title: Special unitary group

text: The above generators are related to the Pauli matrices by formula_45 and formula_46 This representation is routinely used in quantum mechanics to represent the spin of fundamental particles such as electrons. They also serve as unit vectors for the description of our 3 spatial dimensions in loop quantum gravity. They also correspond to the Pauli X, Y, and Z gates, which are standard generators for the single qubit gates, corresponding to 3d-rotations about the axes of the Bloch sphere.


title: Special unitary group

text: formula_47 is an 8-dimensional simple Lie group consisting of all unitary matrices with determinant 1.


title: Special unitary group

text: The group formula_47 is a simply-connected, compact Lie group. Its topological structure can be understood by noting that SU(3) acts transitively on the unit sphere formula_49 in formula_50. The stabilizer of an arbitrary point in the sphere is isomorphic to SU(2), which topologically is a 3-sphere. It then follows that SU(3) is a fiber bundle over the base formula_49 with fiber formula_52. Since the fibers and the base are simply connected, the simple connectedness of SU(3) then follows by means of a standard topological result (the long exact sequence of homotopy groups for fiber bundles).


title: Special unitary group

text: The formula_53-bundles over formula_49 are classified by formula_55 since any such bundle can be constructed by looking at trivial bundles on the two hemispheres formula_56 and looking at the transition function on their intersection, which is homotopy equivalent to formula_57, so


title: Special unitary group

text: and as formula_60 rather than formula_61, formula_47 cannot be the trivial bundle formula_63, and therefore must be the unique nontrivial (twisted) bundle. This can be shown by looking at the induced long exact sequence on homotopy groups.


title: Special unitary group

text: The representation theory of formula_47 is well-understood. Descriptions of these representations, from the point of view of its complexified Lie algebra formula_65, may be found in the articles on Lie algebra representations or the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients for SU(3).


title: Special unitary group

text: The generators, , of the Lie algebra formula_66 of formula_47 in the defining (particle physics, Hermitian) representation, are


title: Special unitary group

text: These span all traceless Hermitian matrices of the Lie algebra, as required. Note that are antisymmetric.


title: Special unitary group

text: while all other not related to these by permutation are zero. In general, they vanish unless they contain an odd number of indices from the set {2, 5, 7}.


title: Special unitary group

text: A generic group element generated by a traceless 3×3 Hermitian matrix , normalized as , can be expressed as a "second order" matrix polynomial in :


title: Special unitary group

text: As noted above, the Lie algebra formula_9 of formula_11 consists of formula_78 skew-Hermitian matrices with trace zero.


title: Special unitary group

text: The complexification of the Lie algebra formula_9 is formula_80, the space of all formula_78 complex matrices with trace zero. A Cartan subalgebra then consists of the diagonal matrices with trace zero, which we identify with vectors in formula_82 whose entries sum to zero. The roots then consist of all the permutations of .


title: Special unitary group

text: For a field , the generalized special unitary group over "F", , is the group of all linear transformations of determinant 1 of a vector space of rank over which leave invariant a nondegenerate, Hermitian form of signature . This group is often referred to as the special unitary group of signature over . The field can be replaced by a commutative ring, in which case the vector space is replaced by a free module.


title: Special unitary group

text: Often one will see the notation without reference to a ring or field; in this case, the ring or field being referred to is formula_88 and this gives one of the classical Lie groups. The standard choice for when is


title: Special unitary group

text: However, there may be better choices for for certain dimensions which exhibit more behaviour under restriction to subrings of formula_88.


title: Special unitary group

text: An important example of this type of group is the Picard modular group formula_91 which acts (projectively) on complex hyperbolic space of degree two, in the same way that formula_92 acts (projectively) on real hyperbolic space of dimension two. In 2005 Gábor Francsics and Peter Lax computed an explicit fundamental domain for the action of this group on .


title: Special unitary group

text: In physics the special unitary group is used to represent bosonic symmetries. In theories of symmetry breaking it is important to be able to find the subgroups of the special unitary group. Subgroups of that are important in GUT physics are, for ,


title: Special unitary group

text: where × denotes the direct product and , known as the circle group, is the multiplicative group of all complex numbers with absolute value 1.


title: Special unitary group

text: Since the rank of is and of is 1, a useful check is that the sum of the ranks of the subgroups is less than or equal to the rank of the original group. is a subgroup of various other Lie groups,


title: Special unitary group

text: One may finally mention that is the double covering group of , a relation that plays an important role in the theory of rotations of 2-spinors in non-relativistic quantum mechanics.


title: Special unitary group

text: This group is isomorphic to and where the numbers separated by a comma refer to the signature of the quadratic form preserved by the group. The expression formula_100 in the definition of is an Hermitian form which becomes an isotropic quadratic form when and are expanded with their real components.


title: Special unitary group

text: An early appearance of this group was as the "unit sphere" of coquaternions, introduced by James Cockle in 1852. Let


title: Special unitary group

text: Then formula_102 formula_103 the 2×2 identity matrix, formula_104 and formula_105 and the elements and all anticommute, as in quaternions. Also formula_14 is still a square root of (negative of the identity matrix), whereas formula_107 are not, unlike in quaternions. For both quaternions and coquaternions, all scalar quantities are treated as implicit multiples of   and notated as  .


title: Special unitary group

text: The coquaternion formula_108 with scalar , has conjugate formula_109 similar to Hamilton's quaternions. The quadratic form is formula_110


title: Special unitary group

text: Note that the 2-sheet hyperboloid formula_111 corresponds to the imaginary units in the algebra so that any point on this hyperboloid can be used as a pole of a sinusoidal wave according to Euler's formula.


title: Special unitary group

text: The hyperboloid is stable under , illustrating the isomorphism with . The variability of the pole of a wave, as noted in studies of polarization, might view elliptical polarization as an exhibit of the elliptical shape of a wave with The Poincaré sphere model used since 1892 has been compared to a 2-sheet hyperboloid model.


title: Special unitary group

text: When an element of is interpreted as a Möbius transformation, it leaves the unit disk stable, so this group represents the motions of the Poincaré disk model of hyperbolic plane geometry. Indeed, for a point in the complex projective line, the action of is given by


title: REI

text: Recreational Equipment, Inc., doing business as REI, is an American retail and outdoor recreation services corporation. It is organized as a consumers' co-operative. REI sells camping gear, hiking, climbing, cycling, water, running, fitness, snow, travel equipment, and men, women and kids clothing. It also offers services such as outdoor-oriented vacations and courses.


title: REI

text: REI operates 165 retail stores in 39 states. It also receives orders via mail-order catalogs and the internet.


title: REI

text: Lloyd (1902–2000) and Mary Anderson (1909–2017) founded REI in Seattle, Washington in 1938. The Andersons imported an Akadem Pickel ice axe from Austria for themselves as part of The Mountaineers Basic Climbing Course, and decided to set up a co-operative to help other outdoor enthusiasts in the club acquire good quality climbing gear at reasonable prices. On June 23, 1938, with the help from Seattle attorney Ed Rombauer, five Mountaineers met at Rombauer's office, and each paid one dollar to join Recreational Equipment Cooperative. Lloyd and Mary were issued cards No. 1 and 2.


title: REI

text: During the first year, Recreational Equipment was nothing more than a shelf at the Puget Sound Cooperative Store, a farmer's co-op near Pike Place Market in Seattle. In 1942, Lloyd moved to a new space down the hall from The Mountaineers club rooms on Pike Street. Jim Whittaker, the first American to summit Mount Everest (in 1963), was hired as the first full-time employee of REI on July 25, 1955. In 1956, Recreational Equipment Cooperative was incorporated. Whittaker served as CEO during the 1960s and was an early board member with American Alpine Club president Nicholas Clinch. When Whittaker climbed Mount Everest, it provided REI with so much free advertising that the following year, 1964, its gross income topped $1mil for the first time.


title: REI

text: Through the 1970s, it identified itself prominently as REI Co-op, focusing primarily on equipment for serious climbers, backpackers, and mountaineering expeditions.


title: REI

text: However, in the 1980s, with changes to its board of directors, the emphasis shifted toward family camping and branched out into kayaking, bicycling, and other outdoor sports. It acquired nearby outdoor gear firm Mountain Safety Research in 1981, which later bought tent-maker Edgeworks and produced tents with the MSR brand. REI kept MSR until 2001, when it exited the manufacturing business, selling the operation to Cascade Designs, another successful outdoor gear company in the Seattle area.


title: REI

text: Clothing, particularly "sport casual" clothes, also became a greater part of the company's product line. Although the company remained a co-operative, providing special services to its members, the "co-op" moniker was dropped from much of its literature and advertising.


title: REI

text: Sally Jewell joined the board of REI in 1996 and in 2000 was named chief operating officer. She became CEO in 2005. Jewell remained CEO of REI until she was named United States Secretary of the Interior in April 2013.


title: REI

text: Beginning in 2014, with the introduction of the REI Co-Op line of clothing, REI publicly re-emphasized the cooperative aspect of its business model. In October 2015, the company launched a redesigned logo, which includes the word "co-op" for the first time since 1983.


title: REI

text: On Black Friday 2015, REI closed all of its stores, halted the processing of orders on its website, and gave all employees a paid day off. Although Black Friday has been one of REI's top 10 days for annual sales, the company abstained from Black Friday and launched an #OptOutside marketing campaign, urging people to spend their time outside. REI is the first major retailer to forgo operations on Black Friday. They continued the initiative through the 2022 holiday season.


title: REI

text: Jerry Stritzke, former president and COO of Coach New York, was named president and CEO of REI in August 2013. Stritzke resigned in February 2019. Eric Artz, previously COO of the company, was named CEO and president of REI in May 2019.


title: REI

text: REI has diversified its offerings into global adventure vacations through the REI Adventures branch, which began in 1987. REI Adventures offers vacations for active travelers all over the world.


