title: Nevi'im

text: Jeremiah's prophecies are noted for the frequent repetitions found in them of the same words, phrases, and imagery. They cover the period of about 30 years. They are not in chronological order. Modern scholars do not believe they have reliable theories as to when, where, and how the text was edited into its present form.


title: Nevi'im

text: The Haftarah is a text selected from the books of "Nevi'im" that is read publicly in the synagogue after the reading of the Torah on each Shabbat, as well as on Jewish festivals and fast days.


title: Nevi'im

text: There is a special cantillation melody for the haftarah, distinct from that of the Torah portion. In some earlier authorities there are references to a tune for the "prophets" generally, distinct from that for the haftarah: this may have been a simplified melody for learning purposes.


title: Nevi'im

text: Certain cantillation marks and combinations appear in Nevi'im but not within any of the Haftarah selections, and most communities therefore do not have a musical tradition for those marks. J.L. Neeman suggested that "those who recite Nevi'im privately with the cantillation melody may read the words accented by those rare notes by using a "metaphor" based on the melody of those notes in the five books of the Torah, while adhering to the musical scale of the melody for Nevi'im." Neeman includes a reconstruction of the musical scale for the lost melodies of the rare cantillation notes. In the Ashkenazi tradition, the resemblance between the Torah and Haftarah melodies is obvious and it is easy to transpose motifs between the two as suggested by Neeman. In the Sephardi traditions the haftarah melody is considerably more florid than the Torah melody, and usually in a different musical mode, and there are only isolated points of contact between the two.


title: Nevi'im

text: In some Near and Middle Eastern Jewish traditions, the whole of Nevi'im (as well as the rest of the Tanakh and the Mishnah) is read each year on a weekly rota, usually on Shabbat afternoons. These reading sessions often take place in the synagogue courtyard but are not considered to be synagogue services.


title: Nevi'im

text: A "targum" is an Aramaic translation of the Hebrew Scriptures that was compiled or written in the Land of Israel or in Babylonia from the Second Temple period until the early Middle Ages (late first millennium). According to the Talmud, the targum on Nevi'im was composed by Jonathan ben Uzziel. Like Targum Onkelos on the Torah, Targum Jonathan is an eastern (Babylonian) targum with early origins in the west (Land of Israel).


title: Nevi'im

text: Like the targum to the Torah, Targum Jonathan to Nevi'im served a formal liturgical purpose: it was read alternately, verse by verse, or in blocks of up to three verses, in the public reading of the Haftarah and in the study of Nevi'im. Yemenite Jews continue the above tradition to this day, and have thus preserved a living tradition of the Babylonian vocalization for the Targum to Nevi'im.


title: Pulse (2006 film)

text: Pulse is a 2006 American horror film written by Wes Craven and Ray Wright, and directed by Jim Sonzero. It is a remake of Kiyoshi Kurosawa's 2001 Japanese horror film "Kairo". The film stars Kristen Bell, Ian Somerhalder and Christina Milian. The film spawned two straight-to-DVD sequels: "" and "Pulse 3", both released in 2008.


title: Pulse (2006 film)

text: When Josh Ockmann (Jonathan Tucker) enters a dark university library intending to meet his friend Douglas Ziegler (Kel O'Neill), he is attacked by a humanoid spirit that sucks the life force out of him. Some days later, Josh's girlfriend, Mattie Webber (Kristen Bell), visits his apartment, seeing evidence that it has not been well kept. Josh tells Mattie to wait in the kitchen while he walks off. While waiting she finds Josh's pet cat, locked in a closet and dying from severe malnutrition. But when she rushes to tell him, she finds that he has committed suicide by hanging himself with an Internet cable.


title: Pulse (2006 film)

text: Mattie and her friends begin to receive online messages from Josh asking for help, but assume that Josh's computer is still on and that a virus is creating the messages. Mattie learns that Josh's computer has been sold to Dex McCarthy (Ian Somerhalder), who finds a number of strange videos on the computer. Mattie receives a package that Josh mailed two days prior to his death. Inside are rolls of red tape and a message telling her that the tape keeps "them" out, although he does not know why. Later, Dex visits Mattie and shows her video messages that Josh was sending to Ziegler. Josh had hacked Ziegler's computer system and then distributed a virus. This virus had unlocked a portal that connected the realm of the living to the realm of the dead. Josh believed that he had coded a counter to the virus and wanted to meet Ziegler at the library. Josh's counter-program is found on a memory stick taped inside the PC case with red tape.


title: Pulse (2006 film)

text: Dex and Mattie visit Ziegler and find his room entirely plastered in red tape. They believe that the red tape keeps the spirits out. Ziegler tells them of a project he worked on where he found "frequencies no one knew existed." Opening these frequencies somehow allowed the spirits to travel to the world of the living. Ziegler also tells them that these spirits "take away your will to live" and where to find the main server infected with the virus.


title: Pulse (2006 film)

text: Dex and Mattie find the server and upload Josh's fix, causing the system to crash and the spirits to vanish. Moments later, however, the system reboots and the spirits return, leaving Mattie and Dex with no option but to flee the city by car. Over the car radio, Mattie and Dex hear a report from the Army announcing the location of several "safe zones" where there are no Internet connections, cell phones, or televisions. As Dex and Mattie are driving to a safe zone, a voice-over from Mattie is heard saying "We can never go back. The cities are theirs. Our lives are different now. What was meant to connect us to one another instead connected us to forces that we could have never imagined. The world we knew is gone, but the will to live never dies. Not for us, and not for them." The film closes by showing various clips of abandoned cities, which includes a window of an apartment with Josh looking through it.


title: Pulse (2006 film)

text: In 2003, Wes Craven signed to write and direct the film. However, the project was pulled from the schedule by producer Bob Weinstein before shooting. Subsequently, Craven's screenplay was rewritten by Ray Wright for the film that was ultimately made by director Jim Sonzero. Talking to "Fangoria" at the time of the film's release, Craven said he was not involved in the making of the film, stating "I have had no influence at all on the film they are about to release."


title: Pulse (2006 film)

text: The film's planned release date was March 3, 2006, but was delayed until August 11, 2006. Upon release, "Pulse" was negatively received by critics, with a 11% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 74 reviews, and an average rating of 3.63/10, with the consensus, "Another stale American remake of a successful Japanese horror film, "Pulse" bypasses the emotional substance of the original, and overcompensates with pumped-up visuals and every known horror cliche."


title: Pulse (2006 film)

text: The film grossed over $8 million in its opening weekend in the United States. By its close on October 12, 2006, the film had grossed just over $20 million in the U.S., along with the foreign-box-office total, just over $7.5 million, for a worldwide take of almost $28 million, compared with a production budget of approximately $20.5 million. As a DVD rental, the film has grossed a further $25 million.


title: Pulse (2006 film)

text: The film is followed by two sequels: "", and "Pulse 3". Both were released in 2008, and were written and directed by Joel Soisson.


title: Ken Wilber

text: Kenneth Earl Wilber II (born January 31, 1949) is an American philosopher and writer on transpersonal psychology and his own integral theory, a philosophy which suggests the synthesis of all human knowledge and experience.


title: Ken Wilber

text: Wilber was born in 1949 in Oklahoma City. In 1967 he enrolled as a pre-med student at Duke University. He became interested in Eastern literature, particularly the "Tao Te Ching". He left Duke and enrolled at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln, but after a few years dropped out of university and began studying his own curriculum and writing.


title: Ken Wilber

text: In 1973 Wilber completed his first book, "The Spectrum of Consciousness", in which he sought to integrate knowledge from disparate fields. After rejections by more than 20 publishers it was accepted in 1977 by Quest Books, and he spent a year giving lectures and workshops before going back to writing. He also helped to launch the journal "ReVision" in 1978.


title: Ken Wilber

text: In 1982, New Science Library published his anthology "The Holographic Paradigm and Other Paradoxes", a collection of essays and interviews, including one by David Bohm. The essays, including one of his own, looked at how holography and the holographic paradigm relate to the fields of consciousness, mysticism, and science.


title: Ken Wilber

text: In 1983, Wilber married Terry "Treya" Killam who was shortly thereafter diagnosed with breast cancer. From 1984 until 1987, Wilber gave up most of his writing to care for her. Killam died in January 1989; their joint experience was recorded in the 1991 book "Grace and Grit".


title: Ken Wilber

text: In 1987, Wilber moved to Boulder, Colorado, where he worked on his Kosmos trilogy and supervised the work and functioning of the Integral Institute.


title: Ken Wilber

text: Wilber wrote "Sex, Ecology, Spirituality" (1995), the first volume of his "Kosmos Trilogy". "A Brief History of Everything" (1996) was the popularised summary of "Sex, Ecology, Spirituality" in interview format. "The Eye of Spirit" (1997) was a compilation of articles he had written for the journal "ReVision" on the relationship between science and religion. Throughout 1997, he had kept journals of his personal experiences, which were published in 1999 as "One Taste", a term for unitary consciousness. Over the next two years his publisher, Shambhala Publications, released eight re-edited volumes of his "Collected Works". In 1999, he finished "Integral Psychology" and wrote "A Theory of Everything" (2000). In "A Theory of Everything" Wilber attempts to bridge business, politics, science and spirituality and show how they integrate with theories of developmental psychology, such as Spiral Dynamics. His novel, "Boomeritis" (2002), attempts to expose what he perceives as the egotism of the baby boom generation. Frank Visser's "Ken Wilber: Thought as Passion" (2003), a guide to Wilber's thought, was praised by Edward J. Sullivan and Daryl S. Paulson, with the latter calling it "an outstanding synthesis of Wilber's published works through the evolution of his thoughts over time. The book will be of value to any transpersonal humanist or integral philosophy student who does not want to read all of Wilber's works to understand his message."


title: Ken Wilber

text: In 2012, Wilber joined the advisory board of the International Simultaneous Policy Organization which seeks to end the usual deadlock in tackling global issues through an international simultaneous policy.


title: Ken Wilber

text: Wilber stated in 2011 that he has long suffered from chronic fatigue syndrome, possibly caused by RNase enzyme deficiency disease.


