title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Fitz/The Flare – Fitz was one of the six founding members of the Union. In his youth he wears a yellow costume with a white chest emblem depicting a red arrow, and is known as the Flare, a superhero with the power of super-speed, flight, superhuman strength, and the ability to project yellow energy blasts that can burn a target or knock a superhuman opponent unconscious. His father left him and his mother when he was nine, from which Fitz derived the observation that nothing lasts forever. He and his wife Joyce, who met when they were twenty-one, have two sons and a daughter, the youngest of which, his younger son, was an infant during the timeline of "Jupiter's Circle" #1. Years later, when his youngest son is a young child, following a superhero battle in the Midwest, Fitz meets a 19-year-old local girl named April Kelly. Fitz, who feels he no longer has anything in common with Joyce, begins an affair with Kelly and takes her on as a sidekick. He later sets her up with a job and an apartment, but when he lobbies for her to join the Union, the other members refuse, both because April has no superhuman abilities and because his affair with her is an affront to Joyce, who they point out loves Fitz. After they order him to end his relationship with her, lest he be fired from the team, Fitz does so, but then divorces Joyce and proposes to April, who accepts. After Fitz is critically injured in battle and is left a paraplegic, April leaves him, after which Fitz realizes that he made a mistake, and has now lost everything. Joyce reunites with him, however, in order to take care of him. By 1965 Fitz regains enough of his strength to resume his career as The Flare.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: George Hutchence/Skyfox – George Hutchence was one of the six founding members of the Union, who fights crime by the name Skyfox. He was the one-time best friend of Sheldon Sampson, but after they suffered a falling out, George and the Union became adversaries. George Hutchence's past as a superhero and friend to the Sampsons is depicted in the spinoff miniseries "Jupiter's Circle", which establishes that as one of the six original superheroes, he wears a blue and purple costume with the head of a fox as a chest emblem, and has the power of flight, super strength, and the ability to survive as high as a mile above the Earth. He is also a talented engineer who uses his ability to build weapons that he used when fighting superhuman threats, and uses his wealth to fund the team's activities. Among his designs are a Supermax prison for supercriminals that Walter would eventually finish, and a special set of ear plugs that he wears that can block Walter's telepathic attacks. Both plugs must be worn to fully block such an attack, as wearing only one is shown to allow Walter to paralyze the wearer's motor functions. He lives in a mansion which has a cavern filled with various vehicles, devices and other artifacts related to his crime-fighting, at least until he quits the Union in 1962.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Skyfox emerges as the sex symbol of the team, whose public image leads him to have liaisons with a thousand women, though in 1960 he begins a relationship with a 26-year-old model named Sunny. His relationship with his teammates is characterized by certain eccentricities, such as engaging Richard in a physical altercation over the latter's preference for Ernest Hemingway over James Joyce, and challenging Walter in a fencing match that sees the loser, Walter, run naked through Central Park, only for a nude George to then join Walter himself on the run. On another occasion, he has sidekicks telekinetically rip Walter's penthouse apartment out of its building and place it in Africa, an example of the "needling" Walter felt George had inflicted upon him since they were children. George also suffers from alcoholism, a trait he feels he inherited from his father, along with his mother's mental illness. When George proposes to Sunny, Sunny, who sees George as a fragile child at heart, declines, telling him that she cannot start a family with someone so immature. After she begins a relationship with Walter, George leaves his estate to Sheldon, cuts all ties with the team, ends his superhero career, and moves to Kentucky, where he lives incognito. By 1965, George has joined the Beatnik culture, and comes to believe that as a superhero, he was a pawn of the establishment, to the detriment of the underclass. During the Watts riots, George intervenes on behalf of rioters, dispatching police officers, and encouraging looters. He subsequently takes Vice President Hubert Humphrey hostage, refusing to release him until President Lyndon Johnson ends the Vietnam War. When Walter reveals to George that he, Walter, used his telepathy to make Sunny fall in love with him, George attacks Walter, after which he is subdued by the Union, and imprisoned, for which he bears a vendetta against Walter thereafter.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: George bears a son, Eddie, who goes by the nickname Hutch. Hutch does not have superhuman abilities, so George built a power rod for Hutch that would simulate George's own powers. The rod grants the user the ability to project repulsive energy, teleportation, and the ability to remotely control vehicles. By 2013, George is known as the greatest supervillain of all time, one whom Hutch says was thought of as a monster. Hutch eventually marries Sheldon and Grace's daughter, Chloe, by which George and the Sampsons are in-laws.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Dr. Jack Hobbs – Self-described as the world's smartest man, Hobbs is a supercriminal and adversary of the Union who is released from 18 months of solitary confinement in the Supermax prison in 1965. Headquartered in Franklin Senior High School in Upstate New York, his henchmen (with the exception of his female companion, Ms. Wanamaker) dress entirely in black, and have the names of famous scientists written on their shirts in white letters. He believes the rise of superheroes have signified a Darwinian shift that has rewritten the laws of probability that require successful criminals to be supercriminals, and which predicts a tipping point in 2016 that will mean the end of the human race. Believing that superhumans must be completely eradicated, he builds a directed energy weapon that takes away the Union's powers and bestows them upon himself and his henchmen. He is defeated through the intervention of Skyfox, who rescues the Union and restores their powers.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Chloe Sampson – Sheldon and Grace's daughter. She inherited superhuman abilities from her parents, but as a woman in her twenties at the beginning of the series, has not followed in their footsteps as a superhero, preferring instead a socialite's life of nightclubs and drugs. She believes she is frequently in conflict with her mother because her mother is irritated by Chloe's nonconfrontational nature, and instead engages in charity work, thinking it will please her, but Chloe's brother Brandon believes she cynically participates in indiscriminate endorsement work for personal gain and to curry favor with their mother. Chloe also laments how perfect her parents are, regretting that she will never be as "cool" as her father or as attractive as her mother. She prefers dating "disappointing bad boys" rather than superheroes because the latter would be akin to "dating her father", and according to her therapist, she does not maintain proper relationships because she always compares her relationships to her parents' idealized marriage. According to Millar, Chloe and Brandon are in their twenties, and live completely in the shadow of their parents. He created them because, as he explains, "I like the idea of exploring what it would be like to grow up as the kids of the two most famous and beloved people on the planet. This side of things has a very "Postcards From The Edge" feel and there's enormous tension between them all." As the series progresses, she and her boyfriend, Hutch, become fugitives after the other superheroes, led by Walter and Brandon, murder her parents, and the two hide in Australia while raising their gifted son, Jason. She possesses a sonic scream with which she can shatter durable materials, or create a sonic boom that can dispel a megatsunami the height of a skyscraper.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: In addition to the ability to fly, Chloe possesses a degree of invulnerability that allows her body to easily survive impact with vehicles traveling at high speed. Other abilities she has displayed include the ability to travel to the Moon and survive in the vacuum of space, and the ability to melt objects at long-range, which she uses in issue 5 to disable the rifles carried by a troop of soldiers attacking her son, and telekinesis, which she uses in the same issue to physically repel a large number of her pursuers. Her eyesight extends beyond the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to ordinary humans, which allows her to easily see objects cloaked with stealth technology.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Brandon Sampson – Sheldon and Grace's son. Like his sister, Brandon uses his celebrity status to obtain endorsement deals. He also enjoys dalliances with superhero groupies. Despite his father's urging to do more altruistic superhero work, Brandon feels that there is no one "cool" to fight any more and that the great battles are in the past, with the best villains having died ten or twenty years ago. He also feels that his father was never there for him growing up, which Brandon's therapist thinks is the reason Sheldon is so critical of Brandon. Like Chloe, Brandon laments that he will never be as smart or as perfect as his father. Brandon possesses the power of telekinesis, which enables him to fly, allows him to lift objects as massive as a fully loaded freighter, and can also survive in outer space like his father. He also has superhuman hearing, and can project energy from his eyes that is powerful enough to dissolve his father's flesh, which he uses to murder his father at the end of issue #3.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Jules Sampson – Walter's son, who works alongside him and the other heroes. Jules was suspended from the main team by Sheldon for dating a woman that Jules rescued from a fire, for which Jules feels Sheldon is questionably old-fashioned. During one battle between his elders and an escaped superhuman convict named Blackstar, Jules deliberately maintains his distance from the melee, intending to land a few blows near the end of it in order to avoid getting hit, and later complains of a cut knee, for which he is criticized by Sheldon.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Jules is an expert engineer/mechanic, with a gift for high technology. After Walter and Brandon's forces find the mangled remnants of Jason Hutchence's gene meta-scanner on the Moon, Jules assures his father that he can fix "anything", including the scanner. This enables Walter and Brandon to find the rebels led by Chloe, Hutch and Skyfox despite the stealth technology rendering their floating base invisible.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Eddie "Hutch" Hutchence – In the beginning of the series, Hutch (whose nickname is derived from his surname, Hutchence) is Chloe's boyfriend and the father of her child. By issue 4, the story has jumped forward nine years, and the two of them are raising their son, Jason, incognito in Australia. Hutch's father, George Hutchence, was once one of six original superheroes granted powers on the island, and the one-time best friend of Sheldon, but after they suffered a falling out, George became the greatest supervillain of all time, one whom Hutch says was thought of as a monster. Hutch thinks that Chloe's interest in him may have been motivated by a desire for rebellion against her parents. George felt bad that Hutch did not have any superhuman powers, and so customized an old flashlight of Hutch's into a hand-held weapon called a power rod that could simulate George's own powers. The power rod allows Hutch to teleport himself and others to any point on the planet by merely speaking the name of the location, project energy that can briefly physically repel people like a battering ram, including other superhumans like Walter, and remotely control vehicles. The power rod is keyed to Hutch's unique biosignature so that only he may use it. After Walter and Brandon lead the other superheroes in killing Chloe's parents, Hutch rescues Chloe and the two become fugitives, taking refuge in Australia, where they raise their gifted son, Jason. Millar describes Hutch as "our Han Solo. Incredibly funny, cool and likeable."


