title: Boarding house

text: In the 2010s, microapartments with one or two rooms rented plus access to shared common spaces in the building are very similar to boarding houses. WeWork, a company mostly known for its shared coworking rental spaces, is also offering shared housing arrangements in which renters get a private bedroom but share a kitchen, living room, and other common areas.


title: Boarding house

text: Bed and breakfast accommodation (B&B), which exists in many countries in the world (e.g. the UK, the United States, Canada, and Australia), is a specialized form of boarding house in which the guests or boarders normally stay only on a bed-and-breakfast basis, and where long-stay residence is rare.


title: Boarding house

text: However, some B&B accommodation is made available on a long-term basis to UK local authorities who are legally obliged to house persons and families for whom they have no social housing available. Some such boarding houses allow large groups with low incomes to share overcrowded rooms, or otherwise exploit people with problems rendering them vulnerable, such as those with irregular immigration status. Such a boarding-house may well cease to be attractive to short-term lodgers, and the residents may remain in unsatisfactory accommodation for long periods. Much old seaside accommodation is so used, since cheap flights have reduced demand for their original seasonal holiday use.


title: Boarding house

text: Apart from the worldwide spread of the concept of the B&B, there are equivalents of the British boarding houses elsewhere in the world. For example, in Japan, minshuku are an almost exact equivalent although the normal arrangement would be the equivalent of the English half-board. In Hawaii, where the cost of living is high and incomes barely keep pace, it is common to take in lodgers (who are boarders in English terminology) that share the burden of the overall rent or mortgage payable.


title: Boarding house

text: In the Indian subcontinent boarders are also known as paying guests. Paying guests stay in a home and share a room with domestic facilities. Rates are nominal and monthly charges are usually inclusive of food, bed, table and a cupboard. The rent can go higher for a room in an upscale locality with facilities like single occupancy, air conditioning and high-speed wireless internet access.


title: Boarding house

text: In the United States, zoning has been used by neighborhoods to limit or outright ban boarding houses.


title: The Aristocrats (film)

text: The Aristocrats is a 2005 American documentary comedy film about the famous eponymous dirty joke. The film was conceived and produced by comedians Penn Jillette, Paul Provenza and Peter Adam Golden, and it was edited by Emery Emery. Distributed by THINKFilm, it is dedicated to Johnny Carson, as "The Aristocrats" was said to be his favorite joke.


title: The Aristocrats (film)

text: "The Aristocrats" is a longstanding transgressive joke amongst comedians, in which the setup and punchline are almost always the same (or similar). It is the joke's midsection – which may be as long as the one telling it prefers and is often completely improvised – that makes or breaks a particular rendition.


title: The Aristocrats (film)

text: The joke involves a person pitching an act to a talent agent. Typically the first line is, "A man walks into a talent agent's office." The man then describes the act. From this point, up to (but not including) the punchline, the teller of the joke is expected to ad-lib the most shocking act they can possibly imagine. This often involves elements of incest, group sex, graphic violence, defecation, coprophilia, necrophilia, bestiality, rape, child sexual abuse, and various other taboo behaviors.


title: The Aristocrats (film)

text: The joke, as first delivered in the film, contains the set-up line "What the heck do you call an act like that?" followed by the punchline "I call it 'The Aristocrats'." In subsequent renditions of the joke, the agent asks, "What do you call your act?", which is the traditional set-up line.


title: The Aristocrats (film)

text: The film itself consists of interviews with various comedians and actors, usually in candid settings. The interviewees engage both in telling their own versions of the joke, and in reminiscing about their experiences with it, the joke's place in comedy history, and even dissecting the logic behind the joke's appeal. A key aspect of the Aristocrats joke is that it was never told to audiences as part of the comedian's stand-up routine. Instead, it was an inside joke among comedians themselves, who used it as a tool to challenge each other as to who could tell the funniest and most outrageous rendition.


title: The Aristocrats (film)

text: While most of the filmed versions of the joke follow the standard format of a raunchy description followed by the punchline of "the Aristocrats", some versions do vary the joke. Two tellings of it, including that of comedian Wendy Liebman, invert the joke by describing an elegant and beautiful performance act which has been given a lewd and transgressive name. Actor Taylor Negron told his joke as a mixture of salacious sex acts and calmly delivered observations on life. Actor Steven Banks, as Billy the Mime, performs the joke on the street as a mime performance. Most infamously, Sarah Silverman's rendition, where she tells the joke in an anecdotal manner from the perspective of the daughter in the family, went on to garner controversy for its punchline involving radio and TV personality Joe Franklin.


title: The Aristocrats (film)

text: The following celebrities are featured in the film, telling the joke themselves and/or providing substantial commentary on its history:


title: The Aristocrats (film)

text: Many other comedians were filmed but not included due to time constraints. According to a letter from Penn Jillette to critic Roger Ebert, Buddy Hackett and Rodney Dangerfield were intended to be included, but they died before they could be filmed. Jillette also indicated that, this being Johnny Carson's favorite joke, Carson was also invited to appear, but he declined.


title: The Aristocrats (film)

text: Trey Parker and Matt Stone animated a segment of the film where Eric Cartman tells a version of the joke.


title: The Aristocrats (film)

text: In the film, Sarah Silverman tells a version of the joke as if it were autobiographical and she had been one of the "Aristocrats" performers as a child. Silverman builds the story to include her family being booked on veteran talk show host Joe Franklin's show, and ends with her punch line: a deadpan allegation that Franklin had raped her during a phony rehearsal for the show. "The New Yorker" reported that Silverman's telling of the joke led Franklin, who is also featured in the film, to consider filing a defamation lawsuit against the comedian.


title: The Aristocrats (film)

text: On the April 20, 2011, episode of the WFMU show "Seven Second Delay", Franklin jokes that he had been so successful lately because he sued Silverman.


title: The Aristocrats (film)

text: The theatre chain AMC refused to show the movie on any of its 3,500+ screens. Although AMC claimed the decision was due to the film's limited appeal, co-producer Penn Jillette commented to MSNBC: "It's the kind of thing that makes you go 'Come on, play fair.' It's not like we're trying to slide this by anybody by calling it "Love Bug 2: Herbie Takes It Up the Ass"."


title: The Aristocrats (film)

text: The film includes footage of Gilbert Gottfried's telling of the joke at a Comedy Central/New York Friars' Club roast of Hugh Hefner which had been almost entirely censored when aired on television. Taped not long after the September 11 attacks, the incident occurred at a time when, according to one of the commentators in the "Aristocrats" film, entertainers were uncertain how much comedy was allowed in the aftermath of the attacks. Gottfried followed Rob Schneider, who had received mixed results with his stand-up comedy performance in Hefner's honor. Gottfried began his performance with a joke in which he claimed to have to catch a late flight out of town but was worried because his flight "had a connection at the Empire State Building." The joke, a reference to 9/11, was poorly received by the audience, who showered Gottfried with boos and cries of "too soon." In response, Gottfried told an obscenity-filled rendition of the Aristocrats joke. According to the film, the telling was as much a cathartic experience for the audience as it was a shocking one, regardless of whether viewers were familiar with the joke or not. During his performance, Gottfried told the audience "They might have to clean this up for TV."


title: The Aristocrats (film)

text: "The Aristocrats" received a generally positive reception from film critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports the film as holding a "Certified Fresh" rating, with an overall 79% approval rating based on 150 reviews, and an average rating of 7.1 out of 10. The site's general consensus is that the film is hilarious and revealing of the way comedy works. "Can a joke stand up to repeated tellings? "The Aristocrats" demonstrates that it's possible." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 39 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Aristocrats (film)

text: Todd McCarthy of "Variety" gave the film a positive review, describing it a "raucous insider documentary that invites the viewer to share a secret held exclusively by comics for untold generations."


title: The Aristocrats (film)

text: Ken Tucker of "New York" magazine called it a "gloriously filthy, ramshackle, endearing documentary."


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: Fiscal conservatism is a political and economic philosophy regarding fiscal policy and fiscal responsibility with an ideological basis in capitalism, individualism, limited government, and "laissez-faire" economics. Fiscal conservatives advocate tax cuts, reduced government spending, free markets, deregulation, privatization, free trade, and minimal government debt. Fiscal conservatism follows the same philosophical outlook of classical liberalism. This concept is derived from economic liberalism and can also be referred to as fiscal liberalism outside the United States.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: The term has its origins in the era of the American New Deal during the 1930s as a result of the policies initiated by modern liberals, when many classical liberals started calling themselves conservatives as they did not wish to be identified with what was passing for liberalism in the United States. In the United States, the term "liberalism" has become associated with the welfare state and expanded regulatory policies created as a result of the New Deal and its offshoots from the 1930s onwards.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: Fiscal conservatives form one of the three legs of the traditional American conservative movement that emerged during the 1950s together with social conservatism and national defense conservatism. Many Americans who are classical liberals also tend to identify as libertarian, holding more cultural liberal views and advocating a non-interventionist foreign policy while supporting lower taxes and less government spending. As of 2020, 39% of Americans polled considered themselves "economically conservative".


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: Because of its close proximity to the United States, the term has entered the lexicon in Canada. In many other countries, economic liberalism or simply liberalism is used to describe what Americans call fiscal conservatism.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: Fiscal conservatism is the economic philosophy of prudence in government spending and debt. The principles of capitalism, limited government, and "laissez-faire" economics form its ideological foundation. Fiscal conservatives advocate the avoidance of deficit spending, the lowering of taxes, and the reduction of overall government spending and national debt whilst ensuring balanced budgets. In other words, fiscal conservatives are against the government expanding beyond its means through debt, but they will usually choose debt over tax increases. They strongly believe in libertarian principles such as individualism and free enterprise, often advocating deregulation, privatization, and free trade.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: In his "Reflections on the Revolution in France", Edmund Burke argued that a government does not have the right to run up large debts and then throw the burden on the taxpayer, writing "it is to the property of the citizen, and not to the demands of the creditor of the state, that the first and original faith of civil society is pledged. The claim of the citizen is prior in time, paramount in title, superior in equity. The fortunes of individuals, whether possessed by acquisition or by descent or in virtue of a participation in the goods of some community, were no part of the creditor's security, expressed or implied. ... [T]he public, whether represented by a monarch or by a senate, can pledge nothing but the public estate; and it can have no public estate except in what it derives from a just and proportioned imposition upon the citizens at large".


