title: Moon Moon Sen

text: As a child, Sen learnt drawing from Jamini Roy, one of India's greatest artists. She loves paintings and collecting antiques. In an interview in 2000, she said she taught at Ballygunge Govt High School for a year and then taught graphics at Chitrabani, a school teaching film techniques. She was also active in social work and even thought about adopting a baby, even before she was married. Sen taught English at a well known Boys' school (Ballygunge Govt. High School) in Kolkata before joining films.


title: Moon Moon Sen

text: Moon Moon Sen started her career in films and television after marriage and motherhood. She made her debut in "Andar Baahar" (1984). Her daring role in that film apparently created a storm of controversy.


title: Moon Moon Sen

text: She had also starred in a suspense thriller "100 Days" with Madhuri Dixit. After "Zakhmi Dil" (1994) she did not appear in films until 2003 when she starred in an unsuccessful thriller "Kucch To Hai". She could not match success of her mother. She'd acted in a Telugu movie "Sirivennela" directed by the legendary Telugu director K. Viswanath.


title: Moon Moon Sen

text: Before and after entering the film industry, she appeared alone (or with her daughters) in some modelling assignments. She notably modelled for soap ads which were quite controversial in the 1980s. Apart from doing some television serials, she also did couple of Bengali tele-films.


title: Moon Moon Sen

text: "Age is not important, the attitude is. Sophia is the ultimate glam girl who can manage to look beautiful in such a picture even now. But yes, India too has beautiful women like Rekha and Hema Malini who can carry such a thing out with aplomb. In fact, I wouldn't mind myself if the shoot is done aesthetically and with taste."


title: Moon Moon Sen

text: Her film "My Karma" (2004), directed by Korak Day earned her international praise, as the film received international awards and recognition for her as a "tough and sweet Indian wife, standing as a rock behind her husband".


title: Moon Moon Sen

text: She is now doing a few films at a time. She is also apparently writing a cookbook in Bengali, which is yet to be published.


title: Moon Moon Sen

text: She joined All India Trinamool Congress in March 2014 and won in 2014 Lok Sabha Polls from Bankura constituency, where she defeated CPI(M)'s nine-time MP, Basudeb Acharia. In 2019, she lost the Asansol Lok Sabha constituency election to Babul Supriyo of BJP.


title: Moon Moon Sen

text: In 2015, Moon Moon Sen in an interview said 'I think we should give him (Modi) a chance. He has done a very good job winning all those votes and we have to give him a chance as a Prime Minister.' Though her party distanced itself from the statement and said that it is her own view and is certainly not the view of the party.


title: Moon Moon Sen

text: Moon Moon Sen married in 1978 to a descendant of the erstwhile royal family of Tripura. They have two daughters, Raima and Riya, who also pursued a career in acting. She has high regards for her husband for his consistent support of her professional acting career.


title: Moon Moon Sen

text: Her late mother-in-law, Ila Devi, daughter of Indira Raje, the princess of Cooch Behar and an elder sister of Gayatri Devi, the Maharani of Jaipur.


title: Moon Moon Sen

text: Deeply religious, in spite of her bohemian screen image, Moon Moon Sen is committed to family life and grieved at her mother Suchitra Sen's passing away on 17 January 2014 due to a heart attack. She immersed the ashes of her mother ritualistically in the Ganges on Wednesday, 29 January 2014. The prayers was attended by dignitaries, like West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee and close friends and family who had missed the funeral, a hurried affair after five hours of death as per the last wishes of the dying actress.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: Singapore was a British colony for 144 years, apart from a period of occupation under the Japanese Empire from 1942 to 1945 during the Pacific War.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: When the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945, at the end of World War II, Singapore was returned to British rule. The Straits Settlements were subsequently dissolved in 1946, and together with Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Christmas Island, Singapore became a separate Crown colony.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: The Crown colony was governed by the United Kingdom until it gained partial internal self-governance in 1955. Singapore subsequently gained full internal self-governance on 3 June 1959, at which point it became known as the State of Singapore.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: Singapore went on to merge with Malaya, Sarawak and North Borneo to form Malaysia on 16 September 1963, thereby ending 144 years of British rule on the island. On 9 August 1965, Singapore was separated from Malaysia to become an independent sovereign country, due to political, economic and racial differences.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: After Japan surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945, there was a state of anomie in Singapore, as the British had not arrived to take control, while the Japanese occupiers had a considerably weakened hold over the populace. Incidents of looting and revenge killing were widespread.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: When British troops returned to Singapore in September 1945, thousands of Singaporeans lined the streets to cheer them. Singapore was ruled by a British Military Administration (BMA) between September 1945 and March 1946, during which it also served as the headquarters of the British governor-general for Southeast Asia. However, much of the infrastructure had been destroyed, including electricity and water supply systems, telephone services, and the harbour facilities at the Port of Singapore.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: There was also a shortage of food, including rice, and this led to malnutrition, disease, and rampant crime and violence. Unemployment, high food prices, and workers' discontent culminated in a series of strikes in 1947 causing massive stoppages in public transport and other services. By late 1947 the economy began to recover, facilitated by the growing demand for tin and rubber around the world. Several more years elapsed before the economy returned to pre-war levels.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: On 1 April 1946, the Straits Settlements was dissolved and Singapore became a Crown Colony with a civil administration headed by a Governor and separated from peninsular Malaya. In July 1947, separate Executive and Legislative Councils were established and provisions were made to allow for the election of six members of the Legislative Council the next year. On 30 November 1959, the "Singapore State Arms and Flag and National Anthem Ordinance 1959" was passed to regulate the use and display of the State Arms, State Flag and the performance of the National Anthem.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: The failure of the British to defend Singapore had destroyed their credibility as infallible rulers in the eyes of the locals in Singapore. The decades after and during the war saw a political awakening amongst the local populace and the rise of nationalist and anti-colonial sentiments, including a cry for "Merdeka", roughly translated to "independence" in the Malay language. The British, on their part, were prepared to embark on a program of gradually increasing self-governance for Singapore and Malaya. On 16 September 1963, Singapore became a state of Malaysia, ending 144 years of British rule on the island.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: On 9 August 1965, Singapore officially left Malaysia to become the independent Republic of Singapore, due to political, economic and racial disputes .


title: Colony of Singapore

text: The first Singaporean elections, held in March 1948 to select members of the Legislative Council, were rather limited. The right to vote was restricted to adult British subjects, of which only 23,000 or about 10 percent of those eligible registered to vote. In addition, only six of the twenty-five seats on the Legislative Council were to be elected; the rest were chosen either by the Governor or by the chambers of commerce.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: Three of the elected seats were won by a newly formed Singapore Progressive Party (SPP), a conservative party whose leaders were businessmen and professionals and were disinclined to press for immediate self-rule. The other three seats were won by independents.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: Three months after the elections, an armed insurgency by communist groups in Malaya – the Malayan Emergency – broke out, and the British imposed harsh measures to control left-wing groups in both Singapore and Malaya; the controversial Internal Security Act, which allowed indefinite detention without trial for persons suspected of being "threats to security", was introduced at this time.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: Since the left-wing groups were the strongest critics of the colonial system, progress on self-government stalled for several years. The colonial government also tried to prevent contacts between Singaporean Chinese and China, which had just fallen under the rule of the Chinese Communist Party. Tan Kah Kee, a local businessman and philanthropist, was denied re-entry into Singapore after he made a trip to China.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: A second Legislative Council election was held in 1951 with the number of elected seats increased to nine. This election was again dominated by the SPP which won six seats. This slowly contributed to the formation of a distinct government of Singapore, although colonial administration was still dominant.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: In 1953, with the communists in Malaya suppressed and the worst of the 'Emergency' period over, the government appointed a commission, headed by Sir George Rendel, to study the possibility of self-government for Singapore. The commission proposed a limited form of self-government.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: The Legislative Assembly with twenty-five out of thirty-two seats chosen by popular election would replace the Legislative Council, from which a Chief Minister as head of government and Council of Ministers as a cabinet would be picked under a parliamentary system. The British would retain control over areas such as internal security and foreign affairs, as well as veto power over legislation.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: The government agreed with the recommendations, and Legislative Assembly elections were scheduled for 2 April 1955. The election was a lively and closely fought affair, with several newly formed political parties joining the fray. In contrast to previous elections, voters were automatically registered, expanding the electorate to around 300,000. The SPP was soundly defeated in the election, winning only four seats. The newly formed, left-leaning Labour Front was the largest winner with ten seats and was able to form a coalition government with the UMNO-MCA Alliance, which won three seats. Another new party, the then leftist People's Action Party (PAP), won three seats.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: On 1 April 1946, the Colony of Singapore was formed with Cocos-Keeling, Christmas Island after the dissolution of the Straits Settlements. As a Crown colony, Singapore inherited the hierarchical organisational structure of the Straits Settlements government with a governor, who was assisted by an Advisory Executive Council, a Legislative Council and a Municipal Council. In July 1946, Labuan became part of the Crown Colony of North Borneo. The sovereignty of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands was transferred to Australia in 1955. The administration of Christmas Island was also transferred to Australia in 1958.


title: Colony of Singapore

text: The Governors of Singapore ruled the Crown Colony of Singapore from 1946 to 1959, on behalf of the Colonial Office. When Singapore gained self-governance in 1959, the Office of the Governor was abolished.


title: Equal temperament

text: An equal temperament is a musical temperament or tuning system, which approximates just intervals by dividing an octave (or other interval) into equal steps. This means the ratio of the frequencies of any adjacent pair of notes is the same, which gives an equal perceived step size as pitch is perceived roughly as the logarithm of frequency.


title: Equal temperament

text: In classical music and Western music in general, the most common tuning system since the 18th century has been twelve-tone equal temperament (also known as 12 equal temperament, 12-TET or 12-ET; informally abbreviated to twelve equal), which divides the octave into 12 parts, all of which are equal on a logarithmic scale, with a ratio equal to the 12th root of 2 ( ≈ 1.05946). That resulting smallest interval, the width of an octave, is called a semitone or half step.


title: Equal temperament

text: In modern times, 12-TET is usually tuned relative to a standard pitch of 440 Hz, called A440, meaning one note, A, is tuned to 440 hertz and all other notes are defined as some multiple of semitones apart from it, either higher or lower in frequency. The standard pitch has not always been 440 Hz. It has varied and generally risen over the past few hundred years.


title: Equal temperament

text: Other equal temperaments divide the octave differently. For example, some music has been written in 19-TET and 31-TET, while the Arab tone system uses 24-TET.


