title: Cattle slaughter in India

text: Under "The Sikkim Prevention of Cow Slaughter Act, 2017", cow slaughter is a non-bailable offence in Sikkim.


title: Cattle slaughter in India

text: All animals may be slaughtered upon obtaining a "fit-for-slaughter" certificate. The law defines "animals" as bulls, bullocks, cows, calves; and buffaloes of all ages. The certificate is issued when an animal is over 10 years of age, unfit for labor, breeding or had become permanently incapacitated for work and breeding due to injury deformity or any incurable disease.


title: Cattle slaughter in India

text: Anyone violating the Act can be punished with imprisonment of up to 3 years or fine up to 1,000 or both.


title: Cattle slaughter in India

text: "The Andhra Pradesh Prohibition of Cow Slaughter and Animal Preservation Act, 1977" governs the slaughter of cattle in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Therefore, the law governing the slaughter of cattle in Telangana is the same as that in Andhra Pradesh.


title: Cattle slaughter in India

text: Slaughter of cows (includes heifer, or a calf, whether male or female of a cow) is prohibited. The law does not define the age of a "calf". Slaughter of bulls and bullocks is allowed on obtaining a "fit-for-slaughter" certificate, to be given only if the animal is not economical or is not likely to become economical for the purpose of breeding or draught/agricultural operations.


title: Cattle slaughter in India

text: Anyone violating the law can be punished with imprisonment up to maximum of 6 months or fine of up to 1,000 or both. The crime is treated as a cognizable offence.


title: Cattle slaughter in India

text: There exists, as of 2018, no ban on cattle slaughter in Tripura. The consumption of beef, however, has been historically rather limited due to religious and cultural reasons given that the erstwhile Princely State of Tripura used to be under the rule of the Hindu Manikya Kings during the British Raj and emerged as an overwhelmingly Hindu-majority state after the partition of Bengal into East Bengal (now Bangladesh) and West Bengal, India.


title: Cattle slaughter in India

text: "The Uttar Pradesh Prevention of Cow Slaughter Act, 1955" governs the slaughter of cattle in Uttar Pradesh.


title: Cattle slaughter in India

text: Slaughter of cow (includes a heifer and calf) is totally prohibited. Transport of cow outside the State for slaughter is not permitted. The sale of beef is prohibited. The law defines "beef" as the flesh of cow and of such bull or bullock whose slaughter is prohibited under the Act, but does not include such flesh contained in sealed containers and imported into Uttar Pradesh.


title: Cattle slaughter in India

text: Anyone violating the Act can be punished with rigorous imprisonment of up to 2 years or fine up to 1,000 or both. The crime is treated as a cognizable and non-bailable offence.


title: Cattle slaughter in India

text: The Act permitted the slaughter of bull or bullock on obtaining a "fit-for-slaughter" certificate provided it was over the age of 15 years or had become permanently unfit for breeding, draught and any agricultural operations. However, the Government of Uttar Pradesh issued an ordinance in 2001, prohibiting the slaughter of cow and its progeny.


title: Cattle slaughter in India

text: On 6 June 2017, Uttar Pradesh's Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath directed the state police to take action against cow slaughter and cattle smuggling under the National Security Act and the Gangster Act.


title: Cattle slaughter in India

text: "The Uttar Pradesh Prevention of Cow Slaughter Act, 1955" governs the slaughter of cattle in Uttarakhand.


title: Cattle slaughter in India

text: Slaughter of cow (includes a heifer and calf) is totally prohibited. Transport of cow outside the State for slaughter is not permitted. The sale of beef is prohibited. The law defines "beef" as the flesh of cow and of such bull or bullock whose slaughter is prohibited under the Act, but does not include such flesh contained in sealed containers and imported into Uttarakhand.


title: Cattle slaughter in India

text: In West Bengal, there is no ban on the consumption of beef or slaughter if carried out in government or municipal slaughterhouses after a certificate from a veterinarian. The "Animal Slaughter Control Act, 2009" exempts slaughter for religious purposes, however the Supreme Court has stated that such beef or slaughter are illegal in West Bengal .


title: Renaud Camus

text: Renaud Camus (; ; born Jean Renaud Gabriel Camus on 10 August 1946) is a French novelist, conspiracy theorist and white nationalist writer. He is the inventor of the "Great Replacement", a far-right conspiracy theory that claims that a "global elite" is colluding against the white population of Europe to replace them with non-European peoples.