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: Although all fiscal conservatives agree generally on a smaller and less expensive government, there are disagreements over priorities. There are three main factions or subgroups each advocating for a particular emphasis. Deficit hawks emphasize balancing government budgets and reducing the size of government debt, viewing government debt as economically damaging and morally dubious since it passes on obligations on to future generations who have played no part in present-day tax and spending decisions. Deficit hawks are willing to consider tax increases if the additional revenue is used to reduce debt rather than increase spending.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: A second group put their main emphasis on tax cuts rather than spending cuts or debt reduction. Many embrace supply-side economics, arguing that as high taxes discourage economic activity and investment, tax cuts would result in economic growth leading in turn to higher government revenues. According to them, these additional government revenues would reduce the debt in the long term. They also argue for reducing taxes even if it were to lead to short term increases in the deficit. Some supply-siders have advocated that the increases in revenue through tax cuts make drastic cuts in spending unnecessary. However, the Congressional Budget Office has consistently reported that income tax cuts increase deficits and debt and do not pay for themselves. For example, the CBO estimated that the Bush tax cuts added about $1.5 trillion to deficits and debt from 2002 to 2011 and it would have added nearly $3 trillion to deficits and debt over the 2010–2019 decade if fully extended at all income levels.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: A third group makes little distinction between debt and taxes. This group emphasizes reduction in spending rather than tax policy or debt reduction. They argue that the true cost of government is the level of spending not how that spending is financed. Every dollar that the government spends is a dollar taken from workers, regardless of whether it is from debt or taxes. Taxes simply redistribute purchasing power, doing so in a particularly inefficient manner, reducing the incentives to produce or hire and borrowing simply forces businesses and investors to anticipate higher taxes later on.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: Classical liberalism in the United States forms the historical foundation for modern fiscal conservatism. Kathleen G. Donohue argues that classical liberalism in the 19th century United States was distinct from its counterpart in Britain:


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: [A]t the center of classical liberal theory [in Europe] was the idea of "laissez-faire". To the vast majority of American classical liberals, however, "laissez-faire" did not mean no government intervention at all. On the contrary, they were more than willing to see government provide tariffs, railroad subsidies, and internal improvements, all of which benefited producers. What they condemned was intervention in behalf of consumers.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: Economic liberalism owes its ideological creation to the classical liberalism tradition in the vein of Adam Smith, Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman, Ayn Rand, and Ludwig von Mises. They provided moral justifications for free markets. Liberals of the time, in contrast to modern ones, disliked government authority and preferred individualism. They saw free market capitalism as the preferable means of achieving economic ends.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: In the early 20th century, fiscal conservatives were often at odds with progressives who desired economic reform. During the 1920s, Republican President Calvin Coolidge's pro-business economic policies were credited for the successful period of economic growth known as the Roaring Twenties. However, his actions may have been due more to a sense of federalism than fiscal conservatism as Robert Sobel notes: "As Governor of Massachusetts, Coolidge supported wages and hours legislation, opposed child labor, imposed economic controls during World War I, favored safety measures in factories, and even worker representation on corporate boards".


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: Contrary to popular opinion, then-Republican President Herbert Hoover was not a fiscal conservative. He promoted government intervention during the early Great Depression, a policy that his successor, Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt, continued and increased despite campaigning to the contrary. Coolidge's economic policies are often popularly contrasted with the New Deal deficit spending of Roosevelt and Republican Party opposition to Roosevelt's government spending was a unifying cause for a significant caucus of Republicans through even the presidencies of Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower. Barry Goldwater was a famous champion of both the socially and fiscally conservative Republicans.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: In 1977, Democratic President Jimmy Carter appointed Alfred E. Kahn, a professor of economics at Cornell University, to be chair of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). He was part of a push for deregulation of the industry, supported by leading economists, leading think tanks in Washington, a civil society coalition advocating the reform (patterned on a coalition earlier developed for the truck-and-rail-reform efforts), the head of the regulatory agency, Senate leadership, the Carter administration and even some in the airline industry. This coalition swiftly gained legislative results in 1978.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: The Airline Deregulation Act (Pub.L. 95–504) was signed into law by President Carter on October 24, 1978. The main purpose of the act was to remove government control over fares, routes and market entry of new airlines from commercial aviation. The CAB's powers of regulation were to be phased out, eventually allowing market forces to determine routes and fares. The Act did not remove or diminish the Federal Aviation Administration's regulatory powers over all aspects of airline safety.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: In 1979, Carter deregulated the American beer industry by making it legal to sell malt, hops and yeast to American home brewers for the first time since the effective 1920 beginning of Prohibition in the United States. This Carter deregulation led to an increase in home brewing over the 1980s and 1990s that by the 2000s had developed into a strong craft microbrew culture in the United States, with 3,418 micro breweries, brewpubs and regional craft breweries in the United States by the end of 2014.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period and reached a low in 1974 under Richard Nixon. Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then, except under Carter and Bill Clinton. The United States national debt rose during the 1980s as Ronald Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending. The numbers of public debt as % of GDP are indicative of the process:


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: Fiscal conservatism was rhetorically promoted during the presidency of Republican Ronald Reagan (1981–1989). During Reagan's tenure, the top personal income tax bracket dropped from 70% to 28% while payroll taxes and the effective tax rates on the lower two income quintiles increased. Reagan cut the maximum capital gains tax from 28% to 20%, though in his second term he raised it back up to 28%. He successfully increased defense spending, but conversely liberal Democrats blocked his efforts to cut domestic spending. Real GDP growth recovered strongly after the 1982 recession, growing at an annual rate of 3.4% for the rest of his time in office. Unemployment dropped after peaking at over 10.7% percent in 1982, and inflation decreased significantly. Federal tax receipts nearly doubled from $517 billion in 1980 to $1,032 billion in 1990. Employment grew at about the same rate as population.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: According to a United States Department of the Treasury nonpartisan economic study, the major tax bills enacted under Reagan caused federal revenue to fall by an amount equal to roughly 1% of GDP. Although Reagan did not offset the increase in federal government spending or reduce the deficit, his accomplishments are more notable when expressed as a percent of the gross domestic product. Federal spending fell from 22.2% of the GDP to 21.2%. By the end of Reagan's second term, the national debt held by the public increased by almost 60% and the total debt equalled $2.6 trillion. In fewer than eight years, the United States went from being the world's largest creditor nation to the world's largest debtor nation.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: In the 1992 presidential election, Ross Perot, a successful American businessman, ran as a third-party candidate. Despite significant campaign stumbles and the uphill struggles involved in mounting a third-party candidacy, Perot received 18.9% of the popular vote (the largest percentage of any third-party candidate in modern history), largely on the basis of his central platform plank of limited-government, balanced-budget fiscal conservatism.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: While the mantle of fiscal conservatism is most commonly claimed by Republicans and libertarians, it is also claimed in some ways by many centrist or moderate Democrats who often refer to themselves as New Democrats. Although not supportive of the wide range tax cut policies that were often enacted during the Reagan and Bush administrations, the New Democrat coalition's primary economic agenda differed from the traditional philosophy held by liberal Democrats and sided with the fiscal conservative belief that a balanced federal budget should take precedence over some spending programs.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: Former President Bill Clinton, who was a New Democrat and part of the somewhat fiscally conservative Third Way advocating Democratic Leadership Council, is a prime example of this as his administration along with the Democratic-majority congress of 1993 passed on a party-line vote the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 which cut government spending, created a 36% individual income tax bracket, raised the top tax bracket which encompassed the top 1.2% earning taxpayers from 31% to 39.6% and created a 35% income tax rate for corporations. The 1993 Budget Act also cut taxes for fifteen million low-income families and 90% of small businesses. Additionally during the Clinton years, the PAYGO (pay-as-you-go) system originally introduced with the passing of the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 (which required that all increases in direct spending or revenue decreases be offset by other spending decreases or revenue increases and was very popular with deficit hawks) had gone into effect and was used regularly until the system's expiration in 2002.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: In the 1994 midterm elections, Republicans ran on a platform that included fiscal responsibility drafted by then-Congressman Newt Gingrich called the Contract with America which advocated such things as balancing the budget, providing the President with a line-item veto and welfare reform. After the elections gave the Republicans a majority in the House of Representatives, newly minted Speaker of the House Gingrich pushed aggressively for reduced government spending which created a confrontation with the White House that climaxed in the 1995–1996 government shutdown. After Clinton's re-election in 1996, they were able to cooperate and pass the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 which lowered the top capital gains tax rate from 28% to 20% and the 15% rate to 10%.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: After this combination of tax hikes and spending reductions, the United States was able to create budget surpluses from fiscal years 1998–2001 (the first time since 1969) and the longest period of sustained economic growth in United States history.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: American businessman, politician and former Mayor of New York City Michael Bloomberg considers himself a fiscal conservative and expressed his definition of the term at the 2007 British Conservative Party Conference, stating:


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: To me, fiscal conservatism means balancing budgets – not running deficits that the next generation can't afford. It means improving the efficiency of delivering services by finding innovative ways to do more with less. It means cutting taxes when possible and prudent to do so, raising them overall only when necessary to balance the budget, and only in combination with spending cuts. It means when you run a surplus, you save it; you don't squander it. And most importantly, being a fiscal conservative means preparing for the inevitable economic downturns – and by all indications, we've got one coming.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: While the term "fiscal conservatism" would imply budget deficits would be lower under conservatives (i.e., Republicans), this has not historically been the case. Economists Alan Blinder and Mark Watson reported in 2016 that budget deficits since WW2 tended to be smaller under Democratic Party presidents, at 2.1% potential GDP versus 2.8% potential GDP for Republican presidents, a difference of about 0.7% GDP. They wrote that higher budget deficits should theoretically have boosted the economy more for Republicans, and therefore cannot explain the greater GDP growth under Democrats.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: As a result of the expansion of the welfare state and increased regulatory policies by the Roosevelt administration beginning in the 1930s, in the United States the term liberalism has today become associated with modern rather than classical liberalism. In Western Europe, the expanded welfare states created after World War II were created by socialist or social-democratic parties such as the British Labour Party rather than liberal parties. Many liberal parties in Western Europe tend to adhere to classical liberalism, with the Free Democratic Party in Germany being one example. The Liberal Democrats in the United Kingdom have a classical liberal and a social liberal wing of the party. In many countries, liberalism or economic liberalism is used to describe what Americans call fiscal conservatism.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: Fiscal conservatism in the United Kingdom was arguably most popular during the premiership of Conservative Margaret Thatcher. After a number of years of deficit spending under the previous Labour government, Thatcher advocated spending cuts and selective tax increases to balance the budget. As a result of the deterioration in the United Kingdom's public finances—according to fiscal conservatives caused by another spate of deficit spending under the previous Labour government, the late-2000s recession and by the European sovereign debt crisis—the Cameron–Clegg coalition (Conservative–Liberal Democrats) embarked on an austerity programme featuring a combination of spending cuts and tax rises in an attempt to halve the deficit and eliminate the structural deficit over the five-year parliament.