title: REI

text: In 2006, REI started the Outdoor School in selected markets. The Outdoor School is a series of one-day outings in the local area and in store classes. Offerings include mountain biking, road biking, kayaking, backpacking, rock climbing, outdoor photography, family hiking, snowshoeing and others. The current locations of the Outdoor School are the San Francisco Bay Area, Sacramento and Reno areas, the Los Angeles area, the San Diego area, Boston and New England area, New York Tri-State area, Philadelphia, Washington D.C./Maryland/Virginia area, Chicago area, Minneapolis area, Denver area, Atlanta area, Portland area, and Puget Sound area.


title: REI

text: On June 11, 2015, REI bought "Adventure Projects Inc.", a Boulder-based company, founded by Nick Wilder and Mike Ahnemann in 2012, which is best known for its climbing website, Mountain Project (MountainProject.com), with guides to more than 128,000 climbing routes across the world. It has since expanded by creating MTBProject.com, a website for mountain bike trail maps, HikingProject.com, for hiking trails, PowderProject.com, for backcountry skiing trails, and TrailRunProject.com, for cross-country running trails.


title: REI

text: In November 2016 REI started producing independent podcasts informally starting with "Wild Ideas Worth Living" by journalist Shelby Stanger"." Since then they have also released "Camp Monsters" and "Wildfire."


title: REI

text: In February 2019, REI acquired Arizona-based adventure tour operator "Arizona Outback Adventures." Arizona Outback Adventures had served as a vendor and operator of REI's adventure travel programs for over 15 years. The acquisition brought new tour and rental capabilities in house at REI and signaled a renewed efforts towards diversifying the company's experiential offerings.


title: REI

text: REI has a member owned co-operative headquartered in Kent, Washington. It is owned by its members, who each hold a single voting share. Members are entitled to a patronage dividend. A new headquarters campus in the Spring District of Bellevue, Washington, was announced in 2016 and planned to open in 2020. The sale of the new headquarters campus was announced in August 2020 amid the COVID-19 pandemic, with REI corporate employees shifting to remote work.


title: REI

text: Its flagship stores are in the Cascade neighborhood of Downtown Seattle, which opened in 1996; Bloomington, Minnesota; Washington, DC; New York City; and Denver, Colorado. It has distribution centers in Sumner, Washington; Bedford, Pennsylvania; and Goodyear, Arizona.


title: REI

text: REI is owned by its active members, persons who have paid a $30 lifetime membership fee. Each active member is entitled to vote for members of the company's board of directors and is eligible to receive a patronage dividend on qualifying purchases. The lifetime fee was just five dollars in 1985.


title: REI

text: The annual reward is normally equal to 10% of what a member spent at REI on regular-priced merchandise in the prior year. The reward, which becomes unredeemable on December 31 two years from the date of issue, can be used as credit for further purchases.


title: REI

text: REI members are allowed to buy returned/used/damaged goods at significant discounts at the REI Used Gear Sales. Other benefits of REI membership include discounts on rentals, deals on shipping charges, REI adventure trips, and shop services, as well as rock wall access at locations that feature indoor climbing walls. The locations include Flagship stores in Denver, Seattle, and Bloomington, as well as the Pittsburgh South Side Works store. Members also receive exclusive coupons throughout the year for around 20% off of full-price items.


title: REI

text: REI is a Washington corporation governed by a board of 13 directors, including the CEO. Directors serve for terms of one or three years. Board candidates are selected by the REI Board Nomination and Governance Committee. In earlier years, board elections were competitive elections, with both board-nominated and self-nominated petition candidates. In recent years, REI eliminated the opportunity for petition candidates and has nominated only as many candidates as open positions. Members are mailed a ballot, and nominees must garner 50% of returned ballots; members may also vote online. While the board serves at the members' pleasure, there is no path to board membership without the approval of the Board Nomination and Governance Committee. For 2014, its chief executive officer received compensation of approximately $2.71 million per year.


title: REI

text: Although the Andersons originally established the co-op structure to secure reduced prices for its members, REI now models itself as a boutique full-service retailer, with a website including order-on-the-web and free delivery to a nearby store, rather than as a low-price retailer. Local stores host free clinics on outdoor topics and organize short trips originating from the store to explore local hikes and cycling paths.


title: REI

text: REI outlets are often positioned as anchor stores in upmarket strip malls. In common with other retailers, REI stores tend to receive most of their traffic during the weekend.


title: REI

text: Although most of what it sells is brandname merchandise from other companies, REI designs and sells its own private-label products under the REI, REI Co-Op, Co-Op cycles brands.


title: REI

text: REI employed over 15,000 people as of January 2022, most of them in the stores, many of whom are part-time. Employees receive discounts on merchandise, may be eligible for free or discounted outdoor classes, and also receive a "Way day" pass, entitling them to spend up to 6 hours outdoors for pay. REI has been ranked in the top 100 Companies to Work For in the United States by "Fortune" since 1985, which earned it a place in the "Fortune" "Hall of Fame". REI ranked as #8 in 2012, #69 in 2014, #58 in 2015, #26 in 2016, and #28 in 2017.


title: REI

text: Since 2013, REI workers have been publicly organizing around workplace issues such as living wages, erratic and insufficient scheduling, access to benefits like healthcare, and safety protocols. While the cooperative does not currently have any trade unions, the company has been accused of union busting by forcing employees to attend anti-union meetings, putting up anti-union flyers, using "social justice language" and its status as a cooperative to mislead the public into believing it is a worker cooperative. Workers have organized at least 5 petitions since 2016, and in January 2022, the SoHo, Manhattan location filed REI's first-ever National Labor Relations Board petition to vote to become a union. In March 2022, the SoHo based workers voted overwhelmingly in favor of unionization with the Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store Union (RWDSU) by a vote of 88-14.


title: REI

text: In 2006, REI purchased 11 million kWh of green power, enough to offset 20% of its overall power consumption. That placed REI on the US Environmental Protection Agency's top ten list of retailers in purchases of cleanly-generated electricity. By 2007, REI promises to make its trips through REI Adventures carbon neutral by the purchasing of green power credits "Green Tags". REI Adventures states that it is the first US travel company to introduce that type of program. REI has pledged to be a climate neutral and zero waste to landfill company in 2020 by focusing on the five areas of its business: green buildings, product stewardship, proper paper usage, reducing waste and energy efficiency. As of 2020, REI has also pledged to halve its carbon footprint, and has begun to offset its emissions by cutting emissions throughout its business processes, especially in the supply chain.


title: REI

text: To support local communities, REI offers meeting space free of charge to non-profit organizations, supports conservation efforts, and organizes yearly outdoor service outings. REI donates annually to conservation groups in the US. Its 2007 giving of $3.7 million represented about 0.28% of its $1.3 billion in gross sales. It also sends volunteers to help groups with cleaning up the environment, building new trails, and teaching children the importance of caring for the environment.


title: REI

text: REI is a key sponsor of The Access Fund, a non-profit organization committed to keeping America's climbing areas open by education, environmental protection, and advocacy.


title: REI

text: After the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, REI joined the 2018 NRA boycott and suspended orders from Vista Outdoor, a maker of outdoor products and rifles.


title: New Jersey Generals

text: The New Jersey Generals were a franchise of the United States Football League (USFL) established in 1982 to begin play in the spring and summer of 1983. The team played three seasons from 1983 to 1985, winning 31 regular season games and losing 25 while going 0–2 in postseason competition. Home games were played at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, which was called The Meadowlands for Generals games.


title: New Jersey Generals

text: Team colors were scarlet, white, royal blue and sunflower gold. The primary logo was a gold five-star general wreath. Team helmets were solid scarlet with the logo decal on each side and a white face-mask. Home uniforms featured red jerseys with white numbers trimmed in royal blue, with numbers on the sleeves and no striping; pants were white with a single wide red stripe trimmed in blue down the sides from hip to knee. Road jerseys were white with red numbers trimmed in blue. The team was the second in the New York metropolitan area to be known as "Generals," since there was a professional soccer team in the late 1960s known as the New York Generals.


title: New Jersey Generals

text: From the beginning, USFL founder David Dixon placed a premium on putting a team in the New York area. Initially, Donald Trump was tapped to own the team. However, he backed out after paying an initial installment on the franchise fee, hoping instead to buy the struggling Baltimore Colts of the NFL. Needing a credible owner with the means to front a team in the nation's biggest market, Dixon persuaded Oklahoma oil magnate J. Walter Duncan to step in. Duncan had originally been slated to own the USFL's Chicago franchise, as he'd grown up in Chicago. However, he readily agreed to shift to New York.


title: New Jersey Generals

text: Duncan took on former New England Patriots coach Chuck Fairbanks as a minority partner; Duncan knew Fairbanks from his days as head coach at the University of Oklahoma. Fairbanks also served as general manager and head coach. They initially had an uphill battle to get a lease at Giants Stadium, but were able to obtain one on condition that they brand their team as "New Jersey" rather than "New York." They named the team the "Generals" after the large number of generals based in New Jersey during the Revolutionary War.


title: New Jersey Generals

text: The team made a big splash by signing Heisman Trophy-winning underclassman Herschel Walker, a running back from the University of Georgia. While the USFL had followed the NFL's lead in banning underclassmen from playing, league officials were certain that this rule would never withstand a court challenge. In an even more ominous development, Walker did not sign a standard player contract. Rather, he agreed to a three-year personal-services contract with Duncan. The contract was valued at $4.2 million—more than double the USFL's salary cap of $1.8 million. Nonetheless, the other owners knew having the incumbent Heisman winner in their fold would lend the USFL instant credibility, and allowed the contract to stand.


title: New Jersey Generals

text: Despite the signing of Walker, who rushed for 1,812 yards and 17 touchdowns, the Generals finished their inaugural season with a 6–12 record. This was largely due to a porous defense which gave up the third-most points in the league (437) and a feeble passing attack led by ex-New Orleans Saints career backup Bobby Scott.


