title: German orthography

text: Composite words can also have tripled letters. While this is usually a sign that the consonant is actually spoken long, it does not affect the pronunciation per se: the fff in "Sauerstoffflasche" ('oxygen bottle', composed of "Sauerstoff" 'oxygen' and "Flasche" 'bottle') is exactly as long as the ff in "Schaffell". According to the spelling before 1996, the three consonants would be shortened before vowels, but retained before consonants and in hyphenation, so the word "Schifffahrt" ('navigation, shipping', composed of "Schiff" 'ship' and "Fahrt" 'drive, trip, tour') was then written "Schiffahrt", whereas "Sauerstoffflasche" already had a triple "fff." With the aforementioned change in ß spelling, even a new source of triple consonants "sss", which in pre-1996 spelling could not occur as it was rendered "ßs", was introduced, e. g. "Mussspiel" ('compulsory round' in certain card games, composed of "muss" 'must' and "Spiel" 'game').


title: German orthography

text: For technical terms, the foreign spelling is often retained such as "ph" or "y" in the word "Physik" (physics) of Greek origin. For some common affixes however, like "-graphie" or "Photo-", it is allowed to use "-grafie" or "Foto-" instead. Both "Photographie" and "Fotografie" are correct, but the mixed variants "Fotographie" or "Photografie" are not.


title: German orthography

text: For other foreign words, both the foreign spelling and a revised German spelling are correct such as " / Delfin" or " / Portmonee", though in the latter case the revised one does not usually occur.


title: German orthography

text: For some words for which the Germanized form was common even before the reform of 1996, the foreign version is no longer allowed. A notable example is the word "Foto", with the meaning “photograph”, which may no longer be spelled as "Photo". Other examples are "Telephon" (telephone) which was already Germanized as "Telefon" some decades ago or "Bureau" (office) which got replaced by the Germanized version "Büro" even earlier.


title: German orthography

text: Except for the common sequences "sch" (), "ch" ( or ) and "ck" () the letter "c" appears only in loanwords or in proper nouns. In many loanwords, including most words of Latin origin, the letter "c" pronounced () has been replaced by "k". Alternatively, German words which come from Latin words with "c" before "e, i, y, ae, oe" are usually pronounced with () and spelled with "z". However, certain older spellings occasionally remain, mostly for decorative reasons, such as "Circus" instead of "Zirkus".


title: German orthography

text: The letter "q" in German appears only in the sequence "qu" () except for loanwords such as "Coq au vin" or "Qigong" (the latter is also written "Chigong").


title: German orthography

text: The letter "x" ("Ix", ) occurs almost exclusively in loanwords such as "Xylofon" (xylophone) and names, e.g. "Alexander" and "Xanthippe". Native German words now pronounced with a sound are usually written using "chs" or "(c)ks", as with "Fuchs" (fox). Some exceptions occur such as "Hexe" (witch), "Nixe" (mermaid), "Axt" (axe) and "Xanten".


title: German orthography

text: The letter "y" ("Ypsilon", ) occurs almost exclusively in loanwords, especially words of Greek origin, but some such words (such as "") have become so common that they are no longer perceived as foreign. It used to be more common in earlier centuries, and traces of this earlier usage persist in proper names. It is used either as an alternative letter for i, for instance in "Mayer" / "Meyer" (a common family name that occurs also in the spellings "Maier" / "Meier"), or especially in the Southwest, as a representation of that goes back to an old IJ (digraph), for instance in "Schwyz" or "Schnyder" (an Alemannic variant of the name "Schneider"). Another notable exception is "Bayern" ("Bavaria") and derived words like "bayrisch" ("Bavarian"); this actually used to be spelt with an "i" until the King of Bavaria introduced the "y" as a sign of his philhellenism (his son would become King of Greece later).


title: German orthography

text: In loan words from the French language, spelling and accents are usually preserved. For instance, "café" in the sense of "coffeehouse" is always written "Café" in German; accentless "Cafe" would be considered erroneous, and the word cannot be written "Kaffee", which means "coffee". ("Café" is normally pronounced /kaˈfeː/; "Kaffee" is mostly pronounced /ˈkafe/ in Germany but /kaˈfeː/ in Austria.) Thus, German typewriters and computer keyboards offer two dead keys: one for the acute and grave accents and one for circumflex. Other letters occur less often such as "ç" in loan words from French or Portuguese, and "ñ" in loan words from Spanish.


title: German orthography

text: A number of loanwords from French are spelled in a partially adapted way: "Quarantäne" /kaʁanˈtɛːnə/ (quarantine), "Kommuniqué" /kɔmyniˈkeː, kɔmuniˈkeː/ (communiqué), "Ouvertüre" /u.vɛʁˈtyː.ʁə/ (overture) from French . In Switzerland, where French is one of the official languages, people are less prone to use adapted and especially partially adapted spellings of loanwords from French and more often use original spellings, e. g. "Communiqué".


title: German orthography

text: In one curious instance, the word "Ski" (meaning as in English) is pronounced as if it were "Schi" all over the German-speaking areas (reflecting its pronunciation in its source language Norwegian), but only written that way in Austria.


title: German orthography

text: This section lists German letters and letter combinations, and how to pronounce them transliterated into the International Phonetic Alphabet. This is the pronunciation of Standard German. Note that the pronunciation of standard German varies slightly from region to region. In fact, it is possible to tell where most German speakers come from by their accent in standard German (not to be confused with the different German dialects).


title: German orthography

text: Consonants are sometimes doubled in writing to indicate the preceding vowel is to be pronounced as a short vowel, mostly when the vowel is stressed. Most one-syllable words that end in a single consonant are pronounced with long vowels, but there are some exceptions such as , and . The in the ending - is often silent, as in "to ask, request". The ending - is often pronounced , but in some regions, people say or . The in the endings - (, e.g. , "mortar") and - ( in the dative case of adjectives, e.g. from "small") is pronounced short despite these endings have just a single consonant on the end, but this is nearly always an unstressed syllable. The suffixes -, - and the word endings -, -, -, - contain short unstressed vowels, but duplicate the final consonants in the plurals: "female reader" — "female readers", "pumpkin" — "pumpkins".


title: German orthography

text: The period (full stop) is used at the end of sentences, for abbreviations, and for ordinal numbers, such as for (the first). The combination "abbreviation point+full stop at the end of a sentence" is simplified to a single point.


title: German orthography

text: The comma is used between for enumerations (but the serial comma is not used), before adversative conjunctions, after vocative phrases, for clarifying words such as appositions, before and after infinitive and participle constructions, and between clauses in a sentence. A comma may link two independent clauses without a conjunction. The comma is not used before the direct speech; in this case, the colon is used. In some cases (e.g. infinitive phrases), using the comma is optional.


title: German orthography

text: The exclamation mark and the question mark are used for exclamative and interrogative sentences. The exclamation mark may be used for addressing people in letters.


title: German orthography

text: The colon is used before direct speech and quotes, after a generalizing word before enumerations (but not when the words are inserted), before explanations and generalizations, and after words in questionnaires, timetables, etc. (e. g. ).


title: German orthography

text: The em dash is used for marking a sharp transition from one thought to another one, between remarks of a dialogue (as a quotation dash), between keywords in a review, between commands, for contrasting, for marking unexpected changes, for marking an unfinished direct speech, and sometimes instead of parentheses in parenthetical constructions.


title: German orthography

text: The square brackets are used instead of parentheses inside parentheses and for editor’s words inside quotations.


title: German orthography

text: The quotation marks are written as »…« or „…“. They are used for direct speech, quotes, names of books, periodicals, films, etc., and for words in unusual meaning. Quotation inside a quotation is written in single quotation marks: ›…‹ or ‚…‘. If a quotation is followed by a period or a comma, it is placed outside the quotation marks.


title: German orthography

text: The apostrophe is used for contracted forms (such as for ) except forms with omitted final (was sometimes used in this case in the past) and preposition+article contractions. It is also used for genitive of proper names ending in , but not if preceded by the definite article.


title: German orthography

text: The oldest known German texts date back to the 8th century. They were written mainly in monasteries in different local dialects of Old High German. In these texts, along with combinations such as was chosen to transcribe the sounds and , which is ultimately the origin of the modern German letters and (an old ligature). After the Carolingian Renaissance, however, during the reigns of the Ottonian and Salian dynasties in the 10th century and 11th century, German was rarely written, the literary language being almost exclusively Latin.


title: German orthography

text: Notker the German is a notable exception in his period: not only are his German compositions of high stylistic value, but his orthography is also the first to follow a strictly coherent system.


title: German orthography

text: Significant production of German texts only resumed during the reign of the Hohenstaufen dynasty (in the High Middle Ages). Around the year 1200, there was a tendency towards a standardized Middle High German language and spelling for the first time, based on the Franconian-Swabian language of the Hohenstaufen court. However, that language was used only in the epic poetry and minnesang lyric of the knight culture. These early tendencies of standardization ceased in the interregnum after the death of the last Hohenstaufen king in 1254. Certain features of today's German orthography still date back to Middle High German: the use of the trigraph for and the occasional use of for because around the 12th and 13th century, the prevocalic was voiced.


title: German orthography

text: In the following centuries, the only variety that showed a marked tendency to be used across regions was the Middle Low German of the Hanseatic League, based on the variety of Lübeck and used in many areas of northern Germany and indeed northern Europe in general.


title: German orthography

text: By the 16th century, a new interregional standard developed on the basis of the East Central German and Austro-Bavarian varieties. This was influenced by several factors:


title: German orthography

text: Mid-16th century Counter-Reformation reintroduced Catholicism to Austria and Bavaria, prompting a rejection of the Lutheran language. Instead, a specific southern interregional language was used, based on the language of the Habsburg chancellery.


title: German orthography

text: In northern Germany, the Lutheran East Central German replaced the Low German written language until the mid-17th century. In the early 18th century, the Lutheran standard was also introduced in the southern states and countries, Austria, Bavaria and Switzerland, due to the influence of northern German writers, grammarians such as Johann Christoph Gottsched or language cultivation societies such as the Fruitbearing Society.