title: Ken Wilber

text: All Quadrants All Levels (AQAL, pron. "ah-qwul") is the basic framework of integral theory. It models human knowledge and experience with a four-quadrant grid, along the axes of "interior-exterior" and "individual-collective". According to Wilber, it is a comprehensive approach to reality, a metatheory that attempts to explain how academic disciplines and every form of knowledge and experience fit together coherently.


title: Ken Wilber

text: AQAL is based on four fundamental concepts and a rest-category: four quadrants, several levels and lines of development, several states of consciousness, and "types", topics which do not fit into these four concepts. "Levels" are the stages of development, from pre-personal through personal to transpersonal. "Lines" of development are various domains which may progress unevenly through different stages . "States" are states of consciousness; according to Wilber persons may have a temporal experience of a higher developmental stage. "Types" is a rest-category, for phenomena which do not fit in the other four concepts. In order for an account of the Kosmos to be complete, Wilber believes that it must include each of these five categories. For Wilber, only such an account can be accurately called "integral". In the essay, "Excerpt C: The Ways We Are in This Together", Wilber describes AQAL as "one suggested architecture of the Kosmos".


title: Ken Wilber

text: The model's apex is formless awareness, "the simple feeling of being", which is equated with a range of "ultimates" from a variety of eastern traditions. This formless awareness transcends the phenomenal world, which is ultimately only an appearance of some transcendental reality. According to Wilber, the AQAL categories — quadrants, lines, levels, states, and types – describe the relative truth of the two truths doctrine of Buddhism. According to Wilber, none of them are true in an absolute sense. Only formless awareness, "the simple feeling of being", exists absolutely.


title: Ken Wilber

text: One of Wilber's main interests is in mapping what he calls the "neo-perennial philosophy", an integration of some of the views of mysticism typified by Aldous Huxley's "The Perennial Philosophy" with an account of cosmic evolution akin to that of the Indian mystic Sri Aurobindo. He rejects most of the tenets of Perennialism and the associated anti-evolutionary view of history as a regression from past ages or yugas. Instead, he embraces a more traditionally Western notion of the great chain of being. As in the work of Jean Gebser, this great chain (or "nest") is ever-present while relatively unfolding throughout this material manifestation, although to Wilber "... the 'Great Nest' is actually just a vast morphogenetic field of potentials ..." In agreement with Mahayana Buddhism, and Advaita Vedanta, he believes that reality is ultimately a nondual union of emptiness and form, with form being innately subject to development over time.


title: Ken Wilber

text: Wilber believes that the mystical traditions of the world provide access to, and knowledge of, a transcendental reality which is perennial, being the same throughout all times and cultures. This proposition underlies the whole of his conceptual edifice, and is an unquestioned assumption. Wilber juxtaposites this generalisation to plain materialism, presenting this as the main paradigma of regular science.


title: Ken Wilber

text: In his later works, Wilber argues that manifest reality is composed of four domains, and that each domain, or "quadrant", has its own truth-standard, or test for validity:


title: Ken Wilber

text: Wilber believes that many claims about non-rational states make a mistake he calls the pre/trans fallacy. According to Wilber, the non-rational stages of consciousness (what Wilber calls "pre-rational" and "trans-rational" stages) can be easily confused with one another. In Wilber's view, one can reduce trans-rational spiritual realization to pre-rational regression, or one can elevate pre-rational states to the trans-rational domain. For example, Wilber claims that Freud and Jung commit this fallacy. Freud considered mystical realization to be a regression to infantile oceanic states. Wilber alleges that Freud thus commits a fallacy of reduction. Wilber thinks that Jung commits the converse form of the same mistake by considering pre-rational myths to reflect divine realizations. Likewise, pre-rational states may be misidentified as post-rational states. Wilber characterizes himself as having fallen victim to the pre/trans fallacy in his early work.


title: Ken Wilber

text: Wilber describes the current state of the "hard" sciences as limited to "narrow science", which only allows evidence from the lowest realm of consciousness, the sensorimotor (the five senses and their extensions). Wilber sees science in the broad sense as characterized by involving three steps:


title: Ken Wilber

text: He has presented these as "three strands of valid knowledge" in Part III of his book "The Marriage of Sense and Soul".


title: Ken Wilber

text: What Wilber calls "broad science" would include evidence from logic, mathematics, and from the symbolic, hermeneutical, and other realms of consciousness. Ultimately and ideally, broad science would include the testimony of meditators and spiritual practitioners. Wilber's own conception of science includes both narrow science and broad science, e.g., using electroencephalogram machines and other technologies to test the experiences of meditators and other spiritual practitioners, creating what Wilber calls "integral science".


title: Ken Wilber

text: According to Wilber's theory, narrow science trumps narrow religion, but broad science trumps narrow science. That is, the natural sciences provide a more inclusive, accurate account of reality than any of the particular exoteric religious traditions. But an integral approach that uses intersubjectivity to evaluate both religious claims and scientific claims will give a more complete account of reality than narrow science.


title: Ken Wilber

text: Wilber has referred to Stuart Kauffman, Ilya Prigogine, Alfred North Whitehead, and others to articulate his vitalistic and teleological understanding of reality, which is deeply at odds with the modern evolutionary synthesis.


title: Ken Wilber

text: In 2005, at the launch of the Integral Spiritual Center, a branch of the Integral Institute, Wilber presented a 118-page rough draft summary of his two forthcoming books. The essay is entitled "What is Integral Spirituality?", and contains several new ideas, including Integral post-metaphysics and the Wilber-Combs lattice. In 2006, he published "Integral Spirituality", in which he elaborated on these ideas, as well as others such as Integral Methodological Pluralism and the developmental conveyor belt of religion.


title: Ken Wilber

text: "Integral post-metaphysics" is the term Wilber has given to his attempts to reconstruct the world's spiritual-religious traditions in a way that accounts for the modern and post-modern criticisms of those traditions.


title: Ken Wilber

text: The Wilber-Combs Lattice is a conceptual model of consciousness developed by Wilber and Allan Combs. It is a grid with sequential states of consciousness on the x axis (from left to right) and with developmental structures, or levels, of consciousness on the y axis (from bottom to top). This lattice illustrates how each structure of consciousness interprets experiences of different states of consciousness, including mystical states, in different ways.


title: Ken Wilber

text: Wilber attracted a lot of controversy from 2011 to the present day by supporting Marc Gafni. Gafni was accused in the media of sexually assaulting a minor. Wilber has in fact publicly supported Gafni on his blog. A petition begun by a group of Rabbis has called for Wilber to publicly dissociate from Gafni.


title: Ken Wilber

text: Wilber is on the advisory board of Mariana Bozesan's AQAL Capital GmbH, a Munich-based company specialising in integral Impact Investing using a model based on Wilber's Integral Theory.


title: Ken Wilber

text: Wilber's philosophy has been influenced by Madhyamaka Buddhism, particularly as articulated in the philosophy of Nagarjuna. Wilber has practiced various forms of Buddhist meditation, studying (however briefly) with a number of teachers, including Dainin Katagiri, Taizan Maezumi, Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche, Kalu Rinpoche, Alan Watts, Penor Rinpoche and Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche. Advaita Vedanta, Trika (Kashmir) Shaivism, Tibetan Buddhism, Zen Buddhism, Ramana Maharshi, and Andrew Cohen can be mentioned as further influences. Wilber has on several occasions singled out Adi Da's work for the highest praise while expressing reservations about Adi Da as a teacher. In "Sex, Ecology, Spirituality", Wilber refers extensively to Plotinus' philosophy, which he sees as nondual. While Wilber has practised Buddhist meditation methods, he does not identify himself as a Buddhist.


title: Ken Wilber

text: According to Frank Visser, Wilber's conception of four quadrants, or dimensions of existence is very similar to E. F. Schumacher's conception of four fields of knowledge. Visser finds Wilber's conception of levels, as well as Wilber's critique of science as one-dimensional, to be very similar to that in Huston Smith's "Forgotten Truth". Visser also writes that the esoteric aspects of Wilber's theory are based on the philosophy of Sri Aurobindo as well as other theorists including Adi Da.


title: Ken Wilber

text: Wilber has been categorized as New Age due to his emphasis on a transpersonal view and, more recently, as a philosopher. "Publishers Weekly" has called him "the Hegel of Eastern spirituality".


title: Ken Wilber

text: Wilber is credited with broadening the appeal of a "perennial philosophy" to a much wider audience. Cultural figures as varied as Bill Clinton, Al Gore, Deepak Chopra, Richard Rohr, and musician Billy Corgan have mentioned his influence. Paul M. Helfrich credits him with "precocious understanding that transcendental experience is not solely pathological, and properly developed could greatly inform human development". However, Wilber's approach has been criticized as excessively categorizing and objectifying, masculinist, commercializing spirituality, and denigrating of emotion. Critics in multiple fields cite problems with Wilber's interpretations and inaccurate citations of his wide ranging sources, as well as stylistic issues with gratuitous repetition, excessive book length, and hyperbole.


title: Ken Wilber

text: Frank Visser writes that Wilber's 1977 book "The Spectrum of Consciousness" was praised by transpersonal psychologists, but also that support for him "even in transpersonal circles" had waned by the early 1990s. Edward J. Sullivan argued, in his review of Visser's guide "Ken Wilber: Thought as Passion", that in the field of composition studies "Wilber's melding of life’s journeys with abstract theorizing could provide an eclectic and challenging model of 'personal-academic' writing", but that "teachers of writing may be critical of his all-too-frequent totalizing assumptions". Sullivan also said that Visser's book overall gave an impression that Wilber "should think more and publish less."


title: Ken Wilber

text: Steve McIntosh praises Wilber's work but also argues that Wilber fails to distinguish "philosophy" from his own Vedantic and Buddhist religion. Christopher Bache is complimentary of some aspects of Wilber's work, but calls Wilber's writing style glib.


title: Ken Wilber

text: Psychiatrist Stanislav Grof has praised Wilber's knowledge and work in the highest terms; however, Grof has criticized the omission of the pre- and peri-natal domains from Wilber's spectrum of consciousness, and Wilber's neglect of the psychological importance of biological birth and death. Grof has described Wilber's writings as having an "often aggressive polemical style that includes strongly worded "ad personam" attacks and is not conducive to personal dialogue." Wilber's response is that the world religious traditions do not attest to the importance that Grof assigns to the perinatal.