title: New Jersey Generals

text: At 66 years old, Duncan soon tired of flying as far as from his home in Oklahoma City to see his team play. Believing that the Generals were far too important to the USFL to have an absentee owner, he decided to sell to a local buyer. After the 1983 season, he found one in Donald Trump, who had initially angled for the franchise in 1982 before backing out.


title: New Jersey Generals

text: Trump promptly fired Fairbanks. Seeking a high-profile coach, he initially tried to lure Joe Gibbs of the Washington Redskins. When those talks failed, he turned to legendary Miami Dolphins coach Don Shula. Trump offered him a $5 million contract. Shula was receptive, but insisted on getting a rent-free apartment at Trump Tower. In October 1983, Trump announced that the deal was all but done, but the only snag was Shula's insistence on an apartment. A furious Shula broke off talks. Years later, former Dolphins' running back Larry Csonka, by then an executive with the Jacksonville Bulls, said that he believed Shula would have taken the job, but was angered at being "thrown out to the press" by Trump. After Joe Paterno of Penn State turned him down as well, Trump hired former New York Jets head coach Walt Michaels.


title: New Jersey Generals

text: The Generals responded to their poor 1983 showing with an influx of veteran NFL talent for 1984, including wide receiver Tom McConnaughey, quarterback Brian Sipe, defensive back Gary Barbaro, and linebackers Jim LeClair and Bobby Leopold. Both Walker and fullback Maurice Carthon rushed for over 1,000 yards (Walker 1,339; Carthon 1,042) as the Generals went 14–4, defeating the eventual champion Philadelphia Stars twice for that franchise's only two losses of the season. The Stars defeated the Generals 28–7 in a first round playoff game.


title: New Jersey Generals

text: The 1985 season saw the heralded signing of Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback Doug Flutie of Boston College. Despite Flutie's inexperience, the Generals traded Sipe to the Jacksonville Bulls to ensure Flutie would start. Flutie struggled at times but played well overall until he suffered a broken collarbone against the Memphis Showboats in the season's 15th game, sidelining him for the rest of the season. The 1985 Generals finished 11–7 behind Walker's pro-football record 2,411 rushing yards but lost again to the Stars (transplanted to Baltimore) in the first round of the playoffs, 20–17.


title: New Jersey Generals

text: Almost from the moment he bought the Generals, Trump sought to use them as a vehicle to get an NFL team. To this end, he began advocating moving the USFL from a spring schedule to a fall schedule, directly opposite the NFL. Trump's long-term plans called for moving the Generals across the Hudson River to New York, which had not had a team play within its borders since the Jets moved from Shea Stadium in Queens to the Meadowlands after the 1983 season. He intended to have the renamed New York Generals play at Shea until the construction of a new 80,000-seat "Trump Stadium" in Manhattan.


title: New Jersey Generals

text: In 1984, Trump convinced most of his fellow owners to move to a fall schedule in 1986. He contended that if the USFL were to hold its own against the NFL, it would eventually force a merger with the more established league—in which the owners of any USFL teams included in a merger would see their investment more than double.


title: New Jersey Generals

text: The Generals acquired the assets of one of the teams displaced by the vote to move to the fall, the Houston Gamblers, during the extended off-season. This was widely reported as a merger, since the Generals inherited all of the Gamblers' player contracts—including those of quarterback Jim Kelly and wide receiver Ricky Sanders. Michaels was fired, replaced with former Gamblers coach Jack Pardee, who planned to bring Kelly and the Gamblers' high-powered run and shoot offense with him. Fans immediately dubbed the Kelly–Walker led Generals as the USFL's "Dream Team."


title: New Jersey Generals

text: However, the revamped Generals never played a down. The 1986 season was cancelled after the USFL won only a nominal one dollar verdict in an antitrust lawsuit against the NFL (which was trebled to three dollars due to it being an antitrust suit); the league folded soon afterward.


title: New Jersey Generals

text: Numerous Generals players, including Flutie, Walker, and center Kent Hull went on to productive NFL careers. Flutie also starred in the Canadian Football League; Hull (with Gambler quarterback Kelly) played in four Super Bowls with the Buffalo Bills, and Flutie was the last quarterback to have led the Bills to the NFL playoffs until the 2017 season.


title: Saint Louis University

text: Saint Louis University (SLU) is a private Jesuit research university with campuses in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, and Madrid, Spain. Founded in 1818 by Louis William Valentine DuBourg, it is the oldest university west of the Mississippi River and the second-oldest Jesuit university in the United States. It is one of 27 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities. The university is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools.


title: Saint Louis University

text: In the 2021–2022 academic year, SLU had an enrollment of 12,883 students. The student body included 8,138 undergraduate students and 4,745 graduate students that represents all 50 states and 82 countries. The university is classified as a Research II university by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education.


title: Saint Louis University

text: For more than 50 years, the university has maintained a campus in Madrid, Spain. The Madrid campus was the first freestanding campus operated by an American university in Europe and the first American institution to be recognized by Spain's higher education authority as an official foreign university. The campus has 850 students, a faculty of 110, an average class size of 17 and a student-faculty ratio of 12:1. Of the 12,883 students, 788 study at the Madrid Campus which also represents students from 45 of the 82 total countries students are from.


title: Saint Louis University

text: SLU's athletic teams compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I and are a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference.


title: Saint Louis University

text: Saint Louis University traces its origins to the Saint Louis Academy, founded on November 16, 1818, by the Most Reverend Louis William Valentine DuBourg, Bishop of Louisiana and the Floridas, and placed under the charge of the Reverend François Niel and others of the secular clergy attached to the Saint Louis Cathedral. Its first location was in a private residence near the Mississippi River in an area now occupied by the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial within the Archdiocese of St. Louis.


title: Saint Louis University

text: Already having a two-story building for the 65 students using Bishop Dubourg's personal library of 8,000 volumes for its printed materials, the name Saint Louis Academy was changed in 1820 to Saint Louis College (while the secondary school division remained Saint Louis Academy, now known as St. Louis University High School). In 1827 Bishop Dubourg placed Saint Louis College in the care of the Society of Jesus. Not long after that, it received its charter as a university by act of the Missouri Legislature.


title: Saint Louis University

text: In 1829, the new university moved its campus to Washington Avenue and Ninth, today the site of America's Center. At this time, the founders forced enslaved Black Americans from their St. Stanislaus Seminary in Hazelwood to labor at the university. In 1852 the university and its teaching priests were the subject of an anti-Catholic novel, "The Mysteries of St. Louis", which was written by newspaper editor Henry Boernstein. Boernstein's popular newspaper, "Anzeiger des Westens", routinely criticized the university.


title: Saint Louis University

text: In 1867, after the American Civil War, the university purchased "Lindell's Grove", in what is now Midtown. The university subsequently moved to this new location, which is the current site of today's north campus. Lindell's Grove was the site of the Camp Jackson Affair, which had occurred only a few years prior to the university's purchase.


title: Saint Louis University

text: The first building on campus, DuBourg Hall, began construction in 1888, and the college officially moved to its new location in 1889. Construction of the new St. Francis Xavier College Church began on 8 June 1884. The basement of the church was completed later that year and was the location for liturgical functions until the upper church was subsequently completed in 1898.


title: Saint Louis University

text: During the early 1940s, many local priests, especially the Jesuits, began to challenge the segregationist policies at the city's Catholic colleges and parochial schools. After the "Pittsburgh Courier", an African-American newspaper, ran a 1944 exposé on St. Louis Archbishop John J. Glennon's interference with the admittance of a black student at the local Webster College, Fr. Claude Heithaus, SJ, professor of Classical Archaeology at Saint Louis University, delivered an angry homily accusing his own institution of immoral behavior in its segregation policies. By summer of 1944, Saint Louis University had opened its doors to African-Americans, after its president, Father Patrick Holloran, secured Glennon's reluctant approval .


title: Saint Louis University

text: In 1967, Saint Louis University became one of the first Catholic universities to give laypeople more power over the affairs of the school. Board chairman Fr. Paul Reinert, SJ, stepped aside to be replaced by layman Daniel Schlafly, and the board shifted to an 18 to 10 majority of laypeople. This was largely because of "Horace Mann vs. the Board of Public Works of Maryland," a landmark case heard by the Maryland Court of Appeals, which declared unconstitutional grants to "largely sectarian" colleges. The Second Vatican Council has also been mentioned as a major influence on this decision for its increased focus on the laity, as well as the decreased recruitment of nuns and priests since the council.


title: Saint Louis University

text: From 1985 to 1992 the chairman of the Board of Trustees was William H. T. Bush (younger brother of former president George H. W. Bush). The younger Bush also taught classes at the school.


title: Saint Louis University

text: Since the move to lay oversight, there has been some debate over how much influence the Roman Catholic Church should have on the affairs of the university. The decision by the university to sell its hospital to Tenet Healthcare in 1997 met much resistance by both local and national Church leaders, but went ahead as planned. In 2015, the Catholic SSM Health system assumed operation of Saint Louis University hospital. A $500 million rebuilding of the hospital and construction of a new ambulatory care center was completed in 2020.


title: Saint Louis University

text: SLU's campus in Midtown, St. Louis consists of over of land, with 129 buildings on campus. This area is split between two locations along Grand Boulevard. The north campus (or Frost Campus), located just north of I-64, is the site of most undergraduate learning, and is also home to the university's residence halls. The south campus, located just south of Chouteau Avenue, is the site of the Saint Louis University Hospital, the Doisy Research Center, and some athletic facilities. Most health science instruction takes place on the south campus. The Saint Louis University School of Law is located in downtown St. Louis in Scott Hall.


title: Saint Louis University

text: Since 1967, the university has also maintained a campus in Madrid, Spain. Saint Louis University Madrid has over 900 students from more than 50 countries. Many undergraduates from the St. Louis campus who study abroad choose to take classes in Madrid, as the college credits are easily transferrable.