title: Equal temperament

text: Instead of dividing an octave, an equal temperament can also divide a different interval, like the equal-tempered version of the Bohlen–Pierce scale, which divides the just interval of an octave and a fifth (ratio 3:1), called a "tritave" or a "pseudo-octave" in that system, into 13 equal parts.


title: Equal temperament

text: For tuning systems that divide the octave equally, but are not approximations of just intervals, the term equal division of the octave, or EDO can be used.


title: Equal temperament

text: Unfretted string ensembles, which can adjust the tuning of all notes except for open strings, and vocal groups, who have no mechanical tuning limitations, sometimes use a tuning much closer to just intonation for acoustic reasons. Other instruments, such as some wind, keyboard, and fretted instruments, often only approximate equal temperament, where technical limitations prevent exact tunings. Some wind instruments that can easily and spontaneously bend their tone, most notably trombones, use tuning similar to string ensembles and vocal groups.


title: Equal temperament

text: In an equal temperament, the distance between two adjacent steps of the scale is the same interval. Because the perceived identity of an interval depends on its ratio, this scale in even steps is a geometric sequence of multiplications. (An arithmetic sequence of intervals would not sound evenly spaced, and would not permit transposition to different keys.) Specifically, the smallest interval in an equal-tempered scale is the ratio:


title: Equal temperament

text: where the ratio "r" divides the ratio "p" (typically the octave, which is 2:1) into "n" equal parts. ("See Twelve-tone equal temperament below.")


title: Equal temperament

text: Scales are often measured in cents, which divide the octave into 1200 equal intervals (each called a cent). This logarithmic scale makes comparison of different tuning systems easier than comparing ratios, and has considerable use in Ethnomusicology. The basic step in cents for any equal temperament can be found by taking the width of "p" above in cents (usually the octave, which is 1200 cents wide), called below "w", and dividing it into "n" parts:


title: Equal temperament

text: In musical analysis, material belonging to an equal temperament is often given an integer notation, meaning a single integer is used to represent each pitch. This simplifies and generalizes discussion of pitch material within the temperament in the same way that taking the logarithm of a multiplication reduces it to addition. Furthermore, by applying the modular arithmetic where the modulus is the number of divisions of the octave (usually 12), these integers can be reduced to pitch classes, which removes the distinction (or acknowledges the similarity) between pitches of the same name, e.g. "c" is 0 regardless of octave register. The MIDI encoding standard uses integer note designations.


title: Equal temperament

text: 12-tone equal temperament, which divides the octave into twelve equally-sized intervals, is the most common musical system used today, especially in Western music.


title: Equal temperament

text: The two figures frequently credited with the achievement of exact calculation of equal temperament are Zhu Zaiyu (also romanized as Chu-Tsaiyu. Chinese: ) in 1584 and Simon Stevin in 1585. According to Fritz A. Kuttner, a critic of the theory, it is known that "Chu-Tsaiyu presented a highly precise, simple and ingenious method for arithmetic calculation of equal temperament mono-chords in 1584" and that "Simon Stevin offered a mathematical definition of equal temperament plus a somewhat less precise computation of the corresponding numerical values in 1585 or later." The developments occurred independently.


title: Equal temperament

text: Kenneth Robinson attributes the invention of equal temperament to Zhu Zaiyu and provides textual quotations as evidence. Zhu Zaiyu is quoted as saying that, in a text dating from 1584, "I have founded a new system. I establish one foot as the number from which the others are to be extracted, and using proportions I extract them. Altogether one has to find the exact figures for the pitch-pipers in twelve operations." Kuttner disagrees and remarks that his claim "cannot be considered correct without major qualifications." Kuttner proposes that neither Zhu Zaiyu or Simon Stevin achieved equal temperament and that neither of the two should be treated as inventors.


title: Equal temperament

text: While China had previously come up with approximations for 12-TET, Zhu Zaiyu was the first person to mathematically solve twelve-tone equal temperament, which he described in his "Fusion of Music and Calendar" () in 1580 and "Complete Compendium of Music and Pitch" ("Yuelü quan shu" ) in 1584.


title: Equal temperament

text: Zhu obtained his result mathematically by dividing the length of string and pipe successively by ≈ 1.059463, and for pipe length by , such that after twelve divisions (an octave) the length was divided by a factor of 2.


title: Equal temperament

text: Some of the first Europeans to advocate for equal temperament were lutenists Vincenzo Galilei, Giacomo Gorzanis, and Francesco Spinacino, all of whom wrote music in it.


title: Equal temperament

text: Simon Stevin was the first to develop 12-TET based on the twelfth root of two, which he described in "Van De Spiegheling der singconst" (ca. 1605), published posthumously nearly three centuries later in 1884.


title: Equal temperament

text: Plucked instrument players (lutenists and guitarists) generally favored equal temperament, while others were more divided. In the end, twelve-tone equal temperament won out. This allowed enharmonic modulation, new styles of symmetrical tonality and polytonality, atonal music such as that written with the twelve tone technique or serialism, and jazz (at least its piano component) to develop and flourish.


title: Equal temperament

text: In twelve-tone equal temperament, which divides the octave into 12 equal parts, the width of a semitone, i.e. the frequency ratio of the interval between two adjacent notes, is the twelfth root of two:


title: Equal temperament

text: In this formula "P" refers to the pitch, or frequency (usually in hertz), you are trying to find. "P" refers to the frequency of a reference pitch. "n" and "a" refer to numbers assigned to the desired pitch and the reference pitch, respectively. These two numbers are from a list of consecutive integers assigned to consecutive semitones. For example, A (the reference pitch) is the 49th key from the left end of a piano (tuned to 440 Hz), and C (middle C), and F# are the 40th and 46th key respectively. These numbers can be used to find the frequency of C and F# :


title: Equal temperament

text: Where "E" refers to the frequency of a pitch in equal temperament, and "a" refers to the frequency of a reference pitch. For example, (if we let the reference pitch equal 440 Hz) we can see that E and C# are equal to the following frequencies respectively:


title: Equal temperament

text: The intervals of 12-TET closely approximate some intervals in just intonation. The fifths and fourths are almost indistinguishably close to just intervals, while thirds and sixths are further away.


title: Equal temperament

text: In the following table the sizes of various just intervals are compared against their equal-tempered counterparts, given as a ratio as well as cents.


title: Equal temperament

text: Violins, violas and cellos are tuned in perfect fifths (G – D – A – E, for violins, and C – G – D – A, for violas and cellos), which suggests that their semi-tone ratio is slightly higher than in the conventional twelve-tone equal temperament. Because a perfect fifth is in 3:2 relation with its base tone, and this interval is covered in 7 steps, each tone is in the ratio of to the next (100.28 cents), which provides for a perfect fifth with ratio of 3:2 but a slightly widened octave with a ratio of ≈ 517:258 or ≈ 2.00388:1 rather than the usual 2:1 ratio, because twelve perfect fifths do not equal seven octaves. During actual play, however, the violinist chooses pitches by ear, and only the four unstopped pitches of the strings are guaranteed to exhibit this 3:2 ratio.


title: Equal temperament

text: Five and seven tone equal temperament (5-TET and 7-TET ), with 240 and 171 cent steps respectively, are fairly common.


title: Equal temperament

text: 5-TET and 7-TET mark the endpoints of the syntonic temperament's valid tuning range, as shown in Figure 1.


title: Equal temperament

text: Indonesian gamelans are tuned to 5-TET according to Kunst (1949), but according to Hood (1966) and McPhee (1966) their tuning varies widely, and according to Tenzer (2000) they contain stretched octaves. It is now well-accepted that of the two primary tuning systems in gamelan music, slendro and pelog, only slendro somewhat resembles five-tone equal temperament while pelog is highly unequal; however, Surjodiningrat et al. (1972) has analyzed pelog as a seven-note subset of nine-tone equal temperament (133-cent steps ).


title: Equal temperament

text: A Thai xylophone measured by Morton (1974) "varied only plus or minus 5 cents," from 7-TET. According to Morton, "Thai instruments of fixed pitch are tuned to an equidistant system of seven pitches per octave ... As in Western traditional music, however, all pitches of the tuning system are not used in one mode (often referred to as 'scale'); in the Thai system five of the seven are used in principal pitches in any mode, thus establishing a pattern of nonequidistant intervals for the mode."


title: Equal temperament

text: A South American Indian scale from a pre-instrumental culture measured by Boiles (1969) featured 175-cent seven-tone equal temperament, which stretches the octave slightly as with instrumental gamelan music.


title: Equal temperament

text: is famous and some instruments are tuned in 19 EDO. It has slightly flatter perfect fifth (at 695 cents), but its major sixth is less than a single cent away from just intonation's major sixth (at 884 cents). Its minor third is also less than a cent from just intonation's. (The lowest EDO that produces a better minor third and major sixth than 19 EDO is 232 EDO.) Its perfect fourth (at 505 cents), is only 5 cents sharp than just intonation's and 3 cents sharp from 12-tet's.


title: Equal temperament

text: 23 EDO is the largest EDO that fails to approximate the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 11th harmonics (3:2, 5:4, 7:4, 11:8) within 20 cents, making it attractive to microtonalists looking for unusual microtonal harmonic territory.


title: Equal temperament

text: 24 EDO, the quarter tone scale (or 24-TET), was a popular microtonal tuning in the 20th century probably because it represented a convenient access point for composers conditioned on standard Western 12 EDO pitch and notation practices who were also interested in microtonality. Because 24 EDO contains all of the pitches of 12 EDO, plus new pitches halfway between each adjacent pair of 12 EDO pitches, they could employ the additional colors without losing any tactics available in 12-tone harmony. The fact that 24 is a multiple of 12 also made 24 EDO easy to achieve instrumentally by employing two traditional 12 EDO instruments purposely tuned a quarter-tone apart, such as two pianos, which also allowed each performer (or one performer playing a different piano with each hand) to read familiar 12-tone notation. Various composers including Charles Ives experimented with music for quarter-tone pianos. 24 EDO approximates the 11th harmonic very well, unlike 12 EDO.


title: Equal temperament

text: It is also a very flat meantone temperament that means after 4 fifths, it produces a neutral 3rd rather than a major one. 26 EDO has two minor thirds and two minor sixths. It could be a bit confusing at first glance because if you play the neutral 3rd it sounds like a very flat major one. 26EDO could be an alternative temperament of Barbershop harmony.


title: Equal temperament

text: 27 EDO is the smallest EDO that uniquely represents all intervals involving the first eight harmonics. It tempers out the septimal comma but not the syntonic comma.