title: Ken Wilber

text: Wilber's account of his wife Treya's illness and death, "Grace and Grit" (1991), was released as a feature film starring Mena Suvari and Stuart Townsend in 2021.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: Sonam Wangchuk (born 1 September 1966) is an Indian engineer, innovator and education reformist. He is the founding-director of the Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh (SECMOL), which was founded in 1988 by a group of students who had been in his own words, the 'victims' of an alien education system foisted on Ladakh. He is also known for designing the SECMOL campus that runs on solar energy and uses no fossil fuels for cooking, lighting or heating.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: Wangchuk was instrumental in the launch of Operation New Hope in 1994, a collaboration of government, village communities and the civil society to bring reforms in the government school system. He invented the Ice Stupa technique that creates artificial glaciers, used for storing winter water in form of conical shaped ice heap.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: Wangchuk was born in 1966 in Uleytokpo, near Alchi in the Leh district of Ladakh. He was not enrolled in a school until the age of 9, as there were not any schools in his village. His mother taught him all the basics in his own mother tongue until that age. His father Sonam Wangyal, a politician who later became the minister in state government, was stationed in Srinagar. At the age of 9, he was taken to Srinagar and enrolled in a school there. Since he looked different compared to the other students, he would get addressed in a language that he did not understand, due to which his lack of responsiveness was mistaken for him being stupid. He recalls this period as the darkest part of his life. Unable to bear the treatment, in 1977 he escaped alone to Delhi where he pleaded his case to the school principal at Vishesh Kendriya Vidyalaya.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: Wangchuk completed his B.Tech. in Mechanical Engineering from National Institute of Technology Srinagar (then REC Srinagar) in 1987. Due to differences with his father over the choice of engineering stream, he had to finance his own education. He also went for two years of higher studies in Earthen Architecture at Craterre School of Architecture in Grenoble, France, in 2011.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: In 1988, after his graduation, Wangchuk (with his brother and five peers) started Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh (SECMOL). After experimenting with school reforms in government high school at Saspol, SECMOL launched Operation New Hope in collaboration with the government education department and the village population.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: From June 1993 until August 2005, Wangchuk also founded and worked as the editor of Ladakh's only print magazine Ladags Melong In 2001, he was appointed to be an advisor for the education in the Hill Council Government. In 2002, together with other NGO heads, he founded Ladakh Voluntary Network (LVN), a network of Ladakhi NGOs, and served in its executive committee as the secretary till 2005. He was appointed to the Drafting Committee of the Ladakh Hill Council Government’s Vision Document Ladakh 2025 and entrusted with the formulation of the policy on Education and Tourism in 2004. The document was formally launched by Dr. Manmohan Singh, the Prime Minister of India in 2005. In 2005, Wangchuk was appointed as a member in the National Governing Council for Elementary Education in the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: From 2007 to 2010, Wangchuk worked as an education advisor for MS, a Danish NGO working to support the Ministry of Education for education reforms.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: In late 2013, Wangchuk invented and built a prototype of the Ice Stupa which is an artificial glacier that stores the wasting stream waters during the winters in the form of giant ice cones or stupas, and releases the water during late spring as they start melting, which is the perfect time when the farmers need water. He was appointed to the Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education in 2013. In 2014, he was appointed to the Expert panel for framing the J&K State Education Policy and Vision Document. Since 2015, Sonam has started working on establishing Himalayan Institute of Alternatives. He is concerned about how most of the Universities, especially those in the mountains have become irrelevant to realities of life.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: In 2016, Wangchuk initiated a project called FarmStays Ladakh, which provides tourists to stay with local families of Ladakh, run by mothers and middle-aged women. The project was officially inaugurated by Chetsang Rinpoche on 18 June 2016.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: Wangchuk has been helping in designing and overseeing the construction of several passive solar mud buildings in mountain regions like Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim so that energy savings principles are implemented on a larger scale. Even in -30 Celsius winters, his solar-powered school, built with the rammed earth, keeps the students warm.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: Led by Wangchuk, SECMOL has won the International Terra Award for the best building in July 2016 at the 12th World Congress on Earthen Architecture in Lyon, France. The rammed earth 'Big Building', located at SECMOL. The campus was built using simple, low-cost traditional techniques on principles of passive solar architecture. The building comprises a big solar-heated teaching hall, along with several rooms for the students and other classrooms.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: In January 2014, Wangchuk started a project called the Ice Stupa. His aim was to find a solution to the water crisis being faced by the farmers of Ladakh in the critical planting months of April and May before the natural glacial melt waters start flowing. By the end of February in 2014, they had successfully built a two-storey prototype of an ice stupa which could store roughly 150,000 litres of winter stream water which nobody wanted at the time.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: In 2015, when Ladakh faced a crisis due to a landslide which blocked the Phugtal river in Zanskar and caused formation of 15 km long lake which became a huge threat for the downstream population, Wangchuk proposed to use a siphon technique to drain the lake and water jet erosion to safely cut the edges instead of blasting the lake as was being planned. However, his advice was ignored and blasting work was carried on. On 7 May 2015, the lake finally burst into flash flood which destroyed 12 bridges and many fields.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: In 2016, Wangchuk started applying the Ice Stupa technique for disaster mitigation at high altitude glacier lakes. He was invited by the Government of Sikkim to apply siphon technique for another dangerous lake in their state. In September 2016, he led a three-week expedition to the South Lhonak Lake in North-West Sikkim, which had been declared dangerous for the last few years. His team camped for two weeks at the lake, amidst rain and snow, installing the first phase of a siphoning system to drain the lake to a safer level until other measures were taken up.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: In late 2016, the idea started gaining traction from the authorities in the Swiss Alps. Wangchuk was invited by the president of Pontresina, a municipality in the Engadine valley, Switzerland to build Ice Stupas to add to their winter tourism attractions. In October 2016, Wangchuk and his team went to the Swiss Alps and started building the first Ice Stupa of Europe, together with the Swiss partners.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: In February 2018, a group of young local sculptors and artists from Ladakh built an actual 10-feet high ice stupa. The wondrous sculpture is made entirely of ice and it took them 25 days of hard work and dedication to complete the project. What makes it more special and challenging for the team was the extreme conditions under which they've worked. As the stupa was housed inside another giant ice tower (ice stupa artificial glacier), they have to work in very low temperature of at least -12 degrees Celsius.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: In 2013, on repeated requests from students community of Ladakh, Wangchuk helped launch the New Ladakh Movement (NLM), a social campaign and Ladakh's version of Green Party with the aim of working for sustainable education, environment and economy. It also aimed at uniting all local political leaders under one banner for the growth and development of Ladakh. Eventually, the members decided to make it into a non-political social movement.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: In June 2020, in response to the India-China border skirmishes, Sonam Wangchuk appealed to Indians to use "wallet power" and boycott Chinese products. This appeal was covered by major media houses and supported by various celebrities. Following the Galwan Valley clash on 15 June 2020, there were calls across India to boycott Chinese goods.


title: Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)

text: Wangchuk came into the spotlight in 2009, when his story inspired Aamir Khan's character "Phunsukh Wangdu" or "Rancchoddas Shyamaldas Chanchad (Rancho)" in the Rajkumar Hirani directed film "3 Idiots". He has been referred as "The real life Phunsukh Wangdu". However he says that he is not Phunsukh Wangdu.


title: Single Parents (TV series)

text: Single Parents is an American television sitcom that stars Taran Killam, Leighton Meester, Kimrie Lewis, Brad Garrett, and Jake Choi. It follows a group of adults who must venture through single parenthood with their young kids. The series premiered on ABC on September 26, 2018, and had a full 23-episode first season. ABC renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on September 25, 2019. In May 2020, the series was canceled after two seasons.


title: Single Parents (TV series)

text: The series begins when the group meets Will, a divorced man in his 30s who is so focused on raising his daughter that he has lost sight of who he is as a man. When the other single parents see just how invested Will has become with PTA, parenting, and princesses, they band together to get him out in the dating world and make him realize that parenthood does not mean sacrificing everything about one's own identity.


title: Single Parents (TV series)

text: The series initially received a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2017, written by Liz Meriwether and J.J. Philbin, which later evolved to a series order with Jason Winer directing the pilot. In March 2018, Taran Killam, Leighton Meester, and Brad Garrett were announced to star in the series.


title: Single Parents (TV series)

text: The first season premiered on September 26, 2018 and a full season was ordered in October, plus an additional episode, for a total of 23 episodes. "Single Parents" was renewed for a second season by ABC which premiered on September 25, 2019. On May 21, 2020, ABC canceled the series after two seasons.


title: Single Parents (TV series)

text: On review aggregation Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 75% with an average rating of 7.14/10, based on 16 reviews. The site's critic consensus states: "While the jokes can be a little juvenile, "Single Parents" earns brownie points for a likable cast and a funny focus on parental struggles." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 67 out of 100 based on 10 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Giving the show a B+, TVLine called it "hands down the fall’s funniest new sitcom." Caroline Framke with "Variety" says "even when "Single Parents" stumbles, it’s refreshing to see a comedy that acknowledges a different experience than most hangout sitcoms do," and that "hopefully, with a strong cast and writing team behind it, "Single Parents" can tap into [plenty of material there] and find a specific groove all its own."


title: Single Parents (TV series)

text: In a "TV Guide" review, Malcolm Venable said the show "has an insightful goofiness about it that's absolutely endearing, and will likely be a balm for exhausted single parents keen to see a show that knows their struggle is real," but added, "It needs just a little more finesse to find its true north in terms of tone, and how to best employ the marquee talents Meester and Garrett, who sometimes feel underused as Killam's adorkable dad thing hogs most of the spotlight." He also noted that "what really makes "Single Parents" sparkle are the kids who are "legit funny, deft actors who steal pretty much every scene they're in." "The Hollywood Reporter" said ""Single Parents" feels like a comedy that goes for simple snark and believes it's a little more clever than it really is, but then had a bunch of network notes stuck to it about softening those right angles," with "a kind of paint-by-numbers approach." Along the same lines, the "Los Angeles Times" said the show "takes its cues from the network’s other family comedies, such as "black-ish", but the jokes are too sophomoric to come close to the brilliance and humor of that award-winning show or the Emmy-amassing "Modern Family"."