title: German orthography

text: Though, by the mid-18th century, one norm was generally established, there was no institutionalized standardization. Only with the introduction of compulsory education in late 18th and early 19th century was the spelling further standardized, though at first independently in each state because of the political fragmentation of Germany. Only the foundation of the German Empire in 1871 allowed for further standardization.


title: German orthography

text: In 1876, the Prussian government instituted the to achieve a standardization for the entire German Empire. However, its results were rejected, notably by Prime Minister of Prussia Otto von Bismarck.


title: German orthography

text: In 1880, Gymnasium director Konrad Duden published the "Vollständiges Orthographisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache" ("Complete Orthographic Dictionary of the German Language"), known simply as the "Duden". In the same year, the Duden was declared to be authoritative in Prussia. Since Prussia was, by far, the largest state in the German Empire, its regulations also influenced spelling elsewhere, for instance, in 1894, when Switzerland recognized the Duden.


title: German orthography

text: In 1901, the interior minister of the German Empire instituted the Second Orthographic Conference. It declared the Duden to be authoritative, with a few innovations. In 1902, its results were approved by the governments of the German Empire, Austria and Switzerland.


title: German orthography

text: In 1944, the Nazi German government planned a reform of the orthography, but because of World War II, it was never implemented.


title: German orthography

text: After 1902, German spelling was essentially decided "de facto" by the editors of the Duden dictionaries. After World War II, this tradition was followed with two different centers: Mannheim in West Germany and Leipzig in East Germany. By the early 1950s, a few other publishing houses had begun to attack the Duden monopoly in the West by putting out their own dictionaries, which did not always hold to the "official" spellings prescribed by Duden. In response, the Ministers of Culture of the federal states in West Germany officially declared the Duden spellings to be binding as of November 1955.


title: German orthography

text: The Duden editors used their power cautiously because they considered their primary task to be the documentation of usage, not the creation of rules. At the same time, however, they found themselves forced to make finer and finer distinctions in the production of German spelling rules, and each new print run introduced a few reformed spellings.


title: German orthography

text: German spelling and punctuation was changed in 1996 () with the intent to simplify German orthography, and thus to make the language easier to learn, without substantially changing the rules familiar to users of the language. The rules of the new spelling concern correspondence between sounds and written letters (including rules for spelling loan words), capitalisation, joined and separate words, hyphenated spellings, punctuation, and hyphenation at the end of a line. Place names and family names were excluded from the reform.


title: German orthography

text: The reform was adopted initially by Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein and Switzerland, and later by Luxembourg as well.


title: German orthography

text: The new orthography is mandatory only in schools. A 1998 decision of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany confirmed that there is no law on the spelling people use in daily life, so they can use the old or the new spelling. While the reform is not very popular in opinion polls, it has been adopted by all major dictionaries and the majority of publishing houses.


title: Maisie Richardson-Sellers

text: Maisie Richardson-Sellers is a British actress. She is known for her recurring role as Eva Sinclair on The CW series "The Originals", as well as her starring roles as King Saul of Israel's daughter Michal in the ABC Biblical series "Of Kings and Prophets" and as Amaya Jiwe / Vixen and Charlie on The CW superhero series "Legends of Tomorrow".


title: Maisie Richardson-Sellers

text: Richardson-Sellers was born and raised in London. Her mother Joy Richardson is black Guyanese and her father is white British. Richardson-Sellers comes from a family of stage actors. She grew up attending private schools through bursaries and scholarships. In 2013, Richardson-Sellers graduated, with a degree in Archaeology and Anthropology, from Hertford College, University of Oxford, where she participated in and directed several plays, including "Mephisto", "Chatroom", and "There Will Be Red".


title: Maisie Richardson-Sellers

text: After graduating from university, Richardson-Sellers started auditioning and landed her first role in "Star Wars" sequel "", in the cameo role of Korr Sella.


title: Maisie Richardson-Sellers

text: After wrapping filming for her "The Force Awakens" role, Richardson-Sellers booked her second role as Rebekah Mikaelson in the CW series "The Originals" in 2014, where the character of Rebekah inhabits a different body after a spell gone wrong. She later played the character of Eva Sinclair on "The Originals". Executive Producer Michael Narducci described her performance as having "an incredibly strong sparkle" and "there's a great beauty – not only with physical beauty but there's a great inner beauty – that comes up in her performance. There's also just this incredible strength."


title: Maisie Richardson-Sellers

text: In early March 2015, it was announced that Richardson-Sellers would play a starring role in "Of Kings and Prophets", a short-lived ABC drama series that was filmed in South Africa. In June 2016, it was reported that Richardson-Sellers would be playing Amaya Jiwe / Vixen on the second season of the CW series "Legends of Tomorrow", who is the grandmother of the titular character in the CW Seed animated series "Vixen". Her mother guest starred as a distant ancestor of Jiwe on two episodes, "Zari" and "No Country for Old Dads". After two seasons, Richardson-Sellers was cast in the new role of shapeshifter Charlie. Richardson-Sellers exited "Legends of Tomorrow" in 2020 at the end of the series' fifth season.


title: Maisie Richardson-Sellers

text: In 2018, Richardson-Sellers appeared in the short film "Melody", directed by Bernard Kordieh. In May 2019, it was announced Richardson-Sellers would star in "The Kissing Booth 2" as Chloe, directed by Vince Marcello for Netflix.


title: Maisie Richardson-Sellers

text: In 2017, along with her Arrowverse co-stars, Richardson-Sellers co-founded Shethority ("She + Authority"), an online global collective described as "a positive place for women and the feminine to inspire, empower, and share." Active members of the initiative include Melissa Benoist, Nicole Maines, Chyler Leigh, Caity Lotz, Tala Ashe, Emily Bett Rickards, Juliana Harkavy, Katie Cassidy, Candice Patton, and Danielle Panabaker. Through social media, women share their own stories and experiences on dealing with self-acceptance, homophobia, and workplace sexual harassment.


title: Effie Gray (film)

text: Effie Gray is a 2014 British biographical film written by Emma Thompson and directed by Richard Laxton, starring Dakota Fanning, Emma Thompson, Julie Walters, David Suchet, Derek Jacobi, James Fox, Robbie Coltrane (in his final film role), Claudia Cardinale, Greg Wise, and Tom Sturridge. It is based on the true story of John Ruskin's marriage to Euphemia Gray and the subsequent annulment of their marriage.


title: Effie Gray (film)

text: "Effie Gray" was released worldwide by Universal Pictures in the United Kingdom on 10 October 2014 and in America on 3 April 2015.


title: Effie Gray (film)

text: In a pre-credit sequence Euphemia "Effie" Gray is seen walking through a garden speaking to her younger sister, Sophie, about a fairy story in which a girl married a man with wicked parents.


title: Effie Gray (film)

text: The marriage of Euphemia "Effie" to the prosperous art critic and philosopher John Ruskin in Perth, Scotland is seen. The couple travel to London to stay with his parents. Effie soon begins to feel isolated, especially as she is repeatedly belittled by John's hardhearted mother. Her distress is compounded by the fact that her husband shows no interest in consummating the marriage and refuses to discuss the subject.


title: Effie Gray (film)

text: At the Royal Academy of Arts, John and Effie attend a dinner at which there is heated debate about the new Pre-Raphaelite movement in art, which John supports. John convinces Sir Charles Eastlake, the president of the academy, to allow the young artists to exhibit their pictures.


title: Effie Gray (film)

text: Effie attracts the attention of Sir Charles' wife, Elizabeth. When the Eastlakes visit the Ruskins, Elizabeth sees how distressed Effie is in the repressive atmosphere of the Ruskin family. Feeling pressured due to the encounter with the Eastlakes, John calls in a doctor to examine Effie.


title: Effie Gray (film)

text: Effie hopes that matters will improve when they travel to Venice, where John will be researching his new book "The Stones of Venice" but when they get there, John busies himself studying the many historic monuments of the city, leaving Effie in the company of Raffaele, a young Italian. Effie enjoys the city life, but is distressed when he tries to force himself on her. Her husband is oblivious to the situation.


title: Effie Gray (film)

text: Effie dreads returning to the Ruskin family. Back at their house she suffers from a string of nervous ailments. Her doctor expresses disgust at John's clear lack of care or concern toward Effie and is horrified to learn that John has been drugging Effie with laudanum, albeit unintentionally as his mother gave him the tonics. He chastises a guilty looking John for his ignorance. He advises fresh air and more attention from her husband. John says they intend to travel to Scotland where John Everett Millais, one of the Pre-Raphaelites, will paint his portrait.


title: Effie Gray (film)

text: In Scotland, Millais befriends Effie, and becomes increasingly disturbed by Ruskin's dismissive attitude to his wife. He is deeply embarrassed when John leaves the two of them alone together for several nights when he visits Edinburgh. Effie and Millais fall in love. He convinces her to take someone she trusts with her and to explore the options for divorce.


title: Effie Gray (film)

text: Effie sends for Sophie, claiming that her sister wants to see the capital. Together they visit Elizabeth Eastlake. Effie tells her that she is still a virgin and that John has told her he was disgusted by her body on their wedding night. Elizabeth advises her to seek legal advice as John clearly has no desire to fulfill any of his obligations in the marriage, and Effie doesn't deserve the type of treatment she is receiving.


title: Effie Gray (film)

text: Effie is examined by a doctor, who confirms her virginity. Her sympathetic lawyer tells her the marriage can be annulled. She leaves for Scotland, supposedly to accompany her sister, but really to leave John forever. Before she leaves London, she visits Millais, but communicates with him only via her sister. He says he will wait for her. Ruskin's family is horrified when Effie's lawyer calls round with a notification of annulment proceedings on the grounds of John's impotence.


