title: Sinitic languages

text: Jerry Norman classified the traditional seven dialect groups into three larger groups: Northern (Mandarin), Central (Wu, Gan, and Xiang) and Southern (Hakka, Yue, and Min). He argued that the Southern Group is derived from a standard used in the Yangtze valley during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD), which he called Old Southern Chinese, while the Central group was transitional between the Northern and Southern groups. Some dialect boundaries, such as between Wu and Min, are particularly abrupt, while others, such as between Mandarin and Xiang or between Min and Hakka, are much less clearly defined.


title: Sinitic languages

text: Scholars account for the transitional nature of the central varieties in terms of wave models. Iwata argues that innovations have been transmitted from the north across the Huai River to the Lower Yangtze Mandarin area and from there southeast to the Wu area and westwards along the Yangtze River valley and thence to southwestern areas, leaving the hills of the southeast largely untouched.


title: Sinitic languages

text: A 2007 study compared fifteen major urban dialects on the objective criteria of lexical similarity and regularity of sound correspondences, and subjective criteria of intelligibility and similarity. Most of these criteria show a top-level split with Northern, New Xiang, and Gan in one group and Min (samples at Fuzhou, Xiamen, Chaozhou), Hakka, and Yue in the other group. The exception was phonological regularity, where the one Gan dialect (Nanchang Gan) was in the Southern group and very close to Meixian Hakka, and the deepest phonological difference was between Wenzhounese (the southernmost Wu dialect) and all other dialects.


title: Sinitic languages

text: The two Wu dialects (Wenzhou and Suzhou) occupied an intermediate position, closer to the Northern/New Xiang/Gan group in lexical similarity and strongly closer in subjective intelligibility but closer to Min/Hakka/Yue in phonological regularity and subjective similarity, except that Wenzhou was farthest from all other dialects in phonological regularity. The two Wu dialects were close to each other in lexical similarity and subjective similarity but not in mutual intelligibility, where Suzhou was actually closer to Northern/Xiang/Gan than to Wenzhou.


title: Sinitic languages

text: In the Southern subgroup, Hakka and Yue grouped closely together on the three lexical and subjective measures but not in phonological regularity. The Min dialects showed high divergence, with Min Fuzhou (Eastern Min) grouped only weakly with the Southern Min dialects of Xiamen and Chaozhou on the two objective criteria and was actually slightly closer to Hakka and Yue on the subjective criteria.


title: Vicky Pattison

text: Victoria Pattison (born 16 November 1987) is a British television personality, media personality and author. She is best known for appearing in the MTV shows "Geordie Shore" from 2011 until 2014, "Ex on the Beach" in 2014 and 2015 and her own show "Judge Geordie" in 2015.


title: Vicky Pattison

text: Pattison won the fifteenth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" (UK) in December 2015 and became a permanent member on the panel of the ITV daytime chat show "Loose Women" in January 2016. She was also a team captain on the Channel 5 panel show "It's Not Me, It's You" and co-presented "I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp" in 2016.


title: Vicky Pattison

text: Before "Geordie Shore", Pattison enjoyed drama in school. She had various jobs, including working on the door of some of Newcastle's nightclubs and also in telesales.


title: Vicky Pattison

text: Pattison appeared in the popular MTV show "Geordie Shore", from 2011 to 2014 in the first series of the show, she had a short relationship with fellow co-star Jay Gardner. After her rise to fame on the show, she was featured on the front cover of the magazine "Loaded" in October 2011 alongside "The Only Way Is Essex" star Jess Wright and "Made in Chelsea" star Binky Felstead. Pattison has also featured in the magazine "Nuts" with fellow "Geordie Shore" star Holly Hagan. In the second series of the show, Pattison began a turbulent on/off relationship with new cast member Ricci Guarnaccio. Pattison and former cast member Rebecca Walker were shown not to get on with each other, leading to constant conflict in the "Geordie Shore" house. Pattison's catchphrase "tash on" became new entry in online Collins dictionary. Her peculiar speech style became the object of much public attention: the use of words like ‘ostentatious’ and ‘euphoric’ "in a Geordie Shore context of expletives" has been recently described "as a ‘stretch’, a way of testing expressive limits, that is a form of catachresis." Pattison found herself in Cancun, Mexico during the third series where during filming, Guarnaccio proposed to her.


title: Vicky Pattison

text: In the fifth series, Pattison calls her engagement off with Guarnaccio and ultimately ends the relationship. Guarnaccio later decided to leave the show following the break-up. In December 2013, she released her own fitness DVD entitled "Vicky's 7 Day Slim". Before the beginning of the ninth series, she announced that it would be her last, making her final appearance during the series finale.


title: Vicky Pattison

text: On 5 July 2013, during filming for the seventh series of Geordie Shore, Pattison was arrested after throwing a high heeled shoe at another club goer. Pattison was charged with two counts of assault and was ordered to undertake 180 hours of unpaid community service and pay compensation to the two victims after being taken to court.


title: Vicky Pattison

text: Since 2019, Pattison has been in a relationship with Ercan Ramadan. In February 2022, the couple announced their engagement.


title: Vicky Pattison

text: In 2014 and 2015, Pattison starred in the MTV reality television show "Ex on the Beach". Pattison has appeared and made guest appearances on "Big Brother's Bit on the Side", "This Morning", "Safeword", "Celebrity Dinner Date", "Murder in Successville", "Most Annoying People 2011", "TV's 50 Greatest Magic Tricks", "Most Shocking Celebrity Moments 2011", "Virtually Famous", "Ant and Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway", "Celebrity Juice" live special and "Through the Keyhole".


title: Vicky Pattison

text: Starting from June 2015, Pattison presented and starred in her own MTV show, "Judge Geordie", in which she tries to sort out feuds and problems between families, friends and relationships.


title: Vicky Pattison

text: Since mid-2015, Pattison has had her name on a weekly column in the magazine "new!". Pattison released her autobiography entitled "Nothing But The Truth" in August 2014 and updated it in March 2016. She signed a deal to write two novels which were published in July ("All That Glitters") and October 2015 ("A Christmas Kiss").


title: Vicky Pattison

text: On 16 November 2015, it was confirmed that Pattison would be taking part in the fifteenth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!". Despite struggling to cope with the smell of the jungle, she went on to win the series.


title: Vicky Pattison

text: Pattison was appearing as a regular panellist on ITV's lunchtime discussion show "Loose Women" from January 2016 before quitting in September after just nine months. In January she also appeared in a 2-part "Geordie Shore" special speaking about her time on the show.


title: Vicky Pattison

text: In June 2016, she became a team captain on the Channel 5 panel show "It's Not Me, It's You", hosted by Eamonn Holmes. Also starting from September 2016, she has appeared in a new segment on "This Morning" regularly along with Ferne McCann where they go on a road trip together. In September 2016 it was announced that she would co-present "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" from November 2016 alongside Joe Swash replacing Laura Whitmore, however, it was also later announced that the show would be retitled as "I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp" and that Chris Ramsey and Stacey Solomon would be presenting alongside Pattison and Swash. In April 2017, Pattison announced that she would not be returning to present "I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp".


title: Vicky Pattison

text: On 12 February 2018 (Day 17 of the season), Pattison became a contestant on the fourth season of the Australian version of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!". On 11 March 2018 (Day 44 of the season), she was evicted after spending 28 days in the jungle, finishing in fourth place.


title: Vicky Pattison

text: On 16 October 2018, Pattison partnered with Dom Joly entered Channel 4's "Celebrity Hunted" which sees them going "on the run" as "fugitives". She along with the other celebrities donated their fee to Stand up To Cancer.


title: Jay Thomas

text: Jay Thomas (born Jon Thomas Terrell; July 12, 1948 – August 24, 2017) was an American actor, comedian, and radio personality. He was heard in New York from 1976–1979 on top-40 station 99X, and later on rhythmic CHR station 92KTU, and in Los Angeles beginning in 1986 on KPWR "Power 106", where he hosted the station's top-rated morning show until 1993. His notable television work included his co-starring role as Remo DaVinci on "Mork & Mindy" (1979–1981), the recurring role of Eddie LeBec, a Boston Bruins goalie on the downside of his career, on "Cheers" (1987–1989), the lead character of newspaper columnist Jack Stein on "Love & War" (1992–1995), and a repeat guest role as Jerry Gold, a talk-show host who becomes both an antagonist and love interest of the title character on "Murphy Brown". He won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series in 1990 and 1991 for portraying Gold.


title: Jay Thomas

text: In 1997, he starred in the television film "Killing Mr. Griffin", based on the eponymous novel. In films, he co-starred in "Mr. Holland's Opus" as a high-school coach with a flair for theatrics, and portrayed the Easter Bunny in "The Santa Clause 2" and "The Santa Clause 3".


title: Jay Thomas

text: He was also an annual guest on "The Late Show with David Letterman" during the Christmas season, where he told a story about how he met Clayton Moore, who portrayed the title character on "The Lone Ranger". Beginning in 2005, he hosted "The Jay Thomas Show" on SiriusXM Satellite Radio channel 94 comedy greats Monday thru Thursday afternoons and Friday mornings on Howard 101.


title: Jay Thomas

text: Thomas was born in Kermit, Texas, to Katharine (née Guzzino) and Timothy Harry Terrell. He was raised in his Italian American mother's Catholic religion; his father was Protestant. Thomas was raised in New Orleans, where he attended and graduated from Jesuit High School. He went on to attend and graduate from Jacksonville University. Thomas was the quarterback on his high-school football team and also quarterbacked in college, a skill he later used on "The Late Show with David Letterman".


title: Jay Thomas

text: Thomas made annual Christmas appearances on David Letterman's CBS late night show, beginning in December 1998. Letterman and one of his other guests that evening, then-New York Jets quarterback Vinny Testaverde, took turns throwing footballs trying to knock a large meatball off the top of a Christmas tree at the other end of the stage. As the two took turns futilely attempting to knock off the meatball, Thomas came back out to join in the festivities, and promptly knocked the meatball from the tree.


title: Jay Thomas

text: Beginning on a subsequent visit to Letterman's show, Thomas told a story about when he was a young disc jockey (around 1972) at WAYS 610 AM in Charlotte, North Carolina. Thomas had been making a promotional appearance at a local Dodge dealership, which had also booked a personal appearance by actor Clayton Moore, best known as The Lone Ranger on television and in films; Moore appeared at the event dressed in his Lone Ranger costume.


