2013 Persib could not use its traditional base Siliwangi Stadium for official matches, because PSSI degraded the class level of the old, rundown stadium to be only used as a training field. Persib then used the newly opened Si Jalak Harupat Stadium as a permanent home base although it was located in Soreang, outside the Bandung city borders. On 8 September 2014, Persib got the license as a professional club.


title: Persib Bandung

text: The appointment of Djadjang turned out to be a correct move. In 2014, after almost two decades without any major trophy, Persib managed to win the national title in the 2014 Indonesia Super League by beating Persipura Jayapura in the final. Striker Ferdinand Sinaga also got the Best Player award for the 2014 season.


title: Persib Bandung

text: After the 2014 victory, Persib viewed the 2015 season with ambitious plans. They intended to use the facilities of Inter Milan in Italy but the plan was cancelled.


title: Persib Bandung

text: The national title also gave Persib a chance to compete in the 2015 AFC Champions League alongside Persipura.


title: Persib Bandung

text: However, the season had its ups and downs. While Djadjang was retained, he could not sit on the bench as a coach in an AFC catch due to his lack coaching certification and Emral Abus, who had never coached a winning team, was hired for the Asian competition. In its first game, Persib lost to Vietnam outfit Hanoi T&T F.C..


title: Persib Bandung

text: In consolation, in a pre-season local tournament, the 2015 Piala Walikota Padang, Persib won after defeating Persiba Balikpapan 2–0 in the final with coach Djadjang able to fully serve his role. While this gave Persib hope, bad signs began to emerge. Their first ISL match on 20 February 2015 against last year's runners-up Persipura Jayapura was cancelled after the sports ministry on 18 February postponed the 2015 ISL season due to clubs failing to complete their licensing processes. By May 2015, the licensing dispute between the government and clubs peaked with the 2015 Indonesia Super League officially discontinued on 2 May 2015 due to a ban from the sports minister against PSSI that forbids the federation to run any football competition.


title: Persib Bandung

text: At the beginning of 2016 the club announced it had agreed to collaborate with Italian Serie A club Inter Milan including coaching courses for Persib's Djadjang Nurdjaman.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Label as an established team was shown the management of PT Persib Bandung Bermartabat to bring the two superstars at the same time, Michael Essien and Carlton Cole.


title: Persib Bandung

text: The arrival of the two former Chelsea FC player completes a transfer list of players who have done Persib in late 2016, as Dedi Kusnandar, Supardi Nasir, Achmad Jufriyanto, Wildansyah, Imam Arief Fadillah, and Japanese attacking midfielder Shohei Matsunaga.


title: Persib Bandung

text: That list does not include the planned Dutch-Indonesia descent midfielder Raphael Maitimo joined at the time of launching the team Persib on 2 April 2017.


title: Persib Bandung

text: The team has announced that Hector Cuper's former assistant coach at Lanus, Valencia, and Inter Milan, Roberto Carlos Mario Gomez as Persib's new coach on a two-year deal. Earlier in 2017, Roberto Carlos Mario Gomez was appointed as Malaysian national football team's head coach by FAM president Tunku Ismail Sultan Ibrahim, but he then asked for a higher salary and was therefore rejected as it was expensive. Essien was replaced by Argentine striker Jonathan Bauman due to exceeding foreign players quota.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Persib recruited Miljan Radović as Gomez's replacement as the Argentine coach moved to Borneo F.C. However, pre-season results were not satisfactory and Radovic was replaced by Robert Alberts before the league started. The team signed Artur Geworkýan and Rene Mihelič as it released Jonathan Bauman. Before the first half of the season ended, Serbian defender Bojan Mališić was transferred for free to Badak Lampung F.C. The team then brought Nick Kuipers and Kevin van Kippersluis from Holland, and Swedish-born Iranian-Filipino midfielder Omid Nazari to the roster, alongside Dhika Bayangkara. Fabiano Beltrame was also recruited, but he was not registered into the team roster due to exceeding foreign players quota. His naturalization to Indonesian citizenship process was completed in December.


title: Persib Bandung

text: This season was noted as the final one for Hariono who decided to left the club after 11 years of service. The final match of the season saw Persib won 5–2 against PSM and he was given honorary tribute by the club and fans. Persib ended 2019 Liga 1 in 6th position, with 51 points from 13 wins, 12 draws, and 9 losses. Their 2018–19 Piala Indonesia campaign was stopped by Borneo F.C. in the quarter-finals on away goals.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Persib signed Geoffrey Castillion, Zulham Zamrun, Wander Luiz, Victor Igbonefo, Beni Oktovianto and Teja Paku Alam. In return, they released Hariono to Bali United F.C., Muchlis Hadi and Kevin van Kippersluis on free transfer, and Billy Keraf to Semen Padang. Ezechiel N'Douassel was sold to Bhayangkara F.C. for an undisclosed fee, also with Achmad Jufriyanto on a loan deal. They started the league with three victories in the first three matches against Persela (3-0) on 1 March, Arema (1-3) on 8 March, and PSS Sleman (2-1) on 15 March before the league was stopped due to COVID-19 restrictions in Indonesia. It was initially delayed until 2021, but was eventually cancelled in January 2021 which saw all the results were void.


title: Persib Bandung

text: It was announced that 2021 Liga 1 to start in June 2021. Before the league started, a pre-season tournament called "Piala Menpora" was held which Persib were participating in. There were significant changes to Persib squad where Omid Nazari, Beni Oktovianto, Fabiano Beltrame, Zulham Zamrun, and Ghozali Siregar were all released. Kim Jeffrey was also released before joining PSS Sleman as he joins his brother-in-law Irfan Bachdim, who is married to his sister Jennifer Kurniawan. Former player Ferdinand Sinaga rejoined the club, alongside Jufriyanto, having finished his loan at Bhayangkara. Bayu Fiqri, an Indonesia U-19 international player, was also signed. Former PSV academy player Farshad Noor joined the club after the first match of Piala Menpora. However, he was released along with Sinaga before the league even started. At the end of first half of the season Geoffrey Castilion dan Wander Luiz were given free transfer. Mohammed Rashid, Bruno Cantanhede, Marc Klok, David da Silva and several academy players were recruited. In the last match of the season against Barito, the team drew 1-1 which resulted in Barito escaped relegation over Persipura due to head-to-head rule. David da Silva's performance was heavily criticized by some people as he missed a number of scoring opportunities. Both teams were sued over allegedly match fixing, but the case was later dismissed as there were no proofs.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Prior to the league's start, Persib was overshadowed by GBLA stadium disaster that claimed 2 lives during the match against Persebaya in President's Cup. A pair of Indonesia internationals Ricky Kambuaya and Rachmat Irianto were signed from Persebaya. In total, 11 players were released, with notable ones including Esteban Vizcarra, Rashid, Cantanhede, Ardi Idrus, and team captain Supardi. The team did not begin the season very well with failing to win first 3 matches, which resulted in resigning of Alberts as head coach. His assistant Budiman Yunus was the team's caretaker until Luis Milla Aspas, former Indonesia national football team coach from Spain, was officially appointed Alberts' successor.


title: Persib Bandung

text: The club colors are officially blue and white. The club's badge is similar with the seal of Bandung. The logo was used because during the early years of Perserikatan, Persib was seen as the representative of the Sundanese people. The overall template of the logo is taken from the logo of the city of Bandung, including the wavy water pattern and the black fortress pattern. The only difference is the addition of the writing "PERSIB" and "1933". The logo is a heart-shaped shield, and is divided into two parts, outlined with black horizontal girders in four part of the shield.


title: Persib Bandung

text: On top of a golden yellow background with a green color painting of a mountain that rests on the girder.


title: Persib Bandung

text: At the bottom, with a white background by painting four areas wavy lines in blue. At the bottom of the shield there is a golden yellow color band waved at both ends. On the ribbon was written in black Latin letters that read 'Gemah Ripah Wibawa Mukti', meaning 'Land of the People Subur Makmur'. The sentence was taken from the Kawi language.


title: Persib Bandung

text: The logo's shield symbolizes the struggle to achieve goals that should be protected. In addition, the shield has the meaning that Persib needs to be able to endure all sorts of dangers and difficulties.


title: Persib Bandung

text: The colors in the logo represents, yellow: Wealth and nobleness, black: Sturdy, upright and strong, green: Prosperity and cool, white: Purity and faithfulness, and blue: Meaningful. Currently, on top of the logo stands two stars, which represents the two Indonesian league titles that Persib has achieved, the latter being in 1995 and 2014.


title: Persib Bandung

text: The club colors are officially blue and white according to its statute and is used by the fans, the combination "Biru-bodas" (blue and white), in their songs and chants. These were the colors of Siliwangi Kingdom. The club original badge was implemented in 1996 consisting of the team's name, Persib Bandung, above the logo of Bandung government.


title: Persib Bandung

text: In accordance to PSSI statute, the logo of the club is now protected as an effort to preserve its heritage and appreciation for the club as one of the founding members of PSSI in 1930. It is also not allowed to be altered and replaced in any forms. Additionally, this rule includes prohibition of changing the name, home base and history of the club.