title: Saint Louis University

text: Built in 1993, Saint Louis University's clock tower closed off the campus from the remainder of West Pine Avenue. The surrounding plaza has become a center of campus life, host to social gatherings, protests, and philanthropic events.


title: Saint Louis University

text: In 2011, the clock tower and the area around it were renamed for a prominent alumnus as the Joseph G. Lipic Clock Tower Plaza. Additionally, on 25 October 2021, the amphitheater adjacent to the plaza was renamed in honor of Jonathan Smith, a former faculty member who had died earlier that year.


title: Saint Louis University

text: In October 2014, the clocktower plaza became the focal point for a student-led demonstration known as OccupySLU. Hundreds of students descended on the plaza to engage in teach-ins, peaceful protest, and conversation in the aftermath of the shooting of Michael Brown and the shooting of Vonderrit Myers Jr. Students and community leaders peacefully occupied the plaza for six days. During this time, newly-chosen university president Fred Pestello negotiated with demonstrators to end the occupation. These efforts culminated in the Clocktower Accords, in which Pestello promised to take concrete action to address the demands of demonstrators.


title: Saint Louis University

text: In 2007, SLU completed a $67 million, 10-story research center connected to its Medical Campus Building, a green building named for Edward Adelbert Doisy, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate of 1943 and a long-time faculty member at SLU's medical school. The building contains 80 labs that are used in the development of vaccines and in research initiatives studying cancer, liver disease, and other health conditions. The building now mainly hosts the Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.


title: Saint Louis University

text: Saint Louis University School of Law, founded in 1843, is the oldest law school west of the Mississippi River. Law students attend classes in Scott Hall, which is in downtown St. Louis. Scott Hall was bought and renovated by the university between 2012 and 2013, as the law school had outgrown its former site on SLU's midtown campus. The newly renovated building opened in 2013.


title: Saint Louis University

text: The multi-purpose Chaifetz Arena, built for $80.5 million in 2008, is a 10,600-seat stadium located on-campus. The arena also contains training facilities, locker rooms, and a practice facility that can house 1,000 spectators. It is on the eastern end of the north campus. The arena replaced Enterprise Center as the university's primary location for large events, notably commencement celebrations and varsity sports. The arena is named for alumnus Richard Chaifetz, founder and CEO of ComPsych Corp., who gave $12 million to the university for the arena's naming rights. The Arena was named on February 28, 2007, and dedicated on April 10, 2008.


title: Saint Louis University

text: In the fall of 2020, the university opened a new, 90,000-square-foot, three-story building featuring "innovative teaching environments and flexible lab spaces." The building supplements bioinformatics, biology, biomedical engineering, chemistry, neuroscience and computer science courses that support all science, engineering, nursing and health science majors at SLU.


title: Saint Louis University

text: As part of the university's First Year Experience (FYE) program, students are required to live on campus for their first four semesters at SLU, unless they are a commuter from the St. Louis metropolitan area.


title: Saint Louis University

text: For the 2018–19 school year, the university installed 2,300 Echo Dots, the hardware for Amazon's "smart assistant," Alexa, in students' dorm rooms. SLU is the first college or university in the United States to bring an Amazon Alexa-enabled device into every student apartment or student residence hall room on the campus.


title: Saint Louis University

text: The Griesedieck Complex (also known as "Gries", pronounced "greez") has 16 stories of living space in its main building, as well as 9 additional floors of space attached on its west and east sides as Clemens Hall and Walsh Hall, respectively. Both halls were renovated and repainted (Walsh in 2019 and Clemens in 2020) to accommodate future larger freshman classes, and to house sophomores as needed.


title: Saint Louis University

text: Spring Hall and Grand Hall, built in 2016 and 2017 respectively, added nearly 1,000 beds for first and second-year students in addition to a dining hall, more classrooms, and further office space for administrators.


title: Saint Louis University

text: DeMattias Hall (colloquially known as "DeMatt"), located just east of Vandeventer Boulevard, provides themed housing to students participating in Greek Life. Next door to DeMattias is Marguerite Hall (also known as "Marg"), with seven floors of double suite-style rooms mainly for first-year students and sophomores.


title: Saint Louis University

text: Grand Forest, the Village, and the Marchetti Towers are on-campus apartment options available to sophomores, juniors, and seniors. Grand Forest and Marchetti Towers are located east of Grand Boulevard and just west of Chaifetz Arena.


title: Saint Louis University

text: The Village apartments are located between Vandeventer Boulevard and Grand Boulevard. The complex houses up to 480 students at a time. Apartments in the Village come in one, two, three and four-bedroom layouts.


title: Saint Louis University

text: Located at the corner of Grand Boulevard and Lindell Avenue is the university's official parish, St. Francis Xavier College Church. Built between 1888 and 1894 by architect Thomas Walsh, who also designed DuBourg Hall, the church was the first English-speaking parish in the city of St. Louis. The church has held a weekly Sunday Evening Student Mass for SLU students since 1990.


title: Saint Louis University

text: Saint Louis University has three libraries in St. Louis, and one on its campus in Madrid, Spain: the Pius XII Memorial Library on the north campus, the Medical Center Library on south campus, the Vincent C. Immel Library at the law school in downtown St. Louis, and the library in San Ignacio Hall in Madrid.


title: Saint Louis University

text: Pius XII Memorial Library is the general academic library. It houses over 2.2 million books and e-books, and has 48 study rooms for students to use. Recent renovations to the library include more seating and study areas, designated noise zones and the creation of an Academic Technology Commons on the first floor. Housed within Pius XII Memorial Library is the Knights of Columbus Vatican Film Library, which holds a unique collection of microfilm focusing on the manuscripts housed in the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.


title: Saint Louis University

text: In 1964, SLU president Rev. Paul Reinert established the Saint Louis University Library Associates. The Associates are a group of "civic-minded St. Louisans...dedicated to the growth of the university libraries." Since 1967, the organization has presented the St. Louis Literary Award to a distinguished figure in literature. Notable recipients of the award include Sir Salman Rushdie, E.L. Doctorow, and Joan Didion.


title: Saint Louis University

text: The university also has three museums: the Museum of Contemporary Religious Art (MOCRA), the Saint Louis University Museum of Art (SLUMA), and the Samuel Cupples House.


title: Saint Louis University

text: SLU offers 89 undergraduate majors and 86 graduate disciplines. Additionally, 13 undergraduate and 21 graduate degree programs are also offered entirely online. The average class size for undergraduates is 26 and the student-faculty ratio is 9:1.


title: Saint Louis University

text: The university operates 13 schools and colleges: the College of Arts and Sciences, the College of Philosophy and Letters, the Doisy College of Health Sciences, the School of Medicine, the Trudy Busch Valentine School of Nursing, the College for Public Health and Social Justice, the School of Social Work, the Richard A. Chaifetz School of Business, the School of Education, the School of Law, the Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, the School for Professional Studies, and Saint Louis University Madrid. In addition, the university also operates the degree-granting Center for Advanced Dental Education.


title: Saint Louis University

text: The Saint Louis Billikens are the collegiate athletic varsity teams of Saint Louis University. This NCAA Division I program fields teams in men's soccer, women's soccer, men's basketball, women's basketball, men's baseball, women's softball, women's volleyball, men's swimming and diving, women's swimming and diving, men's cross country, women's cross country, men's tennis, women's tennis, men's track and field, women's track and field, and women's field hockey. The university competes in the Atlantic 10 Conference.


title: Saint Louis University

text: In 2016, the women's basketball team made their second trip to the Women's National Invitation Tournament. Chris May is the current director of athletics. Travis Ford was hired as the men's basketball coach in March 2016.


title: Saint Louis University

text: The university's Campus Ministry presents a variety of activities and events, including opportunities to attend Holy Mass and numerous spiritual retreat opportunities. The ministry also hosts "immersion trips" that are aimed at exposing students to the social injustices and inequities present around the United States.


title: Saint Louis University

text: Immersion experiences involve a week-long trip, and reflection sessions after. Destinations for these trips include: Mobile, Alabama, Navajo Nation, Los Angeles, California, and Chicago, Illinois. Student leadership training is also offered in conjunction with these experiences.


title: Saint Louis University

text: SLU has nine Learning Communities (LCs), which allow first-year and second-year students to live in the same residence hall and take classes that are centered around a particular major, aspect of social identity and experience, or academic interest. As of 2022, about half of all SLU first-years choose to participate in a Learning Community.


title: Saint Louis University

text: The Center for Social Action works with campus ministry and student organizations to promote community service. The center also works with university instructors to incorporate service into their curriculum wherever possible.


title: Saint Louis University

text: Students at SLU ranked 4th among the universities in the country in hours of community service in 2015, according to the "Washington Monthly" report. The center also partners with dozens of community organizations to provide students with consistent volunteer opportunities.


title: Saint Louis University

text: Saint Louis University has over 240 student organizations that cover a variety of interests, including: student government, club sports, media and publishing, performing arts, and religion and volunteerism and service.


title: Saint Louis University

text: Saint Louis has six North American Interfraternity Conference fraternities and seven National Panhellenic Conference sororities and female fraternities on campus.


title: President of Colombia

text: The president of Colombia (), officially known as the president of the Republic of Colombia () or president of the nation () is the head of state and head of government of Colombia. The office of president was established upon the ratification of the Constitution of 1819, by the Congress of Angostura, convened in December 1819, when Colombia was the ""Gran Colombia"". The first president, General Simón Bolívar, took office in 1819. His position, initially self-proclaimed, was subsequently ratified by Congress.


title: President of Colombia

text: The current president of the Republic of Colombia is Gustavo Petro, who took office on 7 August 2022.


title: President of Colombia

text: According to the Colombian Constitution of 1991, Article 188, the president of Colombia is the head of state, head of government and Supreme Administrative Authority. The president of Colombia symbolizes the National Unity, and after taking an oath to the Constitution of Colombia and swearing to defend and protect the nation's laws, he is charged to guarantee and protect the rights and liberties of all Colombian nationals.