title: Char siu

text: Char siu () is a Chinese, specifically Cantonese–style of barbecued pork. Originating in Guangdong, it is eaten with rice, used as an ingredient for noodle dishes or in stir fries, and as a filling for "chasiu baau" or "pineapple buns." Five-spice powder is the primary spice, honey or other sweeteners are used as a glaze, and the characteristic red color comes from the red yeast rice when made traditionally.


title: Char siu

text: "Char siu" literally means "fork roasted" ("siu" being burn/roast and "cha" being fork, both noun and verb) after the traditional cooking method for the dish: long strips of seasoned boneless pork are skewered with long forks and placed in a covered oven or over a fire.


title: Char siu

text: In ancient times, wild boar and other available meats were used to make "char siu". However, in modern times, the meat is typically a shoulder cut of domestic pork, seasoned with a mixture of honey, five-spice powder, red fermented bean curd, dark soy sauce, hoisin sauce, red food colouring (not a traditional ingredient but very common in today's preparations and is optional), and sherry or rice wine (optional). These seasonings turn the exterior layer of the meat dark red, similar to the "smoke ring" of American barbecues. Maltose may be used to give char siu its characteristic shiny glaze.


title: Char siu

text: "Char siu" is typically consumed with a starch, whether inside a bun ("chasiu baau", 叉燒包), with noodles ("chasiu min", 叉燒麵), or with rice ("chasiu faan", 叉燒飯) in fast food establishments, or served alone as a centerpiece or main dish in traditional family dining establishments. If it is purchased outside of a restaurant, it is usually taken home and used as one ingredient in various complex main courses consumed at family meals.


title: Char siu

text: The ovens used to roast char siu are usually large gas rotisseries. Since ovens are not standard in Hong Kong households, "char siu" is usually purchased from a "siu mei" establishment, which specialises in meat dishes such as "char siu", soy sauce chicken, white cut chicken, roasted goose, and roasted pork. These shops usually display the merchandise by hanging them in the window.


title: Char siu

text: In Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam, "char siew" rice is found in many Chinese "shāolà" () stalls along with roast duck and roast pork. The dish consists of slices of "char siu", cucumbers, white rice and is drenched in sweet gravy or drizzled with dark soy sauce. "Char siu" rice is also a popular food within the Chinese community in Medan, North Sumatra, where it is more called "char sio".


title: Char siu

text: In Singapore, "char siew" rice can also be found in Hainanese chicken rice stalls, where customers have a choice of having their "char siu" rice served with plain white rice or chicken-flavoured rice, and choose from garlic, chilli and soy sauces.


title: Char siu

text: In Thailand, "char siu" is called "mu daeng" (, , "red pork") and in Cambodia it is called "sach chrouk sa seev" (, ).


title: Char siu

text: In the Philippines, it is known as Chinese pork "asado", but also referred to as "cha siu". It is usually eaten with cold cuts or served stuffed in "siopao".


title: Char siu

text: In Flanders and Holland, it is sometimes mistaken for the Chinese/Indonesian name 'babi pangang'. This is a different dish (mostly sweeter and served with yellow pickled Chinese cabbage, called atjar). In fact, these Chinese/Indo restaurants serve cha(r) sieuw under the original name. These restaurants in the Netherlands derived from Chinese immigrants and are made to adapt to the Dutch palate.


title: Char siu

text: Vegetarian "char siu" also exists, usually made from wheat gluten. It can be found in vegetarian restaurants and stalls in South East Asian Chinese communities.


title: Char siu

text: Japanese culture has adapted 叉燒 as "chāshū" (チャーシュー). Unlike its Chinese variant, it is prepared by rolling the meat into a log and then braising it at a low temperature. The Japanese adaptation is typically seasoned with soy sauce, sake, mirin and sugar or other sweetener, without the red food colouring, or five-spice powder. It is a typical ingredient for toppings in "rāmen".


title: Char siu

text: As a means of exceptional flavor and preparation, "char siu" applications extend beyond pork. In Hawaii, various meats are cooked "char siu" style. The term "char siu" refers to meats which have been marinated in "char siu" seasoning prepared either from scratch or from store-bought "char siu" seasoning packages, then roasted in an oven or over a fire. Ingredients in marinades for "cha siu" are similar to those found in China (honey, five-spice, wine, soy, hoisin, etc.), except that red food colouring is often used in place of the red bean curd for convenience. "Char siu" is used to marinate and prepare a variety of meats which can either be cooked in a conventional or convection oven (often not requiring the use of a fork or "cha(zi)" as traditional Chinese ovens do), on a standard barbecue, or even in an underground Hawaiian "imu". In Hawaii, "char siu" chicken is as common as "char siu" pork, and various wild birds, mountain goat, and wild boar are also often cooked "char siu" style, as are many sausages and skewers.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Stuart Maxwell Whitman (February 1, 1928 – March 16, 2020) was an American actor, known for his lengthy career in film and television. Whitman was born in San Francisco and raised in New York until the age of 12, when his family relocated to Los Angeles. In 1948, Whitman was discharged from the Corps of Engineers in the United States Army and started to study acting and appear in plays. From 1951 to 1957, Whitman had a streak working in mostly bit parts in films, including "When Worlds Collide" (1951), "The Day the Earth Stood Still" (1951), "Barbed Wire" (1952) and "The Man from the Alamo" (1952). On television, Whitman guest-starred in series such as "Dr. Christian", "The Roy Rogers Show", and "Death Valley Days", and also had a recurring role on "Highway Patrol." Whitman's first lead role was in John H. Auer's "Johnny Trouble" (1957).


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In the late 1950s, 20th Century Fox was on a drive to develop new talent, hence Whitman was signed to the star-building program. Whitman, now in the lead cast, acted in "Darby's Rangers" (1958), "China Doll" (1958), "Ten North Frederick" (1958)"," "The Decks Ran Red" (1958), "Hound-Dog Man" (1959), "These Thousand Hills" (1959), "The Story of Ruth" (1960), "Murder, Inc." (1960), "The Comancheros" (1961), and "The Mark" (1961), the latter of which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Some of Whitman's subsequent roles included "The Longest Day" (1962), "The Day and the Hour" (1962), "Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines" (1965), "Cimarron Strip" (1967) and "Night of the Lepus" (1972). Whitman also acted regularly on television, with some of his credits including "The Streets of San Francisco", "Love, American Style", "Quincy, M.E.", "The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries", "The Pirate", "Condominium", "Knight Rider", "Matt Houston," "A-Team", "S.W.A.T.", "Fantasy Island", "Murder, She Wrote", "Once Upon a Texas Train", "Knots Landing", "The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr." and "Walker, Texas Ranger". From 1988 to 1992, he acted as Jonathan Kent on the TV series "Superboy". He was seen in projects until 2000, after which he was reported to be retired, and died in 2020.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Stuart Maxwell Whitman was born on February 1, 1928, in San Francisco, California, the elder of two sons of Cecilia (née Gold) and Joseph Whitman. His family was Jewish. In the 1950s, Whitman described himself to Hedda Hopper as "a real American – have a little bit of English, Irish, Scotch, and Russian – so I get along with everyone."


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Whitman was interested in acting from the age of five. His father at the time was working as a ticket collector at Tammany Hall, and he would sometimes be allowed to watch plays. His parents had married in their teens and traveled frequently during his childhood – his father became a lawyer who moved into property development. Whitman started his education in New York, in Manhattan and Poughkeepsie. "I went to so many schools—26 in all!—that I was always an outsider," he later recalled. "It wasn't until high school that I could "really" read ... I always sat in the back of the room." Whitman's early love for acting came through when he did three summer stock plays in New York when he was 12, but "nobody took that seriously," he said.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: His uncle Ben thought he had potential as a boxer, and secretly trained him for that. When World War II broke out, Joseph Whitman moved to Los Angeles to run oil-cracking plants for the government. His family settled in Los Angeles, and Whitman graduated from Hollywood High School in 1945.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: After school, he enlisted in the United States Army and served in the Corps of Engineers for three years at Fort Lewis, Washington. During this time, he occasionally boxed, winning 31 of his 32 bouts. Whitman was a lightweight boxer for the Army during his tenure. The boxing match for which he was most known was one where he had a difficult time against US Army boxer Denny Dennison (né Archibald Dennison Scott III), against whom he had boxed at Hollywood High School. Denny, who had entered active duty in January 1944, after five months of the delayed-entry program, had defeated his third opponent, considered his toughest matchup. Whitman was honorably discharged from the Army in 1948, while his close friend, Scott, completed officer candidate school the following year, ending his service with the rank of colonel.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Whitman originally intended to follow his father into law and used the G.I. Bill to enroll in Los Angeles City College. He minored in drama. During his first year, he "figured that law was a real bore", and began to develop ambitions to be an actor.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: "I reached a point where I said, 'What are you going to do with your life? You got to get something going'", he said. "I decided I wanted to spend most of my time on me. So I decided to develop me and educate me." "My father wanted me to join his law firm and dabble in real estate on the side," recalled Whitman. "There was a family row about boxing, but nothing like the battle when I told my father I was going to be an actor. He said, 'If that's the case, you're on your own.' No money from him. And he kept his word."