title: Persib Bandung

text: The club is presently outfitted by Sportama. Their previous kit sponsors are Adidas, Reebok, Nike, Vilour, Diadora, Joma, Mitre, and League.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Persib play their home matches at Gelora Bandung Lautan Api Stadium, after moving from Si Jalak Harupat Stadium. Gelora Bandung Lautan Api Stadium's design adheres to the international standards for stadium design. It has 38,000 individual seats. The grass used is Zoysia matrella (Linn) Merr which is of FIFA standard class. The stadium is equipped with; a football pitch, athletics track, offices, big screen and fireproof seats from Ferco Seating. The stadium has four storey with an area of 72,000 square meters, combined with other supporting facilities with total of 40 hectares.


title: Persib Bandung

text: In 2022, Persib secured a deal with Bandung ciity government to lease the stadium for planned 30 years.


title: Persib Bandung

text: For the primary training ground and flat for players, Persib uses Persib Stadium at Ahmad Yani Road, which was formerly known as Sidolig Stadium. The training ground uses synthetic turf.


title: Persib Bandung

text: In addition to Siliwangi Stadium, the Persib party was exploring the possibility of using Arcamanik Stadium or Pusdikpom Field in Cimahi. Djanur also hopes his team were able to practice on natural grass surfaces and not synthetic like Lodaya Field.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Persib Bandung have developed a strong following since their foundation in 1933. They have a large fanbase throughout the country and represent the Sundanese, mainly in West Java, Banten and in the Indonesian diaspora. Persib fans often refer to themselves as "Bobotoh", this name comes from the Sundanese language, literally as; ""people who turn on the spirit of people who want to fight (or animals who want to fight), supporters"". They are one of the most popular clubs in Indonesia with 5 million fans.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Persib Bandung have several supporter organisations, including "Viking Persib Club (VPC)", "Bomber Persib", "Northern Wall", "Frontline Boys", "26cc Boys" and more. In 2021 the club's management announced the formation of "Fansib Community" as an official supporter in order to maintain closeness between supporters and the club, but its existence has drawn criticism from hardliners.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Halo, Halo Bandung is a song of struggle in the city of Bandung, the fans always sing it at every home or away game to build the fighting spirit of the match. After the match, a "Viking Clap" will usually be held by players and fans when their team wins the match.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Notable fans include Oto Iskandar di Nata (Indonesian politician), Ridwan Kamil (Governor of West Java), Try Sutrisno (6th Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia), Kamidia Radisti (Miss Indonesia 2007), Arina Ephipania (lead vocalist of Mocca), Melody Nurramdhani Laksani (former JKT48 member), Bastian Steel (former Coboy Junior member), Nazril Irham (lead vocalist from Noah), Conchita Caroline (Sportcaster), and Ananda Omesh (Indonesian presenter).


title: Persib Bandung

text: 2003 Liga Indonesia Premier Division in the play-off round at the Manahan Stadium, Solo, Viking Persib Club, a support organization of Persib Bandung, established a friendship or affiliation with Bonek, a supporter of the club Persebaya Surabaya. Their friendship is very strong and they can prove an equally strong supporter can unite at the Stadium. 27 July 2018, in an away match against Persebaya Surabaya at Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium, the Viking Persib Club organization choreographed the nicknames of their respective clubs, namely the Tiger and the Crocodile holding a drink to toast.


title: Persib Bandung

text: The rivalry with Persija Jakarta referred to as "El Clásico Indonesia" is one of the most dangerous derbies in Indonesia. This rivalry heated up from the enmity of their supporters in the early 2000s, and is now a great rivalry between clubs. Before the match, players will be secured using Pindad Komodo to enter the stadium. Supporters of them may not be present at away matches, because of restrictions from the Indonesia national security otorition to avoid clashes.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Persib Bandung again has a rivalry with Persebaya Surabaya, PSM Makassar and PSMS Medan, the old derby in the Perserikatan competition.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Persib Bandung is the richest club on Southeast Asia in 2015 with total wealth of 11.2 trillion rupiah according to website.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Persib's success on becoming one of the most powerful financial club is certainly not without means. Director of Marketing Persib Bandung, M. Farhan said that the club's success was not separated from the marketing team's performance.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Persib was previously owned by the city government and its budget was allocated from the city budget. In accordance with the regulations of Permendagri No. 13/2006 which was revised to Permendagri No. 59/2007, professional clubs are no longer allowed to use government budget. This condition forced 36 Football Union, the stakeholder of Persib, to agree giving a mandate to former Bandung Mayor Dada Rosada to save Persib so it can still enter the competition. PT. Persib Bandung Bermartabat (PT. PBB) was then founded on 20 August 2009 as the legal basis of the club.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Erick Thohir, the owner of Mahaka Media, Viva Media, Philadelphia 76ers, Satria Muda BritAma Jakarta, and former owner of D.C. United and Inter Milan, is one of the commissioners in PT. Persib Bandung Bermartabat.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Persib TV has an official YouTube channel that is owned by Persib Bandung and contains club activities such as exclusive interviews with players and staff, club information and match highlights.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Persib Bandung launched Persib Academy directly affiliated with Inter Milan. The inauguration of Persib Academy was held at Siliwangi Stadium, Bandung, Indonesia on 13 February 2018. In the launching Persib bring then president and vice-president of Inter Milan, Erick Thohir and Javier Zanetti.


title: Persib Bandung

text: In addition, there were also Director and senior officials of Persib and also Director of Global Youth Business Inter Academy, Barbara Biggi and Inter Academy Head Coach, Andrea Ratti and his staff. For the academy cooperation, Inter Milan specifically brought in Inter Academy coach, Claudio Brambilla. The plan he will be in Bandung for two months ahead. He will provide direct treatment and share his knowledge to learners and coaches Persib Academy. Persib Academy is a form of collaboration with Inter Academy, not only presenting Inter Academy coaches, Persib Academy will use the academy curriculum based in Centro Sportivo Giacinto Facchetti, Milan, Italy.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Bandung United competes in Liga 3, the third tier of Indonesian football. The club was founded in 2019 after the takeover of Blitar United by PT. Persib Bandung Bermartabat and its subsequent relocation to Bandung. It is the feeder club of Persib Bandung and holds its home matches at Siliwangi Stadium.


title: Persib Bandung

text: Through PT. PBB, Persib is related to Indonesian Basketball League club Prawira Bandung, having acquired and renamed the club from Garuda Bandung in 2018. The club is said to be "the basketball branch of Persib".