title: President of Colombia

text: The Administrative Department of the Presidency of Colombia has the commission to assist or support the president of Colombia on its constitutional mandated functions and legal issues.


title: President of Colombia

text: Article 115 states that the National Government is formed by the president of Colombia, the vice president of Colombia, the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Colombia and the Directors of the Administrative Departments of Colombia. Any official from these entities constitute the Government of Colombia in any particular business.


title: President of Colombia

text: Any act by the president of Colombia, in order to be legal and enforceable, must be sanctioned by any of the ministries or department directors, who will also be held responsible for the act. The only exception is if the president appoints or removes ministers, administrative departments' directors and any other officials appointed by him under his administrative authority. Governors of the Departments of Colombia, mayors of Municipalities of Colombia, as well as regional superintendents of Colombia, public establishments and industrial and commercial state owned enterprises, are all part of the executive branch of Colombia.


title: President of Colombia

text: The Colombian Constitution of 1991, coupled with several articles of amendment, establishes the requirements an eligible candidate must meet in order to become president, as well as the term of office, method of election, and powers.


title: President of Colombia

text: Colombian Constitution of 1991 Article 191: states that the president must be a natural born citizen of Colombia and at least 30 years of age.


title: President of Colombia

text: The president and vice president serve a term of office of four years after being elected by popular vote. Since 2015, the president is barred from running for reelection, even for a nonconsecutive term.


title: President of Colombia

text: From 1910 to 2005, the president was limited to a single term. However, on 24 November 2005, the Colombian Congress introduced the Electoral Guarantees Law (Ley de Garantias Electorales), which modified Article 152, of the Colombian Constitution of 1991 and allowed a president to run for a second term. The President or Vice President running for re-election was required to formally notify the National Electoral Council and guarantee a fair competition for the other contenders. Participation of acting officials in political proselytism was standardized. Presidents or vice presidents not running for office were barred from participating on political proselytism. If one or both were running, they could only engage in political activity four months before the primary elections. Also, if the president and/or vice president were running for office, they could participate in their political party's selection mechanism to postulate candidates. In 2010, the Constitutional Court of Colombia threw out a planned referendum to allow presidents to run for three consecutive terms. It ruled that Colombian presidents could only serve two terms, even if they are nonconsecutive. In 2015, a constitutional amendment repealed the 2004 changes and reverted to the original one-term limit.


title: President of Colombia

text: In absence of both the president and the vice president, Article 203 of the Constitution of 1991 establishes that the presidential office will be assumed by a minister in the order of precedence established by law. The assuming minister has to be a member of the same party or movement the original president belonged to, and will exercise the presidency until the Congress, within the 30 days following the presidential vacancy, elects a new vice president who will assume the presidency.


title: Nahuel Molina

text: Nahuel Molina Lucero (born 6 April 1998) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a right-back for La Liga club Atlético Madrid and the Argentina national team.


title: Nahuel Molina

text: Molina is a youth export from Boca Juniors. On 18 February 2016, he made his first team debut in a league game against San Martín de San Juan. He played the full game.


title: Nahuel Molina

text: In January 2018, Molina was loaned out to Defensa y Justicia for the rest of 2018. The next season he was loaned to Rosario Central where he found the continuity he needed to stand out and ended up returning to Boca Juniors at the start of 2019.


title: Nahuel Molina

text: On 28 July 2022, Molina joined Atlético Madrid on a five-year deal, for a reported fee of €10 million and €5 million in variables.


title: Nahuel Molina

text: Molina made his debut for the Argentina national team on 3 June 2021 in a World Cup qualifier against Chile. He substituted Juan Foyth in the 81st minute.


title: Nahuel Molina

text: Molina scored his first goal for Argentina on 9 December 2022, in their 2022 World Cup quarter-final match against the Netherlands.


title: Nahuel Molina

text: "Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Molina goal."


title: OS X Mavericks

text: OS X Mavericks (version 10.9) is the 10th major release of macOS, Apple Inc.'s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. OS X Mavericks was announced on June 10, 2013, at WWDC 2013, and was released on October 22, 2013, worldwide.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: The update emphasized battery life, Finder improvements, other improvements for power users, and continued iCloud integration, as well as bringing more of Apple's iOS apps to OS X. Mavericks, which was named after the surfing location in Northern California, was the first in the series of OS X releases not only for being named for places in Apple's home state since earlier releases used the names of big cats, but also for being the first one to be a free upgrade since Mac OS X 10.1 "Puma". It also removed some of the skeuomorphic designs from OS X Mountain Lion, and it is the final Mac operating system to feature the Lucida Grande typeface as the standard system font since Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: Apple announced OS X Mavericks on June 10, 2013, during the company's Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) keynote (which also introduced iOS 7, a revised MacBook Air, the sixth-generation AirPort Extreme, the fifth-generation AirPort Time Capsule, and a redesigned Mac Pro). During a keynote on October 22, 2013, Apple announced that the official release of 10.9 on the Mac App Store would be available immediately, and that unlike previous versions of OS X, 10.9 would be available at no charge to all users running Snow Leopard (10.6.8) or later.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: OS X Mavericks can run on any Mac that can run OS X Mountain Lion; as with Mountain Lion, 2 GB of RAM, 8 GB of available storage, and Mac OS X 10.6.8 (Snow Leopard) or later are required. Mavericks and later versions are all available for free.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: The menu bar and the Dock are available on each display. Additionally, AirPlay compatible displays such as the Apple TV can be used as an external display. Mission Control has been updated to organize and switch between Desktop workspaces independently between multiple displays.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: OS X Mavericks introduced App Nap, which sleeps apps that are not currently visible. Any app running on Mavericks can be eligible for this feature by default.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: Compressed Memory is a virtual memory compression system which automatically compresses data from inactive apps when approaching maximum memory capacity.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: Timer coalescing is a feature that enhances energy efficiency by reducing CPU usage by up to 72 percent. This allows MacBooks to run for longer periods of time and desktop Macs to run cooler.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: Apple now supports OpenGL 4.1 Core Profile and OpenCL 1.2. Server Message Block version 2 (SMB2) is now the default protocol for sharing files, rather than AFP. This is to increase performance and cross-platform compatibility.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: Some skeuomorphs, such as the leather texture in Calendar, the legal pad theme of Notes, and the book-like appearance of Contacts, have been removed from the UI.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: iCloud Keychain stores a user's usernames, passwords and Wi-Fi passwords to allow the user to fill this information into forms when needed.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: IPoTB (Internet Protocol over Thunderbolt Bridge) Thunderbolt networking is supported in Mavericks. This feature allows the user to quickly transfer a large amount of data between two Macs.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: Notification Center allows the user to reply to notifications instantly, allows websites to send notifications, and, when the user wakes up a Mac that was in a sleep state, displays a summary of missed notifications before the machine is unlocked. Some system alerts, such as low battery, removal of drives without ejecting, and a failed Time Machine backup have been moved to Notification Center.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: The "traffic light" close, minimize, and maximize window buttons have appeared somewhat brighter than Mac OS X Lion and OS X Mountain Lion.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: Finder gets enhancements such as tabs, full-screen support, and document tags. Pinch-to-zoom and swipe-to-navigate-history gestures have been removed, although both are supported anywhere else.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: The new iBooks application allows the user to read books purchased through the iBooks Store. The app also allows the user to purchase new content from the iBooks Store, and a night mode to make it easier to read in dark environments.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: The Calendar app has enhancements such as being able to add Facebook events, and an estimate for the travel time to an event.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: The Safari browser has a significantly enhanced JavaScript performance which Apple claims is faster than Chrome and Firefox. A Top Sites view allows the user to quickly access the most viewed sites by default. However, the user can pin or remove websites from the view. The sidebar now allows the user to view their bookmarks, reading list and shared links. Safari can also auto-generate random passwords and remember them through iCloud Keychain.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: The Open Transport API has been removed. USB syncing of calendar, contacts and other information to iOS devices has been removed, instead requiring the use of iCloud. QuickTime 10 no longer supports many older video codecs and converts them to the ProRes format when opened. Older video codecs cannot be viewed in Quick Look. Apple also removed the ability to sync mobile iCloud Notes if iOS devices were upgraded from iOS 8 to iOS 9, effectively forcing all Mavericks users to update or upgrade their computers.


title: OS X Mavericks

text: One complaint is that Apple removed the local sync services, which forces users to get iCloud to sync iOS devices with the desktop OS. However, this feature has since returned in the 10.9.3 and ITunes 11.2 updates.


title: Flag of North Korea

text: The flag of North Korea, also known as the Ramhongsaek Konghwagukgi (; literally "blue and red-coloured flag of the republic"), sometimes known as the flag of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, consists of a central red panel, bordered both above and below by a narrow white stripe and a broad blue stripe. The central red panel bears a five-pointed red star within a white circle near the hoist. The flag is strictly prohibited under the National Security Act in South Korea due to its association with the ruling North Korean regime, but it is only allowed in extremely exceptional cases such as media coverage, drama and film shooting, and international sports events.


title: Flag of North Korea

text: The North Korean national flag is officially defined in article 170 of Chapter VII of the North Korean constitution. According to it:


title: Flag of North Korea

text: The North Korean flag's prominent motif is a red star, which is a universal symbol of communism and socialism, although since the flag's adoption the application of the Marxist–Leninist-natured philosophy of "Juche" has replaced communist authority as the state's guiding ideology, and references to communism have been systematically removed from the country's constitution and legal documents. However, the constitution is still stated to be socialist in nature. Despite the many changes to the constitution, the description of the flag has always remained the same.


title: Flag of North Korea

text: The website of the Korean Friendship Association indicates that, on the contrary, the red star represents revolutionary traditions and the red panel is indicative of the patriotism and determination of the Korean people. The white stripes symbolize the unity of the Korean nation and its culture. The blue stripes represent the desire to fight for independence, peace, friendship, and international unity.