title: Fiscal conservatism

text: In Canada, the rise of the socialist Co-operative Commonwealth Federation pushed the Liberal Party to create and expand the welfare state before and after World War II. Fiscal conservatism in Canada is generally referred to as blue Toryism when it is present within the Conservative Party of Canada. In Alberta, fiscal conservatism is represented by the United Conservative Party. In Ontario, fiscal conservatism is represented by the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario.


title: Chief Dan George

text: Chief Dan George (born Geswanouth Slahoot; July 24, 1899 – September 23, 1981) was a chief of the Tsleil-Waututh Nation, a Coast Salish band whose Indian reserve is located on Burrard Inlet in the southeast area of the District of North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He also was an actor, musician, poet and an author. The Chief's best-known written work is "My Heart Soars". As an actor, he is best remembered for portraying Old Lodge Skins opposite Dustin Hoffman in "Little Big Man" (1970), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and for his role in "The Outlaw Josey Wales" (1976), as Lone Watie, opposite Clint Eastwood.


title: Chief Dan George

text: Born as Geswanouth Slahoot in North Vancouver, his English name was originally Dan Slaholt. The surname was changed to George when he entered a residential school at age 5. He worked at a number of different jobs, including as a longshoreman, construction worker, and school bus driver, and was band chief of the Tsleil-Waututh Nation from 1951 to 1963 (then called the Burrard Indian Band).


title: Chief Dan George

text: In 1960, when he was already 60 years old, he landed his first acting job in a CBC Television series, "Cariboo Country", as the character Ol' Antoine (pron. "Antwine"). He performed the same role in a Walt Disney Studios film" Smith!" (1969), adapted from an episode in the series "The High Chaparral" (the episode in turn being based on "Breaking Smith's Quarter Horse", a novella by Paul St. Pierre). At age 71, he received several honors for his role in the film "Little Big Man" (1970), including a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.


title: Chief Dan George

text: He played the role of Rita Joe's father in George Ryga's stage play, "The Ecstasy of Rita Joe", in performances at Vancouver, the National Arts Centre in Ottawa, and Washington, D.C.


title: Chief Dan George

text: In 1972, he was among the guests in the television special "The Special London Bridge Special". That same year he acted in the film "Cancel My Reservation," and got the recurring role of Chief Moses Charlie in the comedy-drama television series "The Beachcombers", a role he would revisit until his death in 1981.


title: Chief Dan George

text: In 1973, he played the role of "Ancient Warrior" in an episode of the TV show "Kung Fu." That same year George recorded "My Blue Heaven" with the band Fireweed, with "Indian Prayer" on the reverse. His album, "Chief Dan George & Fireweed – In Circle", was released in 1974 comprising these songs and seven others.


title: Chief Dan George

text: The following year he had roles in "Alien Thunder" (1974), "The Bears and I" (1974), and "Harry and Tonto" (1974).


title: Chief Dan George

text: In 1975, he portrayed the character Chief Stillwater in the "Showdown at Times Square" episode in of "McCloud".


title: Chief Dan George

text: On television the following year he had role in the 1978 miniseries "Centennial", based on the book by James A. Michener.


title: Chief Dan George

text: George was well known for his poetic writing style and in 1974, George wrote "My Heart Soars" followed by "My Spirit Soars" in 1983, both published by Hancock House Publishers. The two books were later combined to form "The Best of Chief Dan George" which went on to become a best seller and continues to sell well today. One of his better known pieces of poetry "A Lament for Confederation" has become one of his most widely known works.


title: Chief Dan George

text: The Chief died at the Lion's Gate Hospital in North Vancouver in 1981 at the age of 82. He was interred at Burrard Cemetery.


title: Chief Dan George

text: Dan George's granddaughter Lee Maracle was a poet, author, activist, and professor. His granddaughter Charlene Aleck is an actress who performed for 18 years on "The Beachcombers" on CBC. His


title: Chief Dan George

text: Chief Dan George's grand-nephew, Chief Jesse "Nighthawk" George, currently resides in Chesapeake, Virginia, and is the Inter-Tribal Peace Chief for the Commonwealth of Virginia.


title: Chief Dan George

text: During his acting career, he worked to promote better understanding by non-aboriginals of the First Nations people. His soliloquy, "Lament for Confederation", an indictment of the appropriation of native territory by European colonialism, was performed at the City of Vancouver's celebration of the Canadian centennial in 1967. This speech is credited with escalating native political activism in Canada and touching off widespread pro-native sentiment among non-natives.


title: Chief Dan George

text: He was included on the Golden Rule Poster under "Native Spirituality" with the quote: "We are as much alive as we keep the earth alive".


title: Chief Dan George

text: Canadian actor Donald Sutherland narrated the following quote from his poem "My Heart Soars" in the opening ceremonies of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.


title: Chief Dan George

text: In 2008 Canada Post issued a postage stamp in its "Canadians in Hollywood" series featuring Chief Dan George.


The Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (Karelo-Finnish SSR; ; ), also called Soviet Karelia or simply known as Karelia, was a republic of the Soviet Union. It existed from 1940 until it was made part of the Russian SFSR in 1956 as the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The latter became the Republic of Karelia, a federal subject of Russia, on 13 November 1991.


The Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic was established by the Soviet government on 31 March 1940 by merging the KASSR with the Finnish Democratic Republic. The latter was created in territory ceded by Finland in the Winter War by the Moscow Peace Treaty, namely the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia, including the cities of Viipuri and Sortavala.


title: Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic

text: Virtually the entire Karelian population of the ceded areas, about 422,000 people, was evacuated to Finland, and the territories were settled by peoples from other parts of the Soviet Union.


text: Creating a new Republic of the Union for an ethnic group that was not large in absolute terms, nor constituted anything close to a majority in its territory, nor had been a separate independent nation before its incorporation into the USSR, was unprecedented in the history of the USSR. Some later historians believe that the elevation of Soviet Karelia from an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (within the RSFSR) to an SSR was a political move as a "convenient means for facilitating the possible incorporation of additional Finnish territory" (or, possibly, the whole of Finland) into the USSR.


text: In 1941, Finland re-annexed the territory that it had lost in 1940 and occupied most of the Karelian lands that had been within the USSR before 1940, including the capital Petrozavodsk (Petroskoi). In 1944, the Soviet Union recaptured the area. Soviet sovereignty was recognized by Finland in the Moscow Armistice and Paris Peace Treaty. The Finnish Karelians were evacuated to Finland again.


text: In September 1944, the Karelian Isthmus with Vyborg (Viipuri) was transferred from the Karelo-Finnish SSR to the Leningrad Oblast of the RSFSR, but Ladoga Karelia remained a part of the republic.


text: On 16 July 1956, the republic was incorporated into the Russian SFSR as the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. This move can perhaps be explained in the context of the general post-war improvement of Finno-Soviet relations, which also included such steps as the Soviets' return of the Porkkala Naval Base leased territory to full Finnish sovereignty (January 1956), and leasing Maly Vysotsky Island and the Soviet section of the Saimaa Canal (conquered by the USSR in 1940 and 1944) back to Finland (1963).


text: The abolition of the Karelian SSR in 1956 was the only case in the history of the USSR (1922–1991) of merging a member republic of the USSR into another republic. The state emblem of the Soviet Union had to be changed to reflect this, with one of the 16 ribbons symbolizing constituent republics removed. Soviet rouble banknotes bearing the emblem were also changed accordingly.


text: In the last days of the USSR, the Karelian ASSR became the Republic of Karelia, a subdivision of the Russian Federation, on 13 November 1991.


text: The chairman of the Karelo-Finnish Supreme Soviet (1940–1956) was a Finnish communist Otto Wille Kuusinen. In the republic, there was also a separate Karelo-Finnish Communist Party led in the 1940s by G.N. Kupriyanov.


text: Yuri Andropov served for some years as the first secretary of the republic's Komsomol branch, the Leninist Communist Youth League of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic.


title: Moab, Utah

text: Moab () is the largest city and county seat of Grand County in eastern Utah in the western United States, known for its dramatic scenery. The population was 5,366 at the 2020 census. Moab attracts many tourists annually, mostly visitors to the nearby Arches and Canyonlands National Parks. The town is a popular base for mountain bikers who ride the extensive network of trails including the Slickrock Trail, and for off-roaders who come for the annual Moab Jeep Safari.


title: Moab, Utah

text: The Biblical name Moab refers to an area of land located on the eastern side of the Jordan River. Some historians believe the city in Utah came to use this name because of William Andrew Peirce, the first postmaster, believing that the biblical Moab and this part of Utah were both "the far country". However, others believe the name has Paiute origins, referring to the word "moapa", meaning "mosquito". Some of the area's early residents attempted to change the city's name, because in the Christian Bible, Moabites are demeaned as incestuous and idolatrous (but note, Ruth was a Moabite). One petition in 1890 had 59 signatures and requested a name change to "Vina". Another effort attempted to change the name to "Uvadalia". Both attempts failed.