title: Persib Bandung

text: In 2017 the Football Association of Indonesia or PSSI restricted the number of foreign players to four per team including a slot for a player from Asian Football Confederation countries and a slot for a world class player. Each team could use four foreign players on the field each game.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: Hugh le Despenser, 1st Baron le Despenser (c. 1287/1289 – 24 November 1326), also referred to as "the Younger Despenser", was the son and heir of Hugh le Despenser, Earl of Winchester (the Elder Despenser), by his wife Isabella de Beauchamp, daughter of William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick. He rose to national prominence as royal chamberlain and a favourite of Edward II of England. Despenser made many enemies amongst the nobility of England. After the overthrow of Edward, he was eventually charged with high treason and ultimately hanged, drawn and quartered.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: Despenser the Younger rose to become Chamberlain and a close advisor to King Edward II, much as Despenser the Elder had been. Despenser the Younger claimed the Lordship of Glamorgan in 1317 through his wife Eleanor de Clare. He then accumulated more lands in the Welsh Marches and in England. At various points he was a knight of Hanley Castle in Worcestershire, Constable of Odiham Castle, and the Keeper of Bristol Castle, Portchester Castle and Dryslwyn Castle plus their respective towns, and the region of Cantref Mawr in Carmarthenshire.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: He was also Keeper of the castles, manor, and lands of Brecknock, Hay, Cantref Selyf, "etc.", in County Brecon, and also Huntington, Herefordshire, in England.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: He was additionally given Wallingford Castle in Berkshire, despite this having previously been given to Queen Isabella of France for life.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: In May 1306 Despenser was knighted at the Feast of the Swans alongside Prince Edward, and in that summer he married Eleanor de Clare, daughter of powerful noble Gilbert de Clare, and Joan of Acre. Eleanor's grandfather, Edward I, had owed the elder Despenser 2,000 marks, a debt which the marriage settled. When Eleanor's brother, Gilbert, was killed in 1314 at the Battle of Bannockburn, she unexpectedly became one of the three co-heiresses to the rich Gloucester earldom, and in her right, Hugh inherited Glamorgan and other properties. In just a few years Hugh went from a landless knight to one of the wealthiest magnates in the kingdom.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: Eleanor was also the niece of the new king, Edward II of England, and this connection brought Despenser closer to the English royal court. He joined the baronial opposition to Piers Gaveston, the king's favourite (and Despenser's brother-in-law, through Gaveston's marriage to Eleanor's sister Margaret). Eager for power and wealth, Despenser seized Tonbridge Castle in 1315, after his brother-in-law's death under the misapprehension that it belonged to his mother-in-law; he relinquished it on discovering that the rightful owner was, in fact, the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1318 he murdered Llywelyn Bren, a Welsh hostage in his custody.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: Despenser became royal chamberlain in 1318. As a royal courtier, he manoeuvred into the affections of King Edward, displacing the previous favourite, Roger d'Amory. This came much to the dismay of the baronage as they saw him both taking their rightful places at court at best, and at worst being the new, worse Gaveston. By 1320 his greed was running free. He also supposedly vowed revenge on Roger Mortimer, because Mortimer's grandfather had killed his own. By 1321 he had earned many enemies in every stratum of society, from Queen Isabella in France, to the barons, to the common people. There was even a plot to kill Despenser by sticking his wax likeness with pins.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: Finally the barons took action against King Edward and, at the beseeching of Queen Isabella, forced Despenser and his father into exile in August 1321. However, Edward's intent to summon them back to England was no secret. The king rallied support after an attack against Isabella's party at Leeds Castle, an event possibly orchestrated. Early in the following year, with Mortimer's barons busy putting down uprisings in their lands, the Despensers were able to return. Edward, with the Despensers backing him once more, was able to crush the rebellion, securing first Mortimer's surrender and then that of Lancaster, who was subsequently executed.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: King Edward quickly reinstated Despenser as royal favourite. The period from the Despensers' return from exile until the end of Edward II's reign was a time of uncertainty in England. With the main baronial opposition leaderless and weak, having been defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge, and Edward willing to let them do as they pleased, the Despensers were left unchecked. This maladministration caused hostile feeling for them and, by extension, Edward II. Ultimately, a year after his surrender and imprisonment, Mortimer escaped to France, where he began organizing a new rebellion.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: Like his father, the younger Despenser was accused of widespread criminality. Amongst other examples, Despenser seized the Welsh lands of his wife's inheritance while ignoring the claims of his two brothers-in-law. He further cheated his sister-in-law Elizabeth de Clare out of Gower and Usk, and forced Alice de Lacy, 4th Countess of Lincoln, to give up her lands to him. He had murdered Llywelyn Bren in 1318 while the Welshman was being held hostage, and during his exile he spent a period of time as a pirate in the English Channel, "a sea monster, lying in wait for merchants as they crossed the sea". In addition he imprisoned Sir William Cokerell in the Tower of London and extorted money from him.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: The 14th-century court historian Jean Froissart wrote that "he was a sodomite", and Adam Orleton, the Bishop of Winchester, also levelled the accusation at him (although Orleton's accusation came when he was defending himself from having claimed the same of King Edward). According to Froissart, Despenser's penis was severed and burned at his execution as a punishment for his sodomy and heresy. In 1326, as Isabella and Mortimer invaded, Orleton gave a sermon in which he publicly denounced Edward, who had fled with Despenser, as a sodomite. The annals of Newenham Abbey in Devon recorded, "the king and his husband" fled to Wales.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: Queen Isabella had a special dislike for Despenser. While Isabella was in France to negotiate between her husband and the French king, she formed an alliance with Roger Mortimer and began planning an invasion of England, which ultimately came to fruition in September 1326. Their forces numbered only about 1,500 mercenaries to begin with, but the majority of the nobility rallied to them throughout September and October, preferring to stand with them rather than Edward and the hated Despensers.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: The Despensers fled west with the King, with a sizeable sum from the treasury; however, the escape was unsuccessful. Separated from the elder Despenser, the King and the younger Despenser were deserted by most of their followers and were captured near Neath in mid-November. King Edward was imprisoned and later forced to abdicate in favour of his son Edward III. The elder Despenser was hanged and then beheaded at Bristol on 27 October 1326, and the younger Despenser was brought to trial.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: Anticipating that he would receive no mercy, Despenser tried to starve himself before his trial, but he was unsuccessful. He did face trial on 24 November 1326, in the market square Hereford, before Roger, Isabella and the Lancastrian lords. William Trussell read out the list of charges. The list included:


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: He was sentenced to death. As a thief he was sentenced to hanging and as a traitor he was sentenced to being drawn and quartered.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: Despenser was stripped of his clothes and had biblical verses written on his skin before being dragged by four horses across the city to the walls of his own castle where a scaffold had been erected. There he was hung, drawn and quartered in the presence of Isabella, Mortimer and their followers.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: In Froissart's account of his execution, Despenser was tied firmly to a ladder and his genitals sliced off and burned while he was still conscious. His entrails were slowly pulled out; finally, his heart was cut out and thrown into a fire. Froissart (or, rather, Jean le Bel's chronicle, on which he relied) is the only source to mention castration; other contemporary accounts have Despenser hanged, drawn and quartered, which usually did not involve emasculation.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: Despenser's corpse was decapitated and the head displayed above the gates of London. His torso was cut into four pieces and likewise were displayed above the gates of York, Bristol, Newcastle and Dover.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: Four years later, in December 1330, his widow was given permission to gather and bury Despenser's remains at the family's Gloucestershire estate, but only the head, a thigh bone and a few vertebrae were returned to her.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: What may be the body of Despenser was identified in February 2008 in the village of Abbey Hulton in Staffordshire, the former site of Hulton Abbey. The skeleton, which was first uncovered during archaeological work in the 1970s, appeared to be that of a victim of a drawing and quartering as it had been beheaded and chopped into several pieces with a sharp blade, suggesting a ritual killing. Furthermore, it lacked several body parts, including the ones given to Despenser's wife. Radiocarbon analysis dated the body to between 1050 and 1385, and later tests suggested it to be that of a man over 34 years old. Despenser was 39 at the time of his death. In addition, the abbey is located on lands that belonged to Hugh Audley, Despenser's brother-in-law, at the time.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: "The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II: 1321–1326" by historian Natalie Fryde is a study of Edward's reign during the years that the Despensers' power was at its peak. Fryde pays particular attention to the subject of the Despensers' ill-gotten landholdings. The numerous accusations against the younger Despenser at the time of his execution have never been the subject of close critical scrutiny, although Roy Martin Haines called them "ingenuous" and noted their propagandistic nature.


title: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: Despite the crucial and disastrous role he played in the reign of Edward II, Despenser is almost a minor character in Christopher Marlowe's play "Edward II" (1592), where, as "Spencer", he is little more than a substitute for the dead Gaveston. Despenser also appears as a character in Maurice Druon's historical fiction series "Les Rois maudits," along with its television adaptations. In 2006, he was selected by "BBC History Magazine" as the 14th century's worst Briton.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: Jaylon Smith (born June 14, 1995) is an American football linebacker for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Notre Dame and was drafted 34th overall by the Dallas Cowboys in the second round of the 2016 NFL Draft.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: Smith attended Bishop Luers High School in Fort Wayne, Indiana, where he was a letterman in football, basketball and track. In football, he won the Butkus Award as a senior, given to the best high school linebacker in the country, and was named the Mr. Football award winner for the state of Indiana.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: He helped Bishop Luers to a 40–28 win over Indianapolis Cardinal Ritter in the 2012 Indiana 2A title game while rushing for 150 yards and scoring three touchdowns, as Bishop Luers became first Indiana 2A school to win four straight state titles. He finished with 1,265 rushing yards and 18 TDs on 176 attempts as senior in 2012 to go with 10 receptions for 66 yards and two more TDs. Defensively, he recorded 72 tackles (43 solo), 19.5 tackles for loss, eight sacks, two forced fumbles, one fumble recovery and seven pass deflections.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: In basketball, he played as a freshman, sophomore and junior, and was teammates with former Ohio State basketball player Deshaun Thomas.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: In track & field, Smith competed in events ranging from the relays to the shot put as a senior. At the 2013 IHSAA T&F Sectional, he took fourth in the shot put, with a PR of 14.81 meters (48 ft 6 in), and ran the lead leg on first-place 4 × 100 m (43.43) and fourth leg on second-place 4 × 400 m (3:27.08). At the 2013 SAC T&F Meet, he anchored the Bishop Luers' 4 × 100 m relay team, winning the event with a time of 42.91 seconds, and the 4 × 400 m, which finished in third place, while also placing third in the shot put (47 ft 5 in) and eight in the 400-meter dash (53.46 s).


