title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Charles Schuchert, in a paper called "Atlantis and the Permanency of the North Atlantic Ocean Bottom" (1917), discussed a lecture by Pierre-Marie Termier in which Termier suggested "that the entire region north of the Azores and perhaps the very region of the Azores, of which they may be only the visible ruins, was very recently submerged", reporting evidence that an area of 40,000 sq. mi and possibly as large as 200,000 sq. mi. had sunk 10,000 feet below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean. Schuchert's conclusion was: "(1) that the Azores are volcanic islands and are not the remnants of a more or less large continental mass, for they are not composed of rocks seen on the continents; (2) that the tachylytes dredged up from the Atlantic to the north of the Azores were in all probability formed where they are now, at the bottom of the ocean; and (3) that there are no known geologic data that prove or even help to prove the existence of Plato's Atlantis in historic times."


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: The Azores are steep-sided volcanic seamounts that drop rapidly 1000 meters (about 3300 feet) to a plateau. Cores taken from the plateau and other evidence shows that this area has been an undersea plateau for millions of years. Ancient indicators, i.e. relict beaches, marine deposits, and wave cut-terraces, of Pleistocene shorelines and sea level show that the Azores Islands have not subsided to any significant degree. Instead, they demonstrate that some of these islands have actually risen during the Late and Middle Pleistocene. This is evidenced by relict, Pleistocene wave-cut platforms and beach sediments that now lie well above current sea level. For example, they have been found on Flores Island at elevations of 15–20, 35–45, ~100, and ~250 meters above current sea level.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: The Canary Islands have been identified as remnants of Atlantis by numerous authors. For example, in 1803, Bory de Saint-Vincent in his "Essai sur les îles fortunées et l'antique Atlantide" proposed that the Canary Islands, along with the Madeira, and Azores, are what remained after Atlantis broke up. Many later authors, i.e. Lewis Spence in his "The Problem of Atlantis", also identified the Canary Islands as part of Atlantis left over from when it sank.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Detailed geomorphic and geologic studies of the Canary Islands clearly demonstrate that over the last 4 million years, they have been steadily uplifted, without any significant periods of subsidence, by geologic processes such as erosional unloading, gravitational unloading, lithospheric flexure induced by adjacent islands, and volcanic underplating. For example, Pliocene pillow lavas, which solidified underwater and now exposed on the northeast flanks of Gran Canaria, have been uplifted between 46 and 143 meters above sea level. Also, marine deposits associated with lavas dated as being 4.1 and 9.3 million years old in Gran Canaria, ca. 4.8 million years old in Fuerteventura, and ca. 9.8 million years old in Lanzarote demonstrate that the Canary Islands have for millions of years undergone long term uplift without any significant, much less catastrophic, subsidence. A series of raised, Pleistocene marine terraces, which become progressively older with increasing elevation, on Fuerteventura indicate that it has risen in elevation at about 1.7 cm per thousand years for the past one million years. The elevation of the marine terrace for the highstand of sea level for the last interglacial period shows that this island has experienced neither subsidence nor significant uplift for the past 125,000 years. Within the Cape Verde Islands, the detailed mapping and dating of 16 Pleistocene marine terraces and Pliocene marine conglomerate found that they have been uplifted throughout most of the Pleistocene and remained relatively stable without any significant subsidence since the last interglacial period. Finally, detailed studies of the sedimentary deposits surrounding the Canary Islands have demonstrated, except for a narrow rim around each island exposed during glacial lowstands of sea level, a complete lack of any evidence for the ocean floor surrounding the Canary Islands having ever been above water.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: According to Jorge Maria Ribero-Meneses, Atlantis was in northern Spain. He specifically argues that Atlantis is the underwater plateau, known internationally as "Le Danois Bank" and locally as "The Cachucho". It is located about 25 kilometers from the continental shelf and about 60 km off the coast of Asturias, and Lastres between Ribadesella. Its top is now 425 meters below the sea. It is 50 kilometers from east to west and 18 km from north to south. Ribero-Meneses hypothesized that is part of the continental margin that broke off at least 12000 years ago as the result of tectonic processes that occurred at the end of the last ice age. He argues that they created a tsunami with waves with heights of hundreds of meters and that the few survivors had to start virtually from scratch.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Detailed studies of the geology of the Le Danois Bank region have refuted the hypothesis proposed by Jorge Maria Ribero-Meneses that the Le Danois Bank was created by the collapse of the northern Cantabrian continental margin about 12,000 years ago. The Le Danois Bank represents part of the continental margin that have been uplifted by thrust faulting when the continental margin overrode oceanic crust during the Paleogene and Neogene periods. Along the northern edge of the Le Danois Bank, Precambrian granulite and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks have been thrust northward over Miocene and Oligocene marine sediments. The basin separating the Le Danois Bank from the Cantabrian continental margin to the south is a graben that simultaneously formed as a result of normal faulting associated with the thrust faulting. In addition, marine sediments that range in age from lower Pliocene to Pleistocene, cover large parts of Le Danois Bank, and fill the basin separating it from the Cantabrian continental margin demonstrate that this bank has been submerged beneath the Bay of Biscay for millions of years.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: In his book "Atlantis of the West: The Case For Britain's Drowned Megalithic Civilization" (2003), Paul Dunbavin argues that a large island once existed in the Irish Sea and that this island was Atlantis. He argues that this Neolithic civilization in Europe was partially drowned by rising sea levels caused by a comet impact that caused a pole shift and changed the earth's axis around 3100 BC. Such changes would be readily detectable to modern science, however, and Dunbavin's claims are considered pseudo-scientific at best within the scientific community.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: William Comyns Beaumont believed that Great Britain was the location of Atlantis and the Scottish journalist Lewis Spence claimed that the ancient traditions of Britain and Ireland contain memories of Atlantis.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: On December 29, 1997, the BBC reported that a team of Russian scientists believed they found Atlantis in the ocean 100 miles off of Land's End, Cornwall, Britain. The BBC stated that Little Sole Bank, a relatively shallow area, was believed by the team to be the capital of Atlantis. This may have been based on the myth of Lyonesse.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: The idea of Atlantis being located in Ireland was presented in the book "Atlantis from a Geographer's Perspective: Mapping the Fairy Land" (2004) by Swedish geographer Dr. Ulf Erlingsson from Uppsala University. It hypothesized that the empire of Atlantis refers to the Neolithic Megalithic tomb culture, based on their similar geographic extent, and deduced that the island of Atlantis then must correspond to Ireland. Erlingsson found the similarities of size and landscape to be statistically significant, while he rejected his null hypothesis that Plato invented Atlantis as fiction.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: The North Sea is known to contain lands that were once above water; the medieval town of Dunwich in East Anglia, for example, crumbled into the sea. The land area known as "Doggerland", between England and Denmark, was inundated by a tsunami around 8200BP (6200BC), caused by a submarine landslide off the coast of Norway known as the Storegga Slide, and prehistoric human remains have been dredged up from the Dogger Bank. Atlantis itself has been identified besides Heligoland off the north-west German coast by the author Jürgen Spanuth, who postulates that it was destroyed during the Bronze Age around 1200 BC, only to partially re-emerge during the Iron Age. Ulf Erlingsson hypothesized that the island that sank referred to Dogger Bank, and the city itself referred to the Silverpit crater at the base of Dogger Bank. A book allegedly by Oera Linda claims that a land called Atland once existed in the North Sea, but was destroyed in 2194 BC.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: In his book "The Celts: The People Who Came Out of the Darkness" (1975), author Gerhard Herm links the origins of the Atlanteans to the end of the ice age and the flooding of eastern coastal Denmark.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Finnish eccentric Ior Bock located Atlantis in the Baltic sea, at southern part of Finland where he claimed a small community of people lived during the Ice Age. According to Bock, this was possible due to Gulf Stream which brought warm water to the Finnish coast. This is a small part of a large "saga" that he claimed had been told in his family through the ages, dating back to the development of language itself. The family saga tells the name Atlantis comes from Swedish words "allt-land-is" ("all-land-ice") and refers to the last Ice-Age. Thus in the Bock family saga it's more a time period than an exact geographical place. According to this the Atlantis disappeared in 8016 BC when the Ice-Age ended in Finland and the ice melted away.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: In 1679 Olaus Rudbeck wrote "Atlantis" ("Atlantica"), where he argues that Scandinavia, specifically Sweden, is identical with Atlantis. According to Rudbeck the capital city of Atlantis was identical to the ancient burial site of Swedish kings "Gamla Uppsala".


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Until the discovery of the New World many scholars believed that Atlantis was either a metaphor for teaching philosophy, or just attributed the story to Plato without connecting the island with a real location. When Columbus returned from his voyage to the west historians began identifying the Americas with Atlantis. The first was Francisco López de Gómara, who in 1552 thought that what Columbus had discovered was the Atlantic Island of Plato.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: In 1556 Agustin de Zárate stated that the Americas was Atlantis which at one time began from the straits of Gibraltar and extended westwards to include North and South America and that it was as a result of Plato that the new continent was discovered. He also said it had all the attributes of the continent described by Plato yet at the same time mentioned that the ancient peoples crossed over by a route from the island of Atlantis. Zarate also mentions that the 9,000 "years" of Plato were 9,000 "months" (750 years).


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: This was also repeated and clarified by historian Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa in 1572 in his "History of the Incas", who by calculation of longitude stated that Atlantis must have stretched from within two leagues of the strait of Gibraltar westwards to include "all the rest of the land from the mouth of the Marañon (Amazon River) and Brazil to the South Sea, which is what they now call America." He thought the sunken part to be now in the Atlantic Ocean but that it was from this sunken part that the original Indians had come to populate Peru via one continuous land mass. He says that South America was also known by the name of the Isla Atlanticus.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: It first appeared as the Atlantic Island (Insula Atlantica) on a map of the New World by cartographer Sebastian Münster in 1540 and again on the map titled Atlantis Insula by Nicolas Sanson and son (1669) which identified both North and South America as "Atlantis Insula", the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean as "Oceanus Atlanticus" and the western part of the Atlantic Ocean plus the Pacific Ocean as "Atlanticum Pelagus". This edition was further embellished with features from the Atlantis legend by his son Guillaume Sanson including the names of the ten kings of Atlantis with Atlas' portion being in Mexico. Sanson's map supposedly showed what the earth looked like 200,000 years before there were any humans on it.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Francis Bacon and Alexander von Humboldt also identified America with Atlantis; Janus Joannes Bircherod said in 1663 "orbe novo non novo" ("the New World is not new").