title: Moab, Utah

text: During the period between 1829 and the early 1850s, the area around what is now Moab served as the Colorado River crossing along the Old Spanish Trail. Latter-day Saint settlers attempted to establish a trading fort at the river crossing called the Elk Mountain Mission in April 1855 to trade with travellers attempting to cross the river. Forty men were called on this mission. There were repeated Indian attacks, including one on September 23, 1855, in which James Hunt, companion to Peter Stubbs, was shot and killed by a Native American. After this last attack, the fort was abandoned. A new group of settlers from Rich County, led by Randolph Hockaday Stewart, established a permanent settlement in 1878 under the direction of Brigham Young. Moab was incorporated as a town on December 20, 1902.


title: Moab, Utah

text: In 1883 the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad main line was constructed across eastern Utah. The rail line did not pass through Moab, instead passing through the towns of Thompson Springs and Cisco, to the north. Later, other places to cross the Colorado were constructed, such as Lee's Ferry, Navajo Bridge and Boulder Dam. These changes shifted the trade routes away from Moab. Moab farmers and merchants had to adapt from trading with passing travelers to shipping their goods to distant markets. Soon Moab's origins as one of the few natural crossings of the Colorado River were forgotten. Nevertheless, the U.S. military deemed the bridge over the Colorado River at Moab important enough to place it under guard as late as World War II.


title: Moab, Utah

text: In 1943, a former Civilian Conservation Corps camp outside Moab was used as a Citizen Isolation Center to confine Japanese American internees labeled "troublemakers" by authorities in the War Relocation Authority, the government body responsible for overseeing the wartime incarceration program. The Moab Isolation Center for "noncompliant" Japanese Americans was created in response to growing resistance to WRA policies within the camps; a December 1942 clash between guards and inmates known as the "Manzanar Riot," in which two were killed and ten injured, was the final push. On January 11, 1943, the sixteen men who had initiated the two-day protests were transferred to Moab from the town jails where they were booked (without charges or access to hearings) after the riot. Having closed just fifteen months prior, all 18 military-style structures of the CCC camp were in good condition, and the site was converted to its new use with minimal renovation. 150 military police guarded the camp, and director Raymond Best and head of security Francis Frederick presided over administration. On February 18, thirteen transfers from Gila River, Arizona, were brought to Moab, and six days later, ten more arrived from Manzanar. An additional fifteen Tule Lake inmates were transferred on April 2. Most of these new arrivals were removed from the general camp population because of their resistance to the WRA's attempts to determine the loyalty of incarcerated Japanese Americans, met largely with confusion and anger because of a lack of explanation as to how and why internees would be assessed. The Moab Isolation Center remained open until April 27, when most of its inmates were bused to the larger and more secure Leupp Isolation Center. (Five men, serving sentences in the Grand County Jail after protesting conditions in Moab, were transported to Leupp in a five-by-six-foot box on the back of a truck. Their separate transfer was arranged by Francis Frederick, who had also handed down their prison sentences, using a law he later rescinded to charge them with unlawful assembly.) In 1994, the "Dalton Wells CCC Camp/Moab Relocation Center" was added to the National Register of Historic Places, and, although no marker exists on the site, an information plaque at the current site entrance and a photograph on display at the Dan O'Laurie Museum in Moab mention the former isolation center.


title: Moab, Utah

text: Moab's economy was originally based on agriculture, but gradually shifted to mining. Uranium and vanadium were discovered in the area in the 1910s and 1920s. Potash and manganese came next, and then oil and gas were discovered. In the 1950s Moab became the so-called "Uranium Capital of the World" after geologist Charles Steen found a rich deposit of uranium ore south of the city. This discovery coincided with the advent of the era of nuclear weapons and nuclear power in the United States, and Moab's boom years began.


title: Moab, Utah

text: The city population grew nearly 500% over the next few years, bringing the population to near 6,000 people. The explosion in population caused much construction of houses and schools. Charles Steen donated a great deal of money and land to create new houses and churches in Moab.


title: Moab, Utah

text: With the winding down of the Cold War, Moab's uranium boom was over, and the city's population drastically declined. By the early 1980s a number of homes stood empty, and nearly all of the uranium mines had closed.


title: Moab, Utah

text: In 1949, Western movie director John Ford was persuaded to use the area for the movie "Wagon Master". Ford had been using the area in Monument Valley around Mexican Hat, Utah, south of Moab, since he filmed "Stagecoach" there 10 years earlier in 1939. A local Moab rancher (George White) found Ford and persuaded him to come take a look at Moab. The Moab to Monument Valley Film Commission is a Moab City Department and holds the title of the longest running film commission in the world. Established in 1949, the commission has overseen the production of the many movies filmed near Moab.


title: Moab, Utah

text: In recent years, Moab has experienced a surge of second-home owners. The relatively mild winters and enjoyable summers have attracted many people to build such homes throughout the area. In a situation mirroring that of other resort towns in the American West, controversy has arisen over these new residents and their houses, which in many cases remain unoccupied for most of the year. Many Moab citizens are concerned that the town is seeing changes similar to those experienced in Vail and Aspen in neighboring Colorado: skyrocketing property values, a rising cost of living, and corresponding effects on local low- and middle-income workers.


title: Moab, Utah

text: Moab hosts several cultural events and festivals including the Moab Music Festival, LGBT Pride Festival, Folk Festival, Skinny Tire Festival, and others. The annual music festival occurs in September, and was founded in 1992 by several musicians from New York. The Moab Folk Festival features concerts by numerous folk musicians every November. Since 2011 Moab has hosted an LGBT Pride festival. The first festival included a "visibility" march which drew more than 350 people; in its second year's festival had over 600 in attendance. The Skinny Tire Festival is a road bike festival that occurs in March each year and raises funds for cancer research and survivors. Additionally, Moab sponsors the Moab Art Walk at multiple venues throughout the year, highlighting local artists' work.


title: Moab, Utah

text: Moab is just south of the Colorado River, at an elevation of on the Colorado Plateau. It is west of the Utah/Colorado state line. Via U.S. Route 191, it is south of Interstate 70 at Crescent Junction, and it is north of Monticello. Via Utah State Route 128 it is southwest of Cisco. The entrance to Arches National Park is north of Moab on US 191. Hurrah Pass is located on the trail between Moab and Chicken Corners.


title: Moab, Utah

text: Moab has a semi-arid climate bordering on arid (Köppen "BSk") characterized by hot summers and chilly winters, with precipitation evenly spread over the year (usually less than one inch per month). There are an average of 41 days with temperatures reaching , 109 days reaching , and 3.6 days per winter where the temperature remains at or below freezing. The highest temperature was on July 7, 1989. The lowest temperature was on January 22, 1930.


title: Moab, Utah

text: Average annual precipitation in Moab is . There are an average of 55 days annually with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1983 with and the driest year was 1898 with . The most precipitation in one month was in July 1918. The most precipitation in 24 hours was on July 23, 1983.


title: Moab, Utah

text: Average seasonal snowfall for 1981–2011 is . The most snow in a season was during 1914–15, and the snowiest month on average is December, with the record set in 1915 at .


title: Moab, Utah

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 4,779 people, 1,936 households, and 1,169 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,313.1 people per square mile (506.9/km). There were 2,148 housing units at an average density of 590.2 per square mile (227.8/km). The racial makeup of the city was 90.35% White, 5.46% Native American, 0.36% African American, 0.29% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 1.88% from other races, and 1.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.44% of the population. There were 1,936 households, out of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.6% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.10. In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $32,620, and the median income for a family was $38,214. Males had a median income of $35,291 versus $21,339 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,228. About 12.0% of families and 15.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.1% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over.


title: Moab, Utah

text: Prior to the construction of the railroad in 1883, Moab was a strategic place to cross the Colorado River. A toll ferry service across the river ended when a permanent bridge was built in 1911. This bridge was replaced with a new bridge in 1955, which was in turn replaced by another new bridge in 2010. The 1955 bridge was subsequently demolished. The highway that uses this bridge has been renumbered multiple times and is now numbered U.S. Route 191.


title: Moab, Utah

text: Moab gained freight railroad access in 1962, when a spur railroad line (now the Union Pacific Railroad's Cane Creek Subdivision) was built to serve the Cane Creek potash mine. Moab has never had passenger rail service, although the "California Zephyr" has advertised service to Moab in the past via stops at Thompson Springs (no longer a scheduled stop), Green River or Grand Junction, Colorado. Beginning on August 15, 2021, the excursion company Rocky Mountaineer began operating passenger rail service between Moab and Denver, Colorado, in the form of the "Rockies to the Red Rocks".


title: Moab, Utah

text: Bus service is provided by Salt Lake Express. There are a number of locally owned shuttle services that provide transportation to Salt Lake City and Grand Junction, CO.


title: Moab, Utah

text: Air service is available at Canyonlands Field, with daily nonstop flights to Denver International Airport via SkyWest Airlines/United Express.


title: Playpen (website)

text: Playpen was a notorious darknet child pornography website that operated from August 2014 to March 2015. The website operated through a hidden service through the Tor network which allowed users to use the website anonymously. After running the website for 6 months, the website owner Steven W. Chase was captured by the FBI. After his capture, the FBI continued to run the website for another 13 days as part of Operation Pacifier.


title: Playpen (website)

text: When it was shut down in March 2015, the site had over 215,000 users and hosted 23,000 sexually explicit images and videos of children as young as toddlers.


title: Playpen (website)

text: The shutdown operation, called Operation Pacifier, involved the FBI hijacking the site and continuing to serve content for two weeks (from February 19, 2015 until March 4, 2015). During this time the FBI used a malware-based "Network Investigative Technique" to hack into the web browsers of users accessing the site, thereby revealing their identities. The operation led to the arrest of 956 site users and five prison sentences.


title: Playpen (website)

text: While the FBI claimed to have knowledge about the existence of the website right from its beginning, it was unable to track down the servers locations or the site owner. The reason for their struggle was the fact that Playpen was hosted as a hidden service via Tor. Only a mishap of the site owner revealing his IP address finally allowed the law enforcement to track down both page and personnel.


title: Playpen (website)

text: The investigation led to the sentencing of Steven W. Chase, a 58-year-old from Florida who created the website, to 30 years in prison in May 2017. His two co-defendants pleaded guilty and were sentenced to 20 years each earlier in 2017 for their involvement in Playpen.