title: Stuart Whitman

text: His father did sell Whitman a bulldozer, which his son used to support himself in college. Whitman would hire it (and himself) out to others to clear lots, uproot trees, and level off rugged terrain. This work earned him up to $100 a day. He and his father later went into real estate development together, purchasing various lots in and around Los Angeles.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Whitman joined the Michael Chekhov Stage Society, and studied with them at night for four years. He was considering a career in professional football, but injured his leg at college. He joined the Ben Bard Drama School in Hollywood, and debuted in the school's production of "Here Comes Mr Jordan", which ran for six months.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Whitman was spotted by a talent scout while at City College. He made his screen debut, credited as Kip Whitman, in a bit part in Rudolph Maté's "When Worlds Collide", which was released in November 1951. He followed this with another small part, using the same pseudonym, in Robert Wise's "The Day the Earth Stood Still", released in September of that same year.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1952, Whitman continued playing small roles, starting with George Archainbaud's "Barbed Wire", released in July, and Tay Garnett's "One Minute to Zero", released in August. In December 1952, he signed a contract with Universal, which put him in Douglas Sirk's "All I Desire", released in July 1953, and Jesse Hibbs's "The All American", released in October.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Whitman was still cast in small parts in features premiering in 1953. This began with Budd Boetticher's "The Man from the Alamo", released in August. Following this was Jacques Tourneur's "Appointment in Honduras", which premiered on October 16. The next was George Sherman's "The Veils of Bagdad", in November. Finally, Lloyd Bacon's "Walking My Baby Back Home" started its theatrical run in December.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1954, Whitman continued to be seen in minor film roles. First was Charles Vidor's "Rhapsody" at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), on April 16. On May 14, it was Andrew Marton's "Prisoner of War," followed in June by Allan Dwan's "Silver Lode." On July 25, it was Lesley Selander's "Return from the Sea". Premiering on October 6 was "Passion." He then appeared in "Brigadoon" on October 22. He starred on stage in Christopher Fry's "Venus Observed" at the Coast Theatre in 1954. On television, Whitman acted in episodes of "Dr. Christian", "The Roy Rogers Show", and "Death Valley Days".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: On July 1, 1955, Whitman appeared as a man on the beach in Curtis Bernhardt's "Interrupted Melody". Also that year, Whitman had a minor role in the serial "King of the Carnival".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1956, Whitman continued with the same types of roles, starting with Allan Dwan's "Hold Back the Night" on July 29, followed by Budd Boetticher's "Seven Men from Now" on August 4. Another acting credit was the Republic Pictures serial called "Diane".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Starting that year, he began a recurring role as Sgt. Walters on the television series "Highway Patrol," appearing in a total of sixteen episodes. Whitman explained that, at the time, he was working part-time in a slaughterhouse, and when he got the role, he and its star Broderick Crawford got along immediately and became friends. From that point on, whenever Whitman was low on cash, he would call Crawford who would gladly invite him to appear in another episode, on the premise that he could drink while Whitman handled most of the dialogue.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1957, Whitman's film roles gradually grew in size with the following films: Gerd Oswald's "Crime of Passion", which opened in February, and Reginald Le Borg's "War Drums", in April. On September 21, Whitman had his first leading role in John H. Auer's "Johnny Trouble", produced by John Carroll, who had Whitman under contract for one film a year for seven years; the "Los Angeles Times" said he "reminds of both Robert Ryan and James Dean." In October, he appeared in two releases: "Hell Bound" and Howard W. Koch's "The Girl in Black Stockings". On November 30, it was Gordon Douglas' "Bombers B-52". Early prominent roles came that year in the syndicated military dramas "Harbor Command", about the United States Coast Guard, and "The Silent Service", based on true stories of the submarine service of the United States Navy. Around that time, Whitman acted in "Until the Man Dies", episode 16 of the first season of "Zane Grey Theater." Also that year, Whitman acted in an episode of "Mr. Adams and Eve".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: By this time, Whitman's side career as a real estate developer was thriving. He developed hundreds of acres in such places as Anaheim, Benedict Canyon, and Panorama City, often in partnership with his father. "Because of it, I've never worked as an extra," he said in 1958. "I've never accepted a part that I wouldn't have thought advanced my career. I've never taken an acting job, in movies or TV, which paid less than $250 a week."


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In the late 1950s, 20th Century Fox was on a drive to develop new talent. Head of production Buddy Adler said, "We must bring young people back into film theatres and the best way is to develop young stars as a magnet. While stories have become more important than ever, we must seek our fresh, youthful talent to perform in them." Whitman was one of a number of new names signed to Fox by Adler as part of a $3–4 million star-building program. Whitman's contract was for seven years.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In January 1958, William A. Wellman's "Darby's Rangers" premiered. During the film's production, roles fluctuated: the lead, Charlton Heston, left the film and James Garner was given the lead, while Whitman wound up with Garner's original role, which dominated the first half of the picture then barely appeared in the second half. In March, the contract with Fox became exclusive. In June, production of Richard Fleischer's "These Thousand Hills" began. In May, "Ten North Frederick" began its theatrical run. Whitman later said he did this to get a choice small part and "many good things came from that". In August, Whitman appeared in "China Doll".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In October, MGM's production of Andrew L. Stone's "The Decks Ran Red", in which he was cast, was released. According to Whitman, he helped with the signing of his friend Broderick Crawford, promising the studio that Crawford would stay sober throughout the shoot. Crawford was hired and maintained his promise. In the film, Whitman shared an interracial kiss with Dorothy Dandridge.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: At that time, director Andrew L. Stone wanted Whitman to appear in "The Last Voyage" (1960), but the role went to Robert Stack instead. Fox granted him another role when he replaced Robert Wagner in "The Sound and the Fury" (1959), supporting Joanne Woodward and Yul Brynner. Also in 1959, Whitman acted in "The Last Laugh", the 20th episode of the first season of "Have Gun – Will Travel". Another TV credit came with "The Court of Last Resort", in an episode called "The Westover Case".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: This is a fresh personality with tremendous impact. He's tall and lean with shock of unruly black hair and dark hazel eyes which harden to slate grey when he plays a bad man or turns on the heat in a love scene. When he comes into camera range, the audience sits up and says: "Who dat?"


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1959, Whitman acted in several features. In February, Richard Fleischer's western "These Thousand Hills" premiered. In March, "The Sound and the Fury" was released. At Fox, Whitman graduated to leading-man parts. In November, Don Siegel's "Hound-Dog Man" premiered. Whitman had an excellent role co-starring with Fabian Forte playing his "fourth heel in a row... I had a ball because the character was a real louse, everything hanging off him and no inhibitions. I like those kind of guys, I suppose because I can't be that way myself."


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In May 1960, the "Los Angeles Times" did a profile on Whitman, calling him "an actor of growing importance in a business that needs stalwarts to follow in the steps of the Clark Gables, Gary Coopers, and John Waynes... Whitman is like a finely trained athletic champion – a modest but self-assured chap who seems to know where he is going."


title: Stuart Whitman

text: The premiere of Henry Koster's Biblical drama "The Story of Ruth" was in June 1960, in which Whitman had replaced Stephen Boyd as Boaz. Whitman's next release was in July, with the gangster tale "Murder, Inc.". "I've done lots of different parts since I left Hollywood High School and City College", said Whitman in a 1960 interview, "so the sudden switch didn't bother me too much. I hope 20th Century Fox will keep the roles varied and interesting." Whitman said that the production of "Murder, Inc." was troubled. First, when he was reading the script, he was under the impression that he was going to play the role for which Peter Falk was already cast, but he was actually cast as the romantic lead. Additionally, director Stuart Rosenberg was fired by the studio because they felt he was taking too much time setting up shots. Once fired, an actor's sitdown strike began, and it was announced that a full strike was going to happen. This put the studio under pressure to finish the project, hence producer Burt Balaban, who shares the directorial credit with Rosenberg, stepped in and finished the film in a week, and on the exact day when the strike started.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In January 1961, Guy Green's "The Mark" had its London premiere. The role came about when Whitman was frustrated with the sort of roles he was getting. "I had been knocking around and not getting anything to test my ability", he said. When Richard Burton turned down the role of a child molester in "The Mark" to do "Camelot" on stage, Whitman said that he was asked by his agent to fly to Ireland to act in the film, without his agent telling him what it was about. Whitman didn't know the controversial nature of the role until he read the script on location. Impressed and frightful of the content, Whitman had doubts and asked himself if he was in the right business, but came to the conclusion that he could pull it off. Whitman's performance earned him rave reviews and an Oscar nomination for Best Actor. He said the film "doubled my rating as an actor". However, he later said, "I had a tough time breaking my image in that movie... it blocked my image as a gutsy outdoorsman."


title: Stuart Whitman

text: On April 11, 1961, Whitman appeared in "The Fiercest Heart", which was shot in South Africa and debuted in San Francisco. On July 12, Whitman appeared in Michael Curtiz's religious epic "Francis of Assisi". According to Whitman, while on the set, Curtiz told him that he would like him for a role in his next film, the western "The Comancheros", an adaptation of a novel by Paul Wellman. Whitman loved the idea, but was booked by the studio elsewhere. The only way to rectify this was for Whitman to talk with the film's star John Wayne, as only Wayne could ask the studio heads to arrange for Whitman to play the part. Whitman went and introduced himself to Wayne and convinced him to do this. On November 1, "The Comancheros" premiered. In it, Whitman played Paul Regret, who flees the law to avoid death but is eventually captured by Texas Ranger Captain Jake Cutter (Wayne).


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Around the same time, Jerry Wald cast Whitman in "The Hell Raisers", about the Boxer Rebellion, but it was never filmed. Whitman also lobbied unsuccessfully to play the lead in "Sanctuary" (1961). Later in 1961, he announced he would form his own production company to make "Mandrake Route" by Frederick Wakeman. He also stated that his bulldozer had "developed into quite a sideline. I'm sure I still wouldn't be in the picture business without it."


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In an interview that year, Whitman said, "I've had to battle and say what is an actor? It's a fellow who plays someone else. But now I realize it's the image that makes a star. John Wayne is a great example of a super actor. Gary Cooper is another one. My image? I think it's being free and easy and all man. I say to myself I want to become an actor, I want to lose myself in each role. But that's not the way to become an actor."


title: Stuart Whitman

text: On June 15, 1962, Millard Kaufman's "Convicts 4" premiered, in which Whitman appeared. On October 11, Whitman appeared in the all-star World War II epic "The Longest Day". It was directed by several major directors, and opened in Los Angeles on that day. Whitman was cast in the role after being asked to deliver a box of cigars to producer Darryl F. Zanuck at the time of shooting. Zanuck asked him to be part of it and Whitman agreed. Zanuck directed Whitman's segments. Also that year, Whitman announced that he might do "Mandrake Root", "The Victors" (1963), or a film with either Marilyn Monroe or Lewis Milestone.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: However, in 1963, instead of choosing any of these roles, Whitman played an American pilot in the French film "The Day and the Hour", directed by René Clément, shot in Paris and set during World War II. As described by Whitman, he got the part through Alain Delon, who he bumped into in an elevator at the Beverly Hills Hotel. Delon invited him to meet the director, and eventually worked out a way to loan him out from his studio contract. During the production of the film, Whitman disagreed with Clément on the direction of a torture scene and swore to Clément that he himself could handle it. After coincidentally sitting on a plane next to Sidney Buchman, who co-wrote "The Mark," they re-wrote the scene together. Whitman directed the scene but did not direct again. He described Clément as one of the finest French directors. He enjoyed the experience, saying, "I busted through at last and can now get an honest emotion, project it and make it real. You become egocentric when you involve yourself to such an extent in your role; your next problem is in learning how to turn it off and come home and live with society. It took a lot of time and energy to break through, so I could honestly feel and I'm reluctant to turn it off. Now I know why so many actors go to psychiatrists."