title: Jaylon Smith

text: Smith signed his letter of intent on February 6, 2013, and committed to attend and play football at the University of Notre Dame. He was considered the best outside linebacker recruit of his class by Rivals.com and Scout.com. He played in the 2013 U.S. Army All-American Bowl.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: In 2013, Smith won the starting DOG linebacker position beating out Ben Councell, after incumbent starter Danny Spond had to retire due to migraine issues. Starting all 13 games, he recorded 67 tackles, including 6.5 for loss, one forced fumble, three pass break ups and one interception. His best game came in a 34–30 victory against Arizona State, where he recorded nine tackles, including 1.5 for loss. He notched his first career interception against USC on a pass thrown by Cody Kessler.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: With the arrival of new defensive coordinator Brian VanGorder, he was moved to an inside linebacker position in 2014. He was one of three players to start all 13 games on defense, recording 112 tackles, including nine for loss, and 3.5 sacks, adding two pass breakups and one forced fumble. He was named the FBS Independent Co-Defensive Player of the Year, along with teammate Joe Schmidt IV and was named a second-team All-American by the Associated Press.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: During his junior year in 2015, Smith played in all 13 games with 115 tackles, nine tackles for loss, one sack, five passes defended, two fumble recoveries, and 1 forced fumble. He won the Butkus Award, given annually to college football's top linebacker. During the Fiesta Bowl game against Ohio State, Smith suffered a knee injury in the first quarter and left the game. It was confirmed that the knee was diagnosed with tears to the ACL and LCL. He underwent successful knee surgery on both ligaments on January 7, 2016. On January 11, 2016, Smith announced he would forego his remaining eligibility and enter the 2016 NFL draft.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: Prior to his injury in the Fiesta Bowl, Smith was projected to be a top-five pick in the 2016 NFL Draft. On January 11, 2016, Smith released a statement through Twitter announcing his decision to forgo his remaining eligibility and enter the 2016 NFL Draft. Smith attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis in order to meet with teams, but was unable to participate in workouts due to his injury. On April 14, 2016, Smith was one of multiple prospects to undergo extensive medical evaluations as multiple teams were worried about the possibility of nerve damage. He received tests to objectively measure his nerve function. Smith attended a pre-draft visit with the San Francisco 49ers. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, NFL draft experts and scouts projected Smith to be selected as early as the second round to as late as the sixth round. The majority of NFL draft experts projected him to be a third or fourth round pick. He was ranked the 10th best outside linebacker prospect in the draft by DraftScout.com and was ranked the 11th best linebacker by NFL analyst Mike Mayock.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: The Dallas Cowboys selected Smith in the second round (34th overall) of the 2016 NFL Draft. The Cowboys selected Smith after they unsuccessfully tried to trade their second (34th overall) and third round (67th overall) draft choices to move back into the first round of the 2016 NFL Draft to select quarterback Paxton Lynch. The selection of Smith by the Dallas Cowboys surprised many observers and the media as they gambled on Smith's ability to return from his serious left knee injury he suffered in his last college game. Smith was operated on by the Dallas Cowboys’ doctor, Dan Cooper. Smith was the fourth linebacker drafted in 2016.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: On May 20, 2016, the Dallas Cowboys signed Smith to a four-year, $6.49 million contract that includes $4.42 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $2.92 million.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: Jared Dubin, a CBS Sports writer, stated in an article posted to CBSSports.com on June 29, 2016, that "The Cowboys are confident in their diagnosis because it was their team physician that did Smith's surgery." He also went on to point out that, since the team's physician was the one to do the surgery, the Cowboys had more up-to-date information than other teams. Dubin then continued by saying that the Cowboys were in dire need of a superstar like Jaylon Smith, and that they could not afford to lose such a valuable prospect. As expected, Smith was inactive for the entire 2016 NFL season as he recovered from his torn ACL and MCL.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: On June 7, 2017, Smith participated in drills for the first time in front of media since his torn ACL and MCL. Smith entered training camp as a backup middle linebacker. On July 20, 2017, the Dallas Cowboys signed linebacker Justin Durant as insurance in the event Smith was unable to fully recover before the start of the regular season. Smith was expected to experience full nerve regeneration within the next six to nine months after suffering nerve damage as a result of his injury. On July 26, 2017, Smith took part in practice in full pads for the first time since college, but received limited reps as the coaching staff was cautious as he became acclimated to playing in full pads. The Dallas Cowboys planned to use Smith as a backup and rotational player primarily on first and second down to avoid putting him in pass situations. The plan to use him for 25–30 snaps per game was eventually scrapped after they were forced to use him more than expected after starting middle linebacker Anthony Hitchens suffered a tibial plateau fracture in the last preseason game. Head coach Jason Garrett named Smith the starting middle linebacker to begin the regular season, alongside outside linebackers Sean Lee and Damien Wilson.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: He made his professional regular season debut and first career start in the Dallas Cowboys’ season-opener against the New York Giants and recorded seven combined tackles and forced a fumble during their 19–3 victory. In Week 4, he collected a season-high ten combined tackles (seven solo) during a 35–30 loss to the Los Angeles Rams. Smith remained as the starting middle linebacker in Weeks 4 and 5 after Anthony Hitchens was moved to outside linebacker to fill in for an injured Sean Lee. In Week 7, Smith was demoted to backup middle linebacker after Anthony Hitchens returned from injury. On October 22, 2017, Smith recorded three combined tackles and forced a fumble on his first career sack during the Cowboys’ 40–10 win at the San Francisco 49ers in Week 7. Smith made his first career sack on 49ers’ quarterback C. J. Beathard for a six-yard loss and also forced a fumble by Bethard that was recovered by teammate Tyrone Crawford in the third quarter. Smith finished his 2nd NFL season in 2017 with 81 combined tackles (50 solo), two pass deflections, two forced fumbles, and one sack in 16 games and six starts.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: Smith entered training camp slated as the starting middle linebacker after Anthony Hitchens departed for the Kansas City Chiefs during free agency. Head coach Jason Garrett named Smith the starting middle linebacker to start the regular season, ahead of rookie first round pick Leighton Vander Esch. He began the season alongside outside linebackers Sean Lee and Damien Wilson. On October 7, 2018, Smith collected 12 combined tackles (six solo), broke up a pass, and made a sack during a 19–16 loss at the Houston Texans in Week 5.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: On August 20, 2019, Smith signed a five-year, $64 million contract extension with the Cowboys with $35.5 million guaranteed, keeping him under contract through the 2024 season.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: Smith was also elected as a first time team captain for the 2019 Dallas Cowboys season. In week 9 against the New York Giants on Monday Night Football, Smith recorded a team high 12 tackles and half a sack on Daniel Jones in the 37–18 win.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: In week 10 against the Minnesota Vikings on Sunday Night Football, Smith recorded a team high 13 tackles in the 28–24 loss.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: In week 17 against the Washington Redskins, Smith recorded a team high 8 tackles and intercepted a pass thrown by Case Keenum during the 47–16 win. This was Smith's first career interception in the NFL.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: In Week 2 against the Atlanta Falcons, Smith led the team with 13 tackles during the 40–39 come from behind win.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: In Week 11 against the Minnesota Vikings, Smith recorded his first full sack of the season on Kirk Cousins during the 31–28 win.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: In Week 12 against the Washington Football Team on Thanksgiving, Smith recorded his first interception off a pass thrown by Alex Smith and made a 43-yard return during the 41–16 loss.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: Earlier in the NFL offseason, he had wrist surgery in January. He also announced his decision to change his number from 54 to 9 from his college days, despite public backlash from some of the fan base, saying that the number belonged to former quarterback Tony Romo. It was reported in the media, that the change forced Smith to pay a mid-six figure sum, in order to buy back the existing inventory of jerseys and T-shirts with his old number.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: On October 5, 2021, the Cowboys released Smith after he declined to waive his 2022 injury guarantee contract clause, to protect the team from a possible payment of 9.2 million dollars. He also was passed on the depth chart by rookie Micah Parsons and veteran Keanu Neal. He appeared in 4 games with 2 starts during the season.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: He finished his Cowboys career with 68 games, 516 tackles (20 for loss), 9 sacks, 2 interceptions, 6 forced fumbles and 5 fumble recoveries (including one returned for a touchdown).


title: Jaylon Smith

text: On October 7, 2021, Smith signed with the Green Bay Packers. On November 2, 2021, Smith was released. He appeared in two games, tallying one tackle in 27 defensive snaps.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: On December 17, 2021, Smith signed with the New York Giants practice squad. On December 18, 2021, Smith was activated from the practice squad as a COVID-19 replacement for the game against the Dallas Cowboys. On December 20, 2021, Smith was promoted to the active roster.


title: Jaylon Smith

text: On September 20, 2022, Smith re-signed with the New York Giants to their practice squad. On October 1, 2022, he was promoted to the active roster.


title: June Whitfield

text: Dame June Rosemary Whitfield (11 November 1925 – 29 December 2018) was an English radio, television, and film actress.


title: June Whitfield

text: Her big break was a lead in the radio comedy "Take It from Here", which aired on the BBC Light Programme in 1953. Television roles soon followed, including appearances with Tony Hancock throughout his television career. In 1966, Whitfield played the leading role in the television sitcom "Beggar My Neighbour", which ran for three series. She also appeared in four "Carry On" films: "Carry On Nurse" (1959), "Carry On Abroad" (1972), "Carry On Girls" (1973), and "Carry On Columbus" (1992).


title: June Whitfield

text: In 1968, Whitfield and Terry Scott began a long television partnership, which peaked with roles as husband and wife in "Happy Ever After" (1974–1979) and "Terry and June" (1979–1987). From 1992 to 2012, Whitfield played Edina Monsoon's mother in Jennifer Saunders' "Absolutely Fabulous". She played a regular character in "Last of the Summer Wine" (2005–2010) and a recurring character in "The Green Green Grass" (2007–2009).


title: June Whitfield

text: From 1993 to 2001, Whitfield played Miss Marple in the radio dramatisation of all twelve of Agatha Christie's Miss Marple novels on BBC Radio 4.