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Jeff – Jeff first appears in "Jupiter's Circle", where he is introduced as a nephew to both George/Skyfox and Fitz/Flare, and a member of the teenage superhero group Teen Scene, a group whose activities are funded by George.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Peter – The oldest of Fitz/Flare's three children, and the older of his two sons. Peter is angered when Fitz leaves Peter's mother to be with the 19-year-old April Kelly, and vows to kill him one day, but is pleased when Fitz is rendered a paraplegic following the Union's confrontation with evil superbeings from a parallel Earth. By the time of "Jupiter's Circle" #4, he has developed higher levels of strength and speed, enabling him to hit a plane passing over head with a rock.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Barnabas Wolfe – Wolfe is a former supervillain with "Sherlock Holmesian instincts" who hunts rogue superhumans for Walter and Brandon's regime. He has the ability to transmute matter on a molecular level, enabling him to change one substance into another. For example, he once rearranged all the air molecules in an office into a gas similar to methoxyflurane, rendering every non-superhuman in the office unconscious (though he himself was immune to this). He can transmute air into a hard substance in order to create barriers from attack, and transmute concrete into tendrils with which he can attack opponents. Other applications of this ability include the formation of an unidentified pink substance that he can conjure for different functions, including a lighter-than-air platform beneath his feet that allow him to levitate himself, and as a restraining device, one strong enough to immobilize Joan Wilson, a superhuman who once grew to the height of a building. Wolfe carries a walking stick, and has been depicted using it to manifest his abilities, as when, for example, he negated the flight ability of a fleeing Jason Hutchence, though it was not made clear which ability he used to do this. He attempts to apprehend Chloe and her family in issue 5, but they manage to escape him.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Jason Hutchence – Jason is Chloe and Hutch's eight-year-old son, who first appears in issue 4. He has superhuman abilities, but at the direction of his parents, who are in hiding from the other superheroes by living inconspicuous lives in Australia, Jason conceals his gifts by deliberately doing poorly at both school work and sports. Unbeknownst to his parents, however, Jason secretly engages in superheroic activity. Because of his frequent absences, his schoolmates and parents deduce the truth of his double life in issue 5. He is capable of flight and superhuman speed. He can survive for indefinite periods in outer space. He even has the ability to verbally communicate while on the Moon through some as-yet unspecified means. He also has a genius intellect, with which he is able to build a meta-scanner that can scan the Earth's population for people like him who have specially augmented genes.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: The series holds an average critics' rating of 8.2 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Roundup.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Issue 1 holds an 8.2 rating at Comic Book Roundup. Greg McElhatton of CBR.com gave issue #1 four out of five stars, calling it "Millar's strongest new comic in a long time." McElhatton praised out Millar's script, in particular the quiet tone of the 1932 sequence that piqued his interest, and the fight scene between Walter and Blackstar, which McElhatton felt represented a unique approach to superhero clichés. McElhatton lauded Frank Quitely's artwork as "elegant", in particular his ability to draw the reader's eye toward the center of panels. Compliments were also given to Peter Doherty's colors, which were used well to differentiate between the 1932 and modern scenes. Melissa Grey of IGN gave the issue of 9.2 score of "Amazing", lauding the world in the story "immediately familiar and uniquely original", and saying that Millar's examination of "the shades of gray" between black and white regarding heroes struck a chord unlike any of his previous attempts at the theme of incorporating superhumans into the real world. Grey said of Quitely's artwork that it "blends a powerful realism with a sense of the fantastical in a way that is seamlessly integrated with Millar's narrative." David Brothers of Comics Alliance thought the issue "fell short". While Brothers complimented some aspects of the writing and art, such as the 1932 scenes and the psychic paintings, he felt that Millar's characterization and his take on realistic superheroes in the modern scenes was unoriginal, his dialogue in the modern scenes unnatural, that Quitely's characters were not well-designed, and that the book lacked the spectacle by Millar that would've given a better opportunity for Quitely and Doherty to have effected better work. Rich Johnston of Bleeding Cool gave the issue a positive review for the depiction of the socioeconomic and political conflicts, Quitely and Doherty's art, and the soap opera plot of the characters' power plays. Patrick Hume of Newsarama gave the issue an 8 out of 10, calling it an effective, absorbing and smart superhero story that pushes the boundaries of the genre. Hume noted the presence of Millar's trademark black humor and "full-throttle action", as well as "a maturity and thematic sophistication that has not been apparent in other recent work". Though Hume thought some of Millar's delivery of the issue's ideas was at times heavy-handed, he was impressed enough by the book to continue with it. Hume also thought that Quitely's more defined, gritty, more intimate art was better-suited to the story than the large-scale, widescreen action he effected on "The Authority". Doherty's subdued color palette was also noted by Hume.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Issue 2 holds an 8.1 rating at Comic Book Roundup. James Hunt of CBR.com gave issue #2 four out of five stars, finding it easily engaging, better-paced than the first issue, and enjoying the social satire with which Millar employed parallels with ancient Greek and Roman tragedies, and creating a well-rounded and well-realized cast, which was not typified by what Hunt regarded as Millar's usual cynicism. Hunt also called Quitely's art "beautiful", calling him "one of the definitive superhero artists of all time", and seeing elements in his artwork that were similar to Quitely's work on "All-Star Superman". However, Hunt thought the coloring was "muddy and muted", and obscured the details. Jesse Schedeen of IGN gave the issue a 7.3 score of "Good", saying that he wished Millar would explore genres other than superheroes in his Millarworld work, and was disappointed that "Jupiter's Legacy" was not the book to break that trend that it had initially seemed to him. While Schedeen thought the issue's material was interesting, and thought Millar, Quitely and Doherty's handling of it was dramatically successful, the superhero deconstruction did not feel fresh or original to him. Schedeen also did not feel the plot twist at the end of the issue was justified in light of the established characters. Zach Wilkerson of Multiversity Comics gave the issue a score of 7.2, calling it "A beautiful book hindered by a ho-hum plot." Wilkerson felt that while the "breathtaking" artwork justified buying the book, it lacked any noteworthy or original concepts, and criticized the unlikeable Brandon and Chloe. Nonetheless, Wilkerson felt that the book harbored enough depth and potential to be a modern classic, provided that the creative team properly follow-through on the foundations they laid.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Issue 3 holds an 8.8 rating at Comic Book Roundup. Wilkerson gave issue #3 a score of 9.2, saying that while the series appears derivative of "Watchmen" and "The Authority", its resonant themes of familial conflict and politics set it apart from those stories, and reassessed his review of issue #2, as "unfair", saying that the third issue's developments, in which the story moves forward in earnest, validates the content of the first two issues. Wilkerson called the story "gut-wrenching" and Quitely's depiction of Sheldon and Grace's death was "visceral". Anghus Houvouras of Flickering Myth felt that the plot was too obvious, the generational conflict was uninspired, and felt like Millar was recycling ideas he had used in his previous work. Houvouras also felt that there were no characters in the story with which a reader could connect or invest in, as the cast was composed of "stereotypes and caricatures". Houvouras also felt the issue was paced far too fast. Houvouras said that Quitely's depiction of Utopian's defeat was "beautifully staged", but that the lack of information revealed about him made his death "ultimately meaningless" and "at best morbidly hilarious and at worst sub-par paper thin plotting."


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Issue 4 holds a 7.9 rating at Comic Book Roundup. The highest score given to the issue was Chris Bennett and Ross Sweeney of Big Comic Page, who rated it a 10. Bennett lauded Millar's ability to create a plausible fictional world, and stated that while dystopias are an overused trope in fiction, Millar's use of it was an enjoyable one. Bennett also complimented Quitely's "precise line work and the overall expressiveness" in his art. Bennett criticized, however, the wait between this and the previous issue. Jim Johnson of CBR.com, who gave the issue an 8.0, took notice of the sense of wonderment exhibited by the 1930s "pulp-ish, old school feel" of the bedtime story that Chloe tells Jason, and the contrast with the cold, fascist reality of the present surveillance state in which the family lives, which Millar and Quitely effected with the full-page illustration of the monitoring station hovering over their neighborhood. Soup Owens-Fowler of Geeked-Out Nation gave the issue a 5.0, saying that after months of waiting for the issue to be published, the issue was a disappointment, despite the depiction Chloe and Hutch teaching Jason to hide his abilities, which provided some enjoyable moments. Owens-Fowler though there should have been more establishing shots of the current dystopia, and also thought that Frank Quitely did not provide his best work despite having months to work on it, calling the art "serviceable", but not as impressive as in past comics, the mysterious alien college being a notable exception.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Issue 5 holds an 8.8 rating at Comic Book Roundup. Erik Gonzalez of All-Comic.com, who rated the book a 10, lauded the issue for the character introspection, the family drama exhibited in the lunar scene with Chloe and Jason, and the manner in which Frank Quitely rendered the character's facial expressions, and the realism of the superhuman battle. He also praised Pete Doherty's colors. Jesse Schedeen of IGN gave the issue a score of 8.2, criticizing the story as lacking anything compelling enough to justify the 10-month wait for the issue. Nonetheless, Schedeen thought Barnabas Wolfe was a "fun new villain", and praised Quitely's use of posture and body language. All the other reviews counted at Comic Book Roundup gave the issue a score of 8.0 or higher except for Lido Giovacchini of Front Towards Gamer, who gave it a 6.5, the issue's lowest score at the Roundup. Though overall Lido enjoyed the earlier issues' themes of youth disenfranchisement, he felt that the storyline's shift towards the dystopia created by Walter and Brandon's totalitarian regime made it less interesting and unique than it earlier had been. Lido stated that while Millar is skilled at story structure and plotting, he did not think that he is equally proficient at imbuing his stories with depth and meaning, calling the latter "misinformed" and "sophomoric".


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: The spinoff "Jupiter's Circle" holds a rating of 7.3 out of 10 at Comic Book Roundup. The second volume has an average rating of 8.3, based on 22 reviews of its six issues. The 2021 sequel series "Jupiter's Legacy: Requiem" also yielded positive critical reception, with the debut issue garnering a 7.9 from 6 reviews, and the subsequent two issues both garnering ratings of 9.6, each from a single reviewer.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: Following the acquisition of MiIllarworld by Netflix and subsequent production of the "Jupiter's Legacy" TV series, the original collections of the comic series and sequels were republished under the title of "Jupiter's Legacy".