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Also that year, Whitman acted in the second episode of the first season of "Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre", called "Killing at Sundial". In it, Whitman plays a Native American who became wealthy throughout life and is now seeking to avenge the death of his father, who was lynched years prior. Also at that time, Whitman was announced as the lead in "Cardinal" (1963), and he lobbied to play Jimmy Hoffa in an adaptation of "The Enemy Within" by Robert F. Kennedy; however, the first role was lost to Tom Tryon and the second film was never made. He then adjusted his contract with Fox to stipulate one film a year for five years. After several months off, Whitman announced plans to produce his own film, "My Brother's Keeper", based on a novel about the Collyer brothers. However, he moved on to do other projects.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: On February 19, 1964, Whitman acted in "Shock Treatment", which opened in Los Angeles. On November 12, Gordon Douglas' Western "Rio Conchos" opened, with Whitman cast as one of its three leads. The other two were Richard Boone and Anthony Franciosa. Whitman said that he didn't like the script, but producer Darryl F. Zanuck told him that if he would do it, he would then be cast as a lead in Ken Annakin's upcoming film, "Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines" (1965), in a role the studio had initially intended to give Dick Van Dyke. Whitman went on to have a meeting with actor Boone and director Douglas. He thought highly of them and accepted. Annakin had to accept the studio's wishes, and despite Whitman not being his first choice, Annakin was very happy with Whitman's performance.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: On February 10, 1965, George Englund's "Signpost to Murder" premiered, which starred Whitman. On May 3, Whitman was confirmed as the main actor for Cy Endfield's "Sands of the Kalahari". Whitman became the lead after the production company courted many actors such as Richard Burton, Robert Mitchum, Albert Finney, Marlon Brando and Warren Beatty. Eventually, George Peppard was cast as the lead but abandoned it early into the production, and while Alan Bates was considered, Whitman was confirmed. Whitman said that he won the role after reading in "Variety" about the departure of Peppard; he went to the Beverly Hills Hotel and bumped into the producer, to whom he jokingly suggested himself for the role. The producers called him that same evening to fly to Africa to star in it. Whitman found the shoot difficult, due to the hot weather and the fact that the baboons, with whom he had fight scenes, were not properly trained and lived in decrepit conditions, as well as having no animal control. The film premiered on November 10.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: June 16, 1965, saw the release of Annakin's "Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines". In this British period comedy film, Whitman is featured amongst an international ensemble cast, including Sarah Miles, Robert Morley, Terry-Thomas, James Fox, Red Skelton, Benny Hill, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Gert Fröbe and Alberto Sordi. The film, revolving around the craze of early aviation circa 1910, is about a pompous newspaper magnate (Morley) who is convinced by his daughter (Miles) and fiancée (Fox), a young army officer, to organize an air race from London to Paris. A large sum of money is offered to the winner and it hence attracts a variety of characters who participate. Whitman appears as the American entrant, one of its top participants. The film received positive reviews, in which they said the film was funny, colorful, clever and captured the early enthusiasm for aviation. It was treated as a major production, one of only three full-length 70 mm Todd-AO Fox releases in 1965, with an intermission and musical interlude being part of the original screenings. Because of the Todd-AO process, the film was an exclusive roadshow feature initially shown in deluxe Cinerama venues, where customers needed reserved seats purchased ahead of time. The film grossed $31.1 million theatrically and made $29.9 million in home video sales. Audiences, both then and now, have been nearly unanimous in assessing the film as one of the "classic" aviation films.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1966, Whitman appeared in Robert Gist's "An American Dream", based on a novel by Norman Mailer. Around this time, Whitman returned to "Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre" in the episode "The Highest Fall of All", in which he played a suicidal stuntman who is willing to do an extremely dangerous fall for a director.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Whitman had turned down a number of offers to star on television series over the years, including "Mannix" and "Judd for the Defense". "I wanted more diversity in acting," he said. "I felt I would limit myself." However, on September 7, 1967, the TV show "Cimarron Strip" premiered, starring Whitman. "A lot of big people told me I was the number one man the networks wanted," said Whitman. The show was expensive, costing $350,000–$400,000 per episode with each having a broadcast time of 90 minutes, and was the most expensive drama series made up to that time. The series was produced by Whitman's own company. "I always wanted to play a cop with a heart, a guy who would use every possible means not to kill a man," he said. "TV has needed a superhero... and I think Crown can be the guy." While Whitman received good reviews for his performance, many criticized the show for having thin plots, and it was met with disappointing ratings. Its time slot had major competition: "Daniel Boone" came out on top, and while "The Flying Nun" remained, "Batman" was pushed to another time slot and "Cimarron Strip" was cancelled.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1969, Whitman acted in "Sweet Hunters". According to John Gregory Dunne's book "The Studio" (1969), Whitman was suggested for the title role in "The Boston Strangler" (1968) by John Bottomly, the Massachusetts assistant attorney general who prosecuted Albert DeSalvo. Instead, the role went to Tony Curtis.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1967, Whitman admitted, "I'm the type who must work constantly." In the early 1970s, he worked increasingly in Europe. "I left Hollywood because it was getting to be a mad mess!" he said. "There are only about two really good scripts going around and they always go to the industry's two top stars. I thought that in Europe, something better might come my way—and it did! I've made mistakes in the past, but I kept bouncing back. I always thought that an actor is destined to act, but I now realize that if you do one role well, you get stuck with it!"


title: Stuart Whitman

text: On September 25, 1970, Whitman was seen in the "Bracken's World" episode "Murder Off-Camera". Also that year, Whitman appeared in the films "The Last Escape" and "The Invincible Six". He was also in an episode of "The F.B.I.", and appeared in several more.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: On October 26, 1971, Whitman acted in "Captain Apache", "The City Beneath the Sea", and the television film "Revenge!"


title: Stuart Whitman

text: On January 12, 1972, "Lindemann's Catch", an episode of Rod Serling's "Night Gallery," aired, written by Rod Serling and directed by Jeff Corey. The story is about a cold hearted sea captain (Whitman) who captures a mermaid.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In July, Whitman acted in William F. Claxton's newly released horror film "Night of the Lepus." In it, Whitman and Janet Leigh play a couple of zoologists who are looking for ways to reduce the rabbit population that has infested a nearby ranch. They test a serum on some rabbit specimens that would cause them birth defects, and hence reduce the population. One of them escapes, and soon after the area is infested and under attack by giant rabbits. The production was troubled and the film was critically lambasted upon release. Whitman said that he ended up with the role because at the time he was working with Lee Remick on a film called "The Candy Man", which was cancelled. When he requested his salary and was turned down, he was told he would be compensated only if he took the lead in "Night of the Lepus", the screenplay of which he found to be ridiculous right from the start. He went on to say that the film damaged his reputation and wasn't bankable. Despite its poor reputation, the film developed a cult status, but was retrospectively described by critics as ridiculous and unintentionally funny.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: October 18 was the premiere of Disney's "Run, Cougar, Run", directed by Jerome Courtland and starring Whitman. On December 2, Whitman appeared in the "Carnival/The Vaudevillians" episode of "Fantasy Island". That same month, on the 10th, Whitman made a second appearance on "Night Gallery" in an episode titled "Fright Night". Another TV show in which he appeared was "Ghost Story". Whitman also appeared in "The Woman Hunter" that year.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: On January 25, 1973, Whitman guest starred in an episode of "The Streets of San Francisco" titled "The Set Up". On April 13, the made-for-television film "The Man Who Died Twice" premiered, with Whitman in the lead role. On September 21, Whitman appeared in the "Love and the Lifter; The Comedienne; The Lie; The Suspicious Husband" episode of "Love, American Style". On November 23, Whitman acted in the "Hec Ramsey" episode "A Hard Road to Vengeance".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: During the week of October 20, 1975, "Call Him Mr Shatter" premiered, in which Whitman had the lead role. On October 29, Whitman guest starred in the "Man in the Middle" episode of "Cannon". On November 27, Fred Williamson's "Mean Johnny Barrows" premiered, in which Whitman played a supporting role. Also that year, Whitman acted in Jonathan Demme's "Crazy Mama."


title: Stuart Whitman

text: On January 24, 1976, Whitman appeared in part one of the two-part episode "The Running Man" of the show "S.W.A.T.". On March 9, Whitman was the leading man in the Italian action film "Strange Shadows in an Empty Room", premiering in Italy before going worldwide. It was shot in Canada, both in Ottawa and Montreal. According to director Alberto de Martino, Whitman agreed to the project in order to work outside of Hollywood. On the 23rd of that month, "Las Vegas Lady" was released, in which Whitman took part. Also that year, the film "The Treasure Seekers" wrapped, where Whitman played a role. It was written by and starred Rod Taylor, and co-starred Elke Sommer. Due to problems while shooting and in post production, the film only achieved a limited release a number of years later. Finally he acted in "Harry O," and "Ellery Queen".""