title: Renaud Camus

text: Camus's "Great Replacement" theory has been translated on far-right websites and adopted by far-right groups to reinforce the white genocide conspiracy theory. Although Camus has repeatedly condemned and disavowed the use of violence, his theory has nevertheless influenced several mass shootings, including in Christchurch, El Paso, and Buffalo.


title: Renaud Camus

text: Jean Renaud Gabriel Camus was born on 10 August 1946 in Chamalières, Auvergne, a rural town in central France. Raised in a bourgeois family, he is the son of Léon Camus, an entrepreneur, and Catherine Gourdiat, a lawyer. His parents removed him from their will after he revealed his homosexuality. At 21, then a socialist, he participated in pro-LGBT marches during the May 1968 events in Paris.


title: Renaud Camus

text: Camus earned a "baccalauréat" in philosophy in Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, in 1963. He then spent a year at a non-university college, St Clare's, Oxford (1965–1966). He earned a bachelor in French literature at the Sorbonne University in Paris (1969), a master in philosophy at the Paris Institute of Political Studies (1970), and two Master of Advanced Studies (DES) in political science (1970) and history of law (1971) at the University Panthéon-Assas. He taught French literature at the Hendrix College in Conway, Arkansas from 1971 to 1972, then was redactor in political science for the encyclopedia publisher Grolier from 1972 to 1976. He was also a professional reader and literature advisor at French book publisher Denoël from 1970 to 1976.


title: Renaud Camus

text: After settling back in Paris in 1978, Camus quickly began to circulate among writers and artists the likes of Roland Barthes, Andy Warhol, or Gilbert & George. Known exclusively as a novelist and poet until the late 1990s, Camus received the "Prix Fénéon" in 1977 for his novel "Échange", and in 1996 the "Prix Amic" from the Académie Française for his previous novels and elegies.


title: Renaud Camus

text: Called retrospectively by some English-language media an "edgy gay writer," Camus published in 1979 "Tricks", a "chronicle" consisting of descriptions of homosexual encounters in France and elsewhere, with a preface by philosopher Roland Barthes; it remains Camus' most translated work. "Tricks" and "Buena Vista Park", published in 1980, were deemed influential in the LGBT community at that time. Camus was also a columnist for the French gay magazine "Gai Pied". This period of Camus' life has led American magazine "The Nation" to label him a "gay icon" who "became the ideologue of white supremacy," although Camus had rejected the concept of "homosexual writer" by 1982.


title: Renaud Camus

text: Camus was a member of the Socialist Party during the 1970s and 1980s, and he voted for François Mitterrand in 1981, winner of the French presidential election. Thirty-one years later, during the 2012 presidential campaign, he dismissed the party with the following remark: "The Socialist Party has published a political program titled "Pour changer de civilisation" ("To change civilization"). We are among those who, to the contrary, refuse to change civilization."


title: Renaud Camus

text: In 1992, at the age of 46, using the money from the sale of his Paris apartment, Camus bought and began to restore a 14th-century castle in Plieux, a village in Occitanie. In 1996, he had the epiphany which he said led to the concept of the "Great Replacement". As of 2019, Camus still lives in the castle. Because he received government funds to assist in the restoration of the castle – which included the rebuilding of a 10-story tower removed in the 17th century – Camus is required to open it to the public for a part of the year.


title: Renaud Camus

text: Camus stated in a 2016 interview with British magazine "The Spectator" that he began to develop his theory in 1996, while editing a guidebook about the department of Hérault. He claimed that he "suddenly realised that in very old villages ... the population had totally changed" and added, "this is when I began to write like that."


title: Renaud Camus

text: Camus supported for a time the left-wing souverainist politician Jean-Pierre Chevènement, then voted for the ecologist candidate Noël Mamère in the 2002 presidential election. The same year, he founded his own racialist political party, the Parti de l’In-nocence ("Party of No-harm"), although it was not publicly launched until the 2012 presidential election. The party advocates remigration, i.e. sending all immigrants and their families back to the country of their origin, and a complete cessation of future immigration.


title: Renaud Camus

text: He also declared that a key to understanding his "Great Replacement" theory can be found in a book about aesthetics he published in 2002, titled "Du Sens" ("Of Meaning"). In the latter, inspired by a dialog between Plato and Cratylus, he wrote that the words "France" and "French" equal a natural and physical reality, not a legal one; it is a form of cratylism similar to Charles Maurras' distinction between the "legal country" and the "real country." Camus also built on the earlier work of Jean Raspail, who published the dystopian novel "The Camp of the Saints" in 1973, a fictional story about immigration and the destruction of Western civilization.