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: The theory that Antarctica was Atlantis was particularly fashionable during the 1960s and 1970s, spurred on partly both by the isolation of the continent, and also the Piri Reis map, which purportedly shows Antarctica as it would be ice free, suggesting human knowledge of that period. Flavio Barbiero, Charles Berlitz, Erich Von Däniken and Peter Kolosimo are some of the popular authors who made this proposal.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: More recently Rose and Rand Flem-Ath have proposed this in their book, "When the Sky Fell"; the theory was revised and made more specific in Rand's work with author Colin Wilson, in "The Atlantis Blueprint" (published in 2002). The second work theorized that Atlantis was to be found in Lesser Antarctica, near the coast of the Ross Ice Shelf. A geological theory known as "Earth Crust Displacement" forms the basis of their work. The Atlantis Blueprint uses both scientific and pseudoscientific (such as mere speculation and assumptions) means to back up the theory.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: Charles Hapgood came up with the "Earth Crustal Displacement theory". Hapgood's theory suggests that Earth's outer crust is able to move upon the upper mantle layer rapidly up to a distance of 2,000 miles, placing Atlantis in Antarctica, when considering the movements of the crust in the past. Albert Einstein was one of the few voices to answer Hapgood's theory. Einstein wrote a preface for Hapgood's book "Earth's shifting crust", published in 1958. This theory is particularly popular with Hollow Earthers, and can be seen as a mirror of the Hyperborean identification. In his book "Fingerprints of the Gods", author Graham Hancock argues for the Earth Crustal Displacement theory in general, and the Atlantis/Antarctica connection specifically, then goes on to propose archaeological exploration of Antarctica in search of Atlantis.


title: Location hypotheses of Atlantis

text: The professor of systematic theology at Boston University William Fairfield Warren (1833–1929) wrote a book promoting his theory that the original centre of mankind once sat at the North Pole entitled "Paradise Found: The Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole" (1885). In this work Warren placed Atlantis at the North Pole, as well as the Garden of Eden, Mount Meru, Avalon and Hyperborea. Warren believed all these mythical lands were folk memories of a former inhabited far northern seat where man was originally created.


title: Thomas Mitchell (actor)

text: Thomas John Mitchell (July 11, 1892 – December 17, 1962) was an American actor and writer. Among his most famous roles in a long career are those of Gerald O'Hara in "Gone with the Wind", Doc Boone in "Stagecoach", Uncle Billy in "It's a Wonderful Life", Pat Garrett in "The Outlaw", and Mayor Jonas Henderson in "High Noon". Mitchell was the first male actor to gain the Triple Crown of Acting by winning an Oscar, an Emmy, and a Tony Award.


title: Thomas Mitchell (actor)

text: Mitchell was nominated for two Academy Awards, for Best Supporting Actor for his work in the films, "The Hurricane" (1937), and "Stagecoach" (1939), winning for the latter. He was nominated three times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series in 1952 and 1953, for his role in the medical drama "The Doctor", and won in 1953. While he was nominated again in 1955, for an appearance on a weekly anthology series, he did not win. Mitchell won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical, in 1953, for his role as Dr Downer in the musical comedy "Hazel Flagg", based on the 1937 screwball comedy film "Nothing Sacred", rounding out the Triple Crown of Acting. In addition to being an actor, he was also a director, playwright, and screenwriter.


title: Thomas Mitchell (actor)

text: Mitchell was born to Irish immigrants in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He came from a family of journalists and civic leaders. Both his father and brother were newspaper reporters, and his nephew, James P. Mitchell, later served as Dwight Eisenhower's Secretary of Labor. In the 1952 presidential election, Mitchell, a Republican, supported Eisenhower's campaign. The younger Mitchell also became a newspaper reporter after graduating from St. Patrick High School in Elizabeth. However, Mitchell soon found that he enjoyed writing theatrical skits much more than chasing scoops. In 1927 Mitchell joined The Lambs.


title: Thomas Mitchell (actor)

text: He became an actor in 1913, at one point touring with Charles Coburn's Shakespeare Company. Even while playing leading roles on Broadway into the 1920s Mitchell would continue to write. One of the plays he co-authored, "Little Accident", was eventually made into a film (three times) by Hollywood. Mitchell's first credited screen role was in the 1923 film "Six Cylinder Love". Mitchell's breakthrough role was as the embezzler in Frank Capra's film "Lost Horizon" (1937).


title: Thomas Mitchell (actor)

text: Following this performance, he was much in demand in Hollywood. That same year, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in "The Hurricane", directed by John Ford.


title: Thomas Mitchell (actor)

text: Over the next few years, Mitchell appeared in many significant films. Forty-three of the fifty-nine films in which he acted were made in the 10-year period from 1936 to 1946. Considered one of the finest character actors in film, in 1939 alone he had key roles in "Stagecoach", "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington", "Only Angels Have Wings", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame", and "Gone with the Wind". While probably better remembered as Scarlett O'Hara's loving but doomed father in "Gone with the Wind", it was for his performance as the drunken Doc Boone in "Stagecoach", co-starring John Wayne (in Wayne's breakthrough role), that Mitchell won the Best Supporting Actor Academy Award. In his acceptance speech, he quipped, "I didn't know I was that good". Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Mitchell acted in a wide variety of roles in productions such as 1940's "Swiss Family Robinson", 1942's "Moontide", 1944's "The Keys of the Kingdom" (as an atheist doctor) and "High Noon" (1952) as the town mayor. He is probably best known to audiences today for his role as sad sack Uncle Billy in Capra's Christmas classic "It's a Wonderful Life" (1946) with James Stewart.


title: Thomas Mitchell (actor)

text: From the 1950s and into the early 1960s, Mitchell worked primarily in television, appearing in a variety of roles in some of the most well-regarded early series of the era, including "Playhouse 90", "Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theater" (in a pilot episode that became the CBS series "Johnny Ringo"), and "Hallmark Hall of Fame" productions. In 1954, he starred in the television version of the radio program, "Mayor of the Town". In 1955, he played Kris Kringle in "The 20th Century-Fox Hour" version of "The Miracle on 34th Street" opposite Teresa Wright and MacDonald Carey. In 1957 he hosted The O. Henry Playhouse. In 1959, he starred in thirty-nine episodes of the syndicated television series, Glencannon, which had aired two years earlier in the United Kingdom.


title: Thomas Mitchell (actor)

text: In the early 1960s, Mitchell originated the stage role "Columbo", later made famous on NBC and ABC television by Peter Falk (Bert Freed played the part on live television before Mitchell portrayed Columbo on stage); Columbo was Mitchell's last role.


title: Thomas Mitchell (actor)

text: Mitchell died at age 70 from peritoneal mesothelioma in Beverly Hills, California. He was cremated at the Chapel of the Pines Crematory and his ashes are in vaultage.


title: Thomas Mitchell (actor)

text: In 1953, Mitchell became the first man to win the "triple crown" of acting awards (Oscar, Emmy, Tony). He remains one of only a handful of individuals to have won each of these awards.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: Life Is Peachy is the second studio album by American nu metal band Korn. It was released on October 15, 1996, through both Immortal Records and Epic Records. After the release of Korn's 1994 self-titled debut album, the band reunited with Ross Robinson to produce and went back to Indigo Ranch Studios to record. "Life Is Peachy" features such themes as drugs, social encounters, sex, betrayal, and revenge. The album has fourteen tracks, excluding the hidden track after "Kill You". Its cover art was photographed by Martin Riedl, and its title is credited to Korn's bassist Reginald "Fieldy" Arvizu. "Life Is Peachy" was Korn's first significant breakthrough, which came from constant touring after the debut album's release and building a fan base, thus fueling great expectations.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: Critical reception for the album was mainly mixed, but its songwriting and sound quality were praised. Authors and music journalists deemed "Life Is Peachy" innovative, and some lauded Jonathan Davis' for his vocal techniques and embodied singing. His vocal performance on "Good God" was viewed as encapsulating the album's essence, becoming one of the decisive elements in the development of what would later be called nu metal, which Korn pioneered. During its promotional period, newspapers and magazines defined it sonically as a metal album with hip-hop beats, presenting a unique sound.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: "Life Is Peachy" debuted and peaked at number three on the "Billboard" 200 and peaked at number one in New Zealand. The album sold 106,000 copies in the US in its first week of release. It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in January 1997 and platinum in December of that same year. "Life Is Peachy" was RIAA-certified double platinum in the US in November 1999. As of 2019, the album has sold over 6 million copies worldwide.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: Korn released three singles from "Life Is Peachy": "No Place to Hide", "A.D.I.D.A.S.", and "Good God". All three singles went on the UK Singles Chart. Shortly before the album's release, Korn launched the Life Is Peachy Tour in the US with Limp Bizkit as the opening act. After its release, the band toured in support of Metallica in the US. Korn then embarked on its headlining tour throughout the UK, Europe, North America, and Australia, with often sold-out shows. The band also took part in the 1997 Lollapalooza summer tour, where the Life Is Peachy Tour ended abruptly due to guitarist James "Munky" Shaffer being diagnosed with viral meningitis. "Life Is Peachy" earned Korn a 1997 Kerrang! Award for Best Album. "No Place to Hide" received a nomination for Best Metal Performance at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: Korn had played between 200 and 250 shows in the year following the release of their 1994's self-titled debut album. As a result, "Korn" topped the "Billboard"s Heatseekers Albums chart in the week ending September 30, 1995. In early October 1995, it began moving up on the "Billboard" 200 chart and reached sales of 154,000 units. Both chart performances were considered uncommon successes at that time as Korn was one of the first non-mainstream bands to enter the top half of the "Billboard" 200 over the last two years. "Korn" was also the only debut album displaying such aggressiveness to have achieved this distinction on the "Billboard" 200 in the last few years.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: Korn's debut album's weekly sales stood at 17,000 and 27,000 in the first half of January 1996, as the band's recognition increased. The album was certified gold by the RIAA for 500,000 copies sold on January 29, 1996. In February 1996, Korn and Deftones were the opening acts for Ozzy Osbourne's US arena tour.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: After fourteen months of touring to promote the debut album, Korn took a month off and began writing material for the next studio effort, "Life Is Peachy". At this point, Korn's members had difficulty projecting themselves into the future because they had spent their last few years under the influence of drugs and alcohol, being only sober when performing. As they had to begin writing new songs, Korn was in "a serious state of disarray", but they would not stop their partying habits. Meanwhile, "the buzz" on Korn "was huge".