title: Effie Gray (film)

text: Release of the film, originally titled "Effie", was delayed by a series of court actions. Eve Pomerance, author of two scripts on the same subject as Thompson's screenplay, brought the first case. One of the scripts had been produced as a stage play. The judge ruled in December 2012 that Thompson's script was not in breach of copyright and could be released. Another copyright dispute arose, with playwright Gregory Murphy, author of the play "The Countess" which had been positively received, and ran Off-Broadway for 634 performances during the 1999/00 season. The matter was decided in Emma Thompson's favour in March 2013. The judge’s ruling was based on a second, revised screenplay that the court allowed Emma Thompson to submit in the middle of the case, which Murphy called "unprecedented." Murphy appealed against the ruling, but the Second Circuit rejected Murphy's appeal. The District Court then ordered Murphy to reimburse Effie Film, LLC $500,000 for its legal fees. Murphy filed an appeal, but in debt for hundreds of thousands of dollars as the result of the initial lawsuit instigated by Effie Film, petitioned the Court for "pro bono" counsel. Lawyers from the law firm of Winston & Strawn representing Effie Film successfully blocked Murphy’s petition for "pro bono" counsel, and filed a motion that Murphy be required to put up a bond of $125,000 before his case could be heard on appeal. In the year-long court battle that ensued, Murphy, representing himself, fought both the $500,000 fee award and the $125,000 bond motion. The case was eventually moved to the United States Court of Appeals. On 16 October 2015 the three-judge panel for the Court of Appeals ruled unanimously in Murphy’s favour, dismissing Winston & Strawn’s motion for a bond requirement and ruling that the District Court had "abused its discretion" in awarding Effie Film its $500,000 in legal fees, adding that the Court of Appeals had never characterized Murphy’s original claims of infringement as "frivolous" or "objectively unreasonable" as Winston & Strawn contended. The Court of Appeals also ordered Effie Film, LLC to pay Murphy $603.80 for his court costs.


title: Effie Gray (film)

text: The release date was put back to October 2013, but the film was withdrawn from the Mill Valley Film Festival in California at which it was to be premiered under the title "Effie Gray". In December 2013, Thompson said the film’s time had "probably passed". The film was finally released in October 2014. Thompson did not attend its London premiere, nor did she promote the film.


title: Effie Gray (film)

text: "Effie Gray" has received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 42%, based on 79 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Effie Gray" benefits from its strong cast, elevating a period drama that doesn't strike quite as many narrative sparks as it could." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 54 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Effie Gray (film)

text: Mark Kermode said that the film "intelligently dramatises the prison-like nature of Effie’s status while struggling to engage us in what is essentially a non-relationship...we have a handsome but rather inert portrait of a suffocating social milieu in which it is left to Thompson herself to inject vibrant relief as the independently minded Lady Eastlake." Tim Robey in "The Telegraph" said that "There are clever and sensitive touches right through, and a moving ending. But Fanning seems wholly uncomfortable, and not always intentionally. She's meant to be playing a trapped Pre-Raphaelite muse, frequently ill and/or sedated, but moons her way through the film seeming mostly dazed and confused."


title: Effie Gray (film)

text: David Sexton, in contrast, praised Fanning's performance as "remarkably good", but objected to the caricatured portrait of Ruskin and what he called the "Everyday Feminism" of the portrayal of Effie as a victim. Stephen Dalton in "The Hollywood Reporter" was unflattering, calling the film "an exquisitely dreary slice of middlebrow armchair theater which adds little new to a much-filmed story. Despite a lurid plot involving sex scandal, family dysfunction and proto-feminist revolt, the end result is depressingly conventional and deadeningly tasteful...yet another surface-level rehash of Victorian costume-drama clichés." However, Fanning's "wounded, emotionally conflicted performance" was praised.


title: Din-i Ilahi

text: The Dīn-i-Ilāhī (, ), known during its time as Tawḥīd-i-Ilāhī ("Divine Monotheism", ) or Divine Faith, was a new syncretic religion or spiritual leadership program propounded by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582, intending to merge some of the elements of the various religions practiced by his subjects and create a new religion for his empire, and thereby reconcile the differences that divided his subjects. According to Iqtidar Alam Khan, it was based on the Timurid concept of Yasa-i Changezi (Code of Genghis Khan), to consider all sects as one. The elements were primarily drawn from Hinduism, Islam, and Zoroastrianism, but some others were also taken from Christianity, Jainism, and Buddhism. The Mughal emperor Akbar himself, along with some of his close officials, converted to Dīn-i-Ilāhī, leaving Islam to encourage others to become adherents of the new faith.


title: Din-i Ilahi

text: The name "Dīn-i Ilāhī" literally translates to "God's Religion" or "Religion of God" or "divine religion". According to the renowned historian Mubarak Ali, "Dīn-i Ilāhī" is a name that was not used in Akbar's period. At the time, it was called "Tawhid-i-Ilāhī" ("Divine Monotheism"), as it is written by Abu'l-Fazl, a court historian during the reign of Akbar. This name suggests a particularly monotheistic focus for Akbar's faith. The anonymous "Dabestan-e Mazaheb" uses the name "Ilahíah" to refer to the faith.


title: Din-i Ilahi

text: Akbar promoted tolerance of other faiths and even encouraged debate on philosophical and religious issues. This led to the creation of the "Ibādat Khāna" ("House of Worship") at Fatehpur Sikri in 1575, which invited theologians, poets, scholars, and philosophers from all religious denominations, including Christians, Hindus, Jains, and Zoroastrians.


title: Din-i Ilahi

text: Since Akbar had severe dyslexia, rendering him totally unable to read or write, such dialogues in the House of Worship became his primary means of exploring questions of faith. Despite his aforementioned illiteracy, Akbar would eventually amass a library full of more than 24,000 volumes of texts in Hindi, Persian, Greek, Latin, Arabic and Kashmiri. The later Mughal Emperor and son of Akbar, Jahangir, stated that his father was "always associated with the learned of every creed and religion." In a letter to King Philip II of Spain, Akbar laments that so many people do not inquire into issues within their own religion, stating that most people will instead "follow the religion in which [they] were born and educated, thus excluding [themselves] from the possibility of ascertaining the truth, which is the noblest aim of the human intellect."


title: Din-i Ilahi

text: By the time Akbar established the Dīn-i Ilāhī, he had already repealed the "jizya" (tax on non-Muslims) over a decade earlier in 1568. A religious experience while he was hunting in 1578 further increased his interest in the religious traditions of his empire. From the discussions held at the Ibādat Khāna, Akbar concluded that no single religion could claim the monopoly of truth. This revelation inspired him to leave Islam and create a new religion Dīn-i Ilāhī in 1582 and Akbar along with his loyal officials converted to this new religion Dīn-i Ilāhī in 1582.


title: Din-i Ilahi

text: This conversion of Akbar to Dīn-i Ilāhī angered various Muslims, among them the Qadi of Bengal Subah and Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi, responded by declaring it to be blasphemy to Islam.


title: Din-i Ilahi

text: Some modern scholars have argued that the Din-i Ilahi was a spiritual discipleship of Akbar of his own belief which he propounded in his new religion.


title: Din-i Ilahi

text: Dīn-i Ilāhī appears to have survived Akbar according to the "Dabestān-e Mazāheb" of Mohsin Fani. However, the movement was suppressed by penalty and force after his death and was totally eradicated by Aurangzeb, a task made easier by the fact that the religion never had more than 19 adherents.


title: Din-i Ilahi

text: In the 17th century, an attempt to re-establish the Dīn-i-Ilāhī was made by Shah Jahan's eldest son, Dara Shikoh, but any prospects of an official revival were halted by his brother, Aurangzeb, who executed him on grounds of apostasy. Aurangzeb later compiled the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, reimposed the "jizya", and established Islamic Sharia law across the Indian Subcontinent, spreading Islamic orthodoxy and extinguishing any chance of religious reform for generations.


title: Din-i Ilahi

text: Although the spirit and central principles of Dīn-i Ilāhī were adapted from Sufism (including ideas from the Andalusi Sufi mystic, Ibn al-'Arabi), Akbar endeavored to create a synthesis of other beliefs and so his personal religion borrowed concepts and tenets from many other faiths. Aligned with Sufi practices, one's soul is encouraged to purify itself through yearning of God. Virtues included generosity, forgiveness, abstinence, prudence, wisdom, kindness, and piety. The following details illustrate the personal religious observances of Akbar:


title: Din-i Ilahi

text: The visitation of Jesuit missionaries such as Rodolfo Acquaviva brought the virtue of celibacy into the House of Worship, where it consequently became a virtue of Akbar's faith that was not mandatory (as it is for the priests of Roman Catholicism) but respected. The faith also adopted the principle of ahimsa, an ancient virtue of almost all Indian religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The nonviolence extended from humans to animals, encouraging vegetarianism and prohibiting the slaughter of animals for any reason at all. The Dīn-i Ilāhī had no sacred scriptures and, similar to both Islam and Sikhi, there was no priestly hierarchy.


title: Din-i Ilahi

text: Light was a focus of divine worship, with a light-fire ritual based on the yasna (the primary form of worship in Zoroastrianism) and an adoption of the hymn of the 1,000 Sanskrit names for the sun. Followers were referred to as "chelah" (meaning "disciples").


title: Din-i Ilahi

text: It has been argued that the theory of Dīn-i Ilāhī being a new religion was a misconception which arose because of erroneous translations of Abu'l-Fazl's work by later British historians. However, it is also accepted that the policy of "sulh-i-kul", which formed the essence of "Dīn-i Ilāhī", was adopted by Akbar as a part of general imperial administrative policy. "Sulh-i-kul" means "universal peace". According to Abu'l-Fazl, the emperor was a universal agent of god, and so his sovereignty was not bound to any single faith. The emperor is further prohibited from discriminating between the different religions of the realm and if the ruler did discriminate, then they were not fit for the role as agent of god. Abu'l-Fazl saw the religious views of Akbar as a rational decision toward maintaining harmony between the various faiths of the empire.


title: Odd Fellows

text: Odd Fellows (or Oddfellows; also Odd Fellowship or Oddfellowship) is an international fraternity consisting of lodges first documented in 1730 in London. The first known lodge was called Loyal Aristarcus Lodge No. 9, suggesting there were earlier ones in the 18th century. Notwithstanding, convivial meetings were held "in much revelry and, often as not, the calling of the Watch to restore order." Names of several British pubs today suggest past Odd Fellows affiliations. In the mid-18th century, following the Jacobite risings, the fraternity split into the rivaling Order of Patriotic Oddfellows in southern England, favouring William III of England, and the Ancient Order of Oddfellows in northern England and Scotland, favouring the House of Stuart.


