title: British Overseas Airways Corporation

text: In 1953 Vickers had started building the swept wing VC-7/V-1000 with Rolls-Royce Conway turbofan engines, but BOAC short-sightedly decided the Britannia and Comet 4 would be adequate for its purposes, and when the military version of the V-1000 was cancelled in 1955 the 75% complete prototype was scrapped. In October 1956 BOAC ordered 15 Boeing 707s with Conway engines (briefly the most economical commercial engine option). They entered service in 1960. (The British airworthiness authorities insisted on tail-fin modifications which Boeing made available to all 707 users.) Sir Giles Guthrie, who took charge of BOAC in 1964, preferred Boeing aircraft for economic reasons, and indeed BOAC began turning a profit in the late 1960s. After a row in Parliament the government instructed BOAC to purchase 17 Vickers VC10 aircraft from a 30-aircraft order which Guthrie had cancelled. The Standard VC10 had higher operating costs than the 707, largely due to BOAC's requirement at the design stage for the aircraft to have excellent hot and high performance for Commonwealth (African/Asian) routes, but the larger Super VC10 was a success with American passengers on the North Atlantic and was profitable.


title: British Overseas Airways Corporation

text: The next major order of Boeing aircraft was for 11 Boeing 747-100s. On 22 April 1970 BOAC received its first 747, but the aircraft did not enter commercial service until 14 April 1971 due to BOAC's inability to settle crewing and pay rates with the British Air Line Pilots' Association. BOAC's successor British Airways later became the largest Boeing customer outside North America.


title: British Overseas Airways Corporation

text: The first attempt at a merger of BOAC with BEA arose in 1953 out of inconclusive attempts between the two airlines to negotiate air rights through the British colony of Cyprus. The chairman of BOAC, Miles Thomas, was in favour of the idea as a potential solution to a disagreement between the two airlines as to which should serve the increasingly important oil regions of the Middle East, and he had backing for his proposal from the Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time, Rab Butler. However, opposition from the Treasury blocked the idea, and an agreement was reached instead to allow BEA to serve Ankara in Turkey, and in return to leave all routes east and south of Cyprus to BOAC. Paradoxically, through its effective control of Cyprus Airways, BEA was able to continue to serve destinations ceded to BOAC, including Beirut and Cairo by using Cyprus Airways as its proxy.


title: British Overseas Airways Corporation

text: However, it was only following the recommendations of the 1969 Edwards Report that a new British Airways Board, combining BEA and BOAC, was constituted on 1 April 1972. This event coincided with the establishment of the Civil Aviation Authority, the UK's new, unified regulator for the air transport industry.


title: British Overseas Airways Corporation

text: BOAC would have become one of the first operators of the Concorde, had it not merged to become British Airways. BA's Concordes carried registrations of G-BOAA to G-BOAG. The first Concorde delivered to British Airways was registered G-BOAC.


title: British Overseas Airways Corporation

text: BOAC held shareholdings in a number of other airlines operating in several parts of the British Commonwealth through a subsidiary, BOAC Associated Companies. These included Aden Airways, Bahamas Airways, Fiji Airways, Ghana Airways, Gulf Aviation and Nigeria Airways. In the late 1950s BOAC Associated Companies was declared to have holdings in eighteen companies.


title: British Overseas Airways Corporation

text: In 1962, BOAC and Cunard formed BOAC-Cunard Ltd to operate scheduled services to North America, the Caribbean and South America. BOAC provided 70% of the new company's capital and eight Boeing 707s. The independent Cunard Eagle Airways, of which Cunard held a 60% shareholding, provided two more 707s.


title: British Overseas Airways Corporation

text: BOAC-Cunard leased any spare capacity to BOAC which could use it to supplement the main BOAC fleet at peak demand, and in a reciprocal arrangement BOAC would provide capacity to BOAC-Cunard on some operations when it had a shortfall.


title: British Overseas Airways Corporation

text: The effect of this arrangement was to remove competition on western routes. The operation was dissolved in 1966.


title: British Overseas Airways Corporation

text: Dates above are for service with BOAC or its forerunners; those still in service in 1974 subsequently passed to British Airways.


title: British Overseas Airways Corporation

text: In The Sopranos, Season 6 Episode 19 “The Second Coming," Paulie Walnuts reminisces that he was dosed with LSD when a BOAC stewardess put it in his drink, during a 1968 visit to the Copacabana nightclub.


title: British Overseas Airways Corporation

text: In Ian Fleming's Goldfinger, a BOAC aircraft is hijacked by the villain, Auric Goldfinger, and James Bond held captive upon it until he is able to retrieve the situation.


title: British Overseas Airways Corporation

text: One of the Concorde aircraft operated by British Airways was tail-named G-BOAC. Because of this coincidental reference to BOAC, it was designated the flagship of the Fleet. It is currently on permanent display at Manchester Airport.


title: I Am a Hero

text: A live action film adaptation premiered at the Sitges Film Festival in October 2015, before being released commercially in April 2016. There are three spin-off manga, set in the same universe, titled "I Am a Hero in Osaka", "I Am a Hero in Ibaraki" and "I Am a Hero in Nagasaki".


title: I Am a Hero

text: As of November 2015, the manga had 4 million in circulation. In 2013, "I Am a Hero" won the 58th Shogakukan Manga Award in the General category.


title: I Am a Hero

text: The story begins with Hideo Suzuki, a 35-year-old manga artist assistant, whose life seems to be stuck around his exhausting but low-paying job, unfulfilled dreams, strange hallucinations and unsatisfying relationships. He sees himself as a supporting character in his own life, and has low self-esteem, resulting in frustration.


title: I Am a Hero

text: One day, the world as Hideo knows it is shattered by the presence of a disease (nicknamed ZQN) that turns people into homicidal maniacs who resemble and behave like zombies, and whose first instinct is to attack and devour the nearest human. Armed with only his sporting shotgun, he runs for his life, meeting strangers along the way. For a while, he and his companions struggle to stay alive, while questioning their moral choices. In the end, only three of them remain and drive all the way to the top of Mt. Fuji to be saved.


title: I Am a Hero

text: "I Am a Hero in Osaka" is set at the beginning of the ZQN outbreak in Osaka. This manga is centered around a part-time manager named Tatsuo with a love for motorcycles and his gasoline-fueled journey to rescue his girlfriend Kozue, stranded on an airplane at Kansai International Airport, as well as Kozue's fight for survival in an increasingly hostile environment. Against sinking odds, the couple do their utmost to reunite with the other.


title: I Am a Hero

text: "I Am a Hero in Ibaraki" is set at the beginning of the ZQN outbreak in Ibaraki. The focus of this story is about an isolated high-school student and his dog struggling to survive, not only against the ZQN, but also that of his infected family and childhood friends.


title: I Am a Hero

text: "I Am a Hero in Nagasaki" is set at the beginning of the ZQN outbreak in Nagasaki. The manga consists of the story of Yamada, a high-school dropout turned photographer who suffers from vivid hallucinations brought upon by a form of Anthropophobia and Nirei Aya, a Kyūdō national champion and Yamada's former classmate. The story documents their journey to Hashima Island, a perceived place of safety. However, their journey will not only be threatened by simply the ZQN, but also from their fellow humans.


title: I Am a Hero

text: "I Am a Hero", written and illustrated by Kengo Hanazawa, was serialized in Shogakukan's "Big Comic Spirits" from April 27, 2009 to February 27, 2017. Shogakukan has compiled the chapters into twenty-two "tankōbon" volumes, released from August 28, 2009 to March 30, 2017.


title: I Am a Hero

text: In North America, Dark Horse Comics announced in May 2015 the license to the manga for English language release, with plans for a 2-in-1 omnibus format release starting in 2016. The first volume was published on April 13, 2016. The eleventh and final volume was published on October 23, 2019.


title: I Am a Hero

text: It is also published in Italy by GP Manga, in France by Kana, in Spain by Norma Editorial, in Mexico by Panini Manga, in Germany by Carlsen Manga, and in Indonesia by Level Comics.


title: I Am a Hero

text: A spin-off, titled , written and illustrated by Yuuki Honda, was serialized in Shogakukan's "Yawaraka Spirits" online magazine from January 26 to December 26, 2015. Shogakukan released a compiled "tankōbon" volume on February 29, 2016. A second spin-off, titled , written and illustrated by Kazuya Fujisawa, was serialized in "Yawaraka Spirits" from March 24 to August 25, 2016. Shogakukan released a compiled "tankōbon" volume on February 28, 2017. A third spin-off, titled , written and illustrated by Kensuke Nishida, was serialized in "Yawaraka Spirits" from March 28 to October 20, 2016. Shogakukan released a compiled "tankōbon" volume on February 28, 2017.


title: I Am a Hero

text: An anthology series by various manga artists, containing 8 short stories, titled , was serialized in "Big Comic Spirits" from February 15 to April 4, 2016. The stories were written by Etsuko Mizusawa, Junji Ito, Masakazu Ishiguro, Tarō Nogizaka, Makoto Ojiro, Mengo Yokoyari, Akane Torikai, and Kōji Yoshimoto. Shogakukan published the compiled volume on April 12, 2016.


title: I Am a Hero

text: A live action film adaptation, directed by Shinsuke Sato and starring Yo Oizumi, Kasumi Arimura and Masami Nagasawa, premiered at the Sitges Film Festival on October 13, 2015, was released commercially on April 23, 2016. The film has been licensed by Funimation, and was released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 24, 2018.


title: I Am a Hero

text: As of November 2015, the manga had 4 million copies in circulation. It was nominated for the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Manga Taishō awards and won the 58th Shogakukan Manga Award in the General category. In a list of "10 Great Zombie Manga", Anime News Network's Jason Thompson placed "I Am a Hero" at number 1, considering it "probably the greatest zombie manga ever".


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: The Darul Uloom Deoband is an Islamic seminary (darul uloom) in India at which the Sunni Deobandi Islamic movement began. It is located in Deoband, a town in Saharanpur district, Uttar Pradesh. The seminary was established by Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi, Fazlur Rahman Usmani, Sayyid Muhammad Abid and others in 1866. Mahmud Deobandi was the first teacher and Mahmud Hasan Deobandi was the first student.