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: On April 8, 2015, "The Hollywood Reporter" announced that Mark Millar and Lorenzo di Bonaventura had partnered to develop the comic into feature films. Lorenzo explained his attraction to the property thus: "What appealed to me was the emotional weight of the family dynamic in Shakespearean fashion." In June 2016, Brian and Mark Gunn were announced as the screenwriters that would adapt the property to the big screen. Director James Gunn would later convince Millar that the story worked best as a television series instead of a film, on account of the story's density, which needed a more long-form medium to be told.


title: Jupiter's Legacy (comic)

text: On July 17, 2018, it was announced that Netflix had approved a television adaptation of the comic book series, with a series order for a first season. The series was created by Steven S. DeKnight, who is credited as an executive producer alongside di Bonaventura and Dan McDermott. DeKnight is also the showrunner, and will wrote and directed the first episode. On February 11, 2019, it was announced that Josh Duhamel, Ben Daniels, Leslie Bibb, Elena Kampouris, Andrew Horton, Mike Wade and Matt Lanter would star in the series. The series premiered on May 7, 2021. On June 2, 2021, it was reported that Netflix had cancelled the series, though it also announced it would be developing an anime adaption of another one of Mark Millar's comics, "Supercrooks", which had been published in 2012, a year before the debut of the "Jupiter's Legacy" comic. According to Deadline, "Supercrooks" would be set in the same fictional universe as "Legacy", though Millar was confident that the latter would eventually return, albeit in some other form.


title: James Gunn's PG Porn

text: James Gunn's PG Porn is a web series created by brothers James Gunn, Brian Gunn, and Sean Gunn. It consists of a series of pornography spoofs, with a humorous event occurring just before the supposed commencement of pornographic sexual acts. Each episode pairs a mainstream actor with a pornographic actress or model. The tagline is, "For people who love everything about Porn...except the sex".


title: James Gunn's PG Porn

text: The initial web episode premiered on Spike.com. Spike subsequently picked up the series for an additional 11 episodes.


title: James Gunn's PG Porn

text: According to Gunn, the idea was developed in the early 2000s, before short-term Internet-based sketch comedies became popular. Stephen Blackehart of The Good Boys Productions produced the show with Jake Zim and Peter Safran of Safran Digital Group (SDG) for Spike.com.


title: James Gunn's PG Porn

text: All episodes are directed by James Gunn and have a score by Tyler Bates. The fifth episode is not hosted on Spike.com. In James Gunn's words this was "because the head of Spike Network FREAKED OUT on the, uh, raunchiness of the content and pulled it down." The video is available on James Gunn's website.


title: Flatbread

text: A flatbread is a bread made with flour; water, milk, yogurt, or other liquid; and salt, and then thoroughly rolled into flattened dough. Many flatbreads are unleavened, although some are leavened, such as pizza and pita bread.


title: Flatbread

text: Flatbreads range from below one millimeter to a few centimeters thick so that they can be easily eaten without being sliced. They can be baked in an oven, fried in hot oil, grilled over hot coals, cooked on a hot pan, tava, comal, or metal griddle, and eaten fresh or packaged and frozen for later use.


title: Flatbread

text: Flatbreads were amongst the earliest processed foods, and evidence of their production has been found at ancient sites in Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, and the Indus civilization.


title: Flatbread

text: In 2018, charred bread crumbs were found at a Natufian site called Shubayqa 1 in Jordan (in Harrat ash Shaam, the Black Desert) dating to 12,400 BC, some 4,000 years before the start of agriculture in the region. Analysis showed that they were probably from flatbread containing wild barley, einkorn wheat, oats, and "Bolboschoenus glaucus" tubers (a kind of rush).


title: Flatbread

text: Primitive clay ovens ("tandir") used to bake unleavened flatbread were common in Anatolia during the Seljuk and Ottoman eras, and have been found at archaeological sites distributed across the Middle East. The word "tandır" comes from the Akkadian "tinuru", which becomes "tannur" in Hebrew and Arabic, "tandır" in Turkish, and "tandur" in Urdu/Hindi. Of the hundreds of bread varieties known from cuneiform sources, unleavened "tinuru" bread was made by adhering bread to the side walls of a heated cylindrical oven. This type of bread is still central to rural food culture in this part of the world, reflected by the local folklore, where a young man and woman sharing fresh "tandır" bread is a symbol of young love, however, the culture of traditional bread baking is changing with younger generations, especially with those who reside in towns showing preference for modern conveniences.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: In cell biology, extracellular fluid (ECF) denotes all body fluid outside the cells of any multicellular organism. Total body water in healthy adults is about 60% (range 45 to 75%) of total body weight; women and the obese typically have a lower percentage than lean men. Extracellular fluid makes up about one-third of body fluid, the remaining two-thirds is intracellular fluid within cells. The main component of the extracellular fluid is the interstitial fluid that surrounds cells.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: Extracellular fluid is the internal environment of all multicellular animals, and in those animals with a blood circulatory system, a proportion of this fluid is blood plasma. Plasma and interstitial fluid are the two components that make up at least 97% of the ECF. Lymph makes up a small percentage of the interstitial fluid. The remaining small portion of the ECF includes the transcellular fluid (about 2.5%). The ECF can also be seen as having two components – plasma and lymph as a delivery system, and interstitial fluid for water and solute exchange with the cells.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: The extracellular fluid, in particular the interstitial fluid, constitutes the body's internal environment that bathes all of the cells in the body. The ECF composition is therefore crucial for their normal functions, and is maintained by a number of homeostatic mechanisms involving negative feedback. Homeostasis regulates, among others, the pH, sodium, potassium, and calcium concentrations in the ECF. The volume of body fluid, blood glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels are also tightly homeostatically maintained.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: The volume of extracellular fluid in a young adult male of 70 kg (154 lbs) is 20% of body weight – about fourteen litres. Eleven litres is interstitial fluid and the remaining three litres is plasma.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: The main component of the extracellular fluid (ECF) is the interstitial fluid, or tissue fluid, which surrounds the cells in the body. The other major component of the ECF is the intravascular fluid of the circulatory system called blood plasma. The remaining small percentage of ECF includes the transcellular fluid. These constituents are often called fluid compartments. The volume of extracellular fluid in a young adult male of 70 kg, is 20% of body weight – about fourteen litres.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: The interstitial fluid is essentially comparable to plasma. The interstitial fluid and plasma make up about 97% of the ECF, and a small percentage of this is lymph.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: Interstitial fluid is the body fluid between blood vessels and cells, containing nutrients from capillaries by diffusion and holding waste products discharged by cells due to metabolism. 11 litres of the ECF is interstitial fluid and the remaining three litres is plasma. Plasma and interstitial fluid are very similar because water, ions, and small solutes are continuously exchanged between them across the walls of capillaries, through pores and capillary clefts.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: Interstitial fluid consists of a water solvent containing sugars, salts, fatty acids, amino acids, coenzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, white blood cells and cell waste-products. This solution accounts for 26% of the water in the human body. The composition of interstitial fluid depends upon the exchanges between the cells in the biological tissue and the blood. This means that tissue fluid has a different composition in different tissues and in different areas of the body.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: The plasma that filters through the blood capillaries into the interstitial fluid does not contain red blood cells or platelets as they are too large to pass through but can contain some white blood cells to help the immune system.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: Once the extracellular fluid collects into small vessels (lymph capillaries) it is considered to be lymph, and the vessels that carry it back to the blood are called the lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic system returns protein and excess interstitial fluid to the circulation.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: The ionic composition of the interstitial fluid and blood plasma vary due to the Gibbs–Donnan effect. This causes a slight difference in the concentration of cations and anions between the two fluid compartments.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: Transcellular fluid is formed from the transport activities of cells, and is the smallest component of extracellular fluid. These fluids are contained within epithelial lined spaces. Examples of this fluid are cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor in the eye, serous fluid in the serous membranes lining body cavities, perilymph and endolymph in the inner ear, and joint fluid. Due to the varying locations of transcellular fluid, the composition changes dramatically. Some of the electrolytes present in the transcellular fluid are sodium ions, chloride ions, and bicarbonate ions.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: The extracellular fluid provides the medium for the exchange of substances between the ECF and the cells, and this can take place through dissolving, mixing and transporting in the fluid medium. Substances in the ECF include dissolved gases, nutrients, and electrolytes, all needed to maintain life. The ECF also contains materials secreted from cells in soluble form, but which quickly coalesces into fibres (e.g. collagen, reticular, and elastic fibres) or precipitates out into a solid or semisolid form (e.g. proteoglycans which form the bulk of cartilage, and the components of bone). These and many other substances occur, especially in association with various proteoglycans to form the extracellular matrix or the "filler" substance between the cells throughout the body. These substances occur in the extracellular space, and are therefore all bathed or soaked in ECF, without being part of the ECF.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: One of the main roles of extracellular fluid is to facilitate the exchange of molecular oxygen from blood to tissue cells and for carbon dioxide, CO, produced in cell mitochondria, back to the blood. Since carbon dioxide is about 20 times more soluble in water than oxygen, it can relatively easily diffuse in the aqueous fluid between cells and blood.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: However, hydrophobic molecular oxygen has very poor water solubility and prefers hydrophobic lipid crystalline structures. As a result of this, plasma lipoproteins can carry significantly more O than in the surrounding aqueous medium.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: If hemoglobin in erythrocytes is the main transporter of oxygen in the blood, plasma lipoproteins may be its only carrier in the ECF.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: The oxygen-carrying capacity of lipoproteins, OCCL, reduces in ageing or in inflammation. This results in changes of ECF functions, reduction of tissue O supply and contributes to development of tissue hypoxia. These changes in lipoproteins are caused by oxidative or inflammatory damage.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: The internal environment is stabilised in the process of homeostasis. Complex homeostatic mechanisms operate to regulate and keep the composition of the ECF stable. Individual cells can also regulate their internal composition by various mechanisms.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: There is a significant difference between the concentrations of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside the cell. The concentration of sodium ions is considerably higher in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid. The converse is true of the potassium ion concentrations inside and outside the cell. These differences cause all cell membranes to be electrically charged, with the positive charge on the outside of the cells and the negative charge on the inside. In a resting neuron (not conducting an impulse) the membrane potential is known as the resting potential, and between the two sides of the membrane is about -70 mV.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: This potential is created by sodium-potassium pumps in the cell membrane, which pump sodium ions out of the cell, into the ECF, in return for potassium ions which enter the cell from the ECF. The maintenance of this difference in the concentration of ions between the inside of the cell and the outside, is critical to keep normal cell volumes stable, and also to enable some cells to generate action potentials.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: In several cell types voltage-gated ion channels in the cell membrane can be temporarily opened under specific circumstances for a few microseconds at a time. This allows a brief inflow of sodium ions into the cell (driven in by the sodium ion concentration gradient that exists between the outside and inside of the cell). This causes the cell membrane to temporarily depolarize (lose its electrical charge) forming the basis of action potentials.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: The sodium ions in the ECF also play an important role in the movement of water from one body compartment to the other. When tears are secreted, or saliva is formed, sodium ions are pumped from the ECF into the ducts in which these fluids are formed and collected. The water content of these solutions results from the fact water follows the sodium ions (and accompanying anions) osmotically. The same principle applies to the formation of many other body fluids.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: Calcium ions have a great propensity to bind to proteins. This changes the distribution of electrical charges on the protein, with the consequence that the 3D (or tertiary) structure of the protein is altered. The normal shape, and therefore function of very many of the extracellular proteins, as well as the extracellular portions of the cell membrane proteins is dependent on a very precise ionized calcium concentration in the ECF. The proteins that are particularly sensitive to changes in the ECF ionized calcium concentration are several of the clotting factors in the blood plasma, which are functionless in the absence of calcium ions, but become fully functional on the addition of the correct concentration of calcium salts. The voltage gated sodium ion channels in the cell membranes of nerves and muscle have an even greater sensitivity to changes in the ECF ionized calcium concentration. Relatively small decreases in the plasma ionized calcium levels (hypocalcemia) cause these channels to leak sodium into the nerve cells or axons, making them hyper-excitable, thus causing spontaneous muscle spasms (tetany) and paraesthesia (the sensation of "pins and needles") of the extremities and round the mouth. When the plasma ionized calcium rises above normal (hypercalcemia) more calcium is bound to these sodium channels having the opposite effect, causing lethargy, muscle weakness, anorexia, constipation and labile emotions.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: The tertiary structure of proteins is also affected by the pH of the bathing solution. In addition, the pH of the ECF affects the proportion of the total amount of calcium in the plasma which occurs in the free, or ionized form, as opposed to the fraction that is bound to protein and phosphate ions. A change in the pH of the ECF therefore alters the ionized calcium concentration of the ECF. Since the pH of the ECF is directly dependent on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the ECF, hyperventilation, which lowers the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the ECF, produces symptoms that are almost indistinguishable from low plasma ionized calcium concentrations.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: The extracellular fluid is constantly "stirred" by the circulatory system, which ensures that the watery environment which bathes the body's cells is virtually identical throughout the body. This means that nutrients can be secreted into the ECF in one place (e.g. the gut, liver, or fat cells) and will, within about a minute, be evenly distributed throughout the body. Hormones are similarly rapidly and evenly spread to every cell in the body, regardless of where they are secreted into the blood. Oxygen taken up by the lungs from the alveolar air is also evenly distributed at the correct partial pressure to all the cells of the body. Waste products are also uniformly spread to the whole of the ECF, and are removed from this general circulation at specific points (or organs), once again ensuring that there is generally no localized accumulation of unwanted compounds or excesses of otherwise essential substances (e.g. sodium ions, or any of the other constituents of the ECF). The only significant exception to this general principle is the plasma in the veins, where the concentrations of dissolved substances in individual veins differ, to varying degrees, from those in the rest of the ECF. However, this plasma is confined within the waterproof walls of the venous tubes, and therefore does not affect the interstitial fluid in which the body's cells live. When the blood from all the veins in the body mixes in the heart and lungs, the differing compositions cancel out (e.g. acidic blood from active muscles is neutralized by the alkaline blood homeostatically produced by the kidneys). From the left atrium onward, to every organ in the body, the normal, homeostatically regulated values of all of the ECF's components are therefore restored.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: The arterial blood plasma, interstitial fluid and lymph interact at the level of the blood capillaries. The capillaries are permeable and water can move freely in and out. At the arteriolar end of the capillary the blood pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure in the tissues. Water will therefore seep out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid. The pores through which this water moves are large enough to allow all the smaller molecules (up to the size of small proteins such as insulin) to move freely through the capillary wall as well. This means that their concentrations across the capillary wall equalize, and therefore have no osmotic effect (because the osmotic pressure caused by these small molecules and ions – called the crystalloid osmotic pressure to distinguish it from the osmotic effect of the larger molecules that cannot move across the capillary membrane – is the same on both sides of capillary wall).