title: Jay Thomas

text: According to Thomas, he and his colleague Mike Martin, both clad in the hip fashion of the day (including tight jeans, tie-dyed shirts and their hair, which Martin wore long while Thomas himself sported what he called a "White Man's Afro"), had secretly gotten "herbed-up" (smoked marijuana) several times throughout the day behind a dumpster. After the broadcast had ended and the crowd had left, while packing up their equipment, Thomas and Martin discovered that Moore was still there, as the car that was supposed to drive him back to his hotel never arrived; Thomas then offered Moore a ride in his own car, an old, decrepit Volvo, which Moore accepted.


title: Jay Thomas

text: While stuck in traffic, with Moore sitting quietly in the back seat, an impatient, middle-aged man backed his full-sized Buick into the front end of Thomas' compact Volvo, broke a headlight, and then drove off. An angry Thomas chased the Buick down Morehead Street weaving through heavy traffic and forgetting all about Moore still sitting quietly in his back seat. Thomas finally caught up to the man, blocked his Buick with the Volvo, and confronted him about the broken headlight. The indignant driver denied all; when Thomas threatened to call police, the man exclaimed, "Who do you think they'll believe? Me, or you two "hippie freaks"?" At that moment, Moore, still in costume as the Lone Ranger, stepped out of the Volvo, approached the man and said "They'll believe "me", citizen!" The man, incredulous, exclaimed "I didn't know it was you!"


title: Jay Thomas

text: For every year thereafter except 2013, Thomas appeared to repeat the Lone Ranger story, which Letterman called, "The best talk show story, ever", and once again attempt what Letterman would refer to as the ""Late Show" Quarterback Challenge". For his final appearance in December 2014, Thomas was again successful in knocking the meatball off the top of the tree. Thomas missed the 2013 "Late Show" Christmas episode due to throat surgery; John McEnroe took his place and told the Lone Ranger story, then tried, unsuccessfully, to knock the meatball off the tree by hitting tennis balls at it.


title: Jay Thomas

text: Thomas fathered J. T. Harding in an out-of-wedlock relationship, and the child was adopted by another family in Michigan. Thomas and his son spoke about their reunion on the "Dr. Phil Show". Harding was the lead singer of the band JTX and is a country-music songwriter.


title: Jay Thomas

text: Jay Thomas died of throat cancer on August 24, 2017, surrounded by his family in Santa Barbara, California, at the age of 69.


title: The Railway Children

text: The Railway Children is a children's book by Edith Nesbit, originally serialised in "The London Magazine" during 1905 and published in book form in the same year. It has been adapted for the screen several times, of which the 1970 film version is the best known.


title: The Railway Children

text: The "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" credits Oswald Barron, who had a deep affection for Nesbit, with having provided the plot. The setting is thought to be inspired by Edith's walks to Grove Park nature reserve, close to where she lived on Baring Rd. Grove Park station, near the reserve, now has a mural commemorating this connection.


title: The Railway Children

text: The story concerns a family who move from London to 'The Three Chimneys', a house near a railway, after the father, who works at the Foreign Office, is imprisoned after being falsely accused of spying. The children, Roberta (nicknamed "Bobbie"), Peter and Phyllis, befriend an old gentleman who regularly takes the 9:15am train near their home; he is eventually able to help prove their father's innocence and the family is reunited. Before Father is freed, the family takes care of a Russian exile, Mr. Szczepansky, who came to England looking for his family (later located) and Jim, the grandson of the Old Gentleman, who suffers a broken leg in a tunnel.


title: The Railway Children

text: The theme of an innocent man being falsely imprisoned for espionage and finally vindicated might have been influenced by the Dreyfus Affair, which was a prominent worldwide news item a few years before the book was written. The Russian exile, persecuted by the Tsars for writing "a beautiful book about poor people and how to help them" and subsequently helped by the children, was most likely an amalgam of the real-life dissidents Sergius Stepniak and Peter Kropotkin who were both friends of the author.


title: The Railway Children

text: The book refers to the then current Russo-Japanese War and to attitudes taken by British people to the war. This dates the setting to the spring, summer and early autumn of 1905.


title: The Railway Children

text: The story has been adapted for the screen six times to date, including four television series, a feature film, and a made-for-television film.


title: The Railway Children

text: It was serialised in five episodes, first broadcast in 1940 as part of "Children's Hour". Later adapted for radio by Marcy Kahan and produced by John Taylor. It stars Paul Copley, Timothy Bateson and Victoria Carling and was first heard in 1991. The play is available on CD.


title: The Railway Children

text: The story has been adapted as a television series four times by the BBC. The first of these, in 1951, was in 8 episodes of 30 minutes each. A second adaptation was then produced, which re-used some of the film from the original series but also contained new material with slight cast changes. This had 4 episodes of 60 minutes each. The supporting/background orchestral music used in these early programmes was the very lyrical second Dance from the Symphonic Dances by Edvard Grieg.


title: The Railway Children

text: The BBC again revisited the story with an 8-episode series in 1957 and a 7-episode series in 1968. The 1968 adaptation was placed 96th in the BFI's 100 Greatest British Television Programmes poll of 2000. It starred Jenny Agutter as Roberta and Gillian Bailey as Phyllis. Of all the BBC TV adaptations, only the 1968 version is known to be extant; the rest are lost.


title: The Railway Children

text: After the successful BBC dramatisation of 1968, the film rights were bought by the actor Lionel Jeffries, who wrote and directed the film, released in 1970. Jenny Agutter and Dinah Sheridan starred in the film. The music was composed, arranged and conducted by Johnny Douglas.


title: The Railway Children

text: In October 1999, ITV made a new adaptation, as a made-for-television film. This time Jenny Agutter played the role of the mother. Others in the movie include Jemima Rooper, Jack Blumenau and JJ Feild. The railway filmed was the Bluebell Railway using some of the Railway's steam engines and rolling stock and NBR C Class "Maude", from the Bo'ness and Kinneil Railway.


title: The Railway Children

text: In 2021 BBC Radio 4 broadcast "The Saving of Albert Perks", a monologue by Bernard Cribbins in which the now adult Roberta returns to Oakworth with two Jewish refugee children who have escaped Nazi Germany on the Kindertransport.


title: The Railway Children

text: 2022 saw the release of "The Railway Children Return", set in 1944. Jenny Agutter returns as an older Bobbie, now living in Oakworth with her daughter (played by Sheridan Smith) and her grandson, who take in a trio of children who have been evacuated. In the course of the film, Bobbie mentions that Peter is dead and buried in a nearby graveyard, and Phyllis is referenced in a manner that leaves it open if she's dead or simply elsewhere.


title: The Railway Children

text: In 2005 the stage musical was first presented at Sevenoaks Playhouse in Kent, UK, with a cast including Are You Being Served star Nicholas Smith as the Old Gentleman, Paul Henry from Crossroads as Perks and West End star Susannah Fellows as Mother. Music is by Richard John and book and lyrics by Julian Woolford. The score was recorded by TER/JAY records and the musical is published by Samuel French Ltd.


title: The Railway Children

text: A new stage adaptation written by Mike Kenny and directed by Damian Cruden was staged in 2008 and 2009 at the National Railway Museum, York. The adaptation starred Sarah Quintrell, Colin Tarrant and Marshall Lancaster (2008 only), and featured a Stirling Single steam locomotive (GNR 4-2-2 No. 1 of 1870) which, while not actually in steam, entered the stage on the tracks originally leading into the York Goods Station, in which the 'Station Hall' section of the museum is now situated. The stage was constructed inside the large tent outside the Goods Station, which is usually reserved for some of the working locomotives of the museum. The project was set up by York Theatre Royal, and involved its younger members (Youth Theatre) in the production. This adaptation then transferred for two seasons to two disused platforms at Waterloo International railway station. The amateur rights now allow local amateur companies across the UK to produce the play.


title: The Railway Children

text: A Toronto production in 2011 was staged at Roundhouse Park, home of John Street Roundhouse National Historic Site by Mirvish Productions. A temporary 1,000-seat theatre was built at the base of the CN Tower, around the railway tracks—with the audience seated on either side—and it featured the vintage British steam locomotive No. 563 of the LSWR T3 class of 1892, shipped across specially for the occasion and then used in the subsequent 2014 production at King's Cross, London, which ran until 2017. No.563 is currently being restored for full operational use by the Swanage Railway.


title: The Railway Children

text: From 21 June to 2 July 2017, Denmark's oldest heritage railway Museumsbanen Maribo – Bandholm on Lolland, held a live stage performance at the railway's station in Bandholm, using the line's oldest operational steam locomotive, ØSJS 2 Kjøge from 1879, and a range of their coaches.


title: The Railway Children

text: The stage adaptation, produced by the National Railway Museum and York Theatre Royal, reopened in December 2014 in a new theatre behind London's Kings Cross station and closed on 8 January 2017.


title: The Railway Children

text: In 2019, Hampshire's Blue Apple Theatre announced that a new adaptation of the story would form the basis for their winter 2020 production at Theatre Royal Winchester. It is thought that this would be the first production of The Railway Children with a primarily learning disabled cast.


title: The Railway Children

text: In 2011, Nesbit was accused of lifting the plot of the book from "The House by the Railway" written by Ada J. Graves. "The Telegraph" reported that the Graves book had been published in 1896, nine years before "The Railway Children", but not all sources agree on this finding. The magazine "Tor.com" stated that the earlier news report was incorrect, as both books had been released in the same year, 1906.


title: The Railway Children

text: A 200-metre footpath in Grove Park, Greater London is named "Railway Children Walk" to commemorate Nesbit's novel of the same name. The footpath is part of the Downham estate and connects Baring Road to Reigate Road, with a nature reserve adjoining from which the railway lines can be viewed. Baring Road joins Grove Park to Lee. A similar path is also located in Oxenhope.


title: The Railway Children

text: In the last episode of the first season of British crime series "Happy Valley" (2014) a schoolteacher is reading part of the ending of "The Railway Children", after which a schoolboy wants to find his father, though the latter has been warned of as being a criminal.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: Andrew Harold Giuliani (born January 30, 1986) is an American political commentator and golfer. He was a special assistant to the President and associate director of the Office of Public Liaison, during the Trump administration. He is the son of former mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani. Giuliani was a contributor for the conservative media channel Newsmax TV.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: In May 2021, Giuliani announced that he would be running for governor of New York in 2022. He did not field a candidate for lieutenant governor. He went on to lose the 2022 Republican gubernatorial primary to Lee Zeldin by a significant margin.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: His father was elected mayor of New York City in 1993. When his father took the oath of office, Andrew repeated parts of the oath along with his father. Andrew was exuberant on the podium beside his father, blowing the cameras kisses, mimicking each of his father's hand gestures, and shouting: "It should be so and it will be so!" The moment was lampooned by comedian Chris Farley on "Saturday Night Live".