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: On 14 October 2020, the executive council of the seminary appointed Arshad Madani as the principal ("sadr-mudarris") and Abul Qasim Nomani as the senior hadith professor ("shaykh al-hadith").


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: Darul Uloom Deoband was established on 30 May 1866 by Fazlur Rahman Usmani, Sayyid Muhammad Abid, Muhammad Qasim Nanotawi, Mehtab Ali, Nehal Ahmad and Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi. Mahmud Deobandi was appointed as the first teacher, and Mahmud Hasan Deobandi was the first student who enrolled in the seminary.


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: In 1982, during the Vice Chancellorship of Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, administrative disputes occurred in the seminary which led to the formation of Darul Uloom Waqf.


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: The spread of the Deobandi movement in the United Kingdom has produced some criticism concerning their views on interfaith dialogue and values including democracy, secularism, and the rule of law. In September 2007 Andrew Norfolk of "The Times" published an article titled "Hardline takeover of British mosques" about the influence of the Deobandis whom the author called a "hardline islamic sect".


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: In February 2008, an anti-terrorism conference organized by the seminary denounced all forms of terrorism.


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: The school teaches "manqulat" (revealed Islamic sciences) according to the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence. In this seminar, Nanawtawi instituted modern methods of learning such as teaching in classrooms, a fixed and carefully selected curriculum, lectures by academics who were leaders in their fields, exam periods, merit prizes, and a publishing press. Students were taught in Urdu, and sometimes in Arabic for theological reasons or Persian, for cultural and literary reasons. The curriculum is based on a highly modified version of the 18th century Indo-Islamic syllabus known as Dars-e-Nizami. The students learn the Quran and its exegesis; Hadith and its commentary; and juristic rulings with textual and rational proofs. They also study the biography of Muhammad, Arabic grammar, Arabic language and literature, and Persian language.


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: The syllabus consists of many stages. The five-year "Nazirah" (primary course) teaches Urdu, Persian, Hindi and English. The next level is the "Hifze Quran". This involves the memorization of the Quran over two to four years. A few students will then choose "Tajwid e Hafs" (melodious recitation). The student is taught the detailed recitation rules of the Quran as laid down by Arabic Hafs. Still fewer will take up the next course, the "Sab'ah and 'Asharah Qira'at" (study of all the ten Quran recitations).


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: A post graduate studies equivalent is the "Fazilat" course taken over eight years. It commences with "Arabi Awwal", in which the basics of the Arabic language is the main aim, and finishes with "Daura e Hadith", in which the main books of the sayings of Muhammad are taught. A prerequisite for this course is completion of primary education. Memorization of the Quran is also recommended. Students who complete the Fazilat may use the title "Alim" or "Maulvi". The "Daurae Hadith" (final year) class is taught in the basement of "an under construction seven storied building". In the 2017 - 2018 academic year (1438-1439 AH), 1664 students attended the Daurae Hadith class.


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: Almost a quarter of the students who complete the Daurae Hadith continue their studies. These advanced courses include "Takmil Ifta" (Jurisprudence); "Takmil Adab" (Arabic literature); and "Takhassus fil Hadith" (Hadith). Students who complete the "Takmil Ifta" take the title "Mufti".


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: The political ideals of Darul Uloom Deoband were founded up to ten years prior to its opening. In 1857 (1274 AH), Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (a spiritual leader) and his followers, Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi, Rasheed Ahmad Gangohi, Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi and others gathered at Thana Bhawan to protest against British rule and continue their call for the independence of India. The fought what is called the Battle of Shamli.


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: In 1913 (1333 AH), Nanautawi's pupil, Mahmud Hasan Deobandi was a leader in the independence movement. He incited revolution through a scheme which the Rowlatt committee called the "Silken Letters". However, the scheme failed and Hasan and his followers were arrested and exiled. Hasan was returned from exile in Malta, and he reached Bombay in June 1920. His group, Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind, which included Husain Ahmad Madani, Kifayatullah Dehlawi, Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, and later on, Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi, Atiqur Rahman Usmani, Minnatullah Rahmani, Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi, and Muhammad Miyan Deobandi joined with the Indian National Congress.


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: In 1926 and 1927 (1345 abs 1346 AH), graduates of the school called for Indian independence at Jamiat Ulama meetings in Calcutta and Peshawar. Madani opposed the suggestion of the All-India Muslim League for the partition of India along sectarian lines. He also advocated democratic government with religious freedoms and tolerance.


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: On 29 December 1929, "Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam" ("Majlis-e-Ah'rar-e-Islam", or "Ahrar"), a conservative Sunni Muslim Deobandi political party was founded in Lahore, Punjab. The founding members of the party were Chaudhry Afzal Haq, Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari, Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi, Mazhar Ali Azhar, Zafar Ali Khan and Dawood Ghaznavi. The founding members were disillusioned by the Khilafat Movement, which had aligned with the Indian National Congress. The party gathered support from the urban lower-middle class. It opposed Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the All-India Muslim League and in the early years of Pakistan wanted Ahmadiyas to be declared non-Muslims.


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: A fatwa is “an issue arising about law and religion, explained in answer to questions received about it” by muftis (Islamic jurists). Muftis at Darul Ifta (fatwa department), Darul Uloom Deoband are responsible for giving fatwas.


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: On 31 May 2008, the seminary issued a significant public “Fatwa against terrorism” after a public rally in Delhi with around 100,000 representatives from nearly 6,000 madrasas across India, including those from different sects. The fatwa was a first of its kind in South Asia and stated that "in Islam, creating social discord or disorder, breach of peace, rioting, bloodshed, pillage or plunder and killing of innocent persons anywhere in the world are all considered most inhuman crimes.” The edict was signed by Habibur Rahman Khairabadi.


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: In January 2012, scholars from a Deobandi school issued a religious decision calling for the author Salman Rushdie to be barred from entering India to attend a literature festival because, in their opinion, he had offended Muslim sentiments.


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: In May 2010, clerics from a Deobandi school issued a fatwa stating that men and women cannot work together in public offices unless the women are properly clothed.


title: Darul Uloom Deoband

text: The seminary's co-founder Sayyid Muhammad Abid was the first vice-chancellor. Abul Qasim Nomani succeeded Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi as the thirteenth VC of the seminary on 24 July 2011.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: Jean-Luc Brunel (1946 – 19 February 2022) was a French model scout. He gained prominence by leading the international modelling agency Karin Models, and founded MC2 Model Management, with financing by Jeffrey Epstein. The subject of a "60 Minutes" investigation in 1988, Brunel faced allegations of sexual assault spanning three decades.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: Brunel came under scrutiny for his ties to Epstein with whom he worked from the early 2000s to 2015. Brunel was accused of grooming young females and of partaking in the alleged sex trafficking ring run by Epstein. In 2019, French National Police launched an investigation on Brunel after he went into hiding following Epstein's death. He was arrested on 16 December 2020, and charged with the rape of minors by French prosecutors. However, he died from an apparent suicide before his trial could proceed.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: Jean-Luc Brunel was born in 1946 in Paris. His father was a real estate executive. He has one brother, Arnaud.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: Brunel began his career in the late 1970s, working as a modeling scout for Karin Mossberg's agency, Karin Models in Paris. In 1978, he became the head of Karin Models.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: In 1988, Brunel and his brother Arnaud founded the Next Management Corporation. In 1989, the Brunel brothers and Faith Kates formed the global modeling agency Next Management Company. Kates owned a majority stake in the company with the Brunel brother's Next Management Corp. owning a minority stake at 25 percent. "American Photo" reported that Brunel split off from Next Management Company in April 1996 with the Miami models. Next Management Company sued the Brunel brothers in 1996.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: Brunel, as a talent scout, discovered a number of models who rose to prominence, including Christy Turlington, Sharon Stone, and Milla Jovovich. Building on these early successes, he founded Karin Models of America in 1995. After Brunel was included in a BBC "MacIntyre Undercover" report on abuse within the fashion industry in November 1999, he was banned from his modeling agency in Europe.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: In the early 2000s, Brunel moved to the United States. "The Daily Beast" reported that he relied on funding from his brother Arnaud and their business partner, Etienne des Roys. In 2003, both financiers pulled out and after the "Paris office filed to revoke Brunel’s claim to the Karin trademark in 2004," he changed the name of the agency to MC2.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: Brunel had met Ghislaine Maxwell in the 1980s, and she later introduced him to the financier Jeffrey Epstein. Brunel received funds from Epstein of "up to a million dollars" in 2004 to help launch a new modeling agency: MC2 Model Management. Brunel transformed Karin Models U.S. division into MC2 Model Management, by opening offices in New York City and Miami in 2005. The agency name evokes Epstein through a reference to Einstein's equation for mass energy equivalency or E=mc. Clients of MC2 reportedly included Nordstrom, Macy's Inc., Saks Fifth Avenue, Neiman Marcus, J.C. Penney Co., Kohl's Corporation, Target Corporation, Sears, and Belk.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: Virginia Roberts Giuffre, an Epstein accuser, alleged in a 2014 court filing that the system was a cover for sex trafficking. In court documents released in August 2019, Giuffre named Brunel as one of the men Maxwell had directed her as a teenager to have sex with.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: In 2019, it was reported that Brunel helped create The Identity Models in New York City and 1Mother Agency in Kyiv, Ukraine. MC2 was dissolved on 27 September 2019.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: Brunel was the subject of a seven-month investigation by CBS producer Craig Pyes and reporter Diane Sawyer for "60 Minutes". The investigative segment "American Models in Paris", which aired on 23 October 1988, covered the conduct of Brunel and fellow Parisian modeling agent Claude Haddad. Several American models who worked with Brunel were interviewed by "60 Minutes" and described their experiences of the culture Brunel fostered where the models were routinely drugged and sexually abused. Eileen Ford (of the New York-based Ford Modeling Agency) had sent her models to Brunel for Paris assignments and was interviewed for the program where she claimed no prior knowledge of the multiple complaints from models of sexual exploitation and drug abuse by Brunel. He denied the claims, but Ford ultimately severed ties with him following the broadcast. Michael Gross reported in "Model: The Ugly Business of Beautiful Women" that Brunel had admitted to using cocaine for years. Brunel defended his use by stating that he did not have a drug problem since he refrained from using cocaine during the day.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: In 2002, Brunel was again associated with abuse after Elite supermodel Karen Mulder described to the French press the culture of sexual misconduct and manipulation prevalent in the modeling industry.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: Virginia Giuffre accused Brunel of having sexually trafficked girls for Epstein. Giuffre claimed in a 2015 affidavit that Epstein bragged to her that he had “slept with over 1,000 of Brunel’s girls.” Brunel responded by denying involvement in any illegal activities with Epstein, saying, "I strongly deny having committed any illicit act or any wrongdoing in the course of my work as a scouter or model agencies manager." From 1998 to 2005, Brunel was listed as a passenger in flight logs for Epstein's private plane on 25 trips. He was also a regular visitor to the jail where Epstein was held in 2008, with at least 70 recorded visits.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: Brunel sued Epstein in 2015, claiming that he and MC2 had "lost multiple contacts and business in the modelling business as a result of Epstein’s illegal actions." He also alleged that Epstein had obstructed justice by directing Brunel to avoid having his deposition taken in the criminal case against Epstein by the Palm Beach Police Department. The lawsuit was later dismissed.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: In 2019, it was revealed that Brunel was among those named in court documents from a civil suit by Virginia Roberts Giuffre against Ghislaine Maxwell. The documents were unsealed on August 9, 2019, a day before Epstein's death. Giuffre alleges that she was sexually trafficked by Epstein and Maxwell to several high-profile individuals, including Brunel, while she was underage in the early 2000s.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: Brunel was last seen in public at the Paris Country Club on 5 July 2019. Following Epstein's death in August 2019, Brunel went into hiding; shortly thereafter, the French National Police launched an investigation into him. In September 2019, his Paris home and offices were searched by French investigators as part of a probe into sex trafficking by Epstein.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: On 16 December 2020, Brunel was intercepted by police at Charles de Gaulle airport in Paris, as he was about to board a flight to Dakar, Senegal. He was then placed under 'garde à vue' custody for questioning in relation to rape, sexual assault, criminal conspiracy, and human trafficking, with all of the allegations involving minors.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: Brunel was charged on 29 June 2021 with drugging and raping a 17-year-old girl in the 1990s. Brunel said he was innocent.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: Brunel was married to Helen Hogberg, a Swedish model. Hogberg divorced Brunel in 1979. In 1988, he married his girlfriend of two years, American model Roberta Chirko. The couple later divorced.