title: Equal temperament

text: 29 EDO is the lowest number of equal divisions of the octave that produces a better perfect fifth than 12 EDO. Its major third is roughly as inaccurate as 12-TET; however, it is tuned 14 cents flat rather than 14 cents sharp. It tunes the 7th, 11th, and 13th harmonics flat as well, by roughly the same amount. This means intervals such as 7:5, 11:7, 13:11, etc., are all matched extremely well in 29-TET.


title: Equal temperament

text: 31 EDO was advocated by Christiaan Huygens and Adriaan Fokker. 31 EDO has a slightly less accurate fifth than 12 EDO, but provides near-just major thirds, and provides decent matches for harmonics up to at least 13, of which the seventh harmonic is particularly accurate.


title: Equal temperament

text: 34 EDO gives slightly less total combined errors of approximation to the 5-limit just ratios 3:2, 5:4, 6:5, and their inversions than 31 EDO does, although the approximation of 5:4 is worse. 34 EDO doesn't approximate ratios involving prime 7 well. It contains a 600-cent tritone, since it is an even-numbered EDO.


title: Equal temperament

text: 41 EDO is the second lowest number of equal divisions that produces a better perfect fifth than 12 EDO. Its major third is more accurate than 12 EDO and 29 EDO, about 6 cents flat. It is not meantone, so it distinguishes 10:9 and 9:8, unlike 31edo. It is more accurate in 13-limit than 31edo.


title: Equal temperament

text: 46 EDO provides slightly sharp major thirds and perfect fifths, giving triads a characteristic bright sound. The harmonics up to 11 are approximated within 5 cents of accuracy, with 10:9 and 9:5 being a fifth of a cent away from pure. As it's not a meantone system, it distinguishes 10:9 and 9:8.


title: Equal temperament

text: 53 EDO is better at approximating the traditional just consonances than 12, 19 or 31 EDO, but has had only occasional use. Its extremely good perfect fifths make it interchangeable with an extended Pythagorean tuning, but it also accommodates schismatic temperament, and is sometimes used in Turkish music theory. It does not, however, fit the requirements of meantone temperaments, which put good thirds within easy reach via the cycle of fifths. In 53 EDO, the very consonant thirds would be reached instead by using a Pythagorean diminished fourth (C-F), as it is an example of schismatic temperament, just like 41 EDO.


title: Equal temperament

text: 72 EDO approximates many just intonation intervals well, even into the 7-limit and 11-limit, such as 7:4, 9:7, 11:5, 11:6 and 11:7. 72 EDO has been taught, written and performed in practice by Joe Maneri and his students (whose atonal inclinations typically avoid any reference to just intonation whatsoever). It can be considered an extension of 12 EDO because 72 is a multiple of 12. 72 EDO has a smallest interval that is six times smaller than the smallest interval of 12 EDO and therefore contains six copies of 12 EDO starting on different pitches. It also contains three copies of 24 EDO and two copies of 36 EDO, which are themselves multiples of 12 EDO. 72 EDO has also been criticized for its redundancy by retaining the poor approximations contained in 12 EDO, despite not needing them for any lower limits of just intonation (e.g. 5-limit).


title: Equal temperament

text: 96 EDO approximates all intervals within 6.25 cents, which is barely distinguishable. As an eightfold multiple of 12, it can be used fully like the common 12 EDO. It has been advocated by several composers, especially Julián Carrillo from 1924 to the 1940s.


title: Equal temperament

text: Other equal divisions of the octave that have found occasional use include 15 EDO, 17 EDO, and 22 EDO.


title: Equal temperament

text: 2, 5, 12, 41, 53, 306, 665 and 15601 are denominators of first convergents of log(3), so 2, 5, 12, 41, 53, 306, 665 and 15601 twelfths (and fifths), being in correspondent equal temperaments equal to an integer number of octaves, are better approximation of 2, 5, 12, 41, 53, 306, 665 and 15601 just twelfths/fifths than for any equal temperaments with fewer tones.


title: Equal temperament

text: 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 12, 29, 41, 53, 200... is the sequence of divisions of octave that provide better and better approximations of the perfect fifth. Related sequences contain divisions approximating other just intervals.


title: Equal temperament

text: The equal-tempered version of the Bohlen–Pierce scale consists of the ratio 3:1, 1902 cents, conventionally a perfect fifth plus an octave (that is, a perfect twelfth), called in this theory a tritave (), and split into thirteen equal parts. This provides a very close match to justly tuned ratios consisting only of odd numbers. Each step is 146.3 cents (), or .


title: Equal temperament

text: Wendy Carlos created three unusual equal temperaments after a thorough study of the properties of possible temperaments having a step size between 30 and 120 cents. These were called "alpha", "beta", and "gamma". They can be considered as equal divisions of the perfect fifth. Each of them provides a very good approximation of several just intervals. Their step sizes:


title: Equal temperament

text: In this section, "semitone" and "whole tone" may not have their usual 12-EDO meanings, as it discusses how they may be tempered in different ways from their just versions to produce desired relationships. Let the number of steps in a semitone be "s", and the number of steps in a tone be "t".


title: Equal temperament

text: There is exactly one family of equal temperaments that fixes the semitone to any proper fraction of a whole tone, while keeping the notes in the right order (meaning that, for example, C, D, E, F, and F are in ascending order if they preserve their usual relationships to C). That is, fixing "q" to a proper fraction in the relationship "qt" = "s" also defines a unique family of one equal temperament and its multiples that fulfil this relationship.


title: Equal temperament

text: For example, where "k" is an integer, 12"k"-EDO sets "q" = , and 19"k"-EDO sets "q" = . The smallest multiples in these families (e.g. 12 and 19 above) has the additional property of having no notes outside the circle of fifths. (This is not true in general; in 24-EDO, the half-sharps and half-flats are not in the circle of fifths generated starting from C.) The extreme cases are 5"k"-EDO, where "q" = 0 and the semitone becomes a unison, and 7"k"-EDO, where "q" = 1 and the semitone and tone are the same interval.


title: Equal temperament

text: Once one knows how many steps a semitone and a tone are in this equal temperament, one can find the number of steps it has in the octave. An equal temperament fulfilling the above properties (including having no notes outside the circle of fifths) divides the octave into 7"t" − 2"s" steps, and the perfect fifth into 4"t" − "s" steps. If there are notes outside the circle of fifths, one must then multiply these results by "n", which is the number of nonoverlapping circles of fifths required to generate all the notes (e.g. two in 24-EDO, six in 72-EDO). (One must take the small semitone for this purpose: 19-EDO has two semitones, one being tone and the other being .)


title: Equal temperament

text: The smallest of these families is 12"k"-EDO, and in particular, 12-EDO is the smallest equal temperament that has the above properties. Additionally, it also makes the semitone exactly half a whole tone, the simplest possible relationship. These are some of the reasons why 12-EDO has become the most commonly used equal temperament. (Another reason is that 12-EDO is the smallest equal temperament to closely approximate 5-limit harmony, the next-smallest being 19-EDO.)


title: Equal temperament

text: Each choice of fraction "q" for the relationship results in exactly one equal temperament family, but the converse is not true: 47-EDO has two different semitones, where one is tone and the other is , which are not complements of each other like in 19-EDO ( and ). Taking each semitone results in a different choice of perfect fifth.


title: Equal temperament

text: The diatonic tuning in twelve equal can be generalized to any regular diatonic tuning dividing the octave as a sequence of steps TTSTTTS (or a rotation of it) with all the T's and all the S's the same size and the S's smaller than the T's. In twelve equal the S is the semitone and is exactly half the size of the tone T. When the S's reduce to zero the result is TTTTT or a five-tone equal temperament, As the semitones get larger, eventually the steps are all the same size, and the result is in seven tone equal temperament. These two endpoints are not included as regular diatonic tunings.


title: Equal temperament

text: The notes in a regular diatonic tuning are connected together by a cycle of seven tempered fifths. The twelve-tone system similarly generalizes to a sequence CDCDDCDCDCDD (or a rotation of it) of chromatic and diatonic semitones connected together in a cycle of twelve fifths. In this case, seven equal is obtained in the limit as the size of C tends to zero and five equal is the limit as D tends to zero while twelve equal is of course the case C = D.


title: Equal temperament

text: Some of the intermediate sizes of tones and semitones can also be generated in equal temperament systems. For instance if the diatonic semitone is double the size of the chromatic semitone, i.e. D = 2*C the result is nineteen equal with one step for the chromatic semitone, two steps for the diatonic semitone and three steps for the tone and the total number of steps 5*T + 2*S = 15 + 4 = 19 steps. The resulting twelve-tone system closely approximates to the historically important 1/3 comma meantone.


title: Equal temperament

text: If the chromatic semitone is two-thirds of the size of the diatonic semitone, i.e. C = (2/3)*D, the result is thirty one equal, with two steps for the chromatic semitone, three steps for the diatonic semitone, and five steps for the tone where 5*T + 2*S = 25 + 6 = 31 steps. The resulting twelve-tone system closely approximates to the historically important 1/4 comma meantone.


title: Liu Kang

text: Liu Kang is a fictional character in the "Mortal Kombat" fighting game series by Midway Games and NetherRealm Studios. Depicted as Earthrealm's greatest warrior and champion, he is generally the main hero of the series. He debuted in the original 1992 game as a Shaolin monk, and has since appeared in nearly every main series installment. He is also a protagonist of the action-adventure beat 'em up spinoff game "" (2005).


title: Liu Kang

text: The character's storyline sees him win the eponymous Mortal Kombat tournament in the first and second games, saving Earthrealm from being conquered by the opposing forces of Outworld. During both the original and rebooted timelines, Liu Kang receives a more villainous depiction after he is killed, appearing as a reanimated corpse in the former and an undead revenant who rules the Netherrealm in the latter. He returns to his heroic role in "Mortal Kombat 11" (2019), in which he becomes a fire god.


title: Liu Kang

text: Liu Kang has appeared in various alternate media outside of the games, including as the hero of the 1995 film adaptation and its 1997 sequel "". Reception of the character has been mainly favorable for his special moves, gameplay, and his role throughout the series.


title: Liu Kang

text: Original concept sketches for a proposed Midway Games fighting title by artist John Tobias featured a Japanese character named Minamoto Yoshitsune. However, during production of what would become "Mortal Kombat", the Midway staff "just couldn't deal with the name," according to Tobias, the game's lead character designer. The character was renamed Liu Kang as a nod to actor Gordon Liu, who starred in the 1978 film "The 36th Chamber of Shaolin", and with his ethnicity subsequently changed to Chinese, he "was originally going to be a traditional monk — bald and in robes". Liu Kang was played by Korean actor and martial artist Ho-Sung Pak in the first two games, but Pak's refusal to shave his head resulted in the character instead being modeled after Bruce Lee and depicted as "a renegade monk [who] grew his hair back". Tobias additionally drew inspiration from the 1973 film "Enter the Dragon" in developing Liu Kang's backstory.