title: Stuart Whitman

text: On the second of January 1977, the episode "Hot Ice Cold Hearts" of the TV show "Quincy, M.E." aired, with Whitman as a guest star. On February 19, he guest starred in "Most Wanted", in the episode "Tunnel Killer". In early June, Whitman appeared in "Ruby", which opened theatrically. On October 5, Whitman appeared in J. Lee Thompson's "The White Buffalo", starring Charles Bronson. On October 16, Whitman appeared in "The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries" episode "The Mystery of the African Safari". As early as October 19, Whitman appeared in the newly released "Maniac!" On November 30, Tobe Hooper's "Eaten Alive" premiered, with Whitman in a supporting role. That year, he also acted in Mircea Drăgan's "Oil – The Billion Dollar Fire." Whitman said that he found shooting a Romanian film problematic because extras would talk during rehearsals and takes. When Whitman complained to the assistant director, who then reported the issue to the director, he returned telling him to continue or they would shoot him. From that point on, Whitman accepted the work conditions.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1978, Whitman acted in a television miniseries directed by Ken Annakin called "The Pirate". Also that year, he appeared in the Henry Levin film "Run for the Roses".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: On February 8, 1979, the three-part mini-series "Women in White" first aired, and Whitman shared the lead with Susan Flannery. On November 14 and 15, 1979, the four-hour, two-part mini-series "The Seekers" aired, in which Whitman played a supporting role. That year, Whitman also acted in the film "Delta Fox".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1980, Whitman acted in René Cardona Jr.'s "", and "Los Traficantes De Panico", also known as "Under Siege". On November 29, Whitman guest starred in "Condominium", which first aired on WPIX. The telefilm is a two-part episode of the four-hour long adaptation of the John D. MacDonald novel. Whitman also acted in "Cuba Crossing," and "The Monster Club."


title: Stuart Whitman

text: On April 19, 1981, Whitman appeared in the "Tales of the Unexpected" episode "The Boy Who Talked with Animals". Whitman also appeared in the season 5 episode of "Fantasy Island" called "The Lady and the Monster; The Last Cowboy". In films, Whitman appeared in "Demonoid," "When I Am King", and "Horror Safari".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1982, he appeared in Matt Cimber's film "Butterfly". On October 16, Whitman appeared in the "Curse of the Moreaus; My Man Friday" episode of "Fantasy Island". On November 18, Whitman appeared in the "Simon & Simon" episode called "The Rough Rider Rides Again".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: On April 5, 1983, Whitman appeared in the season one episode of "The A-Team" titled "West-Coast Turnaround".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: On April 30, 1984, Whitman hosted the documentary "Hollywood Roughcuts". On May 27, Whitman appeared in the "Big Iron" episode of "Knight Rider". On November 25, Whitman appeared in "Hit, Run, and Homicide", an episode of "Murder, She Wrote". On December 7, Whitman played a killer in the show "Matt Houston". On the 8th of that month, Whitman also appeared in the "Midnight Highway" episode of the show "Cover Up". Also that year, he appeared in episodes of "Hotel". In films, Whitman appeared in "First Strike".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1985, Whitman appeared in "Deadly Intruder" and René Cardona Jr.'s "The Treasure of the Amazon". On television, Whitman appeared in the series "Finder of Lost Loves", an episode of "Tales from the Darkside", the "Hunter" episode "The Biggest Man in Town", and "The A-Team" episode "Blood, Sweat and Cheers". That year, CBS aired the television film "Beverly Hills Cowgirl Blues", starring James Brolin and Lisa Hartman with a supporting turn from Whitman.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1986, the film "Vultures" aired on TV, starring Whitman and Meredith MacRae. It also had a home video release. On January 22, 1986, Whitman was a guest star on "Blacke's Magic". On February 17, Whitman was also the guest on TV-show "Hardcastle and McCormick". On October 9, Whitman appeared in the episode "Phil After All These Years" of the show "Simon & Simon".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: On February 10, 1987, CBS first aired the television-film adaptation of Mary Higgins Clark's novel "Stillwatch", where Whitman played a supporting role. On May 27, Whitman appeared in the season finale of "Hotel". In November, he appeared in the "Trouble in Eden" episode of "Murder, She Wrote". Also that year, Whitman appeared in one episode of "Jack and Mike."


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1988, Whitman appeared in the television-film "Once Upon a Texas Train" and an episode of "J.J. Starbuck". On May 2, the first episode of Ernest Hemingway's biography miniseries called "Hemingway" premiered, in which Whitman played the subject's father. The first season of the series "Superboy" began that year, which focused on Superman/Clark Kent during his college years; Whitman played Jonathan Kent.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: During his tenure on "Superboy", Whitman appeared in other projects. In 1989, Whitman acted in "Deadly Reactor" and "Gypsy".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1990, Whitman started to play a recurring character on "Knots Landing." Also that year, Whitman played supporting roles in "Moving Target", "Omega Cop", and "Mob Boss".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1991, Whitman provided the narration for the Japanese film "Heaven & Earth" and acted in "The Color of Evening". On stage, Whitman acted in "The Country Girl". In a 1991 interview with the "Los Angeles Times", Whitman said, "I was bankable for a while, then I did a couple of shows that didn't make any money. Then I wasn’t bankable... As an actor, you've got to keep working. You've got to do something to feed the family, put the kids through school."


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1992, Whitman appeared in an episode of "Murder, She Wrote". That year, Whitman had supporting roles in the films "Smooth Talker" and "Sandman".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1993, Whitman appeared in an episode of the TV show "Time Trax". In films, Whitman appeared in "Lightning in a Bottle" and "Private Wars". Whitman also guest starred in the two-hour special debut of the TV series "The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1994, Whitman was a guest on the television show "Walker, Texas Ranger". In films, Whitman appeared in "Improper Conduct" and "Trial by Jury".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1995, Whitman appeared in the television film "Wounded Heart" and an episode of the TV series "Courthouse".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In 1996, Whitman appeared in the film "Land of Milk & Honey" and the short film "Two Weeks from Sunday". Also that year, Whitman appeared in the television film "", an adaptation of the Louis L'Amour novel "Shaughnessy".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: On February 1, 1998, Whitman was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Also that year, Whitman appeared in the film "Second Chances".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Afterwards, Whitman was reported to be retired. He became financially independent through a combination of property developments and his acting income. "I didn't need to act to make a living, but had a real passion for it – I just loved to act," said Whitman.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Whitman's first marriage was to Patricia LaLonde (October 13, 1952 – 1966). They had four children—Tony (born 1953), Michael (born 1954), Linda (born 1956) and Scott (born 1958)—before getting divorced.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Stuart remarried in 1966, to French-born Caroline Boubis. They had one son together, Justin, before divorcing in 1974. In 2006, he wed Julia Paradiz, a Russian woman he met at a friend's wedding in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1971.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In an interview, Whitman said that he and Broderick Crawford clicked upon meeting on the set of "Highway Patrol". Whenever Whitman was low on cash, he would tell Crawford, who continued to re-invite him. Both would hang-out outside of the workplace. Later, Whitman helped Crawford to be cast in "The Decks Ran Red".


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Another "The Decks Ran Red" co-star Whitman commented on was Dorothy Dandridge, who was going through a divorce and had to institutionalize her mentally ill daughter. Whitman was impressed with her strength and described her as a goddess.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Whitman said that when he first met Peter Falk on the set of "Murder, Inc.", they had their differences but eventually became friends. Whitman found "The Mark" director Guy Green difficult to work with, finding him demanding and too strict, but they became good friends afterwards. On the set of "Sands of the Kalahari", Whitman said he became best friends with fellow cast members Stanley Baker and Theodore Bikel. While he didn't click with Jim Brown at first, they too became friends.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: In the same piece, Whitman said that Terry-Thomas was one of his best friends. After their collaboration on "Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines", both would meet for drinks, visit one another, and swim in the ocean while on Whitman's beachfront home in Malibu.


title: Stuart Whitman

text: Survivors included his wife, Julia; four children from his first marriage, Linda Whitman van Hook and Anthony, Michael and Scott Whitman; a son from his second marriage, Justin Whitman; a brother, actor Kipp Whitman; seven grandchildren; and four great-grandchildren.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: Płaszów () or Kraków-Płaszów was a Nazi concentration camp operated by the SS in Płaszów, a southern suburb of Kraków, in the General Governorate of German-occupied Poland. Most of the prisoners were Polish Jews who were targeted for destruction by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust. Many prisoners died because of executions, forced labor, and the poor conditions in the camp. The camp was evacuated in January 1945, before the Red Army's liberation of the area on 20 January.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: Originally intended as a forced labour camp, the Płaszów concentration camp was constructed on the grounds of two former Jewish cemeteries (including the New Jewish Cemetery). It was populated with prisoners during the liquidation of the Kraków Ghetto, which took place on 13–14 March 1943 with the first deportations of the "Barrackenbau" Jews from the Ghetto beginning 28 October 1942. In 1943 the camp was expanded and integrated into the Nazi concentration camp system as a main camp.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: The Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp was divided into multiple sections. There was a separate area for camp personnel, work facilities, male prisoners, female prisoners, and a further subdivision between Jews and non-Jews. Although separated, men and women still managed to have contact with one another. There was also a private barracks for the camp's Jewish police and their families. While the primary function of the camp was forced labor, the camp was also the site of mass murder of inmates as well as prisoners brought in from the outside. The main targets were the elderly and the sick. There were no gas chambers or crematoria, so mass murder was carried out by shootings.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: Under Arnold Büscher, the camp's second commandant, prisoners did not experience any shootings or hangings. However, by 1943, the camp was notorious for its terrors. Amon Göth, an SS commandant from Vienna, was the camp commandant at this point. He was sadistic in his treatment and killing of prisoners. "Witnesses say he would never start his breakfast without shooting at least one person." On Göth's first day as camp commandant, he killed two Jewish policemen and made every camp inmate watch. On 13 March 1943, he oversaw the liquidation of the nearby Kraków Ghetto, forcing those Jewish inhabitants deemed capable of work into the "KL Plaszow" camp. Those who were declared unfit for work were either sent to Auschwitz or shot on the spot. People were told to leave their children behind and that they would be cared for. In reality, they were all put in an orphanage and killed. Others snuck their children into the camp. If a prisoner tried to escape the camp, Göth shot 10 prisoners as a punishment. Göth would also release his Great Danes on prisoners if he did not like their expressions. He oversaw a staff that was mostly non-German. It consisted of 206 Ukrainian "SS" personnel from the Trawniki, 600 Germans of the "SS-Totenkopfverbände" (1943–1944), and a few "SS" women, including Gertrud Heise, Luise Danz and Alice Orlowski.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: The female guards treated the prisoners as brutally as the men: "When we were loaded on the train in Płaszów, an SS woman hit me on the head. They were so vicious and brutal and sadistic, more than men. I think because some of them were women and you expect kindness, it was shocking. But of course, some were fat and big and ugly."