title: Renaud Camus

text: Since his 2010 and 2011 books "L'Abécédaire de l'in-nocence" ("Abecedarium of no-harm") and "Le Grand Remplacement" ("The Great Replacement")—both unpublished in English—Camus has been warning of the purported danger of the "Great Replacement". The conspiracy theory supposes that "replacist elites" are colluding against the White French and Europeans in order to replace them with non-European peoples—specifically Muslim populations from Africa and the Middle East—through mass migration, demographic growth and a drop in the European birth rate; a supposed process he labeled "genocide by substitution." To promote his theory, Camus participated in two conferences organised by Bloc Identitaire in December 2010 and November 2012.


title: Renaud Camus

text: He was a candidate in the 2012 French presidential election, with a program ranging from "serious proposals, such as the repatriation of foreign-born criminals", to unusual themes in French politics, such as "the right to silence, abolishing wind-farms, banning roadside ads, making sanctuaries of remaining unspoiled places, stopping the production of cars that can go faster than the speed limit, and recognising Israel, Palestine and a Greater Lebanon for Christians in the Middle East." He nonetheless failed to gain enough elected representatives to be able to run for president, and eventually decided to support Marine Le Pen.


title: Renaud Camus

text: In 2015 Camus headed an initiative to launch Pegida France alongside Pierre Cassen of Riposte Laïque, Jean-Luc Addor of the Swiss People's Party, Pierre Renversez of the Belgian "No to Islam" and Melanie Dittmer of the German Pegida.


title: Renaud Camus

text: In 2017, French essayist Alain Finkielkraut caused controversy after he invited Camus to debate the "Great Replacement" on the literary talk show "Répliques" at the public radio France Culture. Finkielkraut justified his choice by arguing that Camus, who "is heard and seen nowhere, has shaped an expression that we hear everywhere."


title: Renaud Camus

text: On 9 November 2017, Camus founded, with Karim Ouchikh, the National Council of European Resistance, an allusion to the WWII French National Council of the Resistance. The pan-European movement—with other members the likes of Jean-Yves Le Gallou, Bernard Lugan, Václav Klaus, Filip Dewinter or Janice Atkinson—seeks to oppose the "Great Replacement", immigration to Europe, and to defeat "replacist totalitarianism".


title: Renaud Camus

text: In December 2017, he declared: "The presidential election that took place [in 2017] was the last chance for a political solution. I don't believe in a political solution ... because in 2022, this time, it will be the occupants, the invaders [i.e. the immigrants] who will vote, who will be the masters of the elections, so anyway the solution is no longer political".""


title: Renaud Camus

text: After white supremacist protesters at the 2017 Unite The Right Rally in Charlottesville, Virginia were heard chanting "You will not replace us" and "Jews will not replace us," Camus stated that he did not support Nazis or violence, but that he could understand why white Americans felt angry about being replaced, and that he approved of the sentiment. In November 2018, he released a book directly written in English and intended for an international audience, titled "You Will Not Replace Us!"


title: Renaud Camus

text: In May 2019, Camus ran, along with Karim Ouchikh, for the European parliament elections: "we shall not leave Europe, we shall make Africa leave Europe," they wrote to define their agenda. During the campaign, a photograph of a candidate on his ballot kneeling before a giant swastika drawn on a beach re-emerged on social media. Camus decided to withdraw from the election, claiming that the swastika was "the opposite of everything [he had] fought for [his] whole life." As of March 2020, he continued to defend the "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory on his Twitter account, which had 54,000 followers before its permanent suspension in October 2021. During the 2022 French presidential election, he sided with far-right pundit and presidential candidate Éric Zemmour.


title: Renaud Camus

text: Camus has repeatedly said that he condemns the violent attacks and terrorism committed in echo with his ideas, dismissing them as "Occupier's [i.e. immigrant's] practices." However, his use of strong terms, such as "colonizers" and "Occupiers" to label non-European immigrants and their children, has been described as implicit calls to violence. While he denies stigmatizing all Muslims, Camus believes in an unbroken line between petty crime and Islamic terrorism: "all the terrorists are known by the police, not for terrorist acts or for religious extremism, but by petty larceny and bank attacks, or even by very small things like attacking old ladies in suburban trains, or conflicts between neighbours," adding in another speech: "we are talking about the fight against terrorism: in my opinion there are no terrorists, not a single one. There are occupants who ... kill a few hostages from time to time to better remind us who the master is."