title: Playpen (website)

text: In 2017, charges were dropped against one member of the site, after the court demanded that details of the hacking tool be released. The FBI preferred to keep the NIT (network investigative technique) malware a secret for future investigations.


title: Playpen (website)

text: The investigation was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation because, after having taken control of the website, the FBI continued for nearly two weeks to operate the website and thus distribute child pornography, i.e. exactly the same crime the bureau sought to stop. The lawyer of a defendant in the case stated that the FBI not only operated the website, but improved it so its number of visitors rose sharply while it was under their control.


title: Playpen (website)

text: Challenges were raised about the FBI's possibly severe misuse of the initial search warrant, leading to the likely dismissal of much of the gathered evidence against one defendant. On August 28, 2019, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the warrant was invalid but that the evidence obtained was not required to be excluded due to the good-faith exception doctrine.


title: Tocharian languages

text: The Tocharian (sometimes "Tokharian") languages ( or ), also known as Arśi-Kuči, Agnean-Kuchean or Kuchean-Agnean, are an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family spoken by inhabitants of the Tarim Basin, the Tocharians. The languages are known from manuscripts dating from the 5th to the 8th century AD, which were found in oasis cities on the northern edge of the Tarim Basin (now part of Xinjiang in Northwest China) and the Lop Desert. The discovery of these languages in the early 20th century contradicted the formerly prevalent idea of an east–west division of the Indo-European language family as centum and satem languages, and prompted reinvigorated study of the Indo-European family. Scholars studying these manuscripts in the early 20th century identified their authors with the "Tokharoi", a name used in ancient sources for people of Bactria (Tokharistan). Although this identification is now believed to be mistaken, "Tocharian" remains the usual term for these languages.


title: Tocharian languages

text: The discovered manuscripts record two closely related languages, called Tocharian A (also "East Tocharian", "Agnean" or "Turfanian") and Tocharian B ("West Tocharian" or "Kuchean"). The subject matter of the texts suggests that Tocharian A was more archaic and used as a Buddhist liturgical language, while Tocharian B was more actively spoken in the entire area from Turfan in the east to Tumshuq in the west. A body of loanwords and names found in Prakrit documents from the Lop Nor basin have been dubbed Tocharian C ("Kroränian"). A claimed find of ten Tocharian C texts written in Kharoṣṭhī script has been discredited.


title: Tocharian languages

text: The oldest extant manuscripts in Tocharian B are now dated to the 5th or even late 4th century AD, making Tocharian a language of Late Antiquity contemporary with Gothic, Classical Armenian, and Primitive Irish.


title: Tocharian languages

text: The existence of the Tocharian languages and alphabet was not even suspected until archaeological exploration of the Tarim Basin by Aurel Stein in the early 20th century brought to light fragments of manuscripts in an unknown language, dating from the 6th to 8th centuries AD.


title: Tocharian languages

text: It soon became clear that these fragments were actually written in two distinct but related languages belonging to a hitherto unknown branch of Indo-European, now known as Tocharian:


title: Tocharian languages

text: Prakrit documents from 3rd-century Krorän and Niya on the southeast edge of the Tarim Basin contain loanwords and names that appear to come from a closely related language, referred to as Tocharian C.


title: Tocharian languages

text: The discovery of Tocharian upset some theories about the relations of Indo-European languages and revitalized their study. In the 19th century, it was thought that the division between centum and satem languages was a simple west–east division, with centum languages in the west. The theory was undermined in the early 20th century by the discovery of Hittite, a centum language in a relatively eastern location, and Tocharian, which was a centum language despite being the easternmost branch. The result was a new hypothesis, following the wave model of Johannes Schmidt, suggesting that the satem isogloss represents a linguistic innovation in the central part of the Proto-Indo-European home range, and the centum languages along the eastern and the western peripheries did not undergo that change.


title: Tocharian languages

text: Several scholars identify the ancestors of the Tocharians with the Afanasievo culture of South Siberia ( 3300—2500 BC), an early eastern offshoot of the steppe cultures of the Don-Volga area that later became the Yamnayans. Under this scenario, Tocharian-speakers would have immigrated to the Tarim Basin from the north at some later point. On this basis, Michaël Peyrot argues that several of the most striking typological peculiarities of Tocharian are rooted in a prolonged contact of Proto-Tocharian with an early stage of Proto-Samoyedic in South Siberia. Among others, this might explain the merger of all three stop series (e.g. *t, *d, *dʰ > *t), which must have led to a huge number of homonyms, as well as the development of an agglutinative case system.


title: Tocharian languages

text: Most scholars reject Walter Bruno Henning's proposed link to Gutian, a language spoken on the Iranian plateau in the 22nd century BC and known only from personal names.


title: Tocharian languages

text: Tocharian probably died out after 840 when the Uyghurs, expelled from Mongolia by the Kyrgyz, moved into the Tarim Basin. The theory is supported by the discovery of translations of Tocharian texts into Uyghur.


title: Tocharian languages

text: Some modern Chinese words may ultimately derive from a Tocharian or related source, e.g. Old Chinese () "honey", from Proto-Tocharian *"ḿət(ə)" (where *"ḿ" is palatalized; cf. Tocharian B ), cognate with Old Church Slavonic (transliterated: ) (meaning "honey"), and English "".


title: Tocharian languages

text: A colophon to a Buddhist manuscript in Old Turkic from 800 AD states that it was translated from Sanskrit via a "twγry" language. In 1907 Emil Sieg and Friedrich W. K. Müller guessed that this referred to the newly discovered language of the Turpan area.


title: Tocharian languages

text: Sieg and Müller, reading this name as "toxrï", connected it with the ethnonym "Tócharoi" (, Ptolemy VI, 11, 6, 2nd century AD), itself taken from Indo-Iranian (cf. Old Persian "tuxāri-", Khotanese "ttahvāra", and Sanskrit "tukhāra"), and proposed the name "Tocharian" (German "Tocharisch"). Ptolemy's "Tócharoi" are often associated by modern scholars with the Yuezhi of Chinese historical accounts, who founded the Kushan empire. It is now clear that these people actually spoke Bactrian, an Eastern Iranian language, rather than the language of the Tarim manuscripts, so the term "Tocharian" is considered a misnomer.


title: Tocharian languages

text: In 1938, Walter Bruno Henning found the term "four "twγry"" used in early 9th-century manuscripts in Sogdian, Middle Iranian, and Uighur. He argued that it referred to the region on the northeast edge of the Tarim, including Agni and Karakhoja, but not Kucha. He thus inferred that the colophon referred to the Agnean language.


title: Tocharian languages

text: Although the term "twγry" or "toxrï" appears to be the Old Turkic name for the Tocharians, it is not found in Tocharian texts.


title: Tocharian languages

text: The apparent self-designation "ārśi" appears in Tocharian A texts. Tocharian B texts use the adjective "kuśiññe", derived from "kuśi" or "kuči", a name also known from Chinese and Turkic documents. The historian Bernard Sergent compounded these names to coin an alternative term "Arśi-Kuči" for the family, recently revised to "Agni-Kuči", but this name has not achieved widespread usage.


title: Tocharian languages

text: Tocharian is documented in manuscript fragments, mostly from the 8th century (with a few earlier ones) that were written on palm leaves, wooden tablets, and Chinese paper, preserved by the extremely dry climate of the Tarim Basin. Samples of the language have been discovered at sites in Kucha and Karasahr, including many mural inscriptions.


title: Tocharian languages

text: Most of attested Tocharian was written in the Tocharian alphabet, a derivative of the Brahmi alphabetic syllabary (abugida) also referred to as North Turkestan Brahmi or slanting Brahmi. However a smaller amount was written in the Manichaean script in which Manichaean texts were recorded. It soon became apparent that a large proportion of the manuscripts were translations of known Buddhist works in Sanskrit and some of them were even bilingual, facilitating decipherment of the new language. Besides the Buddhist and Manichaean religious texts, there were also monastery correspondence and accounts, commercial documents, caravan permits, medical and magical texts, and one love poem.


title: Tocharian languages

text: In 1998 the Chinese linguist Ji Xianlin published a translation and analysis of fragments of a Tocharian "Maitreyasamiti-Nataka" discovered in 1974 in Yanqi.


title: Tocharian languages

text: Tocharian A and B are significantly different, to the point of being mutually unintelligible. A common Proto-Tocharian language must precede the attested languages by several centuries, probably dating to the late 1st millennium BC.


title: Tocharian languages

text: Tocharian A is found only in the eastern part of the Tocharian-speaking area, and all extant texts are of a religious nature. Tocharian B, however, is found throughout the range and in both religious and secular texts. As a result, it has been suggested that Tocharian A was a liturgical language, no longer spoken natively, while Tocharian B was the spoken language of the entire area.


title: Tocharian languages

text: The hypothesized relationship of Tocharian A and B as liturgical and spoken forms, respectively, is sometimes compared with the relationship between Latin and the modern Romance languages, or Classical Chinese and Mandarin. However, in both of these latter cases, the liturgical language is the linguistic ancestor of the spoken language, whereas no such relationship holds between Tocharian A and B. In fact, from a phonological perspective Tocharian B is significantly more conservative than Tocharian A, and serves as the primary source for reconstructing Proto-Tocharian. Only Tocharian B preserves the following Proto-Tocharian features: stress distinctions, final vowels, diphthongs, and "o" vs. "e" distinction. In turn, the loss of final vowels in Tocharian A has led to the loss of certain Proto-Tocharian categories still found in Tocharian B, e.g. the vocative case and some of the noun, verb, and adjective declensional classes.


title: Tocharian languages

text: In their declensional and conjugational endings, the two languages innovated in divergent ways, with neither clearly simpler than the other. For example, both languages show significant innovations in the present active indicative endings but in radically different ways, so that only the second-person singular ending is directly cognate between the two languages, and in most cases neither variant is directly cognate with the corresponding Proto-Indo-European (PIE) form. The agglutinative secondary case endings in the two languages likewise stem from different sources, showing parallel development of the secondary case system after the Proto-Tocharian period. Likewise, some of the verb classes show independent origins, e.g. the class II preterite, which uses reduplication in Tocharian A (possibly from the reduplicated aorist) but long PIE "ē" in Tocharian B (possibly related to the long-vowel perfect found in Latin "lēgī", "fēcī", etc.).