title: Life Is Peachy

text: Lead singer Jonathan Davis said regarding the writing of the second album, "Right after we got done touring with Ozzy Osbourne, Ross [Robinson] hooked up with us. We went into a rehearsal studio and started writing." Knowing that they had tight deadlines to meet, the pattern that followed would be "faster and thrashier". However, Davis had begun writing part of the song "Mr. Rogers" while on tour in the fall of 1995. Guitarist James "Munky" Shaffer described the writing process as, "We didn't write nothin' for two years then we had creativity build up, like blue balls of creativity." Author Doug Small wrote that "the band's songwriting method—a sort of collective building process wherein four instrumentalists, with the input of Jonathan, develop each other's ideas until they've created a monster—is truly a group effort."


title: Life Is Peachy

text: Korn wrote the first song of the album, "A.D.I.D.A.S.", in their rehearsal space called Underground Chicken Sound in Huntington Beach. Drummer David Silveria said, "somebody will start playing something and the rest of us will work around it and see where it goes", mentioning the songs "Twist" and "Good God" whose beats came first. In this location, they developed an approach to songwriting whereby they would elaborate on the elements that had previously established them, such as Davis when he was "freaking out"; thus, the song "Twist" emerged. This contrasted with the production process of "Korn", as some songs and guitar riffs had been prepared years before they actually began. Furthermore, the steady touring and the crowd's responses generated the band's punk rock "feel and attitude", resulting in dissonant guitar playing on "Life Is Peachy"; "We wanted to create a really angry album", said Shaffer. Davis then added his vocals to the jams. While working on the album, they consumed "mass quantities" of alcoholic beverages and were often so "high" that most nights, one of the band members passed out and therefore could not play his instrument, especially guitarist Brian "Head" Welch. Korn's productive sessions were often interrupted due to their debaucherous lifestyle, and Robinson struggled to get them to stop drinking to focus instead on songwriting and rehearsing. The band members also fought frequently.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: After playing at a few gigs with Deftones in California, Korn returned to the studio to start tracking "Life Is Peachy" in April 1996. Korn and Robinson reunited to produce and begin recording at Indigo Ranch Studios in Malibu, California. It was mainly because their first album had been recorded there and was a success. Korn's bassist Reginald "Fieldy" Arvizu said, "We wanted that same energy and inspiration we found up in the Malibu Hills." Davis said working with Robinson was essential as he was connected to the band since working on the first album; he aslo knew how to capture their live energy and motivate them to focus in the recording studio. "Fortunately, he's here to kick our asses. Otherwise, we wouldn't be very... motivated!", said Davis. After engineering Korn's debut album, Richard Kaplan, co-founder and owner of Indigo Ranch Studios, returned to work on "Life Is Peachy". Initially, Kaplan's assistant, Chuck Johnson, was hired by Robinson to be his "house engineer". The album was primarily written in the studio as the band was less inspired on the road, although work had begun when returning to rehearsals. Back at Indigo Ranch Studios, Korn used methamphetamine as when recording the 1994 debut album. Davis recalled engaging in aggressive behaviors toward his bandmates during the recording, often biting them, due to adverse reactions from abusive use of mixing alcohol with drugs.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: In a 1997 "Bass Player" interview, Arvizu shed light on the components that contributed to his approach to the instrument: "I try to cross hip-hop's beats and bass lines with sickness." Welch and Shaffer wanted diversity, desiring to become more melodic and approaching their guitars "more like a keyboard" by removing the attack to bring a more atmospheric sound while keeping their heavy trademark sound. Both moved in a more experimental direction with volume swells and different effects pedals. Although the two guitarists bought worth of pedals for the album, Arvizu, by contrast, had not used any bass effects. The whole band contributed to the songwriting process, but Arvizu had a distinct influence on musical decisions. Arvizu came up with his parts, then Shaffer and Welch adapted their work so as not to "run all over" the bass, or otherwise, the guitar parts were done first, and he conceived his bass lines to go over them. The two guitarists appreciated this method because it "doesn't make our sound so typically metal", said Arvizu in 1997. Arvizu felt he was not gaining the upper hand over his fellow musicians as the guitar work was still audible in the sounds, but explained that it "adds a different dimension for the bass". Adopting a different approach to the debut album, Silveria explained that for "Life Is Peachy", "we went in really fresh, and we wanted to get it done quickly to capture that energy". Sixty percent of what he would play was planned, and forty percent was more a matter of creative spontaneity. Silveria felt that he would not have conveyed the same "energy" if the entirety of his drum parts had been written beforehand. Apart from the cover versions of "Lowrider" and "Wicked", the album's lyrics were entirely written by Davis, who found inspiration in a place called Magic Room in Los Angeles. Davis often felt drained and exhausted from his writing sessions. "Ass Itch" was the last song he wrote.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: For the recording, Arvizu had set up one of his Mesa/Boogie "heads" (separate bass amplifiers) along with a single 4x10" bass speaker cabinet with the "horn miked". The bass sound heard on "Life Is Peachy" was "my miked amp", said Arvizu, adding that the "direct signal was all the way off". Arvizu used an Ibanez SR1305 Soundgear 5-string bass to record the entire album, as on 1994's "Korn". An experienced slap bass player, he used tones and mastered various techniques, such as pulling up on four strings, unlike most bassists, to make his bass stand out. Arvizu invariably preferred to play his bass while looking through the glass in the control room facing his fellow musicians. Silveria achieved the high-pitched sound by using a 20" kick drum and a 3 1/2" piccolo snare. He finished tracking drums in five days. Davis' vocals were recorded in a slightly different configuration than on the debut album; thus, he was never alone, or the other band members were facing him. Welch got to sing on "Lowrider" as a birthday present. Kaplan said he mixed the album himself, as Johnson never showed up but would eventually reappear at the end of the sessions. Robinson mixed the song "K@#Ø%!". In the end, a fifteenth song, "Proud", would not appear on the final tracklist that would make up the album. The album was completed in July 1996. Small insisted "Life Is Peachy" was rushed when it was put together but praised its "unique" sound. The album cost $150,000 to make (in 1996).


title: Life Is Peachy

text: Excerpts from the album's recording sessions at Indigo Ranch appeared in Korn's 1997 biographical video "Who Then Now?", which was entirely filmed by the band's crew member Danny "Ham Cam" Hamilton. In 2002, Arvizu said he enjoyed the album much more than in the past. "A good pissed-off record", he said. Welch would later say that he did not really like the direction the band was taking artistically, but not on "Life Is Peachy". In 2015, Davis said even though "Life Is Peachy" was a "killer" record, it was not among his favorite Korn albums due to its rushed production, mentioning that the only reason was the pressure of constant touring. He further said, "But yeah, very rushed, very raw, it's still a cool-ass record."


title: Life Is Peachy

text: Arvizu came up with the title "Life Is Peachy". The name came from Arvizu's Pee Chee folder. He often wrote the words "Life Is" in front of the brand name, which he found amusing. Arvizu said, "I used to doodle all over it [the file folder]. I drew long hair on the character and put guitars in their hands. I used to sketch stuff all the time. I eventually knew my scribbles might someday pay off. I thought that visual would make a really cool album cover." Korn contacted the Pee Chee file folder company and asked for permission to use the file folder's image for an album cover, offering twenty thousand dollars ($20,000), resulting in the company turning the offer down. The name "Life Is Peachy" was agreed by band members to be a "great" name for the album, and kept the name but didn't add Fieldy's file folder cover. Due to the album's dark lyrical content, its title would be interpreted as ironic.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: The booklet, along with every other album by Korn, does not feature printed lyrics to the songs. The band explained that the booklets do not feature it because Davis believes fans should not rely on the printed lyrics as it limits the experience of listening to the music. Davis told MTV's Serena Altschul, "I think music is something that every individual has their own meaning to the song. They can come up with whatever the hell I'm saying and that's the beauty of it and that's what I wanna keep there."


title: Life Is Peachy

text: "Life Is Peachy"s black and white front cover depicts a little boy with neatly combed blond hair straightening his tie in a gilt mirror while a taller, shadowy presence looms behind him. The photo was taken by Martin Riedl. The design and concept were by Scott Leberecht. Small said that it "continued the threatened child theme as depicted on "Korn"'s artwork." Other photos in the booklet were taken by Stephen Stickler. "Life Is Peachy" is, to date, the only album by Korn to feature their name spelled in a different font.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: Korn resumed intensive touring immediately after recording sessions for "Life Is Peachy" ended, performing notably at the UK Monsters of Rock festival in Donington on August 17, 1996, where they headlined the second stage and played songs from the upcoming album. At the festival, the band was interviewed by MTV's Vanessa Warwick for "Headbangers Ball". As a pre-Life Is Peachy Tour, Korn performed at several European festivals. The band had only cost the Swiss Rock Oz'Arènes festival $3,000 to get them to perform in mid-1996. In September 1996, it was reported sales figures of 6,000 copies a week of the 1994 self-titled debut album; "It was a completely grass-roots campaign", said Epic Records' Al Masocco. However, Davis stressed his desire for Korn to stay underground. Korn's debut album was selling well due to word of mouth and extended touring, earning them a "loyal" fanbase. Just days before the release of "Life Is Peachy", "NME" wrote that the "rise of Korn over the past two years has been nothing short of meteoric".