title: Liu Kang

text: Liu Kang's design in the first game had him shirtless with short hair, while wearing only black pants and white shoes. Starting with "Mortal Kombat II," his outfit was enhanced with a red palette by way of single vertical stripes on his pants and a matching headband, in addition to black shoes and studded wrist guards. "Mortal Kombat 3" contained minor changes of longer hair and thin black leg strips wrapped above his ankles in order to give him a "sleeker" look. Lead series programmer Ed Boon said in a 1995 interview of the development team's decision to include Liu Kang in "Mortal Kombat 3": "It'd be like doing part three of "Star Wars" and not having Luke Skywalker in there. You don't do that."


title: Liu Kang

text: In "Mortal Kombat 4", a red tank top was added to Liu Kang's outfit while his alternate design showed him shirtless with blue-striped pants. This design was carried over into "" and the compilation title "", but due to his resurrection therein as a zombie, his skin was ash gray and he wore hooked chains around his wrists, while his alternate costume featured him as a living person in order to contrast his undead form. The character's death in the previous game, "", inspired the composition of a "funeral song" by series music composer Dan Forden, titled "Liu Kang's Tomb" and included in "Deception" in the arena containing his tomb.


title: Liu Kang

text: Liu Kang again retained his "MK3" design in the 2008 crossover fighting game "Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe", accentuated with a championship belt adorned with the "Mortal Kombat" dragon emblem. Tobias, who departed Midway in 1999, said in a 2012 interview that had he continued to work on "Mortal Kombat", he would have kept the plot centered around Liu Kang and then his son.


title: Liu Kang

text: Liu Kang was the lone character in the original "Mortal Kombat" whose Fatality (a finishing move that executes defeated opponents) did not explicitly kill his opponent and feature the background dimming beforehand, because he was depicted therein as a Shaolin monk who, in general, have strict beliefs regarding killing and murder. The finisher, titled "Shaolin Uppercut" and created by his actor Ho-Sung Pak, has him perform a butterfly kick (often mistaken for a cartwheel) on his opponent before landing an uppercut that knocks them offscreen before landing. According to Tobias, the background not darkening during the finisher was a glitch that was kept in and rationalized as symbolizing Liu Kang's noble motivations.


title: Liu Kang

text: While the "Shaolin Uppercut" was carried over into "Mortal Kombat II", Liu Kang was otherwise given more graphic Fatalities thereafter as he was depicted by Midway as having "strong Shaolin beliefs, but was no longer a part of the Shaolin monks." He was additionally designed as a character that both casual and experienced gamers could play as with little difficulty. Liu Kang specializes in kicks, with his most common move a flying kick that launches him across the screen to connect with his opponent's torso. "MKII" introduced another of the character's signature special moves, the "Bicycle Kick", which again propels him across the screen with a flurry of kicks targeting the opponent's midsection and resembling the pedaling of a bicycle. A different kind of his signature abilities is the "Dragon Fire": with it Liu Kang sends a fiery flame in the shape of a Chinese dragon across the screen out of his hands at his opponent. After "Mortal Kombat II", he gains the ability to perform the "Dragon Fire" while crouching and in the air, also for "Deception" and "Armageddon". Liu Kang was immediately selectable in "Mortal Kombat: Unchained", the PlayStation Portable port of "Deception", after the developers had received feedback that unlocking him in "Deception" had proved difficult.


title: Liu Kang

text: In "Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks", there were two versions; one where the victim explodes into pieces upon impact and the original, in which the opponent is torn to pieces upon falling to the ground. In another signature Fatality, he morphs into a large dragon, chomping the upper body of his opponent. This Fatality was turned into an Animality in "Mortal Kombat 3" and back into a normal Fatality in "Mortal Kombat 4". In the Game Boy and Game Gear versions of "Mortal Kombat II", the dragon torches the opponent with fire instead. The series' composer and co-designer John Vogel noted it to be his favorite Fatality due to how much Liu Kang's appearance changes. Another famous Fatality of Liu Kang has him vanish and a "Mortal Kombat" arcade game machine drop down and crush his opponent. According to GameSpy's "MK9" walkthrough, Liu Kang "inflicts better damage" than Kung Lao "by jumping around like a lunatic and kicking the crap out of everything he sees."


title: Liu Kang

text: Introduced in the first "Mortal Kombat" game as a Chinese Shaolin Kung Fu monk, Liu Kang enters the tenth Mortal Kombat tournament in order to protect Earthrealm from being destroyed. He defeats Grand Champion Goro and the tournament host, the nefarious sorcerer Shang Tsung, and emerges as the new Mortal Kombat champion.


title: Liu Kang

text: In the 1993 sequel "Mortal Kombat II" (1993), after winning the Earthrealm tournament Liu Kang returns home and finds many of his Shaolin brethren were killed in a vicious attack by a horde of nomadic mutants led by Baraka under orders from the evil Outworld emperor Shao Kahn, Shang Tsung's master. Enraged, Liu Kang travels to Outworld to seek revenge, backed by a friend and fellow Shaolin monk Kung Lao. At the tournament, Liu Kang defeats Shao Kahn.


title: Liu Kang

text: In "Mortal Kombat 3" (1995), Liu Kang and his friends fight against Shao Kahn's extermination squad, which invaded Earthrealm. He once again defeats the Emperor, causing him and his forces to retreat back to Outworld.


title: Liu Kang

text: In "Mortal Kombat 4" (1997), Liu Kang discovers that his lover and ally, Princess Kitana, has been captured by the disgraced Elder God Shinnok's forces, and begins gathering Earth's warriors to defeat him. Liu Kang confronts Shinnok and once again emerges victorious, with Kitana and her people had survived the attack, but he is unable to commit himself to a relationship due to his duty as Earthrealm's champion while Kitana has to remain in Edenia to rule her kingdom.


title: Liu Kang

text: Liu Kang becomes unplayable for the first and only time in the "Mortal Kombat" series in 2002's "", in which the titular partnership of Shang Tsung and fellow sorcerer Quan Chi join forces to kill him in the game's introductory sequence.


title: Liu Kang

text: In "" (2004), an unknown party reanimates Liu Kang's corpse and sends it on a murderous rampage, leaving his soul to attempt to regain control. He returns as a playable character in this game, albeit in an undead form and as a secret character that can only be unlocked by completing the game's training mode. His spirit enlists the reformed ninja Ermac to try to save Kitana and his Earthrealm allies from the Dragon King Onaga.


title: Liu Kang

text: Liu Kang is still unable to fully regain control of his body in "" (2006), where he is playable along with the entire series roster, and in which it is revealed that the thunder god Raiden had revived Liu Kang's corpse in "Deception". Liu Kang's bond with Kitana had succeeded in keeping his power in check, with Nightwolf then assuming her position as Liu Kang's "spiritual anchor" in an attempt to find a way to reunite his body and soul, which he accomplishes in his ending.


title: Liu Kang

text: Along with Kung Lao, Liu Kang is the lead character in the 2005 spin-off action-adventure game "", which serves as a retelling of the events leading up to "Mortal Kombat II" and features the two Shaolin monks traveling to Outworld to find and defeat Shang Tsung and Shao Kahn, rescuing Kitana along the way.


title: Liu Kang

text: Liu Kang is among the eleven characters representing the "Mortal Kombat" franchise in the non-canonical crossover title "Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe" (2008), which features fights between characters from the "Mortal Kombat" and the DC Comics universes. In this game, Liu Kang appears as the protagonist of the first chapter of the "Mortal Kombat" story mode. Tobias said that the fight he expected to see in the game was between Liu Kang and Batman as he noted their back-stories are very similar, as both attempt to help their respective leaders regain their senses.


title: Liu Kang

text: In the " Mortal Kombat" reboot game (2011), which serves as a retelling of the first three games, Liu Kang reprises his role from the first three tournaments as one of Raiden's chosen warriors. Despite his victory over Shang Tsung in the first tournament, Raiden starts having visions of Shao Kahn, which leads to Kung Lao taking Liu Kang's role. However, Kung Lao is killed by Shao Kahn and Liu Kang nearly kills his nemesis in revenge. When Shao Kahn prepares to invade Earthrealm following the second tournament, all of Liu Kang's allies are murdered by a soul-infused Sindel. This, coupled with Raiden's failed attempts to change the future, causes Liu Kang to grow more and more disillusioned with him. This eventually leads to Raiden accidentally killing Liu Kang while attempting to stop Shao Kahn.


title: Liu Kang

text: Liu Kang returns in "Mortal Kombat X". In the game's story mode, Quan Chi resurrects him as an undead revenant to serve him. He fights Jax and Raiden, blaming the latter for his death. Following Quan Chi's death and Shinnok's defeat, he and Kitana become the new rulers of the Netherrealm. They are visited by Raiden, who brings them Shinnok's disembodied head as a warning for them not to attack Earthrealm.


title: Liu Kang

text: In "Mortal Kombat 11", Liu Kang plans to invade Earthrealm. After Raiden and the Special Forces destroy his castle in the Netherrealm, Liu Kang and his allies join the keeper of time, Kronika, in forging a new timeline without Raiden. While making preparations however, she creates a time storm that brings a younger version of Liu Kang to the present. Despite learning of what happened to him and an encounter with his revenant, Liu Kang continues to trust Raiden and aligns himself with Earthrealm's warriors to combat Kronika. When he clashes with Raiden after the latter uses Shinnok's amulet to strengthen himself, the thunder god discovers that Kronika manipulated them into fighting across multiple different timelines as she fears their combined power. Kronika kidnaps the past Liu Kang so his revenant can absorb his soul. Rather than kill him, Raiden merges with the revenant and younger Liu Kang, transforming them into "Fire God Liu Kang". With Raiden's godly powers and his revenant counterpart's knowledge of Kronika's plan, he storms Kronika's keep and engages her in battle. In the game's bad ending, Kronika kills Liu Kang and ushers in her New Era. In one of two good endings, Liu Kang defeats Kronika and is either joined by a mortal Raiden or Kitana in shaping a new timeline. In the DLC story expansion "Aftermath", Liu Kang and Raiden attempt to restart the history, only to be interrupted by Shang Tsung, Nightwolf and Fujin, who tell them they need Kronika's Crown of Souls in order to do so. As Liu Kang destroyed his version of it, the sorcerer has the Fire God send him, Fujin, and Nightwolf back in time to retrieve a past version of the Crown. While Shang Tsung is successful, he reneges on the deal and attempts to restart history for himself after defeating Kronika. However, he discovers that Liu Kang had manipulated events to ensure his victory, having known that the sorcerer would betray everyone from the beginning and privately tasked Fujin to keep an eye on him during the journey to secure the crown. In the expansion's bad ending, Shang Tsung kills Liu Kang, absorbing his soul and power for himself. In the good ending, Liu Kang erases Shang Tsung from history and, in the process of forging his New Era, visits Kung Lao's ancestor to give him special training for his future battles.