title: Tocharian languages

text: Tocharian B shows an internal chronological development; three linguistic stages have been detected. The oldest stage is attested only in Kucha. There are also the middle ("classical") and the late stage.


title: Tocharian languages

text: A third Tocharian language was first suggested by Thomas Burrow in the 1930s, while discussing 3rd-century documents from Krörän (Loulan) and Niya. The texts were written in Gandhari Prakrit, but contained loanwords of evidently Tocharian origin, such as "kilme" ("district"), "ṣoṣthaṃga" ("tax collector"), and "ṣilpoga" ("document"). This hypothetical language later became generally known as Tocharian C; it has also sometimes been called Kroränian or Krorainic.


title: Tocharian languages

text: In papers published posthumously in 2018, Klaus T. Schmidt, a scholar of Tocharian, presented a decipherment of 10 texts written in the Kharoṣṭhī script. Schmidt claimed that these texts were written in a third Tocharian language he called . He also suggested that the language was closer to Tocharian B than to Tocharian A. In 2019 a group of linguists led by Georges Pinault and Michaël Peyrot convened in Leiden to examine Schmidt's translations against the original texts. They concluded that Schmidt's decipherment was fundamentally flawed, that there was no reason to associate the texts with Krörän, and that the language they recorded was neither Tocharian nor Indic, but Iranian.


title: Tocharian languages

text: Phonetically, Tocharian languages are "centum" Indo-European languages, meaning that they merge the palatovelar consonants of Proto-Indo-European with the plain velars (*k, *g, *gʰ) rather than palatalizing them to affricates or sibilants. Centum languages are mostly found in western and southern Europe (Greek, Italic, Celtic, Germanic). In that sense Tocharian (to some extent like the Greek and the Anatolian languages) seems to have been an isolate in the "satem" (i.e. palatovelar to sibilant) phonetic regions of Indo-European-speaking populations. The discovery of Tocharian contributed to doubts that Proto-Indo-European had originally split into western and eastern branches; today, the centum–satem division is not seen as a real familial division.


title: Tocharian languages

text: Tocharian A and Tocharian B have the same set of vowels, but they often do not correspond to each other. For example, the sound "a" did not occur in Proto-Tocharian. Tocharian B "a" is derived from former stressed "ä" or unstressed "ā" (reflected unchanged in Tocharian A), while Tocharian A "a" stems from Proto-Tocharian or (reflected as and in Tocharian B), and Tocharian A "e" and "o" stem largely from monophthongization of former diphthongs (still present in Tocharian B).


title: Tocharian languages

text: The following table lists the reconstructed phonemes in Tocharian along with their standard transcription. Because Tocharian is written in an alphabet used originally for Sanskrit and its descendants, the transcription reflects Sanskrit phonology, and may not represent Tocharian phonology accurately. The Tocharian alphabet also has letters representing all of the remaining Sanskrit sounds, but these appear only in Sanskrit loanwords and are not thought to have had distinct pronunciations in Tocharian. There is some uncertainty as to actual pronunciation of some of the letters, particularly those representing palatalized obstruents (see below).


title: Tocharian languages

text: Tocharian has completely re-worked the nominal declension system of Proto-Indo-European. The only cases inherited from the proto-language are nominative, genitive, accusative, and (in Tocharian B only) vocative; in Tocharian the old accusative is known as the "oblique" case. In addition to these primary cases, however, each Tocharian language has six cases formed by the addition of an invariant suffix to the oblique case — although the set of six cases is not the same in each language, and the suffixes are largely non-cognate. For example, the Tocharian word ' (Toch B), ' (Toch A) "horse" < PIE "*eḱwos" is declined as follows:


title: Tocharian languages

text: When referring to humans, the oblique singular of most adjectives and of some nouns is marked in both varieties by an ending "-(a)ṃ", which also appears in the secondary cases. An example is ' (Toch B), ' (Toch A) "man", which belongs to the same declension as above, but has oblique singular ' (Toch B), ' (Toch A), and corresponding oblique stems ' (Toch B), ' (Toch A) for the secondary cases. This is thought to stem from the generalization of "n"-stem adjectives as an indication of determinative semantics, seen most prominently in the weak adjective declension in the Germanic languages (where it cooccurs with definite articles and determiners), but also in Latin and Greek "n"-stem nouns (especially proper names) formed from adjectives, e.g. Latin "Catō" (genitive "Catōnis") literally "the sly one" < "catus" "sly", Greek "Plátōn" literally "the broad-shouldered one" < "platús" "broad".


title: Tocharian languages

text: In contrast, the verbal conjugation system is quite conservative. The majority of Proto-Indo-European verbal classes and categories are represented in some manner in Tocharian, although not necessarily with the same function. Some examples: athematic and thematic present tenses, including null-, "-y-", "-sḱ-", "-s-", "-n-" and "-nH-" suffixes as well as "n"-infixes and various laryngeal-ending stems; "o"-grade and possibly lengthened-grade perfects (although lacking reduplication or augment); sigmatic, reduplicated, thematic, and possibly lengthened-grade aorists; optatives; imperatives; and possibly PIE subjunctives.


title: Tocharian languages

text: In addition, most PIE sets of endings are found in some form in Tocharian (although with significant innovations), including thematic and athematic endings, primary (non-past) and secondary (past) endings, active and mediopassive endings, and perfect endings. Dual endings are still found, although they are rarely attested and generally restricted to the third person. The mediopassive still reflects the distinction between primary "-r" and secondary "-i", effaced in most Indo-European languages. Both root and suffix ablaut is still well-represented, although again with significant innovations.


title: Tocharian languages

text: A given verb belongs to one of a large number of classes, according to its conjugation. As in Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, and (to a lesser extent) Latin, there are independent sets of classes in the indicative present, subjunctive, perfect, imperative, and to a limited extent optative and imperfect, and there is no general correspondence among the different sets of classes, meaning that each verb must be specified using a number of principal parts.


title: Tocharian languages

text: The most complex system is the present indicative, consisting of 12 classes, 8 thematic and 4 athematic, with distinct sets of thematic and athematic endings. The following classes occur in Tocharian B (some are missing in Tocharian A):


title: Tocharian languages

text: Palatalization of the final root consonant occurs in the 2nd singular, 3rd singular, 3rd dual and 2nd plural in thematic classes II and VIII-XII as a result of the original PIE thematic vowel "e".


title: Tocharian languages

text: The subjunctive likewise has 12 classes, denoted "i" through "xii". Most are conjugated identically to the corresponding indicative classes; indicative and subjunctive are distinguished by the fact that a verb in a given indicative class will usually belong to a different subjunctive class.


title: Tocharian languages

text: In addition, four subjunctive classes differ from the corresponding indicative classes, two "special subjunctive" classes with differing suffixes and two "varying subjunctive" classes with root ablaut reflecting the PIE perfect.


title: Tocharian languages

text: All except preterite class VI have a common set of endings that stem from the PIE perfect endings, although with significant innovations.


title: Tocharian languages

text: The imperative likewise shows 6 classes, with a unique set of endings, found only in the second person, and a prefix beginning with "p-". This prefix usually reflects Proto-Tocharian "*pä-" but unexpected connecting vowels occasionally occur, and the prefix combines with vowel-initial and glide-initial roots in unexpected ways. The prefix is often compared with the Slavic perfective prefix "po-", although the phonology is difficult to explain.


title: Tocharian languages

text: Classes i through v tend to co-occur with preterite classes I through V, although there are many exceptions. Class vi is not so much a coherent class as an "irregular" class with all verbs not fitting in other categories. The imperative classes tend to share the same suffix as the corresponding preterite (if any), but to have root vocalism that matches the vocalism of a verb's subjunctive. This includes the root ablaut of subjunctive classes i and v, which tend to co-occur with imperative class i.


title: Tocharian languages

text: The optative and imperfect have related formations. The optative is generally built by adding "i" onto the subjunctive stem. Tocharian B likewise forms the imperfect by adding "i" onto the present indicative stem, while Tocharian A has 4 separate imperfect formations: usually "ā" is added to the subjunctive stem, but occasionally to the indicative stem, and sometimes either "ā" or "s" is added directly onto the root. The endings differ between the two languages: Tocharian A uses present endings for the optative and preterite endings for the imperfect, while Tocharian B uses the same endings for both, which are a combination of preterite and unique endings (the latter used in the singular active).


title: Tocharian languages

text: As suggested by the above discussion, there are a large number of sets of endings. The present-tense endings come in both thematic and athematic variants, although they are related, with the thematic endings generally reflecting a theme vowel (PIE "e" or "o") plus the athematic endings. There are different sets for the preterite classes I through V; preterite class VI; the imperative; and in Tocharian B, in the singular active of the optative and imperfect. Furthermore, each set of endings comes with both active and mediopassive forms. The mediopassive forms are quite conservative, directly reflecting the PIE variation between "-r" in the present and "-i" in the past. (Most other languages with the mediopassive have generalized one of the two.)


title: Tocharian languages

text: The present-tense endings are almost completely divergent between Tocharian A and B. The following shows the thematic endings, with their origin:


title: Tocharian languages

text: In traditional Indo-European studies, no hypothesis of a closer genealogical relationship of the Tocharian languages has been widely accepted by linguists. However, lexicostatistical and glottochronological approaches suggest the Anatolian languages, including Hittite, might be the closest relatives of Tocharian.


title: Tocharian languages

text: As an example, the same Proto-Indo-European root (but not a common suffixed formation) can be reconstructed to underlie the words for 'wheel': Tocharian A "wärkänt", Tokharian B "yerkwanto", and Hittite "ḫūrkis".


title: Tocharian languages

text: The Tocharian language stood in contact with various surrounding languages, including Iranian, Uralic, Turkic, and Sinitic languages. Tocharian borrowings, and other Indo-European loanwords transmitted through the Tocharians towards Uralic, Turkic and Sinitic speakers, have been confirmed. Influence onto the Tocharian vowel system, which shows certain similarities to Uralic languages is explained through early contact during the Afanasievo culture. Another characteristic of Tocharian is its agglutinative case marking and case functions, as well as the lack of dative case. Tocharian had a high social position within the region, and influenced the Turkic languages, which would later replace Tocharian in the Tarim Basin.


