title: Merton College, Oxford

text: Founder of the Bodleian Library, Thomas Bodley, was admitted as fellow in 1564. Another significant figure, Henry Savile, was appointed Warden some years later in 1585 (held the position until 1621) and had great influence of the development of the college. William Harvey, who was the first to describe in detail the systemic circulation, was warden from 1645 to 1646. Lord Randolph Churchill, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons (and father of Winston Churchill), matriculated in October 1867, while Max Beerbohm, an English essayist, parodist, and caricaturist studied at Merton in the 1890s and was Secretary of the Myrmidon Club.


title: Merton College, Oxford

text: Merton has also produced notable alumni and fellows in more recent times. In science, Merton is associated with four Nobel prize winners: chemist Frederick Soddy (1921), zoologist Nikolaas Tinbergen (1973), physicist Anthony Leggett (2003) and physicist Anton Zeilinger (2022). Other Mertonians in science include Canadian neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield, mathematician Andrew Wiles who proved Fermat's Last Theorem, computer scientist Tony Hoare, chemist George Radda, economist Catherine Tucker, geneticist Alec Jeffreys and cryptographer Artur Ekert.


title: Merton College, Oxford

text: Notable Mertonians within the field of literature include poet T. S. Eliot, who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948, and author J. R. R. Tolkien who was Merton Professor of English Language and Literature and Fellow of Merton from 1945 to 1959.


title: Merton College, Oxford

text: Former students with careers as politicians include British politicians Reginald Maudling, Airey Neave, Jesse Norman, Ed Vaizey, Denis MacShane, Liz Truss and Peter Tapsell, while international alumni include Bob Krueger, former U.S. Senator from Texas, and Arthur Mutambara, former Deputy Prime Minister of Zimbabwe.


title: Merton College, Oxford

text: In business, former Director-General of the BBC and current CEO of the New York Times Company Mark Thompson, CEO of Stonewall Ben Summerskill and former CEO of Sony Howard Stringer are alumni. In law, Henry Litton served as one of the first Permanent Judges of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong (Hong Kong's court of last resort), while Brian Leveson is currently both President of the Queen's Bench Division and Head of Criminal Justice.


title: Merton College, Oxford

text: Other alumni include the composer Lennox Berkeley, actor and singer-songwriter Kris Kristofferson, mountaineer Andrew Irvine, RAF pilot Leonard Cheshire, former athlete Roger Bannister, journalist Tanya Gold and Naruhito, Emperor of Japan.


title: Merton College, Oxford

text: The current Warden of the college is Irene Tracey, who was elected in succession to Martin J. Taylor, former professor of pure mathematics at the University of Manchester on his retirement in 2018.


title: Merton College, Oxford

text: Just like the other ancient colleges of Oxford, Merton was originally an all-male college. It admitted its first female students in 1980 and became the second former all-male college to elect a female head of house when Jessica Rawson was appointed as Warden in 1994. Professor Irene Tracey was appointed as Merton's second female warden in 2019.


title: Merton College, Oxford

text: Alumnae of Merton include the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Liz Truss and Princess Akiko of Mikasa.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: The Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team is the intercollegiate men's basketball program representing the University of Michigan. The school competes in the Big Ten Conference in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Wolverines play home basketball games at the Crisler Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Michigan has won one NCAA Championship as well as two National Invitation Tournaments (NIT), 15 Big Ten Conference titles and two Big Ten tournament titles. In addition, it has won an NIT title and won a Big Ten tournament that were vacated due to NCAA sanctions. The team is coached by Michigan alum Juwan Howard.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: Michigan has had 35 All-Americans, selected 48 times. Eight of these have been consensus All-Americans, which are Cazzie Russell (twice), Rickey Green, Gary Grant, Chris Webber, Trey Burke, as well as Harry Kipke, Richard Doyle and Bennie Oosterbaan (twice) who were retroactively selected by the Helms Foundation. Twelve All-Americans have been at least two-time honorees. Russell was the only three-time All-American.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: Michigan basketball players have been successful in professional basketball. Seventy-four have been drafted into the National Basketball Association (NBA); twenty-nine of those were first round draft picks, including both Cazzie Russell and Chris Webber who were drafted first overall. The 1990 NBA draft, in which Rumeal Robinson was selected 10th, Loy Vaught was selected 13th, and Terry Mills was selected 16th made Michigan the third of only ten schools that have ever had three or more players selected in the first round of the same draft. Five players have gone on to become NBA champions for a total of nine times and eight players have become NBA All-Stars a total of 18 times. Rudy Tomjanovich coached both the 1994 and 1995 NBA Finals Champions. Glen Rice is one of only thirteen basketball players to have won a state high school championship, NCAA title and NBA championship.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: During the 1990s Michigan endured an NCAA violations scandal, described as involving one of the largest amounts of illicit money in NCAA history, when Ed Martin loaned four players a reported total of $616,000. Due to NCAA sanctions, records from the 1992 Final Four, the 1992–93 season, and 1995–99 seasons have been vacated. Throughout this article asterisks denote awards, records and honors that have been vacated.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: As a result of public and alumni demand for a basketball team, Michigan fielded a team of members of the then-current student body and achieved a 1–4 record for the 1908–09 season. However, after three years of demanding a basketball program, the student body did not attend the games and the program was terminated due to low attendance. Basketball returned in 1917 in what was considered the inaugural season of varsity basketball. The team was coached by Elmer Mitchell who instituted the intramural sports program at Michigan. The team finished 6–12 overall (0–10, Big Ten). The following year Mitchell led the team to a 16–8 (5–5) record.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: E. J. Mather coached the team to three Big Ten titles in his nine seasons as coach. After inheriting Mitchell's team, which he led to a 10–13 overall (3–9, Big Ten) record during the 1919–20 season, he led the team to an 18–4 overall (8–4, Big Ten) record during the 1920–21 season. This 1921 team won its first eight and last eight games to tie the Wisconsin Badgers and Purdue Boilermakers for the Big Ten title. The team won back-to-back championships in 1925–26 and 1926–27. The 1926 squad, which was captained by Richard Doyle who became the team's first All-American, tied with Purdue, the Iowa Hawkeyes and Indiana Hoosiers for the conference championship. The 1927 team had a new All-American, Bennie Oosterbaan, and won the school's first back-to-back championships and first outright championship with a 14–3 overall (10–2, Big Ten) record. Mather died after a lengthy battle with cancer in August 1928.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: George F. Veenker compiled the highest overall and highest Big Ten winning percentages of any coach in school history during his three years as coach. He earned 1st(tied), 3rd and 2nd(tied) finishes during his three seasons, which included the 1928–29 conference championship. During Veenker's first season his team compiled a 13–3 overall (10–2, Big Ten) record to win the conference, and Veenker continues to be the only coach in school history to win a conference championship in his first season. The championship team, which finished tied with Wisconsin, was captained by the school's third All-American Ernie McCoy. Veenker resigned to become the Iowa State Cyclones football head coach.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: Franklin Cappon had a long history of association with Michigan athletics starting with his service as a four-time letterman in football and basketball from 1919 to 1923. In 1928, he became assistant football and basketball coach and in 1929 he served as Fielding H. Yost's assistant Athletic Director. Although the highlight of Cappon's tenure as coach was a 16–4 (9–3) third place 1936–37 Big Ten finish, he coached John Townsend who in his 1937–38 senior season became last All-American for at least 10 years. The team finished third in two other seasons with less impressive records of 10–8 overall (8–4, Big Ten) in 1932–33 and 15–5 overall (7–5, Big Ten) 1935–36, and Cappon's overall record was 78–57 overall (44–40, Big Ten). A notable captain during the Cappon era was 1933–34 captain Ted Petoskey, a two-time football All-American end and eventual Major League Baseball player.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: In 1938 Michigan coaching duties were assumed by one of its greatest athletes. Bennie Oosterbaan had been an All-American in both football and basketball and held various coaching positions at Michigan in both of those sports as well as baseball. In basketball, he implemented a fast-paced attack as coach, and his teams' best overall record was 13–7 in 1939–40. That season he tied with his final season for his best Big Ten record at 6–6. He resigned after eight seasons to concentrate on his football coaching duties.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: Under Ozzie Cowles, during the 1947–48 season, Michigan ended the longest (19 years) consecutive year period without a conference championship in school history. They also became the first contestants in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament during Cowles second of two seasons. The 1947–48 team posted a 16–6 overall (10–2, Big Ten) record. This team also posted the first undefeated home performance in school history with a 9–0 overall (6–0, Big Ten) record.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: Ernie McCoy became the second former All-American Wolverine player to coach the team. Like Oosterbaan before him, he became a football and baseball coach at Michigan. He also served as assistant Athletic Director under Fritz Crisler. During his four seasons as basketball coach, Michigan's best finish was during the 1948–49 season when they finished 15–6 overall (7–5, Big Ten) and earned a third place Big Ten Conference finish. He coached Michigan's first All-Big Ten basketball players that season in Pete Elliot and captain Bob Harrison who were both selected to the first team. Harrison returned the following season as the first repeat first-team All-Big Ten basketball player and Elliot was a second-team honoree. McCoy served as a football scout at the same time.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: Bill Perigo took over the Michigan coaching job after having served three seasons as Western Michigan basketball coach. Despite previous success as a conference basketball champion coach at Western and subsequent success as a Michigan High School Athletic Association (MHSAA) champion basketball coach, his Michigan teams endured several mediocre seasons. His best Big Ten records came in 1956–57 and 1958–59 when his teams compiled 8–6 conference records. The latter team was tied for second in the conference and was 15–7 overall (8–6, Big Ten). It also had Perigo's only first-team All-Big Ten athlete in M. C. Burton. Team captain and two-time football consensus All-American Ron Kramer was third-team All-Big Ten in 1957 after being second-team All-Big Ten in both 1955 and 1956.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: Dave Strack, a former team 1945–46 captain, had become the freshman basketball team coach in 1948 and later had become a variety assistant to Perigo. He led the team to three consecutive Big Ten Championships from 1963–66 and a third-place finish in the 1964 NCAA tournament. During 1964–65 the team compiled a 24–4 overall (13–1, Big Ten) record while completing an undefeated 11–0 overall (7–0, Big Ten) home season and was the national runner-up, falling to John Wooden's UCLA in the 1965 championship game. Strack earned United Press International (UPI) National Coach of the Year honors. The team ended the season listed number one in both the UPI and Associated Press (AP) national rankings. He recruited All-Americans Russell and Buntin to anchor his mid-1960s teams. Tomjanovich also became a Wolverine at the end of Strack's career and became second team All-Big Ten in 1968 subsequent later stardom. The 1964 team, which went 23–5 overall (11–3, Big Ten), tied with Ohio State with sophomore Russell and junior Buntin. In 1965, Buntin became the first Wolverine to be drafted by the NBA. In 1966, Russell led the team to its third straight conference championship and NCAA selection on his way to National Player of the Year honors.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: In Johnny Orr's twelve seasons, he twice (1973–74 and 1976–77) earned Big Ten Coach of the Year honors with Big Ten championships. His teams earned four consecutive NCAA selections from 1974–77. The 25–7 overall (14–4, Big Ten) 1976 team lost to an undefeated Indiana team in the NCAA championship game and Orr earned National Association of Basketball Coaches Coach of the Year honors that season. The 26–4 overall (16–2, Big Ten) 1977 team finished first in both the AP and UPI national rankings, and Orr won Basketball Weekly National Coach of the Year honors. During Orr's tenure, six players earned a total of seven All-American recognitions, which is the most of any Michigan coach. Steve Grote became Michigan's only three-time first-team Academic All-American from 1975–77 and with a second team All Big Ten as well as three honorable mentions was the first four-time All-Big Ten honoree.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: Bill Frieder, who had been an assistant coach for seven years, took over from Orr in 1980. He coached the school's first post-season basketball champions during the 1983–84 season and the following two teams were back-to-back conference champions. The 1983–84 team compiled a 24–9 overall (11–7, Big Ten) record on their way to a NIT championship victory over Notre Dame. The 1984–85 team went 26–4 overall (16–2, Big Ten), which earned Frieder Big Ten and AP National Coach of the Year honors. The 1985–86 team, which finished 28–5 overall (14–4, Big Ten), started the season with 16 victories to make a total of 33 consecutive regular season victories. Frieder earned five of Michigan's six consecutive NCAA births from 1985–90, currently the longest streak in program history. Roy Tarpley led the 1985 team as Big Ten MVP. After the 1988–89 season, Frieder accepted the head coach's job at Arizona State, but wanted to remain at Michigan for the NCAA Tournament. However, when Frieder told athletic director Bo Schembechler of his intentions, Schembechler ordered him to leave immediately, telling him, "I don't want someone from Arizona State coaching the Michigan team. A "Michigan" man is going to coach Michigan."