title: Extracellular fluid

text: The movement of water out of the capillary at the arteriolar end causes the concentration of the substances that cannot cross the capillary wall to increase as the blood moves to the venular end of the capillary. The most important substances that are confined to the capillary tube are plasma albumin, the plasma globulins and fibrinogen. They, and particularly the plasma albumin, because of its molecular abundance in the plasma, are responsible for the so-called "oncotic" or "colloid" osmotic pressure which draws water back into the capillary, especially at the venular end.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: The net effect of all of these processes is that water moves out of and back into the capillary, while the crystalloid substances in the capillary and interstitial fluids equilibrate. Since the capillary fluid is constantly and rapidly renewed by the flow of the blood, its composition dominates the equilibrium concentration that is achieved in the capillary bed. This ensures that the watery environment of the body's cells is always close to their ideal environment (set by the body's homeostats).


title: Extracellular fluid

text: A small proportion of the solution that leaks out of the capillaries is not drawn back into the capillary by the colloid osmotic forces. This amounts to between 2-4 liters per day for the body as a whole. This water is collected by the lymphatic system and is ultimately discharged into the left subclavian vein, where it mixes with the venous blood coming from the left arm, on its way to the heart. The lymph flows through lymph capillaries to lymph nodes where bacteria and tissue debris are removed from the lymph, while various types of white blood cells (mainly lymphocytes) are added to the fluid. In addition the lymph which drains the small intestine contains fat droplets called chylomicrons after the ingestion of a fatty meal. This lymph is called chyle which has a milky appearance, and imparts the name lacteals (referring to the milky appearance of their contents) to the lymph vessels of the small intestine.


title: Extracellular fluid

text: Extracellular fluid may be mechanically guided in this circulation by the vesicles between other structures. Collectively this forms the interstitium, which may be considered a newly identified biological structure in the body. However, there is some debate over whether the interstitium is an organ.


title: Rhetorical question

text: A rhetorical question is one for which the questioner does not expect a direct answer: in many cases it may be intended to start a discourse, or as a means of displaying or emphasize the speaker's or author's opinion on a topic.


title: Rhetorical question

text: A common example is the question "Can't you do anything right?" This question, when posed, is intended not to ask about the listener's ability but rather to insinuate the listener's lack of ability.


title: Rhetorical question

text: A rhetorical question may be intended as a challenge. The question is often difficult or impossible to answer. In the example, "What have the Romans ever done for us?" ("Monty Python's Life of Brian") the question functions as a negative assertion. It is intended to mean "The Romans have never done anything for us!". When Shakespeare's Mark Antony exclaims: "Here was a Caesar! when comes such another?" it functions as an assertion that Caesar possesses such rare qualities they may never be seen again. ("Julius Caesar", Act 3, scene 2, 257)


title: Rhetorical question

text: Negative assertions may function as positives in sarcastic contexts. For example, in "Smoking can lead to lung cancer. Who knew?!" the question functions as an assertion that the truth of the statement should have been utterly obvious.


title: Rhetorical question

text: Rhetorical questions are often used as a metaphor for a question already asked. Examples may be found in the song "Maria" from the 1959 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, "The Sound of Music", in which "How do you solve a problem like Maria?" is repeatedly answered with other questions: "How do you catch a cloud and pin it down?", "How do you keep a wave upon the sand?" and "How do you hold a moonbeam in your hand?" These responses assert that a problem like Maria cannot be solved.


title: Rhetorical question

text: In the vernacular, this form of rhetorical question is called "rhetorical affirmation". The certainty or obviousness of the answer to a question is expressed by asking another, often humorous, question for which the answer is equally obvious. Popular examples include "Do bears shit in the woods?", "Is the sky blue?" and "Is the Pope Catholic?"


title: Rhetorical question

text: Depending on the context, a rhetorical question may be punctuated by a question mark (?), full stop (.), or exclamation mark (!), but some sources argue that it is required to use a question mark for any question, rhetorical or not.


title: Rhetorical question

text: In the 1580s, English printer Henry Denham invented a "rhetorical question mark" (⸮) for use at the end of a rhetorical question; however, it fell out of use in the 17th century. It was the reverse of an ordinary question mark, so that instead of the main opening pointing back into the sentence, it opened away from it.


title: Rhetorical question

text: "The effectiveness of rhetorical questions in argument comes from their dramatic quality. They suggest dialogue, especially when the speaker both asks and answers them himself, as if he were playing two parts on the stage. They are not always impassioned; they may be mildly ironical or merely argumentative: but they are always to some extent dramatic, and, if used to excess, they tend to give one’s style a theatrical air."


title: Rhetorical question

text: "Rhetorical questioning is…a fairly conscious technique adopted by a speaker for deliberate ends, and it is used infrequently, proportional to the length of the dialogue, oration, or conversation."


title: Tyler Bate

text: Tyler Bate (born 7 March 1997) is an English professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE where he performs on the NXT brand.