title: June Whitfield

text: June Rosemary Whitfield was born at 44 Mount Ephraim Lane in Streatham, London, in 1925, to John Herbert Whitfield and his wife Bertha Georgina née Flett. Her father was the managing director of a company called Dictograph Telephones that had been founded by his father in Yorkshire, and both of her parents were keen amateur actors. She made her first stage appearance, aged three, after her mother enrolled her at Robinson's Dance Studio. Whitfield attended Streatham Hill High School, before being evacuated during the Second World War to Bognor Regis, where she attended St Michael's School, and then to Penzance in Cornwall. She moved with her parents to Huddersfield, where she learned shorthand and typing. She continued to study secretarial skills at Pitman's College, Brixton Hill. In 1944, Whitfield graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art with a diploma.


title: June Whitfield

text: Whitfield began her career in the 1940s working with Wilfred Pickles, and worked on stage in the West End and the regions.


title: June Whitfield

text: In 1951, she had her first credited television role in "The Passing Show" and joined the London cast of the musical "South Pacific".


title: June Whitfield

text: Her big break came in 1953 when she replaced Joy Nichols in the successful Frank Muir and Denis Norden radio comedy "Take It from Here", co-starring Jimmy Edwards and Dick Bentley. In the portion of the show known as "The Glums" she played Eth, fiancée of the dim Ron Glum (played by Bentley). During the next fifteen years Whitfield had many supporting roles on television, including in "Dixon of Dock Green", "Arthur's Treasured Volumes", "The Arthur Askey Show", "Faces of Jim", "The Benny Hill Show", "Steptoe and Son" and "Frankie Howerd". She played the nurse in the opening scene of "The Blood Donor" ("Hancock", 1961). June's daughter Suzy Aitchison would play the same role in the 2009 re-recording with Paul Merton portraying Tony Hancock.


title: June Whitfield

text: In 1959, she appeared in "Carry On Nurse", the first of her four appearances in the "Carry On" film series.


title: June Whitfield

text: Whitfield gained her first starring role in the sitcom "Beggar My Neighbour" (1966), playing Rose Garvey. The year after "Beggar My Neighbour" finished in 1968, she appeared on "Scott On..." for six years until 1974. This started a working relationship with Terry Scott that lasted until 1987. During "Scott On..." she also appeared in "The Best Things in Life", "The Goodies", "The Dick Emery Show", "Bless This House" and "The Pallisers". She appeared in the spin-off film of "Bless This House" (1972), with Scott as her husband, and "Carry On Abroad" (also 1972), followed by an appearance in "Carry On Girls" (1973).


title: June Whitfield

text: Whitfield starred alongside Scott in a "Comedy Playhouse" sitcom pilot called "Happy Ever After" (1974). A few months later the first full series was broadcast, with a further four series until 1979. Later that year, they appeared together in the first series of "Terry and June". The two sitcoms were very similar, the only main differences being a change of surname (from Fletcher to Medford), and a different house and family. Both had Scott and Whitfield as a suburban middle-class married couple. "Terry and June" ran for 65 episodes until 1987. Five years later, in 1992, Julian Clary created "Terry and Julian", a Channel 4 sitcom which spoofed the title of "Terry and June"; Whitfield made an appearance in one episode. During the eight-year run of "Terry and June", Whitfield also appeared in "It Ain't Half Hot Mum" and "Minder".


title: June Whitfield

text: In the 1970s and early 1980s, Whitfield appeared in a series of television advertisements, created for Birds Eye by advertising art director Vernon Howe, and featuring the concluding voice-over line: "it can make a dishonest woman of you!"


title: June Whitfield

text: In 1971, Whitfield and Frankie Howerd recorded a novelty comic version of the song "Je t'aime", previously recorded by Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg, in which she featured as "Mavis".


title: June Whitfield

text: She was the subject of "This Is Your Life" on two occasions: in April 1976, when she was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at her home in Wimbledon; and in March 1995, when Michael Aspel surprised her at BBC Television Centre.


title: June Whitfield

text: During the 1980s, Whitfield returned to radio comedy. From 1984, she could be heard with Roy Hudd on the satire programme "The News Huddlines", which finished in 2001. On it she often used impersonations and was known for her impression of the then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. During the 1980s and 1990s, she made several stage appearances, including in a revival of "An Ideal Husband" and the pantomime "Babes in the Wood". In 1985, she sang a duet with Ian Charleson of the Irving Berlin song "You're Just in Love" in "A Royal Night of One Hundred Stars".


title: June Whitfield

text: Having appeared in an episode of "French and Saunders" in 1988, Whitfield played Mother in Jennifer Saunders' sitcom "Absolutely Fabulous" from 1992 until 2012. In 2000, she featured with the rest of the "Absolutely Fabulous" cast in the pilot "Mirrorball". From 1993 to 2001, she played Miss Marple in 12 radio adaptations of Agatha Christie's Miss Marple books. From 1990, she appeared in films including "Carry On Columbus" (1992), "Jude" (1996) and "Faeries" (1999, as the voice of Mrs Coombs). In 1998, Whitfield played the housekeeper in the London-set episode of "Friends" "The One with Ross's Wedding, Part Two" and voiced a character in an episode of the animated comedy series "Rex the Runt".


title: June Whitfield

text: Her autobiography "And June Whitfield", written with the help of Christopher Douglas, appeared in 2000. She appeared in "The Royal", followed by appearances in "Midsomer Murders", "Agatha Christie's Marple", "New Tricks" and "Last of the Summer Wine", which she joined in 2005. She had an episode of "The South Bank Show" devoted to her on 29 July 2007 and, in the same year, appeared in the English National Opera's production of "On the Town" in London's West End. In November 2007, she appeared in the "Only Fools and Horses" spin-off "The Green Green Grass" as the mother of Marlene, and in 2008 she appeared in an episode of ITV medical drama "Harley Street". In 2009, she made a guest appearance in "Kingdom" and published an updated autobiography, "At a Glance ... An Absolutely Fabulous Life", a collection of scrapbook pictures from her life and career.


title: June Whitfield

text: Whitfield appeared in the "Doctor Who" two-part episode, "The End of Time", that aired over Christmas 2009New Year 2010. On 29 December 2009, she was the subject of an entire evening's tribute programming on BBC Two.


title: June Whitfield

text: In 2010, Whitfield was signed for a short appearance on ITV soap opera "Coronation Street". Her character, May, appeared at the funeral of Blanche Hunt and explained to Blanche's daughter, Deirdre, how her mother had died. In 2011, she played Margaret Rutherford in the BBC Radio 4 play "A Monstrous Vitality", a radio adaption by Andy Merriman of his biography of Rutherford, "A Dreadnought with Good Manners". She reprised her role of Mother in two episodes of "Absolutely Fabulous" at Christmas 2011New Year 2012, and for an Olympic special on 23 July 2012. In 2013, Whitfield became the inaugural recipient of the Aardman Slapstick Comedy Legend Award, a recognition of her lifetime's contribution to the world of comedy. In 2014, she made a second appearance in "Midsomer Murders", and appeared in "Jonathan Creek" and "Boomers". In 2015, she played Granny Wallon in a BBC One adaptation of Laurie Lee's classic novel "Cider with Rosie".


title: June Whitfield

text: In May 2015, Whitfield made a guest appearance in the BBC soap "EastEnders" as a nun called Sister Ruth and returned to the show in January 2016 to complete a storyline. In October 2015, it was confirmed that she would reprise her role of Mother in "" which was released in July 2016. She made a guest appearance as God in the Sky 1 series "You, Me and the Apocalypse", which was broadcast in November 2015.


title: June Whitfield

text: Whitfield was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1985 Birthday Honours, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1998 Birthday Honours, and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to drama and entertainment.


title: June Whitfield

text: In 1955, she married Timothy John Aitchison, who was working as a surveyor. The couple had a daughter, Suzy Aitchison, who became an actress. Timothy Aitchison died in 2001.


title: June Whitfield

text: Despite her success, Whitfield never wanted a lead role, stating that she lacked the drive and confidence. She attributed the premature deaths of several comedians to "the responsibility, the stress and strain" of carrying their shows. In her autobiography, she described her own life as "full of love, affection and laughter, of gigs, gags and a couple of gongs".


title: June Whitfield

text: In December 2017, Whitfield said that she was living in a care home. She died in London on 29 December 2018, aged 93. Her funeral was held at All Hallows Church in Tillington, near Petworth in West Sussex, on 18 January 2019, attended by many of her co-stars and personal friends.


title: June Whitfield

text: Fellow "Absolutely Fabulous" actress Jennifer Saunders paid tribute to the "extraordinary grace" of Whitfield and said she would "hugely" miss her "dear friend". Julia Sawalha described her as a "great source of inspiration". Actress Jane Horrocks said her former co-star was a "wonderful lady", who was "versatile, funny and generous".


title: June Whitfield

text: Whitfield played Miss Marple in 12 BBC Radio 4 adaptations of novels by Agatha Christie. She reprised the role in 2015, starring in three adaptations of Miss Marple short stories (Tape-Measure Murder, The Case of the Perfect Maid, and Sanctuary).