title: Odd Fellows

text: Odd Fellows from that time include John Wilkes (1725–1797) and Sir George Savile, 8th Baronet of Thornton (1726–1784), advocating civil liberties and reliefs, including Catholic emancipation. Political repressions such as the Unlawful Oaths Act (1797) and the Unlawful Societies Act (1799), resulted in neutral amalgamation of the Grand United Order of Oddfellows in 1798. Since then the fraternity has remained religiously and politically independent. George IV of the United Kingdom, admitted in 1780 while he was Prince of Wales, was the first documented of many Odd Fellows to also attend freemasonry, although the societies remain mutually independent.


title: Odd Fellows

text: In 1810, further instigations led to the establishment of the Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity in England. Odd Fellows spread overseas, including formally chartering the fraternity in the United States in 1819. In 1842, due to British authorities intervening in the customs and ceremonies of British Odd Fellows and in light of post-colonial American sovereignty, the American Odd Fellows became independent as the Independent Order of Odd Fellows under British-American Thomas Wildey (1782–1861), soon constituting the largest sovereign grand lodge. Likewise, by the mid-19th century, the Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity had become the largest and richest fraternal organisation in the United Kingdom.


title: Odd Fellows

text: Odd Fellows promote philanthropy, the ethic of reciprocity and charity; some grand lodges imply a Judeo-Christian affiliation. The American-based Independent Order of Odd Fellows enrolls some 600,000 members divided into approximately 10,000 lodges in thirty countries, and is interfraternally recognised by the British-based Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity. In total, members of all international branches combined are estimated in the millions worldwide.


title: Odd Fellows

text: Several theories aim to explain the etymological background of the name "Odd Fellows", often spelled "Oddfellows" in British English. In the 18th century United Kingdom, major trades were organised in guilds or other forms of syndicates, but smaller trades did not have equivalent social or financial security. One theory has it that "odd fellows", people who exercised unusual, miscellaneous "odd trades", eventually joined together to form a larger group of "odd fellows".


title: Odd Fellows

text: Another theory suggests that in the beginning of odd fellowship in the 18th century, at the time of the early era of industrialisation, it was rather odd to find people who followed noble values such as fraternalism, benevolence and charity. The name was supposedly adopted at a time when the severance into sects and classes was so wide that persons aiming at social union and mutual help were a marked exception to the general rule. Possibly, it met a mixed reaction from the upper classes, who may have seen them as a source of revenue by taxes, but also as a threat to their authority.


title: Odd Fellows

text: The Odd Fellows are one of the earliest and oldest fraternal societies, but their early history is obscure and largely undocumented.


title: Odd Fellows

text: Traditions tracing the fraternity's origins back to Roman emperors Nero and Titus are considered dubious. The evolution of the society from medieval guilds, however, is more reliably documented.


title: Odd Fellows

text: By the 13th century, tradesmen's guilds had become established and prosperous. During the 14th century, guild masters moved to protect their power and wealth by restricting access to the guilds. In response, the less experienced and less wealthy fellows established their own rival guilds.


title: Odd Fellows

text: When Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church, he viewed the guilds as supporting the pope, and in 1545 he confiscated all material property of the guilds. Elizabeth I stripped the guilds of the responsibility for training apprentices, and by the end of her reign, most guilds had been suppressed.


title: Odd Fellows

text: There were numerous Oddfellow organizations in England in the 1700s. One Edwardian Oddfellow history argued that in 1710 there was a 'Loyal Lintot of Oddfellows' in London. The first Oddfellows group in South Yorkshire, England, dates from 1730. The earliest surviving documented evidence of an “Oddfellows” lodge is the minutes of Loyal Aristarchus Oddfellow Lodge no. 9 in England, dated 12 March 1748. By it being lodge number 9, this connotes that there were older Oddfellows lodges that existed before this date.


title: Odd Fellows

text: Subsequent to the failure of Bonnie Prince Charlie's uprising in 1745, in 1789 these two Orders formed a partial amalgamation as the Grand United Order of Oddfellows. These days they are more commonly known as "The Grand United Order of Oddfellows Friendly Society" (GUOOFS), abandoning all political and religious disputes and committing itself to promoting the harmony and welfare of its members. Some books mention that there was a lodge of a 'Union Order of Oddfellows' in London in 1750, and one in Derby in 1775.


title: Odd Fellows

text: The "Oddfellows Magazine" of 1888 included a picture of a medal presented to the secretary of a lodge of the Grand Independent Order of Oddfellows in 1796. In a magazine review of a 1798 sermon preached in the Sheffield Parish Church, the "Oddfellows appear to be very numerous with about thirty-nine lodges of them in London and its vicinity, two at Sheffield, and one at each of the following places: Wolverhampton, Birmingham, Shrewsbury, Windsor, Wandsworth, Canterbury, Liverpool, Richmond in Surrey and Lewes". This suggested that the "Original United Order of Oddfellows" consisted of a total of 50 lodges at that time.


title: Odd Fellows

text: In 1810, various lodges of the Union or United Order in the Manchester area declared themselves as an "Independent Order", and organized the ""Manchester Unity of Oddfellows"" which chartered the Odd Fellows in North America in 1819.


title: Odd Fellows

text: The Catholic Church in the 19th and early 20th centuries condemned secret societies such as the Freemasons, deemed "pseudo-religious", but also addressed other organisations, including expressing suspicions against the stated religious neutrality and independence of Oddfellows.


title: Odd Fellows

text: In 1907, the Apostolic Delegate to the United States, the Most Rev Diomede Falconio, in reply to a query from the Rev Novatus Benzing, OFM, of Phoenix, Arizona, determined that the Daughters of Rebekah, the auxiliary of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, as well as the female auxiliaries of other condemned secret societies, fell under the same category of condemnation.


title: Odd Fellows

text: However, permission for "passive membership" in female groups affiliated with societies condemned by the church in 1894 (including the Knights of Pythias and Sons of Temperance) could be granted individually under certain conditions, viz. that the person in question had joined the group in good faith before the condemnation, that leaving the group would cause financial hardship due to the loss of sick benefits and insurance, that if permission is granted dues would only be paid by mail, the parishioner would not attend any lodge meetings, and the society would not have anything to do with the person's funeral.


title: Odd Fellows

text: Since 1975, however, several Catholic priests have become members of the Odd Fellows. One of them was Father Titian Anthos Miani who joined Scio Lodge No. 102 of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in Linden, California. As soon as the controversy declined and religious leaders began to accept secular organizations, numerous pastors, priests, bishops and rabbis from different religious sects have become members and some even held leadership positions in the Odd Fellows. However, since the new code of Canon Law did not explicitly mention Masonic orders and other secret societies, the Office of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a declaration on Masonic associations in 1983, stating clearly that the opposition of the Catholic Church stated in the earlier version of the Canon Law had not changed.


title: Odd Fellows

text: The origins and history of the Oddfellows are not easily verified; some of the possible facts are mixed with unverifiable myth, legend, folklore and opinion. The following is a far-from-exhaustive list of "histories" of Oddfellows – unfortunately, few of them quote their sources.


title: Dan Soder

text: Daniel E. Soder (born June 24, 1983) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, and radio personality. He is best known for his frequent appearances on MTV2's "Guy Code" and his recurring role of Mafee on the Showtime drama series "Billions" since 2016. He has co-hosted "The Bonfire" with fellow comedian Big Jay Oakerson on Sirius XM Radio since 2015.


title: Dan Soder

text: Soder was born in Hartford, Connecticut, but was raised in Aurora, Colorado. He is of Irish descent. While Soder was in high school, his father died following a protracted illness, and his sister died two years later in a car accident. Soder grew up close friends with current Miami Dolphins head coach Mike McDaniel. He began performing stand-up comedy while a student at the University of Arizona. He graduated from University of Arizona in 2005 with degrees in journalism and political science. A year after graduating, he moved to New York City to further pursue his career.


title: Dan Soder

text: He has appeared on Comedy Central's "The Half Hour", "Conan", "Cum Town", "Opie and Anthony", "The Anthony Cumia Show", MTV2's "Guy Code" and "Guy Court", Fox Sports 1's "Garbage Time with Katie Nolan", and the "You Know What Dude!" podcast with Robert Kelly. After the firing of Anthony Cumia from the "Opie & Anthony Show", Soder was a frequent guest and "third mic" on "Opie with Jim Norton", formerly on the Faction Talk channel on Sirius Satellite Radio. On July 27, 2015, Soder along with fellow stand-up comedian Big Jay Oakerson began their two-hour live radio talk show, "The Bonfire", on SiriusXM's Comedy Central Radio channel airing every Monday through Thursday (previously Mondays and Wednesdays) from 6-8pm EST. As of March 1, 2021, the show has aired on Faction Talk from 5-7pm EST after Comedy Central Radio ceased production on all of its talk shows.


title: Dan Soder

text: Soder appeared in multiple episodes as a guest star on "Inside Amy Schumer" beginning in 2014, and had a minor appearance in Schumer's film "Trainwreck" (2015). On May 21, 2016, Soder released his first hour long special on Comedy Central titled "Not Special".


title: Dan Soder

text: On March 19, 2016, Dan Soder made a special guest appearance on the popular wrestling podcast "Wrestling Soup", and has a recurring role on the Showtime drama series "Billions". In late 2016, Soder was cast in the comedy "Drunk Parents" (2019), starring Alec Baldwin and Salma Hayek.


title: Dan Soder

text: On July 4, 2017, Netflix released a new original series called "The Standups" featuring Dan Soder's 30-minute stand-up set on the sixth episode (and season finale) of season one.


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: Brandon L. Brown (born September 14, 1993) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He last competed full-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving for several teams including the No. 68 Chevrolet Camaro for Brandonbilt Motorsports.