title: Tyler Bate

text: In 2017, he became the inaugural WWE United Kingdom Champion (later renamed NXT United Kingdom Championship), making him the youngest singles champion in WWE history at age of 19. Bate is the only wrestler to complete NXT UK Triple Crown winner, holding the NXT United Kingdom Championship, NXT UK Tag Team Championship, and NXT UK Heritage Cup. He was also the only two-time NXT United Kingdom Champion and is recognized as the final holder of the title.


title: Tyler Bate

text: He is mostly known for teaming with Trent Seven as Moustache Mountain; the two have held the NXT Tag Team Championship, Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas, Progress Tag Team Championship, and RPW Undisputed British Tag Team Championship. Bate, Seven, and Pete Dunne collectively form the British Strong Style; the three were nicknamed "the founding fathers of NXT UK" by WWE, due to their crucial part in the creation and growth of the brand.


title: Tyler Bate

text: Bate debuted in Preston City Wrestling as "The Iron Master" Tyler Bate at PCW Fright Night III, competing unsuccessfully in a 4-way match also featuring Charlie Garrett, Rich Swann and Zack Gibson. Bate returned to PCW at Shooting Star in January 2015, aligning himself with The Hunter Brothers and Ryan Smile. Bate and his team were then defeated by Pete Dunne, Damian Dunne, Morgan Webster and Mark Andrews.


title: Tyler Bate

text: In early 2015, Bate, alongside Trent Seven, debuted in American promotion Chikara as part of their tour of the United Kingdom, defeating The Hunter Brothers in a dark match on 3 April and losing to the Devastation Corporation (Max Smashmaster and Blaster McMassive) in another dark match on 6 April. In their final dark match on the tour, Seven and Bate teamed with Clint Margera to take on Pete Dunne, Damian Dunne and Jimmy Havoc in a losing effort. Bate teamed with Seven and Dan Moloney at that year's King of Trios as Team Fight Club: Pro, making it to the semi-finals before being eliminated by the Bullet Club (AJ Styles, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson). In 2016, Seven and Bate began competing more regularly in Chikara, and on 21 August, they defeated Los Ice Creams (Hijo Del Ice Cream and Ice Cream Jr.), N_R_G (Hype Rockwell and Race Jaxon) and The Devastation Corporation to win the Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas. They were stripped of the title during Chikara's secret season 16.


title: Tyler Bate

text: Bate returned to Chikara on 1 September 2017, when he, Trent Seven and Pete Dunne, billed collectively as "House Strong Style", entered the 2017 King of Trios, defeating House Whitewolf (A-Kid, Adam Chase and Zayas) in their first round match. Over the next two days, House Strong Style defeated House Throwbacks (Dasher Hatfield, Mark Angelosetti and Simon Grimm) in the quarterfinals, House Rot (Frightmare, Hallowicked and Kobald) via forfeit in the semifinals and House Sendai Girls (Cassandra Miyagi, Dash Chisako and Meiko Satomura) in the finals to win the 2017 King of Trios.


title: Tyler Bate

text: Bate debuted in Progress Wrestling at Chapter 22, losing to William Eaver in a Natural Progression Series quarter final match. His first appearance in Progress alongside Trent Seven as Moustache Mountain was in a loss to Damian and Pete Dunne at Chapter 28. At Chapter 33, Moustache Mountain split after Seven turned heel, attacking Bate and aligning with Pete Dunne to form British Strong Style. At Chapter 39, Bate returned to Progress, attacking Jimmy Havoc during a seven-man elimination match for the vacant Progress World Championship, turning heel and aligning himself with Seven and Dunne. On 16 December, Seven and Dunne were stripped of the Progress Tag Team Championship after Dunne attempted to give his half of the shield to Bate. Two weeks later at Chapter 41, Seven and Bate defeated The London Riots and The LDRS of the New School (Zack Sabre Jr. and Marty Scurll) in a three-way tag team match to win the vacant title. Bate made it to the finals of the Super Strong Style 16 Tournament, defeating Pastor William Eaver, Mark Haskins, Matt Riddle, before losing to Travis Banks in the final. At Chapter 50, Bate and Seven lost the Tag Team Championships to #CCK (Chris Brookes and Kid Lykos). After regaining the title, Bate and Seven lost it again to #CCK in a ladder match on 10 September 2017.


title: Tyler Bate

text: On 15 December 2016, it was revealed that Bate would be one of 16 men competing in a two night tournament to crown the inaugural WWE United Kingdom Champion on 14 and 15 January 2017. Bate defeated Tucker in the first round to advance to the quarter-finals, before defeating Jordan Devlin to advance to the semi-finals. Bate then defeated Wolfgang in the semi-finals and Pete Dunne in the final to win the tournament and become the inaugural champion. Bate was presented with the title belt by Triple H, William Regal, Finn Bálor and Fit Finlay. At 19 years old, he became the second teenager in WWE history to win a title, and the second (at the time, presently third) youngest champion of all time, after René Duprée. Bate signed a contract with WWE, which allowed him to continue taking independent bookings with some restrictions.


title: Tyler Bate

text: On 1 February episode of "NXT", Tyler Bate made his NXT debut defeating Oney Lorcan.<ref name="2/1 NXT TV Review"></ref> On 15 February edition of NXT, Tyler Bate successfully defended his title against fellow UK Tournament and tag team partner Trent Seven in the main event, with the two of them showing sportsmanship in the end. On 4 April, Bate and others who participated in the United Kingdom Championship Tournament appeared on 205 Live. On 26 April episode of "NXT", Bate successfully defended his championship against Jack Gallagher, a member of the Raw roster. At , Bate would lose his championship to Pete Dunne, ending his reign at 125 days. The match was highly acclaimed and named Match of the Year at the NXT Year-End Awards. On 7 November 2017, Bate would make his "205 Live" debut, where he was defeated by Cruiserweight Champion Enzo Amore. On 20 December episode of "NXT", Bate received his rematch for the WWE United Kingdom Championship, but again lost to Dunne.


title: Tyler Bate

text: On 30 January 2018 episode of "205 Live", Bate would compete in the WWE Cruiserweight Championship tournament, where he was defeated by TJP in the first round. On 15 May 2018, Bate defeated TJP, Kalisto and Kenny Williams in a fatal four-way match. During day one of the second annual United Kingdom Championship Tournament on 18 June, Bate, Dunne and Seven (known in Europe as British Strong Style) defeated The Undisputed Era (Adam Cole, Kyle O'Reilly and Roderick Strong) in a six-man tag team match. The next day, Bate and Seven defeated O'Reilly and Strong to capture the NXT Tag Team Championship, but lost the titles back to O'Reilly and Strong on 11 July episode of "NXT" in a critically acclaimed match which drew five stars from Dave Meltzer. At , Bate and Seven failed to regain the championships.


title: Tyler Bate

text: On the 2 January 2019 episode of "NXT UK", Moustache Mountain defeated Gallus to advance to the finals to become the inaugural NXT UK Tag Team Champions. At , Moustache Mountain lost to Grizzled Young Veterans in the finals. At , Bate faced Walter for the WWE United Kingdom Championship, in which Bate was unsuccessful in regaining the title. The match was highly acclaimed, earning a 5.25-star rating from Meltzer, making it the third match in WWE history to break the 5-star rating system. At , Bate defeated to Jordan Devlin. At Worlds Collide, Seven and Bate faced DIY (Johnny Gargano and Tommaso Ciampa) in a losing effort. After the match, both teams shook hands and hugged. On the May 20 episode of NXT UK, Bate defeated A-Kid to win the Heritage Cup Championship. He would retain the title against Jack Starz & Mark Coffey on the July 1 & 15 episodes of NXT UK respectively. On the October 28, 2021 episode of NXT UK, Bate lost the title to Noam Dar after Trent Seven inadvertently threw in the towel during an altercation with Pretty Deadly at ringside.


title: Tyler Bate

text: On the 9 December 2021 episode of "NXT UK", Moustache Mountain defeated Pretty Deadly to win the NXT UK Tag Team Championship, making them the first team to win both the NXT and NXT UK Tag Team Championships. On the 2 June 2022 episode of "NXT UK", they lost the tag titles to Ashton Smith and Oliver Carter in a triple threat match that also involved Die Familie (Teoman and Rohan Raja). On the 16 June 2022 episode of "NXT UK", Seven attacked Bate by hitting him with a low blow from behind after making a fake retirement speech, thus turning heel for the first time in his WWE career and disbanding the Moustache Mountain.


title: Tyler Bate

text: Bate won his second NXT UK Championship on July 7, beating Trent Seven in the finals of a tournament also featuring Oliver Carter, Charlie Dempsey, Wolfgang, Kenny Williams, Joe Coffey and Mark Andrews. He also appeared on NXT Heatwave on August 16 facing off with the NXT Champion Bron Breakker with the NXT UK Championship despite his title win not having aired yet. On August 23, Bate appeared on NXT 2.0 to set a championship unification match at Worlds Collide on September 4. At the event, he lost the title to Breakker, ending his second and final reign at 60 days.


title: Tyler Bate

text: Bate, despite his small stature, is renowned for his strength and power moves, often performing multiple delayed deadlift suplexes including bridging belly-to-back, bridging German and exploder variations. He has also been known to utilise an airplane spin and giant swing - occasionally on multiple opponents at the same time. This has earned him the nickname the "Big Strong Boi". His finishing maneuver is a sitout double underhook powerbomb called the "Tyler Driver '97".


title: Sanda (sport)

text: Sanda (), formerly Sanshou (), also known as Chinese boxing or Chinese kickboxing, is the official Chinese kickboxing full-contact combat sport. Sanda is a fighting system which was originally developed by the Chinese military based upon the study and practices of traditional kung fu and modern combat fighting techniques; it combines boxing and full-contact kickboxing, which includes close range and rapid successive punches and kicks, with wrestling, takedowns, throws, sweeps, kick catches, and in some competitions, even elbow and knee strikes.


title: Sanda (sport)

text: As part of the development of sport wushu by the Chinese government, a standard curriculum for Sanda was developed. It is to this standard curriculum that the term "Wushu Sanda" is usually applied. Sanda may also involve techniques from any other fighting style depending on the teacher's mode of instruction.