title: Tocharian languages

text: Most of the texts known from the Tocharians are religious, but one noted text is a fragment of a love poem in Tocharian B (manuscript B-496, found in Kizil):


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: Cho Kyu-hyun (born February 3, 1988), referred to as Kyuhyun, is a South Korean singer, musical theatre actor and television host. He debuted as a new member of boy group Super Junior (and later its sub-groups Super Junior-K.R.Y. and Super Junior-M as well as former member of SM Entertainment project group SM the Ballad) in May 2006. Apart from his group's activities, he has established himself as a musical actor, notably through his participation in the original and Korean versions of stage musicals including "The Three Musketeers", "Catch Me If You Can", "Moon Embracing the Sun", "Singin' in the Rain", "The Days", "Robin Hood", "Werther", "Mozart!", and "The Man Who Laughs". He also cast in television show including "Radio Star", "We Got Married", "Mamma Mia", "Fluttering India" and in the third, fourth, seventh, and eighth seasons of "New Journey to the West". He debuted as a solo artist with his debut mini album, "At Gwanghwamun", on November 13, 2014, making him the first Super Junior member to debut as a solo artist.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: Kyuhyun was born in Nowon-gu, Seoul, a northeastern part of the city. His father, Cho Young-hwan, worked for the Korean Housing Corporation before opening various educational institutes in Korea. Kyuhyun's mother, Kim Hanna, pursued business ventures such as establishing an art academy, as well as a guesthouse (MOM House) located in Myeongdong. Kyuhyun also has an older sister, Ara, a violinist who studied abroad in Vienna, Austria, before returning to Korea to teach the violin.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: Kyuhyun was initially urged to study law by his parents and later said that it would have been his choice in career had he not become a singer. His original plans to go into law were abandoned once he joined a band in high school, where he realized his talents in singing. He went on to place third in the Chin Chin Singing Competition in 2005 and entered SM Entertainment the following year. He faced strong opposition from his father, but the latter agreed to grant his blessings if Kyuhyun was accepted into a prestigious university. Kyuhyun subsequently enrolled in Kyunghee University with a major in Post-Modern Music and received his bachelor's degree in 2013. In 2016, he completed his master's degree in Post-Modern Music at the same university with master's dissertation entitled, "A Study on the Current Status and Future Development of K-POP: K-POP Advancement Strategies to America and Europe based on the Success Stories of K-POP in Japan and China".


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: Kyuhyun officially made his debut in 2006 as a new member of Super Junior (formerly Super Junior 05, the first generation of SM Entertainment's 12-member rotational boy band).


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: Kyuhyun made his first appearance as a part-time model of Super Junior in a news broadcast on May 23, where the group introduced their new single, "U". He debuted a few days later on May 27 at SBS's "I-Concert" with "U", which was also the group's first comeback performance as a permanent group. The CD single "U" was released on June 7 and remained the group's most successful single until the release of "Sorry, Sorry" in 2009.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: Shortly after his debut, Kyuhyun along with members Yesung and Ryeowook formed Super Junior's first sub-group, Super Junior-K.R.Y. The trio debuted on November 5 on KBS's weekly music program "Music Bank". Kyuhyun subsequently released a solo track titled "Smile" for The tvN drama "Hyena".


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In 2008, Kyuhyun joined Super Junior Chinese sub-group Super Junior-M. The group debuted in China at the 8th Annual Music Chart Awards with the release of their first music video, "U" on April 8. The debut was followed by the release of the group's studio album, "Me" in selected provinces throughout China and Taiwan. Kyuhyun also collaborated with The Grace in early 2008 to perform "Just For One Day" (하루만) for The Grace's first album "Hanbeon Deo, OK?". Later that year, Kyuhyun, alongside member Ryeowook, featured in the song "Wish" (소원) in labelmate TVXQ's repackaged edition of "Mirotic".


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In 2009, Kyuhyun sang the remake of Yoo Young-suk's "7 Years of Love" (7년간의 사랑) for Yoo's 20th-anniversary tribute album. Kyuhyun first performed the song on the television program "Yoo Hee Yeol's Sketch Book". On June 30, the song was released as a digital single as well as on Yoo's tribute album, with all proceeds donated to UNICEF. Following the success of his solo track, Kyuhyun alongside bandmate Donghae and actress Han Ji-min appeared in the music video "Happy Bubble," a commercial theme song for facial wash product Happy Bath on August 20.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: On January 6, 2010, Kyuhyun released his solo track "Listen To You" for the Korean drama "Pasta". The song peaked at number one on real-time music portal charts. On August 5, Kyuhyun released his third solo song "Hope, a dream that never sleeps" (희망은 잠들지 않는 꿈) for the television drama "Baker King, Kim Tak Goo".


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In November, Kyuhyun along with label mates TRAX's Jay, SHINee's Jonghyun, and newly debuted singer Jino (now a member of Pentagon) formed the project group SM The Ballad. The group was described as SM Entertainment's vocal unit group, but the original members would only promote that winter together. The group released their debut album, "Miss You" on November 29 and debuted on the music program "Inkigayo" the day before. The group remained inactive until 2014, when Kyuhyun along with TRAX's Jay and Jino left S.M.The Ballad, leaving Jonghyun as the only original member in the group.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: From December 15, 2010, to mid-January 2011, Kyuhyun rotated as D'Artagnan with TRAX's Jay in "The Three Musketeers" at Chungmu Art Hall in Seoul, where the singers co-starred with Yoo Jun-sang, Im Ki-jun, Kim Mu-yul and Dana Hong. His performances as D'Artagnan placed him first in an online poll for the Musical Rising Star Award at the 2010 Golden Ticket Awards.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In 2011, Kyuhyun contributed to group mate Siwon's drama "Poseidon" with the track "The Way to Break Up." The single was composed by Yoon Jong-shin and was also included in Yoon's monthly project album. Kyuhyun sang "Late Autumn" for Yoon's November monthly project later that year. He also appeared on KBS's music competition program , replacing group mate Yesung on the show. Kyuhyun went on to win two rounds.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: Kyuhyun was one of four fixed MCs on Super Junior's show "Foresight", and in September he replaced fellow member Heechul as an MC on MBC's "Radio Star". He later appeared on "We Got Married" as part of "Fighting Junior", supporting fellow member Leeteuk and his on-screen wife actress Kang So-ra.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In 2012, Kyuhyun was cast as Frank Abagnale Jr., rotating with Um Ki-joon, Kim Jeong-hoon, Park Gwang-hyun and Key of SHINee in the Korean production of the Broadway musical "Catch Me If You Can". The musical ran from March 28 to June 10 at the Blue Square Samsung Card Hall in Hannam-dong, Seoul.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: From December 2012 to February 2013, Kyuhyun was again cast as Frank Abagnale Jr. for the re-run of "Catch Me If You Can". From March 2013 to April 2013, he was cast as D'Artagnan for the re-run of "The Three Musketeers".


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In May 2013, it was announced that Kyuhyun would replace labelmate SHINee's Minho as the new MC of KBS 2TV's "Mamma Mia". Later in June, Kyuhyun featured in labelmate Henry's debut solo song "Trap" alongside SHINee's Taemin.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In August, Kyuhyun graduated from Kyunghee University's postmodern music department with a bachelor's degree. He enrolled for his master's the following month. News sources reported the graduations of Kyuhyun and classmate Kim Yeon-ji as unusual examples of entertainment stars taking their academic work seriously, to which Kyuhyun remarked, "I worked hard to get into university, so I was very attached."


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: From January 18 to February 23, 2014, Kyuhyun starred in the musical adaptation of MBC's "Moon Embracing the Sun" at the Seoul Arts Center, alongside Girls' Generation's Seohyun.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In May, it was announced that Kyuhyun would star in the musical "Singin' In The Rain" as Don Lockwood, opposite Girls' Generation's Sunny. The musical was produced by SM C&C, a subsidiary of S.M. Entertainment, and ran from June 5 to 22 at Chungmu Art Hall in Seoul.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: Later that month, Kyuhyun was cast in his fifth musical, "The Days". He played the second lead character, Moo-yeong, a witty and free-spirited security guard at the Blue House. Kyuhyun rotated the character alongside actors Kim Seung-dae, Oh Jeong-hyuk, and Ji Chang-wook. The musical ran from October 21, 2014, to January 2015.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: On November 13, 2014, Kyuhyun released his debut album, titled "At Gwanghwamun", making him the first Super Junior member to debut alone. Kyuhyun made his first music show appearance on KBS2's "Music Bank" on November 14. Just 12 hours after the album's online release, the title track, "At Gwanghwamun", achieved an 'all-kill' by topping all nine digital Korean charts. All of the songs on his album eventually climbed to the top 10 on most music sites.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In December, it was announced that Kyuhyun would star as Prince Phillip for the musical "Robin Hood". He rotated the role with Beast's Yoseob and actor Park Sung-hwan. The musical opened in January 2015 at the D-Cube Arts Center in Seoul.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In early 2015, Kyuhyun was cast in news-based KBS reality show "Fluttering India" (두근두근 인도) alongside TVXQ's Changmin, Shinee's Minho, CNBLUE's Jonghyun, Infinite's Sungkyu and Exo's Suho. Filming took place in Mumbai throughout February and the first episode was released on April 10, 2015.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: On March 25, it was announced that singer-songwriter Lee Moon-se chose Kyuhyun to be his duet partner in his new album, "New Direction". The duo's duet track, "She is Coming" was released on April 7.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: On October 14, 2015, Kyuhyun's second EP, "Fall, Once Again" with the title track "A Million Pieces, was released."


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In November 2015, Kyuhyun held his first solo concert And it's Fall Again, as part of SM Entertainment's concert series "The Agit" at the SMTOWN Theatre in SMTOWN's Coex Artium. Kyuhyun held six concerts, and tickets sold out in 46 seconds. In later that months, he released his next single, "The Day We Felt The Distance".