title: Flag of North Korea

text: According to a typical North Korean official text published in "Rodong Sinmun", Kim Il-sung gave the following significance to the flag's elements:


title: Flag of North Korea

text: The colours of the North Korean flag – red, white, and blue – are considered national colours and symbolise respectively: revolutionary traditions; purity, strength, and dignity; and sovereignty, peace, and friendship.


title: Flag of North Korea

text: According to Korea expert and scholar Brian Reynolds Myers, in North Korea the flag of the Workers' Party of Korea and the Korean People's Army Supreme Commander's personal standard are treated with more reverence than the North Korean national flag, with the Supreme Commander's flag ranking highest among the three in terms of reverence.


title: Flag of North Korea

text: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Korean Peninsula was ruled by a monarchy known as the Korean Empire. During this time, the Korean monarchy used a flag now known as the "Taegukgi" as its national flag. It featured a yin-yang symbol surrounded by four trigrams. The "Taegukgi" flag remained as the symbol of Korea after Imperial Japan occupied and annexed the Korean Peninsula in 1910.


title: Flag of North Korea

text: In 1945, World War II ended with an Allied victory and Japan was defeated. Per Allied terms, Japan relinquished its control over the Korean Peninsula, with the Soviet Union occupying the northern half of Korea and the U.S. occupying the southern half of it. The northern portion of the Korean Peninsula became a socialist republic supported by the Soviet Union following the restoration of independence of Korea in 1945, the "Taegukgi" was re-adopted there.


title: Flag of North Korea

text: In 1947 the Soviets communicated via Major General to discuss whether the "Taegukgi" flag should be kept for newly founded North Korea. Vice Chairman of the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea Kim Tu-bong was in favor of keeping the "Taegukgi". However, for Lebedev, the concept of Chinese philosophy, which the design of the "Taegukgi" is based on, appear to him as medieval superstition, so he wanted to change to a new flag. Kim yielded and a few months later the design for the new flag was dictated from Moscow, although it is not known who the Soviet official was that designed the flag. Before its formal adoption, the flag remained in official use.


title: Flag of North Korea

text: The design of the flag was disclosed, along with a draft constitution, on 1 May 1948. On 10 July 1948 the new flag was approved by the provisional People's Assembly of North Korea. The following month Kim, who formerly supported the traditional design, wrote a reasoned text "On the Establishing of the New National Flag and the Abolition of Taegukgi". Thereby he explained the decision to adopt a new flag against the wishes of those who favored the old one. In terms of North Korean official texts, Kim's account is unequivocally frank in acknowledging dissenting public opinion. In 1957, Kim Tu-bong was purged by Kim Il-sung who by that time had erected a cult of personality. Any mention of the use of "Taegukgi" was removed from texts and it was doctored out of photographs on the orders of Kim Il-sung who sought to monopolize North Korean history to serve him and his regime. Contemporary official North Korean accounts now posit that the new flag of North Korea as personally designed by Kim Il-sung.


title: Flag of North Korea

text: A North Korean national flag flies from a tall flagpole, which is located at Kijŏng-dong, on the North Korean side of the Military Demarcation Line within the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The flag-pole is tall.


title: Flag of North Korea

text: There are several other known flags to be in use in North Korea by its regime. There are flags for the Korean People's Army (KPA), and its two subdivisions the Korean People's Air Force and Korean People's Navy, which follow a common design but with different colors (blue and white for the North Korean navy and dark blue and light blue for the North Korean air force). There is also a flag of the ruling Workers' Party of Korea that is modeled on similar communist party flags, and a flag for the Supreme Commander of the KPA used by Kim Jong-un, which has the Supreme Commander's arms on a red field. KPA Guards units use the same common design but with the national arms in the center of the obverse field.


title: Hansraj College

text: Hansraj College is a constituent college of the University of Delhi, in Delhi, India. The departments of Hansraj college includes science, liberal arts and commerce.


title: Hansraj College

text: The was founded on 26 July 1948 in memory of the prominent Indian educator and nationalist Mahatma Hansraj. Initially started as an institution for men, the college became co-educational in 1978. With over 3,000 students, it is one of the largest constituent colleges of the University of Delhi. For years Hans Raj College has been ranked among the Top-10 colleges of India in all three disciplines. At the celebration of its 69th Foundation Day, Naveen Jindal, industrialist and alumnus, announced that Hans Raj College would become the first college in Delhi University to hoist the national flag on its premises. The college hoisted the Monumental Flag on 25 January 2017 which happens to be the second Monumental Flagpole in Delhi after CP. The flag was hoisted by MP Naveen Jindal, an alumnus of the college and founder of Flag Foundation of India (FFOI).


title: Hansraj College

text: It was ranked fourteenth among all the colleges in India by NIRF in 2022, and ranked fifth in Indian arts colleges by India Today in 2022.


title: Hansraj College

text: The college offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in various streams. These are B.A, B.A (Hons), B.Sc, B.Sc (Hons) and B.Com (Hons) at the UG level. And M.A, M.Sc and M.Com at the PG level.


title: Hansraj College

text: It also offers job-oriented add-on certificate courses. These include: Radio Jockeying, Anchoring & TV Journalism; Acting and Filmmaking; Mass Communication, Advertising & Marketing.


title: Hansraj College

text: The college receives support under the strengthening component in relation to the Star College initiative of the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India. In addition to this, the college has worked on the future publication of the research journal ""Hans Shodh Sudha"" to publish research in fields across the sciences, commerce and arts. The Finance and Economics Research Cell of the college also conducts programs to promote undergraduate research in these fields.


title: Hansraj College

text: Hansraj College undergoes the standard admissions process of the University of Delhi. In order to apply to this college for an undergraduate course, the student has to fill out a central form that is released by the university itself. After a few weeks of the deadline of the forms, Delhi University publicly releases cut off lists for each individual course for all of the undergraduate courses across the university.


title: Hansraj College

text: Old admission process:- A student wishing to apply for a course at Hansraj can look at the cut-off and matches his or her 12th-grade percentage with the same. If the 12th-grade percentage is equal to or greater than the percentage in the cut-off, the student is eligible. Generally, the cutoff percentage lies at ~97% in the 12th Class Finals, this process is officially not applicable after 2022-23 session since the introduction of CUET examination.


title: Hansraj College

text: New admission process:- As there is a change in the admission process due to introduction of CUET examination, the entrance test shall be sole determiner of the admission at any college in University of Delhi including Hansraj College and 12th results shall be considered for eligibility and tie breaker case only (if applicable).