title: Sanda (sport)

text: Sanda's competitive history is rooted in barehanded "elevated arena" or Lei Tai fights in which no rules were observed. However, Sanda as a competitive event developed in the military as these bouts were commonly held between the soldiers to test and practice barehanded martial skills, ability and techniques. Rules were developed and the use of protective gloves etc. was adopted. It was originally used by the Kuomintang at the first modern military academy in Whampoa in the 1920s. Later it was also adopted as a method by the People's Liberation Army of China. Sanda's curriculum was developed with reference to traditional Chinese martial arts. This general Wushu Sanda curriculum varies in its different forms, as the Chinese government developed a version for civilians for self-defense and as a sport.


title: Sanda (sport)

text: The generalized modern curriculum practiced in modern wushu schools is composed of different traditional martial arts fighting styles from China and Western Boxing, but mainly based on scientific efficiency. Wushu Sanda is composed of Chinese martial arts applications including most aspects of combat including striking and grappling, however when Wushu Sanda was developed as a sport, restrictions were made for safety reasons as well as to promote it as a non-violent sport. Examples of such restrictions included no blows delivered to the back of the head, throat, spine or groin and the discontinuation of the combat when any of the fighters fall to the ground. However many schools, whether traditional or modern, practice it as an all-round martial arts system with no restrictions, only adapting their training in relation to competition rules prior to the event. Sanda tournaments are one of the two disciplines recognized by the International Wushu Federation.


title: Sanda (sport)

text: One can see Sanda as a synthesis of traditional Chinese fighting techniques into a more amorphous system and is commonly taught alongside traditional Chinese styles, from which Wushu Sanda techniques, theory and training methods are derived. The emphasis of Sanda is on a more amorphous fighting ability.


title: Sanda (sport)

text: Yundong Sanda () or Jinzheng Sanda (): A modern fighting method, sport, and applicable component of Wushu / Kung Fu influenced by traditional Chinese Boxing, of which takedowns & throws are legal in competition, as well as all other sorts of striking (use of arms & legs).


title: Sanda (sport)

text: Chinese wrestling methods called Shuai Jiao and other Chinese grappling techniques such as Chin Na. It has all the combat aspects of wushu.


title: Sanda (sport)

text: Sanda appears much like Kickboxing but includes many more grappling techniques. Sanda fighting competitions are often held alongside taolu or form competitions. Sanda represents the modern development of Lei Tai contests, but with rules in place to reduce the chance of serious injury.


title: Sanda (sport)

text: Many Chinese martial art schools teach or work within the rule sets of Sanda, working to incorporate the movements, characteristics, and theory of their style.


title: Sanda (sport)

text: Chinese martial artists also compete in non-Chinese or mixed combat sports, including boxing, kickboxing and mixed martial arts. Sanda is practiced in tournaments and is normally held alongside taolu events in wushu competition. For safety reasons, some techniques from the self-defense form such as elbow strikes, chokes, and joint locks, are not allowed during tournaments. Competitors can win by knockout or points which are earned by landing strikes to the body or head, throwing an opponent, or when competition is held on a raised lei tai platform, pushing them off the platform. Fighters are only allowed to clinch for a few seconds. If the clinch is not broken by the fighters, and if neither succeeds in throwing his opponent within the time limit, the referee will break the clinch. In the U.S., competitions are held either in boxing rings or on the raised lei tai platform. Amateur fighters wear protective gear.


title: Sanda (sport)

text: "Amateur Sanda" allows kicks, punches, knees (not to the head), and throws. A competition held in China, called the "King of Sanda", is held in a ring similar to a boxing ring in design but larger in dimension. As professionals, they wear no protective gear except for gloves, cup, and mouthpiece, and


title: Sanda (sport)

text: "Professional Sanda" allows knee strikes (including to the head) as well as kicking, punching and throwing.


title: Sanda (sport)

text: Some Sanda fighters have participated in fighting tournaments such as K-1 and Shoot Boxing. They have had some degree of success, especially in Shoot boxing competitions, which is more similar to Sanda. Due to the rules of Kickboxing competition, Sanda fighters are subjected to more limitations than usual. Also notable competitors in China's mainstream Mixed Martial Arts competitions, Art of War Fighting Championship and Ranik Ultimate Fighting Federation are dominantly of wushu Sanda background. Sanda coach, Zhao Xuejun played a significant role in helping transition Sanda fighters to MMA. Although it is less common, some Sanda practitioners have also fought in American Mixed Martial Arts competitions such as the UFC and Strikeforce. Sanda has been featured in many style-versus-style competitions. Muay Thai is frequently pitted against Sanda as is Karate, Kickboxing, & Tae Kwon Do.


title: Sanda (sport)

text: Junshi Sanda (): A system of unarmed combat that was designed by Chinese Elite Forces based upon their intense study of traditional martial arts such as traditional Kung Fu, Shuai Jiao, Chin Na and modern hand-to-hand fighting and combat philosophy to develop a realistic system of unarmed fighting for the Chinese military. Junshi Sanda employs all parts of the body as anatomical weapons to attack and counter with, by using what the Chinese consider to be the four basic martial arts techniques:


title: Sanda (sport)

text: The International Wushu Federation (IWUF) promotes wushu and is the governing body for wushu in all its forms worldwide. Sanda and taolu (forms) are the two categories of competitive sport wushu . The IWUF is recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).


title: Soul Plane

text: Soul Plane is a 2004 American comedy film directed by Jessy Terrero (in his feature film directorial debut). The film stars Tom Arnold, Kevin Hart, Method Man and Snoop Dogg. Supporting actors include Mo'Nique, Loni Love, K.D. Aubert, D.L. Hughley, Godfrey and Sofia Vergara. The film revolves around multiple characters in different scenarios on board an airplane. "Soul Plane" garnered negative reviews from critics and grossed $14 million worldwide against a $16 million budget.


title: Soul Plane

text: Nashawn Wade claims that he has loved planes since he was a child, but he has a horrible experience with a typical airline: his dog Dre is classified as a checked baggage instead of a carry-on, he eats a horrible airline meal, his buttocks gets stuck in the toilet while he has diarrhea, caused by his meal, during turbulence, and Dre is fatally sucked through a jet engine after a stewardess accidentally opens the cargo door.


title: Soul Plane

text: In response to the terrible experience he endured, Nashawn sues the airline and is awarded $100,000,000 by the jury. He decides to use the money to start his own airline, called N.W.A. (Nashawn Wade Airlines), whose acronym and logo are a pop culture reference to rap group N.W.A. The airline specifically caters to African Americans and hip hop culture. The terminal at the airport is called the Malcolm X terminal, where two non-working TSA Agents, Jamiqua and Shaniece, are goofing off instead of checking belongings. The plane is a heavily modified Boeing 747SP, customized with low-rider hydraulics, spinners, and a dance club. The safety video is also a parody of the Destiny's Child song "Survivor".


title: Soul Plane

text: After taking off from Los Angeles International Airport, Nashawn must deal with a multitude of problems, starting with his acrophobic captain, Captain Mack. At a cruising altitude of Flight Level 330, it is revealed that he has never left the ground because he learned to fly on computer simulators in prison. Meanwhile, his cousin Muggsey sets up a miniature casino and strip joint in one of the areas of the plane (as seen in the workprint and unrated versions of the film), and Nashawn's ex-girlfriend, Giselle is on board and less than happy to see him. Meanwhile, the Hunkee family, the only Caucasian passengers on board, must also deal with their own problems; Elvis' daughter Heather is turning 18 and plans to use her newfound freedom by drinking and having sex, his son has transformed from an exact duplicate of him to a stereotypical wigger, and his wife is suddenly addicted to black men after viewing pictures in a pornographic magazine.


title: Soul Plane

text: Captain Mack seemingly dies after eating mushrooms that the co-pilot, First Officer Gaemon, uses to soothe his genital crabs. Nashawn attempts to contact Gaemon, who is incapacitated after slipping near a hot tub, forcing Nashawn to attempt to land the plane himself. Nashawn lands the plane safely, using the airplane stewardess Blanca's flight knowledge which she learned while having sex in the cockpit with the pilot on another plane. The plane lands in the middle of Central Park instead of John F. Kennedy International Airport, and the spinners are stolen from the plane. Nashawn reconciles with Giselle after earlier revealing to her that he only broke up with her so she would not give up her college opportunities for him.


title: Soul Plane

text: The movie ends with Nashawn telling the audience the fate of his crew. He claims that he and his ex-girlfriend are back together taking their relationship slow this time around, his cousin Muggsey has started a strip club and gambling casino located in another airplane similar to the club in Nashawn's plane, Elvis has begun a sexual relationship with Jamiqua, and his son Billy has become a major music video director but has disappeared shortly after filming a Michael Jackson video. Captain Mack later wakes up with both his chain and clothing stolen.


title: Soul Plane

text: "Soul Plane" opened on May 28, 2004 in 1,566 theaters. In its opening weekend, the film made $5,648,486 in the domestic box office, ranking number five behind "Shrek 2", "The Day After Tomorrow", "Troy", and "Raising Helen". At the end of its run, the film grossed $14,190,750 domestically and $631,596 overseas for a worldwide total of $14,822,346.


title: Soul Plane

text: In an interview on the podcast "WTF with Marc Maron", Hart said that the poor box office turnout was partly due to bootlegging, which had apparently begun three months before the film was released in theaters. He explained, "on the street, ["Soul Plane"] made 40 million dollars". Hart told Marc Maron that during a premiere, fans were coming up to him asking him to sign copies of the bootleg. Hart does, however, credit "Soul Plane" for making him popular enough to start touring around the country.


