title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: It is important to note that this local equilibrium may apply only to a certain subset of particles in the system. For example, LTE is usually applied only to massive particles. In a radiating gas, the photons being emitted and absorbed by the gas doesn't need to be in a thermodynamic equilibrium with each other or with the massive particles of the gas in order for LTE to exist. In some cases, it is not considered necessary for free electrons to be in equilibrium with the much more massive atoms or molecules for LTE to exist.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: As an example, LTE will exist in a glass of water that contains a melting ice cube. The temperature inside the glass can be defined at any point, but it is colder near the ice cube than far away from it. If energies of the molecules located near a given point are observed, they will be distributed according to the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for a certain temperature. If the energies of the molecules located near another point are observed, they will be distributed according to the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for another temperature.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: Local thermodynamic equilibrium does not require either local or global stationarity. In other words, each small locality need not have a constant temperature. However, it does require that each small locality change slowly enough to practically sustain its local Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities. A global non-equilibrium state can be stably stationary only if it is maintained by exchanges between the system and the outside. For example, a globally-stable stationary state could be maintained inside the glass of water by continuously adding finely powdered ice into it in order to compensate for the melting, and continuously draining off the meltwater. Natural transport phenomena may lead a system from local to global thermodynamic equilibrium. Going back to our example, the diffusion of heat will lead our glass of water toward global thermodynamic equilibrium, a state in which the temperature of the glass is completely homogeneous.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: Careful and well informed writers about thermodynamics, in their accounts of thermodynamic equilibrium, often enough make provisos or reservations to their statements. Some writers leave such reservations merely implied or more or less unstated.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: For example, one widely cited writer, H. B. Callen writes in this context: "In actuality, few systems are in absolute and true equilibrium." He refers to radioactive processes and remarks that they may take "cosmic times to complete, [and] generally can be ignored". He adds "In practice, the criterion for equilibrium is circular. "Operationally, a system is in an equilibrium state if its properties are consistently described by thermodynamic theory!""


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: J.A. Beattie and I. Oppenheim write: "Insistence on a strict interpretation of the definition of equilibrium would rule out the application of thermodynamics to practically all states of real systems."


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: Another author, cited by Callen as giving a "scholarly and rigorous treatment", and cited by Adkins as having written a "classic text", A.B. Pippard writes in that text: "Given long enough a supercooled vapour will eventually condense, ... . The time involved may be so enormous, however, perhaps 10 years or more, ... . For most purposes, provided the rapid change is not artificially stimulated, the systems may be regarded as being in equilibrium."


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: Another author, A. Münster, writes in this context. He observes that thermonuclear processes often occur so slowly that they can be ignored in thermodynamics. He comments: "The concept 'absolute equilibrium' or 'equilibrium with respect to all imaginable processes', has therefore, no physical significance." He therefore states that: "... we can consider an equilibrium only with respect to specified processes and defined experimental conditions."


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: According to L. Tisza: "... in the discussion of phenomena near absolute zero. The absolute predictions of the classical theory become particularly vague because the occurrence of frozen-in nonequilibrium states is very common."


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: The most general kind of thermodynamic equilibrium of a system is through contact with the surroundings that allows simultaneous passages of all chemical substances and all kinds of energy. A system in thermodynamic equilibrium may move with uniform acceleration through space but must not change its shape or size while doing so; thus it is defined by a rigid volume in space. It may lie within external fields of force, determined by external factors of far greater extent than the system itself, so that events within the system cannot in an appreciable amount affect the external fields of force. The system can be in thermodynamic equilibrium only if the external force fields are uniform, and are determining its uniform acceleration, or if it lies in a non-uniform force field but is held stationary there by local forces, such as mechanical pressures, on its surface.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: Thermodynamic equilibrium is a primitive notion of the theory of thermodynamics. According to P.M. Morse: "It should be emphasized that the fact that there are thermodynamic states, ..., and the fact that there are thermodynamic variables which are uniquely specified by the equilibrium state ... are "not" conclusions deduced logically from some philosophical first principles. They are conclusions ineluctably drawn from more than two centuries of experiments." This means that thermodynamic equilibrium is not to be defined solely in terms of other theoretical concepts of thermodynamics. M. Bailyn proposes a fundamental law of thermodynamics that defines and postulates the existence of states of thermodynamic equilibrium.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: Textbook definitions of thermodynamic equilibrium are often stated carefully, with some reservation or other.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: For example, A. Münster writes: "An isolated system is in thermodynamic equilibrium when, in the system, no changes of state are occurring at a measurable rate." There are two reservations stated here; the system is isolated; any changes of state are immeasurably slow. He discusses the second proviso by giving an account of a mixture oxygen and hydrogen at room temperature in the absence of a catalyst. Münster points out that a thermodynamic equilibrium state is described by fewer macroscopic variables than is any other state of a given system. This is partly, but not entirely, because all flows within and through the system are zero.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: R. Haase's presentation of thermodynamics does not start with a restriction to thermodynamic equilibrium because he intends to allow for non-equilibrium thermodynamics. He considers an arbitrary system with time invariant properties. He tests it for thermodynamic equilibrium by cutting it off from all external influences, except external force fields. If after insulation, nothing changes, he says that the system was in "equilibrium".


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: In a section headed "Thermodynamic equilibrium", H.B. Callen defines equilibrium states in a paragraph. He points out that they "are determined by intrinsic factors" within the system. They are "terminal states", towards which the systems evolve, over time, which may occur with "glacial slowness". This statement does not explicitly say that for thermodynamic equilibrium, the system must be isolated; Callen does not spell out what he means by the words "intrinsic factors".


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: Another textbook writer, C.J. Adkins, explicitly allows thermodynamic equilibrium to occur in a system which is not isolated. His system is, however, closed with respect to transfer of matter. He writes: "In general, the approach to thermodynamic equilibrium will involve both thermal and work-like interactions with the surroundings." He distinguishes such thermodynamic equilibrium from thermal equilibrium, in which only thermal contact is mediating transfer of energy.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: Another textbook author, J.R. Partington, writes: "(i) "An equilibrium state is one which is independent of time"." But, referring to systems "which are only apparently in equilibrium", he adds : "Such systems are in states of ″false equilibrium.″" Partington's statement does not explicitly state that the equilibrium refers to an isolated system. Like Münster, Partington also refers to the mixture of oxygen and hydrogen. He adds a proviso that "In a true equilibrium state, the smallest change of any external condition which influences the state will produce a small change of state ..." This proviso means that thermodynamic equilibrium must be stable against small perturbations; this requirement is essential for the strict meaning of thermodynamic equilibrium.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: A student textbook by F.H. Crawford has a section headed "Thermodynamic Equilibrium". It distinguishes several drivers of flows, and then says: "These are examples of the apparently universal tendency of isolated systems toward a state of complete mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electrical—or, in a single word, "thermodynamic—equilibrium.""


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: A monograph on classical thermodynamics by H.A. Buchdahl considers the "equilibrium of a thermodynamic system", without actually writing the phrase "thermodynamic equilibrium". Referring to systems closed to exchange of matter, Buchdahl writes: "If a system is in a terminal condition which is properly static, it will be said to be in "equilibrium"." Buchdahl's monograph also discusses amorphous glass, for the purposes of thermodynamic description. It states: "More precisely, the glass may be regarded as being "in equilibrium" so long as experimental tests show that 'slow' transitions are in effect reversible." It is not customary to make this proviso part of the definition of thermodynamic equilibrium, but the converse is usually assumed: that if a body in thermodynamic equilibrium is subject to a sufficiently slow process, that process may be considered to be sufficiently nearly reversible, and the body remains sufficiently nearly in thermodynamic equilibrium during the process.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: A. Münster carefully extends his definition of thermodynamic equilibrium for isolated systems by introducing a concept of "contact equilibrium". This specifies particular processes that are allowed when considering thermodynamic equilibrium for non-isolated systems, with special concern for open systems, which may gain or lose matter from or to their surroundings. A contact equilibrium is between the system of interest and a system in the surroundings, brought into contact with the system of interest, the contact being through a special kind of wall; for the rest, the whole joint system is isolated. Walls of this special kind were also considered by C. Carathéodory, and are mentioned by other writers also. They are selectively permeable. They may be permeable only to mechanical work, or only to heat, or only to some particular chemical substance. Each contact equilibrium defines an intensive parameter; for example, a wall permeable only to heat defines an empirical temperature. A contact equilibrium can exist for each chemical constituent of the system of interest. In a contact equilibrium, despite the possible exchange through the selectively permeable wall, the system of interest is changeless, as if it were in isolated thermodynamic equilibrium. This scheme follows the general rule that "... we can consider an equilibrium only with respect to specified processes and defined experimental conditions." Thermodynamic equilibrium for an open system means that, with respect to every relevant kind of selectively permeable wall, contact equilibrium exists when the respective intensive parameters of the system and surroundings are equal. This definition does not consider the most general kind of thermodynamic equilibrium, which is through unselective contacts. This definition does not simply state that no current of matter or energy exists in the interior or at the boundaries; but it is compatible with the following definition, which does so state.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: M. Zemansky also distinguishes mechanical, chemical, and thermal equilibrium. He then writes: "When the conditions for all three types of equilibrium are satisfied, the system is said to be in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium".


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: P.M. Morse writes that thermodynamics is concerned with ""states of thermodynamic equilibrium"". He also uses the phrase "thermal equilibrium" while discussing transfer of energy as heat between a body and a heat reservoir in its surroundings, though not explicitly defining a special term 'thermal equilibrium'.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: J.R. Waldram writes of "a definite thermodynamic state". He defines the term "thermal equilibrium" for a system "when its observables have ceased to change over time". But shortly below that definition he writes of a piece of glass that has not yet reached its ""full" thermodynamic equilibrium state".