title: Life Is Peachy

text: "Life Is Peachy" was released worldwide on October 15, 1996. It was released by Immortal/Epic Records. The CD album version included a bonus multimedia section that featured live video footage of "Good God" recorded live at London Astoria in the summer of 1996.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: The band toured throughout the US from October 1996 with Limp Bizkit as the opening act. Korn supported Metallica on their US tour, which began in mid-December 1996.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: According to Shaffer, the tour with Metallica ended in mid-January 1997. Korn toured solo in 1997 and headlined at often sold-out shows. The band released a promotional disc in 1997 called "Life Is Peachy Tour Sampler", with Incubus and the Urge, as both bands supported Korn on their UK and European headlining tour. The album featured three live tracks: "Chi" by Korn (US Tour Fall 1996), "All Washed Up" by the Urge, and "Hilikus" by Incubus. The tour encompassed twenty-six shows and began on January 21, 1997, in Germany, visiting Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and Sweden, and ended in London on February 24. On February 20, 1997, Korn made a television appearance as the musical guest of the day on "Nulle Part Ailleurs" (NPA), performing "No Place to Hide" (live broadcast) in prime time on Canal+ in Paris.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: Helmet and Limp Bizkit also toured with them to promote "Life Is Peachy"; both bands were the opening acts for Korn's North American tour. After ten days of rest, Korn kicked off their North American headlining tour on March 6 in Arizona, performing to "a packed" Mesa Amphitheater, and ended on March 27 in Maine, with a total of sixteen shows. It included performances in Chicago, Kansas City, Pensacola, Tampa, and Toronto, among other cities. They then went on an Australia tour. In May 1997, the band returned for a short second leg of the UK and Europe headline tour, including a few dates in France; Limb Bizkit and Helmet were the opening acts. They have also performed at European festivals, including the Dynamo Open Air in Eindhoven. Korn became a "must-see" band through the Life Is Peachy Tour and garnered media attention in the UK and Europe.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: Korn was a co-headliner on the main stage at the Lollapalooza summer tour 7, along with Jane's Addiction, the Prodigy, Snoop Dogg, Tool, and Tricky, among others, which began on June 25, 1997. The band secured the Lollapalooza slot at the beginning of the year. During the prior year's Lollapalooza, there was controversy over the inclusion of marquee, big-name artists such as Metallica and Soundgarden, which founder Perry Farrell considered a "bastardization" of Lollapalooza, leading him to walk out on the tour. Davis said, "Last year... wasn't like a real Lollapalooza vibe. ... Because it seems to me that Lollapalooza's been about cutting-edge bands, ones on the underground, and that's what I think [Perry Farrell] based that whole thing on and last year really just wasn't all about that. And this year, now that he's back on, you can tell, there's so many different, diverse music groups here." Korn's popularity in the US increased significantly during the Lollapalooza tour, where they developed a growing fan base.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: On July 18, not even a month into the tour, Korn was forced to cancel the remainder of their Lollapalooza appearances due to Shaffer's recent diagnosis with viral meningitis. Davis released a written statement concerning Shaffer's illness: "We love our fans. This is the last thing we want to do, but it's the only decision to make at this time. It just doesn't feel right without [Shaffer]." The statement also acknowledged fans that "there is no suitable replacement for [Shaffer] during his recuperation." The July 18, 1997 date at Cleveland's Blossom Music Center as part of the Lollapalooza marked the final show of the Life Is Peachy Tour. Korn would envision reuniting after Shaffer's recovery to begin writing the third album. By then, fan rumors circulated on the Internet about Shaffer's supposed death.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: Writers Katia Kulawick of "Rock Sound" and Manuel Rabasse of "Hard 'N' Heavy" magazine reviewed a Life Is Peachy Tour's show at Seattle's Mercer Arena on November 30, 1996. Before the show, Kulawick asked Korn about their "mental state"; Shaffer responded, "Aggressive. And there, right away, exhausted." The Life Is Peachy Tour featured live performances of Davis wearing customized sequined Adidas tracksuits. The show started with a video projected on a screen onstage, which was a nonsensical animated cartoon with "grimacing characters", then Davis, dressed in a purple sequined tracksuit, "belched out" "Twist" under a dim spotlight, the opening song, followed by "Blind" from the 1994 debut album with the full lighting production. Rabasse praised the performance, describing it as "Powerful, of rare cohesion, of infallible precision." Kulawick wrote that the animated cartoon, supplemented by dismembered dolls scattered behind and hung on two large grids above the band members, gave a "tragic dimension". She noted that the band's clothing style was in stark contrast with the stage setting and "Life Is Peachy"s music and lyrics.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: The onstage lighting configuration consisted of vertical spotlights in pink, red, and purple colors, illuminating the musicians above and below. The show also featured green-colored spotlights, most commonly used in death metal shows at that time, and strobe lights of fast flashing frequencies. The "ominous" shadows of the musicians were sometimes displayed on the screen, which only had that type of function during the show. The pit was mostly made up of fans wearing "oversized and misshapen" clothes and pants and often having the same hairstyle as guitarist Welch. The sound system in the venue amplifying Davis' voice was "questionable", but it improved on "Good God". Throughout the show, Davis was constantly "hanging on to his mic stand", gesticulating over the heavy rhythms propelled by Arvizu's percussive bass sound paired with the TR-8080's sound integrated into Silveria's drum kit. The dominant instrument was the bass, and the live sound was described as "a mini-earthquake" at each Silveria's kick drum hit. Of the guitar playing, Rabasse wrote, "Dirtiness, approximation, confusion are inherent elements of the sound" of Shaffer and Welch, "at the head of a panoply of pedals, all more tinkered the ones than the others". Rabasse described the show's final songs as "a voodoo trance mixed with psychotherapy" and called it "apocalyptic". Some other songs from "Life Is Peachy" played that night were "A.D.I.D.A.S.", "Lowrider", "No Place to Hide", and "Kill You". Kulawick described the Korn performance that night as "extremely grueling" and the crowd as "hysterical". The show lasted just over an hour; without an encore.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: Korn's 1996 and 1997 headlining shows lasted 70 to 75 minutes. The show in Glasgow at Barrowland Ballroom on January 24, 1997, included "Proud" in the 15-song setlist and had no encore. Korn's stage presence earned them critical acclaim from Clare Dowse of "Kerrang!", who rated the show 5 out of 5. During the 1997 tour, Limp Bizkit's Fred Durst began to appear as a guest vocalist on "Wicked" and did the rapped vocals segments of the song, taking the role of Deftones' Chino Moreno. Towards the end of the 1997 tour, they regularly merged the end of "No Place to Hide" with an extract of Deftones' "Engine No. 9".


title: Life Is Peachy

text: Aside from touring, Korn also released three singles following the album's release. The album's first single, "No Place to Hide", was issued to heavy metal radio stations in mid-September 1996 and subsequently to alternative radio, and its physical release followed on October 7. The single features "Sean Olson" and "Proud", two songs that would be included on the soundtracks for "" (1996) and "I Know What You Did Last Summer" (1997), respectively. Other releases include the original album song and remixed versions of 1994's "Shoots and Ladders" by producers the Dust Brothers. Korn did not make a music video for "No Place to Hide", as Davis said it was a "waste of time and money" and mentioned the band's "integrity". They chose instead to include a live video of "Good God" on the enhanced CD. The song "A.D.I.D.A.S." was released as a single in early 1997. The song's music video was directed by Joseph Kahn in Los Angeles in January 1997. Arvizu recalled: "It was one of the hardest videos we ever made because we all had to lie still on cold metal slabs for hours, pretending to be dead. We wore dirty blue contacts in our eyes that made us partially blind while they were in." "Good God" was the album's third and final single. Various CD single versions include both original and remixed versions of "Good God" as well as remixes of "A.D.I.D.A.S." and "Wicked".


title: Life Is Peachy

text: "Life Is Peachy" opens with the approximately one-minute prelude "Twist", which is made up of improvised guttural scat singing and contains the word "twist" as the sole lyric, performed by Davis. Small described the vocal style as "spitting out the twisted rantings of a madman" and said that it was fit for the album's introduction. "Revolver" wrote that the album opens with a "surreal vocal freakout", while "Kerrang!" felt it features "nonsensical vocal noises". "Kerrang!" wrote that "Twist" conveys the underlying message that the opener of the "much-anticipated" second album won't be a single but rather a "great big 'Fuck you. An a cappella version of "Twist" is included as a hidden track after "Kill You". "Chi" is named after former Deftones bassist Chi Cheng. It was named after Cheng because he liked reggae music and thought the song "Chi" was actually a reggae song. Davis said "Chi" is "about a lot of alcohol and drug abuse". He stated that his vocal style on "Twist" and "Chi" and the latter's lyrics remain "a mystery" to him. The meaning of "Lost" is the loss of his best friend when the latter settled down with his girlfriend. "Swallow" is about drug-induced paranoia. The instrumental "Porno Creep" was noted for its jazz-funk style, with Silveria's "deft, jazzy touches behind the drums kit" described by "Kerrang!" as "setting the band apart from any other group on the metal scene". Davis explained the background behind "Good God":