title: Liu Kang

text: Liu Kang was the hero of the comic book adaptation of the "Mortal Kombat" series Malibu Comics. In the first miniseries, "Blood and Thunder," his backstory was mostly kept intact as a Shaolin monk out to restore the tournament to their righteous owners, with the only difference being that he was not the chosen one to defeat Goro, which instead fell on twin monk brothers named Sing and Sang, two original characters created specifically for the comics; after they are killed by Goro in the third issue, Liu Kang becomes the Shaolin's only hope in defeating Shang Tsung. The following miniseries, "Battlewave," stated that Liu Kang won the first tournament after defeating Goro, which never appeared in the first miniseries. He returns to his normal life as an architect in Chicago, having left the Order of Light before the events of the first series. However, he suffers from constant attacks by an unknown force of ninjas and later receives help from Johnny Cage's bodyguard Bo when Goro ambushes him in an office building. Eventually he decides to travel to Outworld, realizing that he cannot avoid Mortal Kombat.


title: Liu Kang

text: In the Midway Comics, Liu Kang reprises his role from the first game's prologue, focusing first on dealing with the criminal Kano. "Mortal Kombat II Collector's Edition" starts with Liu Kang winning the first tournament and then meeting the ninja Sub-Zero in the aftermath. When clashing the other realm's forces, Raiden instructs Liu Kang to enter into the next competition. A prologue of "Mortal Kombat 4" was also written, dealing with Liu Kang and his new ally Kai as they prepare to face Shinnok's forces.


title: Liu Kang

text: Liu Kang is the main protagonist of two "Mortal Kombat" films, in which he is played by Robin Shou. Director Paul W. S. Anderson wanted Liu Kang's character to be "really engaging" and cast Shou, noting his skills with martial arts. Anderson compared Shou with Jackie Chan due to how both actors did not rely on stunts for their movies. In the first film, he takes part in the tournament out of guilt over his brother's death at the hands of Shang Tsung (Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa). He defeats Sub-Zero and Reptile in combat, and then is victorious over Tsung in the final battle. As a result of the film's style the relationship between Liu Kang and Kitana is more of a metaphysical than a romantic nature. Shou stated that the fight against Reptile (played by Keith Cooke) was the most memorable, as he had suffered a rib injury shooting a scene in which Liu Kang is thrown backfirst into a pillar. The take in which he was injured was used in the final cut, as Shou felt that viewers would notice his pain during the fight. In retrospective, Shou commented that the production team managed to "find Liu Kang" during the making of the feature, with Shou's facial expressions fitting their criteria. Randy Hamilton voiced Liu Kang in "", a straight-to-video animated prequel released four months prior to the film.


title: Liu Kang

text: Shou and Talisa Soto (Kitana) were the only two actors to reprise their roles from the first film in the 1997 sequel "". In the sequel, Liu Kang joins the Earthrealm warriors to stop Shao Kahn's menace.


title: Liu Kang

text: Brian Tee played Liu Kang in the 2013 second season of director Kevin Tancharoen's web series "". Liu Kang is depicted therein as an anti-hero fighting for Outworld rather than Earthrealm, before which he is shown to have left a monastery to live a normal life working at a diner with his fiancée, but after she is shot and killed during a robbery, he becomes consumed with anger and revenge and further distances himself from Kung Lao and the ideals he was taught. After working as a freelance assassin for a few years, he is approached by Shang Tsung, who convinces him that humanity is not worth protecting and asks him to join the realm of Outworld in the upcoming Mortal Kombat tournament, to which he agrees. In the series' final episode, he easily subdues Johnny Cage and Kurtis Stryker during the tournament before being confronted by Kung Lao, who is surprised at his old friend's change of allegiance.


title: Liu Kang

text: Liu Kang was played by Ludi Lin in the 2021 reboot film "Mortal Kombat". An orphaned street child now living as a warrior monk and protege of Raiden, Liu Kang guides Earthrealm's warriors towards discovering their abilities. After his friend and "shī xiōng" Kung Lao is murdered by Shang Tsung, he avenges him through killing Kabal.


title: Liu Kang

text: Liu Kang is one of the lead characters in the 1996 animated series "", and was voiced by Brian Tochi. He is not the protagonist as opposed to the game storyline, instead sharing this role with several other Earthrealm heroes.


title: Liu Kang

text: In 1996, Toy Island published a Liu Kang action figure which had a white shirt. Two Liu Kang action figures from "Shaolin Monks" were released by Jazwares. Apart from being flexible, both figures included different types of weapons such as swords and axes.


title: Liu Kang

text: Jordan Rodrigues voiced the role of Liu Kang who appeared as one of the lead characters in the 2020 animated movie "". He, Sonya and Cage reprise their role from the first "Mortal Kombat" game with Scorpion's aid. Rodrigues reprises his role in the sequel "" as the film's central protagonist.


title: Liu Kang

text: The character has received mostly very positive response by gaming publications. Liu Kang topped UGO Networks' 2012 list of the top fifty "Mortal Kombat" characters and placed 94th on their 2008 list of the "top 100 heroes of all time".GameSpot featured him in their 2009 poll for the title of "All Time Greatest Game Hero", in which he lost to Yoshi. In 2012, GamesRadar ranked him as 51st "most memorable, influential, and badass" protagonist in games, adding that while "Sub-Zero and Scorpion may get most of the fanfare", Liu Kang "can shoot fireballs, whoops and hollers just like Bruce Lee, and pioneered the Animality with his dragon-transformation fatality--it’s no wonder that Liu Kang’s the chosen champion of Earthrealm." Digital Spy listed him as the 13th best "Mortal Kombat" character comparing him with "Street Fighter" character Ryu, stating they while both are "kind of dull", they develop appealing techniques across their respective series. "Complex" listed Liu Kang as the third best character in the franchise based on his heroic traits, moves as well as his undead form. His relationship with Kitana was ranked fourth in IGN's list of best video game couples in 2006.


title: Liu Kang

text: Like all the characters from "Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe", Liu Kang was selected to be a playable character based on his popularity. Jesse Schedeen of IGN said that "it just wouldn't be right having a game without [Liu Kang]," noting him to be as fierce as the DC Universe characters in this game. In 2010, GamePlayBook ranked Liu Kang as the second best "Mortal Kombat" character, commenting that "his nimbleness and fighting expertise make him an ideal pick" and how he is as good as zombie as when he was alive.


title: Liu Kang

text: Upon his death in "Deadly Alliance", IGN's Jeremy Dunham noted that Liu Kang was killed as the series needed "'starting over' mentality", as he regarded Liu Kang as the series' strongest character. "Complex" remarked that the "Mortal Kombat" developers "finally found their groove again with "Deadly Alliance", which began by snapping Liu Kang's neck." "Game Informer" listed his death in their article about "characters that died under our watch" calling it a "shock" as Liu Kang was stated to be one of the "most loved" characters from the series.


title: Liu Kang

text: His redesign in "Mortal Kombat: Deception" was praised by GameSpot for being one of the best ones from the title, and was featured in GamesRadar's list of the "greatest zombie triumphs" in 2009, but was also ranked as the ninth-worst "Mortal Kombat" character by ScrewAttack in 2011. Additionally, GamesRadar used Liu Kang as an example of a stereotype of gaming heroes who reveal an evil alter ego that ruins the character's appealing traits, and considered him to be "a little like the Shaolin version of Goku, in that he's saved his world countless times and come back from the dead even more frequently." GamesRadar featured him, Fei-Long and Tekken's Marshall Law in the article about "kickass Bruce Lee clones" citing his similarities with Bruce Lee and with one of his shouts featured in famous quotes.


title: Liu Kang

text: Liu Kang's darker characterization starting with "Deception" and in the reboot were received with good critical response as Den of Geek listed him as the 22nd best "Mortal Kombat" character due to this aspect. Both "Den of Geek" and "Hardcore Gamer" found Liu Kang's possible role in the series to be shrouded in mystery due to his possible revival as a villain as well as how he is not available to face Shinnok as in the first games created for the series. In regards to his and Kitana's role in "Mortal Kombat 11", "Escapist Magazine" found it confusing as a result of Liu Kang's transformation into a god and the couple becoming rulers of time. Game Revolution enjoyed Liu Kang's ending in the "Mortal Kombat 11" and thus wondered which of his two endings where he allies with either Raiden or Kitana would be taken as canonical. GamesPCN found Liu Kang's development in the game touching due to the handling of his character to the point gamers looked forward to his best ending which was difficult to achieve. Upon God Liu Kang's inclusion in the game as playable, Game Revolution compared it with Ryu's evil persona from "Street Fighter". Both Shack News and Even Thubs enjoyed the actions Liu Kang makes as a God due to the major direction the narrative takes in the DLC "Aftermath" as he aims to restart the generation. "Den of Geek" commented that Liu Kang's role as a protagonist in "Mortal Kombat 11" was well handled as he fitted the heroic role through his transformation into the God of Fire and Lightning.


title: Liu Kang

text: Liu Kang's famous finishing move of turning into a dragon was ranked by ScrewAttack as the second best in the series, referred to as the most iconic Fatality in "Mortal Kombat II", but his cartwheel Fatality from the original "Mortal Kombat" was ranked by ScrewAttack as the second worst in the series. Liu Kang's dragon Fatality has been listed as one of the best Fatalities from the series by both "Game Informer" and UGO in 2010, as well as by "Complex" in 2013. On the other hand, his Fatality in which he drops a "Mortal Kombat" arcade machine onto his opponent were pointed by both "Game Informer" and "GamePro" as one of the worst from the series, even as GamesRadar listed it among the reasons of Liu Kang being "boss".