title: Renaud Camus

text: Scholars Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard and Ahmed Boubeker state that "the announcement of a civil war is implicit in the theory of the 'great replacement' ... This thesis is extreme—and so simplistic that it can be understood by anyone—because it validates a racial definition of the nation." In April 2014, Camus was fined €4,000 for incitement to racial hatred after he referred to Muslims as "hooligans" and "soldiers" and as "the armed wing of a group intent on conquering French territory and expelling the existing population from certain areas" during a conference organised by Bloc Identitaire and Riposte Laïque in December 2010. In April 2015, the Court of Appeal of Paris confirmed this decision.


title: Renaud Camus

text: In his diary of 1994—published in 2000 under the title "La campagne de France"—Renaud Camus commented on the fact that the membership of a regular panel of literary critics on the public radio France Culture comprised a majority of Jewish members who, in his view, tended to exclusively focus discussion on Jewish authors and community-centered issues. This accusation drew much criticism among some French journalists such as Marc Weitzmann or Jean Daniel, who denounced Camus' remarks as anti-Semitic. One editorial, signed by Frédéric Mitterrand, Emmanuel Carrère, Christian Combaz and Camille Laurens, defended Camus in the name of free speech, while another, signed by Jacques Derrida, Serge Klarsfeld, Claude Lanzmann, Jean-Pierre Vernant and Philippe Sollers, contended that racism and antisemitism, as allegedly displayed by Camus in his diary, are not entitled to this freedom.


title: Renaud Camus

text: Camus has since gained a number of defenders among French-Jewish conservative thinkers, most notably Alain Finkielkraut, who has taken his side in the controversy since 2000. "Demographic substitution," Finkielkraut said to "The Nation" in 2019, is "not a conspiracy theory," but he dismissed Camus' frequent talk of "genocide by substitution." Éric Zemmour, a French conservative journalist of Sephardic Jewish descent, is one of the most prominent mainstream advocates of Camus' theory. Additionally, various right-wing and far-right French-speaking Jewish websites, such as "Dreuz.info, Europe-Israël" or "JssNews," have positively received Camus' conspiracy theory and have called their readership to study his books.


title: Renaud Camus

text: Political scientist Jean-Yves Camus and historian Nicolas Lebourg have noted that, contrary to its parent the white genocide conspiracy theory, Renaud Camus' "Great Replacement" does not include an antisemitic Jewish plot, which is, according to them, a reason for its success. French journalist Yann Moix, who had accused Camus of being an anti-Semite in 2017, was fined €3,000 by a French Court of Appeal for libel on 13 March 2019. Moix's conviction was overturned in January 2020 by the French Court of Cassation, judging that his comments "were the expression of an opinion and a value judgment on the personality of the plaintiff ... and not the imputation of a specific fact."


title: Renaud Camus

text: Camus sees democracy as a degradation of high culture and favors a system whereby the elite are guardians of the culture, thus opposing multiculturalism.


title: Renaud Camus

text: Camus is openly gay and has given lukewarm support to same-sex marriage. He has said that homophobia and opposition to LGBT rights within conservative Islam justifies anti-Muslim sentiment, and that the mainstream left has often prioritised defending Islam and anti-racism over criticising Muslim homophobia.


title: Renaud Camus

text: In a survey led by Ifop in December 2018, 25% of the French subscribed to the theory of the "Great Replacement"; as well as 46% of the responders who defined themselves as "Gilets Jaunes". The theory has been cited by Canadian political activist Lauren Southern in a YouTube video of the same name released in July 2017. Southern's video had attracted in 2019 more than 670,000 viewers and is credited with helping to popularize the theory.


title: Renaud Camus

text: The "Great Replacement" theory is a key ideological component of Identitarianism, a strand of white nationalism that originated in France and has since gained popularity in Europe and the rest of the Western world.


title: Renaud Camus

text: Although Camus has publicly condemned white nationalist violence, several far-right terrorists, including the perpetrators of the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings, the 2019 El Paso shooting and the 2022 Buffalo shooting, have made reference to his "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory.