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: The Bangladesh–India border, known locally as the International Border (IB), is an international border running between Bangladesh and India that demarcates the eight divisions of Bangladesh and the Indian states.


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: Bangladesh and India share a international border, the fifth-longest land border in the world, including in Assam, in Tripura, in Mizoram, in Meghalaya, and in West Bengal. The Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet, and Chittagong are situated along the border. A number of pillars mark the border between the two states. Small demarcated portions of the border are fenced on both sides.


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: The Radcliffe Line was published on 17 August 1947 as a boundary demarcation line between India and Pakistan upon the partition of India. In the early years, Bangladesh was also known as East Pakistan. It was named after its architect, Sir Cyril Radcliffe, who, as chairman of the Border Commissions, was charged with equitably dividing of territory with 88 million people.


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: The border is used as a route for smuggling livestock, food items, medicines, and drugs from India to Bangladesh. Moreover, illegal immigrants from Bangladesh cross the border to India. Because of a large number of illegal immigrants crossing from Bangladesh into India, a controversial shoot-on-sight policy has been enforced by the Indian border patrols. This policy was initiated with reports of violence between the illegal migrants and Indian soldiers. The border has also witnessed occasional skirmishes between the Indian Border Security Force (BSF) and the Border Guards Bangladesh (BGB), most notably in 2001.


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: In July 2009, Channel 4 News reported that hundreds of Indians and Bangladeshis were killed by the BSF along the Indo-Bangladeshi border fence during its construction. The BSF state that the fence's main purpose is to check illegal immigration and to prevent cross-border terrorism. In 2010, Human Rights Watch (HRW) issued an 81-page report which documented a number abuses committed by the BSF. The report was compiled from the interviews of abuse victims, witnesses, members of the BSF, and its Bangladeshi counterpart, the BGB. The report stated that over 900 Bangladeshi citizens were killed during the first decade of the 21st century, many of whom crossed the border for cattle rustling or other smuggling activities. However, the report also noted that some were killed due to "indiscriminate firing from across the border". The HRW called for a joint independent investigation to be conducted by both governments.


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: The Bangladeshi government has often accused the BSF of incursions into Bangladeshi territory, and indiscriminate shooting of civilians along the India–Bangladesh border. In a news conference in August 2008, Indian BSF officials admitted that they killed 59 illegals (34 Bangladeshis, 21 Indians, 4 unidentified) who were trying to cross the border during the prior six months. Bangladeshi media accused the BSF of abducting 5 Bangladeshi children, aged between 8 and 15, from the Haripur Upazila in Thakurgaon District of Bangladesh, in 2010. The children were setting fishing nets near the border. In 2010, Human Rights Watch accused the Border Security Force of the indiscriminate killings. On 7 January 2011, BSF forces killed 15-year-old Felani Khatun after she became tangled while climbing the border fence during a return trip to Bangladesh. Her body was left hanging from the fence where it was photographed, drawing widespread outrage.


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: In 2019, Bangladesh border guards shot at BSF personnel. They claimed self defence. One BSF officer was killed.


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: There were nearly 200 enclaves and counter-enclaves that existed on both sides of the border up until 2015. The enclaves or "chitmahals" () that ran along the border between the two nations were a longstanding feature of the region. The enclaves were reputedly part of a high-stakes card game or chess games centuries ago between two regional kings, the Raja of Cooch Behar and the Maharaja of Rangpur, and the result of the confused outcome of a treaty between the Kingdom of Koch Bihar and the Mughal Empire. After the partition of India in 1947, Cooch Behar district merged with India and Rangpur went to then-East Pakistan, which became Bangladesh in 1971.


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: The prime ministers of India and Bangladesh signed a Land Boundary Agreement in 1974 to exchange all enclaves and simplify the international border. In 1974 Bangladesh approved the proposed Land Boundary Agreement, but India did not ratify it. In 2011 the two countries again agreed to exchange enclaves and adverse possessions. A revised version of the agreement was finally adopted by the two countries when the Parliament of India passed the 119th Amendment to the Indian Constitution on 7 May 2015.


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: Inside the main part of Bangladesh, there were 111 Indian enclaves (17,160.63 acres), while inside the main part of India, there were 51 Bangladeshi enclaves (7,110.02 acres). Under the Land Boundary Agreement, the enclave residents could continue to reside at their present location or move to the country of their choice. The adverse possession of Boraibari went to Bangladesh. The undemarcated borders between the nations were also finally solved with respect to Daikhata-Dumabari, Muhurichar (an island in the Muhuri River), and Pyrdiwah.


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: India and Bangladesh, with different perceptions of their maritime boundaries and exclusive economic zone, engaged in eight rounds of bilateral negotiations since 1974, which remained inconclusive until 2009 when both agreed to undergo arbitration under the UNCLOS. On 7 July 2014, Arbitration Tribunal resolved the dispute in Bangladesh's favor, which was amicably accepted by both sides, thus ending the dispute. Dispute also included South Talpatti (also called "New Moore"), a small uninhabited offshore sandbar that emerged as an Island in the aftermath of the Bhola cyclone in 1970, and disappeared around March 2010.


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: Designated Integrated Check Posts (ICP, with both customs and immigration facilities) and Land Customs Stations (LCS) are:


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: Transport between India and Bangladesh bears much historical and political significance for both countries, which possessed no ground transport links for 43 years, starting with the partition of Bengal and India in 1947. After the establishment of Bangladesh following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, bilateral relations improved considerably, but the two governments moved slowly on implementing a 1980 agreement on improving transport links.


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: The Kolkata–Dhaka Bus started in 1999. In 2001, another bus service was launched to connect Dhaka with Agartala, the capital of the Indian state of Tripura, the second-largest city of Northeast India that borders Bangladesh in the east. In 2015 June direct bus service from Kolkata to Agartala via, Petrapole, Dhaka, Akhoura began. The service is operated by West Bengal surface transport corporation.


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: Before partition India and Bangladesh had multiple rail links. In the 21st century, the countries are only connected by rail links on the Western Bangladeshi border, although there are plans to rebuild some of the other rail links. 2 scheduled passenger trains run between Kolkata and Bangladesh as the Maitree Express and the Bandhan Express. One train Mitali Express runs between and of North Bengal.


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: Out of , which is the total length of International Border with Bangladesh, the Government of India initially sanctioned of fencing along Indo-Bangladesh border. By November 2007, of fencing was completed and the project was likely to completed by 2008-09. By October 2009, about of fencing was completed and the deadline for project completion was revised to March 2010. By March 2011, of fencing was completed and the deadline was further revised to March 2012.


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: As per the press release from the Government of India, the sanctioned length of the fence along Indo-Bangladesh Border was while was completed by February 2018. By July 2019, of fencing was completed. And by August 2021, of fencing was completed. Fencing along remaining feasible stretches is yet to completed.


title: Bangladesh–India border

text: Border Security Force (BSF) is India's border guarding organisation on its border with Pakistan and Bangladesh. Border Guards Bangladesh (BGB), formerly known as the Bangladesh Rifles (BDR), is a paramilitary force responsible for the security of Bangladesh's long border with India and Myanmar.


title: Currie Graham

text: Currie Graham (born February 26, 1967) is a Canadian stage, film and television actor. While primarily recognized as a TV actor, he has numerous film credits, including the action thrillers "Rancid" (2004) and "Assault on Precinct 13" (2005).


title: Currie Graham

text: Graham grew up in Ontario, Canada. Currie is his mother's maiden name. He attended Algonquin Public School and Maynard Public School. His family relocated from Algonquin, Ontario to Cardinal, Ontario. He attended South Grenville District High School in Prescott, Ontario. He studied acting at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City.


title: Currie Graham

text: Currie may be best known for playing Lt. Thomas Bale, the micromanaging detective squad commander in the final season of the TV program "NYPD Blue", having earlier made an appearance in season 4 playing a small-time criminal. His other regular starring TV appearances include the final season of the TV program "Suddenly Susan" as the male lead/romantic interest Nate Knaborski.


title: Currie Graham

text: Graham has established a career in television via multiple guest-starring roles, including recurring roles in "House" as the husband of Dr. House's ex-girlfriend Stacy (Sela Ward), "The Mentalist" as Walter Mashburn, "Weeds" as Vince, "24" as Ted Cofell, "Boston Legal" as ADA Frank Ginsberg, "Desperate Housewives" as Lynette Scavo's boss, Ed Ferrara, "Criminal Minds" as Viper, in the episode titled "52 Pickup" and in "Men in Trees" as Supervisor Richard Ellis, the romantic interest of local chief of police Celia Bachelor. Other guest appearances include "Over There" (Season 1, Episode 10) as Corporal Shaver, and roles on the TV programs "Judging Amy", Patrick Lehane on the TV Mini-Series "Would Be Kings" and "". Graham also appeared in one episode of "ER".


title: Currie Graham

text: At the 19th Gemini Awards in 2004, Graham received a nomination for Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Supporting Role for his portrayal of Constable Robert Cross in the 2003 TV film "Cowboys and Indians: The J.J. Harper Story".