title: Jean-Luc Brunel

text: On 19 February 2022, Brunel was found dead in his jail cell in La Santé prison, after allegedly hanging himself.


title: Danny Cooksey

text: Daniel Ray Allen Cooksey Jr. (born November 2, 1975) is an American actor and musician. He is best known for his roles in television shows, such as "Diff'rent Strokes" (during the final three seasons), "The Cavanaughs", "Xiaolin Showdown", and "Salute Your Shorts", and for providing the voice of Montana "Monty" Max in "Tiny Toon Adventures".


title: Danny Cooksey

text: Cooksey was born in Moore, Oklahoma, the son of Melody Ann (née Wagoner) and Daniel Ray Allen Cooksey.


Visa requirements for Singaporean citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states which are imposed on citizens of Singapore.


Visa requirements for Singaporean citizens were recently lifted by Djibouti (21 January 2018), Uzbekistan (10 February 2018), Armenia (21 March 2018), Angola (30 March 2018), and Guinea (20 November 2018).


title: Visa requirements for Singaporean citizens

text: In August 2017, Singaporean citizens were made eligible for electronic visas with a validity of 8 days for the Primorye, Kamchatka, and Sakhalin regions of the Russian Far East, for tourism, business and humanitarian purposes. In January 2018, Australia introduced a new 6-year visa for Singaporean citizens. The visitor (subclass 600) visa will allow Singaporean citizens to visit Australia for up to three months at a time within a 6-year period on a single application, up from 12 months under the pre-existing Electronic Travel Authority (ETA). In September 2019, Saudi Arabia made Singaporean citizens eligible for either an e-Visa or a visa on arrival as part of its plans to diversify its economy by developing its tourist industry.


text: Pre-approved visas can be picked up on arrival in the following countries instead in embassy or consulate.


text: Visa requirements for Singaporean citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognised countries and restricted zones:


text: Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries:


text: Singaporean citizens aged 6 and older are eligible to use the automated clearance lanes at the ICA Checkpoints run by the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority, provided that their biometric identifiers (iris / facial / fingerprints) have been enrolled with ICA. In addition, for young Singapore citizens who wish to use the automated lanes but had collected their passports before turning six, they may enrol their biometrics at the manned immigration counters (with the supervision of their parent / guardian).


text: In addition, Singaporean citizens who intend to travel as tourists, are eligible to use the automated border control systems (eGates) when arriving in (or departing from) the following countries:


The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Transcaucasian SFSR or TSFSR), also known as the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, or simply Transcaucasia, was a republic of the Soviet Union that existed from 1922 to 1936.


title: Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

text: The TSFSR comprised Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, traditionally known as the "Transcaucasian Republics" as they were separated from Russia by the Caucasus Mountains. The TSFSR was one of the four republics to sign the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR establishing the Soviet Union in 1922. The TSFSR was created ostensibly to consolidate the economic situation and Bolshevik control over the region. The TSFSR was dissolved upon the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution and its constituent republics were elevated individually to republics of the Soviet Union.


text: The roots of a Transcaucasian condominium state trace back to the dissolution of the Russian Empire in 1918, following the October Revolution, when the provinces of the Caucasus seceded and formed their own state called the Transcaucasian Federation. Competing ethno-national interests and confrontation with the Ottoman Empire in World War I led to the dissolution of the Transcaucasian Federation only two months later, in April 1918.


text: The three successor states: the First Republic of Armenia, the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan, and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, lasted until the end of the Russian Civil War that was being fought across the mountains, when they were invaded by the Red Army and sovietized. Following the proposal by Vladimir Lenin the three now Soviet Republics, the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian SSRs, were united into the Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia on 12 March 1922. On 13 December that year, the First All-Caucasian Congress of Soviets transformed this "federation of states" into a unified "federal state" and renamed it into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, though keeping formally the autonomy of its constituent republics. The congress also adopted the constitution, appointed the Central Executive Committee (the highest legislative body between congressional sessions), and the Council of People's Commissars (the government). Mamia Orakhelashvili, a Georgian Bolshevik leader, became the first chairman of the Transcaucasian SFSR's Council of People's Commissars. Tbilisi was the capital of the republic.


text: The republic became a founding member of the Soviet Union on 30 December along with the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, and the Belorussian SSR. In December 1936, the Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved and divided again among the Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijani SSRs.


text: After the Red Army invasion of Georgia, Abkhazia (an autonomous province within the Democratic Republic of Georgia) was declared a Soviet Republic. In March 1922, the Abkhaz Revolutionary committee renamed the region the SSR of Abkhazia. Despite the declaration of this new Soviet Republic, its relations with Georgia and Russia had yet to be formally settled. On December 16, 1921, Abkhazia signed a treaty of alliance with the Georgian SSR codifying its status as a "treaty republic" (Russian: договорная республика). This agreement allowed the formation of an Abkhazia military while also establishing a political and financial union between the two Soviet republics. Thus, through Georgia, Abkhazia joined the TSFSR and was initially on an equal footing with the other republics of the federation. On February 19, 1931, Abkhazia's republican status was downgraded to that of an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Georgian SSR.


text: The Adjar ASSR was established on July 16, 1921, within the Georgian SSR as a consequence of the Treaty of Kars. The treaty marking the end of the Caucasus Campaign in World War I provided for the division of the former Batum Oblast of the Kutais Governorate of the Russian Empire between Georgia and Turkey. According to the agreement the northern half with significant Georgian Muslim population would become part of the Soviet Georgia but granted autonomy.


text: Another autonomous republic was established in July 1920 in Nakhchivan, an area bordering Armenia, Turkey and Iran, which was claimed by Armenians and Azerbaijanis. After the occupation of the region by the Red Army, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was declared with "close ties" to the Azerbaijani SSR. The Treaty of Moscow and the Treaty of Kars established the Nakhchivan region as an autonomous republic under the protection of the Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan.


text: Before 1923, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan issued each its own postage stamps. The Transcaucasian Federation began issuing its own stamps on September 15, 1923, and superseded the separate republics' issues on October 1.


text: The first issues consisted of some of the stamps of Russia and Armenia overprinted with a star containing the five-letter acronym of the Federation inside the points. Massive inflation having set in, this was followed by an issue of the Federation's own designs, four values of a view of oil fields, and four with a montage of Soviet symbols over mountains and oil derricks, values ranging from 40,000 to 500,000 roubles. The 40,000 roubles and 75,000 roubles were then surcharged to 700,000 roubles. On October 24, the stamps were re-issued with values from 1 to 18 gold kopecks. Starting in 1924, the Federation used stamps of the Soviet Union.