title: Liu Kang

text: Some video game publications criticized his gameplay and shouts while others noted him to be entertaining. IGN's Douglas Perry wrote that he preferred Liu Kang over Kung Lao as a playable character in "Shaolin Monks" because of his "intuitive fighting moves," adding that his shouts were "annoying" yet "strangely pleasing." GameDaily too complained about his voice, saying that "Liu Kang screams out like a chicken," and GamesRadar wrote that "the strange squeals he emits during his trademark Bicycle Kick move are unforgettable." Nevertheless, Mary Shearman from "100 Entertainers Who Changed America: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture" considered that Bruce Lee himself used to make animal noises when attacking.


title: Post-coital tristesse

text: Post-coital tristesse (PCT), also known as post-coital dysphoria (PCD), is the feeling of sadness, anxiety, agitation or aggression, after sexual intercourse or masturbation. Its name comes from New Latin "postcoitalis" and French "tristesse", literally "sadness". Many people with PCT may exhibit strong feelings of anxiety lasting from five minutes to two hours after coitus.


title: Post-coital tristesse

text: The phenomenon is attributed to the Greek medical writer Galen, who is supposed to have written that "Every animal is sad after coitus except the human female and the rooster." However, this quotation is not found in Galen's surviving writings, so it may be a later fabrication. Sigmund Freud and Havelock Ellis were familiar with the proverb, which they both attributed to an anonymous author, and it was not until decades later that the maxim became connected with Galen among sexologists.


title: Post-coital tristesse

text: The philosopher Baruch Spinoza, in his "Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione", wrote: "For as far as sensual pleasure is concerned, the mind is so caught up in it, as if at peace in a [true] good, that it is quite prevented from thinking of anything else. But after the enjoyment of sensual pleasure is passed, the greatest sadness follows. If this does not completely engross, still it thoroughly confuses and dulls the mind." Arthur Schopenhauer, writing later on the phenomenon, observed that "directly after copulation the devil's laughter is heard."


title: Post-coital tristesse

text: One study reported that among a sample of 1208 male participants, 40% of them had experienced PCT at least once in their lifetime and 20% reported experiencing PCT in the four weeks preceding the study. This study also reports that 3–4% of the sample experienced PCT symptoms on a regular basis. According to the same study, PCT among males is associated with current psychological distress, sexual abuse during childhood, and with several sexual dysfunctions.


title: Post-coital tristesse

text: With respect to symptoms in women, one study involved an epidemiological survey of post-coital psychological symptoms in a United Kingdom population sample of female twins: it found that 3.7% of these women reported suffering from recent PCT and 7.7% of them reported suffering PCT for a long time. Another study reported that almost half of female university students reported PCT symptoms at least once in their lifetime. The study also reported that there appeared to be no correlation between PCT and intimacy in close relationships.


title: Message in a Bottle (film)

text: Message in a Bottle is a 1999 American romantic drama film directed by Luis Mandoki and based on Nicholas Sparks' 1998 novel of the same name. It stars Kevin Costner, Robin Wright (under her married name Robin Wright Penn) and Paul Newman, and was filmed in Maine, Chicago and Wilmington, North Carolina. The film was released on February 12, 1999 by Warner Bros. Pictures. The film was panned by the critics but was a moderate box office hit grossing $118 million against a $30 million budget.


title: Message in a Bottle (film)

text: Theresa Osborne, a former reporter, works as a researcher for the "Chicago Tribune". On a trip to Cape Cod, she finds a mysterious, intriguing and typed love letter in a bottle in the sand, addressed to Catherine. She is fascinated by it and shows it to her colleagues. They print it in their newspaper without the knowledge of Theresa and receive numerous responses. One of the responses contains an attached letter which was addressed to the same person and written in the same tone. Later, they receive another letter of the same kind from one of the readers which was not addressed to Catherine, but typed on the same notepad. Eventually, they track the author down with the help of the typewriter and the notepad used. His name is Garrett Blake, and he lives quietly on the Outer Banks of North Carolina near his father, Dodge.


title: Message in a Bottle (film)

text: Theresa goes to Outer Banks to research it further but when she meets him, they are attracted to each other and start becoming better acquainted. She tries to tell him about the original purpose of her visit but fears that she might lose him and postpones it. Along with the literal distance between them — they live hundreds of miles apart — there is another problem: Garrett cannot quite forgive Catherine for dying and leaving him.


title: Message in a Bottle (film)

text: Theresa's career flourishes as the romantic "message in a bottle" tale is told in print, without naming names. Garrett makes a trip to Chicago to visit Theresa and her young son. They seem very happy together for a day, but Garrett sees his letters, becomes upset, and starts to leave. But when Theresa reveals that there are three letters of the same kind, he becomes intrigued as he only wrote two of them and comes back to see another letter. The third letter, which was not addressed to Catherine, was actually written by Catherine; in that letter, she reveals her love, her knowledge of her impending death, and how she was content with her life with Garrett, however short it might be. Garrett leaves with the letter, leaving Theresa in tears.


title: Message in a Bottle (film)

text: Garrett moves on with his life and sets things straight with Catherine's family, who had been battling with Garrett for the artworks of Catherine. He finishes his own personalized boat with the help of Catherine's brother and names it "Catherine" in her honor, and sends an invitation to Theresa to visit. When Theresa goes there, she witnesses the passionate speech of Garrett about his late wife Catherine and understands that he still is in love with his late wife, and leaves him saying that he is welcome to call her when he thinks he is ready to start a new life.


title: Message in a Bottle (film)

text: After that night, Garrett writes a letter to Catherine, puts it in a bottle and goes sailing. A storm breaks out and Garrett desperately tries to save a family from a sinking boat and succeeds in saving two out of three; however, in the process, he himself drowns. Garrett's father Dodge calls Theresa and informs her about his death. Heartbroken, Theresa goes there to bid farewell; Dodge gives her the letter that Garrett had intended for Catherine, found on his boat. Garrett wrote that he found someone else, Theresa who is as dear as Catherine to him and decides to start a new life with her, and asks for Catherine's blessing. Though devastated, Theresa comes back contented, stating that though this experience left her in grief, it helped her to feel the most important thing in life.


title: Message in a Bottle (film)

text: The producers originally planned to film on Tangier Island, Virginia, but the Tangier town council voted against allowing it due to the drinking, swearing and sex in the script.


title: Message in a Bottle (film)

text: Warner Bros. then tried Martha's Vineyard near Chilmark, Massachusetts, but the Chilmark Conservation Commission turned down a request to build a temporary house on stilts in the dunes near Chilmark Pond.


title: Message in a Bottle (film)

text: Beach scenes were filmed at Popham Beach in Phippsburg, Maine. No filming was done at the Outer Banks (the setting of the novel).


title: Message in a Bottle (film)

text: Irish music group Clannad wrote the song "" for the film. Singer Richard Marx also composed the song "One More Time", sung by Laura Pausini, which played during the credits.


title: Message in a Bottle (film)

text: "Message in a Bottle" has grossed $52,880,016 in North America and $66,000,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $118,880,016.


title: Message in a Bottle (film)

text: In its opening weekend, the film grossed $18,852,976, finishing first at the box office, knocking off "Payback" from the top box office ($17,719,502).


title: Message in a Bottle (film)

text: The film received generally negative reviews from critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 32% rating, based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's consensus states: "Handsome-looking but dramatically inert, "Message in a Bottle" maroons a formidable cast in a trite romance that lacks spark." Metacritic reports a 39 out of 100 rating, based on 23 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Message in a Bottle (film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film two out of four stars, praising the lead actors, particularly Newman "steals every scene he's in", but criticized the contrived ending. Todd McCarthy from "The Hollywood Reporter" called it a "dreary, lachrymose and incredibly poky tear-jerker" but conceded it had a built in audience among those who put the book on the bestseller list.


title: Radagast

text: Radagast the Brown is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. A wizard and associate of Gandalf, he appears briefly in "The Hobbit", "The Lord of the Rings", "The Silmarillion", and "Unfinished Tales".


title: Radagast

text: His role in Tolkien's writings is so slight that it has been described as a plot device, though scholars have noted his contribution to the evident paganism in Middle-earth. He played a more significant role in Peter Jackson's "The Hobbit" film series, where he was portrayed by Sylvester McCoy. Some aspects of his characterisation were invented for the films, but the core elements of his character - namely communing with animals, skill with herbs, and shamanistic ability to change his shape and colours - are all described in Tolkien's works. He is also a character in role-playing video games based on Tolkien's writings.


title: Radagast

text: "Unfinished Tales" explains that Radagast, like the other Wizards, came from Valinor around the year 1000 of the Third Age of Middle-earth and was one of the angelic Maiar. His original name is said to have been "Aiwendil", meaning "bird-friend" in Tolkien's invented language of Quenya. Yavanna, one of the god-like Valar, forced Radagast's fellow wizard Saruman to accept him as a companion, which, Tolkien says, may have been one of the reasons Saruman was contemptuous of him, to the point of scornfully calling him "simple" and "a fool". However, he was an ally and confidant of Gandalf, who describes him in "The Hobbit" as his "cousin". He was also friends with the skin-changer Beorn, something that Gandalf relied upon to get his party of Dwarves and a Hobbit accepted by a sceptical Beorn.


title: Radagast

text: Radagast lived at Rhosgobel on the western eaves of Mirkwood, its name deriving from Sindarin "rhosc gobel" meaning "brown village". Radagast had a strong affinity for—and relationship with—wild animals. It is said he spoke the many tongues of birds, and was a "master of shapes and changes of hue". Radagast is also described by Gandalf as "never a traveller, unless driven by great need", "a worthy Wizard", and "honest".


title: Radagast

text: In "The Fellowship of the Ring", during the Council of Elrond, Gandalf tells of a previous encounter with Radagast. Radagast was unwittingly used by Saruman to lure Gandalf to his tower of Orthanc, where Gandalf was captured. Fortuitously, Radagast also helped rescue him by sending Gwaihir the eagle to Orthanc with news of the movements of Sauron's forces. When Gwaihir saw that Gandalf was imprisoned on the top of the tower he carried him off to safety. The only other reference to Radagast in "The Lord of the Rings" is after the Council of Elrond when scouts are sent out. It is reported that Radagast is not at his home at Rhosgobel.


title: Radagast

text: "The Silmarillion" briefly summarizes the same events in "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age", stating that Radagast was "the friend of all birds and beasts", and noting that he innocently helped Saruman to assemble "a great host of spies" including many birds.


title: Radagast

text: The in-fiction etymology, according to the essay "The Istari" in "Unfinished Tales", is that the name "Radagast" means "tender of beasts" in Adûnaic, another of Tolkien's fictional languages. However, Christopher Tolkien says that his father intended to change this derivation and bring Radagast in line with the other wizard-names, Gandalf and Saruman, by associating it with the old language of the Men of the Vales of Anduin. No alternative meaning is provided with this new association; indeed, Tolkien stated that the name was "not now clearly interpretable". His title "The Brown" is simply a reference to his earth-brown robes; each of the wizards had a cloak of a different colour.