title: Renaud Camus

text: The "Great Replacement" was also the name of a manifesto by terrorist Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the Australian-born perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings that killed 51 people and injured 40 others. Camus condemned the massacre and described the shootings as a terrorist attack, also adding that Tarrant's manifesto had failed to understand the Great Replacement theory. Camus said that he suspected the attacks to be inspired by acts of Islamic terrorism in France. In a discussion with "The Washington Post", he said that while he was against the use of violence, he still supported a sort of "counter-revolt" against non-White immigration and had no issues with the majority of his supporters' beliefs.


title: Renaud Camus

text: Likewise, Tarrant's manifesto and the Great Replacement theory were also cited in "The Inconvenient Truth" by Patrick Crusius, the suspected perpetrator of the 2019 El Paso shooting at a Walmart store in El Paso, Texas, United States, that killed 23 people and injured 23 others.


title: Renaud Camus

text: The suspected perpetrator of the 2022 Buffalo shooting, Payton Gendron, killed ten people and injured three others; 11 of the victims were black. Gendron is reported to have written a manifesto, describing himself as a white supremacist and voicing support for the far-right Great Replacement conspiracy theory of Renaud Camus. The attack has been described as an act of domestic terrorism, and the incident is being investigated as racially motivated. The author also expressed support for other far-right mass shooters Dylann Roof, Anders Behring Breivik, and Brenton Tarrant. About 28 percent of the document is plagiarized from other sources, especially Tarrant's manifesto.


title: Larks' Tongues in Aspic

text: Larks' Tongues in Aspic is the fifth studio album by the English progressive rock group King Crimson, released on 23 March 1973 through Island Records in the UK and Atlantic Records in the United States and Canada. This album is the debut of King Crimson's third incarnation, featuring co-founder and guitarist Robert Fripp along with four new members: bass guitarist and vocalist John Wetton, violinist and keyboardist David Cross, percussionist Jamie Muir, and drummer Bill Bruford. It is a key album in the band's evolution, drawing on Eastern European classical music and European free improvisation as central influences.


title: Larks' Tongues in Aspic

text: At the end of the tour to promote King Crimson's previous album, "Islands", Fripp had parted company with the three other members of the band (Mel Collins, Boz Burrell and Ian Wallace). Collins has stated that he was asked to stay on with the new lineup of the band, but that he decided not to continue. The previous year had also seen the ousting of the band's lyricist and artistic co-director Peter Sinfield. Fripp had cited a developing musical (and sometimes personal) incompatibility with the other members, and was now writing starker music drawing less on familiar American influences and more on influences such as Béla Bartók and free improvisation.


title: Larks' Tongues in Aspic

text: In order to pursue these new (for King Crimson) ideas, Fripp first recruited bass guitarist/singer John Wetton (a longstanding friend of the band who had lobbied to join at least once before but had become a member of Family in the meantime). The second recruit was Jamie Muir, an experimental free-improvising percussionist who had previously been performing in the Music Improvisation Company with Derek Bailey and Evan Parker, as well as in Sunship (with Alan Gowen and Allan Holdsworth) and Boris (with Don Weller and Jimmy Roche, both later of jazz-rock band Major Surgery).


title: Larks' Tongues in Aspic

text: On drums (and to be paired with Muir) Fripp recruited original Yes drummer Bill Bruford. Another longstanding King Crimson admirer, Bruford felt that he had done all he could with Yes at that point, and was keen to leave the band before they embarked on their "Close to the Edge" tour, believing that the jazz – and experimentation-oriented King Crimson would be a more expansive outlet for his musical ideas. The final member of the new band was David Cross, a violinist, keyboardist and occasional flute player.


title: Larks' Tongues in Aspic

text: "Larks' Tongues in Aspic" showed several significant changes in King Crimson's sound. Having previously relied on saxophone and flute as significant melodic and textural instruments, the band had replaced them with a single violin. Muir's percussion rig featured eccentric instrumentation including chimes, bells, thumb pianos, a musical saw, shakers, rattles, found objects (such as sheet metal, toys and baking trays), plus miscellaneous drums and chains. The Mellotron (a staple part of King Crimson's instrumentation since their debut album) was retained for this new phase and was played by Fripp and Cross, both of whom also played electric piano. The instrumental pieces on this album have strong jazz fusion and European free-improvisation influences, and some aggressively hard-hitting portions verging on heavy metal.