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: Frieder's top assistant, Steve Fisher, was named interim coach immediately before the 1989 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament and led the team to six straight victories and the championship. Following the victory, Michigan dropped the "interim" tag from Fisher's title. Two years later, Fisher signed the famous recruiting class known as the Fab Five (Chris Webber, Juwan Howard, Jalen Rose, Jimmy King and Ray Jackson). He would take these players to the NCAA championship game as Freshmen and Sophomores. Fisher also won the 1997 NIT tournament with a team that compiled a 25–9 overall (11–5) record. Many of Fisher's and the basketball team's accomplishments were tarnished by significant NCAA sanctions. He left the job due to the University of Michigan basketball scandal.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: Brian Ellerbe assumed the title of interim coach less than five months after becoming an assistant coach. He was named full-time coach following the 25–9 (11–5) 1997–98 season in which he led the team to victories over Iowa, Minnesota and Purdue to capture the Big Ten Conference men's basketball tournament championship. His subsequent teams never finished better than seventh in the conference.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: Tommy Amaker inherited a team that imposed sanctions on itself after his first year at the helm of the program. Nonetheless, he coached the team to the postseason three times including both an NIT championship in 2004 and a runner-up finish in 2006. During the 2005–06, when the team compiled a 22–11 overall (8–8, Big Ten) record, he led them to their first national ranking in eight years when they reached the #20 position. Despite his successes, the team never won a Big Ten Championship and never made the NCAA tournament, which led to his firing after six seasons.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: John Beilein's 10–22 overall (5–13 Big Ten) inaugural season featured the most losses in Michigan's history. However, in Beilein's second season, the team posted impressive non-conference victories over top-five ranked opponents UCLA and Duke. Beilein led Michigan to the 2009 NCAA Tournament, its first appearance since 1998 and the first that was not vacated since 1995. After upsetting Clemson in the first round, the Wolverines were eliminated by Oklahoma in Round 2 by a final score of 73–63.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: Following a disappointing 15–17 season in 2009–10, the Wolverines bounced back to return to the NCAA Tournament in 2011, advancing to the round of 32 before losing to top-seeded Duke, 73–71. The 2010–11 Wolverines, who swept rival Michigan State for the first time since 1997, finished the season 21–14. In the 2011–12 season, Michigan split the season series with both Ohio State and Michigan State and went on to be co-Big Ten champs along with the Buckeyes and Spartans. It was the program's first Big Ten title since 1986. The Wolverines finished the season 24–10 and 13–5 in conference play, losing in the opening round of the NCAA Tournament.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: The 2012–13 Michigan team earned a #1 ranking in the AP Poll on January 28, 2013, marking the first time since November 30, 1992, that Michigan held that position. The team also made program history for the best season start, at 21–2. On March 31, The Wolverines defeated Florida by a score of 79–59 to make their first Final Four appearance since the 1992–93 season. The Wolverines then defeated Syracuse by a score of 61–56 in the Final Four. In the 2013 National Championship game, the Wolverines lost against Louisville by the score of 82–76. On February 20, 2018, NCAA confirmed and upheld penalties against Louisville for "arranging striptease dances and sex acts for prospects, student-athletes and others." Louisville had to vacate its 2013 National Championship but NCAA does not retroactively award vacated championships to default winners.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: The 2013–14 team had another strong season, winning Michigan's first outright Big Ten championship since 1986 and advancing to the Elite Eight of the NCAA tournament, where it lost to Kentucky 75–72. With the departure of several key players to NBA draft and graduation, the 2014–15 team ended the season with a 16–16 record and a quarterfinals appearance at the Big Ten tournament but did not make the NCAA Tournament. Despite several injuries before and during the season, the 2015–16 team compiled a 23–13 record and made it to the semifinals of the Big Ten tournament. The team also qualified as a First Four for the NCAA Tournament but eventually lost at the Round of 64.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: During the 2016–17 season, Beilein became the winningest coach in school history, passing Johnny Orr with his 210th win, 75–55 over Illinois on March 9 in the opening round of the 2017 Big Ten tournament. Michigan went on to win the tournament, its first since the vacated 1998 title, winning four games in four days as the #8 seed and capping it off with a 71–56 championship victory over Wisconsin. It was the first time that a #8 seed had won the Big Ten tournament.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: During the 2017–18 season, Beilein's Wolverines again won four games in four days to win back-to-back Big Ten tournament championships for the first time in school history. The team went on to win the West regional title and advance to the Final Four following its win over Florida State, 58–54. The win improved the team's record to 32–7, marking a new school record for victories. Following a Final Four victory over a rising Loyola-Chicago team, Michigan moved on to face Villanova in the NCAA tournament championship game. They fell short by a score of 79–62.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: The 2018–19 team started the season on the best run in program history, winning their first 17 games before losing to Wisconsin on the road. The Wolverines finished the regular season third in the Big Ten and earned a #2 seed in the NCAA tournament, despite losing three starters from the previous season's team. The team made it to the Sweet Sixteen of the NCAA tournament before losing to #3 seed Texas Tech. This marked the third consecutive season that the team advanced to the Sweet Sixteen in the NCAA tournament.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: On May 13, 2019, in a surprising move, Beilein signed a five-year contract to become the head coach of the Cleveland Cavaliers. Beilein led Michigan to a 278–150 record with nine NCAA Tournament appearances, including two finishes as national runner-ups. Beilein has advocated for a system similar to college football, where a committed player has to stay in school for at least three years. It was speculated that the rise of "one-and-done" and early NBA Draft entries, which resulted in a trend of more time spent on recruiting and higher turnover of players, has contributed to Beilein decision to leave coaching college basketball. Beilein's departure from Michigan is widely regarded as a loss to college basketball.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: On May 22, 2019, former Fab Five member Juwan Howard was named the head coach of the Wolverines, agreeing on a five-year contract. Despite losing three leading scorers from the 2018 team to NBA draft, Howard led the unranked Wolverines to a strong 7–0 start, including back-to-back wins over then #6 ranked UNC (73–64) and #8 ranked Gonzaga (82–64) to capture the Battle 4 Atlantis tournament title on November 29, 2019. Following the strong performance, Michigan jumped from unranked to #4 in the AP Top 25 on December 2, 2019, becoming only the second team after the 1989–90 Kansas Jayhawks to achieve the feat in the 70-year history of the poll since its creation in 1949. In their first Big Ten opener under Howard on December 6, 2019, the Wolverines defeated Iowa 103–91 and scored their most points in a Big Ten game since 1998 (112 against Indiana). They achieved the 9 seed in the 2020 Big Ten tournament, but their first game, against 8 seed Rutgers, was cancelled just hours before the game due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: On March 4, 2021, the Wolverines clinched the regular-season Big Ten Championship with a 69–50 victory over instate rival Michigan State. On March 8, 2021, Michigan lost to Michigan State, ending the season with a 23–5 overall record, 14–3 conference record and a .823 conference winning percentage. Michigan's winning percentage earned it a Big Ten regular season championship, its first since 2014 and the first of the Howard era. The Wolverines received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 1 seed in the East region, where they defeated Texas Southern and LSU to advance to their fourth straight Sweet Sixteen. They then defeated Florida State before being upset by No. 11-seeded UCLA in the Elite Eight.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: The Fab Five, the 1991 recruiting class of five freshman starters, were Chris Webber, Juwan Howard, Jalen Rose, Jimmy King, and Ray Jackson. They were notable for having gone to the championship game of the 1992 and 1993 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament as freshmen and sophomores, for having started the trend of wearing baggy gym shorts, which was later popularized by Michael Jordan, and for wearing black athletic socks. Due to the Ed Martin scandal, the records from their 1992 Final Four appearance and the entire following season have been forfeited. Although Webber was the only member of the Fab Five officially implicated with the scandal, the reputation of the whole group has been tarnished. Webber (1993), Howard (1994) and Rose (1992, 1994) were college basketball All-Americans. and both King (1995 3rd team and 1993 & 1994 honorable mention) and Jackson (1995 2nd team & 1994 honorable mention) achieved All-Big Ten honors. All but Jackson played in the NBA. They were the subject of Mitch Albom's book entitled "Fab Five: Basketball, Trash Talk, the American Dream", which at one point was under development by Fox Television as a made-for-television movie. In March 2011 ESPN broadcast a documentary, "Fab Five", that was the network's highest-rated in its history.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: During the University of Michigan basketball scandal the Big Ten Conference, National Collegiate Athletic Association, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Internal Revenue Service, and United States Department of Justice investigated the relationship between the University of Michigan, its men's basketball teams and basketball team booster Ed Martin. The program was punished for NCAA rules violations, principally involving payments booster Martin made to several players to launder money from an illegal gambling operation. It is one of the largest incidents involving payments to college athletes in American collegiate history. It was described as one of the three or four worst violations of NCAA bylaws in history up to that time by the NCAA infractions committee chairman and the largest athlete payment scandal ever by ESPN.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: The case began when the investigation of an automobile rollover accident during Mateen Cleaves' 1996 Michigan Wolverines recruiting trip revealed a curious relationship between Martin and the team. Several Michigan basketball players were implicated over the next few years and by 1999 several were called before a federal grand jury. Four eventual professional basketball players (Chris Webber, Maurice Taylor, Robert Traylor and Louis Bullock) were discovered to have borrowed a total of $616,000 from Martin. During the investigation, Webber claimed not to have had any financial relationship with Martin. Eventually he confessed to having accepted some of the money he was charged with having borrowed. For his perjury during a federal grand jury investigation, he was both fined in the legal system and briefly suspended by National Basketball Association after performing public service.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: In 2002, the University punished itself when it became apparent that its players were guilty by declaring itself ineligible for post season play immediately, returning post season play monetary rewards, vacating five seasons of games, removing commemorative banners, and placing itself on a two-year probation. The following year, the NCAA accepted these punishments, doubled both the probation period and the post-season ineligibility, penalized the school one scholarship for four seasons, and ordered disassociation from the four guilty players until 2012. The disassociation formally ended on May 8, 2013. The additional year of post-season ineligibility was overturned on appeal.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: The punishment cost the 17–13 2002–03 team its post-season eligibility, cost past teams the 1997 National Invitation Tournament and the 1998 Big Ten tournament championships as well as 1992 and 1993 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament Final Four recognition. It cost Traylor his MVP awards in the 1997 NIT and 1998 Big Ten tournament, as well as Bullock's standing as the school's third all-time leading scorer and all-time leader in 3-point field goals. Steve Fisher lost his job as Michigan head coach as a result of the scandal.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: Below are lists of important players and coaches in the history of Michigan Wolverines men's basketball. It includes lists of major awards and retired numbers. The honors include: Helms Foundation Player of the Year, UPI Player of the Year, Sporting News Player of the Year, Naismith Trophy, Wooden Award, Associated Press Player of the Year, NABC Player of the Year, Oscar Robertson Trophy, NCAA Tournament MOP, National Invitation tournament MVP, Big Ten tournament MVP, Chicago Tribune Silver Basketball, Big Ten Player of the Year, All-America, Wayman Tisdale Award, Bob Cousy Award, UPI Coach of the Year, Henry Iba Award, NABC Coach of the Year, AP Coach of the Year.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: The University of Michigan has an all-time 66–30* (59–27) record overall and 1–6* (1–4) championship game record in the NCAA Tournaments in 31* (28) appearances. Glen Rice holds the NCAA single-tournament scoring record with 184 points in 1989. The 1992 Final Four and all 1993, 1996, & 1998 games have been forfeited due to NCAA sanctions.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: The NCAA began seeding the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament with the 1979 edition. The 64-team field started in 1985, which guaranteed that a championship team had to win six games.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: In 10* (9) National Invitation Tournament appearances, Michigan is 25*–7 (20–7) overall all-time and 3*–1 (2–1) in the championship game. 16*–0 (14–0) at Crisler Arena and 8*–2 (6–2) at Madison Square Garden. The 1997 tournament was forfeited due to NCAA sanctions.