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: In October 2000, his father filed for divorce, which was finalized in July 2002. His mother was awarded custody.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: Giuliani attended Saint Joseph Regional High School in Montvale, New Jersey, graduating in 2005. Giuliani studied marketing, management, and sociology at Duke University graduating in May 2009 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. After college, Giuliani worked as a sales intern at CapRok Capital in Rye, New York.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: Giuliani played golf in high school, and lettered all four years. In June 2001, at 15 years of age, he played in the pro-am at the Buick Classic at the Westchester Country Club, partnered with world #1 Tiger Woods. His father, Rudy Giuliani, was originally scheduled to play with Woods, but could not because of a sore left foot. Despite his inability to play, Rudy Giuliani ensured that he was present for the entire round, by either walking together with his son and Woods, or riding in a golf cart a few meters away from them to protect his left foot.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: Giuliani was recruited to Duke by former golf coach Rod Myers, although Myers died shortly after and a new coach was appointed. In February 2008, while Giuliani was a junior, he was cut from the team for breaches of discipline, which he said were minor or fabricated infractions: gunning the engine of his car as he left a parking lot, breaking a club, and throwing an apple at a teammate.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: In July 2008, Giuliani sued the university, alleging that his golf coach "manufactured accusations against him to justify kicking him off the team to whittle the squad." He further claimed that the university, by way of the late Rod Myers, had verbally promised him a spot on the Blue Devils and “life-time access” to Duke golf facilities. The lawsuit was dismissed in 2010.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: Giuliani turned pro at the beginning of 2009. In August of that year he won the Metropolitan Open, earning $27,500, his first and only victory as a professional golfer. Between 2009 and 2016, he pursued a golf career by playing on minor league tours and participating in a Golf Channel reality show. In 2016, he started the process to regain his amateur status.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: In 2017, Giuliani was hired to work in the Trump Administration, in the Office of Public Liaison, as an Associate Director. In 2019, he was promoted to Special Assistant to the President. In his position, he helped arrange sports teams’ visits to the White House, and interfaced between the White House and business, nonprofit, and other groups, meeting with President Donald Trump up to four times a week. He also represented his office in White House meetings on the opioid crisis. He originally had an annual salary of $77,000, which by mid-2018 had increased to $90,700, and by mid-2019 was $95,000.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: Giuliani's unescorted access to the West Wing was rescinded by White House Chief of Staff John F. Kelly around the beginning of June 2018. After Kelly's departure in January 2019, Mick Mulvaney restored Giuliani's access.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: Giuliani has played golf with Trump since Giuliani was a teenager. Since starting work at the White House, he was a regular golf partner of Trump, and traveled with him for the sole purpose of playing a round or two of golf. In January 2020, the "Irish Times" called him "Trump's most regular playing partner".


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: In September 2020, "The New York Post" reported that Giuliani was considering running for mayor of New York City in 2021. Giuliani was critical of current mayor Bill de Blasio's policies, and especially of his budget cuts and disbanding of the New York Police Department's undercover anti-crime unit.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: From March to May 2021, Giuliani was a contributor to Newsmax TV, hired to comment on news and politics. He left that position to run for governor.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: On May 18, 2021, Giuliani formally announced his candidacy for governor of New York in the 2022 gubernatorial election.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: On September 24, 2021, Politico Playbook reported that Fox News had banned Giuliani and his father from appearing on air. The report was disputed by Fox News, which said Giuliani had made multiple appearances on the network since announcing his gubernatorial run.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: Giuliani faced three other candidates in the 2022 Republican gubernatorial primary. He was defeated by Lee Zeldin, who held a 20-point lead over Giuliani.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: In 2010 and 2011, Giuliani dated Sarah Hughes, a competitive figure skater and Olympic gold medal winner.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: In August 2016, he announced his engagement to Živilė Rezgytė, a Lithuanian-born real estate account executive whom he met at Yankee Stadium. They married in a Catholic ceremony at the Church of St. Joseph in Greenwich Village in Manhattan on July 14, 2017. Their first child, a daughter named Grace, was born in November 2021.


title: Andrew Giuliani

text: On November 20, 2020, Giuliani tested positive for COVID-19. It is believed that his exposure to the novel coronavirus took place at a DanYeller-SamB conference.


title: Scintillating scotoma

text: Scintillating scotoma is a common visual aura that was first described by 19th-century physician Hubert Airy (1838–1903). Originating from the brain, it may precede a migraine headache, but can also occur acephalgically (without headache), also known as visual migraine or migraine aura. It is often confused with retinal migraine, which originates in the eyeball or socket.


title: Scintillating scotoma

text: Many variations occur, but scintillating scotoma usually begins as a spot of flickering light near or in the center of the visual field, which prevents vision within the scotoma area. It typically affects both eyes, as it is not a problem specific to one eye. The affected area flickers but is not dark. It then gradually expands outward from the initial spot. Vision remains normal beyond the borders of the expanding scotoma(s), with objects melting into the scotoma area background similarly to the physiological blind spot, which means that objects may be seen better by not looking directly at them in the early stages when the spot is in or near the center. The scotoma area may expand to occupy one half of the visual area of one eye, or it may be bilateral. It may occur as an isolated symptom without headache in acephalgic migraine.


title: Scintillating scotoma

text: As the scotoma area expands, some people perceive only a bright flickering area that obstructs normal vision, while others describe seeing various patterns. Some describe seeing one or more shimmering arcs of white or colored flashing lights. An arc of light may gradually enlarge, become more obvious, and may take the form of a definite zigzag pattern, sometimes called a fortification spectrum (i.e. "teichopsia", from Greek τεῖχος, town wall), because of its resemblance to the fortifications of a castle or fort seen from above. It also can resemble the dazzle camouflage patterns used on ships in World War I. Others describe patterns within the arc as resembling herringbone or Widmanstätten patterns.


title: Scintillating scotoma

text: The visual anomaly results from abnormal functioning of portions of the occipital cortex at the back of the brain, not in the eyes nor any component thereof, such as the retinas. This is a different disease from retinal migraine, which is monocular (only one eye).


title: Scintillating scotoma

text: It may be difficult to read and dangerous to drive a vehicle while the scotoma is present. Normal central vision may return several minutes before the scotoma disappears from peripheral vision.


title: Scintillating scotoma

text: Sufferers can keep a diary of dates on which the episodes occur to show to their physician, plus a small sketch of the anomaly, which may vary between episodes.


title: Scintillating scotoma

text: Scintillating scotomas are most commonly caused by cortical spreading depression, a pattern of changes in the behavior of nerves in the brain during a migraine. Migraines, in turn, may be caused by genetic influences and hormones. People with migraines often self-report triggers for migraines involving stress or foods, or bright lights. While monosodium glutamate (MSG) is frequently reported as a dietary trigger, other scientific studies do not support this claim.


title: Scintillating scotoma

text: The Framingham Heart Study, published in 1998, surveyed 5,070 people between ages 30 and 62 and found that scintillating scotomas without other symptoms occurred in 1.23% of the group. The study did not find a link between late-life onset scintillating scotoma and stroke.


title: Scintillating scotoma

text: Symptoms typically appear gradually over 5 to 20 minutes and generally last less than 60 minutes, leading to the headache in classic migraine with aura, or resolving without consequence in acephalgic migraine. For many sufferers, scintillating scotoma is first experienced as a prodrome to migraine, then without migraine later in life. Typically the scotoma resolves spontaneously within the stated time frame, leaving no subsequent symptoms, though some report fatigue, nausea, and dizziness as sequelae.


title: Scintillating scotoma

text: The British physician John Fothergill described the condition in the 18th century and called it "fortification spectrum". The British physician Hubert Airy coined the term "scintillating scotoma" for it by 1870; he derived it from the Latin "scintilla" "spark" and the Ancient Greek "skotos" "darkness". Other terms for the condition include "flittering scotoma", "fortification figure", "fortification of Vauban", "geometrical spectrum", "herringbone", "Norman arch", "teichopsia", and "teleopsia".


title: Doxbin

text: Doxbin is a far-right pastebin primarily used by people posting personal data of any person of interest. This act is referred to as "doxing". It was run as a hidden service on the Tor network.


title: Doxbin

text: Due to the illegal nature of much of the information it published (such as social security numbers, bank routing information, and credit card information, all in plain-text), it was one of many sites seized during "Operation Onymous", a multinational police initiative, in November 2014.


title: Doxbin

text: Although morally and ethically questionable, Doxbin has seemed to avoid any heavy attention from law enforcement due to their rules and regulations for using/uploading to the website.


title: Doxbin

text: Doxbin does not allow any minor, illegally obtained or harassing/threatening info. Using Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act to be immune to liability of cyberstalking laws globally.


title: Doxbin

text: The privacy policy mentions that they do not allow illegally obtained material and instigates by saying "Can anybody prove it? Not unless you brag about it". It also states that "Doxbin was not made for harassment, intimidation or to cause nuisance", but also mentions that "It is impossible for some php code to harass somebody."


title: Doxbin

text: "Any pastes directly threatening and/or attempt to injure or hurt any particular individuals will be swiftly removed."


title: Doxbin

text: "White" was a founding leader of a ransomware group named Lapsus$ which had a list of notable data leaks, such as ones from Nvidia, T-Mobile, and Rockstar Games.


title: Doxbin

text: The feud between the Doxbin owner "kt" and "White" had been ongoing since he leaked the Doxbin database.


title: Doxbin

text: "kt" had eventually doxed "White" on January 8th 2022, and published his personal details onto Doxbin.


title: Doxbin

text: White's house was raided on the morning of April 1st 2022 and earlier in December 2021, both in relation to Lapsus$.