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: Brown inadvertently became associated with politics after winning the 2021 Sparks 300, when NBC Sports reporter Kelli Stavast's misstating of a crowd chant led to "Let's Go Brandon" becoming a political slogan used against U.S. President Joe Biden.


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: Brown first started racing when he was ten, driving go-karts at King George Speedway before moving to dirt track racing, winning the 2006 World Karting Association Mid-South Region Jr. championship. Two years later, he won the Jr. Restricted Light and Heavy Division championships, followed by the VDKA Series and Jr. Restricted Light and Heavy Division championships in 2009. In 2010, Brown began competing in the Whelen All-American Series with family-owned Brandonbilt Motorsports, winning a race and eventually the Virginia Rookie of the Year Award. The next year, he won three races at Old Dominion Speedway.


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: In 2014, Brown made his Camping World Truck Series debut at Iowa Speedway, finishing 25th after starting 27th. He made two more starts in the year, with a best finish of 19th at New Hampshire Motor Speedway.


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: The following year, he attempted eight races but failed to qualify for three. After starting the season with a 29th-place finish at Atlanta Motor Speedway, he ended the year with a best finish of 14th at Dover International Speedway.


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: In the 2016 season opener at Daytona International Speedway, Brown finished a career-best fourth place. Brown made his Xfinity Series debut at his home track of Richmond International Raceway in September 2016. Brown increased his Xfinity Series schedule in 2017, with intentions of running ten races in addition to select Truck races.


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: After driving a full-time Xfinity Series schedule in 2019 for 2 teams, Brown drove the No. 68 Chevrolet for Brandonbilt Motorsports the following year. He made his first appearance in the NASCAR Xfinity Series playoffs, finishing 12th in the regular-season standings, but was eliminated following the first round.


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: In 2021, Brown tied his best career finish with a sixth at Daytona, followed by an eighth-place finish at the Daytona Road Course. He improved on his best finish at Phoenix when he finished third after various leaders were forced into the wall on an overtime restart.


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: At the Sparks 300 at Talladega in October 2021, Brown was in contention throughout the latter part of the race after escaping the first big wreck that took place on lap 88. As the race started late in the day because of the Truck race that was completed just earlier, there was a chance that the race would be called early if another caution had come out as it was starting to get dark. With a push from behind, Brown, who was not in the playoffs, was able to narrowly get ahead of Brandon Jones and Justin Allgaier in time when the final caution of the race came out with 13 to go due to another big crash. The race was ultimately called with five laps to go due to darkness, and Brown would score his first career Xfinity Series win in his 114th start.


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: Coastal Carolina University, Brown’s alma mater, served as a primary sponsor on Brown's truck and Xfinity car during the early part of his career.


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: When his team was struggling to find sponsorship during the 2021 season, Brown made a Twitter video in June 2021, dressing up as a 'used car salesman' in an attempt to promote his team and find available sponsors for upcoming races. The video paid off as Brandonbilt Motorsports announced they had secured enough sponsorship, including one from American PetroLog, a provider of logistics services for the petrochemical industry, as well as cryptocurrency company TradeTheChain.com, to finish off the rest of the season.


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: After his first win at Talladega, Brown was being interviewed at the start-finish line by NBC Sports reporter Kelli Stavast, when many in the crowd began to chant "Fuck Joe Biden." Stavast, who may have misheard the chant, stated, "You can hear the chants from the crowd, 'Let's go, Brandon!


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: This gave rise to the political slogan "Let's Go Brandon" as a euphemism against Biden. Brown initially responded to the new political slogan with the lighthearted tweet, "To all the other Brandons out there, You're welcome! Let's go us". However, he was privately ambivalent about the phrase, because it overshadowed his Talladega win and threatened to scare off corporate sponsors, who were leery of controversy. His plan originally was to simply ignore the phrase, but as several months passed and it remained in widespread use, he worried that his silence was perceived as a tacit endorsement of the sentiment. Later that month, the Associated Press reported that Brown's Brandonbilt Motorsports team, which is family owned, was struggling to acquire sponsorship as companies were hesitant to support him due to his indirect association with the chant and its political undertones.


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: In December 2021, he broke his silence on the matter in an interview with "The New York Times" in which he stated that, though he was a Republican, he wanted "to appeal to everybody" and had "zero desire to be involved in politics". Brown expressed his wishes for the slogan to instead be used in a positive context. He also published an op-ed in "Newsweek", in which he took a more mixed stance, stating that he was "not going to endorse anyone", but that he was "not going to hesitate to speak about issues I am passionate about, or the problems we face together as Americans".


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: For the 2022 Henry 180 at Road America, Brown's No. 68 car promoted the children's book "Brandon Spots His Sign" by Sheletta Brundidge. The book follows her son Brandon, who has autism, and his interpretation of the phrase as a motivational message for him to try new activities. The Brundidges attended the race as special guests of the team and gave out copies of the book at the track. Brown described the partnership as a "breakthrough moment for us" that proved "this can be positive. This can be good. It doesn't have to be hateful or divisive."


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: On December 30, 2021, Brown announced that meme coin Let's Go Brandon Coin (LGBCoin) would become his primary sponsor for the full 2022 season. However, the sponsorship was rejected by NASCAR, who added that it had not been approved at the time of Brown's announcement. Brandonbilt Motorsports and LGBCoin's investors disputed NASCAR's statement, citing communications between the team and NASCAR officials, while LGBCoin manager James Koutoulas threatened legal action. Brown eventually signed a two-year personal endorsement deal with LGBCoin.


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: A January 2022 Change.org petition by LGBCoin claimed Brown's existing sponsors withdrew their funding as the chant grew in popularity before deleting the allegation. 2021 associate sponsors The Mohawk Foundation and Shenandoah Shine answered in the contrary, with the former's founder Ryne Hoover noting a lack of response from Brown following his Talladega win while the latter's Garrett Delph said sponsors had been "forced out" by LGBCoin. Nevertheless, they expressed willingness to resume their support should they reconcile with Brown. Original Larry's Hard Lemonade Brewing Company, who was the team's primary sponsor at Talladega, severed ties as Larry's owner Vic Reynolds voiced his frustration with Brown focusing on a dubious sponsor over committing to those already backing him; Reynolds later clarified he and Brown were still close friends but felt "betrayed" by Brown's actions. On January 13, Brown posted a Twitter statement explaining Brandonbilt had yet to renew sponsorship deals for 2022 during the offseason and that LGBCoin presented a "dream come true offer." He also apologized to his previous sponsors for his silence and maintained his goal to change "Let's Go Brandon" into a positive phrase.


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: Prior to the 2022 Xfinity season, Brandonbilt Motorsports hired a sales staff to search for sponsorship. Ahead of the first race at Daytona, where merchandise with the phrase was prominently displayed by fans, Brown remarked to the AP that he hoped "they know it's for me and they're pulling for me. [...] Let's go Brandon to get to Victory Lane." In February 2022, the U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in a lawsuit against Bitconnect that the Securities Act of 1933 extends to targeted solicitation using social media. In April 2022, a class-action lawsuit was filed in Florida against the LGBcoin cryptocurrency company, Brown, NASCAR, and political commentator Candace Owens alleging that the defendants made false or misleading statements about the LGBcoin and that the founders of the company had engaged in a pump and dump scheme.


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: Brown graduated from Coastal Carolina University in 2018 with a degree in communication; he was also a member of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity. The school serves as a primary sponsor on Brown's truck and Xfinity car.


title: Brandon Brown (racing driver)

text: His father and team owner, Jerry Brown, underwent "aggressive" treatment for cancer after being diagnosed during a routine check-up on April 7, 2020. He revealed that his father was cancer-free on August 26 after a five month battle.


title: David Dencik

text: Karl David Sebastian Dencik (born 31 October 1974) is a Danish-Swedish actor. He has acted in both Swedish and Danish films, and has also had major roles in English-language films and series including "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy" (2011), "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo" (2011), "Top of the Lake" (2017), "McMafia" (2018), "Chernobyl" (2019), and the "James Bond" film "No Time to Die" (2021).


title: David Dencik

text: Dencik is twice a Robert Award winner, for Best Actor in a Leading Role for "A Soap" (2006) and Robert Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Television Role for "The Chestnut Man" (2021). He won a Guldbagge Award for Best Supporting Actor for "The Perfect Patient" (2019). He is also a seven-time Bodil Award nominee.


title: David Dencik

text: Dencik was born in Stockholm, Sweden. His family moved to Denmark when he was very young. As a teenager, he spent his youth studying in Brazil, where he discovered Capoeira, the Brazilian martial art that combines elements of dance and music. The dance aspect of Capoeira made him take an interest in theatre. He later moved back to Sweden and attended the Stockholm Academy of Dramatic Arts. His wife is a lawyer who works in Copenhagen. He uses Denmark as his base, but since his work takes him to Sweden he also has an apartment in Stockholm. His father is Lars Dencik, Professor of Social Psychology at Roskilde University, born in 1941 of Jewish parents from Slovakia, who escaped the Holocaust by finding refuge in Sweden. His mother was Kerstin Allroth-Dencik, a Film Commissioner for television networks in Scandinavia.


title: David Dencik

text: After having had minor roles in different films, David Dencik became an established actor in Sweden for his role as the killer John Ausonius in the three-part TV mini-series "Lasermannen" in 2005.


title: David Dencik

text: In 2006, he starred in the comedy "Everything About My Bush" (known as "Allt om min buske" in Swedish). In 2007, he appeared in the Danish feature film "Daisy Diamond" directed by Simon Staho.


title: David Dencik

text: He portrayed Fred Åkerström in the biographical film "Cornelis", starring Hank Von Helvete as Cornelis Vreeswijk. In 2011, he appeared in the Hollywood-adaption of "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo" and played Toby Esterhase in the film "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy". He also starred in the gay-themed "Brotherhood" and the Dimension Films thriller "Regression". In 2017 he played brothel owner Alexander "Puss" Braun, in Jane Campion's acclaimed "Top of the Lake". "McMafia" (2018) saw Dencik play Russian Boss, Uncle Boris Godman, inspired by the book "" (2008) by journalist Misha Glenny. Dencik then portrayed a rogue scientist Valdo Obruchev in the James Bond film "No Time to Die" (2021).