text: Most of the stamps of the Federation are not especially rare today, with 1998 prices in the US$1–2 range, although the overprints on Armenian stamps range up to US$200. As might be expected from a short period of usage, used stamps are less common than unused and covers are not often seen.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: The Anti-Life Equation is a fictional concept appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. In Jack Kirby's Fourth World setting, the Anti-Life Equation is a formula for total control over the minds of sentient beings that is sought by Darkseid, who, for this reason, sends his forces to Earth, as he believes part of the equation exists in the subconsciousness of humanity. Various comics have defined the equation in different ways, but a common interpretation is that the equation is a mathematical proof of the futility of living.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: Jack Kirby's original comics established the Anti-Life Equation as giving the being who learns it power to dominate the will of all sentient and sapient races. It is called the Anti-Life Equation because "if someone possesses absolute control over you - you're not really alive". Most stories featuring the Equation use this concept. The Forever People's Mother Box found the Anti-Life Equation in Sonny Sumo, but Darkseid, unaware of this, stranded him in ancient Japan. A man known as Billion-Dollar Bates had control over the Equation's power even without the Mother Box's aid, but was accidentally killed by one of his own guards.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: When Metron and Swamp Thing attempt to breach the Source, which drives Swamp Thing temporarily mad, Darkseid discovers that part of the formula is love. Upon being told by the Dominators of their planned invasion of Earth, Darkseid promises not to interfere on the condition that the planet is not destroyed so his quest for the equation is not thwarted.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: It is later revealed in "Martian Manhunter" (vol. 2) #33 that Darkseid first became aware of the equation approximately 300 years ago when he made contact with the people of Mars. Upon learning of the Martian philosophy that free will and spiritual purpose could be defined by a Life Equation, Darkseid postulated that there must exist a negative equivalent.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: In Walt Simonson's "Orion" (2001), Darkseid and Desaad have gained the Equation from clones of Billion Dollar Bates. In stopping them Orion learned the Equation, and tried to use it to make people happy and good, but decided that the suppression of free will is always a bad thing. Mister Miracle knows the formula, but is one of the few with the willpower not to use it. During the series "Young Justice", it was stated that the mystical heroine Empress holds within her a piece of an Anti-Life Equation, which allows her to control the minds of others to limited extents. "Countdown to Final Crisis" #10 reveals that the Pied Piper also contained the equation within his mind and can manifest it through music. Desaad attempts to use Piper as his pawn to help him destroy Brother Eye and Darkseid so that he could rule Apokolips.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: During the "Final Crisis", Darkseid's plan comes to fruition even without Pied Piper's help. In fact, using the "spoken form" of the Anti-Life, Darkseid (reborn after his death as "Boss Dark Side" on Earth) is able to rebuild a strong power base on Earth by having Mokkari unleash the Anti-Life Equation through the internet by email, turning those exposed to it into his mindless slaves. Libra used the Anti-Life Equation to turn several members of his Secret Society of Super Villains into Justifiers while some of Earth's superheroines and supervillainesses were converted into new versions of the Female Furies.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: It was revealed that the Equation can be countered by drawing the New Genesis word for "freedom" on one's face. Also, Doctor Sivana invented a device that allowed Lex Luthor to wrest control of the Equation-controlled Justifiers from Libra and Darkseid. In "Terror Titans" #4, because of the brain's status as an electromagnetic organ, Static is immune to the Equation's effects. In "Final Crisis" #7, Wonder Woman breaks the Equation's hold over the people of Earth by binding Darkseid's body with the Lasso of Truth.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: After Darkseid's disappearance, the Calculator tasks himself with the role of tracking down the fragments of the Equation left in the internet, which had taken the appearance of floating diamonds in "Alta Viva", an in-universe multi-player online game similar to "Second Life". By having real diamonds cut in the shape of the virtual ones, the Calculator hopes to harness and restore its power for himself.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: "The Multiversity" features a different version to the Anti-Life Equation known as the Anti-Death Equation: a dark, mysterious power used by the Gentry, capable of transforming and corroding anything from the laws of physics to even beings as powerful as Monitors, turning its victims into gruesome and evil creatures who are incapable of dying.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: In DCU continuity the Equation itself retains its importance to a great many interested parties having come into the control of a host of users both in incomplete and whole formulations of itself. It is first possessed by the evil Old God Yuga Khan who uses it to resurrect many of his fallen brethren in a final battle against his sons Uxas and Izaya before falling in battle. Eventually many an individual would come to possess either finite understanding or complete utilization of the Anti-Life Equation for their own personal use over time. Some eons later Darkseid would use a fraction of its nightmarish will-sapping power in his invasion cycles of the Earth 2 parallel universe; soon it was revealed that others possessed the full Equation but lacked the incentive to use it. The formula itself however is revealed to be a sentient being able to express itself to its current hosts.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: It was revealed that the Anti-Life Equation was the source of the Anti-Matter Universe's creation, and that the Anti-Monitor used to be a Qwardian scientist in the Anti-Matter Universe named Mobius who was the first to find and touch the Anti-Life Equation; it then fused with him and transformed him into the Anti-Monitor, the Anti-Life Equation's living embodiment. When Darkseid died in the battle against him and his daughter Grail, Mobius forfeited the equation to return to his original form. The power itself which possessed him is now in the hands of his original benefactor, establishing her as the Goddess of Anti-Life.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: Over the years, the Anti-Life Equation has changed as various writers have offered their own definitions of the concept.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: In Jack Kirby's original version, the Equation manifests itself as the power to control any sentient minds through direct commands. A clear distinction was made between the Anti-Life Equation and other methods of control like manipulation or hypnosis. While Darkseid could already exert some control over humanity through the preachings of his minion Glorious Godfrey, possessing the Equation would allow unlimited and instantaneous control.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: In Jim Starlin's mini-series "Cosmic Odyssey", the Anti-Life Equation is revealed as a living shadow-based deity that corrupts and destroys everything it touches. This revelation shocks even Darkseid, who teams up with the New Gods and a group of superheroes from Earth to stop the Anti-Life Equation entity, ultimately sealing it off from their reality. The Anti-Life Equation Entity would be retconned as a creature who had been mislabeled as far as having anything to do with the Anti-Life Equation.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: In Issue #4 of Neil Gaiman's "Sandman" series, the demon Choronzon mimics the form of 'Anti-Life' when challenging Dream to 'the Oldest Game' - a battle of wits in which the two must define increasingly powerful entities in turn. Attempting to end the game, Choronzon states "I am Anti-Life, the beast of judgement. I am the dark at the end of everything. The end of universes, gods, worlds...of everything", at which point he takes on the appearance of a large, blank face against a white background. Dream counters this by proclaiming "I am hope".


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: In Walt Simonson's "Orion" series, the Equation is portrayed much like in the original Kirby comics, ignoring the version shown in "Cosmic Odyssey". Besides the power to control minds, it is also shown to give its wielder the power to revive corpses through verbal commands.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: In the 2005 "Seven Soldiers: Mister Miracle" mini-series, written by Grant Morrison, Darkseid (or Boss Dark Side, as he was calling himself) gained control of the Anti-Life Equation, which is stylized in narration as:


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: loneliness + alienation + fear + despair + self-worth ÷ mockery ÷ condemnation ÷ misunderstanding × guilt × shame × failure × judgment n=y where y=hope and n=folly, love=lies, life=death, self=dark side


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: By speaking said equation, Darkseid can insert the full formula into people's minds, giving them the mathematical certainty that life, hope and freedom are all pointless. According to Oracle, who barely escaped the "full" effects of the Equation by shutting down the entire Internet just in time, the Anti-Life Equation further states that the only point in "anything" is to conform to Darkseid's will. Shilo Norman (the current Mister Miracle) is able to break free from this with the help of Metron, gaining immunity from the Equation in the process. He passes this immunity to his allies by drawing a specific pattern (the pattern is shown to be the New Genesis word for freedom) on their face.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: When Jim Starlin returned to writing the New Gods in 2007's "Death of the New Gods" mini-series, the retcon was revised, with the Anti-Life Equation Entity being revealed to be one-half of a cosmic being that was split into two by the war of the old gods (the other half of the cosmic entity being the Source). In a text page published in "Final Crisis Secret Files", Grant Morrison attempts to reconcile the Starlin version of the Anti-Life Equation with his own version, by suggesting that the Equation is indeed sentient (as Starlin suggests) and that even after "mastering" the Equation, Darkseid still does not understand the true horrific nature of what the Anti-Life Equation is and its relationship with the Source.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: In the New 52 the Anti-Life has much of the same powers it had before, Yuga Khan having used it to bring back the dead Old Gods to aid him in battle against his sons, Dreamer Beautiful using it for the first time to resurrect a deceased Mark Moonrider, and Darkseid himself using a fraction of it to draw unsuspecting victims to their end by broadcasting it over his parademon hive factories.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: The Anti-Life's opposite member takes more prominence within the New 52. The white Light of Life is said to be the spark that originally gave birth to the positive matter universe of Earth-Zero just as the Anti-Life gave rise to the antimatter universe. Unlike the Anti-Life Equation which saps a person of their free will, The Life Equation is an all consuming power which has the capability to restructure reality by changing its formula around rewriting the very multiverse itself, representing the attributes of life itself pertaining to change and variance. The make up of the equation formula seems to vary from iteration to iteration. One instance relates it to the Emotional Spectrum and its corresponding seven lights.