title: Soul Plane

text: Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 18% of 101 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 3.8/10. The website's critics consensus called it: "A raunchy sendup of "Airplane!" that never really takes off." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 33 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Soul Plane

text: Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" says in his review: "This hectic farce, which pushes every envelope, is so broad and relentlessly raunchy that it makes a spoof like "Airplane" seem as demure as a vintage drawing-room comedy." "The A.V. Club"s Nathan Rabin criticized the film for having stereotypical characters and humor made up of "desperate half-gags further botched by clumsy camera work and atrocious timing." Scott Brown of "Entertainment Weekly" rated the film a "C−" grade, noting the similarities to "Airplane" saying, "[T]he makers of "Soul Plane" figured they'd simply reverse the racial polarity and pack a whole movie full of similar material — just not as funny." He concluded that, "If you're looking for comic insights beyond the well-documented ass differential between whites and blacks, well, golly, you ought to try another carrier." Wesley Morris of "The Boston Globe" gave the film credit for delivering a couple funny gags but was offset by "embarrassing bathroom jokes and witless raunch". Despite giving credit to Hart, Hughley and Snoop for their performances, Marc Savlov of "The Austin Chronicle" felt that the rest of the film's sophomoric gags "only serves to make the rest of the production that much more humorless in contrast."


title: Soul Plane

text: In late 2014, the film appeared on "Empire" magazine's users-voted list of "The 50 Worst Movies Ever", ranking number 47. Its given reason for being listed states: "This was billed as an "urban" take on "Airplane!" That's a bad idea to begin with: like "Scary Movie", parodies of a parody are on to a loser from the start. But with the addition of crude racial stereotyping (of all races) and a fatal lack of funny, this goes from bad to worst. If more voters had seen it, this would be in the top ten."


title: Silo

text: A silo (from the Greek σιρός – "siros", "pit for holding grain") is a structure for storing bulk materials. Silos are used in agriculture to store fermented feed known as silage, not to be confused with a grain bin, which is used to store grains. Silos are commonly used for bulk storage of grain, coal, cement, carbon black, woodchips, food products and sawdust. Three types of silos are in widespread use today: tower silos, bunker silos, and bag silos.


title: Silo

text: Storage silos are cylindrical structures, typically 10 to 90 ft (3 to 27 m) in diameter and 30 to 275 ft (10 to 90 m) in height with the slipform and Jumpform concrete silos being the larger diameter and taller silos. They can be made of many materials. Wood staves, concrete staves, cast concrete, and steel panels have all been used, and have varying cost, durability, and airtightness tradeoffs. Silos storing grain, cement and woodchips are typically unloaded with air slides or augers. Silos can be unloaded into rail cars, trucks or conveyors.


title: Silo

text: Tower silos containing silage are usually unloaded from the top of the pile, originally by hand using a silage fork—which has many more tines than the common pitchfork; 12 vs 4—and in modern times using mechanical unloaders. Bottom silo unloaders are utilized at times, but have problems with difficulty of repair.


title: Silo

text: An advantage of tower silos is that the silage tends to pack well due to its own weight, except in the top few feet. However, this may be a disadvantage for items like chopped wood. The tower silo was invented by Franklin Hiram King.


title: Silo

text: In Canada, Australia and the United States, many country towns or the larger farmers in grain-growing areas have groups of wooden or concrete tower silos, known as grain elevators, to collect grain from the surrounding towns and store and protect the grain for transport by train, truck or barge to a processor or to an export port. In bumper crop times, the excess grain is stored in piles without silos or bins, causing considerable losses.


title: Silo

text: Concrete stave silos are constructed from small precast concrete blocks with ridged grooves along each edge that lock them together into a high strength shell. Concrete is much stronger in compression than tension, so the silo is reinforced with steel hoops encircling the tower and compressing the staves into a tight ring. The vertical stacks are held together by intermeshing of the ends of the staves by a short distance around the perimeter of each layer, and hoops which are tightened directly across the stave edges.


title: Silo

text: The static pressure of the material inside the silo pressing outward on the staves increases towards the bottom of the silo, so the hoops can be spaced wide apart near the top but become progressively more closely spaced towards the bottom to prevent seams from opening and the contents leaking out.


title: Silo

text: Concrete stave silos are built from common components designed for high strength and long life. They have the flexibility to have their height increased according to the needs of the farm and purchasing power of the farmer, or to be completely disassembled and reinstalled somewhere else if no longer needed.


title: Silo

text: Low-oxygen silos are designed to keep the contents in a low-oxygen atmosphere at all times, to keep the fermented contents in a high quality state, and to prevent mold and decay, as may occur in the top layers of a stave silo or bunker. Low-oxygen silos are only opened directly to the atmosphere during the initial forage loading, and even the unloader chute is sealed against air infiltration.


title: Silo

text: It would be expensive to design such a large structure that is immune to atmospheric pressure changes over time. Instead, the silo structure is open to the atmosphere but outside air is separated from internal air by large impermeable bags sealed to the silo breather openings. In the warmth of the day when the silo is heated by the sun, the gas trapped inside the silo expands and the bags "breathe out" and collapse. At night the silo cools, the air inside contracts and the bags "breathe in" and expand again.


title: Silo

text: While the iconic blue Harvestore low-oxygen silos were once very common, the speed of its unloader mechanism was not able to match the output rates of modern bunker silos, and this type of silo went into decline. Unloader repair expenses also severely hurt the Harvestore reputation, because the unloader feed mechanism is located in the bottom of the silo under tons of silage. In the event of cutter chain breakage, it can cost up to US$10,000 to perform repairs. The silo may need to be partially or completely emptied by alternate means, to unbury the broken unloader and retrieve broken components lost in the silage at the bottom of the structure.


title: Silo

text: In 2005 the Harvestore company recognized these issues and worked to develop new unloaders with double the flow rate of previous models to stay competitive with bunkers, and with far greater unloader chain strength. They are now also using load sensing soft-start variable frequency drive motor controllers to reduce the likelihood of mechanism breakage, and to control the feeder sweep arm movement.


title: Silo

text: Bunker silos are trenches, usually with concrete walls, that are filled and packed using tractors and loaders. The filled trench is covered with a plastic tarp to make it airtight. These silos are usually unloaded with a tractor and loader. They are inexpensive and especially well suited to very large operations.


title: Silo

text: Bag silos are heavy plastic tubes, usually around 8 to 12 ft (2.4 to 3.6 m) in diameter, and of variable length as required for the amount of material to be stored. They are packed using a machine made for the purpose, and sealed on both ends. They are unloaded using a tractor and loader or skid-steer loader. The bag is discarded in sections as it is torn off. Bag silos require little capital investment. They can be used as a temporary measure when growth or harvest conditions require more space, though some farms use them every year.


title: Silo

text: A bin is typically much shorter than a silo, and is typically used for holding dry matter such as cement or grain. Grain is often dried in a grain dryer before being stored in the bin. Bins may be round or square, but round bins tend to empty more easily due to a lack of corners for the stored material to become wedged and encrusted.


title: Silo

text: The stored material may be powdered, as seed kernels, or as cob corn. Due to the dry nature of the stored material, it tends to be lighter than silage and can be more easily handled by under-floor grain unloaders. To facilitate drying after harvesting, some grain bins contain a hollow perforated or screened central shaft to permit easier air infiltration into the stored grain.


title: Silo

text: There are different types of cement silos such as the low-level mobile silo and the static upright cement silo, which are used to hold and discharge cement and other powder materials such as PFA (Pulverised Fuel Ash). The low-level silos are fully mobile with capacities from 100 to 750 tons. They are simple to transport and are easy to set up on site. These mobile silos generally come equipped with an electronic weighing system with digital display and printer. This allows any quantity of cement or powder discharged from the silo to be controlled and also provides an accurate indication of what remains inside the silo. The static upright silos have capacities from 200 to 800 tons. These are considered a low-maintenance option for the storage of cement or other powders. Cement silos can be used in conjunction with bin-fed batching plants.


title: Silo

text: Sand and salt for winter road maintenance are stored in conical dome-shaped (clear truss roof) silos. These are more common in North America, namely in Canada and the United States. The shaped is based on natural shape formed when piling solids. The dome is made of prefabricated wood panels with singles installed on a circular reinforced concrete base. Open canopy entrance allows for front end loaders to fill and retrieve easily. These are usually found along major highway or key primary roads.


title: Silo

text: Plastic silos, also known as hopper bottom tanks, are manufactured through various processes such as: injection molding, rotational molding, and blow molding. They are constructed using a wide variety of polyethylene plastics. The silos are light weight and make for great small scale storage for farmers with livestock and grain operations. The light weight design and cost effective materials make plastic silos a great alternative to traditional steel bins. Unlike fabric silos, which "tend to be prone to grain rot and pests which have left many farmers frustrated", plastic silos are more safe and secure, keeping grain fresh and unspoiled. They can be designed to be stationary hopper bottom bins or portable pallet bins.


title: Silo

text: Fabric silos are constructed of a fabric bag suspended within a rigid, structural frame. Polyester based fabrics are often used for fabrication of the bag material, with specific attention given to fabric pore size. Upper areas of silo fabric are often manufactured with slightly larger pore size, with the design intent of acting as a vent filter during silo filling. Some designs include metal thread within the fabric, providing a static conductive path from the surface of the fabric to ground. The frame of a fabric silo is typically constructed of steel. Fabric silos are an attractive option because of their relative low cost compared to conventional silos. However, when fabric silos are used to store granular or particulate combustible materials, conventional practices prescribed by established industry consensus standards addressing combustible dust hazards can not be applied without a considerable engineering analysis of the system.


title: Silo

text: The 5th millennium BC site of Tel Tsaf in the southern Levant contain the earliest known silos. Archaeological ruins and ancient texts show that silos were used in ancient Greece as far back as the late 8th century BC; the term "silo" is derived from the Greek σιρός ("siros"), "pit for holding grain".


title: Silo

text: The silo pit, as it has been termed, has been a favorite way of storing grain from time immemorial in Asia. In Turkey and Persia, insurance agents bought stores of wheat or barley whilst comparatively cheap, and store it in hidden pits against seasons of dearth. In Malta a relatively large stock of wheat was preserved in some hundreds of pits (silos) cut in the rock. A single silo stored from 60 to 80 tons of wheat, which, with proper precautions, kept in good condition for four years or more.