title: Doxbin

text: Doxbin was established to act as a secure, anonymous venue for the publication of dox, first established by an individual known as nachash. Dox being a term in Internet culture which refers to personally identifiable information about individuals, including social security numbers, street addresses, usernames, emails, and passwords, obtained through a variety of legal and illegal means.


title: Doxbin

text: In November 2012, Doxbin's Twitter handle @Doxbin was attributed to an attack on Symantec, coordinated with Anonymous' Operation Vendetta.


title: Doxbin

text: It first attracted attention in March 2014 when its then-owner hijacked a popular Tor hidden service, The Hidden Wiki, pointing its visitors to Doxbin instead as a response to the maintenance of pages dedicated to child pornography links. In June 2014, their Twitter account was suspended, prompting the site to start listing the personal information of the Twitter founders and CEO. In October 2014, Doxbin hosted personal information about Katherine Forrest, a federal judge responsible for court rulings against the owner of Tor-based black market Silk Road, leading to death threats and harassment.


title: Doxbin

text: Doxbin and several other hidden services were seized in November 2014 as part of the multinational police initiative Operation Onymous. Shortly thereafter, one of the site's operators who avoided arrest shared the site's logs and information about how it was compromised with the Tor developers email list, suggesting it could have either been the result of a specialized distributed denial of service attack (DDoS) or exploited mistakes in its PHP code. However, the site could still be restored easily by setting up a new domain.


title: Doxbin

text: In July 2020, John William Kirby Kelley, who was involved in a neo-Nazi swatting conspiracy and a group linked to the neo-Nazi terrorist network Atomwaffen Division, admitted helping maintain Doxbin. According to federal prosecutors, the group maintains Doxbin to list past and potential swatting targets.


title: Automated manual transmission

text: The automated manual transmission (AMT) is a type of transmission for motor vehicles. It is essentially a conventional manual transmission but uses automatic actuation to operate the clutch and/or shift between gears.


title: Automated manual transmission

text: Many early versions of these transmissions that are semi-automatic in operation, such as "Autostick", which automatically control only the clutch — often using various forms of clutch actuation, such as electro-mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, or vacuum actuation — but still require the driver's manual input and full control to initiate gear changes by hand. These systems that require manual shifting are also referred to as clutchless manual systems. Modern versions of these systems that are fully automatic in operation, such as "Selespeed" and "Easytronic", can control both the clutch operation and the gear shifts automatically, by means of an ECU, therefore requiring no manual intervention or driver input for gear changes.


title: Automated manual transmission

text: The usage of modern computer-controlled AMTs in passenger cars increased during the mid-1990s, as a more sporting alternative to the traditional hydraulic automatic transmission. During the 2010s, AMTs were largely replaced by the increasingly widespread dual-clutch transmission, but remained popular for smaller cars in Europe and some developing markets, particularly India where it is notably favored over conventional automatic and CVT transmissions.


title: Automated manual transmission

text: Automated manual transmissions can be semi-automatic or fully-automatic in operation. Several different system to automate the clutch and/or shifting have been used over the years, but they will generally use one of the following methods of actuation for the clutch and/or shifting:


title: Automated manual transmission

text: hydraulic or electro-hydraulic actuation, electro-mechanical, pneumatic, electromagnetic, or even purely electrical by means of an electric motor.


title: Automated manual transmission

text: Gear shifting, clutch actuation, shift-timing, and rev-matching are all under automated control via the electronic sensors, computers, and actuators. When shifting gears, the driver selects the desired gear with the transmission shift lever, while electronic sensors and actuators connected to a TCU (transmission computer) or microprocessor will automatically operate the clutch and throttle to match revs and to re-engage the clutch in milliseconds. Torque and power transfer to the drive wheels will also be electronically controlled. Most modern implementations of this transmission function in a sequential mode, where the driver can upshift or downshift by only one gear at a time. However, this is not the case for all modern transmissions. For example, BMW's "SMG" and Ferrari's "F1" transmission can skip gears on both downshifts and upshifts, when selecting gears manually via the steering wheel-mounted paddle-shifters, as seen on most modern transmissions. Older clutchless manual transmissions (mostly prior to the 1990s) will retain H-pattern shifters, plus the shift gate, and will require the driver to select the required gear ratios manually. The clutch, however, will be a servo-controlled unit, connected to various actuators, a solenoid and sensors which control the clutch automatically.


title: Automated manual transmission

text: Another alternate means of clutch automation is the "clutch-by-wire" system. The system generally uses an electric actuator and electronic sensors, which replace the mechanical clutch linkage or hydraulic clutch connection, to monitor and control clutch positioning, completely replacing the hydraulic linkage between the mechanical clutch and pedal itself with a single electro-mechanical actuator.


title: Automated manual transmission

text: Depending on the mechanical build and design, some (mostly modern) automated manual transmissions will automatically shift gears at appropriate points (like a conventional automatic transmission), while traditional semi-automatic and clutchless manuals require the driver to manually select the gear even when the engine is at redline, since they automate only part of the transmission (namely the clutch), and will not shift gears by themselves. Despite the superficial similarity, automated manual transmissions differ significantly in internal operation and driver's "feel" from a manumatic, the latter of which is an automatic transmission (automatics use a torque converter instead of a clutch like in an automated manual, to manage the mechanical linkage between the transmission and motor) with the ability to override the automatic transmission's computer, and actuate shifts manually.


title: Automated manual transmission

text: Add-on AMTs can also function as a regular manual gearbox (with a manual shift lever), whereas integrated AMTs do not need a "normal" shift layout, so they can be designed with an optimized AMT shifting layout (which would have an unusual pattern to manually shift). Integrated AMTs either have gear-selector drums (which allows only serial shifting and no gear-skipping, but this system is fairly inexpensive, because it needs only one actuator), or single actuators. Single-actuator systems require one actuator for each shifting sleeve (which is why this type of system is more expensive, but it also shifts faster). The actuators can either be electro-hydraulic (more expensive, but faster, well-suited for single-actuator systems, and allow for higher torque), or electro-mechanical (less expensive, but usually limited to 250 N·m (184.5 lb-ft) of gearbox input torque). This limit is because the clutch actuation force increases with higher torque, and short shifting times; electro-mechanical actuators are just electric motors – using larger motors reduces the motor dynamics due to the motors' higher mass moment of inertia (which is not good for fast shifting), and bigger motors also put more stress on the car's 12-volt electrical system. As a result, one can have either slow shifting and a very large lead-acid battery (not suitable for cars), or fast shifting and a smaller battery (works up to 250 N·m of torque).


title: Automated manual transmission

text: Modern AMTs, such as Suzuki "Auto Gear Shift" and Dacia/Renault "Easy-R", usually operate in conjunction with electronic throttle control to initiate gear shifts based on certain RPM and/or throttle position.


title: Automated manual transmission

text: The automated manual transmission has its origins in early clutchless manual transmissions that began to appear on mass-production cars in the 1940s and 1950s. An early example of this transmission was introduced with the Hudson Commodore in 1942, called "Drive-Master". This unit was an early semi-automatic transmission, based on the design of a conventional manual transmission which used a servo-controlled vacuum-operated clutch system, with three different gear shifting modes, at the touch of a button; manual shifting and manual clutch operation (fully-manual), manual shifting with automated clutch operation (semi-automatic), and automatic shifting with automatic clutch operation (fully-automatic).


title: Automated manual transmission

text: Another early example is the 1955 Citroën DS, which used a 4-speed "BVH" transmission. This semi-automatic transmission used an automated clutch, which was actuated using hydraulics. Gear selection also used hydraulics, however, the gear ratio needs to be manually selected by the driver. The 1956 Renault Dauphine 3-speed manual transmission was available with an optional "Ferlec" automated clutch, which used an electromagnetically-operated clutch system. Other clutchless manual transmissions included the 1967 NSU Ro 80 (3-speed "Fichtel & Sachs") and 1967 Porsche 911 (4-speed "Sportomatic"), both of which used vacuum-actuated clutches and hydraulic torque converters. The 1968 Volkswagen Beetle and Volkswagen Karmann Ghia offered a 3-speed "Autostick" transmission, which used an electric switch on the gear shifter connected to a solenoid, to operate the electro-pneumatic vacuum clutch servo.


title: Automated manual transmission

text: In 1963, Renault switched from the automated clutch to a fully-automatic 3-speed Jager transmission, which consisted of an electro-mechanical control unit that operated both the clutch and shifting, effectively making it one of the earliest automated manual transmissions. The Jager transmission was controlled via dash-mounted electronic push-buttons.


title: Automated manual transmission

text: The Isuzu "NAVi5" 5-speed automatic transmission was introduced in the 1984 Isuzu Aska mid-size sedan (sold in the Japanese domestic market only). This transmission, originally designed for trucks, was based on a manual transmission with the addition of hydraulic actuators for the gear shifter and the clutch. Initial versions did not allow direct selection of gear ratios, instead allowing drivers only to lock out higher gears (as per many traditional automatic transmissions). Later versions added a manual mode, allowing the driver to control the gear selection.


title: Automated manual transmission

text: Several companies owned by Fiat S.p.A. were influential in the development of automated manual transmissions. Ferrari's involvement with automated manual transmission began with the 7-speed semi-automatic "paddle-shift" transmission used in the 1989 Ferrari 640 Formula One racing car. In 1992, the Ferrari Mondial T introduced the option of a "Valeo" 5-speed semi-automatic transmission. This transmission used an electro-mechanical actuator to automatically operate the clutch, while the gearshift mechanism was a standard H-pattern shifter operated as per normal transmissions. In 1997, the Ferrari F355 became available with an "F1" 6-speed transmission, which uses paddle-shifters located behind the steering wheel or can be driven in a fully-automatic mode. The F355's successors offered similar transmissions, until the company switched to a dual-clutch transmission for the Ferrari 458 in 2009.


title: Automated manual transmission

text: Sister company Alfa Romeo introduced the related "Selespeed" 5-speed automatic transmission for the Alfa Romeo 156 in 1999. This was followed by Maserati's 2001 introduction of the related "Cambiocorsa" 6-speed automatic transmission in the Maserati Coupé. Selespeed was also used in the Fiat Punto and Stilo models.