title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: Michigan teams have spent a total of 22 weeks ranked number 1 with the last time occurring in 2013. Entering the 2013–14 season this ranked 13th and third in the Big Ten behind Indiana (54) and Ohio State (37). Two Michigan teams (December 14, 1964 87–85 over Wichita State at Detroit and December 13, 1997 81–73 over Duke at home) have defeated the number one ranked team.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: Terms used to describe homosexuality have gone through many changes since the emergence of the first terms in the mid-19th century. In English, some terms in widespread use have been sodomite, Achillean, Sapphic, Uranian, homophile, lesbian, gay, effeminate, queer, homoaffective, and same-sex attracted. Some of these words are specific to women, some to men, and some can be used of either. Gay people may also be identified under the umbrella terms LGBT.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: "Homosexual" was coined in German in 1868. Academia continues to coin related terms, including "androphilia" and "gynephilia" which designate only the object of attraction, thus divorcing the terms from sexual orientation entirely.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: Numerous slang terms exist for homosexuals or homosexuality. Some communities have cants, a rich jargon used among a subgroup almost like a secret language, such as Polari in the U.K., and others.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: The term homosexual can be used as an adjective to describe the sexual attractions and behaviors of people attracted to the same sex. Author and gay pioneer Quentin Crisp said that the term should be "homosexualist", adding that no one says "I am a sexual." Some gay people argue that the use of homosexual as a noun is offensive, arguing that they are people first and their homosexuality being merely an attribute of their humanity. Even if they do not consider the term offensive, some people in same-sex relationships may object to being described as homosexual because they identify as bisexual+, or another orientation.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: Some style guides recommend that the terms homosexual and homosexuality be avoided altogether, lest their use cause confusion or arouse controversy. In particular, the description of individuals as homosexual may be offensive, partially because of the negative clinical association of the word stemming from its use in describing same-sex attraction as a pathological state before homosexuality was removed from the American Psychiatric Association's list of mental disorders in 1973. The Associated Press and New York Times style guides restrict usage of the terms.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: Same-sex oriented people seldom apply such terms to themselves, and public officials and agencies often avoid them. For instance, the Safe Schools Coalition of Washington's "Glossary for School Employees" advises that "gay" is the "preferred synonym for homosexual", and goes on to suggest avoiding the term "homosexual" as it is "clinical, distancing, and archaic".


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: However, the terms "homosexual" and "homosexuality" are sometimes deemed appropriate in referring to behavior (although "same-sex" is the preferred adjective). Using "homosexuality" or "homosexual" to refer to behavior may be inaccurate but does not carry the same potentially offensive connotations that using "homosexual" to describe a person does. When referring to people, "homosexual" is considered derogatory and the terms "gay" and "lesbian" are preferred. Some have argued that "homosexual" places emphasis on sexuality over humanity, and is to be avoided when describing a person. "Gay man" or "lesbian" are the preferred nouns for referring to people, which stress cultural and social matters over sex.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: People with a same-sex sexual orientation generally prefer the terms "gay", "lesbian", or "bisexual". The most common terms are "gay" (both men and women) and "lesbian" (women only). Other terms include "same gender loving" and "same-sex-oriented."


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: Among some sectors of gay sub-culture, same-sex sexual behavior is sometimes viewed as solely for physical pleasure instead of romantic. Men on the down-low (or DL) may engage in covert sexual activity with other men while pursuing sexual and romantic relationships with women.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: The choice of terms regarding sexual orientation may imply a certain political outlook, and different terms have been preferred at different times and in different places.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: Historian and philosopher Michel Foucault argued that homosexual and heterosexual identities did not emerge until the 19th century. Prior to that time, he said, the terms described practices and not identity. Foucault cited Karl Westphal's famous 1870 article "Contrary Sexual Feeling" as the "date of birth" of the categorization of sexual orientation. Some scholars, however, have argued that there are significant continuities between past and present conceptualizations of sexuality, with various terms having been used for homosexuality.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: In his "Symposium", the ancient Greek philosopher Plato described (through the character of the profane comedian Aristophanes) three sexual orientations – heterosexuality, male homosexuality, and female homosexuality – and provided explanations for their existence using an invented creation myth.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: Although this term refers to a specific sex act between women today, in the past it was commonly used to describe female-female sexual love in general, and women who had sex with women were called Tribads or Tribades. As author Rictor Norton explains:


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: The "tribas", lesbian, from Greek , to rub (i.e. rubbing the pudenda together, or clitoris upon pubic bone, etc.), appears in Greek and Latin satires from the late first century. The tribade was the most common (vulgar) lesbian in European texts for many centuries. 'Tribade' occurs in English texts from at least as early as 1601 to at least as late as the mid-nineteenth century before it became self-consciously old-fashioned—it was in current use for nearly three centuries.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: "Fricatrice", a synonym for "tribade" that also refers to rubbing but has a Latin rather than a Greek root, appeared in English as early as 1605 (in Ben Jonson's "Volpone"). Its usage suggests that it was more colloquial and more pejorative than "tribade". Variants include the Latinized "confricatrice" and English "rubster".