title: Hansraj College

text: The college has facilities for both outdoor and indoor games. It has a sports ground and a Basketball court between the college and the hostel premises. It also possess an indoor badminton court and an indoor shooting range. The student have won university, state and national level championships in pistol shooting, archery (w), water polo, basketball, badminton, cricket, etc. The college won the Chancellor's Trophy in 2003–2004, 2004-2005 and for last four academic sessions from 2011 to 2015 for overall excellence in sports. Sport facilities are made available to all students under the program: Games For All.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: Real Time with Bill Maher is an American television talk show that airs weekly on HBO, hosted by comedian and political satirist Bill Maher. Much like his previous series "Politically Incorrect" on Comedy Central and later on ABC, "Real Time" features a panel of guests who discuss current events in politics and the media. Unlike the previous show, guests are usually better versed in the subject matter: more experts such as journalists, professors, and politicians participate in the panel, and fewer actors and celebrities are included.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: "Real Time" is a weekly hour-long program with a studio audience. It used to air live on Friday nights at 10:00pm ET but beginning with Season 20 (January 2022), it is pre-recorded at 7:00pm ET. It originates from Studio 33 ("The Bob Barker Studio") at Television City in Los Angeles. In addition, a 10- to 15-minute "Overtime" segment quickly follows the show on YouTube (Live Streams), which answers questions posted by viewers through HBO's online website for the show.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: In September 2021, HBO announced that the show had been renewed for two additional seasons, keeping the show on the air through 2024. The show's twentieth season premiered on January 21, 2022.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: The format of the show usually features an opening current events or political skit, followed by the credits and a comedy monologue. Maher then interviews an important figure via satellite or in-studio before sitting down with the panel guests for an extensive debate. Halfway through the panel session, Maher does a comedy skit that usually satirizes current news items. Following the comedy bit, Maher interviews another figure via satellite or in-studio. The format varies, with two or three people on the panel. Maher explains that the format is not rigid and that they prefer live interviews to satellite interviews. Near the end of every episode, Maher has a segment called "New Rules" which serves as a humorous editorial on popular culture and American politics. The final "New Rule" segues into Maher's closing editorial monologue.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: Since the show airs on HBO, the participants do not have to restrict their language to conform to the broadcast standards that existed on "Politically Incorrect". Also, pictures shown on New Rules sometimes have nudity or uncensored images.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: In the first season, Paul F. Tompkins was featured as a correspondent. Also, every episode would end with a performance by a stand-up comedian, none of which were political satirists. The segments featuring Tompkins and comedians were dropped after the tenth episode. Viewers were also able to call into the live show in the first season and ask questions over the air, but this was also dropped.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: Starting with episode 67 in February 2006, audio-only episodes were made available as a free podcast via the iTunes Store and as a raw RSS feed. The podcasts also feature material cut from the show but taped during the studio rehearsal, including New Rules not aired in the final version.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: During the fall of 2006, Maher began hosting a live chat (now called "Overtime") on HBO's website following each broadcast, usually including some of the show guests. Viewers are invited to submit questions prior to and during the original telecast for Maher and the guests to answer and discuss afterwards. It is also available on the show's YouTube channel.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: The opening sequence begins with a spoken phrase from the (now defunct) Los Angeles speaking clock, featuring an (uncredited) Joanne Daniels as the time lady saying "Good Afternoon". The theme song is composed by Christopher "Kid" Reid and his voice is heard saying "Start the clock", "Real Time" and "Bill Maher". A montage of historical events from the beginning of time to election night on November 4, 2008, accompanies the music along with a crawl at the bottom listing the guests for that night's show. According to HBO the show received an average of 4million viewers per week in 2014 and 2015. 2019 ratings posted below were more in the 1.5 million viewer range.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: Maher has been a critic of the Obama administration, the Bush administration and the Trump administration. His panel attempts to present a diverse set of views. Frequently, it consists of a liberal commentator or political figure, a conservative commentator or political figure, and a third individual who does not have as clear an ideological label, or someone with moderate beliefs. This third individual is often an actor, comedian, musician or other entertainment figure, though many times the commentator is openly conservative or liberal.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: On his previous TV series, "Politically Incorrect", he used the word "libertarian" to describe his political leanings. Regarding religion, he considers himself a "rationalist", as someone "preaching the gospel of 'I don't know. Maher identifies himself as politically unaffiliated and disagrees with the Republican party on many issues, and with the Democratic Party on many of their party platform's planks. He endorsed the candidacy of Ralph Nader of the Green Party in the US presidential campaign of 2000. After the 2000 election, Maher was among those who felt that votes cast by progressives for Nader possibly cost Democratic candidate Al Gore the election, and put GeorgeW. Bush in the White House. During an episode on which Nader and Michael Moore were guests, both Maher and Moore begged Nader not to run again in 2004 (season 2, episode 11). He endorsed Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry leading up to the 2004 presidential election. In 2008, he endorsed Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama and harshly criticized Republican candidate John McCain's political campaign. He also heavily criticized McCain's vice presidential pick, Sarah Palin, on her qualifications and intelligence. Maher interviewed then presidential-candidate, Republican Ron Paul, giving him some positive air time. He often cites Paul's views in order to demonstrate the diversity of views on the right.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: Maher has strong opinions on US drug policy, advocating for the legalization of marijuana. He is against censorship, often citing his own dismissal from ABC and the backlash against the Dixie Chicks for their comments on the Iraq War. He is also against conservative attitudes towards sex and sexuality, mocking outrages over the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal and Janet Jackson's "wardrobe malfunction". He is also not shy about his lack of religious beliefs and he frequently criticizes religion. He is widely known for his support of animal rights groups such as PETA. Hot-button political issues such as health care, corporate influence in government, illegal immigration, the environment, entitlement programs, and human service regulations are frequently discussed on the show.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: On September 17, 2010, Maher aired a clip of Delaware Republican Senatorial candidate Christine O'Donnell from the October 29, 1999, episode of his prior TV series "Politically Incorrect", where she discussed that she had "dabbled in witchcraft". This was perhaps the most notable of numerous controversial statements by O'Donnell that made her the most covered candidate in the 2010 mid-term election cycle. O'Donnell went on to film a rebuttal commercial claiming "I'm not a witch, I'm you." This ad inspired many video parodies and O'Donnell later said that the ad backfired and focused attention on her decade-old statement. O'Donnell lost to her Democratic opponent, Chris Coons, in the general election. On the September 7, 2012, episode of "Real Time with Bill Maher", O'Donnell appeared on the show for the first time and resolved the issue with Maher, who apologized for the amount of publicity that the clip garnered. Maher said that he would not have aired the clip if he knew that it would have taken away from the message of her campaign.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: The show returned on January 11, 2008, and began broadcasting in high definition, with updates to the set for HD display.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: As a result of the writers' strike, in Season 6, the opening skit, the "New Rules" segment, and the closing monologue were eliminated for five episodes at the beginning of the year. The ice breaker used in the middle of the show (normally a fake products sketch tying into a current event) was also eliminated due to the strike. The announcement that "Real Time" would return without writers indicated that the opening monologue would also be cut, but every episode included a full monologue. The initial season finale of Season Five was to air on November 9, 2007, and was to feature Ben Affleck, George Carlin, and Tom Brokaw as guests, but was canceled due to the strike.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: During the strike, the "Overtime" concept became part of the live show itself, through a new segment called "Blogga, Please!". Using HBO's website, viewers were able to leave comments or questions during the live show. Maher and the panel then responded to selected postings at the end of the show. The "Blogga, Please!" segment was discontinued, and "New Rules" brought back, on February 15 following the resolution of the strike. Additionally, during the strike, Maher aired pre-recorded interviews by himself with everyday people about the election and other issues after the opening monologue.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: Established early on, the final "New Rule" served as a segue into the closing monologue. On the March 7 episode, the closing monologue returned to the format of the show. The opening skits did not reappear, except for April 4 and 11, 2008.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: Instead of doing a second satellite interview near the forty-minute mark, the January 11 episode also featured the debut of the "Real Time Real Reporter", a blogger or political pundit who is brought on midway through the show as an extra panelist to offer opinions on the latest election campaign happenings. Such correspondents have included Matt Taibbi, Frank Luntz, Amy Holmes, P. J. O'Rourke, and Dan Savage.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: The 2009 premiere was on February 20 at the earlier time of 10:00pm EST. The opening sequence was also slightly changed to include then President-elect Barack Obama and his family waving to a crowd of supporters on election night in November 2008.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: Also, the show aired one continuous season as opposed to airing episodes in the spring and fall with a summer break in between.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: For a short time the "Real Time" panel was reduced from three panelists to two for the new season. Maher jokingly attributed the new panel line-up to the economic crisis, stating that it was a means of reining in spending for the HBO show; Maher later stated that there is no connection between the failing economy and the producers' decision to remove the third guest. During his show on March 13, 2009, Maher reacted to the confusion sparked by his remarks from his previous show regarding the panel stating, "I said as a joke that we had cut down the panel to two people because of economic times, and people took me seriously. No. It's just because I'm tired of talking to three people sometimes." The panel was once again at three panelists for the show one week later, on March 20. In addition to the panel reconfiguration, Maher has instituted a one-on-one in-studio interview segment in lieu of the past seasons' satellite interviews. The interview with James Carville on the May 8 show, however, was conducted via satellite.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: HBO renewed the show on April 24, 2012, for two more seasons through 2013–14. The first episode of Season 11 aired on January 18, 2013, retaining its format of an initial monologue from Maher, a one-on-one interview with a guest, then turning to a discussion panel of three guests, and ending with "New Rules".


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: A new addition to the format is that of a fourth or "mid-guest", who comes in at approximately the halfway point of the show, bringing their own issue to the table and discussing it with the entire panel.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: In 2017, "Real Time" debuted a new theme song and a new set. The new theme song continues in the path of its predecessor by showcasing important political events including the election of Donald Trump as the 45th President of the United States. The new season retained the basic format of the showa top-of-the-show guest, a table discussion and a mid-show guest. The biggest change in terms of set design has been that the main table where Bill Maher and two or three guests discuss current political events is moved closer to the audience after the top of the show interview is completed. In addition to this, some mid-show guests including Leah Remini, Jake Tapper, Ralph Reed and Barbra Streisand have been interviewed on a separate side table. Though mid-show guests like Remini and Tapper have not taken part in any discussion on the main show after their interview or appeared on Overtime, the segment which is broadcast on YouTube, other guests like Reed have.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, "Real Time" moved from Studio 33 to being taped from Maher's home in Beverly Hills with guests appearing remotely from the April 3, 2020, episode to August 23, 2020. Bill Maher and his production team returned to their usual studio on August 28, 2020, their first show produced back in studio since March 2020. Changes to production were made for the return to the studio, with no live studio audience, the continuation of using a fake laugh track and archive clips of audiences applauding and laughing during Maher's opening monologue, along with social distancing of the crew and interviews with guests via the internet/satellite connections. Since February 5, 2021, the show has allowed regular audience attendees in the studio who have tested negative for COVID-19.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: Beginning with the April 3, 2020, episode of Season 18, until the August 21, 2020, episode, "Real Time with Bill Maher" had temporarily adjusted its format. All the episodes from this period were filmed from Maher's home starting with a monologue either from Maher's garden, elsewhere on the grounds of his property, or the living room. The duration of the show consisted of three to four in-depth guest interviews instead of the long-form panel discussion as guests appeared remotely while Maher records the discussion from his "man cave" or from his garden. The show ended with "New Rules" from Maher's garden. There was no "Overtime" segment.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: On August 28, 2020, Bill Maher returned to the studio, but with no audience and guests appearing remotely over a video screen. From September 11, 2020, to October 30, 2020, and November 13, 2020, a limited audience was brought in with some guests appearing remotely while others are in studio. November 6, 2020, featured the first show with a limited audience, mainly the staff writers, and all guests appearing in studio. A format that has been done consistently since the Season 18 finale on November 20, 2020, into Season 19. Since February 5, 2021, of Season 19, the show has allowed regular audience attendees in the studio who have tested negative for COVID-19. After the monologue, Maher speaks with the first guest appearing in studio sitting in the armchairs moved six feet apart across from another. The panel discussion involves two guests sitting six feet apart from one another across from Maher at the discussion table. And no "Overtime" segment.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: The season 19 episode scheduled for May 14, 2021, was canceled after Maher tested positive for COVID-19 during the show's weekly testing for COVID. The episode was to feature Neil deGrasse Tyson, Max Brooks, and Dan Carlin as guests. The following May 21 show was cancelled as a precaution.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: For season 20, the show does not air live, rather it is pre-recorded at 7:00 pm ET with the 10:00 pm ET airing unchanged with the same three guest format from the previous season. "Overtime" returned on January 21, 2022, following the season premiere. Instead of the usual four guests format, it is the three guests, the first guest interviewed after the monologue, and the two guests who sit with Maher at the discussion table during the rest of the show.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: The response was mostly mixed. On Metacritic, it has a score of 43% based on reviews from 5 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Nancy Franklin of "The New Yorker" said "There’s also more of Maher in the new show, and it’s no big surprise that more Maher is less. He’s a jerk of the old school, full of unexamined anxiety and arrogance, with a habit of using sexual stereotypes from half a century ago both to put down and to compliment people." "The New York Times" called the show "Fox News of the antiwar movement" and described it as "a flagrantly liberal talk show that provides like-minded viewers with instant gratification."