title: Radagast

text: The name Radagast is found in Edward Gibbon's 1776–1789 "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire", in the form "Radagaisus". Slavic mythology contains a god named Radegast; this has been interpreted as "welcome guest", making him the god of hospitality. Tolkien's wizard may represent an echo of this Slavic tradition, a rare source among all the diverse influences on Tolkien's writings.


title: Radagast

text: Tolkien wrote that Josef Madlener's "Der Berggeist", which shows a man in a hat seated in a forest, communing with a wild deer, inspired his Gandalf and set him thinking about the wizards Gandalf, Saruman, and Radagast.


title: Radagast

text: Radagast appears so briefly that he has been described as a plot device for Saruman's treachery, rather than a genuine character. From the clues given, that he is a "master of shapes and a changer of hues", his friendship and communication with animals, and his skill in herbs, he resembles a shaman. He has been described as "one of the most interesting enigmas in Tolkien's writings"; given the treason of Saruman, he and Gandalf are the only two wizards available to counter Sauron, but Radagast fails to answer Elrond's call.


title: Radagast

text: In a letter, Tolkien wrote that Radagast gave up his mission as a Wizard by becoming too obsessed with animals and plants. He added that he did not believe that Radagast's failure was as great as Saruman's. However, Christopher Tolkien notes that Radagast might not have failed completely, as he was specifically chosen by the Vala Yavanna for a mission to protect the plants and animals.


title: Radagast

text: The Tolkien scholar Patrick Curry writes that the Slavic Radegast is the pagan patron of the Czech Beskyd mountains, depicted with a bird atop his horned helmet. In his view, this suggests that Tolkien's Radagast is one of many examples of paganism in Middle-earth.


title: Radagast

text: In Peter Jackson's "", Radagast is played by Sylvester McCoy, and is expanded far beyond his brief role in the book. McCoy stated that he saw Radagast as "very otherworldly with, as Tolkien depicts him, an empathy and kinship with nature, a Middle-earth version of St Francis of Assisi". McCoy added that while Radagast was rather absent-minded, he comes out as "a bumbling hero". As for his house, McCoy said that the idea was that the tree decided to grow right through it, and Radagast agreed that he and the tree could live together. In the film, Radagast is the first wizard to visit Dol Guldur after he realizes that an evil power has infected the wood in which he lives. He discovers that a Necromancer (who turns out to be Sauron) has taken residence in the ruined fortress. In Dol Guldur he encounters the spirit of the Witch-king of Angmar, as well as the shadow of the Necromancer himself, and escapes with the Morgul blade taken from the Witch-king. Radagast's means of transportation is a sled pulled by enormous rabbits, a concept entirely original to the movie. Radagast meets Gandalf, Bilbo Baggins, and the Dwarves en route to Erebor, and tells them of his discovery in Dol Guldur. When Thorin's Company are attacked by Orcs riding Wargs, Radagast mounts his sled and provides a distraction. Later, Saruman makes contemptuous remarks about Radagast during a meeting with Gandalf, Elrond, and Galadriel. The writer Brian Sibley comments that the fact that Tolkien said little about Radagast gave Jackson's screenwriters freedom to make of the character what they liked. "The Economist" wrote that Radagast the Brown had been created from Tolkien's "sparse and bare" hints as to his character.


title: Radagast

text: The sled chase was filmed in the Strath Taieri glacial valley of New Zealand's South Island, strewn with real boulders.


title: Radagast

text: In "", Radagast appears with Gandalf in a few scenes. The two wizards investigate an empty tomb, determining that the Nazgûl are once again awake and have been summoned. Gandalf bids Radagast to go and tell Galadriel of all they find, and that the White Council must make a pre-emptive move on Dol Guldur. Inside the ruins, Gandalf confronts the Necromancer and finds that he is indeed Sauron, just as Radagast had thought.


title: Radagast

text: In "" Radagast arrives in Dol Guldur as the White Council battle Sauron and the Nazgûl, and carries the wounded Gandalf on his sled.


title: Radagast

text: Radagast features in computer and video games such as those from Games Workshop. He plays an expanded role in the massively multiplayer online role-playing game "The Lord of the Rings Online", which makes him a leader in a part of Middle-earth, allowing players to interact with him.


title: Raffy Tulfo

text: Rafael Teshiba Tulfo (born March 12, 1960), professionally known as Raffy Tulfo or Idol Raffy (), is a Filipino politician, broadcast journalist, and media personality currently serving as a Senator of the Philippines since 2022.


title: Raffy Tulfo

text: His works are focused on government and private sector issues, and he is best known as the host of the long-running public affairs radio program "Wanted sa Radyo", and the former anchor of "Aksyon sa Tanghali" from 2014 to 2020 that featured the segment "Ipa-Raffy Tulfo Mo". His YouTube channel "Raffy Tulfo in Action", which features videos from both shows, is the third-most subscribed Filipino YouTube channel as of 2021. Tulfo sought a seat in the Philippine senate in the 2022 election and won placing third overall with 25 million votes. Tulfo serves as the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Energy and Senate Committee on Migrant Workers.


title: Raffy Tulfo

text: Raffy Tulfo was born as Rafael Teshiba Tulfo in Quezon City on March 12, 1960. He is the son of Ramon Tulfo Sr., a colonel in the Philippine Constabulary, and Caridad Teshiba-Tulfo, a housewife. He is the eighth out of ten siblings which includes broadcasters Ramon, Ben, and Erwin as well as former tourism secretary Wanda Corazon Teo.


title: Raffy Tulfo

text: On October 2, 2021, Tulfo filed his certificate of candidacy for senator as an independent candidate for the 2022 senatorial election. On February 8, 2022, he joined the senatorial slate of presidential candidate Manny Pacquiao.


title: Raffy Tulfo

text: In 1999, Tulfo wrote a series of articles in his "Abante-Tonite" column alleging anomalous and illegal activities by officials of the Bureau of Customs. Tulfo, together with publisher Allen Macasaet and managing editor Nicolas Quijano Jr., were charged with libel by customs lawyer Carlos So on April 12, 1999. On February 28, 2005, the Pasay City Regional Trial Court found Tulfo, Macasaet and Quiano guilty of 14 counts of libel and were sentenced to up to 32 years of imprisonment and ordered to pay a fine of total. On June 29, 2021, the Supreme Court acquitted Tulfo of the libel charges.


title: Raffy Tulfo

text: On March 24, 2004, Tulfo published an article in his "Abante-Tonite" column accusing businessman Michael Guy of seeking help from former finance secretary Juanita Amatong to halt a tax fraud investigation by the Department of Finance’s Revenue Integrity Protection Service (RIPS). The claim was proven false, however, as the RIPS only investigates government officials and did not have jurisdiction over Guy. On February 24, 2010, the Makati Regional Trial Court convicted Tulfo and seven representatives from "Abante"'s publisher of libel and were ordered to pay a total of to Michael Guy for damages and attorney's fees. In July 2019, the Supreme Court upheld the conviction and increased the amount of damages needed to be paid.


title: Raffy Tulfo

text: In January 2007, Tulfo and his brothers Ramon and Erwin, each posted bail after a Quezon City Regional Trial Court judge issued warrants for their arrests following a libel complaint by then-first gentleman Mike Arroyo. The brothers have previously accused Arroyo of using his influence to force the government-sequestered station RPN to cancel their investigative news program "Isumbong Mo: Tulfo Brothers." On July 16, 2007, the libel case against the brothers was dismissed.


title: Raffy Tulfo

text: In June 2014, Tulfo again posted bail for an arrest warrant issued by the Quezon City Regional Trial Court after Senior Police Officer III Abubakhar Manlangit filed a libel case against him and his brother Erwin. The policeman, who appeared in a November 15, 2011, episode of "," also filed an MTRCB complaint against the brothers after being called a "thief" on air which contributed to a 20-day suspension of the program.


title: Raffy Tulfo

text: On April 18, 2022, Tulfo's Senate bid faced a disqualification case due his conviction for the crime of libel.


title: Raffy Tulfo

text: Tulfo is married to Jocelyn Pua, the incumbent representative for ACT-CIS Partylist since 1993. They had two wedding ceremonies – at the Office of the Municipal Circuit Trial Court in Luna, Isabela on June 24, 1993 and at the Little Quiapo restaurant in Quezon City on January 20, 1995. Together, they have two children and one grandson. His daughter Maricel (born 1992) also hosts his programs "Wanted sa Radyo" and "Idol in Action". His son Ralph Wendell (born 1996) is the incumbent representative of the 2nd district of Quezon City since 2022.


title: Raffy Tulfo

text: A woman named Julieta Nakpil Licup claimed that she and Tulfo married on October 25, 1982 at a civil wedding in Capas, Tarlac and they have one daughter named Grendy, born in 1984. In addition, she also claimed that Tulfo left her when she was five months pregnant with their child because of misunderstanding. Because they were not able to communicate with each other thereafter, she thought that Tulfo was dead, making her marry a foreigner in 1992. As a result, Tulfo was sued for bigamy on June 10, 2019 as their marriage was not annulled. She also claimed that Tulfo also married another woman named Celedonia Amos in the United States in 1985. He also faced a disqualification case before Commission on Elections given those claims of his past marriages, but was later junked by the Commission's 2nd division because it "does not pertain to his qualification for elective office."


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: The Arizona Wildcats men's basketball team is the intercollegiate men's basketball program representing the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona. It competes in the Pac-12 Conference of NCAA Division I and is currently coached by Tommy Lloyd.


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: The program came to national prominence under the tenure (1983–2007) of former head coach Lute Olson, who established the program as among America's elite in college basketball. One writer referred to U of A as "Point Guard U" because the school has produced successful guards like Steve Kerr, Damon Stoudamire, Khalid Reeves, Mike Bibby, Jason Terry, Gilbert Arenas, Jason Gardner, Jerryd Bayless, and T. J. McConnell, among others.