title: Life Is Peachy

text: "Mr. Rogers" is about Fred Rogers. Davis said: "As a kid, he told me to be polite, and all it did was get me picked on. I fucking hate that man. Thanks for making me polite and trusting everyone, and easy to take advantage of." "K@#Ø%!" is about women who have hurt Davis. The song is noted for its heavy use of vulgarisms throughout all the lyrics; because of this, Shaffer said that band had intended to jokingly submit it to rock radio stations as a joke because they "knew they wouldn't play it, then follow up about a week later with the real thing". The grawlix "K@#Ø%!" stands for "Kunts!". The lyrical theme of "No Place to Hide" is the impossibility of escaping from oneself, facing the same problems and obsessions in everyday life and beyond, year after year. "A.D.I.D.A.S." is an acronym for "All Day I Dream About Sex". "A.D.I.D.A.S." is also about sexual frustration and refers to the parties where a boy chases a girl but returns home alone; Davis added, " ... and you lie in bed and all you have to do is jerk off". The cover song "Lowrider" is characterized by Davis' bagpipes and the band's style of humor. "Ass Itch" is about Davis' difficulty with songwriting. "Kill You" is about Davis' ex-stepmother. It narrates a complicated relationship Davis had with her, who did not fully accept her stepson, and his resentment of this inextricable deadlock. Davis explained:


title: Life Is Peachy

text: According to Davis, while the debut album centered on his childhood themes, "Life Is Peachy" reflected more on his past eighteen months within the band, except for a few songs. In 1996, "Kerrang!" summarized "Life Is Peachy"s themes: "Hate, pain, hate, sex, hate." They later stated that Korn channeled an "atmosphere of pure dementia" into the record, which showcased "more tales of child abuse, insecurity, betrayal of trust and general hatred for the world". The album's overall tone has been described by terms such as "big ball of anger", "contained rage", and "frustration". It instills a feeling of belligerence.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: "Life Is Peachy" features a more prominent hip hop influence than the band's self-titled debut, with Shaffer recalling, "We were listening to a lot of hip hop! I was probably listening to a lot of Mr. Bungle, hip hop like early Outkast and the Pharcyde, Sepultura records, and Rage Against the Machine, just to name a few." Characteristics that define the album's sound include the elements that appeared on the debut album, such as Arvizu's "clanking bass sound" and Welch and Shaffer's dissonant 7-string guitars, which are more disharmonic and noisy than previously, such as the loops on "Swallow", contrasting with Davis who had added more vocal melodies as exemplified on "No Place to Hide". The "clicky" and percussive bass sound can often be mistaken for the kick drum, for example, on "Ass Itch". Arvizu proudly described "Life Is Peachy" as having a rhythmically aggressive style. On the album, Davis' vocal style varies from whispering to clean singing, harsh vocals, and guttural scatting. His voice shifts going from one extreme to the other have been described as the "products of a beautiful voice". Screamings and sounds comparable to "borborygms" and onomatopoeias spontaneously punctuate his vocal parts. The vocal style on "Twist" was also described as a "cacophony of borborygms" or "borborygms delivered in a scat-like manner". Author and music journalist Jean-Charles Desgroux wrote that Davis displayed all his "organic versatility" on "Life Is Peachy" and achieved "heights of rage that are difficult to bear".


title: Life Is Peachy

text: In the context of "Life Is Peachy"s promotional period, magazines and newspapers had vaguely defined the album's genre, although all had converged on the description of a metal sound. In early October 1996, announcing its imminent release, "Kerrang!" deemed "Good God" as "brutal" and wrote that they "sound like nothing that's gone before". On October 25, 1996, "Entertainment Weekly"s David Grad described the album's sound as a "fusion of heavy riffs and tight hip-hop beats". In October 1996, writer Manuel Rabasse commented that with "Life Is Peachy", Korn "continues to depave the marked pathways of current metal". On November 5, 1996, "The New York Times" critic Jon Pareles wrote that throughout "Life Is Peachy", "the band applies hip-hop's noise esthetics to a hard-rock lineup". In January 1997, "Rock Sound"s Katia Kulawick called Korn the "metal's mutants". In an interview during the Life Is Peachy Tour in March 1997, "Hard Force" magazine described Korn as the "most revered new generation's metal band of this time". In May 1997, Greg Kot of the "Chicago Tribune" called Korn a "testosterone-juiced metal act". "Life Is Peachy" was a "moment" that represented the apogee of a new musical style (later branded as "nu metal") which "sounded fresh and interesting and vital". "Life Is Peachy" was subsequently labeled as nu metal.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: "Life Is Peachy" received mainly mixed reviews from critics. "Q" magazine's Danny Scott said the album is "Harsher and harder than their groundbreaking debut." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote: "Korn add enough elements of alternative rock song structure to make the music accessible to the masses, and their songwriting has continued to improve." Mörat of "Kerrang!" rated the album four out of five stars. He wrote Davis' vocals are "filled with rage and hatred and bile", and he opined that what "makes the band" is the "bare emotion" in his voice. He highlighted the darkness and heaviness of the music, which occasionally showcased a "weird funky vibe". Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" wrote: "Korn has learned more than a few tricks from Nine Inch Nails, and it's not above using invective for simple shock value. But the chip on its shoulder sounds genuine."


title: Life Is Peachy

text: Adrian Bromley of "Chronicles of Chaos" wrote that he was "impressed with the strength and sound quality" Korn "has been able to magnify with "Life Is Peachy"". "Los Angeles Times" critic Mike Boehm called the album a "gloomy hard-rock record". "Hard Force" magazine rated the album 3 out of 5, writing that although "Life Is Peachy" is still in the same style as the debut album, Korn "radicalizes its discourse" on this one, making it harder to pin down. "Entertainment Weekly" said that the album left the "impression that frontman Jonathan Davis is turning his well-publicized childhood traumas into a cheap marketing device". They gave it a C- and said that it "may be of interest to mental-health professionals." Stephen Thompson of "The A.V. Club" panned "Life Is Peachy", calling the album "nothing but plain old, ham-fisted, butt-stupid heavy metal".


title: Life Is Peachy

text: In a 2002 critical reappraisal, Paul Brannigan of "Kerrang!" wrote that "Life Is Peachy" was a "difficult, angular, sinister record". He commented that critics and fans have divergent opinions of the album; for some, it was "disjointed", and for others, it was regarded as "the finest hour" of the band. Elaborating further, he stated: "In Faith No More terms, this was "Angel Dust", in Nirvana terms it was "In Utero". In anyone's terms, it's one hell of a ride". Praising Davis' vocal performance on "Good God", Brannigan said its powerful chorus would be a pivotal moment on the album, thus becoming an important influence for "legions of down-tuned wannabes" who "ripped off" this singing style. But, he added, "never has a metal mantra been delivered with more tortured passion" than Davis. Brannigan called "Good God" the "pinnacle" of "Life Is Peachy". He dismissed "K@#Ø%!", which he included in "a couple of slips", although that was not enough to impair "an album of such diverse charms".


title: Life Is Peachy

text: "The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History" author Bob Gulla described Davis as a "Virulent singer" on the album. Gulla gave a laudatory assessment, writing that he "seethed his way through the recording in helping to define himself as one of the most compelling and troubled voices in all of rock", and praised the creative partnership, stating that "the manic guitars and rhythm surrounding him only enhanced the final product". In a retrospective review of 2021, "Metal Hammer" noted that "Life Is Peachy" was "occasionally wacky" but also "far more" experimental than the debut album, further stating that songs such as "Chi", "Mr. Rogers", "No Place to Hide", and "Wicked" are "moments of genuine brilliance", and added, "But they're all topped by the savage 'Good God', which can lay a claim to being the best song Korn have ever written." The magazine felt that the triviality of "Porno Creep", "K@#¿%!", and "Lowrider", tended to downgrade the album.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: In 1998, the single "No Place to Hide" earned the band a second Grammy Award nomination in the Best Metal Performance category.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: "Life Is Peachy" peaked at number one in New Zealand. It also peaked at number three on the "Billboard" 200, and number 32 on the UK Albums Chart. The album sold 106,000 copies in the US in its opening week. It was the band's first significant breakthrough. "Life Is Peachy" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on January 8, 1997. On December 9, 1997, the album was certified platinum by the RIAA. On November 10, 1999, it was certified 2× platinum. "Life Is Peachy" has sold over 6 million copies worldwide as of 2019.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: "No Place to Hide" peaked at number 26 on the UK Singles Chart. The album's second single, "A.D.I.D.A.S.", peaked at number 22 on the UK Singles Chart, while also making an appearance at number 45 in Australia. In April 1997, "A.D.I.D.A.S." went to number 13 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. "Good God" peaked at number 25 on the UK Singles Chart and number 81 on the Australian ARIA Charts.


title: Life Is Peachy

text: Korn is regarded as "the one band that jumpstarted the nü-metal trend", "Life Is Peachy" thus picking up where Korn left off with their self-titled debut album. "Life Is Peachy" was considered "innovative" by authors and music journalists Malcolm Dome and Mick Wall. In 2000, "Life Is Peachy" was voted number 869 in Colin Larkin's "All Time Top 1000 Albums". The album was selected by "Rolling Stone" staff for their list of "20 Rock Albums Turning 20 in 2016". In 2021, "Alternative Press" included "Life Is Peachy" in its list of the "20 Albums from 1996 that mark some of the best of the decade". In 2021, "Metal Hammer" included the album in its list of the "Top 20 best metal albums of 1996" (in alphabetical order). In 2022, "Life Is Peachy" was ranked number 13 on "Metal Hammer"s list of the "50 best nu metal albums of all time" and was on MetalSucks' list of "14 Metal Albums That Epitomize the Sound of the '90s."


title: Uday Kiran

text: Uday Kiran (26 June 1980 – 5 January 2014) was an Indian actor who primarily worked in Telugu cinema. His first three films, "Chitram" (2000), "Nuvvu Nenu" (2001), and "Manasantha Nuvve" (2001) were successful at the box office, earning him the title "Hat-trick Hero". The three films, all love stories, earned him a 'lover boy' image in the early 2000s.


title: Uday Kiran

text: In 2001, he won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Telugu for "Nuvvu Nenu", and became the youngest winner in the category. Subsequently, he acted in successful romantic films "Kalusukovalani" (2002) and "Nee Sneham" (2002). He also starred in the films "Sreeram" (2002) and "Aunanna Kaadanna" (2005).