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: Initially believing all of these refractions of the source light to lead in becoming the Life Equation, it is then realized that the formula itself is a separate power all its own connected directly to The Source of all things. Its power once hidden behind the wall of its namesake had been removed and supplanted within the White Ring utilized by Kyle Rayner to escape it after the seven emotional entities gave themselves to both him and it to replenish the Emotional Reservoir. It is later revealed that Kyle managed to escape with the equation in hand after he reached out into the source itself and unknowingly claimed the equation. Once claimed the Life Equation has the power to redefine reality on a universal to multiversal degree enabling the user to change the formula to remake all of existence. In another manifestation, the formula reads as a direct contradiction to that of the Anti-Life Equation presenting as follows:


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: companionship + understanding + assurance + joy + altruism ÷ respect ÷ commendation ÷ sympathy × innocence × dignity × success × acceptance y=n where y=despair and n=caution, love=truth, death=rebirth, and self=light side


title: Anti-Life Equation

text: For reality embodies life and the equation is the tangible abstract of how it is defined, also similarly to Anti-Life; the Life variant can subjugate life to follow the user in the creation of a new world order in favor of protection of life, rather than accepting it as meaninglessness. The Life Equation was split into seven parts and placed into Kyle's and six newly created White Power rings. These seven rings can be brought together to restore the Life Equation if needed but until that time the White Lantern Corps can protect the equation.


title: Damien Molony

text: Damien Molony (born 21 February 1984) is an Irish actor. He is best known for his television roles as Hal Yorke in BBC Three's "Being Human", DC Albert Flight in the BBC's "Ripper Street", DS Jack Weston in Channel 5's "Suspects", Jon in Channel 4's "GameFace" and Dylan in Sky One Original comedy "Brassic".


title: Damien Molony

text: Molony was born in Johnstownbridge on 21 February 1984. He studied at Clongowes Wood College in Clane, followed by Trinity College in Dublin, where he completed a degree in business and politics and became involved in the acting society. He soon moved to London to attend Drama Centre London.


title: Damien Molony

text: After graduating in 2011, Molony co-starred as Giovanni in a production of the John Ford play "'Tis Pity She's a Whore" at the West Yorkshire Playhouse, directed by Jonathan Munby. He won the second prize in the 2011 Ian Charleson Awards for his performance.


title: Damien Molony

text: Molony's casting as vampire Hal in the BBC Three series "Being Human" brought him his first television credit. In an interview with SFX magazine, Molony revealed that when approaching the role of Hal he did research on drug addicts and alcoholics. He has previously starred in the short film "When the Hurlyburly's Done", filmed in Germany.


title: Damien Molony

text: After the filming of series 4 of "Being Human", in January 2012 Damien played the lead role of Motl Mendl in the National Theatre production of "Travelling Light" alongside Sir Antony Sher. Following a long run at the Lyttelton Theatre, the play toured England and was broadcast in cinemas worldwide with National Theatre Live. He returned to the National Theatre in January 2015 to play Spike in Sir Tom Stoppard's "The Hard Problem", which ran until 17 May 2015 and also had a worldwide broadcast via NT Live, on 16 April 2015. Both plays were directed by the then Artistic Director of the National Theatre, Sir Nicholas Hytner.


title: Damien Molony

text: The fifth and final series of "Being Human" was screened in February–March 2013. At the same time Molony starred in the play "If You Don't Let Us Dream, We Won't Let You Sleep" at the Royal Court Theatre.


title: Damien Molony

text: Damien's television slate grew when in the same year he joined the cast of Victorian BBC show "Ripper Street" in series 2 as Detective Constable Albert Flight. He appeared in 7 of 8 episodes on BBC One in the UK and BBC America. The crime drama was set in London's Whitechapel in the period following the Jack the Ripper murders.


title: Damien Molony

text: Molony returned to theatre, alongside William Gaminara in the play "The Body of an American" by Dan O'Brien in January–February 2014 at the Gate Theatre (London) about the conversation of a war photographer and a struggling playwright.


title: Damien Molony

text: The actor then landed the role of Detective Sergeant Jack Weston in innovative crime procedural "Suspects". The drama, shot in a documentary style using fly-on-the-wall filming techniques, premiered in the UK February 2014. The show ran for five series, the last airing August 2016, with a new cast line-up and a change in format and Molony taking centre stage in a six part story. All five series of the show have also reached American audiences via streaming service Acorn TV.


title: Damien Molony

text: Molony was cast as Robert Putnam in an HBO pilot, "The Devil You Know", created by Jenji Kohan and directed by Gus Van Sant in 2015, alongside Eddie Izzard and Karen Gillan. Set in 17th century New England and focusing on the Salem witch trials, the drama was filmed in Boston USA, but was not picked up by the network.


title: Damien Molony

text: Damien's first role in a feature film was as the character Ross in "Kill Your Friends", adapted from the novel by John Niven, set in the music industry in the Britpop era. The film's theatrical premiere via Altitude Films took place in the UK and Europe November 2015, followed by a US release with Well Go USA April 2016.


title: Damien Molony

text: His second feature film "Tiger Raid", shot in the deserts of Jordan, saw him star in a leading role alongside Brian Gleeson and Sofia Boutella. A dark thriller about a tiger kidnapping in Iraq, the film had its world premiere at Tribeca International Film festival April 2016, with a UK premiere at the Edinburgh International Film Festival in June and a UK DVD and VOD release 17 October 2016.


title: Damien Molony

text: Appearing alongside Irish talent Aidan McArdle and Adam Fergus, Molony's next TV project was in RTÉ One crime drama "Clean Break", which aired in Ireland September 2015.


title: Damien Molony

text: He next starred alongside Phoebe Waller-Bridge in her first TV comedy "Crashing" as the character Anthony. The series premiered January 2016 on Channel 4 in the UK and later in the year internationally, via streaming platforms.


title: Damien Molony

text: Damien also returned to the stage in 2016, appearing in "No Man's Land" alongside Ian McKellen, Patrick Stewart and Owen Teale. Directed by Sean Mathias, the production toured the UK from August, before a run a Wyndham's Theatre in London until 17 December, with a National Theatre Live broadcast to cinemas worldwide 15 December.


title: Damien Molony

text: 21 February 2017 Molony was announced as cast in comedy sitcom "GameFace", written by Roisin Conaty who also stars as the lead character Marcella. He played Marcella's long-suffering driving instructor Jon. The six episode first series aired October to November 2017 on UK TV channel E4 and became available in the US, Australia and New Zealand shortly after via on demand platforms.


title: Damien Molony

text: Molony appeared on stage with Sir Ian McKellen for a second time in 2017, playing Edmund in Chichester Festival Theatre production of King Lear for a short run from 22 September to 28 October.


title: Damien Molony

text: He appeared as Bourke Cockran in his next feature film "The Current War", directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon which world premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 9 September 2017. Originally set for a theatrical released on 24 November 2017, the film's cinema outing was delayed to July 2019 in the UK and October in the US, after sexual misconduct allegations were made against Harvey Weinstein, shortly followed by a DVD release.


title: Damien Molony

text: Opening the new year in 2018, Molony starred opposite Jessie Buckley in two major BBC Radio 3 productions, adaptations of the plays "'Tis Pity She's a Whore" by John Ford and "The Effect" by Lucy Prebble. He then played the title role in BBC Radio 4 Drama "Judas", which aired every day in the week leading up to Easter. Written by Lucy Gannon, the drama told the story of disciple Judas Iscariot from his own perspective in the days leading up to the death of Jesus.


title: Damien Molony

text: From 20 June 2018, Damien appeared in BBC Radio 4 World War 1 serial drama Home Front, playing the new character Hardy Walsh introduced in series 14, 'Needs Must When The Devil Drives'.


title: Damien Molony

text: Damien made his first appearance in a web series in October 2018, guest starring in episode 1 of "Right Now", Robert Cawsey's new online comedy based on Grindr hook-ups.


title: Damien Molony

text: August 2018 Molony was announced as cast in new Sky One comedy TV series "Brassic", co-created by Joe Gilgun and Danny Brocklehurst, starring alongside Michelle Keegan and Gilgun, as the character Dylan. Production on series 1 began in September 2018, filming completed in December, post-production completed 22 February 2019. The series premiered August 2019. A second series was announced on the same day.


title: Damien Molony

text: A second series of "GameFace" was announced by Channel 4 June 2018, but Damien was only revealed as appearing in the new series when show writer Roisin Conaty published behind-the-scenes of him during filming, from March to April 2019. Series 2 aired 17 July 2019 Channel 4 in the UK and reached audiences in the US via Hulu shortly after.


title: Damien Molony

text: In 2019, Molony also appeared in two short films with film festival premieres; "Keep Breathing", a crowdfunded project written by and starring Emmeline Hartley, which is inspired by the Me Too movement and has a sexual consent theme and "The Fabric Of You", an animated short, written and directed by Josephine Lohoar Self, world premiering at the 2019 Edinburgh International Film Festival. Both films had a wide release on Vimeo during 2021.


title: Damien Molony

text: It was announced in July 2019 that Damien had joined the cast of BBC / Sister legal drama "The Split" for series 2. The series premiered 11 May 2020 on BBC One in the UK, with Molony in the role of new character Tyler Donaghue, shortly followed by a release in the United States on Sundance TV, 15 May 2020.


title: Damien Molony

text: In 2020 Damien also appeared in "Brassic" series 2, which premiered on SKY in the UK in May. Ahead of the second series, Sky announced a third had also been commissioned, at their Up Next 2020 showcase event. Filming for series 3 began in October 2020 and took place during the pandemic, with a premiere date of 6 October in the UK. Series 4 has also been announced and is currently filming.


title: Damien Molony

text: A third and final series of "The Split" was announced and began production in June 2021, with Damien confirmed to return as Tyler Donaghue.


title: Damien Molony

text: It was announced in July 2021 that Damien would be appearing in the third series of Channel 4 drama anthology series "On The Edge", in "gut-wrenching" horror "Cradled."


title: Damien Molony

text: Molony began regularly donating blood in 2012, after someone close to him needed blood during their cancer treatment. As part of National Blood Week in 2013, he was interviewed in the summer edition of "Blood Donor Magazine" and appeared on the front cover as his "Being Human" character Hal Yorke, with the headline "a blood addict giving blood". He has since raised awareness of the importance of blood donation and campaigned to motivate others via his Twitter page. After completing his 13th donation in February 2017, he encouraged others to consider donating in order to "save lives, burn calories, [and] feel really proud".


title: Remembrance poppy

text: A remembrance poppy is an artificial flower worn in some countries to commemorate their military personnel who died in war. Remembrance poppies are produced by veterans' associations, who exchange the poppies for charitable donations used to give financial, social and emotional support to members and veterans of the armed forces.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Inspired by the war poem "In Flanders Fields", and promoted by Moina Michael, they were first used near the end of World War I to commemorate British Empire and United States military casualties of the war. Madame Guérin established the first "Poppy Days" to raise funds for veterans, widows, orphans, liberty bonds, and charities such as the Red Cross.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Remembrance poppy are most commonly worn in Commonwealth countries, where it has been trademarked by veterans' associations for fundraising. Remembrance poppies in Commonwealth countries are often worn on clothing in the weeks leading up to Remembrance Day, with poppy wreaths also being laid at war memorials on that day. However, in Australia and New Zealand, remembrance poppies are most commonly worn on Anzac Day.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: The red remembrance poppy has inspired the design of several other commemorative poppies that observe different aspects of war and peace.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: References to war and poppies in Flanders can be found as early as the 19th century, in the book "The Scottish Soldiers of Fortune" by James Grant:


title: Remembrance poppy

text: The opening lines of the World War I poem "In Flanders Fields" refer to Flanders poppies growing among the graves of war victims in a region of Belgium. The poem is written from the point of view of the fallen soldiers and in its last verse, the soldiers call on the living to continue the conflict. The poem was written by Canadian physician John McCrae on 3 May 1915 after witnessing the death of his friend and fellow soldier the day before. The poem was first published on 8 December 1915 in the London-based magazine "Punch".