title: Automated manual transmission

text: BMW's involvement with automated manual transmissions began in 1993, when the "Shift-tronic" 6-speed semi-automatic was offered on the Alpina B12 coupe (based on the E31 850CSi). Using an automated clutch paired to a standard H-pattern shifter (as per the Ferrari Mondial T), the transmission was supplied by LuK and fitted to less than 40 cars. Mass-production of automated manual transmissions began for BMW in 1997 with the introduction of the "SMG" 6-speed automatic transmission in the BMW E36 M3 coupe. Although the name "SMG" was an abbreviation of "Sequential Manual Gearbox", the transmission internal were as per a typical (synchromesh-equipped) manual transmission, not a true sequential manual transmission. The SMG was replaced by the SMG-II when the E46 M3 was introduced in 2000. BMW's final AMT (before being replaced by a dual-clutch transmission) was the 7-speed SMG-III used in the 2004-2010 BMW E60 M5 and related BMW E63 M6. The SMG-III could achieve a shift time of 65 milliseconds in its most aggressive mode


title: Automated manual transmission

text: From 2002 to 2007, the Toyota MR2 (3rd generation) was available with an "SMT" 6-speed automated manual transmission. The SMT system utilized an electro-hydraulic activation system for both the clutch and shifting, but no H-pattern shifter like with the standard transmission. Instead, there was a shift lever that could be pulled and pushed forward or backward to upshift and downshift, as well as the addition of electronic steering-wheel-mounted shift buttons.


title: Automated manual transmission

text: Brands within the Volkswagen Group have typically used dual-clutch transmissions instead of automated manual transmissions, however a 6-speed "E-gear" automated manual transmission was introduced for the 2004 Lamborghini Murciélago. and Lamborghini Gallardo. The E-gear was used on the successors to the Murciélago and Gallardo, and it was also available on the 2007-2012 Audi R8 (Type 42), marketed as the "R-tronic" transmission.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: The siege of Jerusalem (7 June – 15 July 1099) was waged by European forces of the First Crusade, resulting in the capture of the Holy City of Jerusalem from the Muslim Fatimid Caliphate, and laying the foundation for the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem, which lasted almost two centuries. The capture of Jerusalem was the final major battle of the first of the Crusades to occupy the Holy Land begun in 1095. A number of eyewitness accounts of the siege were recorded, the most quoted being that from the anonymous "Gesta Francorum". Upon the declaration of the secular state, Godfrey of Bouillon, prominent among the leaders of the crusades, was elected ruler, eschewing the title "king." The siege led to the mass slaughter of thousands of Muslims and Jews and to the conversion of Muslim holy sites on the Temple Mount into Christian shrines.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: At the Council of Piacenza in 1095, Pope Urban II received envoys from Byzantine Emperor Alexios I asking Western Christians for assistance in liberating large parts of the Eastern Roman Empire from the Seljuk Turks who had conquered large parts of the region since 1070. The Seljuk Atsiz ibn Uwaq had conquered Jerusalem from the Fatimids in 1073, making the pilgrimage to Jerusalem more difficult and suppressing a revolt of the city in 1077 in bloodbath. Responding to the call, Urban gave a sermon at the Council of Clermont in November 1095 which included a rousing call to arms for the conquest of the Holy Land and the return of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem to Christian hands. His appeal marked the beginning of the Crusades, a holy war for God, in which he guaranteed participants a place in heaven.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: After the successful siege of Antioch in June 1098, the Crusaders remained in the area for the rest of the year. The papal legate Adhemar of Le Puy had died, and Bohemond of Taranto had claimed Antioch for himself. Baldwin of Boulogne remained in Edessa, captured earlier in 1098. There was dissent among the princes over what to do next; Raymond of Toulouse, frustrated, left Antioch to capture the fortress at Ma'arrat al-Numan in the siege of Maarat. By the end of the year, the minor knights and infantry were threatening to march to Jerusalem without them. Eventually, on January 13, 1099, Raymond began the , followed by Robert of Normandy and Bohemond's nephew Tancred, who agreed to become his vassals.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: On their way, the crusaders besieged Arqa but failed to capture it and abandoned the siege on May 13. Fatimids had attempted to make peace, on the condition that the crusaders did not continue towards Jerusalem, but this was ignored; Iftikhar al-Dawla, the Fatimid governor of Jerusalem, was aware of the crusaders' intentions. Therefore, he expelled all of Jerusalem's Christian inhabitants. The further march towards Jerusalem met no resistance.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: The Fatimid governor Iftikhar al-Dawla prepared the city for the siege after he heard about the arrival of the Crusaders. He prepared an elite troop of 400 Egyptian cavalrymen and expelled all Eastern Christians from the city for fear of being betrayed by them (in the siege of Antioch, an Armenian man, Firouz, had helped Crusaders enter the city by opening the gates). To make the situation worse for the Crusaders, ad-Daula poisoned all the water wells in the surrounding area, and cut down all trees outside Jerusalem. On June 7, 1099, the Crusaders reached the outer fortifications of Jerusalem, which had been recaptured from the Seljuqs by the Fatimids only the year before. The city was guarded by a defensive wall stretching four kilometers long, which was three meters thick and fifteen meters high. There were five major gates each guarded by a pair of towers. The Crusaders divided themselves into two large groups: Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert of Flanders and Tancred planned to besiege from north, while Raymond of Toulouse positioned his forces to the south.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: The Fatimids now had to be prepared to fight on two fronts. After taking their positions, the Crusaders launched their first attack on June 13; the main problem was that they had no access to wood for the construction of siege equipment, because all the trees had been cut down. However, Tancred had a vision of finding a stack of wood hidden in a cave, and they used it to make a ladder. A knight named Rainbold scaled the ladder to gain a foothold on the wall but was unsuccessful. Since that assault was a failure, the Crusaders retreated and did not make any attempt until they got their tools and equipment. The Crusaders faced many more difficulties such as by the lack of water, the scorching summer heat of Palestine and the shortage of food. By the end of June, word came that a Fatimid army was marching north from Egypt. The mounting pressure forced the Crusaders to act quickly.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: On 17 June 1099, the Crusaders heard about the arrival of English and Genoese ships at the port of Jaffa. The English and Genoese sailors had brought all the necessary material with them for the construction of the siege equipment. Robert of Normandy and Robert of Flanders procured timber from the nearby forests. Under the command of Guglielmo Embriaco and Gaston of Béarn, the Crusaders began the construction of their siege weapons. They constructed the finest siege equipment of the 11th century in almost three weeks. This included: two massive wheel-mounted siege towers, a battering ram with an iron-clad head, and numerous scaling ladders and a series of portable wattle screens; now they were ready to attack The Fatimids kept an eye on the preparation by the Franks and they set up their mangonels on the wall in the firing range once an assault began.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: On 14 July 1099, the Crusaders launched their attack. Godfrey and his allies were positioned towards the Northern wall of Jerusalem, and their priority was to break through the outer curtain of the walls of the city. By the end of the day they penetrated the first line of defense. On the South Raymond of Toulouse's forces were met with ferocious resistance by the Fatimids. On 15 July the assault recommenced in the Northern front; Godfrey and his allies gained success and the Crusader Ludolf of Tournai was the first to mount the wall. The Franks quickly gained a foothold on the wall, and as the city's defenses collapsed, waves of panic shook the Fatimids.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: On 15 July 1099, the crusaders made their way into the city through the tower of David and began massacring large numbers of the inhabitants; Muslims and Jews alike. The Fatimid governor of the city, Iftikhar Ad-Daulah, managed to escape. According to eyewitness accounts the streets of Jerusalem were filled with blood. How many people were killed is a matter of debate, with the figure of 70,000 given by the Muslim historian Ibn al-Athir (writing c.1200) considered to be a considerable exaggeration; 40,000 is plausible, given the city's population had been swollen by refugees fleeing the advance of the crusading army.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: The aftermath of the siege led to the mass slaughter of thousands of Muslims and Jews which contemporaneous sources suggest was savage and widespread and to the conversion of Muslim holy sites on the Temple Mount into Christian shrines.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: Atrocities committed against the inhabitants of cities taken by storm after a siege were normal in ancient and medieval warfare by both Christians and Muslims. The crusaders had already done so at Antioch, and Fatimids had done so themselves at Taormina, at Rometta, and at Tyre. However, it is speculated that the massacre of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, both Muslims and Jews, may have exceeded even these standards.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: Many Muslims sought shelter in the Al-Aqsa Mosque, the Dome of the Rock, and the Temple Mount area generally. According to the "Gesta Francorum", speaking only of the Temple Mount area, "...[our men] were killing and slaying even to the Temple of Solomon, where the slaughter was so great that our men waded in blood up to their ankles..." According to Raymond of Aguilers, also writing solely of the Temple Mount area, " in the Temple and porch of Solomon men rode in blood up to their knees and bridle reins." Writing about the Temple Mount area alone, Fulcher of Chartres, who was not an eyewitness to the Jerusalem siege because he had stayed with Baldwin in Edessa at the time, says: "In this temple 10,000 were killed. Indeed, if you had been there you would have seen our feet coloured to our ankles with the blood of the slain. But what more shall I relate? None of them were left alive; neither women nor children were spared."


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: The eyewitness "Gesta Francorum" states that some people were spared. Its anonymous author wrote,"When the pagans had been overcome, our men seized great numbers, both men and women, either killing them or keeping them captive, as they wished." Later the same source writes, "[Our leaders] also ordered all the Saracen dead to be cast outside because of the great stench, since the whole city was filled with their corpses; and so the living Saracens dragged the dead before the exits of the gates and arranged them in heaps, as if they were houses. No one ever saw or heard of such slaughter of pagan people, for funeral pyres were formed from them like pyramids, and no one knows their number except God alone. But Raymond caused the Emir and the others who were with him to be conducted to Ascalon, whole and unhurt."