title: Uday Kiran

text: In 2006, he made his Tamil debut with the film "Poi", directed by veteran director K. Balachander. Most of his films post-2005 like "Nuvvekkadunte Nenakkadunta" (2012), "Jai Sriram" (2013) were not commercially successful. Uday Kiran died by suicide at his home in Hyderabad in January 2014.


title: Uday Kiran

text: Vajapeyajula Uday Kiran was born in a Brahmin family on 26 June 1980 to V. V. K. Murthy and Nirmala of Vijayawada. He did his schooling from K V Picket School and graduated from Wesley Degree College, Secunderabad.


title: Uday Kiran

text: He had an older brother and has an older sister. His mother died when he was very young. Singer Parnika is his maternal cousin.


title: Uday Kiran

text: Kiran started modelling while he was in college. He made his film debut in the Hinglish film "Mysterious Girl", which remained unreleased for some time. In 2000, Kiran made his Telugu debut under his mentor, cinematographer turned film director Teja with the film "Chitram", in which he played the 17-year-old lead character.


title: Uday Kiran

text: This film, followed by two other films, "Nuvvu Nenu" and "Manasantha Nuvve", made him among the very few actors in Telugu cinema to deliver three consecutive successful films. His performance as a hot-blooded youngster in "Nuvvu Nenu" won him the Filmfare Best Actor Award (Telugu) in the year 2001.


title: Uday Kiran

text: In his fourth film, "Kalusukovalani", he displayed his dancing skills through the songs, "Udayinchina" and "Cheliya Cheliya". In his fifth film, "Sreeram", he ventured into an action-oriented story of a youngster aspiring to become a top cop. 2002 saw him in "Nee Sneham", another blockbuster movie of that year for which he was nominated for Filmfare Best Actor Award (Telugu) for the second time.


title: Uday Kiran

text: In 2005, he ventured into Tamil with the film "Poi" directed by K. Balachander. He then did two more films, "Vambu Sandai" and "Pen Singam" in Tamil, the latter being the story penned by M. Karunanidhi, which did moderately well at the box office.


title: Uday Kiran

text: Kiran last appeared in the 2013 film "Jai Sriram". A reviewer from "The Times of India" wrote, "From being a chubby lover boy with dimples showing on his cheeks to a man with muscles, Uday Kiran has metamorphosed as an actor. Such is his complete transformation that one is tempted to draw parallels to Nana Patekar."


title: Uday Kiran

text: Kiran was engaged to Chiranjeevi's daughter Sushmitha in 2003, but the engagement was called off. He married Vishitha on 24 October 2012.


title: Uday Kiran

text: Kiran died on 5 January 2014 by suicide by hanging at his apartment in Srinagar colony, Hyderabad. He was aged 33. No suicide note was found. The investigating Banjara Hills police suspected financial problems to be cause and a case of suspicious death was registered. Kiran had suffered from depression due to financial crisis for almost a year.


title: Uday Kiran

text: On 6 January 2014, Kiran's body was kept at the Andhra Pradesh Film Chamber of Commerce and several film personalities including Dasari Narayana Rao, D. Ramanaidu, Venkatesh, D Suresh Babu, Srikanth, Shivaji, Tanikella Bharani, Chalapathi Rao, Tammareddy Bharadwaja, (ex) MLA Jaya Sudha, Paruchuri Gopala Krishna, Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao, Shivaji Raja, Anup Rubens, Samadra, Kadambari Kiran, Sunil and Anita were among those who paid their last respects to the actor, before being taken to the cremation grounds. According to Andhra Pradesh Police, a young fan of Kiran allegedly committed suicide by hanging himself from a tree at Komatapalli junction in Bobbili sub-division in Vizianagaram.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: A balanced scorecard is a strategy performance management tool – a well structured report, that can be used by managers to keep track of the execution of activities by the staff within their control and to monitor the consequences arising from these actions.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: The phrase 'balanced scorecard' primarily refers to a performance management report used by a management team, and typically this team is focused on managing the implementation of a strategy or operational activities – in a 2020 survey 88% of respondents reported using Balanced Scorecard for strategy implementation management, 63% for operational management. Balanced Scorecard is also used by individuals to track personal performance, but this is uncommon – only 17% of respondents in the survey using Balanced Scorecard in this way, however it is clear from the same survey that a larger proportion (about 30%) use corporate Balanced Scorecard elements to inform personal goal setting and incentive calculations.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: Balanced Scorecard was initially proposed as a general purpose performance management system. Subsequently, it was promoted specifically as an approach to strategic performance management. Balanced scorecard has more recently become a key component of structured approaches to corporate strategic management.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: Two of the ideas that underpin modern balanced scorecard designs concern making it easier to select which data to observe, and ensuring that the choice of data is consistent with the ability of the observer to intervene.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: Organizations have used systems consisting of a mix of financial and non-financial measures to track progress for quite some time. One such system was created by Art Schneiderman in 1987 at Analog Devices, a mid-sized semi-conductor company; the Analog Devices Balanced Scorecard. Schneiderman's design was similar to what is now recognised as a "First Generation" Balanced Scorecard design.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: In 1990 Art Schneiderman participated in an unrelated research study led by Robert S. Kaplan in conjunction with US management consultancy Nolan-Norton, and during this study described his work on performance measurement. Subsequently, Kaplan and David P. Norton included anonymous details of this balanced scorecard design in a 1992 article. Kaplan and Norton's article wasn't the only paper on the topic published in early 1992 but the 1992 Kaplan and Norton paper was a popular success, and was quickly followed by a second in 1993. In 1996, the two authors published a book "The Balanced Scorecard". These articles and the first book spread knowledge of the concept of balanced scorecard widely, and has led to Kaplan and Norton being seen as the creators of the concept.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: While the "corporate scorecard" terminology was coined by Art Schneiderman, the roots of performance management as an activity run deep in management literature and practice. Management historians such as Alfred Chandler suggest the origins of performance management can be seen in the emergence of the complex organisation – most notably during the 19th Century in the USA. More recent influences may include the pioneering work of General Electric on performance measurement reporting in the 1950s and the work of French process engineers (who created the "tableau de bord" – literally, a "dashboard" of performance measures) in the early part of the 20th century. The tool also draws strongly on the ideas of the 'resource based view of the firm' proposed by Edith Penrose. None of these influences is explicitly linked to in the original descriptions of balanced scorecard by Schneiderman, Maisel, or Kaplan & Norton.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: Kaplan and Norton's first book remains their most popular. The book reflects the earliest incarnations of balanced scorecards – effectively restating the concept as described in the second Harvard Business Review article. Their second book, "The Strategy Focused Organization", echoed work by others (particularly a book published the year before by Olve et al. in Scandinavia) on the value of visually documenting the links between measures by proposing the "Strategic Linkage Model" or strategy map.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: As the title of Kaplan and Norton's second book highlights, even by 2000 the focus of attention among thought-leaders was moving from the design of Balanced Scorecards themselves, towards the use of Balanced Scorecard as a focal point within a more comprehensive strategic management system. Subsequent writing on Balanced Scorecard by Kaplan & Norton has focused on uses of Balanced Scorecard rather than its design (e.g. "The Execution Premium" in 2008, "Intelligent Design of Inclusive Growth Strategies" in 2019); many others also continue to refine the device itself (e.g. Abernethy et al.).


title: Balanced scorecard

text: The characteristic feature of the balanced scorecard and its derivatives is the presentation of a mixture of financial and non-financial measures each compared to a 'target' value within a single concise report. The report is not meant to be a replacement for traditional financial or operational reports but a succinct summary that captures the information most relevant to those reading it. It is the method by which this 'most relevant' information is determined (i.e., the design processes used to select the content) that most differentiates the various versions of the tool in circulation. The balanced scorecard indirectly also provides a useful insight into an organisation's strategy – by requiring general strategic statements (e.g. mission, vision) to be precipitated into more specific/tangible forms.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: The first versions of Kaplan and Norton's interpretation of the balanced scorecard asserted that relevance should derive from the corporate strategy, and proposed design methods that focused on choosing measures and targets associated with the main activities required to implement the strategy. As the initial audience for this were the readers of the Harvard Business Review, the proposal was translated into a form that made sense to a typical reader of that journal – managers of US commercial businesses. Accordingly, initial designs were encouraged to measure three categories of non-financial measure in addition to financial outputs – those of "customer," "internal business processes" and "learning and growth." These categories were not so relevant to public sector or non-profit organisations, or units within complex organizations (which might have high degrees of internal specialization), and much of the early literature on balanced scorecard focused on suggestions of alternative 'perspectives' that might have more relevance to these groups(e.g. Butler et al. (1997), Ahn (2001), Elefalke (2001), Brignall (2002), Irwin (2002), Radnor et al. (2003)).


title: Balanced scorecard

text: Modern balanced scorecards have evolved since the initial ideas proposed in the late 1980s and early 1990s and are significantly improved – being both more flexible (to suit a wider range of organisational types) and more effective (as design methods have evolved to make them easier to design, and use).


title: Balanced scorecard

text: Since the balanced scorecard was popularized in the early 1990s, a large number of alternatives to the original 'four box' balanced scorecard promoted by Kaplan and Norton in their various articles and books have emerged. Most have very limited application, and are typically proposed either by academics as vehicles for expanding the dialogue beyond the financial bottom line – e.g. Brignall (2002) or consultants as an attempt at differentiation to promote sales of books and / or consultancy (e.g. Neely et al. (2002), Bourne (2002), Niven (2002)).