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Moina Michael, who had taken leave from her professorship at the University of Georgia to be a volunteer worker for the American YMCA Overseas War Secretaries Organization, was inspired by the poem. She published a poem of her own called "We Shall Keep the Faith" in 1918. In tribute to McCrae's poem, she vowed to always wear a red poppy as a symbol of remembrance for those who fought in and assisted with the war. At a November 1918 YMCA Overseas War Secretaries' conference, she appeared with a silk poppy pinned to her coat and distributed twenty-five more poppies to attendees. She then campaigned to have the poppy adopted as a national symbol of remembrance.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: At its conference in 1920, the National American Legion adopted the poppy as their official symbol of remembrance. Frenchwoman Madame Guérin was invited to address American Legion delegates at their 1920 Cleveland Convention about 'Inter-Allied Poppy Day.' After the convention, the American Legion too adopted the poppy as its memorial flower and committed to support Madame Guérin in her planned U.S. Poppy Day. It was also following this event that the American Legion christened Madame Guérin as "The Poppy Lady from France." Madame Guérin successfully organized the U.S.'s first nationwide Poppy Day during the week before Memorial Day in May 1921 using silk poppies made by the widows and children of the devastated regions of France.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: When the American Legion stopped using the poppy symbol in favor of the daisy, Veterans of Foreign Wars' members supported Madame Guérin instead. Using French-made poppies purchased through her, the V.F.W. organized the first veterans' Poppy Day Drive in the US, for the 1922 Memorial Day. In 1924, the Veterans of Foreign Wars patented the Buddy Poppy.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Madame Guérin's 'Inter-Allied Poppy Day' idea was also adopted by military veterans' groups in parts of the British Empire. After the 1921 Memorial Day in the US, Madame Guérin traveled to Canada. After she addressed the Great War Veteran Association on 4 July, the group also adopted the poppy emblem as well as 'Inter-Allied Poppy Day' concept. They were the first veterans of the British Empire (predecessor of the Commonwealth of Nations) to do so.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Madame Guérin sent Colonel Moffat (ex-American Red Cross) to Australia and New Zealand (and probably South Africa) afterwards as her representative. She then traveled to Great Britain, where she informed Field Marshal Douglas Haig and the Royal British Legion about her idea. Because it was an underfunded organization, Madame Guérin paid for the British remembrance poppies herself and the British Legion reimbursed her after the first British Remembrance Day Poppy Day on 11 November 1921. By 1921, remembrance poppies had become widely accepted through the Allies of World War I as a flower of remembrance to be worn on Armistice Day.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Remembrance poppies are mostly used in countries in the Commonwealth of Nations to commemorate the servicemen and women killed in conflict in the weeks leading up to Remembrance Day or Anzac Day. They are used to a lesser extent in other countries outside the Commonwealth.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: James Fox notes that all of the countries which adopted the remembrance poppy were victors of World War I.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In Australia, the Flanders Poppy (remembrance poppies) has been used since 1921 to commemorate Australian soldiers who died in war. On Remembrance Day (11 November) and Anzac Day (25 April), poppies are laid at war memorials and are sold by the Returned and Services League of Australia (RSL) to raise funds. Military folklore indicates that the vivid red of the poppies symbolise their comrades' blood soaking into the battleground.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In Canada, the poppy is the official symbol of remembrance. It was adopted as such in 1921 and it is generally worn during the last Friday of October leading up to 11 November. The first poppy is customarily presented to the Governor General of Canada by the Dominion President of the Royal Canadian Legion. The Royal Canadian Legion, which has trademarked the image, suggests that poppies be worn on the left lapel, or as near the heart as possible.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: The Canadian poppy design features four petals, a black centre and no leaf. The remembrance poppy is made up of two pieces of moulded plastic covered with flocking with a pin for fastening to clothing. From 1980 to 2002, the centres were changed to green. Current designs are black only; this change confused those unfamiliar with the original design. In 2007, poppy stickers were introduced for children, the elderly, and healthcare and food industry workers. A cast metal "Canada Remembers" pin featuring a gold maple leaf and two poppies, one representing the fallen and the other representing those who remained on the home front, is also issued.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Until 1996, poppies were made by disabled veterans in Canada, but they have since been made by a private contractor. Remembrance poppies produced for the Royal Canadian Legion are made in Toronto, with the legion distributing over 18 million poppies in 2011.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Following the 2000 installation of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the National War Memorial in Ottawa, where the national Remembrance Service is held, a new tradition began of attendees laying their poppies on the tomb at the end of the service. While not part of the official program, the act has become widely practised elsewhere in the country, with others leaving cut flowers, photographs, or letters as well.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Since the Newfoundland's incorporation into Canada in 1949, the remembrance poppy has largely displaced Newfoundland's own commemorative floral emblem, the forget-me-not. Although in recent years the forget-me-not has had somewhat of a resurgence in Newfoundland's military commemorations, the remembrance poppy remains more common.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Synthetic red remembrance poppies are distributed by the Jamaican Legion from the first Sunday of October to Remembrance Day, in commemoration of Jamaican soldiers who died in World War I and World War II. Funds collected from the legion's National Poppy Appeal are used to help support ex-personnel of the Jamaica Defence Force.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Remembrance poppies are most often worn on Anzac Day (25 April) to commemorate New Zealand soldiers who died in war. They are also worn on Remembrance Day, and are sold by the Royal New Zealand Returned and Services' Association (RSA) to raise funds. The RSA planned to hold its first Poppy Day appeal around the time of Armistice Day 1921, as other countries were doing, but the ship carrying the poppies from France arrived in New Zealand too late. The association therefore waited until Anzac Day 1922. This first Poppy Day appeal was a success. Most of the money raised went to needy soldiers and their families, while the rest went to the French Children's League to help relieve suffering in war-ravaged areas of northern France.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Following its introduction, the popularity of Poppy Day grew and there were record collections during World War II. By 1945, 750,000 poppies were distributed nationwide, an amount equal to half the country's population.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In parts of Pakistan, the 'Great War Company' holds a private ceremony each 11 November where red poppies are worn, by descendants of World War I veterans from the old British Indian Army.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Use of the remembrance poppy has risen in popularity in the 2000s. Interest in the remembrance poppy grew in 2011 after Charles, Prince of Wales visited the country in November 2011, with the South African Legion of Military Veterans seeing a spike in phone calls from people wanting to obtain a poppy. That year, the South African Legion shipped over 300,000 poppies from Royal British Legion Poppy Factory. The South African Legion distributes remembrance poppies on Poppy Day, the Saturday closest to Remembrance Day. Funds raised from the poppy appeal is used support the welfare of South African National Defence Force veterans.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In the United Kingdom, Remembrance Poppies are sold by The Royal British Legion (RBL), a charity providing financial, social, political, and emotional support to those who have served or are currently serving in the British Armed Forces and their dependents. They are sold on the streets by volunteers in the weeks before Remembrance Day. The British remembrance poppy is the trademark of The Royal British Legion. The RBL states, "The red poppy is our registered mark and its only lawful use is to raise funds for the Poppy Appeal," its yearly fundraising drive in the weeks before Remembrance Day. The organization says these poppies are "worn to commemorate the sacrifices of our Armed Forces and to show support to those still serving today." Other poppy merchandise is sold throughout the year as part of ongoing fundraising.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the poppies typically have two red paper petals mounted on a green plastic stem with a single green paper leaf and a prominent black plastic central boss. The stem has an additional branch used as a pin to anchor the poppy in the lapel or buttonhole. The yearly sale of poppies is a major source of income for the RBL in the UK. The poppy has no fixed price; it is sold for a donation or the price may be suggested by the seller. The black plastic centre of the poppy was marked "Haig Fund" until 1994 but is now marked "Poppy Appeal." In Scotland, the poppies are produced and distributed by the Earl Haig Fund Scotland. Poppies produced by Earl Haig Fund Scotland appear slightly different from their RBL counterparts, with the Scottish poppy being curled with four petals and no leaf.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: RBL poppies are produced by a 50 people—primarily disabled former British military personnel, who work year round to assemble millions of poppies at the Poppy Factory in Richmond. Poppies distributed by the Earl Haig Fund Scotland are made at the Lady Haig's Poppy Factory in Edinburgh.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In 2010, approximately 48 million poppies was shipped from the Poppy Factory, with 45 million poppies being distributed to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Three million poppies from the Poppy Factory were shipped to 120 countries, primarily to British expat communities and British embassies. As of 2011, Poppyscotland reportedly distributes approximately five million poppies annually.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: For years after World War I, poppies were worn only on Remembrance Day. Today the RBL's "Poppy Appeal" has a higher profile than other charity appeals in the UK. The pins are widespread from late October until mid-November every year and are worn by the general public, politicians, the Royal Family and other public figures. It has become common to see large poppies on buses, tube trains and airplanes, as well as on lampposts, billboards, public buildings, and landmarks. Many newspapers and magazines show a poppy on their cover page, and some social network users add poppies to their avatars. Each year, an official Poppy Appeal single has been released. Remembrance poppy sellers are found on streets and at numerous public events such as concerts, fairs, marathons and competitions. Other awareness raising events have initiated. For example, in 2011, a Second World War aeroplane dropped 6,000 poppies over the town of Yeovil in Somerset. In 2014, "Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red", a public art installation was created in the dry moat of the Tower of London by covering it with 888,246 ceramic poppies – one for each soldier of the British Empire killed in World War I.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Since 2000 the Royal British Legion has held a registered UK trade mark that prevents others using the poppy image without permission across a wide range of goods and services.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: The Royal British Legion's Poppy Appeal has caused controversy in recent decades, with some—including British Army veterans—arguing that the symbol has been used excessively to marshal support for British military interventions and that public figures have been pressured to wear the poppies.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: The Royal British Legion also holds a yearly poppy appeal in Northern Ireland and in 2009 raised more than £1m. The wearing of poppies in Northern Ireland is controversial. It is seen by many as a political symbol and a symbol of Britishness, representing support for the British Army. The poppy has long been the preserve of the unionist/loyalist community. Loyalist paramilitaries (such as the UVF and UDA) have also used poppies to commemorate their own members who were killed in The Troubles.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Most Irish nationalists and republicans choose not to wear poppies; they regard the Poppy Appeal as supporting soldiers who killed civilians (for example on Bloody Sunday) or colluded with illegal loyalist paramilitaries (for example the Glenanne gang) during The Troubles. Irish nationalist groups, and victims' groups, have urged the BBC to end its policy that all presenters must wear poppies. They argue that it breaches impartiality and points out that political symbols are banned in workplaces in Northern Ireland. They also say that the BBC, as a publicly funded body, should broadly reflect the whole community. Likewise, the director of Relatives for Justice has condemned the wearing of poppies by police officers in Catholic neighbourhoods, calling it "repugnant and offensive to the vast majority of people within our community, given the role of the British Army". In the "Irish Independent", it was claimed that "substantial amounts" of money raised from selling poppies are used "to build monuments to insane or inane generals or build old boys' clubs for the war elite". On Remembrance Day 2010 the SDLP's Margaret Ritchie was the first leader of a nationalist party to wear one.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Remembrance poppies are also distributed in non-Commonwealth countries by Commonwealth veteran groups. In 2010, the Royal British Legion's Poppy Factory distributed three million poppies to over 120 countries, primarily to British expatriate communities and British embassies. RBL poppies are also distributed to their international branches, including the Hong Kong and China branch. Canadian remembrance poppies are also distributed at several embassies, including the Canadian embassy in South Korea.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Several non-Commonwealth veterans organizations also produce their own remembrance poppies for distribution.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In Albania, government representatives, including Prime Minister Edi Rama, wore a remembrance poppy during the commemoration ceremonies for the 70th Anniversary of the Liberation of Albania.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: During World War I, all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom and about 200,000 Irishmen fought in the British Army (see Ireland and World War I). During World War II, some 70,000 citizens of the then-independent state of Ireland served in the British armed forces, and a Roll of Honour in Trinity College Dublin lists 3,617 people from the Republic who died on active service in the war. Although the British Army is banned from actively recruiting in the Republic of Ireland, the RBL has a branch in the Republic and holds a wreath-laying ceremony at St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, which the President of Ireland has attended.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: The Republic has its own National Day of Commemoration in July for all Irish people who died in war. As in other non-Commonwealth countries, poppies are not often worn and are not part of the main commemorations. This is partly due to the British Army's role in fighting against Irish independence, some of its actions during the War of Independence and its role in Northern Ireland during the Troubles.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In the years following the War of Independence, the poppy was particularly controversial, with Irish nationalists seeing it as a provocative symbol of British imperialism. In Dublin, British Legion marchers often had poppies snatched from their lapels, which led to street fights. In response, some poppy-wearers hid razor blades in their poppies. "As the 1930s progressed, 'Poppy Day' lost much of its violent edge in Dublin, but the wearing of the symbol also became less commonplace in subsequent decades".