title: Larks' Tongues in Aspic

text: The band's multi-instrumentalism initially extended to Wetton and Muir playing (respectively) violin and trombone on occasion at early gigs. Wetton and Cross contributed additional piano and flute respectively to the album sessions. "Larks' Tongues in Aspic" is the only studio album with this particular lineup, since Muir left the group in February 1973, shortly after the album was completed and before they could embark for touring.


title: Larks' Tongues in Aspic

text: "Easy Money" was composed piecemeal, with Fripp writing the verse and Wetton later adding the chorus part.


title: Larks' Tongues in Aspic

text: The album spawned the concert staple "Exiles", whose Mellotron introduction had been adapted from an instrumental piece called "Mantra" which the band's original line up had performed throughout 1969. At that time, as well as in late 1972, the melody was played by Fripp on guitar. In addition, a section of "Larks' Tongues in Aspic, Part One" was reworked from a piece entitled "A Peacemaking Stint Unrolls", which was recorded by the "Islands"-era band and finally released in 2010 as a bonus track on that album's 40th anniversary edition.


title: Larks' Tongues in Aspic

text: The album peaked at number 20 on the UK charts and at number 61 in the U.S. In 2012 "Larks' Tongues in Aspic" was issued as part of the King Crimson 40th Anniversary Series, including the release of an expansive box set subtitled "The Complete Recordings". This CD, DVD-A and Blu-ray set includes every available recording of the short-lived 5-man line-up, through live performances and studio sessions.


title: Larks' Tongues in Aspic

text: In his contemporary review, Alan Niester of "Rolling Stone" summarized the album saying "You can't dance to it, can't keep a beat to it, and it doesn't even make good background music for washing the dishes" and recommended listeners to "approach it with a completely open mind." He described the songs on the album saying that they were "a total study in contrasts, especially in moods and tempos – blazing and electric one moment, soft and intricate the next." While not fully appreciative of the music on the record, he complimented the violin playing as "tasteful [...] in the best classical tradition."


title: Larks' Tongues in Aspic

text: Bill Martin wrote in 1998, "[f]or sheer formal inventiveness, the most important progressive rock record of 1973 was... "Larks' Tongues in Aspic"", adding that listening to this album and Yes's "Close to the Edge" will demonstrate "what progressive rock is all about".


title: Larks' Tongues in Aspic

text: AllMusic's retrospective review was resoundingly positive, marking every aspect of the band's transition from a jazz-influenced vein to a more experimental one as a complete success. It deemed John Wetton "the group's strongest singer/bassist since Greg Lake's departure," and gave special praise to the remastered edition.


title: Larks' Tongues in Aspic

text: Robert Christgau's retrospective review gave a more ambivalent view, saying of the band's instrumental work, "not only doesn't it cook, which figures, it doesn't quite jell either."


title: Larks' Tongues in Aspic

text: In the Q & Mojo Classic Special Edition "Pink Floyd & The Story of Prog Rock", the album came number 22 in its list of "40 Cosmic Rock Albums".


title: Larks' Tongues in Aspic

text: "Larks' Tongues in Aspic" comes in at #20 in "Rolling Stone's" "50 Greatest Prog Rock Albums of All Time" list.


title: Larks' Tongues in Aspic

text: The progressive metal bands Dream Theater and Murmur both covered "Larks' Tongues in Aspic Pt. II". Dream Theater's version is featured on the special edition of their album "Black Clouds & Silver Linings".


title: UAE Pro League

text: The UAE Pro League (), known for sponsorship reasons as the ADNOC Pro League, is the top professional football league in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The first team to win the title was Al Orouba (Sharjah), whilst Al Ain has the record with 14 league titles to their name. Fourteen clubs compete in the League that operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the First Division League.


title: UAE Pro League

text: The League was founded in 1973 as the UAE Football League. The first 1973–74 season was a "trial" championship but was declared official by the UAE FA in 2001. In February 2007, the Pro League Committee was formed, and became the organising body of the League.


title: UAE Pro League

text: Starting from the 2006–07 season the name was changed from UAE League to Etisalat League. And since the 2013–14 season, the name was changed from Etisalat Pro League to Arabian Gulf League, which was named after the Arabian Gulf as per the chairman of Pro League Committee. However, the name change has been viewed as a revival of the Persian Gulf naming dispute with Iran accusing the United Arab Emirates of bigotry, and the Iranian Football Federation barring the transfer of Javad Nekounam to a UAE club. After about four months of the name change a 70 million AED one-year renewable partnership deal was announced with Arabian Gulf Development to be named Official Title Partner. On the 8th of August, the Pro League signed a new partnership deal with ADNOC worth 80 million AED, from the start of the 2021–22 season, the league was renamed to the UAE's ADNOC Pro League.