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: Though "sodomy" has been used to refer to a range of homosexual and heterosexual "unnatural acts", the term "sodomite" usually refers to a homosexual male even though the real meaning is of unreproductive sex. The term is derived from the Biblical tale of Sodom and Gomorrah, and Christian churches have referred to the (crime of the Sodomites) for centuries. The modern association with homosexuality can be found as early as AD 96 in the writings of the Jewish historian Josephus. In the early 5th century, Jerome, a priest, historian, and theologian used the forms "Sodoman", "in Sodomis", "Sodomorum", "Sodomæ", "Sodomitæ". The modern German word and the Norwegian also refer to bestiality.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: Sodomy in historical biblical reference may not pertain to the acts of homosexuality, but the acts of bestiality and female and male castration for the purpose of sexual slavery.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: Lesbian writer Emma Donoghue found that the term "lesbian" (with its modern meaning) has been in use in the English language from at least the 18th century. The 1732 epic poem by William King, "The Toast", uses "lesbian loves" and "tribadism" interchangeably: "she loved Women in the same Manner as Men love them; she was a Tribad".


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: Named after the Greek poet Sappho who lived on Lesbos Island and wrote love poems to women, this term has been in use since at least the 18th century, with the connotation of lesbian. In 1773, a London magazine described sex between women as "Sapphic passion". The adjective form "Sapphic" is used nowadays to encompass women who love women regardless of their sexual or romantic orientation, even though it still is synonymous with "lesbian".


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: Today, "pederasty" refers to male attraction towards adolescent boys, or the cultural institutions that support such relations, as in ancient Greece. However, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the term usually referred to male homosexuality in general. A pederast was also the active partner in anal sex, whether with a male or a female partner.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: The word "homosexual" translates literally as "of the same sex", being a hybrid of the Greek prefix meaning 'same' (as distinguished from the Latin root meaning 'human') and the Latin root meaning 'sex'.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: The first known public appearance of the term homosexual in print is found in an 1869 German pamphlet ("Paragraph 143 of the Prussian Penal Code and Its Maintenance as Paragraph 152 of the Draft of a Penal Code for the North German Confederation"). The pamphlet was written by Karl-Maria Kertbeny, but published anonymously. It advocated the repeal of Prussia's sodomy laws. Kertbeny had previously used the word in a private letter written in 1868 to Karl Heinrich Ulrichs. Kertbeny used (in English, 'homosexuality') in place of Ulrichs' ; ('male homosexualists') instead of , and ('female homosexualists') instead of .


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: The term was coined and originally used primarily by German psychiatrists and psychologists. Havelock Ellis in his 1901 "Studies in the Psychology of Sex" wrote about the evolving terminology in the area, which ended up settling on "homosexuality". In the preface to the first edition (1900), Ellis calls it "sexual inversion", and volume 2 of the book is titled "Sexual Inversion". In the preface to the third edition (1927) Ellis referred to it as "the study of homosexuality". On the first page of chapter 1, he discusses the terminology, naming Ulrichs' use of () from 1862, which later morphed into , and using as the name of the condition. Ellis reported that the first accepted scientific term was "contrary sexual feeling" (), coined by Westphal in 1869, and used by Krafft-Ebing and others. This term was never used outside Germany, and soon went out of favor even there. The term "homosexuality" was invented by Kertbeny in the same year (1869) but attracted no attention for some time, later achieving prominence, and was easily translatable into many languages, including by Hirschfeld in his 1912 book , one of the top authorities in the field. Ellis continued to use both the terms "sexual inversion" and "homosexuality" in the 3rd edition, with slightly different meanings.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: The first known use of homosexual in English is in Charles Gilbert Chaddock's 1892 translation of Richard von Krafft-Ebing's , a study on sexual practices. The term was popularized by the 1906 Harden–Eulenburg Affair.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: The word "homosexual" itself had different connotations 100 years ago than today. Although some early writers used the adjective "homosexual" to refer to any single-gender context (such as an all-girls school), today the term implies a sexual aspect. The term homosocial is now used to describe single-sex contexts that are not of a romantic or sexual nature.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: The colloquial abbreviation "homo" for homosexual is a coinage of the interbellum period, first recorded as a noun in 1929, and as an adjective in 1933. Today, it is often considered a derogatory epithet.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: Coined by the German astrologist, author and psychoanalyst Karl-Günther Heimsoth in his 1924 doctoral dissertation , the term was in common use in the 1950s and 1960s by homosexual organizations and publications; the groups of this period are now known collectively as the homophile movement. Popular in the 1950s and 1960s (and still in occasional use in the 1990s, particularly in writing by Anglican clergy), the term "homophile" was an attempt to avoid the clinical implications of sexual pathology found with the word homosexual, emphasizing love (-phile) instead. The first element of the word, the Greek root "homo-", means 'same'; it is unrelated to Latin , 'person'. In almost all languages where the words "homophile" and "homosexual" were both in use (i.e., their cognate equivalents: German and , Italian and , etc.), "homosexual" won out as the modern conventional neutral term. However, in Norway, the Netherlands and the Flemish/Dutch part of Belgium, the term is still widely used.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: Not all terms have been used to describe same-sex sexuality are synonyms for the modern term homosexuality. Anna Rüling, one of the first women to publicly defend gay rights, considered gay people a third gender, different from both men and women. Terms such as gynephilia and androphilia have tried to simplify the language of sexual orientation by making no claim about the individual's own gender identity. However, they are not commonly used.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: "Side" describes someone who does not practice anal sex and therefore does not define himself as "top", "bottom" or "versatile".


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: This term is sometimes used in American literature to present an alternative to the binary classification which notes the preferred sexual position, such as "top" or "bottom"; the term "side" indicates one's affinity for neither of this binary classification.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: There are established languages of slang (sometimes known as cants) such as Polari in Britain, Swardspeak in the Philippines, Bahasa Binan in Indonesia, and Kaliardá () in Greece.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: A variety of LGBT slang terms have been used historically and contemporarily within the LGBT community.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: In addition to the stigma surrounding homosexuality, terms have been influenced by taboos around sex in general, producing a number of euphemisms. A gay person may be described as "that way", "a bit funny", "on the bus", "batting for the other team", "a friend of Dorothy", "wearing comfortable shoes" (for women), although such euphemisms are becoming less common as homosexuality becomes more visible.


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: Harry Hay frequently stated that, in the 1930s–1940s, gay people referred to themselves as "temperamental".


title: Terminology of homosexuality

text: Although the word was originally synonymous with happy or cheerful, in the 20th century it gradually came to designate someone who is romantically or sexually attracted to someone of the same gender or sex.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: "Life on Mars?" is a song by English singer-songwriter David Bowie, first released on his 1971 album "Hunky Dory". In 1968, Bowie was commissioned to write English lyrics for the Claude François French song "Comme d'habitude". After his lyrics were rejected, songwriter Paul Anka rewrote it into "My Way", made famous by singer Frank Sinatra in 1969. Annoyed at the success of "My Way", Bowie used the song as a template and wrote "Life on Mars?" as a parody of Sinatra's recording. It was written primarily on piano and recorded on 6 August 1971, the final day of the "Hunky Dory" sessions. Co-produced by Bowie and Ken Scott, the backing band consisted of guitarist Mick Ronson, bassist Trevor Bolder and drummer Mick Woodmansey; Ronson also composed the song's string arrangement. Piano was played by Strawbs member Rick Wakeman.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: Musically, "Life on Mars?" is described as a "soaring, cinematic ballad". Primarily glam rock, with elements of cabaret and art rock, the song has a complex structure, containing different chord changes throughout. The instruments act in tandem with one another and Bowie's vocal, steadily growing throughout its runtime. Lyrically, the song describes a girl who goes to the cinema to escape reality, using numerous surreal images, thematically reflecting optimism and the effects of Hollywood. Despite its title, the song has no connection to Mars itself, instead a reference to a then-recent media frenzy between the United States and Soviet Union.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: At the height of Bowie's fame as Ziggy Stardust, RCA Records issued "Life on Mars?" as a single on 22 June 1973 in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number three. The single was promoted by a promotional video shot by photographer Mick Rock, featuring a made-up Bowie in a turquoise suit singing the song against a white backdrop. Bowie performed the song during his concerts frequently throughout his career, performances of which have appeared on several live albums. The song also has appeared on numerous compilation albums and was remixed by Scott in 2003 and 2016, the latter being a 'stripped down' mix. The 2016 mix was accompanied by a remastered and reedited version of Rock's video.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: "Life on Mars?" is considered by biographers and reviewers as one of Bowie's finest songs, with many describing it as a masterpiece. Praise is also given to Bowie's vocal performance and growth as a songwriter. Several publications have also considered it one of the greatest songs of all time. The song was the namesake of the British television series "Life on Mars" and has featured in other films and television shows. Artists who have covered the song include singer Barbra Streisand and Nine Inch Nails members Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross. The song charted worldwide following Bowie's death in 2016 and became a frequent tribute song for the artist; tributes by Nicholas Freestone and singer Lorde garnered widespread attention.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: In early 1968, David Bowie's publisher, David Platz, was sharing a London office with another music publisher, Geoffrey Heath. One day, Heath brought in an acetate of the 1967 French song "Comme d'habitude", composed by Claude François and Jacques Revaux, and sung by François. Having a limited option for the song's British rights, Heath requested Platz for a songwriter to write English lyrics for the song. Platz suggested Bowie, who at that point had done other translations for him. Bowie's then-manager, Kenneth Pitt, believed that Bowie was a stronger lyricist than a composer and if he wrote "to a strong melody composed by someone else," it would guarantee him a hit. Bowie's translation, titled "Even a Fool Learns to Love", took influence from his then-recent work as a mime and featured a reference to his 1967 track "When I Live My Dream". He later told Michael Parkinson in a 2002 interview that he "wrote some really terrible lyrics [to it]".


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: Although Bowie recorded an unreleased demo in February 1968, the French publishers of "Comme d'habitude" rejected him, primarily due to his obscurity. Soon after, songwriter Paul Anka bought the rights to "Comme d'habitude" and rewrote it into "My Way", a song made famous by American singer Frank Sinatra in 1969. The success of "My Way" prompted Bowie to write "Life on Mars?" as a parody of Sinatra's recording. He told Parkinson: "That really made me angry for so long—for about a year... eventually I thought, 'I can write something as big as that, and I'll write one that sounds a bit like it. Bowie acknowledged the song's influence in the liner notes for "Hunky Dory", which state that the song was "inspired by Frankie".