title: Currie Graham

text: In 2008, he appeared as IOA agent James Marrick in the direct-to-DVD film "", a film conclusion of the Stargate SG-1 television franchise. He previously starred as Nick Balco in the TNT series "Raising the Bar". Previously, he has appeared in the pilot episode of "Brimstone" as Det. William Kane, in the Season 4 premiere of "Private Practice" alongside French Stewart, and had a recurring role in "Dallas".


title: Currie Graham

text: Currie has appeared in a handful of films. His credits include minor roles in "Hitchcock" (2012) and the 2012 remake of "Total Recall", as well as a supporting role in "Pompeii" (2014).


title: Currie Graham

text: In 2015, he appeared as Mike Sherman in an episode of "Mad Men". In 2016, he appeared as Calvin Chadwick in season two of "Marvel's Agent Carter". In 2016, he joined the cast of the HBO series "Westworld". He also appeared in "" as the prosecutor in Captain McVay's court martial. In 2018, he had a recurring role as Ben McRee, a longtime friend of the titular character in "The Rookie". In 2022 he had a recurring role in the Amazon Prime Video series "Reacher" as the villain Kliner Sr.


title: Samson Option

text: The Samson Option (, "b'rerat shimshon") is the name that some military analysts and authors have given to Israel's deterrence strategy of massive retaliation with nuclear weapons as a "last resort" against the country whose military has invaded and/or destroyed much of Israel. Commentators also have employed the term to refer to situations where non-nuclear, non-Israeli actors have threatened conventional weapons retaliation, such as Yasser Arafat.


title: Samson Option

text: The name is a reference to the biblical Israelite judge Samson who pushed apart the pillars of a Philistine temple, bringing down the roof and killing himself and thousands of Philistines who had captured him, crying out "Let me die with the Philistines!" ("Judges 16:30").


title: Samson Option

text: Israel refuses to confirm or deny it has nuclear weapons or to describe how it would use them, an official policy of nuclear ambiguity, also known as "nuclear opacity." This has made it difficult for anyone outside the Israeli government to describe the country's true nuclear policy definitively, while still allowing Israel to influence the perceptions, strategies and actions of other governments. However, over the years, some Israeli leaders have publicly acknowledged their country's nuclear capability: Ephraim Katzir in 1974, Moshe Dayan in 1981, Shimon Peres in 1998, and Ehud Olmert in 2006.


title: Samson Option

text: During his 2006 confirmation hearings before the United States Senate regarding his appointment as George W. Bush's Secretary of Defense, Robert Gates admitted that Israel had nuclear weapons, and two years later, in 2008, former US president Jimmy Carter stated the number of nuclear weapons held by Israel to be "150 or more".


title: Samson Option

text: In his 2008 book "The Culture of War", Martin van Creveld, a professor of military history at Israel's Hebrew University, wrote that since Gates admitted that Israel had nuclear weapons, any talk of Israel's nuclear weapons in Israel can lead to "arrest, trial, and imprisonment." Thus Israeli commentators talk in euphemisms such as "doomsday weapons" and the Samson Option.


title: Samson Option

text: Nevertheless, as early as 1976, the CIA believed that Israel possessed 10 to 20 nuclear weapons. By 2002, it was estimated that the number had increased to between 75 and 200 thermonuclear weapons, each in the multiple-megaton range. Kenneth S. Brower has estimated as many as 400 nuclear weapons. These can be launched from land, sea and air. This gives Israel a second strike option even if much of the country is destroyed.


title: Samson Option

text: In 1991, American investigative journalist and Pulitzer Prize winning political writer Seymour Hersh authored the book "Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal & American Foreign Policy". In the preface of the book he writes: "This is a book about how Israel became a nuclear power in secret. It also tells how that secret was shared, sanctioned, and, at times, willfully ignored by the top political and military officials of the United States since the Eisenhower years."


title: Samson Option

text: Although nuclear weapons were viewed as the ultimate guarantor of Israeli security, as early as the 1960s, the country avoided building its military around them, instead pursuing absolute conventional superiority so as to forestall a last resort nuclear engagement. The original conception of the Samson Option was only as deterrence. According to United States journalist Seymour Hersh and Israeli historian Avner Cohen, Israeli leaders like David Ben-Gurion, Shimon Peres, Levi Eshkol and Moshe Dayan coined the phrase in the mid-1960s. They named it after the biblical figure Samson, who pushed apart the pillars of a Philistine temple, bringing down the roof and killing himself and thousands of Philistines who had captured him, mutilated him, and gathered to see him further humiliated in chains as retribution for his massacres of their people. They contrasted it with ancient siege of Masada where 936 Jewish Sicarii committed mass suicide rather than be defeated and enslaved by the Romans.


title: Samson Option

text: In what they called the "Last Secret of the Six-Day War" the "New York Times" reported that in the days before the 1967 Six-Day War Israel planned to insert a team of paratroopers by helicopter into the Sinai. Their mission was to set up and remote detonate a nuclear bomb on a mountaintop as a warning to belligerent surrounding states. The greatly outnumbered Jewish state in a surprising turn of events effectively eliminated the Egyptian Air Force and occupied the Sinai winning the war before the test could even be set up. Retired Israeli brigadier general Itzhak Yaakov referred to this operation as the Israeli Samson Option.


title: Samson Option

text: In the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Arab forces were overwhelming Israeli forces and Prime Minister Golda Meir authorized a nuclear alert and ordered 13 atomic bombs be readied for use by missiles and aircraft. The Israeli Ambassador warned President Nixon of "very serious conclusions" if the United States did not airlift supplies. Nixon complied. This is seen by some commentators on the subject as the first threat of the use of the Samson Option.


title: Samson Option

text: Seymour Hersh writes that the "surprising victory of Menachem Begin's Likud Party in the May 1977 national elections ... brought to power a government that was even more committed than Labor to the Samson Option and the necessity of an Israeli nuclear arsenal."


title: Samson Option

text: Louis René Beres, a professor of political science at Purdue University, chaired Project Daniel, a group advising Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. He argues in the Final Report of Project Daniel and elsewhere that the effective deterrence of the Samson Option would be increased by ending the policy of nuclear ambiguity. In a 2004 article he recommends Israel use the Samson Option threat to "support conventional preemptions" against enemy nuclear and non-nuclear assets because "without such weapons, Israel, having to rely entirely upon non-nuclear forces, might not be able to deter enemy retaliations for the Israeli preemptive strike."


title: Samson Option

text: Israeli reporter Ari Shavit writes of Israel's nuclear strategy: "Concerning anything and everything nuclear, Israel would be much, much more cautious than the United States and NATO. Concerning anything and everything nuclear, Israel would be the responsible adult of the international community. It would well understand the formidable nature of the demon and keep it locked in the basement".


title: Samson Option

text: Some have written about the "Samson Option" as a retaliation strategy. In 2002, the "Los Angeles Times" published an opinion piece by Louisiana State University professor David Perlmutter which the American Jewish author Ron Rosenbaum writes "goes so far as to justify" a Samson Option approach:


title: Samson Option

text: Rosenbaum writes in his 2012 book "How the End Begins: The Road to a Nuclear World War III" that, in his opinion, in the "aftermath of a second Holocaust", Israel could "bring down the pillars of the world (attack Moscow and European capitals for instance)" as well as the "holy places of Islam." He writes that "abandonment of proportionality is the essence" of the Samson Option.


title: Samson Option

text: In 2003, a military historian, Martin van Creveld, thought that the Al-Aqsa Intifada then in progress threatened Israel's existence. Van Creveld was quoted in David Hirst's "The Gun and the Olive Branch" (2003) as saying:


title: Samson Option

text: However, according to Brig. Gen. Yitzhak Yaakov, who was the mastermind behind the "Samson Option", it was unlikely Israel could have even targeted Europe, as Israel did not yet have other measures like bombs or missiles to carry the nuclear payload.


title: Samson Option

text: In 2012, in response to Günter Grass's poem "Was gesagt werden muss" ("What Must Be Said") which criticized Israel's nuclear weapons program, Israeli poet and Holocaust survivor Itamar Yaoz-Kest published a poem entitled "The Right to Exist: a Poem-Letter to the German Author" which addresses Grass by name. It contains the line: "If you force us yet again to descend from the face of the Earth to the depths of the Earth — let the Earth roll toward the Nothingness." "Jerusalem Post" journalist Gil Ronen saw this poem as referring to the Samson Option, which he described as the strategy of using Israel's nuclear weapons, "taking out Israel's enemies with it, possibly causing irreparable damage to the entire world."


title: Bhrigu

text: Bhrigu (, ) was a rishi in Hinduism. He was one of the seven great sages, the Saptarshis, one of the many Prajapatis (the facilitators of Creation) created by Brahma. The first compiler of predictive astrology, and also the author of "Bhrigu Samhita", the astrological (Jyotish) classic, Bhrigu is considered a "Manasa Putra" ("mind-born-son") of Brahma. The adjectival form of the name, "Bhargava", is used to refer to the descendants and the school of Bhrigu. According to "Manusmriti", Bhrigu was a compatriot of and lived during the time of Manu, the Hindu progenitor of humanity. Bhrigu had his Ashram (Hermitage) on the Vadhusar River, a tributary of the Drishadwati River near Dhosi Hill in the Vedic state of Brahmavarta, presently on the border of Haryana and Rajasthan in India. Along with Manu, Bhrigu had made important contributions to "Manusmriti", which was constituted out of a sermon to a congregation of saints in the state of Brahmavarta, after the great floods in this area.