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Since 2014, Ukrainians have worn the poppy as a symbol of the Victory over Nazism and commemoration of the victims of World War II. It has largely replaced the Ribbon of Saint George, which became associated with pro-Russian separatists and Russian military aggression. A poppy logo was designed by Serhiy Mishakin and contains the text: "1939-1945 Never Again".


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In the United States, the Veterans of Foreign Wars conducted the first nationwide distribution of remembrance poppies before Memorial Day in 1922. The poppy was named the official flower of the American Legion in 1920, although the legion only began their own national distribution program of remembrance poppies in 1924. The American Legion Auxiliary distributes crepe-paper poppies in exchange for donations around Memorial Day and Veterans Day.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Remembrance poppies in the U.S. had diminished since its introduction in the 1920s, although remembrance poppies are sometimes worn on Memorial Day. On Veterans Day, a red, white, and blue ribbon has supplanted the remembrance poppy as the common adornment to wear for the holiday.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In 1993, The Royal British Legion complained that "Cannon Fodder", a video game with an anti-war message, had planned to use a poppy on its cover. The Legion, along with some politicians, called it "offensive to millions" and "monstrous". The publisher was forced to change the cover before the game was released.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Within the United Kingdom, there has been growing controversy over the Poppy Appeal. Some—including a few British Army veterans—have argued that the Poppy Appeal has become excessive, that it has been used to marshal support for British military activities, and that poppy wearing has become seen as compulsory for public figures. In 2006, Channel 4 newsreader Jon Snow described the pressure to wear a poppy as "poppy fascism". Columnist Dan O'Neill wrote in 2011 that "presenters and politicians seem to compete in a race to be first – poppies start sprouting in mid-October while the absence of a poppy is interpreted as absence of concern for the war dead, almost as an unpatriotic act of treachery." Likewise, Jonathan Bartley of the religious think-tank Ekklesia said "Public figures in Britain are urged, indeed in many cases, required, to wear ... the red poppy, almost as an article of faith. There is a political correctness about the red poppy." Journalist Robert Fisk complained in 2011 that the poppy had become a seasonal "fashion accessory" and that people were "ostentatiously wearing a poppy for social or work-related reasons, to look patriotic when it suited them."


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In 2010, a small group of British Army veterans issued an open letter complaining that the Poppy Appeal had become excessive and garish, that it was being used to marshal support behind British military interventions, and that people were being pressured into wearing poppies. In 2014, the same group protested by holding an alternative remembrance service: they walked to The Cenotaph under the banner "Never Again" with a wreath of white poppies to acknowledge civilians killed in war. Their tops bore the message "War is Organised Murder", a quote from Harry Patch, one of the last surviving veterans of World War I.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: British Prime Minister David Cameron rejected a request from Chinese officials to remove his poppy during his visit to Beijing on Remembrance Day in 2010. The poppy was deemed offensive because it was assumed to be connected with First and Second Opium Wars of the 19th century.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: A 2010 Remembrance Day ceremony in London was disrupted by members of the Muslims Against Crusades group, who were protesting against the British military presence in Afghanistan and Iraq. They burnt large poppies and chanted "British soldiers burn in hell" during the two-minute silence. Two of the men were arrested and charged for threatening behavior. One was convicted and fined £50. The same group planned to hold another protest in 2011, but was banned by the Home Secretary the day before the planned protest. In 2014, a campaign was begun to encourage Muslim women to wear poppy hijabs. Some criticised it as a "shrouded loyalty test" which implied that Muslims needed to prove their loyalty to Britain. Controversially, some far-right groups have used the poppy as a symbol of militant British nationalism, while some British Muslims have begun to reject it, seeing the poppy as a "symbol of Western imperialism".


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In November 2011, people were arrested in Northern Ireland after a picture of two youths burning a poppy was posted on Facebook. The picture was reported to police by a member of the RBL. The following year, a young Canterbury man was arrested for allegedly posting a picture of a burning poppy on Facebook, on suspicion of an offence under the Malicious Communications Act.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In 2012, there was controversy when The Northern Whig public house in Belfast refused entry to a man wearing a remembrance poppy. Although the owners apologised, the customer took the matter to court, supported by the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland (ECNI). The case was significant for the decision supporting the view of the ECNI that "The poppy, although not directly linked to a specific religious belief or political opinion, would historically have been associated to a greater extent with the Protestant or unionist community in Northern Ireland".


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In 2018, "The Independent" reported that both the Royal British Legion and Lady Haig's Poppy Factory had, since 2015, held contracts with One3One Solutions, the commercial arm of the Ministry of Justice, for prisoners at HM Prison Ford to manufacture the plastic central button and green stem of the poppies, for which they earned on average £10 a week. The RBL also confirmed that it had a contract with HM Prison Whitemoor for the refurbishment by inmates of its collecting tins, buckets, trays and boxes. The revelation of the involvement of inmate labour in the production of British and Scottish Remembrance Poppies sparked controversy, with the executive director of the charity War on Want describing it as the "exploitation of cheap labour", and Faith Spear, former member of the Independent Monitoring Board at Hollesey Bay prison, describing the repetitive and unskilled manual labour typically involved in prison labour as "mind numbing" and "akin to mental torture".


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In the British media, public figures have been attacked for not wearing poppies. British journalist and newsreader Charlene White has faced racist and sexist abuse for not wearing a poppy on-screen. She explained "I prefer to be neutral and impartial on screen so that one of those charities doesn't feel less favoured than another". Newsreader Jon Snow says he does not wear a poppy on-screen for similar reasons, despite the fact he constantly makes his political opinions very clear. He too was criticised and he condemned what he saw as "poppy fascism". Well-known war-time journalist Robert Fisk published in November 2011 a personal account about the shifting nature of wearing a poppy, titled "Do those who flaunt the poppy on their lapels know that they mock the war dead?". While all newsreaders in the UK are expected to wear the remembrance poppy, those on the BBC World News service are told not to. The BBC say this is because the symbol is not widely recognised overseas. The Royal British Legion condemned this, insisting that the poppy is the "international symbol of remembrance".