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: Another eyewitness source, Raymond of Aguilers, reports that some Muslims survived. After recounting the slaughter on the Temple Mount, he reports of some who "took refuge in the Tower of David, and, petitioning Count Raymond for protection, surrendered the Tower into his hands." These Muslims left with the Fatimid governor for Ascalon. A version of this tradition is also known to the later Muslim historian Ibn al-Athir (10, 193–95), who recounts that after the city was taken and pillaged: "A band of Muslims barricaded themselves into the Oratory of David (Mihrab Dawud) and fought on for several days. They were granted their lives in return for surrendering. The Franks honored their word and the group left by night for Ascalon." One Cairo Geniza letter also refers to some Jewish residents who left with the Fatimid governor.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: Tancred claimed the Temple quarter for himself and offered protection to some of the Muslims there, but he was unable to prevent their deaths at the hands of his fellow crusaders. Additionally, the crusaders claimed the Muslim holy sites of the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa mosque as important Christian sites, and renamed them "Templum Domini" and "Templum Salomonis," respectively. In 1141, the "Templum Domini" would be consecrated, and the "Templum Solomonis" would become the headquarters for the Knights Templar.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: Albert of Aachen, who personally was not present but wrote using independent interviews conducted with survivors back in Europe, wrote that even beyond the first round of slaughter that accompanied the fall of Jerusalem, there was another round, "On the third day after the victory judgement was pronounced by the leaders and everyone seized weapons and surged forth for a wretched massacre of all the crowd of gentiles which was still left...whom they had previously spared for the sake of money and human pity". The number killed is not specified, nor is this massacre related in any other contemporary sources.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: Although the crusaders killed many of the Muslim and Jewish residents, eyewitness accounts (Gesta Francorum, Raymond of Aguilers, and the Cairo Geniza documents) demonstrate that some Muslim and Jewish residents were allowed to live, as long as they left Jerusalem.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: Jews had fought side-by-side with Muslim soldiers to defend the city, and as the crusaders breached the outer walls, the Jews of the city retreated to their synagogue to "prepare for death". According to the Muslim chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi, "The Jews assembled in their synagogue, and the Franks burned it over their heads." A contemporary Jewish communication confirms the destruction of the synagogue, though it does not corroborate that any Jews were inside it when it was burned. This letter was discovered among the Cairo Geniza collection in 1975 by historian Shelomo Dov Goitein. Historians believe that it was written just two weeks after the siege, making it "the earliest account on the conquest in any language." The letter of the Karaite elders of Ascalon from the Cairo Geniza indicates that some prominent Jews held for ransom by the crusaders were freed when the Ascalon Karaite Jewish community paid the requested sums of money.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: Contrary to what is sometimes alleged, no eyewitness source refers to crusaders killing Eastern Christians in Jerusalem, and early Eastern Christian sources (Matthew of Edessa, Anna Comnena, Michael the Syrian, etc.) make no such allegation about the crusaders in Jerusalem. According to the Syriac Chronicle, all the Christians had already been expelled from Jerusalem before the crusaders arrived. Presumably this would have been done by the Fatimid governor to prevent their possible collusion with the crusaders.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: The "Gesta Francorum" claims that on Wednesday, August 9, two and a half weeks after the siege, Peter the Hermit encouraged all the "Greek and Latin priests and clerics" to make a thanksgiving procession to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This indicates that some Eastern Christian clergy remained in or near Jerusalem during the siege. In November 1100, when Fulcher of Chartres personally accompanied Baldwin on a visit to Jerusalem, they were greeted by both Greek and Syrian clerics and laity (Book II, 3), indicating an Eastern Christian presence in the city a year later.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: On 17 July, a council was held to discuss who would be crowned the king of Jerusalem. On 22 July, Godfrey of Bouillon (who played the most fundamental role in the city's conquest) was made "Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri" (Defender of the Holy Sepulchre) on July 22, refusing to be named king in the city where Christ had died, saying that he refused to wear a crown of gold in the city where Christ wore a crown of thorns. Raymond had refused any title at all, and Godfrey convinced him to give up the Tower of David as well. Raymond then went on a pilgrimage, and in his absence Arnulf of Chocques, whom Raymond had opposed due to his own support for Peter Bartholomew, was elected the first Latin Patriarch on August 1 (the claims of the Greek Patriarch were ignored). On August 5, Arnulf, after consulting the surviving inhabitants of the city, discovered the relic of the True Cross.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: On August 12, Godfrey led an army, with the True Cross carried in the vanguard, against the Fatimid army at the Battle of Ascalon of 1099. The crusaders were successful, but following the victory, the majority of them considered their crusading vows to have been fulfilled, and all but a few hundred knights returned home. Nevertheless, their victory paved the way for the establishment of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: The siege quickly became legendary and in the 12th century it was the subject of the Chanson de Jérusalem, a major "chanson de geste" in the Crusade cycle.


title: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

text: The first crusaders succeeded in their endeavor. Urban II had ignited the flame of holy war in the Council of Clermont. Many other crusades were launched through time for various reasons and motives. Jerusalem remained in Christian hands for almost a century until the crusaders were defeated by Saladin at the Battle of Hattin in 1187, and three months later, the last defenders were expelled from the city. The conquest of Jerusalem in the First Crusade has continued to reverberate through time and has ever since shaped relations among the different faith traditions of the region.


title: Jordi Mollà

text: Jordi Mollà i Perales (; born 1 July 1968) is a Spanish actor, artist, writer, and filmmaker. He has been nominated three times for the Goya Award for Best Actor for "The Lucky Star" (1997), "Second Skin" (1999), and "El cónsul de Sodoma" (1999).


title: Jordi Mollà

text: Jordi Mollà y Perales was born and raised in Barcelona, Spain. He trained at the Institut del Teatre, and furthered his studies in Italy, Hungary, and England. His mother tongues are Catalan and Spanish, and he is fluent in English, Italian, and French.


title: Jordi Mollà

text: Mollà breakout role was in Bigas Luna's 1992 comedy drama "Jamón, jamón," where he played the jilted lover of Penélope Cruz's character. Mollà went on to star in other acclaimed films in his native country, including "Stories from the Kronen" and "La Celestina." The latter earned him his first Goya Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. His subsequent starring role in "The Lucky Star" earned him widespread acclaim, earning him a Premios Ondas, a Butaca Award for Best Catalan Actor, and another Goya nomination, this time for Best Actor. He has since been nominated twice more, for "Second Skin" and "El cónsul de Sodoma."


title: Jordi Mollà

text: Mollà made his Hollywood debut in the 2001 biographical crime film "Blow," where he played a villainous drug trafficker based on Carlos Lehder. Mollà subsequently played a similar character in Michael Bay's 2003 action sequel "Bad Boys II," opposite Will Smith and Martin Lawrence. His co-star Gabrielle Union labeled him as "The Tom Cruise of Spain," when praising his performance as drug lord Johnny Tapia. Mollà then starred in "The Tulse Luper Suitcases", an ambitious multi-year, multi-media project created by avant-garde director Peter Greenaway. He has subsequently starred in many high-profile feature films, including "," "Knight and Day, , Colombiana, Riddick, In the Heart of the Sea," and "The Man Who Killed Don Quixote." He currently stars on the Amazon Prime series "Jack Ryan" as Venezuelan President Nicolás Reyes.


title: Jordi Mollà

text: Mollà began directing short films in 1994. His debut, "Walter Peralta," earned a Goya nomination for Best Documentary Short. He made his feature directorial debut in 2012 with "88."


title: Jordi Mollà

text: Mollà is a self-taught painter. In the summer of 2002, he exhibited in at the Carmen de la Guerra Gallery, along with a number of other artists.


title: United States Army enlisted rank insignia of World War II

text: The U.S. Army enlisted rank insignia that was used during World War II differs from the current system. The color scheme used for the insignia's chevron design was defined as golden olive drab chevrons on a dark blue-black wool background for wear on "winter" uniform dress coats and dress shirts or silvery-khaki chevrons on a dark blue-black cotton background for wear on the various types of field jackets and "winter" uniform fatigue shirts. An unauthorized variant that nevertheless saw wide use was olive drab chevrons on a khaki cotton background for wear on the "summer" uniform dress coats (introduced in 1929 and discontinued for issue in 1938) and dress shirts. This scheme of rank insignia was established by War Department Circular No. 303 on 5 August 1920 and would see two significant changes in 1942. The usage of this style of insignia was ended by Department of the Army Circular No. 202, dated 7 July 1948, which provided for significant changes in both rank and insignia design.


text: In 1920, the United States Army pay grade system was modified so the enlisted ranks were completely separated from the officer ranks. Previously, the grades of pay were numbered from 1 (general or admiral) to about 21 (private or apprentice seaman). Military budgets had previously paid servicemen by their military occupation rather than their rank, leading to 134 different trades with an array of insignia and no clear authority. Trades were now grouped in seven "grades" of pay separated by rank. The "7th grade" indicated the lowest enlisted grade (i.e., private) and the "1st grade" signified the highest (i.e., master sergeant). Officers were paid in pay periods of 1st (second lieutenants and ensigns) through 8th (generals and admirals). Warrant officers' pay was still set by act of Congress, but their privileges, benefits, and pensions were equal to those of second lieutenants.


text: The "E" (enlisted scale), "W" (warrant officer scale), and "O" (officer scale) grade prefixes were not used until introduced by the "Career Compensation Act of 1949". In 1951, the enlisted pay grades were reversed, with the "1st grade" being the lowest enlisted grade and the "7th grade" being the highest. The army rank of sergeant major was not restored until 1958, with the addition of the "super grades" of E-8 (first sergeant and master sergeant) and E-9 (sergeant major).


text: The rating (not rank) of specialist had the command responsibilities of either a private first class or private, but conveyed slightly higher pay depending on the specialty and skill. This additional pay, in addition to the number of specialists of the sixth and seventh grades in relation to the total number of enlisted men of these grades, was defined in the National Defense Act of 1920.


text: While the official insignia was a single chevron, it was not uncommon for local commanders to authorize local use of specialist insignia which consisted of one chevron and one to six rockers depending on the pay grade of the specialist (one rocker in the 6th grade, six rockers in the 1st grade). To indicate their specialty, a trade badge was sometimes inset between the chevron and the first rocker. These were often identical to the abandoned trade badges used before the reforms of 1920.


text: The rank of technical sergeant was renamed sergeant first class in 1948. However, it still survives as an Air Force rank.