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: From November 2015 to January 2016, Kyuhyun played the lead role in the 15th-anniversary production of the musical "Werther". He rotated the role with actors Um Ki-joon and Cho Seung-woo. Kyuhyun also participated in the OST album of the musical.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: From April 11 to June 5, 2016, Kyuhyun held his solo tour in Japan, titled "Super Junior Kyuhyun Japan Tour 2016 ~Knick Knack~". He performed in several cities, including Fukuoka, Sapporo, Osaka, Hiroshima, Yokohama, Nagoya, and Tokyo. Following his tour, Kyuhyun also released his debut Japanese single titled "Celebration ~Bridge to You~", on May 25.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: On August 22, SM Entertainment announced that Kyuhyun would take a break from his activities due to vocal cord nodules. He underwent surgeries and temporarily halted his activities, including his performance in an ongoing musical that he was cast in, Mozart, as well as two weeks of recording on "Radio Star".


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In October 2016, it was announced that popular singer Sung Si-kyung would participated to composing in Kyuhyun's upcoming album and schedule to release within that year. Kyuhyun performed the new track at his concert "Reminiscence of a novelist" on October 29 to 30 at Ehwa Womans University and Busan from November 5 to 6 at Bexco Auditorium. His third EP, "Waiting, Still", was released on November 10. The album includes the double title tracks, "Blah Blah" was produced by popular singer-songwriter Yoon Jong-shin and "Still" was produced by popular ballad singer Sung Si-kyung.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In December 2016, Kyuhyun confirmed he would release his first Japanese album "One Voice" on February 8, 2017 and held his second Japan tour, "Super Junior-Kyuhyun Japan Tour 2017 ~One Voice~", from January 18 to March 5, 2017. "One Voice" reached number 1 on Oricon's daily chart and it ranked number 1 on Oricon weekly album chart in less than a week. With this album, Kyuhyun became the first solo foreign male artist from a group to top the chart.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In May 2017, it was announced that Kyuhyun would release a single titled 'Goodbye for Now' on May 24, a day before his enlistment date.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: Following his discharge from his mandatory military service on May 7, 2019, Kyuhyun held a fan meeting, Meeting Again Today, on May 19 at the Peace Hall in Kyung Hee University. He declined to return as an MC of "Radio Star"; but returned as a cast member of "New Journey to the West" for its seventh season, and joined the second seasons of "Salty Tour" and "Kang's Kitchen". He also participated in Super Junior's 9th Album "Time_Slip".


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: On May 14, 2019, Kyuhyun released his first single since his discharge, "Time with You". He also released a new EP, "The Day We Meet Again", featuring the lead single "Aewol-ri", on May 20, 2019. Since his discharge, he also started his own YouTube channel KYU TV.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: Kyuhyun also competed in "King of Mask Singer," first appearing in episode 211 (broadcast on July 14, 2019) as "Jinie". Kyuhyun obtained 5 consecutive wins as "Jinie", becoming the first male idol to win the title of "Mask King". Kyuhyun covered a variety of songs during the competition including Kim Dong-ryool's "Should I Say I Love You Again?", Park Hyo-shin's "Breath", Lee Hi's "Breath", Naul's "Memory of the Wind", Wanna One's "Energetic", Yoon Jong-shin ft. Jung-in's "Uphill Road" and SHINee Kim Jong-hyun's solo song "Y Si Fuera Ella".


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: The song "All Day Long" was recorded by Kyuhyun as Part 3 of the OST for drama "When The Weather is Fine." The song was released on March 16, 2020 and peaked at 142 in the Gaon Music Chart. The Super Junior member also recorded a remake version of the hit 1993 song "Confession Is Not Flashy" by Lee Seung Hwan for OST Part 4 of the popular tvN drama Hospital Playlist. The remake was released on April 3, 2020 and peaked at 8 on the Gaon Music Chart. Kyuhyun's remake of "Confession Is Not Flashy" was also nominated for the 30th Seoul Music Awards for Best OST.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In June 2020, Kyuhyun along with his fellow members of "Super Junior K.R.Y" released their first Korean EP since their debut in 2006 titled "When We Were Us (EP)" (푸르게 빛나던 우리의 계절). The album peaked at 1 on the Gaon Music Charts.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: On July 23, 2020, Kyuhyun released the music video for his single "Dreaming" as the first part of his "Project: 季" series. According to the concept of this project, Kyuhyun plans to release a single for each season for a year with "Dreaming" been the single which represents Summer season.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: On August 23, 2020, Toon Studio unveiled the OST "The Moment My Heart Flinched" recorded by Kyuhyun for the webtoon "She Is My Type". The song peaked at 5 in the Gaon Music Chart.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: The second single from Kyuhyun's "Project: 季" series was released on October 8, 2020, and is titled as "Daystar". "Daystar" represents the Autumn season and the music video stars actor Yoo Yeon Seok.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: On January 13, 2021, EMK Musical unveiled the cast teaser for the musical ""Phantom"" in which Kyuhyun has been cast in the titular role of "Phantom" alongside Park Eun-tae, Kai, and Jeon Dong-seok. ""Phantom"" is a musical based on Gaston Leroux's iconic 1909 novel "The Phantom of the Opera ("Le Fantôme de l'Opéra)"". Ticketing for the musical began on January 19, 2021, and is set to run from March 17, 2021, to June 27, 2021.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: Kyuhyun returned with his new series "2021 Project: 季", starting with the first single "Moving On", released on January 26, 2021, representing the winter season. The music video stars actor Gong Myung and actress Chae Soo Bin.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: The second single from the "2021 Project: 季" series, titled "Coffee", was released on April 13, 2021, representing the spring season.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: The third single from the "2021 Project: 季" series, titled "Together", was released on July 5, 2021, representing the summer season.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: Kyuhyun released his fourth EP, "Love Story (4 Season Project 季)", featuring the lead single "Love Story", on January 25, 2022, to conclude the "2021 Project: 季" series.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: The OST recorded by Kyuhyun for the drama "Forecasting Love and Weather", titled "Promise You" was released on March 6, 2022. Kyuhyun also recorded an OST titled "Departure from a Country" for the drama "Sh**ting Stars", which was released on May 21, 2022.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: On the early morning of April 19, 2007, Kyuhyun along with Super Junior members Leeteuk, Shindong, Eunhyuk, and two managers were hospitalized due to a serious car accident while returning from a "Super Junior Kiss the Radio" show. The front tire reportedly burst, causing the car to hit a guard rail, spin twice, and flip over. Kyuhyun, who was sitting behind the driver's seat, suffered the most serious injuries including a fractured hip, broken ribs, and facial scratches and bruises. He subsequently developed pneumothorax from a broken rib piercing his lungs and remained in a coma for four days.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: The doctor treating Kyuhyun at the time said that in order to repair Kyuhyun's pierced lungs he would have to pierce a hole into his neck, thus ending his career as a singer. Kyuhyun's father, who once vehemently opposed his son's career, was the first to immediately reject the operation, stating that Kyuhyun would rather die than not be able to sing. He pleaded that the doctor find another way to repair his son's lungs. In spite of this, doctors insisted that even with the surgery Kyuhyun "had about a 20 percent chance to live." After fierce debate between his parents and doctors, another surgeon named Dr. Wang Youngpil suggested an alternative operation that would instead make an incision in the ribs.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: Kyuhyun spent six days in the ICU before he was transferred to a regular hospital room. After being moved, Kyuhyun no longer needed support from a respiratory machine, but he was not able to walk on his own until one month after the accident. He was discharged on July 5, 2007, after 78 days.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: On August 23, 2016, Kyuhyun underwent vocal cord surgery to treat his vocal chord nodules. He subsequently took a break from all activities during recovery.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: On May 25, 2017, Kyuhyun began his mandatory military service. He received training at the Nonsan Army Training Center for four weeks before fulfilling his military duty as a social service worker. Kyuhyun is the last member of Super Junior to begin military service. Kyuhyun was discharged on May 7, 2019.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: Together with Super Junior and Super Junior-M, Kyuhyun has endorsed for various brands such as Pepsi, Yamaha, 12Plus, SPAO, Kyochon Chicken, LG phone, Tony Moly, Lotte Duty Free, and Bonrich. He was also the main spokesperson for Masita Seaweed from 2011 to 2016.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In 2013, Kyuhyun and label mates Yoona, Minho, Sulli, Seohyun, and Siwon were appointed as the main models for SK Telecom.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In 2016, Kyuhyun was chosen to be the representative of Samdasoo mineral water along with Girls' Generation's Taeyeon.


title: Cho Kyu-hyun

text: In 2022, Kyuhyun appeared in a commercial for Terra, a brand of Korean beer by HiteJinro. He appeared with Sunmi whom he was a judge with in the reality show 'Sing Again 2', and participating contestants Kim Ki-tae, Kim So-yeon, Yun Seong.


title: Yakovlev Yak-9

text: The Yakovlev Yak-9 () is a single-engine, single-seat multipurpose fighter aircraft used by the Soviet Union and its allies during World War II and the early Cold War. It was a development of the robust and successful Yak-7B fighter, which was based in turn on the tandem-seat advanced trainer known as the Yak-7UTI. The Yak-9 started arriving in Soviet fighter regiments in late 1942 and played a major role in retaking air superiority from the Luftwaffe's new Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and fighters during the grand Battle of Kursk in summer 1943.


title: Yakovlev Yak-9

text: The Yak-9 had a cut down rear fuselage with an unobscured canopy. Its lighter metal structure allowed for an increased fuel load and armament over previous models built from wood. The Yak-9 was manoeuvrable at high speeds when flying at low and medium altitudes and was also easy to control, qualities that allowed it to be one of most produced Soviet fighters of World War II. It was produced in different variants including the Yak-9T with the cannon and the "large-calibre" Yak-9K with a cannon firing through propeller hub, which was used for antitank duty and as a potent aircraft destroyer, the fighter-bomber Yak-9B with an internal bomb bay behind cockpit for up to worth of bombs, the long-range Yak-9D and the Yak-9DD with additional wing fuel tanks to escort bombers over Eastern Europe, and the Yak-9U with a more powerful engine and improved aerodynamics. The Yak-9 remained in production from 1942 to 1948, with 16,769 built (14,579 during the war).


title: Yakovlev Yak-9

text: After World War II, the Yak-9 would also be used by the North Korean Air Force during the Korean War.