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: Using "My Way" as a basis, Bowie wrote "Life on Mars?" relatively quickly. He later recalled in the liner notes for the 2008 compilation "iSelect" that he began humming the melody in a park in Beckenham, Kent, thereafter returning home to Haddon Hall and writing the rest of the song that afternoon on piano, which he primarily used to compose other songs of this period. Bowie believed that using "Comme d'habitude" as a basis was not "theft", but rather "a statement of rightful ownership". One "Melody Maker" reviewer suggested the song was written after "a brief and painful affair" with actress Hermione Farthingale. While on tour in 1990, Bowie introduced the song by saying "You fall in love, you write a love song. This is a love song." Despite writing it quickly, Bowie's original handwritten lyrics were vastly different—save for the chorus—than the finished recording, being more akin to the tone of "Hunky Dory"s other Nietzsche-inspired numbers: "There's a shoulder-rock movement and the trembling starts / And a great Lord signs in vain / What can you buy when there's no-one to tell you / What a bargain you made..."


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: Bowie recorded a demo of "Life on Mars?" between May and June 1971. According to biographer Nicholas Pegg, the demo runs at a short length of 1:53 and features Bowie alone on vocals and piano. Lyrically, it only contains the first verse and chorus, and featured several lyrical variations from the finished track, including "It's a simple but small affair", "Her mother is yelling no, and her father has asked her to go" and "It's a time for the lawman beating up the wrong guy". The demo remains unreleased. According to biographer Marc Spitz, Bowie had recorded demos of "Life on Mars?" and other "Hunky Dory" tracks "Oh! You Pretty Things" and "Andy Warhol" around this time, which inspired Bowie's new manager, Tony Defries, to look into securing a new record contract for Bowie, eventually signing him with RCA Records.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: Work on "Hunky Dory" officially began at Trident Studios in London on 8 June 1971. "Life on Mars?" was recorded on the final day of the sessions, 6 August. According to O'Leary, Bowie and co-producer Ken Scott considered the track to be "the Big One" and saved it for the end. Earlier in July, Defries sent a letter to jazz pianist Dudley Moore asking him to play piano during a session. There is no known evidence that Moore replied and although the specific song Defries was asking him to play on is unknown, biographer Kevin Cann deduces that it was most likely "Life on Mars?". In the end, piano was played by keyboardist Rick Wakeman, noted session musician and member of the Strawbs, who previously played Mellotron on Bowie's 1969 self-titled album. In 1995 he recalled that he met with Bowie in late June 1971 at Haddon Hall, where he heard demos of "Changes" and "Life on Mars?" in "their raw brilliance ... the finest selection of songs I have ever heard in one sitting in my entire life ... I couldn't wait to get into the studio and record them." The piano Wakeman played was the same 1898 Bechstein used by the Beatles for "Hey Jude" and later by Queen for "Bohemian Rhapsody".


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: Along with Wakeman on piano, the backing band consisted of guitarist Mick Ronson, bassist Trevor Bolder and drummer Mick Woodmansey. Ronson also composed the song's string arrangement which, according to Woodmansey, was the first he had ever undertaken: "He was very nervous about it. We had a whole string section at Trident with the proper BBC session players who, if one note was not written properly, would turn their noses up and you wouldn't get a good sound out of them. So Mick was really nervous, but when they played the parts they realized these rock'n'rollers might not be guys we want to be in the studio with, but the parts are good. They took it on and really went with it." Ronson's wife Suzi recalled that he composed the arrangement while sitting in the studio restroom. Additionally, Woodmansey told "NME" in 2016 that "Life on Mars?" was the first time he realised the "calibre" of Bowie's songwriting, saying "It had just gone to another level of quality... it was something really special." He also noted that it was a bit scary because there was nothing around like that [at the time]." Bowie recorded his vocal performance in one take. Regarding Bowie's talent as a vocalist, Scott stated: "He was unique. [He was] the only singer I ever worked with where virtually every take was a master."


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: "Life on Mars?" is described by biographer David Buckley as a "soaring, cinematic ballad". Musically, the song has been classified as glam rock, while Michael Gallucci of "Ultimate Classic Rock" finds the melody "bridges cabaret and art rock". The song features a complex structure: the verses are primarily in the key of F major, but different chord changes are present throughout, including C7 ("told her to go"), F ("but her friend"), and later on, C9 to A ("lived it ten times"). The pre-chorus sections go from F major to B major, which is dominant throughout the choruses; Bolder's bassline features a rising chromatic scale of E to E to F to G. Bowie delivers his vocals passionately during the choruses and almost nasally in the verses.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: The song begins with a single piano note, followed by a rest, with Bowie beginning his vocals on the third beat. The same chord sequence for "My Way" is used for the opening bars of "Life on Mars?". Bolder enters on bass at the line "sunken dream". At the pre-chorus, the instruments begin to build: strings and bass crash on the downbeat, Wakeman continues a run of chords on piano, while Bowie's voice grows in intensity, changing from D to B ("focus on/SAI-LORS"). He weakens his B note briefly for "OH man" before changing from E to B on "law-man". The final climax arrives at the word "Mars", a B note which he holds for three bars. Afterwards, another sequence plays out before the next verse begins.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: Ronson based his string arrangement on the bassline Bolder worked on during rehearsals for the track. The other instruments act as a counterpoint to the strings during the chorus: on drums, Woodmansey plays, in O'Leary's words, a "snare-medium tom fill to echo a descending violin line", while Wakeman adds "dancing" replies on piano. Ronson plays the recorder during the second verse at the "Ibiza" line. Bowie noted that Wakeman "embellished the piano part" of his original melody and Ronson "created one of his first and best string parts" for the song. Author Peter Doggett describes Ronson's string arrangement as "gargantuan", and Sandford argues that the "lush, orchestral arrangement" of the track is what "Hunky Dory" would be best remembered for.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: Towards the end, after Ronson gives a short, "vibrato-saturated" guitar solo—recorded in one take—the strings play "grand sweeps" before a climactic tom-roll. Doggett and O'Leary compare the tom-roll to the timpani from "" (1968), while Pegg and Christopher Sandford compare it to the poem "Also sprach Zarathustra". After a false ending, Wakeman's piano plays the chorus melody "off in the distance". Then, in O'Leary's words, "a phone rings, the song's manufacturers grumble, we're left awake and alone." According to Pegg, the phone ring occurred during an earlier, scrapped take at the end of the tape, which Bowie decided to keep for the final mix.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: BBC Radio 2 describes "Life on Mars?" as having "one of the strangest lyrics ever", consisting of a "slew of surreal images" like a Salvador Dalí painting. Spitz sees a theme of optimism, in the song. A "girl with mousy hair" looks to the cinema as a way to escape from reality. Sandford writes that it "sets up a complex parallel world in which the cinema becomes life." After the girl becomes "hooked to the silver screen", Bowie uses an array of images one might see when viewing films from different decades, naming the likes of Mickey Mouse, John Lennon, "Rule, Britannia!", Ibiza and the Norfolk Broads.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: At the time of "Hunky Dory"'s release in 1971, Bowie summed up the song as "A sensitive young girl's reaction to the media." In 1997, he added: "I think she finds herself disappointed with reality... that although she's living in the doldrums of reality, she's being told that there's a far greater life somewhere, and she's bitterly disappointed that she doesn't have access to it." Doggett writes that a key motif throughout the song is Hollywood, which he describes as "a manufacturer of dreams and stars that have become stale with repetition." This is evident in the line "the film is a saddening bore—she's lived it ten times or more", which Sandford calls "a neat, if well-worn trick, blurring the art-life divide." The Hollywood influence is also present in the line "look at those cavemen go", which is borrowed from the song "Alley Oop", a one-off 1960 hit by the American doo-wop band the Hollywood Argyles.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: The identity of the "girl with the mousy hair" has been debated. Some journalists and commentators have suggested the girl is Farthingale. However, Pegg disagrees, writing that there is no evidence to support this claim. Farthingale herself has rejected this theory, telling Pegg: "I don't actually have mousy hair... I wasn't a person who lived at home with my parents, and I didn't live a fantasy life in films. Nothing about me fits into any of the words."


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: Although Bowie was fixated on becoming Ziggy Stardust at the time of its recording, the song has no connection to Mars itself; the title was a reference to the recent media frenzy of the US and Soviet Union racing to get to the red planet. Doggett states that the media frenzy sparked headlines around the world that asked the question: "Is there life on Mars?" Nevertheless, Perone opines that the science fiction-influenced character of Ziggy Stardust and his backing band the Spiders from Mars originated from the "fleeting image" of "Life on Mars?", as well as the "androgynous outcast" that was portrayed in "The Man Who Sold the World" (1970).