title: Omar Richards

text: Omar Tyrell Crawford Richards (born 15 February 1998) is an English professional footballer who plays as a left back or a wing back for Premier League club Nottingham Forest.


title: Omar Richards

text: Richards played for local teams before he joined Fulham at age 10. Following his release from Fulham Under-16, he signed his first professional contract with Reading under academy manager Eamonn Dolan in July 2016. Reading's academy coach, David Dodds, converted him from a left-sided forward into a left-back.


title: Omar Richards

text: Richards made his debut for Reading under coach Jaap Stam on the opening day of the 2017–18 season, coming on as a 59th minute substitute for Jón Daði Böðvarsson following Tiago Ilori's red card. On 30 November 2017, Reading announced that Richards had signed a new deal with club until 2021. He scored his first professional goal in a 1–1 draw with Nottingham Forest on 20 February 2018.


title: Omar Richards

text: On 27 May 2021, Bayern Munich announced the signing of Richards to a four-year contract as a free agent once his Reading contract expired in June 2021.


title: Omar Richards

text: On 10 July 2022, recently promoted Premier League club Nottingham Forest announced the signing of Richards on a four-year contract for an €8,500,000 transfer fee.


title: Omar Richards

text: Born in England, Richards is of Jamaican descent and has expressed an interest in representing the Jamaica national team. On 30 August 2019, Richards received his first international call-up with a place in the England U21 squad. He eventually made his U21 debut on 11 October 2019 as a substitute during a 2–2 draw against Slovenia in Maribor.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Gatlinburg is a mountain resort city in Sevier County, Tennessee, United States. It is located southeast of Knoxville and had a population of 3,944 at the 2010 Census and a U.S. Census population of 3,577 in 2020. It is a popular vacation resort, as it rests on the border of Great Smoky Mountains National Park along U.S. Route 441, which connects to Cherokee, North Carolina, on the southeast side of the national park. Prior to incorporation, the town was known as White Oak Flats, or just simply White Oak.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: For centuries, Cherokee hunters, as well as other Native American hunters before them, used a footpath known as Indian Gap Trail to access the abundant game in the forests and coves of the Smokies. This trail connected the Great Indian Warpath with Rutherford Indian Trace, following the West Fork of the Little Pigeon River from modern-day Sevierville through modern-day Pigeon Forge, Gatlinburg, and the Sugarlands, crossing the crest of the Smokies along the slopes of Mount Collins, and descending into North Carolina along the banks of the Oconaluftee River. US-441 largely follows this same route today, although it crests at Newfound Gap rather than Indian Gap.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Although various 18th-century European and early American hunters and fur trappers probably traversed or camped in the flats where Gatlinburg is now situated, it was Edgefield, South Carolina, native William Ogle (1751–1803) who first decided to permanently settle in the area. With the help of the Cherokee, Ogle cut, hewed, and notched logs in the flats, planning to erect a cabin the following year. He returned home to Edgefield to retrieve his family and grow one final crop for supplies. However, shortly after his arrival in Edgefield, a malaria epidemic swept the low country, and Ogle succumbed to the disease in 1803.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: His widow, Martha Huskey Ogle (1756–1827), moved the family to Virginia, where she had relatives. Sometime around 1806, Martha Huskey Ogle made the journey over Indian Gap Trail to what is now Gatlinburg with her brother, Peter Huskey, her daughter, Rebecca, and her daughter's husband, James McCarter. William Ogle's notched logs awaited them, and they erected a cabin near the confluence of Baskins Creek and the West Fork of the Little Pigeon shortly after their arrival. The cabin still stands today near the heart of Gatlinburg. James and Rebecca McCarter settled in the Cartertown district of Gatlinburg.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: In the decade following the arrival of the Ogles, McCarters, and Huskeys in what came to be known as White Oak Flats, a steady stream of settlers moved into the area. Most were veterans of the American Revolution or War of 1812 who had converted the tracts they had received for service in war into deeds. Among these early settlers were Timothy Reagan (c. 1750–1830), John Ownby Jr. (1791–1857), and Henry Bohanon (1760–1842). Their descendants still live in the area today.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: In 1856, a post office was established in the general store of Radford Gatlin (c. 1798–1880), giving the town the name "Gatlinburg." Despite the fact that the town bore his name, Gatlin, who didn't arrive in the flats until around 1854, constantly bickered with his neighbors. By 1857, a full-blown feud had erupted between the Gatlins and the Ogles, probably over Gatlin's attempts to divert the town's main road. The eve of the U.S. Civil War found Gatlin, who became a Confederate sympathizer, at odds with the residents of the flats, who were mostly pro-Union, and he was forced out in 1859.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Despite its anti-slavery sentiments, Gatlinburg, like most Smoky communities, tried to remain neutral during the war. This changed when a company of Confederate Colonel William Holland Thomas' Legion occupied the town to protect the salt peter mines at Alum Cave, near the Tennessee-North Carolina border. Federal forces marched south from Knoxville and Sevierville to drive out Thomas' men, who had built a small fort on Burg Hill. Lucinda Oakley Ogle, whose grandfather witnessed the ensuing skirmish, later recounted her grandfather's recollections:


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: ... he told me about when he was a sixteen-year-old boy during the Civil War and would hide under a big cliff on Turkey Nest Ridge and watch the Blue Coats ride their horses around the graveyard hill, shooting their cannon toward Burg Hill where the Grey Coats had a fort and would ride their horses around the Burg Hill ...


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: As the Union forces converged on the town, the outnumbered Confederates were forced to retreat across the Smokies to North Carolina. Confederate forces did not return, although sporadic small raids continued until the end of the war.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: In the 1880s, the invention of the band saw and the logging railroad led to a boom in the lumber industry. As forests throughout the Southeastern United States were harvested, lumber companies pushed deeper into the mountain areas of the Appalachian highlands. In 1901, Colonel W.B. Townsend established the Little River Lumber Company in Tuckaleechee Cove to the west, and lumber interests began buying up logging rights to vast tracts of forest in the Smokies.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Andrew Jackson Huff (1878–1949), originally of Greene County, was a pivotal figure in Gatlinburg at this time. Huff erected a sawmill in Gatlinburg in 1900, and local residents began supplementing their income by providing lodging to loggers and other lumber company officials. Tourists also began to trickle into the area, drawn to the Smokies by the writings of authors such as Mary Noailles Murfree and Horace Kephart, who wrote extensively about the region's natural wonders.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: In 1912, the Pi Beta Phi women's fraternity established a settlement school (now Arrowmont School of Arts and Crafts) in Gatlinburg after a survey of the region found the town to be most in need of educational facilities in the area. Although skeptical locals were initially worried that the fraternity might be religious propagandists or opportunists, the school's enrollment grew from 33 to 134 in its first year of operation. Along with providing basic education to children in the area, the school's staff created a small market for local crafts.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: The journals and letters of the Pi Beta Phi settlement school's staff are a valuable source of information about daily life in Gatlinburg in the early 1900s. Phyllis Higinbotham, a nurse from Toronto who worked at the school for six years, wrote of the mountain peoples' confusion over the role of a nurse, their penchant for calling on her for minute issues, and her difficulties with Appalachian customs:


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: I soon found that people weren't used to hurrying, and that it takes a long time of patient waiting and general conversation to find out what they have really come for, or to get a history of the cases when making a visit. I have had to get used to getting most of a woman's symptoms from her husband, and not having heart failure when a messenger comes with the news that so and so is "bad off", "about to die", or "got the fever."


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Higinbotham complained that there was an unhealthy "lack of variety" in the mountain peoples' diet and that they weren't open to new suggestions. Food was often "too starchy", "not well cooked", and supplemented with certain excesses:


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: One of the doctors was called to several cases of honey poisoning. The men had robbed some bee gums, eaten a pound or two of each and been knocked unconscious where they stood.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Evelyn Bishop, a Pi Beta Phi who arrived at the school in 1913, reported that the mountain peoples' relative isolation from American society allowed them to retain folklore that reflected their English and Scots-Irish ancestries, such as Elizabethan Era ballads: Many times it is the ballad that the child learns first, no Mother Goose melodies are as familiar, and it is strange indeed to listen to a little tot singing of the courtly days of old, the knights and 'ladyes' and probably the tragic death of the lover.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Such isolation attracted folklorists such as Cecil Sharp of London to the area in the years following World War I. Sharp's collection of Appalachian ballads was published in 1932.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Extensive logging in the early 1900s led to increased calls by conservationists for federal action, and in 1911, Congress passed the Weeks Act to allow for the purchase of land for national forests. Authors such as Horace Kephart and Knoxville-area businesses began advocating for the creation of a national park in the Smokies that would be similar to Yellowstone or Yosemite in the Western United States. With the purchase of in the Little River Lumber Company tract in 1926, the movement quickly became a reality.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Andrew Huff spearheaded the movement in the Gatlinburg area, and he opened the first hotel in Gatlinburg – the Mountain View Hotel – in 1916. His son, Jack, established LeConte Lodge atop Mount Le Conte in 1926. In spite of resistance from lumberers at Elkmont and difficulties with the Tennessee legislature, Great Smoky Mountains National Park opened in 1934.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: The park radically changed Gatlinburg. When the Pi Beta Phis arrived in 1912, Gatlinburg was a small hamlet with six houses, a blacksmith shop, a general store, a Baptist church, and a greater community of 600 individuals, most of whom lived in log cabins. In 1934, the first year the park was open, an estimated 40,000 visitors passed through the city. Within a year, this number had increased over twelve-fold to 500,000. From 1940 to 1950, the cost per acre of land in Gatlinburg increased from $50 () to $8,000 ().