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: From 1985 to 2009, the Arizona basketball team reached the NCAA Division I tournament for 25 consecutive years, two years shy of North Carolina's record with 27. Despite having their 1999 and 2008 appearances later vacated by the NCAA, the media still cites Arizona's streak, and simply notes the changes. The Wildcats have reached the Final Four of the NCAA tournament on four occasions (1988, 1994, 1997, and 2001). They have also made two appearances in the National Championship (won over Kentucky Wildcats in 1997, lost to Duke Blue Devils in 2001). In Pac-10 play, former head coach Lute Olson currently holds the record for most wins as a Pac-10 coach with 327. In addition, the team has won 17 Pac-10/12 regular season championship titles and 8 Pac-10/12 tournament championship titles. Arizona also holds the distinction of recording five out of the seven 17–1 Pac-10 seasons (one-loss seasons). In 2022 Arizona became the first & only team to win 18 conference games in a season. No team has gone undefeated since the formation of the Pac-10/12.


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: Arizona ranks eleventh all-time heading into the 2022–23 season with 1,884 wins and ranks tied for seventh by winning percentage at (). Arizona has spent 37 weeks at No. 1 in the AP Poll, which is ninth-most all-time; 29 weeks at No. 2, tied for eighth all-time; 160 weeks in the Top 5, seventh all-time; 317 weeks in the Top 10, sixth all-time; and 574 weeks in the top 25, seventh all-time.


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: The University of Arizona fielded its first men's basketball team in 1904–05. Orin Albert Kates coached the team and drew opponents from local YMCAs. The first game Arizona played ended in a 40–32 victory over the Morenci YMCA.


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: In 1914, Arizona's first famous coach, James Fred "Pop" McKale was lured away from a teaching and coaching job at Tucson High School to take over as Athletic Director and coach basketball, football, baseball and track. McKale took things to a new level, posting a 9–0 record his first season as a basketball coach. Moreover, McKale elevated the program to intercollegiate play. While basketball was his least favorite of the many sports he coached while at U of A, he chalked up three undefeated seasons and a career-winning average of .803, which has never been bested by a U of A coach who has held the post for at least three years. The McKale Memorial Center, the main arena for Arizona basketball, is named in his honor.


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: From 1925 to 1961, the program was under the stewardship of Fred Enke, U of A's longest-tenured coach. Coach Fred A. Enke was responsible for the early successes of Wildcat basketball. Enke amassed 509 wins in his tenure on the U of A sidelines and still ranks as the second-winningest coach in school history, winning more than 60 percent of his games. Enke also led the Cats to the first four postseason appearances (3 N.I.T./1 NCAA) in school history and in 1950–51 competed in both the N.I.T. and NCAA postseason tournaments. Finally, he was the first coach to lead Arizona to a national ranking. Two of his teams (1950, 1951) finished the season ranked in the top 15.


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: Under Enke, U of A competed in the now-defunct Border Conference. Under Enke's direction, Arizona won 12 conference championships, including a span in which the Cats won or shared seven consecutive Border


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: Conference titles (1942–51). No Border Conference team won as many league games (231) or overall contests (398) during its membership. In 1962, Arizona joined the Western Athletic Conference as a founding member after the Border Conference disbanded.


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: Bruce Larson, a player and assistant under Enke before coaching at Eastern Arizona and Weber State, coached the Wildcats from 1961 to 1971, leading the school to a 136–148 record. Under his tenure, major planning began for a larger and more modern basketball arena (which would become McKale Center) to replace the outdated Bear Down Gymnasium. Larson would later serve as an analyst on Wildcat football and basketball telecasts during the Lute Olson (and Dick Tomey) era.


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: In 1972, Fred Snowden was hired as the head basketball coach, making Arizona the second Division I school and the first major program to hire an African American head coach. Known as "The Fox", Snowden brought the excitement back to Wildcat basketball during his 10 years on the Arizona sideline, averaging more than 80 points per game in six of his 10 years and topping the 100-point barrier 27 times. Snowden led Arizona to the NCAA tournament twice, in 1976 and 1977, getting as far as the Elite Eight in 1976 before losing to UCLA 82–66, a game after defeating UNLV in a Sweet Sixteen matchup. During the 1976 tournament, he also logged Arizona's first and only tournament wins until Lute Olson's hiring, beating John Thompson's Georgetown team 83–76. Snowden's 1976 team also won the school's only WAC championship title on a buzzer-beater by Gilbert Myles verses New Mexico, with the help of the spectacular play of Bob Elliott, Jim Rappis, and Al Fleming. In 1978, Coach Snowden helped transition the basketball program over to the newly formed Pac-10. Snowden could not sustain success in the Pac-10, however, finishing no higher than 4th place in the conference. His 9–18 final season led U of A to look for a replacement.


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: Known for his high-octane offense and remembered as a trailblazer, Fred "The Fox" Snowden brought excitement to Arizona basketball during his 10-year tenure as the program's head coach. Snowden, who led the Wildcats from 1972 to 1982, was the first African-American head basketball coach at an NCAA Division I institution, amassing a 167–108 mark. The 1973 Western Athletic Conference Coach of the Year, his career winning percentage of .607 has been topped by only three U of A coaches since 1924. Nicknamed "The Fox" due to his cool demeanor, Snowden led Arizona to three postseason berths, including the 1975 National Commissioners’ Invitational Tournament and the 1976 and 1977 NCAA Tournaments. His best season came in 1976, when the Wildcats went 24–9, won the Western Athletic Conference championship and advanced to the NCAA West Regional Final. The Brewton, Ala., native was the head coach who led Arizona into the Pac-10 in the 1978–79 season, guiding the program for its first four seasons in the Conference. Snowden also oversaw the transition into the McKale Center after its opening in 1973. He was inducted into the Arizona Sports Hall of Fame in 1988. Prior to his role at Arizona, Snowden was an assistant coach at Michigan. He also served on the coaching staff of his high school, Northwestern High School in Detroit, Mich., where he coached for five years after attending Wayne State University from 1954 to 1958. Snowden died in 1994 at the age of 57.


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: Athletic Director Dave Strack brought in Ben Lindsey to replace Fred Snowden in 1983, and on the surface, it seemed like a reasonable move. Lindsey had junior college expertise, having had a successful career at Grand Canyon University, where he won two national titles. What resulted, however, was nothing short of disaster. The 1983 team finished with the worst season in school history at 4–24, with only one Pac-10 win.


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: Newly hired U of A Athletic director Cedric Dempsey fired Lindsey after only one season and hired University of Iowa coach Lute Olson as his successor. U of A needed a coach with a history of quickly turning around programs, which Olson had done previously at Iowa. "I knew we had a tremendous amount of work to do", Olson recalled in a recent interview with Tucson Lifestyle. "The program was in shambles at that point, after the terrible year before..."


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: Under Olson, Arizona quickly rose to national prominence. Arizona won its first Pac-10 title in 1986, only three years after his arrival. That season set up an amazing 1987–88 season, which included taking the Great Alaska Shootout championship, the Valley Bank Fiesta Bowl Classic championship and the Pac-10 championship. Under players Steve Kerr, Kenny Lofton, and Sean Elliott, Arizona spent much of the season ranked No. 1 and made their first (and Olson's second) Final Four. While Arizona lost in the Final Four round, their play put the program on the map and launched Arizona's reign as a perennial Pac-10 and NCAA tournament contender. Sean Elliott was awarded the John R. Wooden Award on the season and would set the PAC-10 scoring record.


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: In 1997, Arizona defeated the University of Kentucky, the defending national champions, to win the NCAA national championship. Prior to winning the championship in 1997, Arizona stormed back from 10-point deficits in the Southeast Regional First round and Second Round against #13 South Alabama and #12 College of Charleston, respectively winning 65–57 and 73–69. The Southeast Regional semifinal pitted against overall #1 Kansas (34–1) which had defeated Arizona the year before in the 1996 West Regional semifinal. However, Arizona came out fast and stunned the Jayhawks 85–82, then prevailed in overtime against Providence 96–92 in the Elite Eight to clinch a berth in the Final Four. Arizona then beat #1 seed North Carolina 66–58 in the Final Four, which turned out to be Dean Smith's last game as a coach. Arizona also accomplished the unprecedented feat of beating three number one seeds in the 1997 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. This feat has never been accomplished by another team.


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: The year following the Championship season, 1998, Arizona returned all 5 starters (Mike Bibby, Michael Dickerson, Miles Simon, Bennett Davison, and A. J. Bramlett) and were poised to make another run after receiving the #1 overall seed in the West, but were upset by Utah in the Elite 8.


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: In 1999, all 5 starters were lost to graduation or early entry to the NBA draft and Arizona's hopes of continuing its streak of consecutive trips to the NCAA tournament was in jeopardy until senior point guard Jason Terry (the 6th man the previous two seasons) elevated his game (receiving National Player of the Year honors) and continued the school's amazing streak.


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: In 2000, former Wildcat Jason Terry, stated that he received approximately $4,500 in cash, checks and wire transfers from New York sports agent Larry Fox, after his junior season. The NCAA announced that as a result a one-game 1999 NCAA tournament appearance was formally vacated. In addition, Arizona asked Terry to repay the $45,363 in forfeited NCAA 1999 tournament revenue and banned him from the U of A Sports Hall of Fame, including a provision that his jersey would not be retired. Terry's jersey was later retired in 2015.


title: Arizona Wildcats men's basketball

text: 2001 was one of the most challenging and rewarding years for the program. Lute Olson's wife Bobbi, well known to players and fans alike as a steadfast presence on the sidelines, died of cancer. The team, which had been a preseason pick by many to win the national title had to play without Olson for three weeks while Olson was on bereavement leave. The Cats vowed to dedicate their season to Bobbi. With guard Jason Gardner, center Loren Woods and forward Michael Wright — each an All-American — leading the way, the Cats trounced their opponents, beating Oregon 104–65, devastating USC 105–61, and charging through the Final Four. They took down Eastern Illinois, Butler, Mississippi, Illinois, and Michigan State, only to be stopped by Duke in the title game. While being considered the favorite to win the title, which would have been Coach Olson's 2nd and tied him with Coach Mike Krzyzewski, his opponent, the Blue Devils claimed a ten-point victory in the game. This is the last game Coach Olson ever coached in the Final Four and is considered by fans of the program to be his most bitter defeat. A championship would have vaulted him into hallowed ground among coaches, being one of few with multiple titles. Instead he remains tied with many coaches who have a single championship ring to their name. Meanwhile, his opponent in that game now is in second place among college coaches with five championship rings, behind only John Wooden's ten. All five of Krzyzewski's titles came in the 64 team field era; Wooden none. Still Coach Olson earned the respect of his contemporary, Coach K said in the post-game interview that "Arizona had a great team and an amazing season and was worthy of winning the championship, let's give a hand to Coach Olson and his team." The comment drew rousing applause from the audience in attendance and made Coach Olson proud, even in defeat, to be honored as an equal by Coach Krzyzewski who many claim is the best coach in college history.