text: On 8 January 1942, under War Department Circular No. 5, the ranks of technician third grade (T/3), technician fourth grade (T/4), and technician fifth grade (T/5) were created. The existing specialist ranks were abolished effective 1 June 1942 by War Department Circular No. 204, and all personnel ranked as such were disrated and reappointed as follows:


text: The ranks of specialist fifth class and specialist sixth class were also discontinued, and the men who ranked as such were paid according to their rank as privates first class or privates, respectively. Initially, the technician ranks used the same insignia as staff sergeant, sergeant, and corporal, respectively, but on 4 September 1942, Change 1 to Army Regulation 600-35 added a "T" for "technician" underneath the standard chevron design that corresponded with that grade. A technician was generally not addressed as such, but rather as the equivalent noncommissioned rank in its pay grade (T/5 as corporal; T/4 as sergeant; T/3 as sergeant or staff sergeant). Initially, technicians held the same authority as noncommissioned officers of their grade, but the Army declared in late 1943 amid a surplus of ranking noncommissioned officers in certain units originating from this policy that only technicians who were appointed prior to 1 December 1943 would continue to keep the authority of their respective grades; men appointed after would still draw the pay of their equivalent noncommissioned officer rank, but would only have the authority of privates.


text: The technician ranks were removed from the rank system in 1948. The concept was brought back with specialist ranks in 1955.


text: On September 22, 1942, in Change 3 to Army Regulation 600–35, the rank of first sergeant was increased from the 2nd grade to the 1st grade in pay. The insignia was changed to add a third rocker to match the other 1st grade rank, master sergeant.


text: As seen in the comparative chart below, the U.S. Army ranks during World War II were not abbreviated the same as they currently are today having all letters capitalized. Rather, only the first letter was capitalized, followed by the rest of the abbreviated word in the lower case, and a period to indicate it as being an abbreviation. In some cases, two or more letters were capitalized with a slash mark after the first letter to indicate that there was more than one word in the full title of the rank. See the comparative chart below.


title: Brent Mydland

text: Brent Mydland (October 21, 1952 – July 26, 1990) was an American keyboardist and singer. He was a member of the rock band The Grateful Dead from 1979 to 1990, a longer tenure than any other keyboardist in the band.


title: Brent Mydland

text: Growing up in Concord, California, Mydland took up music while in elementary school. After graduation, he played with a number of bands and recorded one album with Silver before joining Bobby and the Midnites with Bob Weir and jazz veterans Billy Cobham and Alphonso Johnson. This led to an invitation to join the Dead in 1979, replacing Keith Godchaux who had decided to leave. Mydland quickly became an important member in the Dead, using a variety of keyboards including Hammond organ and various synthesizers and singing regularly. He wrote several songs on the band's studio albums released while he was a member.


title: Brent Mydland

text: Born in Munich, Germany, the child of a U.S. Army chaplain, Mydland moved to San Francisco with his parents at the age of one. Mydland spent most of his childhood in Concord, California. He started piano lessons aged six and had formal classical lessons through his junior year in high school. In an interview he commented that "My sister took lessons and it looked fun to me, so I did too. There was always a piano around the house and I wanted to play it. When I couldn't play it I would beat on it anyway." His mother, a graveyard shift nurse, encouraged Mydland's talents by insisting that he practice his music two hours each day. He played trumpet from elementary till his senior year in high school; his schoolmates remember him practicing on an accordion, as well as the piano, every day after school.


title: Brent Mydland

text: Mydland played trumpet in the school's marching band, but was dismissed for having long hair. He graduated from Liberty High School, Brentwood, California, in 1971.


title: Brent Mydland

text: Mydland began playing rock'n'roll with friends in high school (Liberty High School), and was influenced by organists such as Lee Michaels, Ray Manzarek and Steppenwolf's Goldy McJohn. He became a fan of the Grateful Dead in the late 1960s, though was less impressed by their 1970s material.


title: Brent Mydland

text: After graduation, Mydland lived in a quonset hut in Thousand Oaks, California, writing songs. He joined a band with Rick Carlos, who was invited by John Batdorf of Batdorf & Rodney to join their band. Mydland was asked to join shortly after. He then formed the band Silver with Batdorf, releasing one album on Arista Records.


title: Brent Mydland

text: Mydland then got in touch with Bob Weir via a connection from Batdorf & Rodney, and joined Weir's side project Bobby and the Midnites as keyboardist and backing vocalist.


title: Brent Mydland

text: Mydland joined the Grateful Dead in April 1979, replacing Keith and Donna Godchaux, who had decided to start their own band. After two weeks of rehearsals, he played his first concert with the band at the Spartan Stadium, San Jose, on April 22.


title: Brent Mydland

text: Mydland quickly became an integral part of the Dead owing to his vocal and songwriting skills as much as his keyboard playing. He quickly combined his tenor singing with founding members Weir and Jerry Garcia to provide strong three-part harmonies on live favorites. He easily fit into the band's sound and added his own contributions, such as in "Go to Heaven" (1980) which featured two of Mydland's songs, "Far From Me" and "Easy to Love You," the latter written with frequent Weir collaborator John Perry Barlow. On the next album, "In the Dark" (1987), Mydland co-wrote "Hell in a Bucket" with Weir and Barlow; he also penned the train song "Tons of Steel".


title: Brent Mydland

text: "Built to Last" (1989) featured several more of Mydland's songs: the moody "Just a Little Light", the environmental song "We Can Run," the live-performance-driven "Blow Away" and the poignant "I Will Take You Home," a lullaby written with Barlow for Mydland's two daughters.


title: Brent Mydland

text: Mydland wrote several other songs that were played live but not released on any studio albums, including "Don't Need Love," "Never Trust A Woman," "Maybe You Know," "Only a Fool," all written solo, and "Gentlemen Start Your Engines," with Barlow. Many of these were intended for a solo album that was started but never completed, along with "Love Doesn't Have to be Pretty," performed live solo, but not with the Grateful Dead. He also co-wrote "Revolutionary Hamstrung Blues" with Phil Lesh and Lesh's lyrical collaborator Bobby Petersen, although the song was performed live only once.


title: Brent Mydland

text: His high, gravelly vocal harmonies and emotional leads added to the band's singing strength, and he even occasionally incorporated scat singing into his solos. Monty Byrom, guitarist on Mydland's unreleased solo album said Mydland was "one of the most talented guys I've ever met. I've never seen anybody that could sing with those kind of notes, night after night. He was a cross between Gregg Allman and Howlin' Wolf. It was crazy." Mydland's vocals added color to old favorites such as "Cassidy," "Mississippi Half-Step Uptown Toodeloo," "Ramble on Rose," the Band's "The Weight", and he even wrote his own verse for Willie Dixon's "Little Red Rooster". He sang lead on many covers, including Traffic's "Dear Mr. Fantasy", the Beatles' "Hey Jude", and the Meters' "Hey Pocky Way".


title: Brent Mydland

text: Mydland's last show with the Grateful Dead was on July 23, 1990, at the World Music Theater, in Tinley Park, Illinois.


title: Brent Mydland

text: While Keith Godchaux had preferred to play only piano at concerts, Mydland was keen to experiment with different sounds during live performances. He frequently changed his setup to add new sounds. He played several different electric pianos and synthesizers throughout his tenure. His early piano sounds came from a Fender Rhodes, followed by a Yamaha CP-70. During this time he also used analog synthesizers including a Minimoog, and a Sequential Circuits Prophet-5. He subsequently used the Yamaha GS-1 digital synthesizer to replace the old analog equipment. In the mid-eighties, he also added an E-mu Emulator II to his arsenal. In mid 1987, Mydland's setup changed once again. Bob Bralove had been hired by the Grateful Dead to program and maintain new MIDI systems. The GS-1 and Emulator II were replaced by a new Kurzweil Midiboard MIDI controller, connected to a Roland MKS20 piano synthesizer, as well as other controllers with custom voices edited and mixed by Bralove and Mydland.


title: Brent Mydland

text: Mydland regularly played the Hammond organ, and had a B-3 with ten modified Leslie speakers in his setup for his entire tenure. He blended a variety of styles to add color to his organ playing. Along with regularly adjusting the drawbars and Leslies for more expressive phrasing, he also frequently added percussive effects by either slapping/sliding his left hand on the keyboard, or flicking the thumb on his right hand. His frequent use of dissonant chords provided a creative counterpoint to the melodic playing style of Jerry Garcia. The Grateful Dead purchased three B-3 organs for his use when he joined the band, and he personally owned several B-3 organs at the time of his death. The B-3 he played for the majority of his tenure with the Grateful Dead, known for once being covered with stickers, is currently used by keyboardist Jeff Chimenti during live performances. It was present at the 50th anniversary "" concerts in July 2015. Outlines from where the stickers once were are still visible on the back of the organ.


title: Brent Mydland

text: In the summer of 1985, he performed with Dead drummer Bill Kreutzmann in their band Kokomo along with 707's Kevin Russell and Santana's David Margen.


title: Brent Mydland

text: In 1985, he performed at the Haight Street Fair with Weir, John Cipollina, and Merl Saunders, among others.


title: Brent Mydland

text: In 1986, Mydland formed Go Ahead with several San Francisco Bay area musicians, including Bill Kreutzmann, also former Santana members Alex Ligertwood on vocals and David Margen on bass, as well as guitarist Jerry Cortez. The band toured during the time Jerry Garcia was recovering from a diabetic coma, and also briefly reunited in 1988.


title: Brent Mydland

text: In 1988, Mydland performed at the Bay Area Music Awards, sharing an organ with Merl Saunders and performing alongside Jerry Garcia, Bob Weir, John Fogerty, and others.


title: Brent Mydland

text: He also did numerous solo projects and performances, as well as duo performances with Bob Weir numerous times throughout the 1980s, with Weir on acoustic guitar and Mydland on grand piano.


title: Brent Mydland

text: Brent Mydland died at his home in Lafayette, California, on July 26, 1990, shortly after completing the Grateful Dead's summer tour. An autopsy conducted by the Contra Costa Coroner's office revealed that Mydland had died of acute cocaine and morphine intoxication. Richard Rainey, Contra Costa County coroner, stated that "Toxicology tests reveal lethal levels of morphine and cocaine in the blood", a mixture "commonly referred to as a 'speedball'." He was the third Dead keyboardist to die (after founding member Ron "Pigpen" McKernan in 1973 and Keith Godchaux in 1980); Garcia said Mydland's death was "crushing" and it abruptly closed a chapter of the band's career.


title: Brent Mydland

text: Weir has said that the late '80s and early '90s with Mydland was his favorite time playing in the band.


title: Brent Mydland

text: David Gans has described Mydland as "a talented synthesist [sic], who was able to play all this beautiful synthesized string stuff, but he could still kick ass and take names on the Hammond organ."