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: Considering equilibrium states, M. Bailyn writes: "Each intensive variable has its own type of equilibrium." He then defines thermal equilibrium, mechanical equilibrium, and material equilibrium. Accordingly, he writes: "If all the intensive variables become uniform, "thermodynamic equilibrium" is said to exist." He is not here considering the presence of an external force field.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: J.G. Kirkwood and I. Oppenheim define thermodynamic equilibrium as follows: "A system is in a state of "thermodynamic equilibrium" if, during the time period allotted for experimentation, (a) its intensive properties are independent of time and (b) no current of matter or energy exists in its interior or at its boundaries with the surroundings." It is evident that they are not restricting the definition to isolated or to closed systems. They do not discuss the possibility of changes that occur with "glacial slowness", and proceed beyond the time period allotted for experimentation. They note that for two systems in contact, there exists a small subclass of intensive properties such that if all those of that small subclass are respectively equal, then all respective intensive properties are equal. States of thermodynamic equilibrium may be defined by this subclass, provided some other conditions are satisfied.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: A thermodynamic system consisting of a single phase in the absence of external forces, in its own internal thermodynamic equilibrium, is homogeneous. This means that the material in any small volume element of the system can be interchanged with the material of any other geometrically congruent volume element of the system, and the effect is to leave the system thermodynamically unchanged. In general, a strong external force field makes a system of a single phase in its own internal thermodynamic equilibrium inhomogeneous with respect to some intensive variables. For example, a relatively dense component of a mixture can be concentrated by centrifugation.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: Such equilibrium inhomogeneity, induced by external forces, does not occur for the intensive variable temperature. According to E.A. Guggenheim, "The most important conception of thermodynamics is temperature." Planck introduces his treatise with a brief account of heat and temperature and thermal equilibrium, and then announces: "In the following we shall deal chiefly with homogeneous, isotropic bodies of any form, possessing throughout their substance the same temperature and density, and subject to a uniform pressure acting everywhere perpendicular to the surface." As did Carathéodory, Planck was setting aside surface effects and external fields and anisotropic crystals. Though referring to temperature, Planck did not there explicitly refer to the concept of thermodynamic equilibrium. In contrast, Carathéodory's scheme of presentation of classical thermodynamics for closed systems postulates the concept of an "equilibrium state" following Gibbs (Gibbs speaks routinely of a "thermodynamic state"), though not explicitly using the phrase 'thermodynamic equilibrium', nor explicitly postulating the existence of a temperature to define it.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: The temperature within a system in thermodynamic equilibrium is uniform in space as well as in time. In a system in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, there are no net internal macroscopic flows. In particular, this means that all local parts of the system are in mutual radiative exchange equilibrium. This means that the temperature of the system is spatially uniform. This is so in all cases, including those of non-uniform external force fields. For an externally imposed gravitational field, this may be proved in macroscopic thermodynamic terms, by the calculus of variations, using the method of Langrangian multipliers. Considerations of kinetic theory or statistical mechanics also support this statement.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: In order that a system may be in its own internal state of thermodynamic equilibrium, it is of course necessary, but not sufficient, that it be in its own internal state of thermal equilibrium; it is possible for a system to reach internal mechanical equilibrium before it reaches internal thermal equilibrium.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: In his exposition of his scheme of closed system equilibrium thermodynamics, C. Carathéodory initially postulates that experiment reveals that a definite number of real variables define the states that are the points of the manifold of equilibria. In the words of Prigogine and Defay (1945): "It is a matter of experience that when we have specified a certain number of macroscopic properties of a system, then all the other properties are fixed." As noted above, according to A. Münster, the number of variables needed to define a thermodynamic equilibrium is the least for any state of a given isolated system. As noted above, J.G. Kirkwood and I. Oppenheim point out that a state of thermodynamic equilibrium may be defined by a special subclass of intensive variables, with a definite number of members in that subclass.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: If the thermodynamic equilibrium lies in an external force field, it is only the temperature that can in general be expected to be spatially uniform. Intensive variables other than temperature will in general be non-uniform if the external force field is non-zero. In such a case, in general, additional variables are needed to describe the spatial non-uniformity.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: As noted above, J.R. Partington points out that a state of thermodynamic equilibrium is stable against small transient perturbations. Without this condition, in general, experiments intended to study systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are in severe difficulties.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: When a body of material starts from a non-equilibrium state of inhomogeneity or chemical non-equilibrium, and is then isolated, it spontaneously evolves towards its own internal state of thermodynamic equilibrium. It is not necessary that all aspects of internal thermodynamic equilibrium be reached simultaneously; some can be established before others. For example, in many cases of such evolution, internal mechanical equilibrium is established much more rapidly than the other aspects of the eventual thermodynamic equilibrium. Another example is that, in many cases of such evolution, thermal equilibrium is reached much more rapidly than chemical equilibrium.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: In an isolated system, thermodynamic equilibrium by definition persists over an indefinitely long time. In classical physics it is often convenient to ignore the effects of measurement and this is assumed in the present account.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: To consider the notion of fluctuations in an isolated thermodynamic system, a convenient example is a system specified by its extensive state variables, internal energy, volume, and mass composition. By definition they are time-invariant. By definition, they combine with time-invariant nominal values of their conjugate intensive functions of state, inverse temperature, pressure divided by temperature, and the chemical potentials divided by temperature, so as to exactly obey the laws of thermodynamics. But the laws of thermodynamics, combined with the values of the specifying extensive variables of state, are not sufficient to provide knowledge of those nominal values. Further information is needed, namely, of the constitutive properties of the system.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: It may be admitted that on repeated measurement of those conjugate intensive functions of state, they are found to have slightly different values from time to time. Such variability is regarded as due to internal fluctuations. The different measured values average to their nominal values.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: If the system is truly macroscopic as postulated by classical thermodynamics, then the fluctuations are too small to detect macroscopically. This is called the thermodynamic limit. In effect, the molecular nature of matter and the quantal nature of momentum transfer have vanished from sight, too small to see. According to Buchdahl: "... there is no place within the strictly phenomenological theory for the idea of fluctuations about equilibrium (see, however, Section 76)."


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: If the system is repeatedly subdivided, eventually a system is produced that is small enough to exhibit obvious fluctuations. This is a mesoscopic level of investigation. The fluctuations are then directly dependent on the natures of the various walls of the system. The precise choice of independent state variables is then important. At this stage, statistical features of the laws of thermodynamics become apparent.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: If the mesoscopic system is further repeatedly divided, eventually a microscopic system is produced. Then the molecular character of matter and the quantal nature of momentum transfer become important in the processes of fluctuation. One has left the realm of classical or macroscopic thermodynamics, and one needs quantum statistical mechanics. The fluctuations can become relatively dominant, and questions of measurement become important.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: The statement that 'the system is its own internal thermodynamic equilibrium' may be taken to mean that 'indefinitely many such measurements have been taken from time to time, with no trend in time in the various measured values'. Thus the statement, that 'a system is in its own internal thermodynamic equilibrium, with stated nominal values of its functions of state conjugate to its specifying state variables', is far far more informative than a statement that 'a set of single simultaneous measurements of those functions of state have those same values'. This is because the single measurements might have been made during a slight fluctuation, away from another set of nominal values of those conjugate intensive functions of state, that is due to unknown and different constitutive properties. A single measurement cannot tell whether that might be so, unless there is also knowledge of the nominal values that belong to the equilibrium state.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: An explicit distinction between 'thermal equilibrium' and 'thermodynamic equilibrium' is made by B. C. Eu. He considers two systems in thermal contact, one a thermometer, the other a system in which there are several occurring irreversible processes, entailing non-zero fluxes; the two systems are separated by a wall permeable only to heat. He considers the case in which, over the time scale of interest, it happens that both the thermometer reading and the irreversible processes are steady. Then there is thermal equilibrium without thermodynamic equilibrium. Eu proposes consequently that the zeroth law of thermodynamics can be considered to apply even when thermodynamic equilibrium is not present; also he proposes that if changes are occurring so fast that a steady temperature cannot be defined, then "it is no longer possible to describe the process by means of a thermodynamic formalism. In other words, thermodynamics has no meaning for such a process." This illustrates the importance for thermodynamics of the concept of temperature.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: Thermal equilibrium is achieved when two systems in thermal contact with each other cease to have a net exchange of energy. It follows that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium, then their temperatures are the same.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: Thermal equilibrium occurs when a system's macroscopic thermal observables have ceased to change with time. For example, an ideal gas whose distribution function has stabilised to a specific Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution would be in thermal equilibrium. This outcome allows a single temperature and pressure to be attributed to the whole system. For an isolated body, it is quite possible for mechanical equilibrium to be reached before thermal equilibrium is reached, but eventually, all aspects of equilibrium, including thermal equilibrium, are necessary for thermodynamic equilibrium.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: A system's internal state of thermodynamic equilibrium should be distinguished from a "stationary state" in which thermodynamic parameters are unchanging in time but the system is not isolated, so that there are, into and out of the system, non-zero macroscopic fluxes which are constant in time.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium. Most systems found in nature are not in thermodynamic equilibrium because they are changing or can be triggered to change over time, and are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to and from other systems. The thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium systems requires more general concepts than are dealt with by equilibrium thermodynamics. Many natural systems still today remain beyond the scope of currently known macroscopic thermodynamic methods.


title: Thermodynamic equilibrium

text: Laws governing systems which are far from equilibrium are also debatable. One of the guiding principles for these systems is the maximum entropy production principle. It states that a non-equilibrium system evolves such as to maximize its entropy production.


title: Criminal Minds (season 4)

text: The fourth season of "Criminal Minds" premiered on CBS on September 24, 2008, and ended May 20, 2009.


title: Criminal Minds (season 4)

text: In the season premiere "Mayhem", Sienna Guillory and Erik Palladino reprise as SSA Kate Joyner and Detective Cooper, respectively. Adoni Maropis guest-starred as Ben Abner, a member of the NYC Terrorist Cell who disguises as a paramedic, and Michael Steger guest-starred as Sam, another member of the cell. In the episode "The Angel Maker", Lauren Bowles guest-starred as Chloe Kelcher, the copycat killer and love interest of Courtland Bryce Ryan, aka "The Angel Maker", played by Neil Hopkins. Blake Lindsley guest-starred as Shara Carlino, another attempted copycat and admirer of Ryan. In the episode "Minimal Loss", Luke Perry guest-starred as Benjamin Cyrus, the leader of a religious cult known as the "Separatarian Sect". Jeff Fahey guest-starred as Leo Kane, an inmate and fervent libertarian who founded the Liberty Ranch. In the episode "Paradise", William Mapother and Robyn Lively guest-starred as Ian and Abby Corbin, a married couple who go on vacation, only to be held captive by Floyd Hansen.


title: Criminal Minds (season 4)

text: In the episode "The Instincts", Melinda Page Hamilton guest-starred as Claire Bates, a child abductor who kidnaps a young boy. In the episode "Memoriam", Taylor Nichols guest-starred as Spencer Reid's father, William, who confesses to murdering Gary Michaels, a pedophile who intended to rape and murder Reid after he already raped and murdered another young boy. Dee Wallace guest starred as Reid's therapist, Dr. Jan Mohikian. In the episode "Masterpiece", Jason Alexander guest-starred as Henry Grace, a serial killer obsessed with the fibonacci sequence. In the episode "52 Pickup", Gabriel Olds guest-starred as Robert Parker, a serial killer who has perfected his skills as a pick-up artist. Courtney Ford guest-starred as Austin, a bartender who develops a crush on Reid. Currie Graham guest-starred as Paul "Viper" Thomas, another pick-up artist who was a suspect in the murders, and Joanna Cassidy guest-starred as Mrs. Holden, a woman whose youngest daughter Vanessa, is murdered by Parker.


title: Criminal Minds (season 4)

text: In the episode "Normal", Mitch Pileggi guest-starred as Norman Hill, aka "The Road Warrior", a man who goes on a murderous rampage after murdering his entire family. Faith Ford guest-starred as Norman's deceased wife, Vanessa, and Gina Torres guest-starred as Detective Thea Salinas, who leads the investigation of the murders. In the episode "Soul Mates", George Newbern and Michael Boatman guest-starred as Steven Baleman and William Harris, aka, "The Soul Mates", a duo of serial rapists who murdered several women. Dana Davis guest-starred as William's daughter Andrea. In the episode "Bloodline", Andrew Divoff and Cynthia Gibb guest-starred as Lewis and Kathy "Sylvia" Gray, a gypsy couple who abducted young girls for their son to marry by the time he comes of age.


title: Criminal Minds (season 4)

text: In the episode "Cold Comfort", Vondie Curtis-Hall guest-starred as Stanley Usher, a self-proclaimed psychic of whom David Rossi is skeptical, and Cybill Shepherd as Leona Gless. In the episode "Zoe's Reprise", Amy Davidson guest-starred as Zoe Hawkes, an admirer of Rossi who aspires to become an FBI agent, only to be murdered by Eric Olson, played by Johnny Lewis. Shannon Woodward guest-starred as Eric's girlfriend, Linda Jones. In the episode "Pleasure Is My Business", Brianna Brown guest starred as Megan Kane, a call girl who fatally poisons her clients. In the episode "Demonology", Carmen Argenziano guest-starred as Father Paul Silvano, an Italian priest who murders his victims through exorcisms. Bruce Davison guest-starred as Paul's accomplice, Father Jimmy Davison.


title: Criminal Minds (season 4)

text: In the episode "Omnivore", C. Thomas Howell guest-starred as George Foyet, the only person who survived a string of killings committed by a killer known as "The Boston Reaper". Louis Ferreira guest-starred as Roy Colson, a novelist and the author of the novel "Night of The Reaper". In the episode "House on Fire", Tommy Dewey guest-starred as Tommy Wheeler, a serial arsonist who burns down a movie theater, killing everyone trapped in it. Shannon Lucio guest-starred as Tommy's sister Tina. In the episode "Conflicted", Jackson Rathbone guest-starred as Adam Jackson, a delusional serial killer who has a female alter-ego named Amanda. Susan Ward guest-starred as Julie Riley, a hotel manager who was suspected of committing the murders of several men. Roma Maffia guest-starred as Detective Reese Evans, who leads the investigation of the murders.


title: Criminal Minds (season 4)

text: In the episode "The Big Wheel", Alex O'Loughlin guest-starred as Vincent Rowlings, a repentant serial killer who suffers from uncontrollable homicidal urges. In the episode "Amplification", Tamlyn Tomita guest-starred as Dr. Linda Kimura, who aids the BAU with the investigation of an anthrax outbreak that has infected several people. In the two-part season finale "To Hell and Back", Garret Dillahunt guest-starred as Mason Turner, whose developmentally disabled brother and partner in crime, Lucas, abducts a teenage girl and holds her captive at a barn in Canada. C. Thomas Howell reprises as George Foyet, who breaks into Aaron Hotchner's apartment and seemingly shoots him. Hotch's fate is left unknown until the premiere of the following season.


title: Chavacano

text: Chavacano or Chabacano is a group of Spanish-based creole language varieties spoken in the Philippines. The variety spoken in Zamboanga City, located in the southern Philippine island group of Mindanao, has the highest concentration of speakers. Other currently existing varieties are found in Cavite City and Ternate, located in the Cavite province on the island of Luzon. Chavacano is the only Spanish-based creole in Asia.


title: Chavacano

text: The different varieties of Chavacano differ in certain aspects like vocabulary but they are generally mutually intelligible by speakers of these varieties, especially between neighboring varieties. While a majority of the lexicon of the different Chavacano varieties derive from Spanish, their grammatical structures are generally similar to other Philippine languages. Among Philippine languages, it is the only one that is not an Austronesian language, but like Malayo-Polynesian languages, it uses reduplication.


title: Chavacano

text: The word "" is derived from Spanish, roughly meaning "poor taste" or "vulgar", though the term itself carries no negative connotations to contemporary speakers.


title: Chavacano

text: Linguists have identified at least six Spanish Creole varieties in the Philippines. Their classification is based on their substrate languages and the regions where they are commonly spoken. The three known varieties of Chavacano with Tagalog as their substrate language are the Luzon-based creoles of which are Caviteño (was spoken in Cavite City), Bahra or Ternateño (was spoken in Ternate, Cavite) and Ermiteño (once spoken in the old district of Ermita in Manila and is now extinct).


title: Chavacano

text: There are a number of theories on how these different varieties of Chavacano have evolved and how they are related to one another. According to some linguists, Zamboangueño Chavacano is believed to have been influenced by Caviteño Chabacano as evidenced by prominent Zamboangueño families who descended from Spanish Army officers (from Spain and Latin America), primarily Caviteño mestizos, stationed at Fort Pilar in the 19th century. When Caviteño officers recruited workers and technicians from Iloilo to man their sugar plantations and rice fields to reduce the local population's dependence on the Donativo de Zamboanga, the Spanish colonial government levied taxes on the islanders to support the fort's operations. With the subsequent migration of Ilonggo traders to Zamboanga, the Zamboangueño Chavacano was infused with Hiligaynon words as the previous migrant community was assimilated.


title: Chavacano

text: Most of what appears to be Cebuano words in Zamboangueño Chavacano are actually Hiligaynon. Although Zamboangueño Chavacano's contact with Cebuano began much earlier when Cebuano soldiers were stationed at Fort Pilar during the Spanish colonial period, it was not until closer to the middle of the 20th century that borrowings from Cebuano accelerated from more migration from the Visayas as well as the current migration from other Visayan-speaking areas of the Zamboanga Peninsula.


title: Chavacano

text: Zamboangueño (Chavacano) is spoken in Zamboanga City, Basilan, parts of Sulu and Tawi-Tawi, and Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay and Zamboanga del Norte. Zamboangueño Chavacano is the most dynamically spoken language of Philippine Creole Spanish. It is used as a lingua franca between both Muslim and Christians in the Southwestern Mindanao and Basilan Islands communities. Its influence has spread to other islands in the west, such as the Jolo Islands, as well as to Cotabato and Davao in Mindanao. The other varieties of Chavacano with Cebuano as their primary substrate language are the Mindanao-based creoles of which are Castellano Abakay or Chavacano Davaoeño (spoken in some areas of Davao), influenced by Hokkien Chinese and Japanese, and divided into two varieties, "Castellano Abakay Chino" and "Castellano Abakay Japón", and Cotabateño (spoken in Cotabato City). Both Cotabateño and Davaoeño are very similar to Zamboangueño.


title: Chavacano

text: The Chavacano languages in the Philippines are creoles based on Mexican Spanish, southern peninsular Spanish and possibly, Portuguese. In some Chavacano languages, most words are common with Andalusian Spanish, but there are many words borrowed from Nahuatl, a language native to Central Mexico, which aren't found in Andalusian Spanish. Although the vocabulary is largely Mexican, its grammar is mostly based on other Philippine languages, primarily Ilonggo, Tagalog and Cebuano. By way of Spanish, its vocabulary also has influences from the Native American languages Nahuatl, Taino, Quechua, etc. as can be evidenced by the words "chongo" ("monkey", instead of Spanish ), "tiange" ("mini markets"), etc.


title: Chavacano

text: In contrast with the Luzon-based dialects, the Zamboangueño variety has the most borrowings and/or influence from other Philippine Austronesian languages including Hiligaynon and Tagalog. Words of Malay origin are present in the Zamboangueño variety; the latter is included because although not local in Philippines, it was the lingua franca of maritime Southeast Asia. As the Zamboangueño variety is also spoken by Muslims, the variety has some Arabic loanwords, most commonly Islamic terms. In spite of this, it's difficult to trace whether these words have their origin in the local population or in Spanish itself, given that Spanish has about 6,000 words of Arabic origin. Chavacano also contains loanwords of Persian origin which enter Chavacano via Malay and Arabic; both Persian and Spanish are Indo-European languages.


title: Chavacano

text: The highest number of Chavacano speakers are found in Zamboanga City and in the island province of Basilan. A significant number of Chavacano speakers are found in Cavite City and Ternate. There are also speakers in some areas in the provinces of Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, Davao, and in Cotabato City. According to the official 2000 Philippine census, there were altogether 607,200 Chavacano speakers in the Philippines in that same year. The exact figure could be higher as the 2000 population of Zamboanga City, whose main language is Chavacano, far exceeded that census figure. Also, the figure doesn't include Chavacano speakers of the Filipino diaspora. All the same, Zamboangueño is the variety with the most number of speakers, being the official language of Zamboanga City whose population is now believed to be over a million; is also an official language in Basilan.


title: Chavacano

text: Chavacano speakers are also found in Semporna and elsewhere in Sabah via immigration to Sabah during the Spanish colonial period and via Filipino refugees who escaped from Zamboanga Peninsula and predominantly Muslim areas of Mindanao like Sulu Archipelago.


title: Chavacano

text: A small number of Zamboanga's indigenous peoples and of Basilan, such as the Tausugs, the Samals, and the Yakans, majority of those people are Sunni Muslims, also speak the language. In the close provinces of Sulu and Tawi-Tawi areas, there are Muslim speakers of the "Chavacano de Zamboanga", all of them are neighbors of Christians. Speakers of the "Chavacano de Zamboanga", both Christians and Muslims, also live in Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur. Christians and Muslims in Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat, Cotabato, South Cotabato, Cotabato City, and Saranggani speak "Chavacano de Zamboanga". Take note that Zamboanga Peninsula, Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-tawi, Maguindanao, Cotabato City, Soccsksargen (region that composed of Sultan Kudarat, Cotabato, South Cotabato, and Saranggani) and Davao Region became part of short-lived Republic of Zamboanga, which chose Chavacano as official language. As a result of Spanish colonization, according to a genetic study written by Maxmilian Larena, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, the Philippine ethnic groups with the highest amount of Spanish/European descent are the Chavacanos, with 4 out of 10 Chavacanos having detectable Spanish descent, followed by Bicolanos, with 1-2 out of 10, while most of the lowland urbanized Christian ethnic groups have some Spanish descent.


title: Chavacano

text: Chavacano has been primarily and practically a spoken language. In the past, its use in literature was limited and chiefly local to the geographical location where the particular variety of the language was spoken. Its use as a spoken language far exceeds its use in literary work in comparison to the use of Spanish in the Philippines which was more successful as a written language than a spoken language. In recent years, there have been efforts to encourage the use of Chavacano as a written language, but the attempts were mostly minor attempts in folklore and religious literature and few pieces of written materials by the print media. In Zamboanga City, while the language is used by the mass media, the Catholic Church, education, and the local government, there have been few literary work written in Zamboangueño and access to these resources by the general public isn't readily available; Bibles of Protestant Christians are also written in standard Chavacano. As Chavacano is spoken by Muslims as second language not only in Zamboanga City and Basilan but even in Sulu and Tawi-tawi, a number of Qur'an books are published in Chavacano.


title: Chavacano

text: The Zamboangueño variety has been constantly evolving especially during half of the past century until the present. Zamboangueño has been experiencing an infusion of English and more Tagalog words and from other languages worldwide in its vocabulary and there have been debates and discussions among older Chavacano speakers, new generation of Chavacano speakers, scholars, linguists, sociologists, historians, and educators regarding its preservation, cultivation, standardization, and its future as a Spanish-based creole. In 2000, The Instituto Cervantes in Manila hosted a conference entitled "Shedding Light on the Chavacano Language" at the Ateneo de Manila University. Starting school year 2012–13, the Zamboangueño variant has also been taught at schools following the implementation of the Department of Education's policy of Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE). It serves as a medium of instruction from kindergarten to grade 3 and as a separate subject (Mother Tongue) from grades 1 to 3.


title: Chavacano

text: Because of the grammatical structures, Castilian usage, and archaic Spanish words and phrases that Chavacano (especially Zamboangueño) uses, between speakers of both contemporary Spanish and Chavacano who are uninitiated, both languages appear to be non-intelligible to a large extent. For the initiated speakers, Chavacano can be intelligible to some Spanish speakers, and while most Spanish words can easily be understood by Chavacano speakers, many would struggle to understand a complete Spanish sentence.


title: Chavacano

text: The term Chavacano or Chabacano originated from the Spanish word "" which literally means "poor taste", "vulgar", "common", "of low quality", or "coarse". Chavacano has since evolved into a word of its own in different spellings with no negative connotation, but to simply being the name of the language itself (Banquicio, 2021).


title: Chavacano

text: During the Spanish colonial period, what is today called "Chavacano" was also called by the Spanish-speaking population as the ""lenguaje de la calle"", ""lenguaje de parian"" (language of the street), or ""lenguaje de cocina"" (language of the kitchen) to refer to the Chabacano spoken by the people of Manila, particularly in Ermita) to distinguish it from the Spanish language spoken by those of the upper class, which consisted of Spaniards and educated Natives.


title: Chavacano

text: Linguists use the term Philippine Creole Spanish which can be further divided into two geographic classifications: Manila Bay Creoles (which includes Ternateño and Caviteño) and Mindanao Creole (including Zamboangueño). The varieties of the language are geographically related. The Manila Bay Creoles have Tagalog as their substrate language while The Mindanao Creoles have Visayan (mostly Cebuano, Tausug, and Hiligaynon), Subanon, and Sama as their substrate language(s).


title: Chavacano

text: Chavacano/Chabacano speakers themselves have different preferences on whether to spell the language with a V or a B. They emphasise the difference between their variety and others using their own geographical location as a point of reference. Language speakers in Ternate also use the term Bahra to refer to their language and their city. Chavacano varieties usually have their area name attached to the language.


title: Chavacano

text: In Zamboanga City, most people are using the V in spelling the language as Chavacano. In the three-day Chavacano Orthography Congress held on Nov 19–21, 2014, wherein it included the presentation by researchers on Chavacano, mostly results from surveys conducted among selected respondents in the city, the newly organized Chavacano Orthography Council met with the officials of the Department of Education and agreed among others that the language is to be spelled with the V. Most people in support of this move would like to distance their language Chavacano to the word Chabacano which also means ‘vulgar” in Spanish.


title: Chavacano

text: There is no definite conclusion on the precise history of how these different varieties of Chavacano developed.


title: Chavacano

text: Prior to the formation of what is today the Philippines, what existed were a collection of various islands and different ethnolinguistic groups inhabiting them. The Spanish colonisation of the Philippine islands had led to the presence of the Spanish language in the islands. Though Spanish was the language of the government, the various languages originating and found in the islands remained the mother tongue of the various inhabitants. Instead of using Spanish to spread Christianity, Spanish missionaries preferred to learn the various local languages. With over 300 years of Spanish colonial rule, the Spanish language came to influence the various Philippine languages to varying degrees by way of aspects like new loanwords and expressions.


title: Chavacano

text: Creole languages (such as French-based creoles) have formed at various points in time around the world due to colonialism. As a result of contact between speakers of two mutually non-intelligible languages, creole languages have evolved in some cases to facilitate communication. This usually involves taking the vocabulary of another language and grammatical features of the native language. In contrast to the numerous French-based creole languages, only three creole languages have been found to be Spanish-based or heavily influenced: Papiamento, Palenquero, and Chavacano. In the Philippines, a major difficulty in tracing the development of Chabacano is the confusion attributed to in accounts of travelers to the Philippines between a coherent creole language, `broken Spanish', and fluent Spanish. The earliest believed attestation of a coherent creole language spoken in Cavite City comes from the Augustinian priest Martínez de Zúñiga who in his 1803 accounts of his travels in the Philippines, "Estadismos de las Islas Filipinas", notes that "In Cavite and in its suburb of San Roque, a very corrupted Spanish is spoken, whose phraseology is entirely taken from the language of the country". Mentions of a vernacular referred to as "kitchen Spanish" and "language of the market" (referring to the Manila variety), or other terms are found in a number of texts of the 19th century. However, the kind of vernacular referred to by these terms are imprecise and these terms may refer to a fully fledged creole or to a Spanish-pidgin spoken by Chinese and Filipino merchants.


title: Chavacano

text: The manner of formation of this type of speech found in a number of communities around the Philippines remains unclear today. A sample of what is today called "Chabacano" may be found in dialogues contained in chapters 18 ("Supercherías") and 28 ("Tatakut") of Filipino writer José Rizal's 1891 work "El Filibusterismo". The dialogue found in chapter 18 is:


title: Chavacano

text: In the 1883 work of German linguist Hugo Schuchardt "Uber das Malaiospanische der Philippinen", he presents fragments of texts and comments of what he calls "Malayo-Spanish". However, the first to give a general study and investigation of the varieties of Chavacano as a group was by Keith Whinnom in his 1956 work "The Spanish Contact Vernaculars in the Philippine Islands ". Whinnom gives an overall view of the history and grammar of what he calls "Ermitaño" of Ermita in Manila, "Caviteño" of Cavite and "Zamboangueño" of Zamboanga. In it, he also postulated his monogenetic theory on the origin of these vernaculars.


title: Chavacano

text: Linguists are unsettled on how these vernaculars formed and how they connect to one another, if any. There are many theories but the two main theories of the origin of Chavacano are: Whinnom's "monogenetic theory" and a "parallel-development" theory proposed by Frake in 1971.


title: Chavacano

text: According to the Monogentic theory or one-way theory advanced by Whinnom, all varieties of Chavacano result from a single source and that varieties are related to each other.


title: Chavacano

text: The parallel development theory or two-way theory as advocated by Frake in 1971, the variants found in Luzon and Mindanao had evolved autonomously from each other.


title: Chavacano

text: On 23 June 1635, Zamboanga City became a permanent foothold of the Spanish government with the construction of the San José Fortress. Bombardment and harassment from pirates and raiders of the sultans of Mindanao and Jolo and the determination to spread Christianity further south (as Zamboanga was a crucial strategic location) of the Philippines forced the Spanish missionary friars to request reinforcements from the colonial government.


title: Chavacano

text: The military authorities decided to import labour from Luzon and the Visayas. Thus, the construction workforce eventually consisted of Spanish, Mexican and Peruvian soldiers, masons from Cavite (who comprised the majority), sacadas from Cebu and Iloilo, and those from the various local tribes of Zamboanga like the Samals and Subanons.


title: Chavacano

text: Language differences made it difficult for one ethnic group to communicate with another. To add to this, work instructions were issued in Spanish. The majority of the workers were unschooled and therefore did not understand Spanish but needed to communicate with each other and the Spaniards. A pidgin developed and became a full-fledged creole language still in use today as a lingua franca and/or as official language, mainly in Zamboanga City.


title: Chavacano

text: When the Sultanate of Sulu gave up its territories in Sulu Archipelago to Spain within late 1700s (Sulu Sultanate gave up Basilan to Spain in 1762, while Sulu and Tawi-tawi were not given up by sultanate because the Sulu Sultanate only recognised partial Spanish sovereignty to Sulu and Tawi-tawi), Spanish settlers and soldiers brought the language to the region until Spain, Germany, and United Kingdom signed an agreement named the Madrid Protocol of 1885 that recognised Spanish rule of Sulu Archipelago. Chavacano becomes a lingua franca of Sulu Archipelago (composing of Sulu, Tawi-tawi, Basilan); although North Borneo (now Sabah) is not included on the Spanish East Indies area as stated on the Protocol and control by the United Kingdom, Chavacano has still a little impact in Semporna.


title: Chavacano

text: From then on, constant Spanish military reinforcements as well as increased presence of Spanish religious and educational institutions have fostered the Spanish creole.


title: Chavacano

text: The Merdicas (also spelled Mardicas or Mardikas) were Catholic natives of the islands of Ternate and Tidore of the Moluccas in the vicinity of New Guinea, converted during the Portuguese occupation of the islands by Jesuit missionaries. The islands were later captured by the Spanish who vied for their control with the Dutch. In 1663, the Spanish garrison in Ternate were forced to pull out to defend Manila against an impending invasion by Koxinga, the new ruler of Kingdom of Tungning in Formosa (Taiwan) (sacrificing the Moluccas to the Dutch in doing so). A number of Merdicas volunteered to help, eventually being resettled in a sandbar near the mouth of the Maragondon river (known as the "Barra de Maragondon") and Tanza, Cavite, Manila.


title: Chavacano

text: The invasion did not occur as Koxinga fell ill and died. The Merdicas community eventually integrated into the local population. Today, the place is called Ternate after the island of Ternate in the Moluccas, and the descendants of the Merdicas continue to use their Spanish creole (with Portuguese influence) which came to be known as Caviteño or Ternateño Chavacano.


title: Chavacano

text: The following is sample of Ermitaño taken from the April 1917 publication of "The Philippine Review", the poem was written by the Filipino Spanish-language writer Jesús Balmori (who also wrote other texts in Ermitaño) and is entitled "Na Maldito Arena":


title: Chavacano

text: Ta sumí el sol na fondo del mar, y el mar, callao el boca. Ta jugá con su mana marejadas com'un muchacha nerviosa con su mana pulseras. El viento no mas el que ta alborota, el viento y el pecho de Felisa que ta lleno de sampaguitas na fuera y lleno de suspiros na dentro...


title: Chavacano

text: According to Keith Whinnom's "Spanish contact vernaculars in the Philippine Islands" (1956), there were reportedly still an estimated 12,000 speakers in 1942 of Ermitaño. After World War II, much of Manila was destroyed and its citizens displaced. This variety is considered to be virtually extinct.


title: Chavacano

text: Puede nisós hablá: que grande nga palá el sacrificio del mga héroes para niso independencia. Debe nga palá no niso ulvida con ilos. Ansina ya ba numa? Debe hací niso mga cosa para dale sabí que ta aprecia niso con el mga héroes. Que preparáo din niso hací sacrificio para el pueblo. ¿Qué laya? ¿Escribí mga novela como José Rizal?


title: Chavacano

text: Nosotros podemos decir qué grandes sacrificios ofrecieron nuestros héroes para obtener nuestra independencia. Entonces, no nos olvidemos de ellos. ¿Como lo logramos? Necesitamos hacer cosas para que sepan que apreciamos a nuestros héroes; que estamos preparados tambien a sacrificar por la nación. ¿Cómo lo haremos? ¿Hay que escribir también novelas como José Rizal?


title: Chavacano

text: We can say what great sacrifices our heroes have done to achieve our independence. We should therefore not forget them. How do we do that? We should do things to let it be known that we appreciate the heroes; that we are prepared to make sacrifices for our people. How? Should we write novels like José Rizal?


title: Chavacano

text: Below are samples of dialogues and sentences of Davaoeño in two spoken forms: Castellano Abakay Chino (Chinese style) by the Chinese speakers of Chabacano and Castellano Abakay Japon (Japanese style) by the Japanese speakers.


title: Chavacano

text: Chavacano (especially Zamboangueño) has two registers or sociolects: The common, colloquial, vulgar or familiar and the formal register/sociolects. Broadly speaking, the formal register is closer to Spanish, and the colloquial register to the local Austronesian languages.


title: Chavacano

text: In the common, colloquial, vulgar or familiar register/sociolect, words of local origin or a mixture of local and Spanish words predominate. The common or familiar register is used ordinarily when conversing with people of equal or lower status in society. It is also used more commonly in the family, with friends and acquaintances. Its use is of general acceptance and usage.


title: Chavacano

text: In the formal register/sociolect, words of Spanish origin or Spanish words predominate. The formal register is used especially when conversing with people of higher status in society. It is also used when conversing with elders (especially in the family and with older relatives) and those in authority. It is more commonly used by older generations, by Zamboangueño mestizos, and in the barrios. It is the form used in speeches, education, media, and writing. The formal register used in conversation is sometimes mixed with some degree of colloquial register.


title: Chavacano

text: The following examples show a contrast between the usage of formal words and common or familiar words in Chavacano:


title: Chavacano

text: Chavacano is written using the Latin script. As Chavacano has mostly been a spoken language than a written one, multiple ways of writing the different varieties of Chavacano exist. Most published Chavacano texts utilize spelling systems nearly identical to Spanish, adjusting certain spellings of words to reflect how they are pronounced by native Chavacano speakers. Since the propagation of the usage of the Filipino language in education and the media as the national language, Filipino's orthography has affected how certain persons might spell Chavacano, especially since recent generations have grown unfamiliar with Spanish orthography; Most published works, and the general media, however more often retain Spanish-based spelling systems.


title: Chavacano

text: The kind of writing system used to write Chavacano may differ according to the writer of the text. Writing may be written using a Spanish-derived writing system, where all words (including words of local origin) are spelled adhering to basic Spanish orthographic rules; it may also be written "phonetically", similar to the modern orthography of Filipino; another writing style uses a mixture of the two, spelling words based on an etymological approach, using phonetic spelling for words of Filipino origin and Spanish spelling rules for words of Spanish origin.


title: Chavacano

text: in Zamboanga, an etymological-based approach was formally recently endorsed by the local city government and this is the system used in public schools as part of the mother-tongue policy of the Department of Education for kindergarten to grade 3. In principle, words of Spanish origin are to be spelled using Spanish rules while Chavacano words of local origin are spelled in the manner according to their origin. Thus, the letter "k" appear mostly in words of Austronesian origin or in loanwords from other Philippine languages (words such as "kame", "kita", "kanamon", "kaninyo").


title: Chavacano

text: It is uncommon in modern written works to include the acute accent and the trema in writing except in linguistic or highly formalized texts. Also, the letters "ñ" and "ll" are sometimes replaced by "ny" and "ly" in informal texts.


title: Chavacano

text: Other letter combinations include "rr" (erre), which is pronounced or , and "ng," which is pronounced . Another combination was "ñg," which was pronounced but is now obsolete and is only written as "ng".


title: Chavacano

text: Some sounds are not represented in the Chavacano written language. These sounds are mostly in words of Philippine and foreign origin. Furthermore, the pronunciation of some words of Spanish origin have become distorted or Philippinized in modern Chavacano. Some vowels have become allophonized ('e' and 'o' becomes 'i' and 'u' in some words) and some consonants have changed their pronunciation. (i.e. "escoger" became "iscují" in informal speech; "tiene" ; "Dios" ; "Castilla" became instead of ).


title: Chavacano

text: Glottal stops, as in Filipino languages, are not also indicated (â, ê, î, ô, û). These sounds are mainly found in words of Philippine origin and are only indicated in dictionaries (i.e. jendê = not; olê = again) and when they are, the circumflex accent is used.


title: Chavacano

text: Chavacano is a language with the verb–subject–object sentence order. This is because it follows the Hiligaynon or Tagalog grammatical structures. However, the subject–verb–object order does exist in Chavacano but only for emphasis purposes (see below). New generations have been slowly and vigorously using the S-V-O pattern mainly because of the influence of the English language. These recent practices have been most prevalent and evident in the mass media particularly among Chavacano newswriters who translate news leads from English or Tagalog to Chavacano where the "who" is emphasized more than the "what". Because the mass media represent "legitimacy", it is understood by Chavacano speakers (particularly Zamboangueños) that the S-V-O sentence structure used by Chavacano journalists is standardized.


title: Chavacano

text: Chavacano generally follows the simple verb–subject–object or verb–object–subject sentence structure typical of Hiligaynon or Tagalog in declarative affirmative sentences:


title: Chavacano

text: The subject always appears after the verb, and in cases where pronominal subjects (such as personal pronouns) are used in sentences, they will never occur before the verb:


title: Chavacano

text: When the predicate of the sentence is negated, Chavacano uses the words hindê (from Tagalog ’hindi’ or Hiligaynon 'indi' which means ’no’; the Cebuano uses 'dili', which shows its remoteness from Chavacano as compared to Hiligaynon) to negate the verb in the present tense, no hay (which literally means ’none’) to negate the verb that was supposed to happen in the past, and hindê or nunca (which means ’no’ or ’never’) to negate the verb that will not or will never happen in the future respectively. This manner of negating the predicate always happens in the verb–subject–object or verb–object–subject sentence structure:


title: Chavacano

text: The negator hindê can appear before the subject in a subject–verb–object structure to negate the subject rather than the predicate in the present, past, and future tenses:


title: Chavacano

text: The negator nunca can appear before the subject in a subject–verb–object structure to strongly negate (or denote impossibility) the subject rather than the predicate in the future tense:


title: Chavacano

text: The negator no hay and nunca can also appear before the subject to negate the predicate in a subject–verb–object structure in the past and future tenses respectively. Using nunca before the subject to negate the predicate in a subject–verb–object structure denotes strong negation or impossibility for the subject to perform the action in the future:


title: Chavacano

text: The Chavacano definite article el precedes a singular noun or a plural marker (for a plural noun). The indefinite article un stays constant for gender as 'una' has almost completely disappeared in Chavacano, except for some phrases like "una vez". It also stays constant for number as for singular nouns. In Chavacano, it is quite common for el and un to appear together before a singular noun, the former to denote certainty and the latter to denote number:


title: Chavacano

text: Nouns in Chavacano are not always preceded by articles. Without an article, a noun is a generic reference:


title: Chavacano

text: Proper names of persons are preceded by the definite article si or the phrase un tal functioning as an indefinite article would:


title: Chavacano

text: Unlike in Spanish, Chavacano nouns derived from Spanish do not follow gender rules in general. In Zamboangueño, the article 'el' basically precedes every singular noun. However, this rule is not rigid (especially in Zamboangueño) because the formal vocabulary mode wherein Spanish words predominate almost always is the preferred mode especially in writing. The Spanish article 'la' for feminine singular nouns does exist in Chavacano, though it occurs rarely and mostly in the formal medium of writing, such as poems and lyrics. When accompanying a Spanish feminine noun, the 'la' as the article is more tolerated than acceptable. Among the few exceptions where the 'la' occurs is as a formal prefix when addressing the Blessed Virgin Mary, perhaps more as an emphasis of her importance in Christian devotion. But the real article is still the 'el', which makes this use of a "double article" quite unique. Thus it is common to hear the Blessed Virgin addressed in Chavacano as 'el La Virgen Maria' (the "L" of the 'la' capitalized to signify its permanent position within the noun compound). In general, though, when in doubt, the article 'el' is always safe to use. Compare:


title: Chavacano

text: And just like Spanish, Chavacano nouns can have gender but only when referring to persons. However, they are always masculine in the sense (Spanish context) that they are generally preceded by the article 'el'. Places and things are almost always masculine. The -o is dropped in masculine nouns and -a is added to make the noun feminine:


title: Chavacano

text: Not all nouns referring to persons can become feminine nouns. In Chavacano, some names of persons are masculine (because of the preceding article 'el' in Spanish context) but do not end in -o.


title: Chavacano

text: Names of places and things can be either masculine or feminine, but they are considered masculine in the Spanish context because the article 'el' always precedes the noun:


title: Chavacano

text: In Chavacano, plural nouns (whether masculine or feminine in Spanish context) are preceded by the retained singular masculine Spanish article 'el'. The Spanish articles 'los' and 'las' have almost disappeared. They have been replaced by the modifier (a plural marker) 'maga/mana' which precedes the singular form of the noun. Maga comes from the native Hiligaynon 'maga' or the Tagalog 'mga'. The formation of the Chavacano plural form of the noun (el + maga/mana + singular noun form) applies whether in common, familiar or formal mode. It may be thought of as roughly equivalent to saying in English, "the many (noun)" instead of "the (noun)s", and in fact "the many (noun)s" is used more in Philippine English than elsewhere.


title: Chavacano

text: There are some Chavacano speakers (especially older Caviteño or Zamboangueño speakers) who would tend to say 'mana' for 'maga'. 'Mana' is accepted and quite common, especially among older speakers, but when in doubt, the modifier 'maga' to pluralize nouns is safer to use.


title: Chavacano

text: Again, this rule is not rigid (especially in the Zamboangueño formal mode). The articles 'los' or 'las' do exist sometimes before nouns that are pluralized in the Spanish manner, and their use is quite accepted:


title: Chavacano

text: In Chavacano, it is common for some nouns to become doubled when pluralized (called "Reduplication", a characteristic of the Malayo-Polynesian family of languages):


title: Chavacano

text: But note that in some cases, this "reduplication" signifies a difference in meaning. For example, 'el maga bata' means 'the children' but 'el maga bata-bata' means one's followers or subordinates, as is a gang or mob.


title: Chavacano

text: In general, the suffixes -s, -as, -os to pluralize nouns in Spanish have also almost disappeared in Chavacano. However, the formation of plural nouns with suffixes ending in -s, -as, and -os are accepted. Basically, the singular form of the noun is retained, and it becomes plural because of the preceding modifier/plural marker 'maga' or 'mana':


title: Chavacano

text: Adding the suffix -es to some nouns is quite common and accepted. Nouns ending in -cion can also be pluralized by adding the suffix -es:


title: Chavacano

text: However, it is safer to use the general rule (when in doubt) of retaining the singular form of the noun preceded by the modifier/plural marker 'maga' or 'mana':


title: Chavacano

text: Chavacano pronouns are based on Spanish and native sources; many of the pronouns are not used in either but may be derived in part.


title: Chavacano

text: In contrast to the other varieties of Chavacano, the variety spoken in Zamboanga uses more pronouns derived from a native Philippine language (I.e. Hiligaynon) in addition to Spanish. In Zamboangueño, there are three different levels of usage for certain pronouns depending on the level of familiarity between the speaker and the addressee, the status of both in family and society, or the mood of the speaker and addressee at the particular moment: "common", "familiar", and "formal". The common forms are, particularly in the second and third person plural, derived from Cebuano while most familiar and formal forms are from Spanish. The "common forms" are used to address a person below or of equal social or family status or to someone is who is acquainted. The common forms are used to regard no formality or courtesy in conversation. Its use can also mean rudeness, impoliteness or offensiveness. The "familiar forms" are used to address someone of equal social or family status. It indicates courteousness, and is commonly used in public conversations, the broadcast media, and in education. The "formal forms" are used to address someone older and/or higher in social or family status. It is the form used in writing.


title: Chavacano

text: Additionally, Zamboangueño is the only variety of Chavacano which distinguishes between the inclusive we ("kita") – including the person spoken to (the addressee) – and the exclusive we ("kame") – excluding the person spoken to (the addressee) – in the first person plural except in the formal form where "nosotros" is used for both.


title: Chavacano

text: The usage modes also exist in the possessive pronouns especially in Zamboangueño. "Amon", "Aton", "ila" and "inyo" are obviously of Hiligaynon but not Cebuano origins, and when used as pronouns, they are of either the common or familiar mode. The inclusive and exclusive characteristics peculiar to Zamboangueño appear again in the 1st person plural. Below is a table of the possessive pronouns in the Chavacano de Zamboanga:


title: Chavacano

text: In Zamboangueño, Chavacano verbs are mostly Spanish in origin. In contrast with the other varieties, there is rarely a Zamboangueño verb that is based on or has its origin from other Philippine languages. Hence, verbs contribute much of the Spanish vocabulary in Chavacano de Zamboanga.


title: Chavacano

text: Generally, the simple form of the Zamboangueño verb is based upon the infinitive of the Spanish verb, minus the final /r/. For example, "continuar", "hablar", "poner", "recibir", and "llevar" become "continuá", "hablá", "poné", "recibí", and "llevá" with the accent called "acento agudo" on the final syllable.


title: Chavacano

text: There are some rare exceptions. Some verbs are not derived from infinitives but from words that are technically Spanish phrases or from other Spanish verbs. For example, "dar" (give) does not become 'da' but "dale" (give) (literally in Spanish, to "give it" [verb phrase]). In this case, "dale" has nothing to do with the Spanish infinitive "dar". The Chavacano "brinca" (to hop) is from Spanish "brincar" which means the same thing.


title: Chavacano

text: Chavacano of Zamboangueño uses the words "ya" (from Spanish "ya" [already]), "ta" (from Spanish "está" [is]), and "ay" plus the simple form of the verb to convey the basic tenses of past, present, and future respectively:


title: Chavacano

text: Caviteño uses the words "ya", "ta", and "di" plus the simple form of the verb to convey the basic tenses of past, present, and future respectively:


title: Chavacano

text: While Bahra uses the words "a", "ta", and "di" plus the simple form of the verb to convey the basic tenses of past, present, and future respectively:


title: Chavacano

text: Unlike in the Zamboangueño, Caviteño, and Bahra, Castellano Abakay (Davaoeño) doesn't have the "ya" and "ta" prefix. The infinitives and their conjugations are somehow retained, and there are some that have simplified conjugations:


title: Chavacano

text: In Zamboangueño, there are three ways to express that the verb is in the present perfect. First, "ya" can appear both before and after the main verb to express that in the present perspective, the action has already been completed somewhere in the past with the accent falling on the final "ya". Second, "ta" and "ya" can appear before and after the verb respectively to express that the action was expected to happen in the past (but did not happen), is still expected to happen in the present, and actually the expectation has been met (the verb occurs in the present). And third, a verb between "ta" and "pa" means an action started in the past and still continues in the present:


title: Chavacano

text: The past perfect exists in Zamboangueño. The words "antes" (before) and "despues" (after) can be used between two sentences in the simple past form to show which verb came first. The words "antes" (before) and "despues" (after) can also be used between a sentence in the present perfect using "ya" + verb + "ya" and another sentence in the simple past tense:


title: Chavacano

text: Zamboangueño Chavacano uses a verb between "hay" and "ya" to denote the future perfect and past perfect respectively:


title: Chavacano

text: As illustrated above, active (causative) voice is formed by placing the doer "el maga soldao" before the verb phrase "ya mata" and then the object "el criminal" as indicated by the particle "con"


title: Chavacano

text: Chabacano has preserved plenty of archaic Spanish phrases and words in its vocabulary that modern Spanish no longer uses; for example:


title: Chavacano

text: On the other hand, some words from the language spoken in Spain have evolved or have acquired totally different meanings in Chavacano. Hence, for Castillian speakers who would encounter Chavacano speakers, some words familiar to them have become false friends. Some examples of false friends are:


Chavacano


title: Camille Keaton

text: Camille Keaton (born July 20, 1947) is an American actress and model. She is best known for her role as Jennifer Hills in the controversial 1978 film "I Spit on Your Grave". She began her career in Italy, making her film debut as Solange Beauregard in the giallo film "What Have You Done to Solange?" (1972), and starred in several other Italian horror films through the early 1970s. In 2015, Keaton reprised her role as Jennifer Hills for the film, "", which was released in 2019.


title: Camille Keaton

text: Keaton was born July 20, 1947 in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. She attended middle school in Eudora, Arkansas until 1960 when her family moved to Atlanta, Georgia.


title: Camille Keaton

text: In 1969, she was involved in a major car accident that left her with facial scarring. Keaton once worked as a hostess for Amtrak.


title: Camille Keaton

text: Keaton relocated to Italy in 1971, where she had signed with a talent agent, and appeared in several commercials. Her debut role was in 1972 playing the role of Solange, a missing woman, in Massimo Dallamano's movie of the giallo genre entitled "What Have You Done to Solange?" Though a small role, her delicate and fragile physique got immediate attention. Robert Marcucci says of her role as Solange, "She truly steals every scene she's in, simply drifting in and out of each of her scenes, her face and mannerisms mysterious and alluring." The same year, she appeared as the lead in the Italian horror film "Tragic Ceremony" (1972).


title: Camille Keaton

text: In November 1972, Keaton was a centerfold in the Italian men's entertainment magazine "Playmen". In September 1974, she was on the cover of "Playmen". Keaton returned to the United States in 1975, settling in New York City. She then appeared as Jennifer Hills, a rape victim who wreaks bloody vengeance on her attackers, in the controversial exploitation film "I Spit On Your Grave" (1978), directed by her then-husband, Meir Zarchi. For her performance, she won the "Medalla Sitges en Plata de Ley" (Sitges Sterling Silver Medal) Best Actress award at the 1978 Sitges - Catalan International Film Festival.


title: Camille Keaton

text: After the release of "I Spit On Your Grave", Keaton moved with husband Zarchi to Los Angeles, California.


title: Camille Keaton

text: In 2012, Keaton appeared in an uncredited role in Rob Zombie's "The Lords of Salem", and has also appeared in the films "Chop" (2011) and "The Butterfly Room" (2013).


title: Camille Keaton

text: Her most recent films include Samuel Farmer's home-invasion thriller "The Last House" (2019), "Terror in Woods Creek" (2017), "Blood River" (2013), "Plan 9" (2015), and writer/director Jake Zelch's reimagining of Keaton's infamous 1993 film "Savage Vengeance" (2020).


title: Camille Keaton

text: In 1979, Keaton married Israeli filmmaker Meir Zarchi, the director of "I Spit on Your Grave"; they divorced in 1982. She was married to film producer Sidney Luft from March 20, 1993 until his death on September 15, 2005.


title: Douglas Smith (actor)

text: Douglas Alexander Smith is a Canadian actor known for his work on the HBO series "Big Love" as Ben Henrickson. His other work includes "", "Terminator Genisys", "Vinyl", "Miss Sloane", "When We Rise", "The Alienist" and the second season of HBO's "Big Little Lies".


title: Douglas Smith (actor)

text: Smith was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the son of Terrea (née Oster), an American-born teacher, and Maurice Smith, a producer of low-budget films who is originally from the United Kingdom. Smith's mother appeared in several of the films that his father produced during the 1980s. He is the younger brother of actor Gregory Smith.


title: Douglas Smith (actor)

text: Smith has been acting since he was cast as Malvolio in his fourth grade production of Shakespeare's comedy "Twelfth Night". Audiences first saw him on the big screen as a young version of Brendan Fraser's character in "Blast from the Past" (1999). As a teenager, he went to Australia to play the lead role as an American boy living in Australia in a series called "Out There". Early in his career, Smith made several appearances on television procedurals, including "", "", "Close to Home", "Family Law", "The X-Files", "Crossing Jordan", and "Cold Case".


title: Douglas Smith (actor)

text: Smith is known for his regular role as Ben Henrickson on the HBO series "Big Love", which aired for five seasons. He also played the role of Edward Porris in Brandon Cronenberg's directorial debut, "Antiviral". The film competed in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival and took home the award for Best First Canadian Feature at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival.


title: Douglas Smith (actor)

text: In late 2012, Smith filmed the musical/comedy/horror film "Stage Fright". He played the roles of both Metal Killer and Buddy, performing two musical numbers in the film. "Stage Fright" premiered at the 2014 SXSW Film Festival and was released by Magnolia Pictures.


title: Douglas Smith (actor)

text: In 2013, he starred as Tyson, the cyclops half-brother of Percy Jackson in the film "". He also began production for his lead role in the horror film "Ouija" for Universal/Platinum Dunes at the end of 2013.


title: Douglas Smith (actor)

text: An alumnus of RADA's Shakespeare Summer School, Smith made his off Broadway debut in 2014, starring in the New York premiere of Simon Stephens' "Punk Rock" at the Lucille Lortel Theatre in the West Village. He played William Carlisle. The production and Smith's performance received favorable reviews. David Rooney of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote, "In such an exemplary cast, it's unfair to single out any one of the seven principal actors for special praise. But Smith, best known for HBO's "Big Love", is sad, scary and transfixing." The production was nominated for both OBIE and Drama League Awards.


title: Douglas Smith (actor)

text: In 2015, Smith played a minor role in "Terminator Genisys". He had a significant arc on HBO's "Vinyl" in 2016. He then returned to the horror genre in "The Bye Bye Man", where he starred in the role of Elliot.


title: Douglas Smith (actor)

text: In 2017, he portrayed Dustin Lance Black in "When We Rise", an eight-part docudrama based on the memoirs of LGBT activist Cleve Jones directed by Gus Van Sant, Dustin Lance Black, Dee Rees and Thomas Schlamme. Soon after, Smith joined the cast of "The Alienist," a 19th-century crime drama created by Cary Fukunaga based on the 1994 novel "The Alienist". His turn as one half of the darkly comedic Isaacson duo earned praise from critics like David Nevins of "The Guardian" who, in his review of the show, wrote: "Two of the best performances, though, are those of Matthew Shear and Douglas Smith as the brothers Isaacson, two bright and innovative Jewish forensic science specialists who stick out like sore thumbs in the very Irish-Catholic environs of Manhattan law enforcement."


title: Douglas Smith (actor)

text: In 2019, Smith played an integral role in the second season of HBO's "Big Little Lies" as Corey Brockfield, a co-worker and love interest of main character Jane Chapman. He, along with the rest of the cast, were nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series.


title: Douglas Smith (actor)

text: In 2022, he played the supporting role of Bill Johnson in Olivia Wilde's film "Don't Worry Darling". He also starred in the musical drama "The Swearing Jar", which premiered at the 2022 Toronto International Film Festival.


title: Bern Nadette Stanis

text: Bernnadette Stanis, also billed as Bern Nadette Stanis (born Bernadette Stanislaus, December 22, 1953), is an American actress and author. Stanis is best known for her role as Thelma Evans, the only daughter of Florida and James Evans Sr. on the CBS sitcom "Good Times" which originally ran from 1974 to 1979. Stanis is the author of four books: "Situations 101: Relationships, The Good, The Bad & The Ugly"; "For Men Only"; "Situations 101: Finances"; and "The Last Night".


title: Bern Nadette Stanis

text: One of five children, Stanis was born and raised in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, New York City. Her paternal grandparents were from Carriacou in the Grenadine Islands. She attended Erasmus Hall High School and later attended the Juilliard School. As a teen, Stanis entered Miss Black America pageants, and went on to become Miss Brooklyn, a title with which she became first runner-up in the Miss New York state pageant.


title: Bern Nadette Stanis

text: Stanis played the role of Thelma Ann Evans on the CBS sitcom "Good Times" from February 1974 to August 1979. After the series ended, she made appearances on television shows including "The Cosby Show" and "What's Happening Now!!". She and former co-star Jimmie Walker lent their voices to a radio spot for AT&T, and Stanis went on to do a Nationwide Insurance commercial. Stanis has been featured in promotions for the TV One network, and in a "Thelma" promotion that aired September 19, 2009, alongside actress Anna Maria Horsford in the "Battle of the Thelmas" that aired their weddings from their respective TV series. (Horsford portrayed "Thelma Frye" in the TV series "Amen".) During the "Way Black Then" promotions in February 2010 in honor of Black History Month, she and Walker appeared on the program "Color TV" to share their memories and thoughts on "Good Times". She later appeared on the TV One show "Life After". In July 2016, Stanis appeared on an episode of Centric's "Being", discussing her life and career.


title: Bern Nadette Stanis

text: Stanis has been married four times. Her first marriage was to high-school sweetheart Thomas Fauntleroy from June 1974 until 1978, then to Brooklyn nightclub owner Darnell Johnson in January 1979. Stanis' third marriage was to mechanical engineer Terrence Redd. Stanis gave birth to their daughter Dior Ravel circa April 1982. The couple later divorced. Her fourth husband is Kevin Fontana; an article in 2012 said they had been married 31 years, but other sources (cited above) state that Stanis was married to Redd circa 1981. Stanis also has a second child, daughter Brittany Rose. Stanis currently lives in Atlanta, Georgia with her children.


title: Jonah Bobo

text: Jonah Bobo (born January 24, 1997) is an American actor and musician. He is best known for his roles as Danny Budwing in the 2005 film "", Robbie Weaver in the 2011 film "Crazy, Stupid, Love", and the voice of Austin on the Nick Jr. series "The Backyardigans".


title: Jonah Bobo

text: Bobo is from Roosevelt Island, New York and was raised in an Orthodox Jewish household. His father works in software, while his mother is a physical therapist and personal trainer. Bobo's paternal great-grandmother was businesswoman and philanthropist Salha "Mama" Bobo.


title: Jonah Bobo

text: His first film role was in "The Best Thief in the World". He co-starred in "Around the Bend", portraying the youngest of a four-generation family. Bobo was subsequently cast in "" as Danny Budwing.


title: Jonah Bobo

text: Bobo's next role was in "Strangers with Candy". He portrayed young Victor Mancini in "Choke". He has also made an appearance on "30 Rock" as a paparazzo named Ethan. He appeared on Roosevelt Island in the play "Seussical, Jr." at the Main Street Theatre and Dance Alliance. He was also on the 5th episode of "Royal Pains". From 2005 to 2013, Bobo voiced Austin on Nickelodeon's "The Backyardigans". In 2011, he appeared in "Crazy, Stupid, Love" as Robbie.


title: Jonah Bobo

text: Bobo is also a musician, composer and theatre artist, with his theatrical work being awarded distinctions by the Richard Rodgers Award Foundation and the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center. In September 2021, Bobo released his debut album "Newgrass Suite".


title: 2022 Baltimore Ravens season

text: The 2022 season is the Baltimore Ravens' 27th in the National Football League (NFL) and their 15th under head coach John Harbaugh. They improved on their 8–9 record from the previous season after their 9th victory in week 14. They are also attempting to make the playoffs after missing them the previous year as well as win their first division title since 2019.


title: 2022 Baltimore Ravens season

text: The Ravens' three preseason victories extended their preseason winning streak to 23 games, which is an NFL record.


title: 2022 Baltimore Ravens season

text: After a somewhat slow start, the Ravens outscored the Jets, who were led by former Ravens QB Joe Flacco, 21–3 in the 2nd and 3rd quarters enroute to a 24–9 season opening victory. Lamar Jackson threw for 213 yards, three touchdowns, and an interception; the first two touchdowns went to Devin Duvernay while the third one was caught by Rashod Bateman. With the win, the Ravens started the season 1–0 and snapped a six game losing streak which dated back to Week 12 of the previous season.


title: 2022 Baltimore Ravens season

text: Despite leading 35–14 heading into the fourth quarter, the Dolphins outscored the Ravens 28–3 in the fourth quarter, allowing a go-ahead touchdown with 14 seconds left in the game, making the final score 42–38. Jackson threw for 318 yards, three touchdowns, and rushed for 119 yards and a touchdown and surpassed Michael Vick for the most 100-yard rushing games by a quarterback with his 79-yard touchdown run in the third quarter in a losing effort. With the loss, the Ravens dropped to 1–1 and lost their second straight game against the Dolphins.


title: 2022 Baltimore Ravens season

text: This was the Ravens' first regular season road win in Foxborough, and their first road win against the Patriots since the 2012 AFC Championship Game.


title: 2022 Baltimore Ravens season

text: The Ravens blew a 20–3 lead and lost to Josh Allen and the Bills, 23–20, on a 21-yard field goal by Tyler Bass. With the loss, the Ravens fell to an even 2–2.


title: 2022 Baltimore Ravens season

text: The Ravens survived another comeback bid as Justin Tucker kicked the game-winning 43-yard field goal as time expired in a 19–17 win over the Bengals. With the win, the Ravens snapped a six-game home losing streak, improved to 3–2, and moved into first place in the AFC North.


title: 2022 Baltimore Ravens season

text: The Ravens blew their third double-digit lead in five games, losing to the Giants 20–24 following two Lamar Jackson turnovers in the final three minutes of the game. It was Jackson's first loss against an NFC opponent as the Ravens fell to 3–3.


title: 2022 Baltimore Ravens season

text: The Ravens held off the Browns and remained atop the AFC North with a 23–20 home win. Ravens RB Gus Edwards scored two rushing touchdowns in his first game back from injury since the 2020 postseason and LB Malik Harrison blocked a potential game-tying 60-yard field goal by Cade York in the final two minutes of regulation. With the win, the Ravens improved to 4–3.


title: 2022 Baltimore Ravens season

text: After trailing for almost the entire game, mostly due to an injury to Lamar Jackson, the Ravens capped a 91-yard drive with a game-winning touchdown from Tyler Huntley with 28 seconds to go. The win brings the Ravens to 8–4, matching their win total from last year.


title: Danish People's Party

text: The Danish People's Party (, DPP/DF) is a nationalist and right-wing populist political party in Denmark. It was formed in 1995 by former members of the Progress Party (FrP).


title: Danish People's Party

text: The DPP lent its support to the Venstre–Conservative People's Party coalition government that ruled from the general election of 2001 until the 2011 election defeat. While not part of the cabinet, DPP cooperated closely with the governing coalition on most issues and received support for key political stances in return, to the point that the government was commonly referred to as the "VKO-government" (O being DPP's election symbol). It also provided parliamentary support to Lars Løkke Rasmussen's cabinets from 2016 to 2019, again without participating in it.


title: Danish People's Party

text: In the 2014 European Parliament election in Denmark, DPP secured 27% of the vote as part of the European Conservatives and Reformists group. This was followed by receiving 21% of the vote in the 2015 general election, becoming the second largest party in Denmark for the first time. However, since then the party has struggled to reach such levels of support, falling to 3rd place and 10.8% of the vote in the 2019 European Parliament election in Denmark, and to just 8.7% in the 2019 Danish general election, resulting in a loss of 21 seats and a return to opposition. The party would later lose over half of its seats in the 2021 Danish local elections, losing 130 of the 221 it held before the election, achieving just 4.1% of the vote. The party would also suffer a number of defections during 2022, following the rise of the Denmark Democrats. It would receive its worst general election result ever in 2022, when it only won five seats.


title: Danish People's Party

text: The party's popularity has grown since its inception, taking 25 seats in the 179-member Folketing in the 2007 parliamentary election (13.8% of the vote, remaining the third largest party in Denmark). In the 2011 parliamentary election, while maintaining its position as the third largest party, DPP received 12.3% of the vote, marking its first electoral decline.


title: Danish People's Party

text: The Danish People's Party was founded on 6 October 1995, after Pia Kjærsgaard, Kristian Thulesen Dahl, broke out from the Progress Party. Its first national convention was held in Vissenbjerg on 1 June 1996, where Pia Kjærsgaard was unanimously elected as the party's chairman. The party was established in protest over the "anarchistic conditions" of the Progress Party, and its "all or nothing" policies. It was initially seen by many as a "clone" of the Progress Party, but this was soon proved false. In a struggle to be respected as a responsible party able to cooperate with others and distance it from the conditions in the Progress Party, the leadership of the party struck down criticism from its members by means of expulsions. The party saw a highly centralized party leadership as necessary, as it would not tolerate internal conflicts and disagreements with the official strategy.


title: Danish People's Party

text: The party was the first successful parliamentary party in the Nordic countries to relate philosophically more closely to the French "Nouvelle Droite", than to the previous Nordic form of right-wing populism. DPP represented a synthesis of several political currents: the Lutheran movement "Tidehverv" and its related journal, an intellectual nationalist right from the "Danish Association" ("Den Danske Forening") and conservative populists from the Progress Party.


title: Danish People's Party

text: In 1997, the party won about 7% in the municipal elections, and did very well in traditional left-wing municipalities, potentially rivaling the Social Democrats. By 1998, the party had 2,500 registered members. The party made its electoral debut in the 1998 Danish parliamentary election, winning 13 seats and 7.4% of the vote. The party was, however, left with no influence in the formation of a government; it was shut out in large part due to the perception that it was not "stuerent" (i.e. not acceptable or "housebroken").


title: Danish People's Party

text: In the 2001 election, the party won 12% of the vote and 22 seats in parliament. It became the third largest party in the parliament, giving them a key position, as they would have a parliamentary majority together with the Conservative People's Party and Venstre. DPP was favoured by these parties, as it had supported the Venstre candidate for Prime Minister, Anders Fogh Rasmussen, during the election campaign. Eventually, it gave its parliamentary support for a Conservative-Liberal coalition government, headed by Prime Minister Rasmussen, in exchange for the implementation of some of their key demands, first and foremost stricter policies on immigration. The party had a key role in writing the rules and conditions for immigration in the immigration law that was established by the government in May 2002, which it called "Europe's strictest".


title: Danish People's Party

text: In the 2005 election the party further increased their vote, and won 13.2% of the vote and 24 seats. With young first-time voters the party was even more popular, receiving one fifth of their votes. The party continued to support the government, and developed a broader policy base, as it made welfare policies its core issue, together with immigration policies.


title: Danish People's Party

text: In 2006, the party's popularity rose dramatically in opinion polls following the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, at the expense of the Social Democrats. The average of all monthly national polls showed DPP gaining seven seats in parliament from January to February, with the Social Democrats losing an equal amount. This effect, however, somewhat waned with the falling media attention to the cartoons controversy.


title: Danish People's Party

text: In the 2007 parliamentary election, DPP won 13.9% and 25 seats, and again continued to support the Conservative-Liberal government. Thus, in every election since its founding the party has had a steady growth, although the growth rate has stagnated somewhat in recent years. Parties in the political centre, particularly the newly founded New Alliance had sought to become the kingmaker and be able to isolate the immigration policies of DPP, but eventually failed. The party was a member of the Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy (MELD).


title: Danish People's Party

text: In the 2009 elections for the European Parliament the prime candidate for the party, Morten Messerschmidt, won his seat in a landslide with 284,500 personal votes (most votes for any single candidate by any party); thus giving the party a second seat (which went to Anna Rosbach Andersen). The party made a breakthrough from its previous results in European elections, more than doubling its vote to 15.3%, and receiving 2 MEPs.


title: Danish People's Party

text: During the 2015 Danish general election the DPP won 21.08% of the national vote under the leadership of Kristian Thulesen Dahl, the highest since its founding and gained 37 seats putting the party in second place. In the aftermath, the party entered negotiations with Venstre to again provide parliamentary support in return for stricter policies on immigration and the EU. A minority government headed by Lars Løkke Rasmussen was subsequently formed with the DPP, the Liberal Alliance and the Conservative People's Party providing support.


title: Danish People's Party

text: The party suffered a major defeat in the 2019 general election, recording its worst result since 1998. It won just 8.7% of the vote and 16 seats, a net loss of 21 seats since 2015; it fell to third place, just narrowly outpolling the Social Liberals. Some journalists and political commentators opined that the DPP's loss in support was as a result of the party's refusal and indecisiveness on taking direct part in government and the main parties including the Social Democrats adopting many of the DPP's policies on immigration and integration.


title: Danish People's Party

text: In January 2022, Dahl stood down as leader and was replaced by Morten Messerschmidt. In March that year, ten of the DPP's MPs left the party citing Messerschmidt's controversies related to fraud in the European Parliament and what they claimed to be a "toxic working environment" according to MP Liselott Blixt.


title: Danish People's Party

text: In July 2022, a number of the DPP's former MPs (including Peter Skaarup and Jens Henrik Thulesen Dahl) applied to join the new Denmark Democrats party.