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: While the park's arrival benefited Gatlinburg and made many of the town's residents wealthy, the tourism explosion led to problems with air quality and urban sprawl. Even in modern times, the town's infrastructure is often pushed to the limit on peak vacation days and must consistently adapt to accommodate the growing number of tourists.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: On the night of July 14, 1992, Gatlinburg gained national attention when an entire city block burned to the ground due to faulty wiring in a light fixture. The Ripley's Believe It or Not! museum was consumed by the fire, along with an arcade, haunted house, and souvenir shop. The blaze was stopped before it could consume the adjacent 32-story Gatlinburg Space Needle. Known to locals as "Rebel Corner," the block was completely rebuilt and reopened to visitors in 1995. Few artifacts from the Ripley's Museum were salvaged, and those that survived are clearly marked with that designation in the new museum. The fire prompted new downtown building codes and a new downtown fire station. Ripley's has caught fire twice since it reopened, once in 2000 and again in 2003. Both of those fires, coincidentally, were caused by faulty light fixtures. The 2000 fire caused no damage, and the 2003 fire was contained to the building's exterior, with the museum suffering minimal damage, primarily cosmetic.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Starting in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park at Chimney Tops, a moderately contained wildfire was compounded by very strong winds – with gusts recorded up to – and extremely dry conditions due to drought, causing it to spread down into Gatlinburg, Pigeon Forge, Pittman Center, and other nearby areas. It forced mass evacuations, and Governor Bill Haslam ordered the National Guard to the area. The center of Gatlinburg's tourist district escaped heavy damage, but the surrounding wooded region was called "the apocalypse" by a fire department lieutenant. Approximately 14,000 people were evacuated that evening, more than 2,400 structures were damaged or destroyed, and damages totaled more than $500 million. Fourteen people died in the fires – some local citizens and some visiting tourists.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Following the fires, the town of Gatlinburg was shut down and considered a crime scene. The city reopened to residents only after a few days but maintained a strict curfew for more than a week, only reopening to the public after the curfew was lifted. In June 2017, the Sevier County district attorney dropped the charges against the two juveniles due to an inability to prove their actions led to the devastation that occurred in Gatlinburg five days later. According to D.A. James Dunn in an official statement, other factors played a key role, particularly the wind:But for the winds that reached speeds in excess of , it is highly unlikely and improbable that the Chimney Tops II fire would have left the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and reached Gatlinburg. In May 2018, two Gatlinburg residents filed a $14.8 million lawsuit against the federal government for personal losses suffered in the fire.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of which is land. It is surrounded on all sides by high ridges, with the Le Conte and Sugarland Mountain massifs rising to the south, Cove Mountain to the west, Big Ridge to the northeast, and Grapeyard Ridge to the east. The main watershed is the West Fork of the Little Pigeon River, which flows from its source on the slopes of Mount Collins to its junction with the Little Pigeon at Sevierville.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: U.S. Route 441 is the main traffic artery in Gatlinburg, running through the center of town from north to south. Farther along 441, Pigeon Forge is approximately to the north, and Great Smoky Mountains National Park (viz. the Sugarlands) is approximately to the south. TN-73 (Little River Road) forks off from 441 in the Sugarlands and heads west for roughly , connecting the Gatlinburg area with Townsend and Blount County. U.S. Route 321 enters Gatlinburg from Pigeon Forge and Wears Valley to the north before turning east and connecting the city to Newport and Cosby.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Gatlinburg has a humid subtropical climate (Koppen: "Cfa") with hot, humid summers and cool, wet winters. Precipitation is heavy year round, peaking in the months of May–July, with October being the driest month, with only of average precipitation. Snowfall is lower in the valley, averaging about of annual snowfall.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 3,577 people, 1,742 households, and 1,012 families residing in the city.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: As of the 2010 census, Gatlinburg had 3,944 people, 1,681 households, and 1,019 families residing in the city with 5,825 housing units available. The racial makeup of the city was 85.3% White, 0.6% African American, 0.4% American Indian/Alaska Native, 2.8% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 8.9% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race accounted for 15% of the population.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Of the 1,681 households, 22.8% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 44.1% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.4% were non-families. Individuals living alone accounted for 29.4% of the non-family households, and 11.3% of those living alone were 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33, and the average family size was 2.8.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: The city's population consisted of 18.5% of individuals under the age of 20, 5.9% from 20 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.7 years. The ratio of males to females was almost equivalent at 1.02:1 (1,990 males to 1,954 females). For adult individuals 18 or older, the ratio of males to females was also very close at 1.03:1 (1,671 males to 1,628 females).


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: According to data in the 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for Gatlinburg, the median income for a household in Gatlinburg was estimated at $36,445, with an estimated median family income of $42,903. For individuals who were employed full-time, males had a median income of $30,159 versus $24,528 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,423, and 15% of the population and 5.8% of families had income levels below the poverty line. 13.8% of those under the age of 18 and 8.3% of those 65 years and older were living below the poverty line.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Bordering Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg is an important tourist destination in Tennessee, with many man-made attractions. Ober Gatlinburg is the only ski resort in the state. It has eight ski trails, three chair lifts, and a wildlife encounter area and is accessible via roads and a gondola from the city strip. The Gatlinburg Trolley, a privately funded public transit system, caters to area tourists.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: The Gatlinburg SkyLift takes visitors up to the top of Crockett Mountain, to the longest footbridge in the US which spans two mountains.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Gatlinburg Space Needle provides a 360-degree view of the Smoky Mountains from its observation tower. The attraction includes glass elevators, educational exhibits on the history of Gatlinburg, a two-story arcade, and since 2016 a magic and mentalism performance at the Iris Theater.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: The Gatlinburg Arts and Crafts Community is an 8-mile loop located on the north side of town, It is dedicated to preserving traditional mountain crafts. With over 100 artists and craftsmen, the Community is a living, breathing tribute to the history of Tennessee. The carvers, weavers, watercolor artists, casters, soap makers, potters, silversmiths and dozens of other artisans skillfully demonstrate their abilities, as well as several restaurants.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: The Ripley's group of attractions includes Ripley's Aquarium of the Smokies, which opened in 1997 and features special exhibits covering subjects such as the "Titanic", pirates, and the planet Mars, Ripley's Haunted Adventure, Odditorium, Mirror Maze, 5D Moving Theater, Guinness World Records, Old MacDonald's Farm Mini Golf, and Davy Crockett Mini Golf. Ripley's Super Fun Zone was added in 2020.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Anakeesta is a nearby theme park named after the Anakeesta Formation that makes up many of the mountains near Gatlinburg, including Chimney Tops, Charlie's Bunion, and Mount Kephart. In Cherokee, the name means "the place of the balsams" and refers to high ground. The park has zip lines, chair and gondola rides to the top of Anakeesta Mountain, and a mountain coaster. Inside the park, Firefly Village has shops and restaurants. Dollywood and Dollywood's Splash Country, which are both named for Dolly Parton, are amusement parks located in nearby Pigeon Forge.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Hollywood Star Cars Museum, which opened in 1996, features Mayberry's squad car, "The Beverly Hillbillies" jalopy, DRAG-U-LA from "The Munsters", two Batmobiles, the Camaro from "Charlie's Angels", and Herbie the Love Bug. Many of the featured vehicles were designed by George Barris. The Museum of Salt and Pepper Shakers houses more than 20,000 shakers from all over the world.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: A few music- and family-oriented theaters are located in Gatlinburg, including Sweet Fanny Adams Theatre for musical comedy. Christ in the Smokies uses 3D dioramas with life-size figures, music, lighting, and special effects to tell the story of Christ.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Gatlinburg has numbered intersections in the core of the town. The numbers hang from traffic lights or signs and are written on official tourist maps. (A similar idea was tried in Niagara Falls, New York, after the mayor of Niagara Falls visited Gatlinburg and took the idea back to Niagara Falls. The idea was short-lived in New York and was scrapped due to budget issues.)


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: During the Christmas season, the entire downtown area is decorated with lights for the Winterfest Celebration that takes place from November through February. A Trolley Ride of Lights is available from early November to late January during the celebration, and a free shuttle bus traverses the city every half-hour.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Because of the ease of obtaining a marriage license in Tennessee, Gatlinburg is a popular destination for weddings and honeymoons, with more than 20 wedding chapels in the town and surrounding areas.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Gatlinburg is mentioned in the lyrics to the Johnny Cash song A Boy Named Sue, written by Shel Silverstein.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: Cooter's Place was a free "Dukes of Hazzard" museum with the General Lee, indoor go-karts, and indoor mini golf. The museum portion moved to Pigeon Forge, the building and mini-golf were re-opened as Ripley's Super Fun Zone.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: World of Illusions, which opened in Gatlinburg in 1977, closed on January 6, 2020. The building has yet to be re-developed.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: The Convention Center hosts the annual week-long Gatlinburg Regional, the largest non-National bridge tournament in the U.S., which attracts over 3,000 players from all over the world.


title: Gatlinburg, Tennessee

text: The Gatlinburg Police Department, sometimes referred to as "GPD", is the primary law enforcement organization serving Gatlinburg, Tennessee in the United States. The department has a staff of 45 officers and 10 support personnel. The department maintains a large force size for a small town primarily due to the large volume of tourists that pass through the area annually.


title: Sounds of Silence

text: Sounds of Silence is the second studio album by American folk rock duo Simon & Garfunkel, released on January 17, 1966. The album's title is a slight modification of the title of the duo's first major hit, "The Sound of Silence", which originally was released as "The Sounds of Silence". The song had earlier been released in an acoustic version on the album "Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.", and later on the soundtrack to the movie "The Graduate". Without the knowledge of Paul Simon or Art Garfunkel, electric guitars, bass and drums were overdubbed by Columbia Records staff producer Tom Wilson on June 15, 1965. This new version was released as a single in September 1965, and opens the album.


title: Sounds of Silence

text: "Homeward Bound" was released on the album in the UK, placed at the beginning of Side 2 before "Richard Cory". It was later released in the US on the following album, "Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme". It was also released as part of the box set "Simon & Garfunkel Collected Works", on both LP and CD. Many of the songs in the album had been written by Paul Simon while he lived in London during 1965.