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: RCA Records released "Hunky Dory" on 17 December 1971, with "Life on Mars?" sequenced as the fourth track on side one of the original LP, between "Eight Line Poem" and "Kooks". Eighteen months later, at the height of Bowie's Ziggy Stardust fame, RCA belatedly released the track as a single in the UK on 22 June 1973, with the catalogue number RCA 2316 and the 1970 track "The Man Who Sold the World" as the B-side. Cann writes that its release as a single was due to its "strong reception" on the Ziggy Stardust Tour. RCA had previously reissued "Space Oddity" as a single in the US in December 1972.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: Shortly before its release as a single, a new promotional video for "Life on Mars?" was shot at the Blandford West Ten Studio in Ladbroke Grove, West London, on 13 June 1973. Directed and shot by photographer Mick Rock, who previously directed the videos for "John, I'm Only Dancing" and "The Jean Genie", it features a heavily made-up Bowie miming to the song solo against a white backdrop, wearing in a turquoise suit designed by Freddie Buretti. Rock later explained that "it wasn't so much an idea as a moment in time," clarifying that he "wanted to do something that looked a little bit like a painting." Bowie later remarked that the final result has a "strange floaty, pop-art effect." In 2016, it was remastered and reedited by Rock.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: "Life on Mars?" has been released on a variety of compilation albums, including "The Best of Bowie" (1980) (featuring a different edit), "Changesbowie" (EMI LP and cassette versions) (1990), "The Singles Collection" (1993), "The Best of David Bowie 1969/1974" (1997), "Best of Bowie" (2002), and "iSelect" (2008). Ken Scott remixed the track in 2003, which appears on "Nothing Has Changed" (2014). In 2015, the song, along with its parent album, was remastered for the "Five Years (1969–1973)" box set. It was released in CD, vinyl, and digital formats. Following Bowie's death in 2016, a new mix of "Life on Mars?" was released for the "Legacy (The Very Best of David Bowie)" compilation and also as a single. The mix, by original co-producer Ken Scott, is 'stripped down' and has only strings, piano and Bowie's vocals.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: "Hunky Dory" was met with very positive reviews from several British and American publications. Classifying it under their "Top Album Picks", "Billboard" named "Life on Mars?" as one of the strongest songs from the album. Reviewers have generally considered "Life on Mars?" one of the best tracks on "Hunky Dory". Gallucci argues that "Life on Mars?" is one of the tracks that "painted a portrait of an artist who couldn't be labelled because he himself had little idea of who or what he was at the time". Dave Thompson of AllMusic describes it as "a masterpiece of fragmented thought and displaced vision" and one of Bowie's "most astonishing" songs. Other reviewers have classified the track as giving a strong representation of Bowie's growth as a songwriter. On the eve of the song's 50th anniversary in 2021, Matt Neal of ABC News writes that "the song stands as an epitaph to [a] remarkable musician".


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: Retrospectively, reviewers and commentators have praised "Life on Mars?" as one of Bowie's finest songs. Pegg calls it his "1971 masterpiece", while O'Leary considers it to be "the "Citizen Kane" of Bowie's songs: young man's bravura". Doggett and Rob Sheffield consider Bowie's vocal performance to be one of his best. Meanwhile, Spitz describes it as "one of the best pop songs ever written". Publications including "Digital Spy", "Mojo", and "Consequence of Sound" have considered it Bowie's greatest song. "Digital Spy" stated it has "perhaps become [Bowie's] signature song—filled with surreal cut-up lyrics..., it married vivid imagery with a tender, heartbreaking melody". In 2008, "Uncut" magazine ranked it number nine in a list of Bowie's 30 best songs. Following Bowie's death, "Rolling Stone" named "Life on Mars?" one of the 30 most essential songs of Bowie's catalogue. Two years later in 2018, the readers of "NME" voted the song as Bowie's second best track, behind "All the Young Dudes", while the publication's staff placed it at number seven in a list of Bowie's 40 best songs. In "The Guardian", Alexis Petridis voted it number four in his list of Bowie's 50 greatest songs, calling it a "no-further-questions masterpiece". Meanwhile, the staff of "The Telegraph" listed it as one of Bowie's 20 essential songs in 2021. In a list ranking every Bowie single from worst to best, "Ultimate Classic Rock" placed "Life on Mars?" at number six. In 2020, Tom Eames of Smooth Radio listed it as Bowie's second greatest song, behind "Heroes".


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: "Life on Mars?" has appeared on numerous best-of lists. Neil McCormick, chief rock critic of "The Telegraph", has ranked "Life on Mars?" the greatest song of all time in two different lists compiling the 100 Greatest Songs of All Time. He described it in the first list thus:


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: In 2007, "Q" magazine ranked "Life on Mars?" third in a list compiling the "10 most perfect songs ever", behind Jeff Buckley's version of "Hallelujah" and the Beatles' "Strawberry Fields Forever". The song has also appeared in lists of the best songs of the 1970s, including at number 25 by "NME", and number one by "Pitchfork" and "Treble". In 2021, "Rolling Stone" magazine ranked it number 105 in their updated list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Based on the song's appearances in professional rankings and listings, the aggregate website Acclaimed Music lists "Life on Mars?" as the 5th most acclaimed song of 1971, the 17th most acclaimed song of the 1970s and the 96th most acclaimed song in history.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: Upon release as a single, "Life on Mars?" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 21, peaking at number three in mid-July, being held off the top spot by "Welcome Home" by Peters and Lee and "I'm the Leader of the Gang (I Am)" by Gary Glitter. It remained on the chart for a total of thirteen weeks. It also managed to peak at number 39 on the Official German Charts in West Germany. In the wake of the massive commercial success of Bowie's 1983 album "Let's Dance", "Life on Mars?" returned to the UK chart for one week, peaking at number 97.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: Over 30 years later after its initial release, the song re-entered the UK singles chart at number 55 in April 2007, largely because of its use in the British television series "Life on Mars". It also charted at number 67 two years later on the Australian ARIA charts. Following Bowie's death in 2016, "Life on Mars?" charted around the world. It became a top-five hit in both France and Ireland, and in the US, it peaked at number seven and twelve on "Billboard"s Euro Digital Song Sales and Hot Rock & Alternative Songs charts, respectively. Elsewhere, the song charted in Finland (12), Italy (33), Belgium Wallonia (40), Sweden (44), Switzerland (48), Portugal (63), and the Netherlands (95).


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: Bowie performed "Life on Mars?" frequently throughout his concert tours. On the 1973 leg of the Ziggy Stardust Tour, the song was performed in a medley with "Quicksand" and "Memory of a Free Festival". Live recordings from the tour have appeared on the 2003 30th anniversary bonus disc of "Aladdin Sane", and on the bootleg album "Santa Monica '72" (1994), which received an official release on "Live Santa Monica '72" in 2008. Additionally, a live performance recorded during the 1976 Isolar Tour on 23 March 1976, in a medley with "Five Years", was included on "Live Nassau Coliseum '76", originally included as part of the 2010 reissues of "Station to Station", on the 2016 box set "Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976)", and as a stand-alone album in 2017. He also performed the song on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" on 5 September 1980.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: A performance from the Serious Moonlight Tour, recorded on 12 September 1983, may be heard on the live album "Serious Moonlight (Live '83)", which was initially released as part of the 2018 box set "Loving the Alien (1983–1988)" and separately the following year. The filmed performance also appears on the concert video "Serious Moonlight" (1984). After the Sound+Vision Tour in 1990, Bowie wouldn't perform "Life on Mars?" again until 23 August 1999 for a recorded-for-television performance, later released on "VH1 Storytellers" in 2009. A year later, Bowie performanced the song at the Glastonbury Festival on 25 June 2000, later released in 2018 on "Glastonbury 2000". The song was also a main stay during the Hours, 2000 and Heathen tours, while a November 2003 performance from his final A Reality Tour was released on the "A Reality Tour" DVD in 2004 and subsequently included on the "A Reality Tour" album in 2010. The final performance of "Life on Mars?" was on 8 September 2005, where Bowie performed it with the indie rock band Arcade Fire at Radio City Music Hall in New York City at the 2005 Fashion Rocks event. He was introduced by singer Alicia Keys and was accompanied by Bowie's longtime pianist Mike Garson. A recording was subsequently released via iTunes.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: "Life on Mars?" has appeared in numerous television series. The British television series "Life on Mars" was named after and heavily featured the song, subsequently appearing on its soundtrack album. Meanwhile, actress Jessica Lange sang a rendition with a deep German accent on the fourth-season premiere of the FX television series "". Playing a character whose surname is Mars, Lange wears an ice-blue trouser suit and heavy matching eye shadow in her performance, echoing the Bowie video. The "Doctor Who" episode "The Waters of Mars" (2009) takes place in the first human base on Mars, which is named "Bowie Base One", acknowledged by showrunner Russell T Davies as a reference to "Life on Mars?".


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: The song has also appeared in several film soundtracks. The original soundtrack of the 1996 film "Breaking the Waves" features "Life on Mars?" during the epilogue, although the song was replaced by Elton John's "Your Song" on the international DVD release for copyright reasons. Seu Jorge recorded a Portuguese cover for the 2004 film "The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou", while Bowie's original is included on the film's soundtrack album. "Life on Mars?" also appears in "Loverboy" (2005) and "Hunky Dory" (2012), and on the soundtrack of "Factory Girl" (2006). The song also appears in the 2015 musical "Lazarus", written by Bowie and playwright Enda Walsh near the end of Bowie's life. It is sung by the character of 'Girl', played by Sophia Anne Caruso in the New York and London productions. For the musical, the song's arrangement was downplayed in order to avoid it becoming a Broadway "showstopper". The song also features in the soundtrack to the first trailer for Paul Thomas Anderson's 2021 film "Licorice Pizza", as well as appearing in the film itself.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: A multitude of artists have covered "Life on Mars?". American singer Barbra Streisand covered the song for her 1974 album "ButterFly". Bowie condemned it, saying in 1976 it was "[b]loody awful. Sorry, Barb, but it was atrocious." Pegg also panned a 2005 easy listening version by the British group G4 in his book "The Complete David Bowie", calling it "heroically gruesome". ABBA member Anni-Frid Lyngstad recorded a Swedish version titled "Liv på Mars?" for her 1975 solo album "Frida ensam", while a version by Belgian singer Jasper Steverlinck reached number one in the Belgian charts in 2003. In 2019, Nine Inch Nails members Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross covered the song on their soundtrack for the HBO limited series "Watchmen". The dark ambient piano cover appears in the end credits of the episode "An Almost Religious Awe". Reznor, who was personal friends with Bowie, remarked that composing the cover was a daunting task, but that he and Ross were ultimately "very proud" of the result.


title: Life on Mars (song)

text: Following Bowie's death in 2016, "Life on Mars?" became one of his most widely selected songs for tribute performances. A version by Nicholas Freestone, organ scholar at St Albans Cathedral in Hertfordshire, became a viral hit after a video of his performance was posted on Facebook and YouTube. New Zealand singer-songwriter Lorde performed the song with Bowie's final touring band at the 2016 Brit Awards in February 2016. Her cover was widely acknowledged as one of the finest tribute performances to the artist. Later that year, the song was performed at the 2016 Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo. "Life on Mars?" has also been used for various space-related events. In 2018, the song was played by the radio of Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster during its launch aboard the Falcon Heavy's maiden flight. A cover version by the English singer Yungblud was used at the end of NASA TV's live coverage of the landing of the Mars 2020 rover.