title: UAE Pro League

text: Prior to UAE League's transition to the professional era in 2008, many clubs have competed in the country's top tier division from 1973–74 to 2007–08. The below list is clubs that have competed in the UAE top tier league since the Pro League era starting in 2008–09.


title: UAE Pro League

text: As of July 2016 following clubs are officially allowed to wear stars while playing in the League, Each country's usage is unique and in UAE the practice is to award one star for each five titles won. The number in parentheses is for League titles won.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The Stardust Resort and Casino was a casino resort located on along the Las Vegas Strip in Winchester, Nevada. The Stardust was conceived by Tony Cornero, and construction began in 1954. Cornero died in 1955, and the project was taken over by his brother. The Stardust had numerous creditors, and construction was stopped in 1956, when the project ran out of money.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Rella Factor, the wife of John Factor, bought the Stardust in January 1958, and finished construction. The Stardust opened on July 2, 1958, as the world's largest hotel. It had 1,065 rooms located across six motel structures, and included a casino. An adjacent hotel-casino, the Royal Nevada, became part of the Stardust in 1959, with its casino converted into Stardust convention space. A nine-story hotel addition was completed in 1964. The resort operated the off-site Stardust Country Club and the Stardust International Raceway during the 1960s, and in 1972, it became the first resort on the Las Vegas Strip to open an RV park for guests, a concept that proved to be popular.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: After several ownership changes, Argent Corporation purchased the Stardust in 1974. Argent added a sportsbook that would later become a popular attraction for the Stardust. In 1976, a state investigation found that a skimming operation was occurring at the Stardust and at Argent's other properties. The Stardust was sold again in 1979, to Al Sachs and Herb Tobman, both of whom had previously served as general managers for the resort. Another investigation determined in 1983 that skimming was occurring at the Stardust again. The Nevada Gaming Commission concluded that Sachs and Tobman had failed to prevent the skimming, and the men agreed to sell the Stardust.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The Boyd family purchased it in 1985, and would retain ownership for the remainder of the resort's history. The Stardust had been one of the few Las Vegas Strip resorts without a high-rise hotel tower, until the Boyds added a 32-story tower in 1990. The original Stardust motel structures were demolished around 2000, to make way for an expansion of the resort, although the nine-story tower was kept. In its final years, the Stardust included an casino and 1,552 hotel rooms. It was small compared to newer resorts on the Las Vegas Strip, and revenue fell during its last years.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Boyd Gaming announced in January 2006 that it would close and demolish the aging Stardust to build a new project, Echelon Place, on the site. The Stardust closed on November 1, 2006, and the two hotel towers were imploded on March 13, 2007. The resort had a popular roadside sign, which was given to the city's Neon Museum. Construction on the Echelon project was halted in 2008, because of financial problems caused by the Great Recession. Genting Group bought the Echelon project in 2013, and announced plans to finish it as Resorts World Las Vegas. It opened in 2021, after several delays.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The Stardust hosted numerous entertainers and shows throughout its history. At its opening, it debuted "Lido de Paris", which featured topless showgirls. The show continued playing until 1991, when it was replaced by a modernized show known as "Enter the Night". Wayne Newton was the resort's resident headliner from 2000 to 2005. Other entertainers who performed at the Stardust include Don Rickles, Tim Conway, Harvey Korman, Siegfried & Roy, and Steve and Eydie.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: In 2020, Boyd launched its "Stardust Social Casino" online game. The following year, Boyd partnered with FanDuel to launch Stardust-branded online casinos in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The Stardust was conceived by Tony Cornero, also known as Tony Stralla. He and two partners applied for a gaming license in April 1954. However, the Nevada Tax Commission said that it would never grant a license to Cornero, who had previously engaged in illegal gaming operations. Despite the commission's unwillingness, Cornero would make repeated attempts to gain approval. Work on the hotel was underway in August 1954, using tilt up construction. Approximately 60 percent of bricklayers in the Las Vegas Valley were hired to construct the Stardust, leaving few workers available to build new school facilities in the area.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The Stardust was scheduled to open in April 1955. However, a request for a gaming license was denied two months prior by the tax commission, which cited a policy that applications not be considered until a casino is one-third completed. Early on, the Stardust had more than 1,000 stockholders. Sale of the stock was banned in California in May 1955, as Cornero and his associates had been selling shares without a state permit. The Securities and Exchange Commission also alleged that Cornero had failed to file statements regarding Stardust stock sales.