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The Ferrari Roma (Type F169) is a grand touring, high performance Italian sports car created by automobile manufacturer Ferrari. It is a two-door, 2+2 hardtop coupé. It has a front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: Based on the Ferrari Portofino, the car is an ultra high performance turbocharged V8 model placed between the Portofino and the F8 Tributo in Ferrari's range of sports cars. The Roma name comes directly from ancient Roman mythology. The vehicle was christened in honor of Italy's capital city and was originally introduced online on November 13, 2019. Official public unveil of the car took place the next day in Rome.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The design language that inspired the Ferrari Roma is intended to showcase La Nuova Dolce Vita, Italian for the "pleasurable way of life", a theme that graced Italy's capital in the 1950s and 60s. In that sense, the vehicle embodies a unique departure from the styling language of all current Ferrari road cars. It strives to achieve a balance of modern ultra-high performance, cutting-edge design and timeless elegance.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The overall exterior is reminiscent of the 250 GTO racing car, and the 250 GT Lusso and 250 GT 2+2 grand touring cars. The model also shares deep roots with the 612 Scaglietti. The front of the car draws inspiration from the SF90 Stradale flagship sports car, while the side profile of the car is reminiscent of the 812 Superfast. Significant design features include a body coloured grille, flush door handles, slim LED lights at the front and rear, a deep chin spoiler and an active rear wing that sits flush at speeds under 100 kph.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The interior is focused on the dual cockpit theme, featuring separate driver and passenger cells. It is described as a "2+" interior by Ferrari with a small backseat area. The dashboard features digital instrumentation (a 16.0-inch wrap-around touch screen) and a multi-function steering wheel (both shared with the SF90 Stradale) for the driver. The trim piece running through the centre of the interior separates the driver and the passenger and is integrated seamlessly into the dashboard. A centrally-mounted 8.4-inch portrait touch screen controls most of the car's functions. A third horizontal touchscreen can be integrated into the dashboard on the passenger side of the cockpit. This display allows the passenger access to the HVAC controls along with multimedia and navigation controls. The passenger can also view the performance metrics of the car. This third touchscreen emphasizes the passenger's role as navigator and co-pilot. A newly designed key allows the driver to open the doors of the car by the push of a button near the flush door handles of the car.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The Roma is powered by the award-winning Ferrari type F154 engine. It is a , turbocharged, 90 degree V-8, dual overhead cam (DOHC) design. The Roma's type 154BH is rated at between 5,750 and 7,500 rpm and of torque between 3,000 and 5,750 rpm.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The forced induction air intake system uses twin parallel water cooled turbochargers and two air-to-air intercoolers. The dry sump lubrication system helps prevent oil starvation during high g-force operation.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The engine is mated to the new 8-speed dual-clutch F1 transmission shared with the SF90 Stradale. This new unit translates into more acceleration in the intermediate gears with an extended tall top gear for motorway cruising. Ferrari says there is 15 percent more longitudinal pull in third gear when compared to the previous generation's 7-speed unit. The transaxle is equipped with an electronic differential and a mechanical reverse gear which contrasts to the SF90's electric motor reverse. This design weighs 6 kg (13 lb) less than the 7-speed unit used in the Portofino and is claimed to provide quicker and smoother shifting. Much of the weight savings is due to the dry sump design and the primary alloy oil case that is compact and wrapped tightly around the various engine components.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The double wishbone, coil spring design with anti-roll bars also has an optional MagneRide dynamic shock absorber system that provides more compact and controlled vehicle operation using magnetorheological dampers.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The Roma comes standard with Ferrari's F1-Trac traction control, side-slip control 6.0 technology, electronic stability control (ESC), launch control (Power Start), and the Ferrari Dynamic Enhancer. It also has a five position Manettino dial on the steering wheel allowing selection of the vehicle's driving mode between wet, comfort, sport, race and ESC-off.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The Roma's electronic interior cockpit controls also represent a major deviation from recent Ferrari road cars. The human-machine interface (HMI) is largely a digital touch-screen control system (using Haptic technology) that is also shared with the SF90 Stradale. The touch-screen control extends to some functions on the steering wheel.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: Some driver assistance systems (ADAS) like front and rear radar with adaptive cruise control are also available options to aid during long drives.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The Roma was engineered to weigh less than the Portofino while being based on the same platform. This was achieved through a more rigid body structure and the overall use of lighter parts. Ferrari claims that 70 percent of the parts used on the Roma are new as compared to the Portofino.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: With the lightweight components, the car's dry weight is . Its curb weight (without driver) is . The published weight distribution is 50% front to 50% rear.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The dynamic rear wing self activates at high speed to help the vehicle generate downforce. The wing's three positions are low drag - flush (0-100 kph), medium downforce (100-300 kph), and high downforce (100-300 kph cornering and braking). The maximum deployment is rated at of downforce at . The rear spoiler is complemented by a pair of underbody vortex generators that create ground effect and manage the wake of the front wheels to ensure efficient load management.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The vortex generators very efficiently create downforce on the front axle with a negligible increase in drag. The electrically activated mobile spoiler produces downforce at the rear axle to optimally balance the car.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: 20 inch cast aluminium wheels are standard with 20 inch forged alloy wheels as an option. Front wheel rims are eight inches wide and rear rims are ten inches. The tires used on the Roma measure 285/35 ZR20s at the rear and 245/35 ZR20s at the front. The model was introduced with the Ferrari-approved choice of Pirelli, Michelin, or Bridgestone run-flat tires.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The Roma has 390mm front and 360mm rear carbon-ceramic ventilated disc brakes. The Ferrari Dynamic Enhancer controls yaw angle by actuating the individual brake calipers of the car, a first for a Ferrari GT model.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The FDE proportionally adjusts brake pressure to one or more wheels depending on the situation. On the Roma, it is applied only in the Race setting of the manettino. FDE is not a stability control system; it flanks the traditional ESC to make the sideslip dynamics smoother, more predictable and controllable. This supports the whole target of the Race position itself, which is driving pleasure and fun behind the wheel.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: A redesigned exhaust system uses particulate filters (similar to diesel particulate filters) for emissions regulation. This was achieved by removing the silencers (mufflers) and adding bypass valves. It has been engineered to retain, enhance and expand the engine's exhaust notes while reducing particle emissions.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The Roma's published top speed is > . Performance figures include a 0- acceleration time of 3.4 seconds; and 0- acceleration time of 9.3 seconds. The Roma's dry weight to power ratio is a best in class 2.37 kg/cv (5.3 lb/hp).


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The Roma’s minimum height off the ground is a static 4 3/4 inches (120 mm). Its maximum front ramp angle is 11 degrees and the maximum rear ramp angle is 15 1/2 degrees.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The vehicle comes with 10-cubic feet of boot space in the trunk and additional storage space behind the two front seats. An option of foldable back seat backrests expands the storage configuration to 14-cubic feet. Keeping with the cars grand touring theme, and as with certain additional models, the Roma can be ordered with a specially designed, multi-piece luggage set which fits into the vehicle's rear trunk effectively. The luggage matches the interior leather.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The Roma was originally introduced with a base price of $218,670 (2020 USD). Typical final build-out configurations could range from $270k to $310k and up. Ferrari estimates 70 per cent of buyers would be first-time Ferrari customers. They stated that the Roma is targeted squarely at the Porsche 911 and Aston Martin markets. The overall design theme is "understated elegance" which is somewhat of a deviation from the traditional Ferrari road car.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The Roma celebrated its public unveiling on November 14, 2019 during an international event at Rome's Stadio dei Marmi (Stadium of the Marbles). In 2020 it made a guest appearance at the 150th anniversary of the declaration of Rome as the capital of a unified Italy.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The Ferrari Roma was awarded a Red Dot award in 2020 recognizing the cars inspirational design. The Red Dot awards are among the most prestigious honors in the design industry. They aim at celebrating the excellence and innovation in industrial design and recognizing the world's best designers. Red Dot was quoted "by renouncing all superfluous details, the design of the Ferrari Roma achieves a formal minimalism that characterizes the timeless elegance of this sports car."


title: Ferrari Roma

text: Auto&Design Magazine awarded the Roma the best production car design for 2020. The award is acknowledgement of the automobile industry's finest creations. The twelve person panel of international auto journalists said the Roma reinterprets the classic lines of a Gran Turismo car and projects them into the 21st century with its sensual, evocative and cutting-edge design.


title: Ferrari Roma

text: The 2021 Esquire Car Awards named the Ferrari Roma as the Best Designed Car of the year. The organization noted that the Roma is museum worthy and stated that just one walk around of this car leaves little doubt that it will be admired for decades to come.


title: User story

text: In software development and product management, a user story is an informal, natural language description of features of a software system. They are written from the perspective of an end user or user of a system, and may be recorded on index cards, Post-it notes, or digitally in project management software. Depending on the project, user stories may be written by different stakeholders like client, user, manager, or development team.


title: User story

text: User stories are a type of boundary object. They facilitate sensemaking and communication; and may help software teams document their understanding of the system and its context.


title: User story

text: User stories are written by or for users or customers to influence the functionality of the system being developed. In some teams, the product manager (or product owner in Scrum), is primarily responsible for formulating user stories and organizing them into a product backlog. In other teams, anyone can write a user story. User stories can be developed through discussion with stakeholders, based on personas or are simply made up.


title: User story

text: The most common is the "Connextra template", stated below. Mike Cohn suggested the "so that" clause is optional although still often helpful.


title: User story

text: Chris Matts suggested that "hunting the value" was the first step in successfully delivering software, and proposed this alternative:


title: User story

text: A template that's commonly used to improve security is called the "Evil User Story" or "Abuse User Story" and is used as a way to think like a hacker in order to consider scenarios that might occur in a cyber-attack. These stories are written from the perspective of an attacker attempting to compromise or damage the application, rather the typical personae found in a user story:


title: User story

text: A central part of many agile development methodologies, such as in XP's planning game, user stories describe what may be built in the software project. User stories are prioritized by the


title: User story

text: customer (or the product owner in Scrum) to indicate which are most important for the system and will be broken


title: User story

text: User stories can be expanded to add detail based on these conversations. This can include notes, attachments and acceptance criteria.