title: Balanced scorecard

text: Many of the structural variations proposed are broadly similar, and a research paper published in 2004 attempted to identify a pattern in these alternatives – noting three distinct types of variation. The variations appeared to be part of an evolution of the balanced scorecard concept, and so the paper refers to these distinct types as "generations". Broadly, the original 'measures in four boxes' type design (as initially proposed by Kaplan & Norton) constitutes the 1st generation balanced scorecard design; balanced scorecard designs that include a 'strategy map' or 'strategic linkage model' (e.g. the Performance Prism, later Kaplan & Norton designs the Performance Driver model of Olve, Roy & Wetter (English translation 1999, 1st published in Swedish 1997)) constitute the 2nd Generation of Balanced Scorecard design; and designs that augment the strategy map / strategic linkage model with a separate document describing the long-term outcomes sought from the strategy (the "destination statement" idea) comprise the 3rd generation balanced scorecard design.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: Variants that feature adaptations of the structure of balanced scorecard to suit better a particular viewpoint or agenda are numerous. Examples of the focus of such adaptations include the triple bottom line, decision support, public sector management, and health care management. The performance management elements of the UN's Results Based Management system have strong design and structural similarities to those used in the 3rd Generation Balanced Scorecard design approach.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: Balanced scorecard is also linked to quality management tools and activities. Although there are clear areas of cross-over and association, the two sets of tools are complementary rather than duplicative.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: Balanced scorecard is also used to support the payments of incentives to individuals, even though it was not designed for this purpose and is not particularly suited to it.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: Design of a balanced scorecard is about the identification of a small number of financial and non-financial measures and attaching targets to them, so that when they are reviewed it is possible to determine whether current performance 'meets expectations'. By alerting managers to areas where performance deviates from expectations, they can be encouraged to focus their attention on these areas, and hopefully as a result trigger improved performance within the part of the organization they lead.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: The original thinking behind a balanced scorecard was for it to be focused on information relating to the implementation of a strategy, and over time there has been a blurring of the boundaries between conventional strategic planning and control activities and those required to design a balanced scorecard. This is illustrated well by the four steps required to design a balanced scorecard included in Kaplan & Norton's writing on the subject in the late 1990s:


title: Balanced scorecard

text: These steps go far beyond the simple task of identifying a small number of financial and non-financial measures, but illustrate the requirement for whatever design process is used to fit within broader thinking about how the resulting balanced scorecard will integrate with the wider business management process.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: Although it helps focus managers' attention on strategic issues and the management of the implementation of strategy, it is important to remember that the balanced scorecard itself has no role in the formation of strategy. In fact, balanced scorecards can co-exist with strategic planning systems and other tools.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: The first generation of balanced scorecard designs used a "four perspective" approach to identify what measures to use to track the implementation of strategy. The original four "perspectives" proposed were:


title: Balanced scorecard

text: The idea was that managers used these perspective headings to prompt the selection of a small number of measures that informed on that aspect of the organisation's strategic performance. The perspective headings show that Kaplan and Norton were thinking about the needs of non-divisional commercial organisations in their initial design. These categories were not so relevant to public sector or non-profit organisations, or units within complex organizations (which might have high degrees of internal specialization), and much of the early literature on balanced scorecard focused on suggestions of alternative 'perspectives' that might have more relevance to these groups(e.g. Butler et al. (1997), Ahn (2001), Elefalke (2001), Brignall (2002), Irwin (2002), Flamholtz (2003), Radnor et al. (2003)).


title: Balanced scorecard

text: These suggestions were notably triggered by a recognition that different but equivalent headings would yield alternative sets of measures, and this represents the major design challenge faced with this type of balanced scorecard design: justifying the choice of measures made. "Of all the measures you could have chosen, why did you choose these?" These issues contribute to dis-satisfaction with early Balanced Scorecard designs, since if users are not confident that the measures within the Balanced Scorecard are well chosen, they will have less confidence in the information it provides.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: In short, first generation balanced scorecards are hard to design in a way that builds confidence that they are well designed. Because of this, many are abandoned soon after completion.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: In the mid-1990s, an improved design method emerged. In the new method, measures are selected based on a set of "strategic objectives" plotted on a "strategic linkage model" or "strategy map". With this modified approach, the strategic objectives are distributed across the four measurement perspectives, so as to "connect the dots" to form a visual presentation of strategy and measures.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: In this modified version of balanced scorecard design, managers select a few strategic objectives within each of the perspectives, and then define the cause-effect chain among these objectives by drawing links between them to create a "strategic linkage model". A balanced scorecard of strategic performance measures is then derived directly by selecting one or two measures for each strategic objective. This type of approach provides greater contextual justification for the measures chosen, and is generally easier for managers to work through. This style of balanced scorecard has been commonly used since 1996 or so: it is significantly different in approach to the methods originally proposed, and so can be thought of as representing the "2nd generation" of design approach adopted for the balanced scorecard since its introduction.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: In the late 1990s, the design approach had evolved yet again. One problem with the "second generation" design approach described above was that the plotting of causal links amongst twenty or so medium-term strategic goals was still a relatively abstract activity. In practice it ignored the fact that opportunities to intervene to influence strategic goals are (and need to be) anchored in current and real management activity. Secondly, the need to "roll forward" and test the impact of these goals necessitated the reference to an additional design instrument: a statement of what "strategic success", or the "strategic end-state", looked like (which in turn would be related to the organisation's Mission or Vision Statement). This reference point was called a Destination Statement. It was quickly realized that if a Destination Statement was created at the beginning of the design process then it became easier to select the appropriate strategic activity and outcome objectives which if achieved would deliver it. Measures and targets could then be selected to track the achievement of these objectives. Design methods that incorporate a Destination Statement or equivalent (e.g. the results-based management method proposed by the UN in 2002) represent a tangibly different design approach to those that went before and so have been proposed as representing a "third generation" design method for balanced scorecards.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: Design methods for balanced scorecards continue to evolve and adapt to reflect the deficiencies in the currently used methods, and the particular needs of communities of interest (e.g. NGO's and government departments have found the third generation methods embedded in results-based management more useful than first or second generation design methods).


title: Balanced scorecard

text: Third generation balanced scorecards improved the utility of second generation of balanced scorecards, giving more relevance and functionality to strategic objectives. The major difference is the incorporation of Destination Statements. Other key components are strategic objectives, strategic linkage model and perspectives, measures and initiatives.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: In 1997, Kurtzman found that 64 percent of the companies questioned were measuring performance from a number of perspectives in a similar way to the balanced scorecard. Balanced scorecards have been implemented by government agencies, military units, business units and corporations as a whole, non-profit organizations, and schools.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: Balanced scorecard has been widely adopted, and consistently has been found to be the most popular performance management framework in a widely respected annual survey (e.g. see results from 2003 and 2013).


title: Balanced scorecard

text: Theorists have argued from the earliest days of discussion of Balanced Scorecard usage that much of the benefit of the balanced scorecard comes from the design process itself. Indeed, it is argued that many failures in the early days of balanced scorecard could be attributed to this problem, in that early balanced scorecards were often designed remotely by consultants – it is suggested that because they were not being involved in the design the managers who were intended to use the device did not trust its design (e.g. it measured the wrong things and used inappropriate targets) and so failed to engage with and use the devices.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: Academic criticism of the balanced scorecard can be broken into three distinct (but overlapping) areas of concern.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: In response to these concerns there have been many studies seeking to provide (retrospective) academic underpinnings for the Balanced Scorecard concept, and to provide case study and validation information for the various design generations.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: There are relatively few reliable assessments of the effectiveness of the approaches embodied in Balanced Scorecard, but some studies demonstrate a link between the use of balanced scorecards and better decision making or improved financial performance of companies. Broadcast surveys of usage have difficulties in this respect, due to the wide variations in definition of 'what a balanced scorecard is' (making it hard to work out in a survey if you are comparing like with like). Single organization case studies suffer from the 'lack of a control' issue common to any study of organizational change – what the organization would have achieved if the change had not been made isn't known, so it is difficult to attribute changes observed over time to a single intervention (such as introducing a balanced scorecard). However, such studies as have been done have typically found Balanced Scorecard to be useful.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: It is important to recognize that the balanced scorecard by definition is not a complex thing – typically no more than about 20 measures spread across a mix of financial and non-financial topics, and easily reported manually (on paper, or using simple office software).


title: Balanced scorecard

text: The processes of collecting, reporting, and distributing balanced scorecard information can be labor-intensive and prone to procedural problems (for example, getting all relevant people to return the information required by the required date). The simplest mechanism to use is to delegate these activities to an individual, and many Balanced Scorecards are reported via ad hoc methods based around email, phone calls and office software.


title: Balanced scorecard

text: In more complex organizations, where there are multiple balanced scorecards to report and/or a need for co-ordination of results between balanced scorecards (for example, if one level of reports relies on information collected and reported at a lower level) the use of individual reporters is problematic. Where these conditions apply, organizations use balanced scorecard reporting software to automate the production and distribution of these reports.


title: Civil liberties

text: Civil liberties are guarantees and freedoms that governments commit not to abridge, either by constitution, legislation, or judicial interpretation, without due process. Though the scope of the term differs between countries, civil liberties may include the freedom of conscience, freedom of press, freedom of religion, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, the right to security and liberty, freedom of speech, the right to privacy, the right to equal treatment under the law and due process, the right to a fair trial, and the right to life. Other civil liberties include the right to own property, the right to defend oneself, and the right to bodily integrity. Within the distinctions between civil liberties and other types of liberty, distinctions exist between positive liberty/positive rights and negative liberty/negative rights.


title: Civil liberties

text: Many contemporary nations have a constitution, a bill of rights, or similar constitutional documents that enumerate and seek to guarantee civil liberties. Other nations have enacted similar laws through a variety of legal means, including signing and ratifying or otherwise giving effect to key conventions such as the European Convention on Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The existence of some claimed civil liberties is a matter of dispute, as are the extent of most civil rights. Controversial examples include property rights, reproductive rights, and civil marriage. In authoritarian regimes in which government censorship impedes on perceived civil liberties, some civil liberty advocates argue for the use of anonymity tools to allow for free speech, privacy, and anonymity. The degree to which democracies acknowledge civil liberties is affected by the influence of terrorism. Whether the existence of victimless crimes infringes upon civil liberties is also a matter of dispute. Another matter of debate is the suspension or alteration of certain civil liberties in times of war or state of emergency, including whether and to what extent this should occur.