title: Trentino

text: Trentino (), officially the Autonomous Province of Trento, is an autonomous province of Italy, in the country's far north. The Trentino and South Tyrol constitute the region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, an autonomous region under the constitution. The province is composed of 166 "comuni" (municipalities). Its capital is the city of Trento (Trent). The province covers an area of more than , with a total population of 541,098 in 2019. Trentino is renowned for its mountains, such as the Dolomites, which are part of the Alps.


title: Trentino

text: The province is generally known as "Trentino". The name derives from Trento, the capital city of the province. Originally, the term was used by the local population only to refer to the city and its immediate surroundings. Under former Austrian rule, which began in the 19th century (previously, Trentino was governed by the local bishop), the common German name for the region was "Welschtirol" () or "Welschsüdtirol" (‘Italian South Tyrol’), or just "Südtirol", meaning South Tyrol with reference to its geographic position as the southern part of Tyrol.


title: Trentino

text: The corresponding Italian name was "Tirolo Meridionale", which was historically used to describe the wider southern part of the County of Tyrol, specifically Trentino and sometimes also today's South Tyrol, or "Tirolo Italiano". In its wider sense, "Trentino" was first used around 1848 in an article by a member of the Frankfurt National Assembly; it became a popular term among leftist intellectual circles in Austria.


title: Trentino

text: Since the new 1972 autonomous status, the administrative name of the province is "Autonomous Province of Trento" (, ).<ref name="Official Journals of the Provincia autonoma di Trento/Autonome Provinz Trient">Official Journals of the Provincia autonoma di Trento/Autonome Provinz Trient: No. 1 (2002) , No. 17 (2003), No. 23 (2003) , No. 39 (2003) , No. 45 (2006) No. 20 (2007) and No. 25 (2007) </ref>


title: Trentino

text: The history of Trentino begins in the mid-Stone Age. The valleys of what is now Trentino were already inhabited by man, the main settlements being in the valley of the Adige River, thanks to its milder climate.


title: Trentino

text: In the early Middle Ages, this area was included within the Kingdom of Italy and the March of Verona. In 1027, the Bishopric of Trent was established as a State of the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Conrad II. It was an ecclesiastical territory, roughly corresponding to the present-day Trentino, governed by the Prince-Bishops of Trento.


title: Trentino

text: The Council of Trent, held in three major sessions from 1545 to 1563, with the first at Trento, was one of the important councils in the history of the Roman Catholic Church. It was an articulation of Roman Catholic doctrine in response to the Protestant Reformation, and specified doctrine on salvation, the sacraments, and the Biblical canon.


title: Trentino

text: After the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, the bishopric was secularized and absorbed into the Austrian County of Tyrol. It was governed by the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The region was the location of heavy fighting during World War I, as it was directly on the front lines between Austria-Hungary and Italy. Trentino was occupied by Italy in November 1918 and was annexed in 1919 by the Kingdom of Italy in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.


title: Trentino

text: After World War II, the Italian and Austrian Foreign Ministers signed the Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement, creating the autonomous region of Trentino-South Tyrol, consisting of the autonomous provinces of Trentino and South Tyrol. Since the treaty, Trentino has enjoyed considerable autonomy from the Italian central government in Rome. It has its own elected government and legislative assembly.


title: Trentino

text: In 1996, the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino was formed between the Austrian state of Tyrol and the Italian provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino. The boundaries of the association correspond to the old County of Tyrol. The aim is to promote regional peace, understanding and cooperation in many areas. The region's assemblies meet together as one on various occasions and have set up a common liaison office to the European Union in Brussels.


title: Trentino

text: Trentino is a mountainous region. The Adige River flows through the central Trentino in a valley named after the river. The principal towns of Trentino lie in the Adige Valley, which has been a historical passage connecting Italy with Northern Europe. Among other important valleys are Non Valley, known for its apple production, Sole Valley, Giudicarie, which has been historically connected by Trento and Brescia, Fiemme and Fassa, Lagarina, Mocheni, Sugana Valley and many others.


title: Trentino

text: The province has an area of , and a total population of 524,826 (2010). There are 217 "comuni" (singular: "comune"), in the province.


title: Trentino

text: The Marmolada, at above sea level, is the highest mountain in the Dolomites. The glacier on the Marmolada is also a landmark. Other high mountains include the Monte Baldo, Carè Alto, Cermis, Crozzon di Brenta, Hintere Eggenspitze, Latemar, Paganella, Piz Boè, Presanella, Punta San Matteo and Vezzana.


title: Trentino

text: The 1972 second Statute of Autonomy for Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol devolved most legislative and executive competences from the regional level to the provincial level, creating "de facto" two separate regions. Administratively, the province enjoys a large degree of autonomy in the following sectors: health, education, welfare and transport infrastructure. The provincial council comprises 35 members, one of whom must by law be drawn from the Ladin minority.


title: Trentino

text: In the elections in 2013, the strongest party became the Democratic Party ("Partito Democratico del Trentino") with 9 deputies, Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (8), Union for Trentino (5), Lega Nord Trentino (2), Forza Italia (1), Five Stars Movement (1), Trentino Project (1), Ladin Autonomist Union (1), Civic Trentino (1), Administer Trentino (1), with one independent.


title: Trentino

text: The executive powers are attributed to the provincial government (Italian: "Giunta Provinciale"), headed by the governor ("Presidente"). Since 2018 the governor is Maurizio Fugatti of the rightist Lega Nord. The president of the provincial council alternates with the governor of South Tyrol as president of the Trentino-South Tyrol region. The regional government has its seat in the former "Hotel Imperial" in Trento.


title: Trentino

text: The Ladin community has one reserved seat in the provincial assembly and is thereby guaranteed political representation.


title: Trentino

text: Due to the division of the province into the 217 municipalities ("Comuni/Gemeinden"), often of small or even tiny size, in the late 1970s, eleven larger units known as districts ("comprensori") were introduced. The municipalities forming a district elect the council for that district. However, this tier of government has provoked criticism, and, in 2006, a reform created fifteen more homogeneous "Valley Communities" ("comunità di valle", "Talgemeinden") and one territory including the municipalities of Trento, Cimone, Aldeno and Garniga Terme (see Municipalities of Trentino).


title: Trentino

text: As of 2009, the only municipalities with a population over 20,000 were Trento, Rovereto, and Pergine Valsugana.


title: Trentino

text: The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 20.5 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 1.2% of Italy's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 37,900 euros or 126% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 119% of the EU average.


title: Trentino

text: Despite the overwhelmingly mountainous nature of the territory, agriculture remains important. Farms often join to form larger cooperatives. The most important produce comprises apples (50% of national production, together with South Tyrol) and other fruit, vegetables (primarily in the Val di Gresta), and grapes. Important especially for their quality, the latter are used for the production of dry and sparkling wines.


title: Trentino

text: In January 2008, the Edmund Mach Foundation was established to promote research, training and services in the agricultural, agri-food and environmental fields.


title: Trentino

text: The primary industries, often small and medium-sized, are concentrated in Valsugana, Vallagarina and the Adige Valleys. Sectors include textiles, mechanics, wood and paper productions. Also important is the production of hydro-electric energy.


title: Trentino

text: Tourism is the mainstay of the provincial economy. The main resorts include: Madonna di Campiglio, San Martino di Castrozza, Fiera di Primiero, Canazei, Moena, Cavalese, Folgaria, Folgarida-Marilleva, Riva del Garda and Levico Terme, Comano Terme and Roncegno, these last three being renowned thermal stations.


title: Trentino

text: The Trentino province is crossed by the main road and rail connections between Italy and Germany. These include the Brenner A22 motorway and road which passes through the Etsch/Adige Valley. A regional project of switching much of the road traffic to railways is currently under consideration.


title: Trentino

text: The province has two more railways: the Valsugana Line, connecting Trento to Venice and the Trento-Malè-Marilleva railway between Trento and Malè.


title: Trentino

text: In 2019 the population of Trentino was 541,098. The highest concentration of the population is located around the capital city of Trento, and the southern parts. The whole region is divided up into 175 municipalities.


title: Trentino

text: The majority of the Trentino population is Italian-speaking with its local dialects. The region is also home to three indigenous linguistic minorities, which are Ladin, Mócheno and Cimbrian. All languages are protected by regional and provincial laws, statutes, and regulations.


title: Trentino

text: After World War II and the devolution of power to regional authorities, a change in policy slowly began, which gained momentum in the 1990s. Since then a number of far-reaching laws and regulations have been passed and implemented, that protect and promote the use of these three languages and the unique cultural heritage and identity. This has for example been extended to school curricula in the regional languages and street signs becoming bilingual. All three minorities have their own cultural institute which were decreed by national law and receive state funds. The purpose of these cultural institutes is to safeguard and promote the respective culture and languages.


title: Trentino

text: The Ladin minority is found in the Fassa Valley, in the municipalities of Canazei ("Cianacei"), Campitello di Fassa ("Ciampedèl"), Mazzin ("Mazin"), Moena, Soraga and Sèn Jan di Fassa. In the census of 2001, 16,462 inhabitants of Trentino declared Ladin as their native language.


title: Trentino

text: Mócheno is still spoken in the municipalities of Frassilongo ("Garait"), Palù del Fersina ("Palai en Bersntol") and Fierozzo ("Vlarötz"), while the Cimbrian language is spoken in Luserna ("Lusérn"). The 2001 census found there were 2,276 native Mócheno and 882 Cimbrian speakers. The linguistic breakdown according to the census of 2001 is:


title: Trentino

text: The Nones language hails from the Non Valley and is considered by some linguists a variant of Ladin. Estimates range up to 30,000 speakers. The Solandro language is also under debate as to whether it is a dialect of Ladin or a separate language. Native speakers are mainly found in the Sole Valley and are estimated to be up to 15,000. Both idioms are alternatively considered as dialects within the range of Gallo-Romance languages. There is no official census to date that has Nones and Solandro as officially distinct languages. The total number of Ladin speakers in the census of 2001 exceeds the population of around 7,500 in the Fassa Valley. A number of Nones and Solandro speakers identified as Ladin speakers, while others chose not to exercise that option due to the disagreement whether or not their languages are Ladin or a separate idiom.