title: Silo

text: The first modern silo, a wooden and upright one filled with grain, was invented and built in 1873 by Fred Hatch of McHenry County, Illinois, USA.


title: Silo

text: Forage silo filling is performed using a forage harvester which may either be self-propelled with an engine and driver's cab, or towed behind a tractor that supplies power through a PTO.


title: Silo

text: The harvester contains a drum-shaped series of cutting knives which shear the fibrous plant material into small pieces no more than an inch long, to facilitate mechanized blowing and transport via augers. The finely chopped plant material is then blown by the harvester into a forage wagon which contains an automatic unloading system.


title: Silo

text: Tower forage filling is typically performed with a silo blower which is a very large fan with paddle-shaped blades. Material is fed into a vibrating hopper and is pushed into the blower using a spinning spiral auger.


title: Silo

text: There is commonly a water connection on the blower to add moisture to the plant matter being blown into the silo. The blower may be driven by an electric motor but it is more common to use a spare tractor instead.


title: Silo

text: A large slow-moving conveyor chain underneath the silage in the forage wagon moves the pile towards the front, where rows of rotating teeth break up the pile and drop it onto a high-speed transverse conveyor that pours the silage out the side of the wagon into the blower hopper.


title: Silo

text: Silo bags are filled using a traveling sled driven from the PTO of a tractor left in neutral and which is gradually pushed forward as the bag is filled. The steering of the tractor controls the direction of bag placement as it fills, but bags are normally laid in a straight line.


title: Silo

text: The bag is loaded using the same forage harvesting methods as the tower, but the forage wagon must be moved progressively forward with the bag loader. The loader uses an array of rotating cam-shaped spiraled teeth associated with a large comb-shaped tines to push forage into the bag. The forage is pushed in through a large opening, and as the teeth rotate back out, they pass between the comb tines. The cam-shaped auger teeth essentially wipe the forage off using the steel tines, keeping the forage in the bag.


title: Silo

text: Before filling begins, the entire bag is placed onto the loader as a bunched-up tube folded back on itself in many layers to form a thick pile of plastic. Because the plastic is minimally elastic, the loader mechanism filling chute is slightly smaller than the final size of the bag, to accommodate this stack of plastic around the mouth of the loader. The plastic slowly unfurls itself around the edges of the loader as the tube is filled.


title: Silo

text: The contents of the silo bag are under pressure as it is filled, with the pressure controlled by a large brake shoe pressure regulator, holding back two large winch drums on either side of the loader. Cables from the drum extend to the rear of the bag where a large mesh basket holds the rear end of the bag shut.


title: Silo

text: To prevent molding and to assure an airtight seal during fermentation, the ends of the silo bag tube are gathered, folded, and tied shut to prevent oxygen from entering the bag. Removal of the bag loader can be hazardous to bystanders since the pressure must be released and the rear end allowed to collapse onto the ground.


title: Silo

text: A "silo unloader" specifically refers to a special cylindrical rotating forage pickup device used inside a single tower silo.


title: Silo

text: The main operating component of the silo unloader is suspended in the silo from a steel cable on a pulley that is mounted in the top-center of the roof of the silo. The vertical positioning of the unloader is controlled by an electric winch on the exterior of the silo.


title: Silo

text: For the summer filling of a tower silo, the unloader is winched as high as possible to the top of the silo and put into a parking position. The silo is filled with a silo blower, which is literally a very large fan that blows a large volume of pressurized air up a 10-inch tube on the side of the silo. A small amount of water is introduced into the air stream during filling to help lubricate the filling tube. A small adjustable nozzle at the top, controlled by a handle at the base of the silo directs the silage to fall into the silo on the near, middle, or far side, to facilitate evenly layered loading. Once completely filled, the top of the exposed silage pile is covered with a large heavy sheet of silo plastic which seals out oxygen and permits the entire pile to begin to ferment in the autumn.


title: Silo

text: In the winter when animals must be kept indoors, the silo plastic is removed, the unloader is lowered down onto the top of the silage pile, and a hinged door is opened on the side of the silo to permit the silage to be blown out. There is an array of these access doors arranged vertically up the side of the silo, with an unloading tube next to the doors that has a series of removable covers down the side of the tube. The unloader tube and access doors are normally covered with a large U-shaped shield mounted on the silo, to protect the farmer from wind, snow, and rain while working on the silo.


title: Silo

text: The silo unloader mechanism consists of a pair of counter-rotating toothed augers which rip up the surface of the silage and pull it towards the center of the unloader. The toothed augers rotate in a circle around the center hub, evenly chewing the silage off the surface of the pile. In the center, a large blower assembly picks up the silage and blows it out the silo door, where the silage falls by gravity down the unloader tube to the bottom of the silo, typically into an automated conveyor system.


title: Silo

text: The unloader is typically lowered only a half-inch or so at a time by the operator, and the unloader picks up only a small amount of material until the winch cable has become taut and the unloader is not picking up any more material. The operator then lowers the unloader another half-inch or so and the process repeats. If lowered too far, the unloader can pull up much more material than it can handle, which can overflow and plug up the blower, outlet spout, and the unloader tube, resulting in a time-wasting process of having to climb up the silo to clear the blockages.


title: Silo

text: Once silage has entered the conveyor system, it can be handled by either manual or automatic distribution systems. The simplest manual distribution system uses a sliding metal platform under the pickup channel. When slid open, the forage drops through the open hole and down a chute into a wagon, wheelbarrow, or open pile. When closed, the forage continues past the opening and onward to other parts of the conveyor. Computer automation and a conveyor running the length of a feeding stall can permit the silage to be automatically dropped from above to each animal, with the amount dispensed customized for each location.


title: Silo

text: Silos are hazardous, and people are killed or injured every year in the process of filling and maintaining them. The machinery used is dangerous and with tower silos workers can fall from the silo's ladder or work platform. Several fires have occurred over the years.


title: Silo

text: Filling a silo requires parking two tractors very close to each other, both running at full power and with live PTO shafts, one powering the silo blower and the other powering a forage wagon unloading fresh-cut forage into the blower. The farmer must continually move around in this highly hazardous environment of spinning shafts and high-speed conveyors to check material flows and adjust speeds, and to start and stop all the equipment between loads.


title: Silo

text: Preparation for filling a silo requires winching the unloader to the top, and any remaining forage at the base that the unloader could not pick up must be removed from the floor of the silo. This job requires that the farmer work directly underneath a machine weighing several tons suspended fifty feet or more overhead from a small steel cable. Should the unloader fall, the farmer will likely be killed instantly.


title: Silo

text: Unloading also poses its own special hazards, due to the requirement that the farmer regularly climb the silo to close an upper door and open a lower door, moving the unloader chute from door to door in the process. The fermentation of the silage produces methane gas which over time will outgas and displace the oxygen in the top of the silo. A farmer directly entering a silo without any other precautions can be asphyxiated by the methane, knocked unconscious, and silently suffocate to death before anyone else knows what has happened. It is either necessary to leave the silo blower attached to the silo at all times to use it when necessary to ventilate the silo with fresh air, or to have a dedicated electric fan system to blow fresh air into the silo, before anyone attempts to enter it.


title: Silo

text: In the event that the unloader mechanism becomes plugged, the farmer must climb the silo and directly stand on the unloader, reaching into the blower spout to dig out the soft silage. After clearing a plug, the forage needs to be forked out into an even layer around the unloader so that the unloader does not immediately dig into the pile and plug itself again. All during this process the farmer is standing on or near a machine that could easily kill them in seconds if it were to accidentally start up. This could happen if someone in the barn were to unknowingly switch on the unloading mechanism while someone is in the silo working on the unloader.


title: Silo

text: Often, when unloading grain from an auger or other opening at the bottom of the silo, another worker will be atop the grain "walking it down", to ensure an even flow of grain out of the silo. Sometimes unstable pockets in the grain will collapse beneath the worker doing the walking; this is called grain entrapment as the worker can be completely sunk into the grain within seconds. Entrapment can also occur in moving grain, or when workers clear large clumps of grain that have become stuck on the side of the silo. This often results in death by suffocation.


title: Silo

text: There have also been many cases of bins and the associated ducts and buildings exploding. If the air inside becomes laden with finely granulated particles, such as grain dust, a spark can trigger an explosion powerful enough to blow a concrete silo and adjacent buildings apart, usually setting the adjacent grain and building on fire. Sparks are often caused by (metal) rubbing against metal ducts; or due to static electricity produced by dust moving along the ducts when extra dry.


title: Silo

text: The two main problems which will necessitate silo cleaning in bins are "bridging" and "rat-holing". Bridging occurs when the material interlaces over the unloading mechanism at the base of the bins and blocks the flow of stored material by gravity into the unloading system. Rat-holing occurs when the material starts to adhere to the side of the bin. This will reduce the operating capacity of a bin as well as leading to cross-contamination of newer material with older material. There are a number of ways to clean a bin and many of these carry their own risks. However, since the early 1990s acoustic cleaners have become available. These are non-invasive, have minimum risk, and can offer a very cost-effective way to keep a small particle bin clean.


title: Silo

text: "Silo art" is a recent and distinctly Australian art movement which began in Northam, Western Australia in 2015. Silos are usually decorated with huge mural-type paintings with many themes. The Australian Silo Art Trail shows 35 examples of silo art , with numbers growing. there is an ongoing legal battle over the use of the term "silo art trail", with the Yarriambiack Shire Council in Victoria attempting to trademark it in 2017, with GrainCorp, Australia's largest grains handler, opposing the move, saying that the term should be usable by many councils.


title: Silo

text: In Melbourne, a huge painting of New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern embracing a Muslim woman, an iconic image beamed around the world after the 2019 Christchurch mosque attacks, was painted on the Tinning Street silo in the suburb of Brunswick, after was raised in a day via crowdfunding.


title: Silo

text: The town of Monto in the North Burnett Region of Queensland has been put on the tourism map as the most northerly silo art installation in Australia. Its "Three Moons" silos depict several stories of the past, including the era of gold mining, cattle mustering and The Dreaming. It also has a mural on an old water tower.