title: Bhrigu

text: As per "Skanda Purana", Bhrigu migrated to Bhrigukutch, modern Bharuch on the banks of the Narmada river in Gujarat, leaving his son Chyavana at Dhosi Hill.


title: Bhrigu

text: He was married to Khyati, one of the nine daughters of sage Kardama. She is more popularly known as the Daughter of Prajapati Daksha.


title: Bhrigu

text: She was the mother of Devi Lakshmi as Bhargavi. They also had two sons named Dhata and Vidhata. He had one more son with Kavyamata (Usana), who is better known than Bhrigu himself – Shukra, learned sage and guru of the asuras. The sage Chyavana is also said to be his son with Puloma, as is the folk hero Mrikanda. [Maha:1.5] One of his descendants was sage Jamadagni, who in turn was the father of sage Parashurama, considered an avatar of Vishnu.


title: Bhrigu

text: Bhrigu is mentioned in "Shiva Purana" and "Vayu Purana", where he is shown present during the great "yajna" of Daksha Prajapati (his father-in-law). He supports the continuation of the Daksha yajna even after being warned that without an offering for Shiva, it was asking for a catastrophe for everyone present there. In Tattiriya Upanishad, he had a conversation with his father Varuni on Brahman.


title: Bhrigu

text: In the "Bhagavad Gītā", Krishna says that among sages, Bhrigu is representative of the opulence of God.


title: Bhrigu

text: Many great sages gathered at the bank of the river Sarasvati to participate in Maha Yagya. All the great saints and sages could not decide that out of the trinity of gods, Vishnu, Brahma, and Shiva who was pre-eminent and to whom they should offer the Pradhanta (Master) of that Yagya. With the consent of all the great saints presents there, it was decided that Bhrigu would test and decide who was pre-eminent.


title: Bhrigu

text: Upon being entrusted with the task, Maharishi Bhrigu decided to test each of the Trimurti. He first visited Brahma, who was reciting the Vedas and spending time with his consort, Saraswati, and, therefore, ignored the arrival of Bhrigu. Bhrigu got angry and started to insult his father. Brahma also got angry and, in fear, Bhrigu left for Kailash (home of Shiva). Lord Shiva meanwhile was also talking with Parvati. Shiva was infuriated, but was calmed by his consort, Parvati. The sage then ran to Vaikuntha.


title: Bhrigu

text: Now, the only remaining deva was Vishnu, and, to make things even worse, Vishnu wasn't able to see Bhrigu, because he was asleep on his Sheshanaga. Bhrigu kicked Vishnu on the chest to wake him up, as he was enraged by the fact that Vishnu was constantly asleep on the Shesha. Vishnu woke up, greeted Bhrigu, and starting massaging his feet, asking him if he had hurt his feet in kicking his chest. In the process, Vishnu destroyed the third eye of Bhrigu that was on his feet, symbolizing his ignorance and ego, and, as soon as it was destroyed, he grew aware of his egotistical outbursts with extreme pain. He begged forgiveness of Vishnu, who readily forgave him. He then declared Vishnu the greatest among the Trimurti, the triumvirate of gods. Vishnu's consort Lakshmi grew angry at Vishnu because the chest was considered as Lakshmi's place ("vakshasthala") and fled Vishnu to be born on earth as Bhargavi.


title: Bhrigu

text: A similar story is found in the story of Tirupati. But this time Bhrigu curses Brahma to not be worshipped, Shiva to be worshipped as the lingam, and an angered Lakshmi, cursing the Brahmins, to achieve wealth only by hard work.


title: Bhrigu

text: Bhrigu's Ashram 'Deepotsaka' was located at the base of Dhosi Hill in present-day village Dhosi on the border of Narnaul district in Haryana and Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan, from where he migrated to Bharuch. His son Chyavana, known for Chyavanprash also had his Ashram at Dhosi Hill. Bhrigu is also worshipped at Bharuch, Swamimalai, Tirumala, Ballia, Nanguneri, Thiruneermalai, Mannargudi.


title: Bhrigu

text: An Ashram for Bhrigu is in Maruderi, Kanchipuram district in Tamil Nadu. Khedbrahma in Gujarat is associated with Brahma and Bhrigu's legend of testing Trinity. Lastly, Bhrigu migrated to Bhuinj Satara, Maharashtra where he took Samadhi. His ashram and his daughter's Laxmi's temple also situated there. His sons Chyavan's ashram and samadhi are also situated on Chyavaneshwar hill near Bhuinj.


title: Bhrigu

text: In Taittriya Upanishad first six anuvakas of Bhrigu Valli are called "Bhargavi Varuni Vidya", which means "the knowledge Bhrigu got from (his father) Varuni". It is in these anuvakas that sage Varuni advises Bhrigu with one of the oft-cited definition of Brahman, as "that from which beings originate, through which they live, and in which they re-enter after death, explore that because that is Brahman". This thematic, all encompassing, eternal nature of reality and existence develops as the basis for Bhrigu's emphasis on introspection and inwardization, to help peel off the outer husks of knowledge, in order to reach and realize the innermost kernel of spiritual Self-knowledge.


title: Bhrigu

text: Bhrigu decided to write his famous books of astrology, the "Bhrigu Samhita". Maharishi Bhrigu collected birth charts, wrote full-life predictions and compiled them together as "Bhrigu Samhita". "Bhrigu Samhita" is believed to be one of the first book of its kind in the field of astrology.


title: Poliosis

text: Poliosis (also called poliosis circumscripta), is the decrease or absence of melanin (or colour) in head hair, eyebrows, eyelashes or any other hairy area. It is popularly known as white forelock when it affects hair directly above the forehead.


title: Poliosis

text: This condition can cause single or, less commonly, multiple white patches on the hair. Some mistake these white patches for simple birth marks. In poliosis there is decreased or absent melanin in the hair bulbs of affected hair follicles; the melanocytes of the skin are usually not affected.


title: Poliosis

text: Poliosis occurs in several genetic syndromes such as piebaldism, Waardenburg syndrome, neurofibromatosis type I, and tuberous sclerosis. It can also occur in conditions such as vitiligo, Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease, alopecia areata, sarcoidosis, and in association with neoplasms and some medications.


title: Poliosis

text: It is sometimes called a Mallen streak, after a fictional family with hereditary poliosis. The Mallen family featured in a sequence of novels by Catherine Cookson, of which "The Mallen Streak" was the first. She later adapted them into a TV series called "The Mallens".


title: Poliosis

text: During his tenure as the host of "Talk Soup", host John Henson repeatedly referred to his own poliosis as a "skunk spot".


title: Poliosis

text: In Marvel Comics, the X-Men member Rogue has a prominent Mallen streak which is a consistent visual trademark of the character. In her earliest appearances, the character was drawn with a closed-cropped hairdo which had two small white streaks originating above her temples and reaching back over her ears to the back of her head. Over time, she came to be drawn with a larger section of white hair at her forelock, although its size varies greatly from artist to artist. This visual aspect of Rogue's appearance has been consistently portrayed in every adaptation of the character, however, in the 2000 "X-Men" live action film, Rogue is shown to initially have all brown hair, developing the permanent white streak after being forced to absorb a significant amount of power from Magneto.


title: Poliosis

text: The characters Percy Jackson and Annabeth Chase each develop a white streak in their hair from the strain of holding up the sky in "The Titan's Curse", the third novel in the book series "Percy Jackson and the Olympians".


title: Poliosis

text: During his Christmas special, Jeff Dunham was doing a bit with Achmed the Dead Terrorist and mistakenly combined scoliosis with polio, making poliosis.


title: Nikolai Lukashenko

text: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Lukashenko (; ; born 31 August 2004) is the third son of Alexander Lukashenko, president of Belarus.


title: Nikolai Lukashenko

text: There has been no official commentary regarding the identity of Nikolai's mother. However, according to a widespread version, his mother is , a former personal physician of Alexander Lukashenko. Alexander Lukashenko remains formally married to his wife Galina Lukashenko, although the couple have not lived together or been seen together for the past three decades.


title: Nikolai Lukashenko

text: Nikolai has two half-brothers on his father Alexander's side and one (presumed) half-brother on his mother's side, Dzmitry Jauhienavicz Abielski. In a 2016 interview, Irina seemed to implicitly refer to Nikolai when asked whether she would like her "youngest son" to become a doctor as she comes from a family of doctors, her reply was that she would like him to "get a good education, choose an interesting profession, love his job, enjoy it and bring benefit and joy to others."


title: Nikolai Lukashenko

text: In 2011, Nikolai Lukashenko entered Ostroshitsko-Gorodok Secondary School. In 2020, he entered Belarusian State University Lyceum. Later in August 2020, Nikolai Lukashenko was reported to have withdrawn from the Lyceum, being transferred to a gymnasium in Moscow State University.