title: Trentino

text: The Trentino is a region of cultural encounters. Already in the past Germans, Italians and Ladins joined in this area. The alpine province is a piece of land, in which mountain passes and elevated plains join hilly valleys and plains and in which different people and cultures join. Its history, but also the relatively insular geographic position of some valleys led to an extraordinary richness in culture and many customs and traditions that have been kept alive up to the present. Also some minority groups and gastronomic peculiarities have been preserved till now.


title: Trentino

text: In the territory of the Province there are numerous museums, which have had significant development over the last twenty years by the financial resources of the Province. Among the main ones:


title: Trentino

text: Also worthy of note are the cultural institutes and museums dedicated to the three minorities of the Province, the Istitut cultural Ladin "majon di fascegn" in Val di Fassa and the "Kulturinstitut Bersntol - Lusérn" for the promotion of German-speaking minorities mòchene and Cimbre.


title: Trentino

text: In the region there are numerous castles. With the financial aid of Province, some of them could be restored and are now open to the public. Here the most important:


title: Trentino

text: The region offers many opportunities for mountain climbing and trekking and winter sports. Important winter events are the world championships organised by the International Ski Federation (FSI) such as the Nordic ski 1991, 2003 and 2013, snowboarding 2001 and freestyle ski championship 2007, as well as the Adamello Ski Raid and Marcialonga. The Tour de Ski has since 2007 had its conclusion in Val di Fiemme with the Final Climb stage up the alpine skiing course on Alpe Cermis.


title: Trentino

text: During the spring and summer, cycling is a big event in the region, such as the Giro del Trentino and Maratona dles Dolomites over the mountain passes. Cross country racing such as the Cross della Vallagarina and the 10-kilometre road running competition Giro al Sas also take place.


title: Trentino

text: Association football is a popular ball sport in Trentino. Teams within the region are U.S. Alta Vallagarina, A.C. Mezzocorona, A.S.D. Porfido Albiano and Trento Calcio 1921.


title: Trentino

text: Trentino Volley is a professional Italian volleyball team. It has played in the Italian Volleyball League without interruption since 2000, while Aquila Trento is a basketball team in the Italian top league.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: Spencer James Cox (born July 11, 1975) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the 18th governor of Utah since 2021. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the eighth lieutenant governor of Utah from 2013 to 2021.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: Cox was raised and lives in Fairview, Utah. He was elected to the city council in 2004 and mayorship the next year. After overseeing rural economic development in Fairview, Cox was elected a county commissioner for Sanpete County in 2008. He was elected to the Utah House of Representatives in 2012.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: In October 2013, Governor Gary Herbert selected Cox to replace Greg Bell as lieutenant governor; he was confirmed unanimously by the Utah State Senate. Cox was elected to the lieutenant governorship as Herbert's running mate in 2016. In 2020, after Herbert decided to retire, Cox sought the Republican nomination for governor. He defeated former governor Jon Huntsman Jr., former Utah GOP chair Thomas Wright, and former Utah House speaker Greg Hughes in the primary election and Democratic nominee Chris Peterson in the general election.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: Cox has described himself as "centrist, moderate, liberal Republican", a stance that has earned him critics on the Republican Party's right wing.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: Cox was raised in Sanpete County; he graduated from North Sanpete High School. He enrolled at Snow College and completed a mission to Mexico for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while he was a student. During that time, he married his high-school sweetheart, Abby, who also graduated from Snow College. After graduating with an associate's degree, he attended Utah State University (USU), where he obtained his bachelor's degree in political science and Abby obtained her degree in special education. At USU, Cox was named Student of the Year and graduated with a 4.0 grade point average.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: Cox was then accepted to Harvard Law School, but chose to enroll at Washington and Lee University School of Law. He graduated with a Juris Doctor in 2001.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: After law school, Cox was a law clerk for judge Ted Stewart of the United States District Court for the District of Utah. After his clerkship, Cox joined Fabian and Clendenin, a Salt Lake City law firm. He returned to rural Utah and became a vice president of Centracom.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: Cox was elected as a city councilor of Fairview, Utah in 2004, and mayor the next year. In 2008, he was elected as a Sanpete County commissioner. Cox was elected to the Utah House of Representatives in 2012 and became the first member to call for the impeachment of John Swallow, the attorney general of Utah, over violations of campaign finance laws. Cox and Lieutenant Governor Bell served as co-chairs of Governor Herbert's Rural Partnership Board.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: In October 2013, Herbert selected Cox to succeed Bell as lieutenant governor following Bell's resignation. The Utah Senate's Government Operations Confirmation Committee unanimously approved his nomination on October 15. The next day, the full Utah Senate confirmed him unanimously and he was sworn in. As lieutenant governor, Cox produced a report on Swallow's financial interests, demonstrating that Swallow had failed to properly disclose all of his income and business interests. Swallow resigned before the report's release.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: In the 2016 Utah gubernatorial election, Cox was elected to a full term as lieutenant governor as Herbert's running mate.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: On May 14, 2019, after Herbert announced that he would not seek reelection, Cox announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for governor of Utah in 2020. Cox won the Republican primary with 36.4% of the vote; former Governor Jon Huntsman Jr. received 34.6%. Cox defeated Chris Peterson, the Democratic Party nominee, in the November general election. In a break with tradition, Cox's January 4, 2021, inauguration (with precautions against the COVID-19 pandemic) was held at the Tuacahn Center for the Arts in Ivins, Utah, a small town in Washington County. The stated purpose of this move was to express Cox's desire to be governor for the entire state as opposed to focusing on the Wasatch Front region. Within days of his inauguration, he opened an office on Southern Utah University's Cedar City campus.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: Cox said early on that increasing the speed of the state's vaccine distribution was his administration's top priority. Utah has administered more than 85% of the doses that it has received, according to CDC data.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Utah, Cox faced criticism for the state's decision to award millions of dollars in no-bid contracts in the early days of the crisis and for the controversial purchase of an anti-malaria drug as a possible treatment for COVID-19. Cox says he had no role in approving the $800,000 hydroxychloroquine order, which was later canceled.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: In July 2022, Cox succeeded New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy as vice chair of the National Governors Association, as Murphy was elected the new chair.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: Cox has vetoed five bills as of 2022, all of which were Republican-backed (the Utah Legislature has a Republican super-majority).


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: Cox's first veto was of a bill sponsored by his brother-in-law, Senator Mike McKell, which sought to regulate the way social media platforms moderate content. Cox also vetoed Senate Bill 187: Local Education Agency Policies Amendments, sponsored by Ronald Winterton; Senate Bill 39: Hemp Regulation Amendments, sponsored by David Hinkins; and House Bill 98: Local Government Building Regulation Amendments, sponsored by Paul Ray.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: In March 2022, Cox vetoed House Bill 11: Student Eligibility in Interscholastic Activities, sponsored by Kera Birkeland, which aimed to prevent transgender youth athletes from participating in women's sports. Cox noted that of Utah's 75,000 student athletes, only four were transgender and only one competed in women's sports. The legislature overrode his veto.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: In October 2015, Cox endorsed Marco Rubio in the 2016 Republican presidential primary. After Rubio withdrew, Cox endorsed Ted Cruz in March 2016. Of Donald Trump, the front-runner, Cox said, "We care a lot about decorum. We care about our neighbors. We are a good, kind people. He does not represent neither goodness nor kindness." He said he would not support Trump if he won the Republican nomination: "I think he's disingenuous. I think he's dangerous. I think he represents the worst of what our great country stands for... I won't vote for Hillary, but I won't vote for Trump, either."


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: Cox eventually changed course and said in 2020 he supported Trump. But after the 2021 United States Capitol attack, Cox said that Trump was responsible for inciting the violence and called on him to resign.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: On June 13, 2016, Cox spoke at a vigil in Salt Lake City honoring those who died in the Orlando nightclub shooting the day before. He surprised many when he apologized for mistreating schoolmates and his lack of support for the LGBTQ community. He aimed part of his speech at the "straight community": Cox has further shown support for the LGBTQ+ community by supporting Governor Herbert's signing an executive order on January 21, 2020, to ban conversion therapy after a bill to do so died in the State Senate in May 2019. In an April 2021 town hall meeting, he announced his personal pronouns are "he", "him", and "his". In March 2022, he vetoed HB11, which would ban transgender youth from participating in high school sports, noting that only four trans kids were playing high school sports in the state at the time. "These kids, they're just trying to stay alive", Cox said, referring to studies showing that 56% of trans youth have attempted suicide. On June 1, 2022, Cox became the first governor in Utah history to recognize June as LGBTQ+ Pride Month when he issued an official proclamation and encouraged Utahans to "be more welcoming and accepting of the LGBTQ community".


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: Cox is the oldest of eight children and grew up on a farm in Fairview. He and his wife, Abby, have four children, and reside on their family farm in Fairview. Cox's father, Eddie, served on the Utah Transportation Commission and was also a Sanpete County commissioner.


title: Spencer Cox (politician)

text: Cox plays bass guitar in a garage band. His brother-in-law, Travis Osmond, the son of Merrill Osmond, taught him to play bass. State Representative Mike McKell is also a brother-in-law. Cox's fourth cousin, Jon Cox, succeeded him in the Utah House of Representatives.


title: Paul Le Mat

text: Paul Le Mat (born September 22, 1945) is an American actor. He first came to prominence with his role in "American Graffiti" (1973); his performance was met with critical acclaim and earned him the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year - Actor.


title: Paul Le Mat

text: Le Mat's breakout performance in "American Graffiti" landed him the lead role in box office hit "Aloha, Bobby and Rose" (1975). He also is known for his work in the Jonathan Demme films "Handle with Care" (1977) and "Melvin and Howard" (1980). He won another Golden Globe award for his performance in the TV film "The Burning Bed" (1984) and starred in the cult film "Puppet Master" (1989) which spawned a franchise.