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: Jewish police were recruited by the camp personnel. They were provided with double rations of thick soup, as opposed to the standard watery soup, and a full loaf of uncontaminated bread. However, the benefits came with cost of having to whip inmates with the whips that the Nazis provided.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: On 13 September 1944, Göth was relieved of his position and charged by the SS with theft of Jewish property (which belonged to the state, according to Nazi legislation), failure to provide adequate food to the prisoners under his charge, violation of concentration camp regulations regarding the treatment and punishment of prisoners, and allowing unauthorised access to camp personnel records by prisoners and non-commissioned officers. Camp administration was assumed by SS-"Obersturmführer" Arnold Büscher. He improved the inmates' diets by allowing eggs, sugar and powdered milk.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: The camp was an "Arbeitslager" ("labour camp"), supplying forced labour to several armament factories and to a stone quarry. Most of the prisoners were Polish Jews. There were also high numbers of women and children compared with other camps. A large degree of the Hungarian prisoners were women. The death rate in the camp was very high. Many prisoners died of typhus, starvation, and from executions. Because the work facilities were designed for men, the women had a lower chance of survival. Płaszów camp became particularly infamous for both the individual and the mass shootings carried out at Hujowa Górka: a large hill close to the camp commonly used for executions. Some 8,000 deaths took place outside the camp's fences, with prisoners trucked in three to four times weekly. The covered lorries from Kraków would arrive in the morning. The condemned were walked into a trench of the Hujowa Górka hillside, ordered to strip down and stand naked, and then were finally shot. Their bodies were then covered with dirt, layer upon layer. During these mass shootings, all other inmates were forced to watch. In early 1944, all corpses were exhumed and burned on a pyre to obliterate the evidence of the mass murder. Witnesses later testified that 17 truckloads of human ashes were removed from the burning site and scattered over the area.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: Although food was scarce, inmates that possessed any number of zlotys could buy extra food. A food for food trading system also developed. For example, two portions of soup was equal to a half loaf of bread.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: When Göth received notice of a new shipment of inmates, he would set up deportations for Auschwitz. On 14 May 1944 Göth ordered all children to be sent to the "kindergarten". This turned out only to be a precursor to deportation to Auschwitz on 15 May where the children were all gassed.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: Göth entrusted documents pertaining to the mass killings and executions to a high ranking female member of the SS, "Kommandoführerin" Alice Orlowski. She held these documents in her possession until the end of the war, then allegedly destroyed them. Orlowski was known for her whippings, especially of young women across their eyes. At roll call she would walk through the lines of women and whip them.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: Prisoners could also rely on outside help to some degree. The Jüdische Unterstützungsstelle, a support group that the Germans tolerated, would provide the inmates with food and medical assistance. The Zehnerschaft was a group of women that also supported the inmates. The Polish Welfare Organization sent food to Polish prisoners and some of them shared with the Jewish inmates. There were also individuals such as Stanislaw Dobrowolski, the head of the Kraków branch of the Council for Aid to Jews (Żegota), and Tadeusz Pankiewicz, a famous pharmacist, also aided the prisoners.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: Göth and the other camp personnel punished inmates for a variety of actions. Any action perceived as sabotage, such as smuggling items into the camp, disobeying orders, or carrying an extra piece of food in one's clothes was an offense punishable by death. Prisoners were warned that if they tried to escape, every member of their family and even innocent strangers would be killed. In terms of methods for killing, death by hanging was a favored method of Göth's. For a standard punishment, twenty-five lashings were dealt to the guilty inmate's buttocks.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: While prisoners' daily lives were dominated by fear and starvation, there were some outlets for hope of survival. Rumors involving the Russian advancement that would lead to the camp's liberation always circulated. Oskar Schindler, a member of the Nazi Party that saved the 1,200 Schindlerjuden was also a key figure. While prisoners always feared a transport to Auschwitz, one that was always sought after was a transport to Brünnlitz labor camp in Czechoslovakia. This is where Oskar Schindler's enamel factory was located. Schindler was known for being compassionate towards Jews. He never hit anyone, was always kind, and smiled frequently around the workers. Having relatives and friends that worked for Schindler gave one a better chance at being put on the list for transport.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: During July and August 1944, a number of transports of prisoners left "KL Płaszow" for Auschwitz, Stutthof, Flossenburg, Mauthausen, and other camps. In January 1945, the last of the remaining inmates and camp staff left the camp on a death march to Auschwitz. Several female SS guards were part of the group that accompanied them. Many of those who survived the march were killed upon arrival. When the Nazis realized the Soviets were approaching Kraków, they completely dismantled the camp, leaving only an empty field. All bodies that had been previously buried in various mass graves were exhumed and burned on site. On 20 January 1945, the Red Army arrived and found only a patch of barren land.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: Most numbers of inmates and killings rely on estimation, as the prisoner card index was destroyed during the camp's destruction. Few postwar trials centered on crimes committed at the Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp; one exception was Göth's trial and subsequent death sentence. West German prosecutors took until the late 1950s to investigate these crimes.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: The area which held the camp now consists of sparsely wooded hills and fields, with one large memorial to all the victims and two smaller monuments (one to the Jewish victims generally, and another to the Hungarian Jewish victims) at one perimeter of where the camp once stood. The Jewish cemetery, where the Nazis removed all but one of the tombstones, stands on the side of the hill at the eastern end of the camp, near the Grey house. Amon Göth's villa remains there. Another small monument, located near the opposite end of the site, stands in memory of the first execution of (non-Jewish) Polish prisoners in 1939.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: A version of the camp is featured in the movie "Schindler's List" (1993), about the life of Oskar Schindler.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: As the Płaszów area is now a nature preserve and modern high-rise apartments were visible from the site, the director Steven Spielberg replicated the camp in the nearby Liban Quarry, which also served as a labor camp during the war.


title: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

text: Each year, it is the finishing point of the March of Remembrance taking part in mid-March to manifest the respect to the victims of the Holocaust.


title: Amit Sadh

text: Amit Sadh (born 5 June 1983) is an Indian actor. He is known for his roles in films like "Kai Po Che" (2013), "Guddu Rangeela" (2015), and "Sarkar 3" (2017). He began his acting career with the teen drama "Kyun Hota Hai Pyarrr" and later appeared in the reality shows "Nach Baliye 1", "Bigg Boss 1" and "Fear Factor India". He played the role of Kshitij in Shobna Desai's soap opera "Durgesh Nandinii" that aired on Sony Entertainment Television. Sadh was recently seen in the web series "Breathe" (2018) and its second season "" (2020) playing Inspector Kabir Sawant.


title: Amit Sadh

text: Sadh was born on 5 June 1983 in Delhi. He completed his graduation from La Martiniere College, Lucknow. Sadh's father Ram Chandra Dogra, was a national-level hockey player. Sadh lost his father when he was only 16 years old.


title: Amit Sadh

text: Sadh's first major role was in Neena Gupta's production "Kyun Hota Hai Pyarrr", where he portrayed the character of Aditya. He then starred in the series "Kohinoor". He appeared as a contestant on the reality show "Bigg Boss". Sadh participated in the original seasons of "Nach Baliye" and "".


title: Amit Sadh

text: Sadh has played important supporting roles in several movies. He worked in "Kai Po Che!" playing the role of a priest's son alongside Amrita Puri, Rajkummar Rao and Sushant Singh Rajput. In "Sultan", he played the role of a businessman alongside Salman Khan and Anushka Sharma. He appeared in "Gold" as Raghubir Pratap Singh, based on the real life character of K. D. Singh Babu alongside Akshay Kumar and played the role of Shakuntala Devi's son-in-law in "Shakuntala Devi".


title: Amit Sadh

text: In 2018, he featured as Inspector Kabir Sawant in the web series "Breathe", and reprised his role in "". In 2020, he played the role of Major Videep Singh in "" which was a fictionalized retelling of the 2016 Uri attack and the following surgical strikes. He donned the role of retired Indian Army special forces officer Major Deependra Singh Sengar in "Jeet Ki Zid".


title: 3rd millennium BC

text: The 3rd millennium BC spanned the years 3000 through 2001 BC. This period of time corresponds to the Early to Middle Bronze Age, characterized by the early empires in the Ancient Near East. In Ancient Egypt, the Early Dynastic Period is followed by the Old Kingdom. In Mesopotamia, the Early Dynastic Period is followed by the Akkadian Empire. In what is now Northwest India and Pakistan, the Indus Valley civilization developed a state society.


title: 3rd millennium BC

text: World population is largely stable, at roughly 60 million, with a slow overall growth rate at roughly 0.03% p.a.


title: 3rd millennium BC

text: The Bronze Age began in the Ancient Near East roughly between 3000 BC and 2500 BC. The previous millennium had seen the emergence of advanced, urbanized civilizations, new bronze metallurgy extending the productivity of agricultural work, and highly developed ways of communication in the form of writing. In the 3rd millennium BC, the growth of these riches, both intellectually and physically, became a source of contention on a political stage, and rulers sought the accumulation of more wealth and more power. Along with this came the first appearances of monumental architecture, imperialism, organized absolutism and internal revolution.


title: 3rd millennium BC

text: The civilizations of Sumer and Akkad in Mesopotamia became a collection of volatile city-states in which warfare was common. Uninterrupted conflicts drained all available resources, energies and populations. In this millennium, larger empires succeeded the last, and conquerors grew in stature until the great Sargon of Akkad pushed his empire to the whole of Mesopotamia and beyond. It would not be surpassed in size until Assyrian times 1,500 years later.


title: 3rd millennium BC

text: In the Old Kingdom of Egypt, the Egyptian pyramids were constructed and would remain the tallest and largest human constructions for thousands of years. Also in Egypt, pharaohs began to posture themselves as living gods made of an essence different from that of other human beings. Even in Europe, which was still largely neolithic during the same period, the builders of megaliths were constructing giant monuments of their own. In the Near East and the Occident during the 3rd millennium BC, limits were being pushed by architects and rulers.


title: 3rd millennium BC

text: Towards the close of the millennium, Egypt became the stage of the first popular revolution recorded in history. After lengthy wars, the Sumerians recognized the benefits of unification into a stable form of national government and became a relatively peaceful, well-organized, complex technocratic state called the 3rd dynasty of Ur. This dynasty was later to become involved with a wave of nomadic invaders known as the Amorites, who were to play a major role in the region during the following centuries.