title: Civil liberties

text: The formal concept of civil liberties is often dated back to Magna Carta, an English legal charter agreed in 1215 which in turn was based on pre-existing documents, namely the Charter of Liberties.


title: Civil liberties

text: The Constitution of the People's Republic of China (which applies only to mainland China, not to Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan) especially its Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens, claims to protect many civil liberties. Taiwan, which is separated from Mainland China, has its own Constitution.


title: Civil liberties

text: Although the 1982 constitution guarantees civil liberties, the Chinese government usually uses the "subversion of state power" and "protection of state secrets" clauses in their law system to imprison those who criticize the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the state leaders.


title: Civil liberties

text: The Fundamental Rightsembodied in Part III of the constitutionguarantee liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace as citizens of India. The six fundamental rights are right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights and right to constitutional remedies.


title: Civil liberties

text: These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, incorporated in the fundamental law of the land and are enforceable in a court of law. Violations of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code, subject to discretion of the judiciary. These rights are neither absolute nor immune from constitutional amendments. They have been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices. Specifically, they resulted in abolishment of un-touchability and prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. They forbid human trafficking and unfree labour. They protect cultural and educational rights of ethnic and religious minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and administer their own educational institutions.


title: Civil liberties

text: All people, irrespective of race, religion, caste or sex, have the right to approach the High Courts or the Supreme Court for the enforcement of their fundamental rights. It is not necessary that the aggrieved party has to be the one to do so. In public interest, anyone can initiate litigation in the court on their behalf. This is known as "public interest litigation". High Court and Supreme Court judges can also act on their own on the basis of media reports.


title: Civil liberties

text: The Fundamental Rights emphasize equality by guaranteeing to all citizens the access and use of public institutions and protections, irrespective of their background. The rights to life and personal liberty apply to persons of any nationality, while others, such as the freedom of speech and expression are applicable only to the citizens of India (including non-resident Indian citizens). The right to equality in matters of public employment cannot be conferred to overseas citizens of India.


title: Civil liberties

text: Fundamental Rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary State actions, but some rights are enforceable against private individuals too. For instance, the constitution abolishes untouchability and prohibits "begar". These provisions act as a check both on State action and actions of private individuals. Fundamental Rights are not absolute and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of national interest. In the "Kesavananda Bharati vs. state of Kerala" case, the Supreme Court ruled that all provisions of the constitution, including Fundamental Rights can be amended. However, the Parliament cannot alter the basic structure of the constitution like secularism, democracy, federalism, separation of powers. Often called the "Basic structure doctrine", this decision is widely regarded as an important part of Indian history. In the 1978 "Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India" case, the Supreme Court extended the doctrine's importance as superior to any parliamentary legislation. According to the verdict, no act of parliament can be considered a law if it violated the basic structure of the constitution. This landmark guarantee of Fundamental Rights was regarded as a unique example of judicial independence in preserving the sanctity of Fundamental Rights.


title: Civil liberties

text: The Fundamental Rights can only be altered by a constitutional amendment, hence their inclusion is a check not only on the executive branch, but also on the Parliament and state legislatures. The imposition of a state of emergency may lead to a temporary suspension of the rights conferred by Article 19 (including freedoms of speech, assembly and movement, etc.) to preserve national security and public order. The President can, by order, suspend the constitutional written remedies as well.


title: Civil liberties

text: Since 1947, Japan, a country with a constitutional monarchy and known for its socially "conservative society where change is gradual," has a constitution with a seemingly strong bill of rights at its core (). In many ways, it resembles the U.S. Constitution prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and that is because it came into life during the Allied occupation of Japan. This constitution may have felt like a foreign imposition to the governing elites, but not to the ordinary people "who lacked faith in their discredited leaders and supported meaningful change." In the abstract, the constitution strives to secure fundamental individual liberties and rights, which are covered pointedly in articles 10 to 40. Most salient of the human dignity articles is article 25, section 1, which guarantees that all


title: Civil liberties

text: Despite the adoption of this liberal constitution, often referred as the "Postwar Constitution" (戦後憲法, Sengo-Kenpō) or the "Peace Constitution" (平和憲法, Heiwa-Kenpō), the Japanese governing elites have struggled to usher in an inclusive, open and Pluralist society. Even after the end of World War II and the departure of the Allied government of occupation in 1952, Japan has been the target of international criticism for failing to admit to war crimes, institutional religious discrimination and maintaining a weak freedom of the press, the treatment of children, minorities, foreigners, and women, its punitive criminal justice system, and more recently, the systematic bias against LGBT people.


title: Civil liberties

text: The first Japanese attempt to a bill of rights was in the 19th century Meiji constitution (1890), which took both the Prussian (1850) and British constitutions as basic models. However, it had but a meager influence in the practice of the rule of law as well as in people's daily living. So, the short and deliberately gradual history of struggles for personal rights and protection against government/society's impositions has yet to transform Japan into a champion of universal and individual freedom. According to constitutional scholar, Shigenori Matsui,


title: Civil liberties

text: Despite the divergences between Japan's social culture and the Liberal Constitutionalism that it purports to have adopted, the country has moved toward closing the gap between the notion and the practice of the law. The trend is more evident in the long term. Among several examples, the Diet (bicameral legislature) ratified the International Bill of Human Rights in 1979 and then it passed the Law for Equal Opportunity in Employment for Men and Women in 1985, measures that were heralded as major steps toward a democratic and participatory society. In 2015, moreover, it reached an agreement with Korea to compensate for abuses related to the so-called "women of comfort" that took place during the Japanese occupation of the peninsula. However, human rights group, and families of the survivors condemned the agreement as patronizing and insulting.


title: Civil liberties

text: On its official site, the Japanese government has identified various human rights problems. Among these are child abuses (e.g., bullying, corporal punishment, child sexual abuse, child prostitution, and child pornography), frequent neglect and ill-treatment of elderly persons and individuals with disabilities, Dowa claims (discrimination against the Burakumin), Ainu people (indigenous people in Japan), foreign nationals, HIV/AIDS carriers, Hansen's disease patients, persons released from prison after serving their sentence, crime victims, people whose human rights are violated using the Internet, the homeless, individuals with gender identity disorders, and women. Also, the government lists systematic problems with gender biases and the standard reference to sexual preferences for jobs and other functions in society.


title: Civil liberties

text: Human rights organizations, national and foreign, expand the list to include human rights violations that relate to government policies, as in the case of daiyo kangoku system (substitute prison) and the methods of interrogating crime suspects. The effort of these agencies and ordinary people seem to pay off. In 2016, the U.S. Department of State released a report stating that Japan's human right record is showing signs of improvement.


title: Civil liberties

text: Whilst Australia does not have an enshrined Bill of Rights or similar binding legal document, civil liberties are assumed as protected through a series of rules and conventions. Australia had primary involvement in and was a key signatory to the UN Universal Declaration on Human Rights (1948)


title: Civil liberties

text: Certain High Court interpretations of the Constitution have allowed for implied rights such as freedom of political communication (which is construed broadly) and the right to vote to be established, however others such as freedom of assembly and freedom of association are yet to be identified.


title: Civil liberties

text: Within the past decade Australia has experienced increasing contention regarding its treatment of those seeking asylum. Although Australia is a signatory to the UN Refugee Convention (1951), successive governments have demonstrated an increasing tightening of borders; particularly against those who seek passage via small water vessels.


title: Civil liberties

text: The Abbott Government (2013) like its predecessors (the Gillard and Howard Governments) has encountered particular difficulty curbing asylum seekers via sea, increasingly identified as "illegal immigration". The recent involvement of the Australian Navy in refugee rescue operations has many human rights groups such as Amnesty International concerned over the "militarisation" of treatment to the refugee and the issue of their human rights in Australia. The current "turn-back" policy is particularly divisive, as it involves placing refugees in government lifeboats and turning them towards Indonesia. Despite opposition however, the Abbott government's response has so far seen a reduction in the number of potential refugees undertaking the hazardous cross to Australia, which is argued by the government as an indicator for its policy success.


title: Civil liberties

text: The European Convention on Human Rights, to which almost all European countries belong (apart from Belarus), enumerates a number of civil liberties and is of varying constitutional force in different European states.


title: Civil liberties

text: Following the Velvet Revolution, a constitutional overhaul took place in Czechoslovakia. In 1991, the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms was adopted, having the same legal standing as the Constitution. The Czech Republic has kept the Charter in its entirety following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia as Act No. 2/1993 Coll. (Constitution being No. 1).


title: Civil liberties

text: France's 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen listed many civil liberties and is of constitutional force.


title: Civil liberties

text: The German constitution, the "Grundgesetz" (lit. "Base Law"), starts with an elaborate listing of civil liberties and states in sec. 1 "The dignity of man is inviolable. To respect and protect it shall be the duty of all public authority." Following the "Austrian System", the people have the right to appeal to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ("Bundesverfassungsgericht") if they feel their civil rights are being violated. This procedure has shaped German law considerably over the years.


title: Civil liberties

text: Civil liberties in the United Kingdom date back to Magna Carta in 1215 and 17th century common law and statute law, such as the 1628 Petition of Right, the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 and the Bill of Rights 1689. Parts of these laws remain in statute today and are supplemented by other legislation and conventions that collectively form the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom. In addition, the United Kingdom is a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights which covers both human rights and civil liberties. The Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates the great majority of Convention rights directly into UK law.


title: Civil liberties

text: In June 2008 the then Shadow Home Secretary David Davis resigned his parliamentary seat over what he described as the "erosion of civil liberties" by the then Labour government, and was re-elected on a civil liberties platform (although he was not opposed by candidates of other major parties). This was in reference to anti-terrorism laws and in particular the extension to pre-trial detention, that is perceived by many to be an infringement of "habeas corpus" established in Magna Carta.