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In a November 2020 episode of "Jeremy Vine", activist Femi Oluwole questioned why BBC presenters were still permitted to wear poppies, following new impartiality guidance warning against "virtue signalling, no matter how worthy the cause", which had previously prevented staff from expressing support for Black Lives Matter and LGBT rights.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In the run-up to Remembrance Day, it has become common for UK football teams to play with artificial poppies sewn to their shirts, at the request of the Royal British Legion. This has caused some controversy.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: At a Celtic v Aberdeen match in November 2010, a group of Celtic supporters, called the Green Brigade, unfurled a large banner in protest at the team wearing poppies. In a statement, it said: "Our group and many within the Celtic support do not recognise the British Armed Forces as heroes, nor their role in many conflicts as one worthy of our remembrance". It gave Operation Banner (Northern Ireland), the Afghanistan War and the Iraq War as examples.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Northern Irish–born footballer James McClean, who has played for several English teams, has received death threats and abuse since 2012 for refusing to wear a poppy on his shirt during matches. McClean said he does not wear one because the Poppy Appeal supports British soldiers who served in Northern Ireland, and believes it would disrespect those killed in his hometown on Bloody Sunday.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In November 2011, it was proposed that the England football team should wear poppies on their shirts in a match against Spain. FIFA turned down the proposal; their decision was attacked by Prince William. FIFA subsequently allowed the English, Scottish and Welsh teams to wear poppies on black armbands.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: On 11 November 2017, the third day of the Women's Test match held at North Sydney Oval as part of the Women's Ashes 2017–18, both the Australian and the English team players wore poppies to mark 99 years since the end of World War I.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: During the 2018 FIFA World Cup Qualifiers, the England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland football teams were fined for displaying the poppy during matches. FIFA rules forbid the display of "political or religious symbols". The decision was strongly criticised by Prime Minister Theresa May, and the Welsh and English football associations appealed against the fine, with the English Football Association threatening to bring the matter to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In November 2018, Manchester United's Serbian midfielder Nemanja Matić refused to wear a poppy on his shirt for a match against Bournemouth. After the match, Matić was castigated and received threats from a number of people via social media. Matić stated that he would not wear a poppy because his village of Vrelo was hit by the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: On Remembrance Sunday 1999, a Merseyside group protesting against sanctions and war on Iraq laid a wreath of black poppies on the cenotaph in Liverpool. In 2014 the black poppy was embraced as an anti-war symbol by the Stop the War Coalition which reported 'anti militarists' in Glasgow distributing 16,000 black poppies in memory of World War I conscientious objectors.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Introduced in the 2018 Centenary year by Jitesh Gadhia and The Royal British Legion, the khadi poppy is intended to represent specific gratitude for the contribution of 1.5 million people from undivided India, as well as Commonwealth nations more generally, to the First World War. These poppies are identical to the Legion red poppy except the petals are made of khadi, a spun cotton cloth popularised by Mahatma Gandhi on his spinning wheel. Jitesh Gadhia has stated that "the khadi poppy is a hugely symbolic and highly appropriate gesture to recognise the outsized contribution of Indian soldiers during WWI." On the poppy's role to reach out to ethnic minority communities whose ancestors participated in the war effort, he said that "our identity is our destiny – and so the current generation of Asians should know that their fathers and grandfathers didn't just come to Britain as immigrants. Our ancestors fought for this country and for freedom and democracy – even though they lived in a colony at the time...British Asians should be proud of the role that their forebears played in shaping the destiny of the world." It has been worn by British Prime Minister Theresa May, and by cricketers Joe Root and Virat Kohli before a test match between England and India in September 2018.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: To commemorate animal victims of war, Animal Aid in Britain has issued a purple remembrance poppy, which can be worn alongside the traditional red one, as a reminder that both humans and animals have been – and continue to be – victims of war. Recently, the purple poppy was replaced by a purple paw symbol that can be worn all year round. This was because people saw the poppy as implying animals had given their lives as heroes in the service of human beings. Animal Aid regards animals of having their lives taken by the abuse of humans in war, not given by the animals as could be the case with people who have the capacity to decide for themselves.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: In 2019, a listing appeared on eBay in the United Kingdom selling rainbow poppies. The Royal British Legion confirmed that the Rainbow Poppy was not an officially endorsed product. While the eBay listing stated that the money raised by sales of the rainbow poppy would "go towards helping charity", it was not clear which charities would benefit from sales. This led to widespread criticism online, with some accusing the seller of "hijacking" the poppy appeal. Brexit Party candidate Nicholas Goulding argued the poppy was "not for political controversy". Supporters of the poppy responded by tweeting Goulding examples of famous LGBTQ people who had played a significant role in previous conflicts, such as Alan Turing. The listing was subsequently removed by the original user, due to negative feedback.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: Some people choose to wear white poppies as an alternative to the red poppy. The white poppy and white poppy wreaths were introduced by Britain's Co-operative Women's Guild in 1933. Today, white poppies are sold by Peace Pledge Union or may be home-made.


title: Remembrance poppy

text: The white poppy may be worn alone or alongside the red poppy. According to the Peace Pledge Union, it symbolises remembrance of all casualties of war including civilian casualties, and non-British casualties, to stand for peace, and not to glamorise war. Some women in the 1930s lost their jobs for wearing white poppies, with some veterans having felt that the white poppy undermined their contribution and the lasting meaning of the red poppy. However, the Royal British Legion has stated it has no objection to the white poppy being worn alongside the red poppy.


title: X86 assembly language

text: x86 assembly language is the name for the family of assembly languages which provide some level of backward compatibility with CPUs back to the Intel 8008 microprocessor, which was launched in April 1972. It is used to produce object code for the x86 class of processors.


title: X86 assembly language

text: Regarded as a programming language, assembly is "machine-specific" and "low-level". Like all assembly languages, x86 assembly uses mnemonics to represent fundamental CPU instructions, or machine code. Assembly languages are most often used for detailed and time-critical applications such as small real-time embedded systems, operating-system kernels, and device drivers, but can also be used for other applications, such as the game "Roller Coaster Tycoon", 99% of which was written in x86 assembly. A compiler will sometimes produce assembly code as an intermediate step when translating a high-level program into machine code.


title: X86 assembly language

text: Each x86 assembly instruction is represented by a mnemonic which, often combined with one or more operands, translates to one or more bytes called an opcode; the NOP instruction translates to 0x90, for instance, and the HLT instruction translates to 0xF4. There are potential opcodes with no documented mnemonic which different processors may interpret differently, making a program using them behave inconsistently or even generate an exception on some processors. These opcodes often turn up in code writing competitions as a way to make the code smaller, faster, more elegant or just show off the author's prowess.


title: X86 assembly language

text: x86 assembly language has two main syntax branches: "Intel syntax" and "AT&T syntax". "Intel syntax" is dominant in the DOS and Windows world, and AT&T syntax is dominant in the Unix world, since Unix was created at AT&T Bell Labs.


title: X86 assembly language

text: Many x86 assemblers use "Intel syntax", including FASM, MASM, NASM, TASM, and YASM. GAS, which originally used "AT&T syntax", has supported both syntaxes since version 2.10 via the "codice_1" directive. A quirk in the AT&T syntax for x86 is that x87 operands are reversed, an inherited bug from the original AT&T assembler.


title: X86 assembly language

text: The AT&T syntax is nearly universal to all other architectures with the same order; it was originally a syntax for PDP-11 assembly. The Intel syntax is specific to the x86 architecture, and is the one used in the x86 platform's documentation.


title: X86 assembly language

text: x86 processors have a collection of registers available to be used as stores for binary data. Collectively the data and address registers are called the general registers. Each register has a special purpose in addition to what they can all do:


title: X86 assembly language

text: The IP register points to the memory offset of the next instruction in the code segment (it points to the first byte of the instruction). The IP register cannot be accessed by the programmer directly.


title: X86 assembly language

text: The x86 architecture in real and virtual 8086 mode uses a process known as segmentation to address memory, not the flat memory model used in many other environments. Segmentation involves composing a memory address from two parts, a "segment" and an "offset"; the segment points to the beginning of a 64 KB (64×2) group of addresses and the offset determines how far from this beginning address the desired address is. In segmented addressing, two registers are required for a complete memory address. One to hold the segment, the other to hold the offset. In order to translate back into a flat address, the segment value is shifted four bits left (equivalent to multiplication by 2 or 16) then added to the offset to form the full address, which allows breaking the 64k barrier through clever choice of addresses, though it makes programming considerably more complex.


title: X86 assembly language

text: In real mode/protected only, for example, if DS contains the hexadecimal number 0xDEAD and DX contains the number 0xCAFE they would together point to the memory address 0xDEAD * 0x10 + 0xCAFE = 0xEB5CE. Therefore, the CPU can address up to 1,048,576 bytes (1 MB) in real mode. By combining "segment" and "offset" values we find a 20-bit address.


title: X86 assembly language

text: The original IBM PC restricted programs to 640 KB but an expanded memory specification was used to implement a bank switching scheme that fell out of use when later operating systems, such as Windows, used the larger address ranges of newer processors and implemented their own virtual memory schemes.


title: X86 assembly language

text: Protected mode, starting with the Intel 80286, was utilized by OS/2. Several shortcomings, such as the inability to access the BIOS and the inability to switch back to real mode without resetting the processor, prevented widespread usage. The 80286 was also still limited to addressing memory in 16-bit segments, meaning only 2 bytes (64 kilobytes) could be accessed at a time.


title: X86 assembly language

text: To access the extended functionality of the 80286, the operating system would set the processor into protected mode, enabling 24-bit addressing and thus 2 bytes of memory (16 megabytes).


title: X86 assembly language

text: In protected mode, the segment selector can be broken down into three parts: a 13-bit index, a "Table Indicator" bit that determines whether the entry is in the GDT or LDT and a 2-bit "Requested Privilege Level"; see x86 memory segmentation.


title: X86 assembly language

text: When referring to an address with a segment and an offset the notation of "segment":"offset" is used, so in the above example the "flat address" 0xEB5CE can be written as 0xDEAD:0xCAFE or as a segment and offset register pair; DS:DX.


title: X86 assembly language

text: There are some special combinations of segment registers and general registers that point to important addresses: