title: Jack and Jill

text: Though approximately the words above are what have survived of the nursery rhyme to the present, their sense is preserved at the start of a 15-stanza chapbook, "Jack & Jill and Old Dame Gill", published in 1806. The work dates from the period when children’s literature was beginning to shift from instruction to fun in the wake of the success of "Old Mother Hubbard" and kindred works. This change of emphasis was signalled by the book's coloured illustrations and introductory epigraph: "Read it who will, They’ll laugh their fill". In this version the trio of Jack, Jill, and their mother Dame Gill experience further mishaps involving the dog Ball, an attack from a goat, falls from a see-saw, a swing and a pig, followed by a parental whipping for getting dirty. Many pirated editions of the work followed from both London and provincial presses, accompanied by black and white as well as coloured woodcuts. Sometimes there were several different editions from the same press, such as, for example, the Banbury editions of John Golby Rusher (1784–1877) between 1835–1845. The wording also varied in these, and there were multiplications of the creatures involved in the adventures of the three protagonists – a donkey, a reindeer, a bull, a goose and a camel.


title: Jack and Jill

text: As the decades advanced there were changes in form as well as wording. An 1840s edition from Otley, titled "The adventures of Jack & Jill and old Dame Jill", was written in longer and more circumstantial quatrains of between ten and twelve syllables, rhymed AABB. Among other changes in the poem, Jack's injuries are treated, not with vinegar and brown paper, but "spread all over with sugar and rum".


title: Jack and Jill

text: There were also radical changes in the telling of the story in America. Among the "Juvenile Songs" rewritten and set to music by Fanny E. Lacy (Boston 1852) was a six-stanza version of Jack and Jill. Having related their climb and fall from the hill, the rest of the poem is devoted to a warning against social climbing: "By this we see that folks should be/ Contented with their station,/ And never try to look so high/ Above their situation." There is a similar tendency to moral instruction in the three "chapters" of "Jack and Jill, for old and young" by Lawrence Augustus Gobright (1816–1879), published in Philadelphia in 1873. There the pair have grown up to be a devoted and industrious married couple; the fall is circumstantially explained and the cure afterwards drawn out over many, many quatrains. In the introduction to his work, Gobright makes the claim that the two-stanza version of the original nursery rhyme was, in earlier editions, followed by two more:


title: Jack and Jill

text: No such verses are found in English editions, although they do appear in a later American edition of "Mother Goose's nursery rhymes, tales and jingles" (New York 1902).


title: Jack and Jill

text: Yet another American variation on the story appeared in the "Saint Nicholas Magazine". This was Margaret Johnson's "A New Jack and Jill", in which the brother and sister constantly return with an empty bucket because they have not noticed that there is a hole in it. Clifton Bingham (1859–1913) followed it with "The New Jack and Jill", which appeared in the children’s album "Fun and Frolic" (London and New York, 1900), illustrated by Louis Wain. Here there is a return to the six-line stanza form:


title: Jack and Jill

text: But the cow objects and chases them down again. The exclamatory style used in all three stanzas replicates that used only in the sixth stanza of the popular "Jack and Jill and Old Dame Gill".


title: Jack and Jill

text: A musical arrangement of the rhyme as a catch by Charles Burney was published in 1777, at a date earlier than any still existing copy of "Mother Goose's Melody". But the melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded with the three stanza version by the composer and nursery lore collector James William Elliott in his "National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs" (1870), which was published in America as "Mother Goose Set to Music" the following year. And in 1877 the single-stanza version illustrated by Walter Crane appeared in "The Baby's Opera" (London 1877), which described itself as "a book of old rhymes in new dresses, the music by the earliest masters".


title: Jack and Jill

text: The Victorian composer Alfred James Caldicott, who distinguished himself by setting several nursery rhymes as ingenious part songs, adapted "Jack and Jill" as one in 1878. These works were described by the "Dictionary of National Biography" as a "humorous admixture of childish words and very complicated music…with full use of contrast and the opportunities afforded by individual words". Among American adaptations of his work for female voices, there were settings by E. M. Bowman (New York, 1883) and Charles R. Ford (Boston, 1885). In Canada, Spencer Percival was responsible for a part-song of his own for four voices, first performed in 1882.


title: Jack and Jill

text: Sigmund Spaeth was eventually to have fun with the rhyme by adapting it to a number of bygone musical styles as "The musical adventures of Jack & Jill in Words & Music: A Book of Burlesques", (Simon and Schuster, 1926). These included a Handel aria, Italian operatic and Wagnerian versions. Later on the English composer Geoffrey Hartley (1906–1992) set the original as a chamber piece for horn and two bassoons, or for wind trio (1975), and later reset it as a bassoon trio.


title: Jack and Jill

text: There are several theories concerning the origin of the rhyme. Most such explanations postdate the first publication of the rhyme and have no corroborating evidence. S. Baring-Gould suggested that the rhyme is related to a story in the 13th-century Icelandic "Gylfaginning" in which the brother and sister Hjuki and Bil were stolen by the Moon while drawing water from a well, to be seen there to this day.


title: Jack and Jill

text: Other suggestions rooted in history include a reference to the executions of Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley in 1510, or to a marriage negotiation conducted by Thomas Wolsey in 1514. Alternatively it has been taken to satirise the attempt by King Charles I of England to raise extra revenue by ordering that the volume of a Jack (1/8 pint) be reduced, while the tax remained the same. In consequence of this, the Gill (a quarter pint in liquid measure) "came tumbling after".


title: Jack and Jill

text: There is also a belief in Somerset that the rhyme records events in the village of Kilmersdon when a local girl became pregnant; the putative father is said to have died from a rockfall and the woman afterwards died in childbirth. The local surname of Gilson is therefore taken to derive from Gill's son.


title: Jack and Jill

text: A more prosaic origin of the rhyme is suggested by historian Edward A. Martin, who notes that pails of water may readily have been collected from dew ponds, which were located on the tops of hills.


title: Emily Baldoni

text: Emily Baldoni (née Fuxler, born October 18, 1984) is a Swedish actress currently living in Los Angeles. Before her marriage, she was credited under the name Emily Foxler, a variant spelling of her birth name, Emily Fuxler. She is best known for her leading role in the 2013 film "Coherence".


title: Emily Baldoni

text: She is married to actor and director Justin Baldoni. In June 2015, she gave birth to their first child, a daughter. In October 2017, she gave birth to a son.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: Bank of America Stadium is a 74,867-seat football stadium located on in uptown Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. It is the home facility and headquarters of the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League and Charlotte FC of Major League Soccer. The stadium opened in 1996 as Ericsson Stadium, with Swedish telecom company LM Ericsson initially holding the naming rights. In 2004, Charlotte-based financial services company Bank of America purchased the naming rights under a 20-25-year agreement at $140 million. Former Panthers president Danny Morrison called it a "classic American stadium" due to its bowl design and other features.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: In addition to the Panthers and CLTFC, the stadium hosts the annual Duke's Mayo Bowl, which features teams from the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) and either the Southeastern Conference (SEC) or the Big Ten Conference. The stadium was planned to host the annual ACC Championship Game through at least 2019; the game was moved in 2016 but reinstated in 2017. The ACC announced on May 19, 2022, that Bank of America Stadium would continue to host the championship through at least the 2030 season. The largest crowd to ever attend a football game at the stadium was on September 9, 2018, when 74,532 fans watched the Panthers defeat the Dallas Cowboys 16–8.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: The Panthers organization considered several possible sites for the stadium's location before choosing the Charlotte center city site. Part of the site was occupied by the historic Good Samaritan Hospital. As part of the preparation for the 2019 Equal Justice Initiative Community Remembrance Project, Charlotte historian Michael Moore determined the site was also significant as the location of the city's first known lynching in 1913.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: One alternative was near NASCAR's Charlotte Motor Speedway and the University of North Carolina at Charlotte in northeast Mecklenburg County. Another was at the intersection of I-85 and US 74 in western Gaston County. A popular option was to locate the facility near Carowinds amusement park, with the 50 yard line being on the state border of North Carolina and South Carolina.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: The stadium was originally known as Carolinas Stadium, a name which remains in use for certain events such as FIFA matches. It opened on August 3, 1996 as Ericsson Stadium after Swedish telecom company LM Ericsson purchased the naming rights in a ten-year, $25 million agreement. In 2004, the stadium received its current name after Bank of America purchased the naming rights for 20 years. Since then, many fans now refer to the stadium as "BOA" or "The Bank".


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: Bank of America Stadium has many unique external features. Aspects of the stadium's architecture, such as the three huge main entrances, incorporate the team's colors of black, process blue and silver. Arches that connect column supports on the upper deck resemble the shape of half a football, while several acres of numerous trees and landscaping surround the building. The stadium's architecture and design has been compared to that of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and Soldier Field, among others. It's also received mentions for externally resembling "a fortress" instead of a stadium.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: Each of the stadium's entrances are flanked on both sides by two larger-than-life bronze panther statues, something unique throughout the entire NFL. These six statues are all named "Indomitable Spirit" and were installed in 1996. Each one depicts a crouching, snarling panther with green eyes; they are the largest sculptures ever commissioned in the United States. The names of the team's original PSL owners are engraved into each statue's base.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: Another striking feature the stadium contains are its six light domes. These are found on top of the main entrances, two per entrance, and sit over a hundred feet in the air. Originally, they simply glowed the Panthers' unique 'process blue' every night. As the seasons wore on, the emitted light became less and less impressive and the domes started showing their age. During the 2014 renovations, the domes were rebuilt with LED systems. They can now be seen again projecting process blue nightly in various ways not possible with the original technology.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: Additionally, two people in the Panthers Hall of Honor, former team executive Mike McCormack and former Panthers linebacker and assistant coach Sam Mills, are honored with life-sized bronze statues outside the stadium. Before the 2014 renovations, the names of the hall of honor inductees were placed where the upper ribbon board now resides. These names were subsequently repainted onto the top rear wall behind the last row of seats, then replaced by signs in 2019. Additionally, three marble copies of a quote about the stadium from team founder Jerry Richardson were placed near the stadium's entrances in 2014. Due to renovations, these quotes were later displayed in the lower concourse entrances. The quotes are also engraved on benches outside the stadium.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: In 2016, a statue of Richardson was added in front of the stadium's north gate in celebration of his 80th birthday. The statue stands nearly tall and features larger than life sculptures of Richardson flanked on both sides by two panthers. One panther stands on its hind legs, claws bared, while the other crouches. All three sculptures have the same bronze color and both panthers have the green eyes of and physically resemble the "Indomitable Spirit" statues. In June 2020, the statue was removed, with the team citing potential safety concerns due to protests going on at the time.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: In addition to hosting every Panthers home game since 1996, Bank of America Stadium has hosted seven playoff games. Carolina has also had over 150 consecutive sellouts at the stadium starting with the 2002 season.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: The Panthers played their inaugural season at Clemson University's Memorial Stadium while the stadium was being constructed. On August 3, 1996, the stadium played host to its first professional football game as the Panthers took on the Chicago Bears during the preseason. The inaugural kickoff was at 7:35 PM. Carolina won 30–12. The stadium's first regular season game took place on September 1, 1996, against Carolina's to-be division rival Atlanta; the Panthers won 29–6.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: In 1996, on their way to their first NFC Championship Game, Carolina defeated the then-defending Super Bowl Champion Dallas Cowboys in the first playoff game the stadium hosted. Again they defeated the Cowboys on their way to Super Bowl XXXVIII in Houston in 2004. Carolina was handed their first ever home playoff loss, 33–13, by the Arizona Cardinals on January 10, 2009, in the divisional round. The Panthers suffered a second home playoff loss against the San Francisco 49ers 23–10 on January 12, 2014, in the same round. En route to their fourth NFC Championship game appearance, the Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks 31–24 in the divisional round on January 17, 2016. The Panthers defeated the Arizona Cardinals 49–15 in the NFC Championship game for their second NFC Championship in franchise history on January 24, 2016. This marked the first NFC Championship played and won at the stadium.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: Since it is an open-air stadium, Bank of America Stadium has been subject to a number of events caused by extreme weather.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: At the time of its construction in the mid-1990s, the stadium was a pioneering project for the use of Personal Seat Licenses. It was the first large-scale project funded in the United States chiefly through securing PSLs, which were a new idea themselves. The strength of PSL pledges impressed NFL owners and helped result in the Carolinas receiving the first NFL expansion team in nearly two decades.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: The Seattle Seahawks used the stadium, among others, as a reference when designing CenturyLink Field. By 2013, the number of new or renovated stadiums since Bank of America Stadium opened had risen to 25.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: During its first few seasons the stadium was considered so far ahead of its time that until the 2013–14 offseason, it only underwent minor improvements (aside from seating additions). The most notable of these improvements came in 2007 when the original scoreboards, video boards and displays from 1996 were replaced with 31.5' x 77' Diamond Vision video boards. Four ribbon boards were also installed: two spanning the length of the field on either side and two in opposing corners.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: In the following years the stadium still wasn't considered as up-to-date as other NFL stadiums. Several reasons existed, including the lack of a surround sound system, smaller video boards compared to the rest of the league and poor cellular reception, among others. During the 2013 offseason, the Panthers renovated the home locker room. It now contained 74 lockers compared to 66 previously, the interior became more clean and modern, and the team's then-new logo was added throughout.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: The Panthers proposed a $250 million stadium renovation project in early 2013, pending a vote by the city of Charlotte to help pay for it. This plan included two sets of new scoreboards, multiple escalators, infrastructure and concourse improvements, among others. The subsequent vote by the city failed and efforts to get any money from the State of North Carolina failed as well. However, in April 2013 the Charlotte city council agreed to an $87.5 million deal for the renovations. This deal also kept the Panthers in Charlotte until at least 2019. Despite the lower cost, the renovations would stay true to the team's original plans.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: In January 2014, the Panthers began the most significant renovations to the stadium in its 18-year history as part one of a multi-year renovation plan. The upgrades, completed by the start of the 2014–2015 NFL season, included numerous enhancements. First and perhaps most striking of all, two 200' x 56' HD video boards (over twice the size of their predecessors), and two 360° ribbon boards from Daktronics replaced the previous scoreboards/ribbon boards. The new ribbon boards were the tallest in the NFL and the video boards were among the top ten largest in the NFL when installed. Secondly, escalators were installed for the upper deck, making access easier for fans. These warranted extensions to the building itself which retained the stadium's original external designs. A new surround sound system was also included, with speakers placed around the perimeter of the bowl doubling as flagpoles. In addition, four covered open-air sections on the upper deck called "fan plazas" were added. Finally, LED-enhanced glass domes were installed along with new external signage above the main entrances.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: Prior to the start of the 2015 season, the Panthers renovated all 158 existing luxury suites to the stadium and added a new private club suite, dubbed "The 32 Club" due to its position at the 32-yard line. The team later announced another new club, dubbed the "51 Club" in honor of former player and coach Sam Mills, would also be added. These new installations decreased the stadium's number of luxury suites to 153, but increased overall seating capacity. The team also added two small ribbon boards above each tunnel entrance which are visible from the stands.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: Part three of the renovations included upgrading the upper-level concourse with buffet-style drink stations and installing double the amount of wi-fi access points than before. Updated signage reflecting the team's current logos and word mark was added to the upper concourse, as well as improved concession stands and new drink concessions. Most notably, almost 100 full-body scanners replaced the traditional "pat-downs" at the main entrances and a new security office was added, as well as other security improvements.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: In addition, a 13-foot statue of Jerry Richardson flanked by two life-sized panthers was erected in front of the stadium as a gift to then-team owner Jerry Richardson. The statue has since been removed and stored in an undisclosed location in June 2020 in light of the George Floyd protests.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: The fourth and final major renovation included updating the lower-level concourse by adding new signage, refurbishing concessions and installing updated televisions in the club levels. Banners depicting significant moments throughout Panthers history were also added to the concourse. The seating capacity was slightly increased thanks to upgrades at the club level. A new field and drainage system were additionally installed.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: In 2019, Lowe's signage was added onto the stadium's East Gate, as well as two Panthers posters. The scoreboards received a minor change with the Panthers signage on the bottom of each board replaced with various sponsor logos. The members in the Panthers' Hall of Honor were also given new nameplates on the rear wall of the upper deck. The next year, 2020, the team announced the removal of almost 1000 seats in the west end zone. This was to replace the seats with 14 "bunker suites" at field level. Construction was finished by the start of the 2020 season.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: When Charlotte was awarded the 30th Major League Soccer franchise, Charlotte FC, in 2019, it was announced the team would play at Bank of America Stadium. Despite the stadium having the proper field size for soccer, the stadium was not originally designed to accommodate a soccer team full-time. Renovations include new locker rooms, camera positions, a tunnel entrance, a curved video screen outside of the east gate, and lower concourse upgrades. The renovations were completed before Charlotte FC's first season in 2022. In March 2021, it was announced the stadium would have a FieldTurf surface starting with the 2021 NFL season, replacing Bermuda grass that was used since the stadium's inception.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: Bank of America Stadium does not serve as the primary home stadium for any college football team. However, starting in 1996, the stadium has hosted many college football games. These include games featuring teams from across North and South Carolina.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: On May 6, 2020, it was announced that Charlotte's Myers Park High School would play against South Pointe High School from Rock Hill, South Carolina. The game was scheduled to take place on September 5, 2020, however, it was later cancelled.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: When Bank of America Stadium was designed, the field was made to meet the requirements for a soccer pitch. This ability would not be used for much of the stadium's first two decades in operation. With Charlotte FC's arrival, the stadium now plays regular host to MLS and international soccer matches.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: Major League Soccer awarded an expansion team to Charlotte that started play in 2022 as Charlotte FC at Bank of America Stadium, following renovations. The stadium saw its first MLS-related action when it played host to matches between Charlotte FC's and Atlanta United's academy teams on October 31, 2020. The team made their home debut on March 5, 2022 in front of 74,479 spectators, setting a new MLS record for stand-alone match attendance. Most Charlotte FC matches only use the lower bowl and club level, capping capacity at 38,000.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: Before Charlotte FC's arrival, Bank of America Stadium was no stranger to hosting soccer matches. The stadium hosted the NCAA Men's Soccer Championship in 1999 and 2000. Despite this, it took until 2010 for soccer matches to become a regular occurrence. Most matches since then have featured international teams. The International Champions Cup stages annual international club friendlies at the stadium as part of a long-term contract with Relevent Sports Group. Among the clubs who have played at the stadium include clubs from the Premier League, Bundesliga and various national teams.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: Concerts at the stadium were a rarity for many years. Most acts performed at the Spectrum Center or at other performing venues in Charlotte. After David Tepper bought the Panthers (and therefore the stadium) in 2018, concerts became more commonplace.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: Although no time frame has been given, Panthers and Charlotte FC owner David Tepper has expressed interest in constructing a new stadium for the teams in Uptown Charlotte, with Bank of America Stadium eventually being demolished. Tepper noted in 2019 that while the Stadium was well-preserved and well-landscaped, the growing maintenance expense after decades of use led him to joke that it would be cheaper to give the stadium away. Although the stadium's design was ahead of its time, it's now considered obsolete as the design lacks open concourses (allowing fans to stand and watch games from bars and other group areas) and a retractable roof. And while Bank of America Stadium was designed mostly for football under then-owner Jerry Richardson, Tepper has preferred that its replacement be multipurpose with a retractable roof in order to accommodate his MLS soccer team, concerts, major conventions, and NCAA Final Four basketball. In 2022, Tepper said another major renovation was under consideration. This renovation would apparently give the stadium two or three more decades of use.


title: Bank of America Stadium

text: Plans also include creating an entertainment district between the future stadium and the future Gateway Station, an $800 million intermodal transit station currently under construction.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: William Theodore Mueller (born September 10, 1980) is an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, Trevor Murdoch. He is currently signed to the National Wrestling Alliance where he is a former two-time NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion and WildKat Sports Heavyweight Champion in his first reign. He is also a former one-time NWA National Champion.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: Murdoch is best known for his appearances with World Wrestling Entertainment from 2005 to 2008. He is also known for his appearances in Extreme Championship Wrestling and NWA Total Nonstop Action as Stan Dupp (a member of The Dupps) and Jethro Holliday, respectively.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: Mueller started his career training in Central States Wrestling Alliance, in the Missouri area, in 1997. He then moved on to World League Wrestling (WLW) and Harley Race's Wrestling Academy training camp in 1999 and began his wrestling career in WLW. On April 11, 2000, as Trevor Rhodes, he won the WLW Heavyweight Championship by defeating Meng. He then made a name for himself as part of The Dupps, a hillbilly tag team consisting of kayfabe brothers Stan Dupp (Mueller) and Bo Dupp. As a team, The Dupps wrestled in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). While in OVW, Mueller teamed with Lance Cade. The team was known as TNT. Mueller signed a WWE development deal in June 2005.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: Mueller signed a 3-year deal with World Wrestling Entertainment in July, 2005. On August 22, 2005 a promo was shown showcasing Mueller's debut along with the returning Lance Cade. He was repackaged as Trevor Murdoch (the surname coming from his likeness to wrestling legend Dick Murdoch, though the two are not related), and the team was simply known as Cade and Murdoch. Cade, playing a smooth-talking cowboy, while Murdoch appeared to be an angry "white trash" southern trucker.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: Cade and Murdoch won their debut match on the September 5, 2005, episode of "Raw". They defeated World Tag Team Champions Hurricane and Rosey in a non-title match, earning themselves a title match at Unforgiven. During the match, Murdoch delivered an elevated DDT on The Hurricane to the outside, causing The Hurricane to suffer a stinger. This allowed Cade and Murdoch to win the World Tag Team Championship. They would eventually lose their title at Taboo Tuesday to Big Show and Kane.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: On November 28 during his match against Shelton Benjamin, commentator Joey Styles acknowledged that Murdoch and Lance Cade were no longer a tag team. It was revealed on "WWE Unlimited", that Trevor Murdoch set his sights on Ric Flair and the WWE Intercontinental Championship. On "Unlimited", Murdoch had been reviewing movies that were, at the time, playing in theaters, such as "Brokeback Mountain", "King Kong", and "Hostel". The first two movie reviews displayed various sexual habits, while the third showed cruelty in his past. The underlying point of all the reviews that Murdoch was trying to convey is that he believes "city folk" have quite an easy life, as opposed to his.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: After breaking up with Cade, he wrestled in singles competition on "Heat", normally winning most of his matches while still making small appearances on "Raw". He would also have a short feud with The Heart Throbs on "Heat" which involved him defeating both of them in singles action and gaining a spot in the 2006 Royal Rumble, though he did not win. He then moved on to a short feud with Goldust but was unsuccessful in beating him. He would then feud with both Goldust and his tag partner Snitsky. This led to him helping former partner Cade win his matches and hinted at the two of them reforming their team.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: Cade and Murdoch later reformed their tag team, with Cade having a new look with long jet black hair. On the September 4 edition of "Raw", Murdoch and Cade lost a number one contender's Triple Threat Match for the World Tag Team Title at Unforgiven. Murdoch and Cade then starred in a WWE.com skit, parodying a KFC commercial, where Murdoch mistakenly told Cade he ate the bones, despite eating the boneless original recipe bites. The Highlanders won the match when they pinned Charlie Haas who was teamed with Viscera. Murdoch and Cade then joined forces with Edge to oppose D-Generation X (Triple H and Shawn Michaels).


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: Cade and Murdoch began a feud in April with World Tag Team Champions The Hardys, leading to their title match at Backlash, which The Hardys won. Cade and Murdoch suddenly gained a great deal of respect for The Hardys and began to praise their abilities. The Hardys then began an alliance with Cade and Murdoch. Despite the alliance, Cade and Murdoch faced The Hardys in a rematch at Judgment Day which The Hardys won. On the June 4 edition of "Raw", Cade and Murdoch were given another shot at the World Tag Team Championship against The Hardys. Cade and Murdoch were finally successful, becoming two time World Tag Team Champions. When Cade made the pin on Jeff Hardy, Hardy's foot was on the ropes but was pushed off by Murdoch. After the match, when Matt Hardy argued with Cade and Murdoch, they attacked Matt and Jeff with the tag belts, becoming heels once again. They successfully defended their titles against The Hardys at after Cade pinned Jeff and claimed they retained their belts "all by the rules". After that Cade and Murdoch appeared on "Raw" and "Heat" in matches against London and Kendrick, The Highlanders, and Cryme Tyme. On July 23 on "Raw", Cade and Murdoch teamed up with Umaga to face John Cena and Candice in a Champions-only handicap tag team match. During the match, Cade and Murdoch trapped Candice in order to set her up for Umaga to attack, until Jeff Hardy came out and attacked Umaga with a steel chair. After Candice left scared, and Umaga was chased to the back by Jeff, Cade & Murdoch were left to square off against John Cena. Cena defeated them when he threw Cade out of the ring and gave Murdoch an FU. Murdoch, along with Cade lost the titles at a house show on September 5 to Paul London and Brian Kendrick, but beat them to take the titles back on the last day of the tour. Murdoch and Cade remained champions until the Raw XV Anniversary show, losing the World Tag Team Championships to the team of Hardcore Holly and Cody Rhodes.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: Late in April 2008, Murdoch began to develop a country singing gimmick. On the May 12 edition of "Raw", Cade turned on Murdoch following a "victory song," punching Murdoch in the face twice, ending the partnership. The two faced off on the June 2 edition of "Raw", with Cade getting the victory.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: As part of the 2008 WWE Supplemental Draft, Murdoch was drafted to the SmackDown brand but was released from his WWE contract on July 3, 2008 before his debut.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: On July 9, 2008, IWA Mid-South announced that Mueller would be wrestling against Insane Lane as Trevor Murdock at their "Gory Days 4" show on July 26 in Sellersburg, Indiana, followed by a match against Nick Gage at "Put Up or Shut Up 2008" on August 16 in Portage, Indiana. On August 24, Trevor Murdock lost in an attempt to capture the NWA World Heavyweight Championship from Brent Albright. Lance Cade was released from his WWE contract on October 14, 2008, and less than a week later Cade and Murdoch began accepting bookings together as a team on the independent circuit, including IWA-Mid South. On October 18, Murdoch returned to World League Wrestling facing Chris Masters and Go Shiozaki in a match for the WLW Heavyweight Championship. Murdoch participated in Revolution Strong Style Tournament and Candido Cup and lost both. Murdoch made several appearances for Championship Wrestling from Hollywood before joining Total Nonstop Action Wrestling and continued to make independent appearances while signed to TNA.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: In 2010, after leaving TNA, Murdoch defeated Trent Stone in a leather strap match for the WLW Heavyweight Championship and won the MPW Heavyweight Championship in October. He lost the MPW Heavyweight Championship to Derek Stone in the beginning to 2011 and would eventually vacate the WLW Heavyweight Championship. In March, Murdoch toured Pro Wrestling Noah and had a shot at the GHC Heavyweight Championship.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: Prior to the live broadcast of "Raw" on May 9, 2011, Mueller wrestled as 'Trevor Murdoch' in a dark match, which he lost to Evan Bourne. He wrestled a dark match the following night prior to the "SmackDown" tapings, losing to Jey Uso. On June 17, Mueller announced that he was going to be signing a contract to return to WWE; however, on June 29 he revealed that the deal had fallen through due to budget cuts. As a result, Mueller reportedly considered retiring from professional wrestling.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: In November, Murdoch participated in Noah's Global League 2011 in block B. He earned eight points but that was not enough to progress to the next stage. In December 2011, Murdoch took part in TNA's India project, Ring Ka King under the name Roscoe Jackson.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: Mueller debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) on the April 23, 2009 edition of "TNA Impact!", under the name "The Outlaw" Jethro Holliday, teaming with Eric Young to defeat the team of No Limit (Naito and Yujiro), advancing to the second round of Team 3D's open invitational tag team tournament. On the May 7 episode of "Impact!" Holliday and Young lost to Beer Money, Inc. getting eliminated from the tournament. The following week he lost in an "I Quit Match" against Booker T. On June 18, Holliday lost a Clockwork Orange House of Fun match against Raven. On August 13, he turned heel by attacking Abyss with a steel chair, in response to the "bounty" set by Dr. Stevie. At Hard Justice he lost to Abyss and after the match turned face once again by attacking Dr. Stevie. During this time, he was used as a jobber putting over the likes of Bobby Lashley and Daniels. Holliday competed in four Webmatches, On June 5, Holliday and Young defeated No Limit. On June 26, Holliday defeated Jesse Neal. On August 13, Holliday lost to Rhino. On October 9, Holliday lost to Daniels. On November 11, 2009, Mueller was released from his TNA contract.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: Mueller debuted for Ring Ka King under the name Roscoe Jackson and on February 4, 2012, Jackson, Jimmy Rave and Zema Ion defeated Broadway, Hollywood and Isaiah Cash in a six-man tag team match. on February 12 tapings Jackson lost to "The Outlaw" Isaiah Cash. on February 25 tapings Jackson faced American Adonis in a losing effort. on February 26, Jackson was in the #1 contenders gauntlet for the gold match won by Sir Brutus Magnus. on March 17 tapings Jackson defeated Isaiah Cash. on March 31 tapings Jackson lost a remmatch against Isaiah Cash. on April 8 tapings Jackson was in the #1 contenders battle royal for the heavyweight title won by Mahabali Vera. on April 23 at the final tapings for the promotion Jackson, Chavo Guerrero Jr, Mahabali Veera, Matt Morgan and Pagal Parinda defeated RDX (Abyss, Deadly Danda, Scott Steiner, Sir Brutus Magnus and Sonjay Dutt) in a ten-man tag team match. Ring Ka King shut down on April 22, 2012 and did not return for a second season.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: On May 4, 2013, back under the ring name Trevor Murdoch, he faced Mitch Paradise in a losing effort. On May 5, 2013, Murdoch and Heather Patera defeated Dan Jesser and Shelly Martinez in a mix tag team match. On August 23, 2014, Murdoch competed for the Heavy on Wrestling title but lost to Lance Hoyt in a 3-way match. On September 7, Murdoch faced Nate Redwing in a losing effort. On January 17, 2015, Murdoch faced Derek McQuinn in a losing effort. On February 15, Murdoch lost a 3 way match against Blake Edward Belakis. On April 5, Murdoch faced Jonathan Gresham in a losing effort. On April 18, Murdoch and Leland Race faced Derek McQuinn and Steve Fender in the semi-finals tag team tournament that ended in a no contest. Mueller announced his retirement from wrestling in 2018.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: Murdoch came out of retirement in 2019 and appeared at the first taping for "NWA Power". In his first match, he lost to Ricky Starks. He interrupted Starks' post-match interview and congratulated him, establishing himself as a face. Later, he cut his own promo, stating that he wished to earn an NWA contract. He would then be victorious in matches against Jocephus and Caleb Konley, and lose in a competitive outing against reigning NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion Nick Aldis in a non-title match. On September 29, 2020, Murdoch defeated Aron Stevens to win the NWA National Heavyweight Championship. Murdoch held the title for 182 days before losing it to Chris Adonis.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: Following the end of his National championship reign, Murdoch reignited his feud with Aldis. This resulted in several losing efforts against Aldis for the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship, before Murdoch ultimately won the belt from Aldis in the main event of NWA 73rd Anniversary Show. On December 4, at Hard Times 2, Murdoch made his first successful title defense against Mike Knox.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: On February 12, 2022, Murdoch lost the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship to Matt Cardona in Oak Grove, Kentucky at NWA PowerrrTrip, bringing Murdoch's championship reign to an end after 167 days. On June 11, Murdoch defeated Aldis, Thom Latimer, and Sam Shaw in a fatal four-way match for the vacant title at Alwayz Ready in Knoxville, Tennessee. On August 28, Murdoch successfully defended the title against Tyrus on Night 2 of the NWA 74th Anniversary Show. On November 12, at Hard Times 3, Murdoch lost the title to Tyrus in a three-way match that involved Cardona, ending his second reign at 154 days.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: Mueller appeared as Trevor Murdoch as a playable character in two video games: "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007" and "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009".


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: Mueller has a tattoo of the Looney Tunes character The Tasmanian Devil on his right upper biceps. Mueller spends time at the Harley Race's Wrestling Academy working with new and upcoming wrestlers in the training program.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: He and his wife, Amanda, owned T. Murdock’s Bar and Grill in downtown Eldon, Missouri, which he sold in December 2013.


title: Trevor Murdoch

text: In an April 2014 interview for WWE's website in their "Where Are They Now?" series, Mueller said his current occupation was installing fibre optic cables for a heavy equipment company.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: Ammon Edward Bundy (born September 1, 1975) is an American anti-government militant and activist. A car fleet manager by profession, Bundy gained widespread attention by leading the 2016 occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. He is the son of rancher Cliven Bundy, who was the central figure in the 2014 Bundy standoff regarding unpaid grazing fees on federally-owned public land.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: In March 2020, Bundy created the far-right People’s Rights network. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Bundy was arrested more than five times for protests and disruptions against COVID-19 mitigation efforts by the Idaho government.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On June 19, 2021, Bundy announced his intent to run for governor of Idaho. After initially filing to run in the Republican primary, he decided instead to run as an independent in the general election. Bundy lost and placed third in the 2022 election.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: Ammon Bundy owns a truck repair company and was listed as a member of several Arizona companies. Prior to the Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, he had lost a home in a short sale and was behind on his property taxes.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On April 9, Bundy drove an all-terrain vehicle in front of a Bureau of Land Management (BLM) truck to block it from leaving. Officers told him to move his ATV, and he refused, yelling and approaching them belligerently. When two officers pointed tasers at him and ordered him to back up, Bundy continued to advance. An officer with a police dog approached to compel him to back away from the officers. He repeatedly kicked the police dog and was tasered moments later. After Bundy ripped off the taser wires and advanced toward the officers again, he was tasered a second time. He acknowledged in an interview that he had also climbed on a dump truck that he believed contained his father's cattle.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On or before April 10, Bundy asked the Oath Keepers to request that their volunteers who came to the protest follow certain rules. He asked that they not wear military camouflage and to leave their rifles in their vehicles rather than open carry them. He also asked that they check in with him when they arrived at the protest rally point. In addition, Bundy asked that they not drive past the rally point to the Bundy ranch. He also asked that no protester give a media interview, instead referring the media to Bundy family members, in particular him, his father, or one of his brothers.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On April 10, Cliven and Ammon were interviewed on-air by Fox News' Greta Van Susteren. Cliven said he would only accept a court order from a Nevada state court since he believed that a federal court does not have competent jurisdiction. To that, Ammon added, "If someone came in, busted into my house and abused my children, and so I call the cops, they don't respond, and then I take them to court. I show up at the courtroom, look on the stand, and it's the very person that abused my children looking down at me in a black robe. How in the world are we going to get justice in that court?"


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On the morning of April 12, BLM had corralled about 400 of Cliven's cattle. Ammon and a group of protesters went to the makeshift impoundment site and formed a line across it. Bureau of Land Management agents called for backup but were outnumbered, with about 400 protesters to the 50 officers present at the scene. The officers ordered the crowd to disperse over a loudspeaker, but they would not. Instead, gunmen started to gather, causing the officers to retreat.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On April 14, Ammon, along with Cliven and his brother Ryan, were interviewed on-air by Fox News' Sean Hannity. Ammon said, "I'd [participate in the standoff] again, and after it was all over, I couldn't have felt better." Asked about remarks from Senator Harry Reid that the situation was not over, despite BLM's withdrawal from the standoff, Ammon responded, "Well, if he doesn't have enough moral fiber in his bones at all to see what happened, that 'We the People' got together and made something right, then I don't think there’s any hope for him, and he needs to be kicked out of office, even if he is the Senate majority leader, it doesn’t matter."


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On February 7, 2016, Ammon Bundy—along with his father Cliven, brother Ryan, and others—were indicted in the U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada for their roles in the 2014 Bundy standoff. The men were charged with 16 felony counts: one count of "conspiracy to commit an offense against the United States"; one count of "conspiracy to impede or injure a federal officer"; four counts of "using and carrying a firearm in relation to a crime of violence"; two counts of "assault on a federal officer"; two counts of "threatening a federal law enforcement officer"; three counts of "obstruction of the due administration of justice"; two counts of "interference with interstate commerce by extortion"; and one count of "interstate travel in aid of extortion."


title: Ammon Bundy

text: This prosecution is separate from the Malheur Refuge occupation prosecution in the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon. In early April 2016, Judge Brown of the Oregonian prosecution approved an order to send the four defendants charged in both cases, including Ammon and Ryan Bundy, to Nevada to make an appearance in court there. The men were transported to Las Vegas by U.S. Marshals, and on April 16, 2016, Ammon Bundy and the four other militants refused to enter pleas in regards to their roles in the standoff, prompting U.S. Magistrate Judge George Foley Jr. to enter not-guilty pleas on their behalf. In the unusually long arraignment, Bundy asked for the 64-page indictment to be read aloud in court.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On January 8, 2018, Navarro declared the mistrial to be with prejudice, effectively dismissing the charges, on the grounds that the defendants could not receive a fair trial. "The court finds that the universal sense of justice has been violated," the federal judge was quoted to have written in an order, as reported in the "Los Angeles Times".


title: Ammon Bundy

text: In August 2020, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in San Francisco denied an appeal by federal prosecutors to reinstate the criminal prosecution of the Bundy's related to the 2014 armed standoff in Nevada and the 2016 armed protest and occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Oregon. The appeals court upheld the dismissal of the case on grounds of the prosecution's withholding of materials requested by defense attorneys was proper. The court stopped short of affirming that prosecutorial misconduct had occurred and stated that "misjudgments" by prosecutors did not rise to professional misconduct in the case.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: In 2015, ranchers Dwight and Steve Hammond were resentenced to five years for two counts of arson on federal land, after their original sentence was vacated by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. By late 2015, the Hammond case had attracted the attention of Ammon and (his brother) Ryan Bundy. Although the ranchers rejected Bundy's assistance, Bundy decided to lead an armed occupation of the headquarters area of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge on January 2, 2016. He referred to his group as the Citizens for Constitutional Freedom and remarked that it could be a lengthy stay.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: Bundy's father Cliven said that he was not involved in the occupation, and that it was "not exactly what I thought should happen".


title: Ammon Bundy

text: Early in the standoff, a Twitter user claiming to be Ammon Bundy tweeted a statement comparing the group to civil rights activist Rosa Parks. The account was later found to be a hoax. Despite this, other involved militants have made comparisons with Parks.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: Speaking through his lawyer Mike Arnold the day after his arrest (see below), Bundy urged those remaining at the refuge to "please stand down" and go home.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: Bundy was peacefully arrested on January 26, 2016, when the vehicle he was traveling in was pulled over by a joint force of FBI agents and troopers from Oregon State Patrol. He was with other militants from the occupation attempting to drive to John Day, Oregon for a public meeting where he was scheduled to speak. Another vehicle in the convoy fled the traffic stop until it encountered a roadblock, where Oregon State Patrol officers shot and killed LaVoy Finicum.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On January 29, Bundy appeared before U.S. Magistrate Judge Stacie F. Beckerman alongside several other jailed militants. He explained the motives of the occupation to the court, saying that his "only goal from the beginning was to protect freedom for the people." However, Judge Beckerman denied him and the other militants release from jail, explaining that she would not release them as long as the occupation continued. That same day, Bundy offered to plead guilty to the federal conspiracy charge alone, in exchange for the dismissal of the other charges against him, the dismissal of all of the charges filed against the other militants in custody at the time, and letting militants still at the refuge to leave peacefully without arrest. However, federal prosecutors rejected the offer. Bundy later repeatedly urged the militants remaining at the refuge to stand down and go home.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: In a March 3 interview, Bundy described his life in jail and continued to explain his motives regarding the occupation. Although he did not witness Finicum's death, Bundy also asserted Finicum had been cooperating with officers before they shot him.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On March 8, the federal grand jury in Oregon returned a new, superseding indictment that unsealed the following day, charging Bundy and 25 co-defendants with a variety of crimes in relation to the occupation. Bundy was charged with a total of three offenses: conspiracy to impede officers of the United States by force, intimidation, or threats; possession of firearms and dangerous weapons in federal facilities; and using and carrying firearms in relation to a crime of violence. The latter offense carries a possible life sentence.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: Bundy's attorney, Mike Arnold of Eugene, Oregon, was accused of organizing a social media harassment campaign against the public agencies involved in evidence gathering and prosecution of the case, and in particular the Oregon State Police. The Southern Poverty Law Center reported that sovereign citizen movement members also attempted to insert themselves into the case, filing a flurry of paperwork in a tactic common to the movement known as paper terrorism. Arnold also faced ethics complaints regarding attempts to unduly influence the potential jury pool and for possible ethical violations involving visits by Arnold's law firm to Bundy and other militants prior to their arrests, offering legal services. The complaint was later dropped by the Oregon State Bar on the basis that there was no sufficient basis to refer the lawyers to disciplinary counsel.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On May 9, Bundy's legal team filed new court papers stating that he believed the occupation would result in a civil court taking up the constitutionality of the U.S. government's federal land management policy. The papers also said that Bundy did not expect the militants to be indicted and arrested on federal charges in criminal court. As a result, he began urging the court to dismiss the indictments against the militants, citing his legal team's defense strategy. His lawyers also explained Bundy's beliefs that two U.S. Supreme Court cases addressing his defense strategy "were wrongly decided and should be overruled": a 1935 ruling that the government has had ownership over the refuge's wetlands and lake-beds since the 1840s; and a following ruling that the country's laws have sole control over the disposition of title to its lands, and that the states have no power to establish limitations or restrictions over that control. Bundy countered the rulings with , which limits the federal government's powers to acquire and own property, and the fact that no federal court has addressed the question of whether the government can hold "the majority of the land within a state." These motions were rejected by U.S. District Judge Anna J. Brown, citing longstanding Supreme Court precedent establishing the federal government's power to own and manage public land under the Property Clause as being "without limitations," and ruled that Bundy was "mistaken" in his belief that the existence of the wildlife refuge is unconstitutional.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On May 26, Bundy filed a "substitution of counsel" document, removing the Arnold Law Firm from the case and hiring J. Morgan Philpot as his lawyer. On June 7, a "pro hac vice" special admission request was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon to allow Utah attorney Marcus Mumford to assist Bundy.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On June 10, Judge Brown dismissed one of two firearms charges against Bundy and seven other militants, finding that the underlying conspiracy charge does not meet the legal definition of a "crime of violence" as defined by Ninth Circuit case law.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On June 30, Bundy's defense team filed a motion asking for a delay for their client's September 7 Oregon trial, explaining they needed more time to prepare. In the motion, the defense team argued that several pretrial motions were not resolved and Bundy's continued detention in jail "has rendered it virtually impossible for him to participate meaningfully in his defense." The lawyers also asked the court to "allow Bundy another two months to argue for his release pending trial and to help prepare his defense to challenge the federal charges". On July 6, Judge Brown denied this request for a delay in trial.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On August 2, Bundy made plans to appeal two federal court orders to keep him in custody pending trial. His lawyer informed the U.S. District Court of Oregon that he would file an emergency motion to postpone the trial unless they examine his client's appeal.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: In September 2016, Ammon and Ryan Bundy (through Ammon's lawyers, Philpot and Marcus Mumford), filed a motion seeking to permit his client to wear "cowboy" attire in court. The U.S. Marshals Service's policy barred the defendants from wearing ties, boots, and belts, for safety reasons. Denying the motion on grounds that this policy is rational and that the Bundys did not show their attire would prejudice their case, Judge Brown said Ammon was "dressed better than most people in the building, period." On October 27, 2016, a jury acquitted seven of the defendants. Five of them were released but Ammon Bundy and his brother Ryan remained in federal custody pending trial on charges related to the 2014 Bundy standoff.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: Jury selection for Bundy's trial began on September 7, 2016. Judge Brown said the case would require an unusually large jury pool. Eleven of 31 potential jurors were excused for a variety of reasons, such as opinions regarding the occupation and also personal hardships. By September 9, 2016, 62 people were identified as potential jurors. Twelve jurors (consisting of eight women and four men) and eight alternates were selected by the end of the day. Opening statements were scheduled for September 13, 2016.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: Eight other co-defendants in the occupation were also originally set for trial on that September 7, 2016, and a further nine co-defendants were set for trial beginning February 14, 2017.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: In July 2016, with six weeks before the beginning of the first trial in the case, nine of Bundy's fellow militants pleaded guilty, including three of nine militants who were part of Bundy's "inner circle". Of those three, two were reported to be negotiating "a resolution to a federal indictment in Nevada as well" (see below). By August, the total number of militants pleading guilty had increased to eleven.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: Bundy also claimed that the federal government's prosecution of him and his supporters following confrontations in Nevada and Oregon is really a “battle of High priest (Latter Day Saints)” of the LDS church. He said he, his father, and his attorney are all high priests in the church, as well as the lead U.S. attorney prosecuting his family, the chief judge in Oregon, and former Nevada Senator Harry Reid.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: Bundy has publicly claimed to be an active and devout member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: Concerning the Oregon occupation, the church stated that "Church leaders strongly condemn the armed seizure of the facility and are deeply troubled by the reports that those who have seized the facility suggest that they are doing so based on scriptural principles."


title: Ammon Bundy

text: In December 2018, Bundy disavowed the militia movement due to his disagreement with President Donald Trump's immigration policy, specifically regarding the Central American migrant caravan. He said, "To group them all up like, frankly, our president has done — you know, trying to speak respectfully — but he has basically called them all criminals and said they’re not coming in here. What about individuals, those who have come for reasons of need for their families, you know, the fathers and mothers and children that come here and were willing to go through the process to apply for asylum so they can come into this country and benefit from not having to be oppressed continually?" Bundy also claimed that nationalism does not equal patriotism and compared the modern-day United States to 1930s Nazi Germany. In 2018, Bundy compared Trump to Adolf Hitler.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: Bundy has expressed support for the Black Lives Matter and defund the police movements. In July 2020, he said "you must have a problem in your mind if you think that somehow the Black Lives Matter is more dangerous than the police" and "there needs to be a defunding of government in general, and especially the police forces because they’re the ones who are actually going to seek and destroy us."


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On March 26, 2020, Idaho's Governor Brad Little issued a stay-at-home order due to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Idaho. After the order, Bundy held a meeting at an industrial building in Emmett with "Bundy pledging to help provide legal, political and physical defense to people who are pressured by the "authorities" or anybody else to comply with the order."


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On April 21, after anti-vaccination activist Sara Walton Brady was arrested for misdemeanor trespassing, Bundy and a group of 40 people stood outside the arresting police officer's home for 30 minutes.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On August 24, Ammon Bundy led a large number of maskless protesters at the Idaho State Capitol to protest the Idaho mandate that people in public are required to wear face masks in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Bundy and the protesters with him disrupted an emergency legislative session which was considering legal immunity legislation related to the reopening of public schools in the State of Idaho.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On August 25, the speaker of the Idaho House of Representatives closed the auditorium at the State Capitol and ordered protesters to leave the building. Ammon Bundy and three others refused to leave when directed to do so by Idaho State Police Officers, and were arrested for criminal trespass. Bundy was also charged with resisting arrest and was wheeled out of the building handcuffed in a rolling chair.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On August 26, Bundy and a number of protesters returned to the State Capitol during the emergency legislative session. Ammon Bundy was served with a no-trespass letter directed to him from the Governor of Idaho, the Speaker of the Idaho House of Representatives, and a State Administrative official and told to leave the building. He again refused to leave and was arrested by Idaho State Police for criminal trespass and resisting arrest, and was taken out of the building handcuffed in a wheelchair. On August 31, Bundy posted a one-hour video on YouTube explaining his version of the events that transpired at the Idaho State Capitol Building which led to his arrest following over two days of protest activities of the Idaho Legislature Special Session. Bundy claimed that he had the permission of the Speaker of the Idaho House of Representatives to be present at the special session and that he had been respectful of the legislative process, and peaceful at all times during the protests. Bundy also disavowed that he was the leader or organizer of the protests and that the protesters were very much acting on their own when they disrupted the emergency legislative session of the Idaho Legislature. Bundy's trial for trespassing and resisting arrest charges ran from Monday, June 28, 2021 to Thursday, July 1, 2021. He was found guilty on all charges and sentenced to 48 hours community service in lieu of five days jailtime, and was required to pay a $500 fine plus court costs of $417.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: Bundy attended a football game between Emmett and Caldwell High Schools on October 2, 2020; he refused to wear a mask and was denied entry. After attempting to watch the game from the parking lot, he was asked to leave but refused. The game was declared over at halftime due to threats made toward the school by those who had refused to wear masks.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On March 15, 2021 he was once again arrested after refusing to wear a face mask inside an Idaho courthouse and missing the court date for his offenses regarding the Idaho legislature protests.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On April 8, 2021, Bundy was arrested two more times at the Idaho State Capitol on two charges of misdemeanor trespassing and one charge of misdemeanor resisting or obstructing.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On May 21, 2021, Bundy filed paperwork to run for governor in the state of Idaho in 2022. However, being his own campaign treasurer and not being a registered voter in the state, his paperwork was rejected. He had later claimed that while he did file treasurer appointment paperwork, he had not made up his mind regarding a gubernatorial run. On June 19, 2021, he announced a bid for the Republican nomination, indicating that his aims are to protect Idaho from "Joe Biden and those in the Deep State that control him," stating that they are attempting to eliminate freedom of religion, gun rights, and parental rights. Bundy says he wants to eliminate property taxation and Idaho state income taxes. Bundy's electoral bid was endorsed by Trump advisor Roger Stone, despite Bundy's vocal opposition to Trump's immigration policies.


title: Ammon Bundy

text: On February 17, 2022, after reports began circulating that he had cut a mutual endorsement deal with Republican Lt. Gov. Janice McGeachin, Bundy made a post on Twitter calling those reports false, declaring, “the Republican establishment in Idaho is full of filth and corruption and they refuse to put forth the party platform,” and they are in a “corrupt and wicked state.” After attacks on various prominent Idaho Republicans, including state party Chairman Jonathan Parker (“wearing a wig and masturbating in public)”, U.S. Senator Mike Crapo and former governor Butch Otter (arrests for DUI), state representative Greg Cheney "[sic]" (domestic violence and suicide threats), state senator Fred Martin (entering a high school girls’ bathroom, twice), Ada County Sheriff Steve Bartlett (trading promotions for sexual favors), and U.S. Senator Larry Craig (soliciting sex in an airport bathroom), Bundy concluded by stating his intention to reclaim the Republican Party, "take back control of the Idaho government," and "restore... conservative values" by running as an independent candidate "behind the actual Republican platform" rather than in the Republican primary. Bundy's campaign was interrupted on March 12; he was arrested for trespassing at a hospital in Idaho. Bundy was attempting to interfere with officers investigating reports of child neglect. He came in third in the November 8, 2022, Idaho general election.


title: C++20

text: C++20 is a version of the ISO/IEC 14882 standard for the C++ programming language. C++20 replaced the prior version of the C++ standard, called C++17. The standard was technically finalized by WG21 at the meeting in Prague in February 2020, approved on 4 September 2020, and published in December 2020.


title: C++20

text: C++20 adds more new major features than C++14 or C++17. Changes that have been accepted into C++20 include:


title: C++20

text: Many new keywords added (and the new "spaceship operator", codice_2), such as codice_40, codice_22, codice_17, codice_43, codice_44, codice_45, codice_46 (plus changed meaning for codice_47), and codice_48 (for UTF-8 support). And codice_8 can take an expression since C++20. Most of the uses of the codice_50 keyword have been deprecated.


title: C++20

text: In addition to keywords, there are "identifiers with special meaning", including new codice_51 and codice_52.


title: C++20

text: Microsoft's compiler doesn't just support Windows, also Linux (and e.g. Android and iOS), while it then requires the "Visual C++ for Linux Development extension".


title: C++20

text: Changes applied to the C++20 working draft in the fall meeting in November 2017 (Albuquerque) include:


title: C++20

text: Changes applied during the NB comment resolution in the fall meeting in November 2019 (Belfast) include:


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: Talladega Superspeedway, nicknamed “'Dega”, and formerly named Alabama International Motor Speedway (AIMS) from 1969 to 1989, is a motorsports complex located north of Talladega, Alabama. It is located on the former Anniston Air Force Base in the small city of Lincoln. A tri-oval, the track was constructed in 1969 by the International Speedway Corporation, a business controlled by the France Family. , the track hosts the NASCAR Cup Series, NASCAR Xfinity Series, NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, and ARCA Menards Series. Talladega is the longest NASCAR oval, with a length of , compared to the Daytona International Speedway, which is long. The total peak capacity of Talladega is around 175,000 spectators, with the main grandstand capacity being about 80,000.


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: During the 1960s, William "Bill" France, Sr. wanted to build a track faster and longer than his Daytona International Speedway. After failed attempts to reason with local government in Orange County, North Carolina, with the Occoneechee Speedway, he attempted to find a new spot for a race track and make his idea a reality. After failing to secure a location near the research triangle around Raleigh, France then looked around between Atlanta and Charlotte around Greenville, South Carolina to build the track as it would take away business from the tracks there. However, Sunday blue laws prevented races from being held on Sundays in South Carolina. (The Southern 500 was held on Labor Day itself back in the day), after failing to agree to terms with the government, France set his sights elsewhere. He then looked between Atlanta and Birmingham along Interstate 20. With the support of Alabama Governor George Wallace, France broke ground on an old airfield 47 miles east of Birmingham and 100 miles west of Atlanta on May 23, 1968. The track opened on September 13, 1969, costing $4 million. The track was named the "Alabama International Motor Speedway". The name would remain for twenty years until 1989, when the facility's name was changed to "Talladega Superspeedway".


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: In the first race at the track, all the original drivers aside from Bobby Isaac, Richard Brickhouse, Jim Vandiver abandoned the track due to tire problems, which forced France to hire substitute drivers, the winner being Brickhouse. After the first race, Talladega hosted two Cup Series races a year, one of which would become part of the 10-race NASCAR Cup Series playoff format.


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: Since its opening year, Talladega has hosted many races and has been repaved four times. Talladega has also had many first-time winners, such as Richard Brickhouse, Ron Bouchard, Bobby Hillin Jr, Davey Allison, Brian Vickers, Brad Keselowski, Ricky Stenhouse Jr. and Bubba Wallace .


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: A infield road course operated from the track's founding until 1983. In the 1970s, six IMSA GT Championship races were held at the speedway, including a 6-hour race in 1978. The International Motorsports Hall of Fame museum was opened in 1983. The road course itself, roughly 1.2 miles, can still be used and is separated from the speedway. It is scheduled to host the National Finals for the United States version of the UK-based Greenpower Electric Car Challenge at Talladega Superspeedway, for student-built electric cars, in May 2022.


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: In May 2006, Talladega started to re-surface the track and the apron. Construction started on May 1 and lasted until September 18. The first race on the resurfaced race track was a NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series race on October 7.


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: In December 2013, the ISC announced removal of the 18,000-seat Allison Grandstand on the backstretch, reducing the track's seating capacity to 80,000. The 4,000-ft backstraightaway was renamed the "Alabama Gang Superstretch" in time for the 2014 Aaron's 499 held in the spring.


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: Speeds in excess of are commonplace at Talladega. Talladega has the record for the fastest recorded time by a NASCAR vehicle on a closed oval course, with the record of set by Rusty Wallace on June 9, 2004. Wallace circled the 2.66-mile (4.28-km) trioval in 44.270 seconds, which surpassed the previous record held by Bill Elliott () set in 1987, but did not replace the record because it was a radio test and not a NASCAR sanctioned event. Buddy Baker was the first driver to run at a speed over , with a lap during "testing" on March 24, 1970. Bill France himself invited Chrysler to run a 200 lap for publicity for the April race. The car was fully NASCAR inspected and certified. NASCAR sanctioned the event and Bill Gazaway was there with the official timing equipment. Baker's 200 mph lap was set while driving the No. 88 Chrysler Engineering Charger Daytona. It is currently undergoing restoration in Detroit, after being found in the late 1990s in Iowa. Benny Parsons was the first driver to qualify at over , doing so in 1982 with a speed of .


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: In May 1987, Bobby Allison, after contacting debris from a blown engine, cut his right-rear tire while going through the tri-oval section of the track. The car was vaulted airborne. His car damaged a section of the frontstretch catch fence but did not enter the spectator area. NASCAR imposed rule changes to slow the cars after the incident, with a 1988 rule requiring cars running there and at Daytona to again use restrictor plates. The most often cited reason is a fear that the increasing speeds exceeded the tires' capabilities at the time, as high-speed tire failure had led to some terrific crashes at slightly lower speeds. The plates limit the amount of air and fuel entering the intake manifolds of the engine, significantly reducing the power of the cars and hence their speed. Like restrictor plates, NASCAR changed the package for Daytona and Talladega to use tapered spacers, which are larger throttle bodies than the plates, and restrict less airflow, allowing larger horsepower, increased closing rates, and slightly higher speeds. This has led to a highly competitive racing style at Talladega and Daytona. Allison's crash was very similar to Carl Edwards's airborne crash at the 2009 Aaron's 499.


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: The reduced power affects not only the maximum speed reached by the cars but also the time it takes them to achieve their full speed, which can be nearly one full circuit of the track. The racing currently seen at Talladega is exceptionally tight, often in rows of three or four cars, and sometimes even five lanes wide on the straightaways throughout most of the field, as the track is wide enough to permit such racing. Breaking away from the pack is very difficult as well.


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: However, such close quarters make it extremely difficult for a driver to avoid an incident as it unfolds in front of them. The slightest mistake can lead to a multi-car accident dubbed "the Big One" by fans and drivers. It is uncommon but possible to see 20 or more cars collected in the crashes. Occasionally, cars go airborne and barrel-roll or slide on their roofs. However, NASCAR has made several advances in safety over the years to lessen the chance of a car going airborne.


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: Numerous strange occurrences at the track have led to rumors of Talladega being cursed. Stories of the origin of the curse vary. Some claim that a local Native American tribe held horse races in the valley where the track currently resides, where a chief was killed when he was thrown from his horse. Others say that the site of the superspeedway was once an Indian burial ground. Still another version says that after the local tribe was driven out by the Creek nation for their collaboration with the forces of Andrew Jackson, a shaman put a curse on the valley.


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: Since the construction of the track, many unusual events and untimely deaths have fueled the rumors of a jinx or curse. In the 1973 Talladega 500, NASCAR Rookie of the Year Larry Smith died of massive head injuries in a solo crash, one that was reported by commentators as a heavy hit, but believed by no means bad enough to be fatal. Later in the same race, driver Bobby Isaac parked his car and announced he was quitting racing; he did not participate in another race for the remainder of the 1973 season. Isaac explained, "Something told me to quit. I don't know anything else to do but abide by it." At the time of Isaac's death in 1977, friend and colleague Ned Jarrett told reporters that the reason Isaac parked his car in Talladega was because he "had heard a voice that told him to quit".


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: During the 1974 Winston 500, Penske Racing crewman Don Miller lost part of his leg in a pit lane accident. Miller was helping service his team's AMC Matador, driven by Gary Bettenhausen. Another driver hit the car in the pit lane, pinning Miller between the pit wall and Bettenhausen's car. In the Talladega 500 a few months later, ten of the top eleven qualifying drivers found that their cars had been mechanically—and elaborately—sabotaged the night before the race. While most of the damage was quietly repaired before the race, the culprit was never found.


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: In the 1975 Winston 500, Randy Owens, brother-in-law of Richard Petty and a crew member on the family team Petty Enterprises (father of current NASCAR Cup Series crew chief Trent Owens), was killed by an air tank that exploded in the pits.


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: To some, Bobby Allison's wreck in 1987 described above was yet another reminder of the curse. In 1993, his son, Davey Allison, died in a helicopter crash in the infield of Talladega.


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: In 1996, Automobile Racing Club of America president Bob Loga died after a traffic accident in a parking lot. ARCA team owner James Hylton was killed in a highway accident following the 2018 ARCA race, 22 years and one day after former ARCA president Bob Loga died.


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: "The Legend of Hallowdega", a comedic short film about the Talladega jinx, was directed by Terry Gilliam and released in 2010. In a similar vein, YouTuber EmpLemon released an hour-long analysis of the Talladega Curse in October of 2021.


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: Talladega hosts many NASCAR events, including two Cup Series races, one Xfinity Series race, and one Truck Series race. The Cup Series races include the GEICO 500 and the YellaWood 500, which are both 188 laps each or . The Xfinity Series race has historically been a 311.2-mile/500-kilometer (117 laps) since its 1992 inception, but was cut to (113 laps) in 1998 due to a spectator's letter questioning the metric distance, but restored to 500 kilometers by its current sponsor. The Truck Series race is 250 miles (94 laps). Once a 500 kilometer affair, the ARCA race was shortened to 300 miles in 1998 and to 250 miles in 2006 when it was moved to Friday.


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: In the winter, the circuit's infield also hosts the Birmingham Ultimate Disc Association Mud Bowl tournament.


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: The outright fastest track record set during a race weekend on the 2.66-mile Tri-Oval is 44.998 seconds, set by Bill Elliott in a Ford Thunderbird, during qualifying for the 1987 Winston 500. The fastest official lap records at Talladega Superspeedway (formerly Alabama International Motor Speedway) are listed as:


title: Talladega Superspeedway

text: Many drivers won the first race of their careers at Talladega. As of October 4, 2021, twelve Cup drivers and two Xfinity drivers have won their first race at Talladega.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: In computing, cache algorithms (also frequently called cache replacement algorithms or cache replacement policies) are optimizing instructions, or algorithms, that a computer program or a hardware-maintained structure can utilize in order to manage a cache of information stored on the computer. Caching improves performance by keeping recent or often-used data items in memory locations that are faster or computationally cheaper to access than normal memory stores. When the cache is full, the algorithm must choose which items to discard to make room for the new ones.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: the latency and the hit ratio. There are also a number of secondary factors affecting cache performance.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: The "hit ratio" of a cache describes how often a searched-for item is actually found in the cache. More efficient replacement policies keep track of more usage information in order to improve the hit rate (for a given cache size).


title: Cache replacement policies

text: The "latency" of a cache describes how long after requesting a desired item the cache can return that item (when there is a hit).


title: Cache replacement policies

text: Faster replacement strategies typically keep track of less usage information—or, in the case of direct-mapped cache, no information—to reduce the amount of time required to update that information.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: Hit rate measurements are typically performed on benchmark applications. The actual hit ratio varies widely from one application to another. In particular, video and audio streaming applications often have a hit ratio close to zero, because each bit of data in the stream is read once for the first time (a compulsory miss), used, and then never read or written again. Even worse, many cache algorithms (in particular, LRU) allow this streaming data to fill the cache, pushing out of the cache information that will be used again soon (cache pollution).


title: Cache replacement policies

text: Various algorithms also exist to maintain cache coherency. This applies only to situation where "multiple" independent caches are used for the "same" data (for example multiple database servers updating the single shared data file).


title: Cache replacement policies

text: The "most" efficient caching algorithm would be to always discard the information that will not be needed for the longest time in the future. This optimal result is referred to as Bélády's optimal algorithm/simply optimal replacement policy or the clairvoyant algorithm. Since it is generally impossible to predict how far in the future information will be needed, this is generally not implementable in practice. The practical minimum can be calculated only after experimentation, and one can compare the effectiveness of the actually chosen cache algorithm.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: At the moment when a page fault occurs, some set of pages is in memory. In the example, the sequence of '5', '0', '1' is accessed by Frame 1, Frame 2, Frame 3 respectively. Then when '2' is accessed, it replaces value '5', which is in frame 1 since it predicts that value '5' is not going to be accessed in the near future. Because a real-life general purpose operating system cannot actually predict when '5' will be accessed, Bélády's Algorithm cannot be implemented on such a system.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: Randomly selects a candidate item and discards it to make space when necessary. This algorithm does not require keeping any information about the access history. For its simplicity, it has been used in ARM processors. It admits efficient stochastic simulation.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: Using this algorithm the cache behaves in the same way as a FIFO queue. The cache evicts the blocks in the order they were added, without any regard to how often or how many times they were accessed before.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: Using this algorithm the cache behaves in the same way as a stack and opposite way as a FIFO queue. The cache evicts the block added most recently first without any regard to how often or how many times it was accessed before.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: Discards the least recently used items first. This algorithm requires keeping track of what was used when, which is expensive if one wants to make sure the algorithm always discards the least recently used item. General implementations of this technique require keeping "age bits" for cache-lines and track the "Least Recently Used" cache-line based on age-bits. In such an implementation, every time a cache-line is used, the age of all other cache-lines changes. LRU is actually a family of caching algorithms with members including 2Q by Theodore Johnson and Dennis Shasha, and LRU/K by Pat O'Neil, Betty O'Neil and Gerhard Weikum.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: In the above example once A B C D gets installed in the blocks with sequence numbers (Increment 1 for each new Access) and when E is accessed, it is a miss and it needs to be installed in one of the blocks. According to the LRU Algorithm, since A has the lowest Rank(A(0)), E will replace A.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: The Time aware Least Recently Used (TLRU) is a variant of LRU designed for the situation where the stored contents in cache have a valid life time. The algorithm is suitable in network cache applications, such as Information-centric networking (ICN), Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and distributed networks in general. TLRU introduces a new term: TTU (Time to Use). TTU is a time stamp of a content/page which stipulates the usability time for the content based on the locality of the content and the content publisher announcement. Owing to this locality based time stamp, TTU provides more control to the local administrator to regulate in network storage.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: In the TLRU algorithm, when a piece of content arrives, a cache node calculates the local TTU value based on the TTU value assigned by the content publisher. The local TTU value is calculated by using a locally defined function. Once the local TTU value is calculated the replacement of content is performed on a subset of the total content stored in cache node. The TLRU ensures that less popular and small life content should be replaced with the incoming content.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: In contrast to Least Recently Used (LRU), MRU discards the "most recently used" items first. In findings presented at the 11th VLDB conference, Chou and DeWitt noted that "When a file is being repeatedly scanned in a [Looping Sequential] reference pattern, MRU is the best replacement algorithm." Subsequently, other researchers presenting at the 22nd VLDB conference noted that for random access patterns and repeated scans over large datasets (sometimes known as cyclic access patterns) MRU cache algorithms have more hits than LRU due to their tendency to retain older data. MRU algorithms are most useful in situations where the older an item is, the more likely it is to be accessed.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: Here, A B C D are placed in the cache as there is still space available. At the 5th access E, we see that the block which held D is now replaced with E as this block was used most recently. Another access to C and at the next access to D, C is replaced as it was the block accessed just before D and so on.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: SLRU cache is divided into two segments, a probationary segment and a protected segment. Lines in each segment are ordered from the most to the least recently accessed. Data from misses is added to the cache at the most recently accessed end of the probationary segment. Hits are removed from wherever they currently reside and added to the most recently accessed end of the protected segment. Lines in the protected segment have thus been accessed at least twice. The protected segment is finite, so migration of a line from the probationary segment to the protected segment may force the migration of the LRU line in the protected segment to the most recently used (MRU) end of the probationary segment, giving this line another chance to be accessed before being replaced. The size limit on the protected segment is an SLRU parameter that varies according to the I/O workload patterns. Whenever data must be discarded from the cache, lines are obtained from the LRU end of the probationary segment.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: LRU can be prohibitively expensive in caches with higher associativity. Practical hardware usually employs an approximation to achieve similar performance at a much lower hardware cost.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: For CPU caches with large associativity (generally >4 ways), the implementation cost of LRU becomes prohibitive. In many CPU caches, a scheme that almost always discards one of the least recently used items is sufficient, so many CPU designers choose a PLRU algorithm which only needs one bit per cache item to work.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: PLRU typically has a slightly worse miss ratio, has a slightly better latency, uses slightly less power than LRU and lower overheads compared to LRU.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: The following example shows how Bits work as a binary tree of 1-bit pointers that point to the less recently used subtree. Following the pointer chain to the leaf node identifies the replacement candidate. Upon an access all pointers in the chain from the accessed way's leaf node to the root node are set to point to subtree that does not contain the accessed way.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: The principle here is simple to understand if we only look at the arrow pointers. When there is an access to a value, say 'A', and we cannot find it in the cache, then we load it from memory and place it at the block where the arrows are currently pointing, going from top to bottom. After we have placed that block we flip those same arrows so they point the opposite way. In the above example we see how 'A' was placed, followed by 'B', 'C and 'D'. Then as the cache became full 'E' replaced 'A' because that was where the arrows were pointing at that time, and the arrows that led to 'A' were flipped to point in the opposite direction. The arrows then led to 'B', which will be the block replaced on the next cache miss.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: LRU algorithm cannot be directly implemented in the critical path of computer systems, such as operating systems, due to its high overhead. An approximation of LRU, called CLOCK is commonly used for the implementation. Similarly, CLOCK-Pro is an approximation of LIRS for an low cost implementation in systems. CLOCK-Pro is under the basic CLOCK framework, but has three major distinct merits. First, CLOCK-Pro has three "clock hands" in contrast to a simple structure of CLOCK where only one "hand" is used. With the three hands, CLOCK-Pro is able to measure the reuse distance of data accesses in an approximate way. Second, all the merits of LIRS are retained, such as quickly evicting one-time accessing and/or low locality data items. Third, the complexity of the CLOCK-Pro is same as that of CLOCK, thus it is easy to implement at a low cost. The buffer cache replacement implementation in the current version of Linux is a combination of LRU and CLOCK-Pro.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: Counts how often an item is needed. Those that are used least often are discarded first. This works very similar to LRU except that instead of storing the value of how recently a block was accessed, we store the value of how many times it was accessed. So of course while running an access sequence we will replace a block which was used fewest times from our cache. E.g., if A was used (accessed) 5 times and B was used 3 times and others C and D were used 10 times each, we will replace B.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: The Least Frequent Recently Used (LFRU) cache replacement scheme combines the benefits of LFU and LRU schemes. LFRU is suitable for 'in network' cache applications, such as Information-centric networking (ICN), Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and distributed networks in general. In LFRU, the cache is divided into two partitions called privileged and unprivileged partitions. The privileged partition can be defined as a protected partition. If content is highly popular, it is pushed into the privileged partition. Replacement of the privileged partition is done as follows: LFRU evicts content from the unprivileged partition, pushes content from privileged partition to unprivileged partition, and finally inserts new content into the privileged partition. In the above procedure the LRU is used for the privileged partition and an approximated LFU (ALFU) scheme is used for the unprivileged partition, hence the abbreviation LFRU.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: The basic idea is to filter out the locally popular contents with ALFU scheme and push the popular contents to one of the privileged partition.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: A variant called LFU with Dynamic Aging (LFUDA) that uses dynamic aging to accommodate shifts in the set of popular objects. It adds a cache age factor to the reference count when a new object is added to the cache or when an existing object is re-referenced. LFUDA increments the cache ages when evicting blocks by setting it to the evicted object's key value. Thus, the cache age is always less than or equal to the minimum key value in the cache. Suppose when an object was frequently accessed in the past and now it becomes unpopular, it will remain in the cache for a long time thereby preventing the newly or less popular objects from replacing it. So this Dynamic aging is introduced to bring down the count of such objects thereby making them eligible for replacement. The advantage of LFUDA is it reduces the cache pollution caused by LFU when cache sizes are very small. When Cache sizes are large few replacement decisions are sufficient and cache pollution will not be a problem.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: RRIP-style policies form the basis for many other cache replacement policies including Hawkeye which won the CRC2 championship and was considered the most advanced cache replacement policy of its time.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: RRIP is a very flexible policy proposed by Intel that attempts to provide good scan resistance while also allowing older cache lines that haven't been reused to be evicted. All cache lines have a prediction value called the RRPV (Re-Reference Prediction Value) that should correlate with when the line is expected to be reused. On insertion, this RRPV is usually high, so that if the line isn't reused soon, it will be evicted, this is done to prevent scans (large amounts of data that is used only once) from filling up the cache. When a cache line is reused, this RRPV is set to zero, indicating that this line has been reused once, and is likely to be reused again.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: On a cache miss, the line with the RRPV equal to the maximum possible RRPV is evicted (for example, with 3-bit values, the line with the RRPV of 2 = 7 is evicted), if no lines have this value, all RRPVs in the set are incremented by 1 until one reaches it. A tie breaker is needed, and usually it is the first line on the left. This increment is needed to make sure that older lines are aged properly and will be evicted if they aren't reused.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: SRRIP inserts lines with an RRPV value of maxRRIP. This means that a line that has just been inserted will be the most likely to be evicted on a cache miss.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: SRRIP performs well in the normal case, but suffers when the working set is much larger than the cache size and causes cache thrashing, this is remedied by inserting lines with an RRPV value of maxRRPV most of time, and inserting lines with an RRPV value of maxRRPV - 1 randomly with a low probability. This causes some lines "stick" in the cache and help against thrashing.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: SRRIP performs best when the working set is smaller than the cache size, while BRRIP performs best when the working set is larger than the cache size.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: DRRIP aims for the best of both worlds. It uses set dueling to select whether to use SRRIP or BRRIP. It dedicates a few sets (typically 32) to only use SRRIP and another few to only use BRRIP, and it uses a policy counter that monitors which of these sets performs better to determine which policy will be used by the rest of the cache.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: Bélády's algorithm is the optimal cache replacement policy, but it requires knowledge of the future to evict lines that will be reused farthest in the future. Multiple replacement policies have been proposed that attempt to predict future reuse distances from past access patterns. Thus allowing them to approximate the optimal replacement policy. Some of the best performing cache replacement policies are ones that attempt to imitate Bélády's algorithm.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: Hawkeye attempts to emulate Bélády's algorithm by using past accesses by a PC to predict whether the accesses it produces generate cache friendly accesses (accesses that get used later on) or cache averse accesses (don't get used later on).


title: Cache replacement policies

text: It does this by sampling a number of the cache sets (that aren't aligned), it uses a history of length formula_6 and emulates Bélády's algorithm on these accesses. This allows the policy to figure out which lines should have been cached and which should not have been cached.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: This data allows it to predict whether an instruction is cache friendly or cache averse. This data is then fed into an RRIP, and means accesses from instructions that are cache friendly have a lower RRPV value (likely to be evicted later), and accesses from instructions that are cache averse have a higher RRPV value (likely to be evicted sooner).


title: Cache replacement policies

text: The RRIP backend is the part that does the actual eviction decisions. The sampled cache and OPT generator are only used to set the initial RRPV value of the inserted cache lines.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: Hawkeye won the CRC2 cache championship in 2017, beating all other cache replacement policies at the time.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: Mockingjay tries to improve upon Hawkeye in multiple ways. First, it drops the binary prediction, allowing it to make more fine grained decisions about which cache lines to evict. Second, it leaves the decision about which cache line to evict later on, after more information is available.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: It achieves this by keeping a sampled cache of unique accesses, the PCs that produced them and their timestamps. When a line in the sampled cache gets accessed again, the difference in time will be sent to the Reuse Distance Predictor, which uses Temporal Difference Learning, where the new RDP vale will be incremented or decremented by a small number to compensate for outliers. The number is calculated as formula_7. Except when the value has not been initialized, in which case the observed reuse distance is inserted directly. If the sampled cache is full, and we need to throw away a line, we train the RDP that the PC that last accessed it produces streaming accesses.


title: Cache replacement policies

text: On an access or insertion, the Estimated Time of Reuse (ETR) for this line is updated to reflect the predicted reuse distance. Every few accesses to the set, decrement all the ETR counters of the set (which can fall into the negative, if not accesses past their estimated time of reuse).


title: Cache replacement policies

text: On a cache miss, the line with the highest absolute ETR value is evicted (The line which is estimated to be reused farthest in the future, or has been estimated to be reused farthest in the past and hasn't been reused).


title: Cache replacement policies

text: Mockingjay achieves results that are very close to the optimal Bélády's algorithm, typically within only a few percent performance difference.