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: Television host Larry King called "Real Time" "one of the best shows on television". Maher was a regular guest on "Larry King Live" as well as co-host at various times, and co-emcee of the final show, along with Ryan Seacrest.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: Common Sense Media's website says, "Comedian Bill Maher is very funny, very well-informed, and very insightful, but he's also very crass." It later says, "Maher also expects his audience to have plenty of tolerance for blue humor. His jokes are profane and riddled with explicit sexual references, and he often pokes fun at the use and abuse of alcohol and other intoxicants. It's funny, but it's very much aimed at adults." The site gives "Real Time with Bill Maher" an "overall quality" rating of 4 out of 5 stars.


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: "Ruthless Reviews" was also positive, saying, "Maher's show is as good as ever, which means that the sacred and the profane continue to be discussed with intelligence, humor, and the occasional silliness" and that it "works so well because he selects provocative guests and I can't remember the panel ever having a dull conversation. Maher is smart and witty (and clearly in control), which means that he won't let his guests get away with bullshit."


title: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: The show was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series every year from 2005 through 2014 and for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Talk Series in 2016 and 2017.


title: Carlos Del Toro

text: Carlos Del Toro (born 1961) is a Cuban-American businessman and retired United States Navy officer who serves as the 78th United States Secretary of the Navy since 2021.


title: Carlos Del Toro

text: Del Toro was born in Havana, Cuba and immigrated to the United States with his parents as a little child. He was raised in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan. Del Toro earned a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering from the United States Naval Academy in 1983. Del Toro later earned a Master of Arts in national security studies from the Naval War College and also a Master of Professional Studies degree in legislative affairs from George Washington University.


title: Carlos Del Toro

text: Del Toro served in the United States Navy for 22 years, retiring with the rank of commander. During his service, Del Toro served in the Office of the Secretary of Defense and special assistant to the director and deputy director of the Office of Management and Budget. He was also the commanding officer of the USS "Bulkeley". After retiring from the Navy, Del Toro founded SBG Technology Solutions, Inc., a program management and engineering firm that primarily works with government clients. From 2019 until 2021, Del Toro sat on the board of directors of the Stimson Center, a Washington-based security think tank.


title: Carlos Del Toro

text: Del Toro's nomination as Secretary of the Navy was announced by President Joe Biden on June 11, 2021 and received by Congress on June 17. Del Toro's nomination received praise from Armed Services Committee Chairman Jack Reed, who described the nominee as an "excellent selection."


title: Carlos Del Toro

text: During a July 13 committee confirmation hearing before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Del Toro received "mostly friendly" questions from senators, although some Republicans expressed concerns about the size and perceived inadequacy of President Biden's FY2022 defense budget and America's commitment and ability to defend Taiwan amidst rising US–China tensions and a recent American failure to defend the island nation in a military simulation. In regard to the budget, Del Toro supported the Navy's plan to field 355 ships by 2030, but noted that the service would require more funds; in regard to Taiwan, Del Toro affirmed his commitment to the island's protection and stated that he would be "exclusively focused on the China threat" and seek to protect American security interests in the Indo-Pacific. Del Toro also expressed an intention to focus on climate change and modernization efforts.


title: Carlos Del Toro

text: On July 27, the Senate Armed Services Committee approved Del Toro's nomination, advancing him to the full Senate. On August 7, 2021, his nomination was confirmed by voice vote. He assumed office on August 9, 2021, and was ceremonially sworn in on August 24, 2021.


title: Beyblade (manga)

text: Beyblade, known in Japan as , is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by to promote sales of spinning tops called "Beyblades" developed by Takara Tomy. The series focuses on a group of kids who form teams, which battle one another using Beyblades. Originally serialized in Shogakukan's "CoroCoro Comic" from September 1999 to July 2004, the individual chapters were collected and published in 14 "tankōbon" volumes and was licensed for English-language release in North America by Viz Media.


title: Beyblade (manga)

text: An anime adaptation aired in Japan on TV Tokyo from January to December 2001 and was followed by two sequel series, "Beyblade V-Force" and "Beyblade G-Revolution", and the 2002 film "". Nelvana licensed and produced English-language adaptations of the anime series and the film.


title: Beyblade (manga)

text: Tyson Granger is an enthusiastic young man who loves Beyblade. He begins his journey after befriending fellow Beyblade enthusiast, Kenny, and drawing the attention of Kai Hiwatari, a formidable Blader, after defeating Carlos, the leader of his neighborhood's Beyblade gang, the Blade Sharks. Tyson and Kai develop a rivalry that leads to him discovering that his Beyblade contains a Bit-Beast named Dragoon. Seeking to challenge Kai again, Tyson competes in the Japanese Regional Beyblade Qualifying Tournament and befriends fellow competitors, Ray Kon and Max Tate, both of whom possess their own Bit-Beast.


title: Beyblade (manga)

text: After winning the tournament, Tyson goes on to form a team with Kai, Ray and Max named the Bladebreakers. Kenny tags along as their manager. The Bladebreakers tour China to register for the championships and confront the White Tigers, Ray's former team, who hold a grudge against Ray for leaving them. Toward the end of the Chinese tournament, Ray and his ex-teammates make amends, and the Bladebreakers win the tournament.


title: Beyblade (manga)

text: After this, Tyson and his friends arrive in the United States to fight the All Starz, who are coached by Max's mother. After winning the American League, the team finds itself stranded in Europe. They tour Europe and meet Oliver, Enrique, Johnny and Robert, who go by the name Majestics.


title: Beyblade (manga)

text: The Bladebreakers battle the Majestics and the Bladebreakers win the battle. They then go to Russia for the final tournament. In Russia, they meet Boris's team, the Demolition Boys, of which Kai was also a member of in the past. Kai had forgotten about Boris and the training grounds where he had learned almost everything he knew about Beyblading. However, he soon regains his memory. He finds Black Dranzer, his dream Beyblade, and decides to join the Demolition Boys team, aiming to be the best Beyblader. Tyson finds out and tries to convince Kai to return to the Bladebreakers, but Kai rejects him, throwing his old Beyblade, Dranzer, at Tyson's feet. Tyson keeps Dranzer with him and vows to bring Kai back. Soon, before the finals, Kai challenges the Bladebreakers to steal their Bit-Beasts and become most powerful Blader. However, only Tyson and Ray show up. Max is still at the airport, returning from where he was training with Tyson and Ray with his new Beyblade, Draciel. Just at the moment when Kai seems to be close to taking the Bit-Beasts of Tyson and Ray, Max comes and challenges Kai. Kai thinks that he can easily beat Draciel but he can not, and soon Tyson uses Kai's own old Blade, Dranzer, to beat the Black Dranzer and defeat Kai. Kai, shocked by the power of Dranzer, does not notice the ice beneath him cracking and falls into the frozen water below. Tyson, Ray, Max and Kenny rescue Kai. Realizing the power of friendship as well as the power of Dranzer, Kai returns to the Bladebreakers.


title: Beyblade (manga)

text: In the final match, Tyson battles Tala, winning the match and becoming a Beyblade World Champion for the first time.


title: Beyblade (manga)

text: The Bladebreakers have gone their separate ways. But when Team Psykick and the Saint Shields attack the Bladebreakers and try to steal their Bit-Beasts, the Bladebreakers reassemble to defeat the new enemies. Tyson and Kenny's classmate Hilary Tachibana (Hiromi Tachibana) joins the Bladebreakers but takes time to learn that Beyblade is not just the stupid game she thinks it is.


title: Beyblade (manga)

text: In an attempt to steal the four Bit-Beasts from the Bladebreakers, Team Psykick creates four cyber Bit-Beast copies of the Bladebreakers' Bit-Beasts and recruit four skilled bladers named Kane, Salima, Goki, and Jim. These teenagers were pure-hearted and innocent bladers with high ambitions, but the dark power of the cyber Bit-Beasts gradually take over their minds and turn them evil. The first half of the second season ends with the Bladebreakers defeating Team Psykick. Tyson, Ray, Kai and Max battle Kane, Salima, Goki and Jim respectively and defeat them. After the cyber beasts are destroyed Team Psykick come back to their normal selves and regain consciousness. The second half of Season 2 deals with the truth of why the Saint Shields and Team Psykick are after Bladebreakers' Bit-Beasts and about a rock that Max's mother found that contains Bit-Beasts, which is stolen by Team Psykick.


title: Beyblade (manga)

text: The Saint Shields' reason behind attempting to steal the Bit-Beasts is because they wish to seal them in a rock because they fear that the Bit-Beasts could get out of control like they did in the past. The Saint Shields battle the Bladebreakers and manage to seal Ray's Bit-Beast Driger into a sealing stone. Later Ray reclaims Driger and defeats all the Saint Shields in a team face-off. The Psykick's leader, Dr. Zagart, wants the Bit-Beasts to turn his android son Zeo (an exact replica of his son who died in an accident) into a real human.


title: Beyblade (manga)

text: After defeating the Saint Shields, Tyson meets Zeo and befriends him without knowing that he is the son of Team Psykick's leader. Zeo is unaware that he is an android and that his father is behind all of Team Psykick's plans. Later Zeo finds out about his past and decides to help his father in his plans. Dr. Zagart gives Zeo a bit beast named Cerberus, the strongest Bit-Beast sealed in the rock. Zeo enters the world Beyblade tournament with the motive of defeating all the Bladebreakers members and stealing their Bit-Beasts. In the tournament, Zeo defeats Kai and Max and steals their Bit-Beasts Dranzer and Draciel. But in the final battle Tyson and Dragoon (Tyson's Bit-Beast) defeat Zeo and Cerberus. In the process, Tyson and Max's team win the world tournament. Dranzer and Draciel come back to their original bladers, Kai and Max.