title: Sounds of Silence

text: Solo acoustic versions of "I Am a Rock", "Leaves That Are Green", "April Come She Will", "A Most Peculiar Man", and "Kathy's Song" had appeared on "The Paul Simon Songbook", released in August 1965 in England as had another version of the title track. "Richard Cory" was based on the poem "Richard Cory" by Edwin Arlington Robinson, "Somewhere They Can't Find Me" was essentially a rewrite of the previous album's "Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.", "We've Got a Groovy Thing Goin'" had appeared on the b-side of "The Sound of Silence" a few months before and "Anji" was a cover of an instrumental piece by guitarist Davey Graham whom Simon had met in England. Hence the only brand new Paul Simon composition on the album was "Blessed".


title: Sounds of Silence

text: The album is also included in its entirety as part of the Simon & Garfunkel box sets "Collected Works" and "The Columbia Studio Recordings (1964–1970)". On March 22, 2013, it was announced that the album will be preserved by the Library of Congress in the National Recording Registry, calling it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."


title: Sounds of Silence

text: The album cover photo features the duo on a trail looking back towards the camera. It was shot at Franklin Canyon Park in Los Angeles, California. The secondary school scarves they are wearing were from The Campion School, Hornchurch, UK. This school was attended by the boys of the Brentwood family, where Paul lodged during his time in the UK. The back of the LP has candid shots of the duo and quotes a few lyrics from each song.


title: Sounds of Silence

text: There are three variations of the original LP's artwork. The first issue lists the duo's names' fully capitalized on one line, the album title fully capitalized on another, and no song titles. The second issue capitalizes only the first letter of each word, and features the tracklist. The third has the same front cover as the second, but the back cover airbrushes out the copies of "Tiger Beat" magazine Garfunkel is holding in the photos.


title: Sounds of Silence

text: The original LP label mistakenly spells "Anji" as "Angie" and credits it to Bert Jansch, who had recorded it for his 1965 debut album. The back cover of the original LP sleeve properly credits Davey Graham as composer but retains the "Angie" misspelling. Both errors were corrected for subsequent reissues.


title: Sounds of Silence

text: On older LP and CD issues of the album, "The Sound of Silence" is titled as "The Sounds of Silence" on both the cover and label, and "We've Got a Groovy Thing Goin'" is titled "We've Got a Groovey Thing Goin'".


title: Sounds of Silence

text: "Sounds of Silence" was recorded in April, June and December 1965 at CBS Studios in New York City, New York and Los Angeles, California.


title: Sounds of Silence

text: "The Sound of Silence" overdubs were recorded at Columbia's "Studio A" at 799 Seventh Avenue near 52nd Street by Columbia Records staff producer Tom Wilson on June 15, 1965. Neither Paul Simon nor Art Garfunkel were aware of the session or the plan to release an electric remix of the song until after the overdubs had been recorded.


title: Induced coma

text: An induced comaalso known as a medically induced coma (MIC), barbiturate-induced coma, or drug-induced comais a temporary coma (a deep state of unconsciousness) brought on by a controlled dose of an anesthetic drug, often a barbiturate such as pentobarbital or thiopental. Barbiturate comas are used to protect the brain during major neurosurgery, as a last line of treatment in certain cases of status epilepticus that have not responded to other treatments, and in refractory intracranial hypertension following traumatic brain injury.


title: Induced coma

text: Induced coma usually results in significant systemic adverse effects. The patient is likely to completely lose respiratory drive and require mechanical ventilation; gut motility is reduced; hypotension can complicate efforts to maintain cerebral perfusion pressure and often requires the use of vasopressor drugs. Hypokalemia often results. The completely immobile patient is at increased risk of bed sores as well as infection from catheters.


title: Induced coma

text: Induced coma is a feature of the Milwaukee protocol, a controversial method that is promoted as a means of treating rabies infection in people.


title: Induced coma

text: Barbiturates reduce the metabolic rate of brain tissue, as well as the cerebral blood flow. With these reductions, the blood vessels in the brain narrow, resulting in a shrunken brain, and hence lower intracranial pressure. The hope is that, with the swelling relieved, the pressure decreases and some or all brain damage may be averted. Several studies have supported this theory by showing reduced mortality when treating refractory intracranial hypertension with a barbiturate coma.


title: Induced coma

text: About 60% of the glucose and oxygen used by the brain is meant for its electrical activity and the rest for all other activities such as metabolism. When barbiturates are given to brain injured patients for induced coma, they act by reducing the electrical activity of the brain, which reduces the metabolic and oxygen demand. The infusion dose rate of barbiturates is increased under monitoring by electroencephalography until burst suppression or cortical electrical silence (isoelectric "flatline") is attained. Once there is improvement in the patient's general condition, the barbiturates are withdrawn gradually and the patient regains consciousness.


title: Induced coma

text: Controversy exists over the benefits of using barbiturates to control intracranial hypertension. Some studies have found that barbiturate-induced coma can reduce intracranial hypertension but does not necessarily prevent brain damage. Furthermore, the reduction in intracranial hypertension may not be sustained. Some randomized trials have failed to demonstrate any survival or morbidity benefit of induced coma in diverse conditions such as neurosurgical operations, head trauma, intracranial aneurysm rupture, intracranial hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, and status epilepticus. If the patient survives, cognitive impairment may also follow recovery from the coma.


title: Historian

text: A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. Some historians are recognized by publications or training and experience. "Historian" became a professional occupation in the late nineteenth century as research universities were emerging in Germany and elsewhere.


title: Historian

text: During the "Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt" trial, people became aware that the court needed to identify what was an "objective historian" in the same vein as the reasonable person, and reminiscent of the standard traditionally used in English law of "the man on the Clapham omnibus". This was necessary so that there would be a legal benchmark to compare and contrast the scholarship of an objective historian against the illegitimate methods employed by David Irving, as before the "Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt" trial, there was no legal precedent for what constituted an objective historian.


title: Historian

text: Justice Gray leant heavily on the research of one of the expert witnesses, Richard J. Evans, who compared illegitimate distortion of the historical record practiced by Holocaust deniers with established historical methodologies.


title: Historian

text: By summarizing Gray's judgment, in an article published in the "Yale Law Journal", Wendie E. Schneider distils these seven points for what he meant by an objective historian:


title: Historian

text: Schneider uses the concept of the "objective historian" to suggest that this could be an aid in assessing what makes a historian suitable as expert witnesses under the Daubert standard in the United States. Schneider proposed this, because, in her opinion, Irving could not have passed the standard Daubert tests unless a court was given "a great deal of assistance from historians".


title: Historian

text: Schneider proposes that by testing a historian against the criteria of the "objective historian" then, even if a historian holds specific political views (and she gives an example of a well-qualified historian's testimony that was disregarded by a United States court because he was a member of a feminist group), providing the historian uses the "objective historian" standards, they are a "conscientious historian". It was Irving's failure as an "objective historian" not his right-wing views that caused him to lose his libel case, as a "conscientious historian" would not have "deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence" to support his political views.


title: Historian

text: The process of historical analysis involves investigation and analysis of competing ideas, facts, and purported facts to create coherent narratives that explain "what happened" and "why or how it happened". Modern historical analysis usually draws upon other social sciences, including economics, sociology, politics, psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and linguistics. While ancient writers do not normally share modern historical practices, their work remains valuable for its insights within the cultural context of the times. An important part of the contribution of many modern historians is the verification or dismissal of earlier historical accounts through reviewing newly discovered sources and recent scholarship or through parallel disciplines like archaeology.


title: Historian

text: Understanding the past appears to be a universal human need, and the telling of history has emerged independently in civilizations around the world. What constitutes history is a philosophical question (see philosophy of history). The earliest chronologies date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, though no historical writers in these early civilizations were known by name.


title: Historian

text: Systematic historical thought emerged in ancient Greece, a development that became an important influence on the writing of history elsewhere around the Mediterranean region. The earliest known critical historical works were "The Histories", composed by Herodotus of Halicarnassus (484 – c. 425 BCE) who later became known as the "father of history" (Cicero). Herodotus attempted to distinguish between more and less reliable accounts and personally conducted research by travelling extensively, giving written accounts of various Mediterranean cultures. Although Herodotus' overall emphasis lay on the actions and characters of men, he also attributed an important role to divinity in the determination of historical events. Thucydides largely eliminated divine causality in his account of the war between Athens and Sparta, establishing a rationalistic element that set a precedent for subsequent Western historical writings. He was also the first to distinguish between cause and immediate origins of an event, while his successor Xenophon ( – 355 BCE) introduced autobiographical elements and character studies in his Anabasis.


title: Historian

text: The Romans adopted the Greek tradition. While early Roman works were still written in Greek, the "Origines", composed by the Roman statesman Cato the Elder (234–149 BCE), was written in Latin, in a conscious effort to counteract Greek cultural influence. Strabo (63 BCE –  CE) was an important exponent of the Greco-Roman tradition of combining geography with history, presenting a descriptive history of peoples and places known to his era. Livy (59 BCE – 17 CE) records the rise of Rome from city-state to empire. His speculation about what would have happened if Alexander the Great had marched against Rome represents the first known instance of alternate history.


title: Historian

text: In Chinese historiography, the "Classic of History" is one of the Five Classics of Chinese classic texts and one of the earliest narratives of China. The "Spring and Autumn Annals", the official chronicle of the State of Lu covering the period from 722 to 481 BCE, is among the earliest surviving Chinese historical texts arranged on annalistic principles. Sima Qian (around 100 BCE) was the first in China to lay the groundwork for professional historical writing. His written work was the "Shiji" ("Records of the Grand Historian"), a monumental lifelong achievement in literature. Its scope extends as far back as the 16th century BCE, and it includes many treatises on specific subjects and individual biographies of prominent people and also explores the lives and deeds of commoners, both contemporary and those of previous eras.


title: Historian

text: Christian historiography began early, perhaps as early as Luke-Acts, which is the primary source for the Apostolic Age. Writing history was popular among Christian monks and clergy in the Middle Ages. They wrote about the history of Jesus Christ, that of the Church and that of their patrons, the dynastic history of the local rulers. In the Early Middle Ages historical writing often took the form of annals or chronicles recording events year by year, but this style tended to hamper the analysis of events and causes. An example of this type of writing is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, which were the work of several different writers: it was started during the reign of Alfred the Great in the late ninth century, but one copy was still being updated in 1154.