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Cornero eventually gave up on trying to receive a gaming license. Instead, he planned to lease the casino to a small group for $500,000 a month. The tax commission was concerned about the high rental cost, viewing it as an attempt by Cornero to get around his lack of a gaming license. Nevertheless, the group was licensed in June 1955, at which point the Stardust had 2,700 stockholders. A list of these individuals was to be provided to the Nevada Gaming Control Board for final approval, but this did not occur as scheduled, thus delaying the Stardust's planned opening on August 1, 1955. The opening was pushed back a month.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Cornero died suddenly on July 31, 1955, while gambling at the nearby Desert Inn resort. His death was considered suspicious, and an investigation was soon opened. Tony's brother, Louis Cornero, was named as the president and general manager of the Stardust. Louis Cornero was the mayor of St. Helena, California, and he only planned to remain with the Stardust until legal issues could be resolved. Construction shut down on August 1, 1955, amid a dispute with several labor unions. Work resumed the following month, and there were plans to have the resort opened by Christmas.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Frank Hofues, a Nevada hotel owner, agreed to lease the hotel rooms in November 1955. He also agreed to loan the project $2.5 million, with completion now expected by May 1, 1956. However, a class action lawsuit was filed on behalf of shareholders, challenging the loan by Hofues. Shareholders had been told by Tony Cornero that the resort could be completed for $4.5 million. The suit sought to have the Stardust placed into receivership, stating that borrowing an additional $2.5 million would not be in shareholders' best interest. Hofues died shortly thereafter, and it was later alleged that he had failed to refinance the Stardust as agreed. However, attorneys representing the Hofues estate said that his agreement had been terminated by the Stardust board of directors in June 1956.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The Stardust did not open as scheduled. In July 1956, creditors filed a petition to reorganize the resort, alleging that it owed $2 million in debt. The Stardust was 80-percent complete at the time, and it was alleged that there was no money left to finish construction, which would take another $1.2 million. A former member of the tax commission was appointed as receiver. Louis Cornero sought to regain control of the project, arguing that reorganization was not necessary to acquire construction financing. He also said that most of the creditors who sought reorganization were not eligible to do so. Stockholders alleged that Louis Cornero was incompetent in his position as president. The creditors' petition was ultimately approved.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: In January 1957, several offers were put in by groups wanting to purchase and complete the Stardust. The Sheraton hotel chain was among prospective buyers for the resort, but eventually passed. United Hotels Corporation, which consisted of Desert Inn shareholders, also expressed an interest in buying the Stardust. By mid-1957, the Stardust had five prospective buyers, including Rella Factor, who was the wife of John Factor. Each buyer submitted a plan to pay off creditors, and Factor's was viewed most favorably. In November 1957, Factor and her group received court approval to take over the Stardust, with an opening expected around April 1, 1958. Factor paid $4.3 million for the resort, and took over ownership in January 1958. Construction of the Stardust resumed that month, after 18 months of inactivity.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The Stardust opened at 12:01 p.m. on July 2, 1958. Attendees of the opening included Nevada governor Charles H. Russell, U.S. senator George Malone, and various celebrities such as Bob Hope, Milton Berle, and Ethel Merman. The Stardust continued to face financial problems after its opening. John and Rella Factor had agreed to pay off the Stardust's debt through monthly payments. However, a month after the opening, they requested a reduction in the amount of money to be paid out each month. Up to that point, the Stardust had more than $1 million in liens filed against it, and a local glass company filed a foreclosure suit against the resort later in the month. Also among the creditors were two attorneys, seeking payment after representing the first group of proposed casino managers in 1955.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The Stardust's casino portion was managed by United Hotels Corporation, which also operated the Desert Inn. United Hotels took over complete management of the entire resort on September 1, 1958. United Hotels was renamed as United Resort Hotels in 1959, and the company continued to manage the Stardust hotel. The casino portion was now managed by Karat Inc., also consisting mostly of Desert Inn officials. The Desert Inn group took over ownership from the Factors in August 1962, after the Stardust exited reorganization. Investors from years earlier were soon reimbursed. Subsequently, the Teamsters Union Pension Fund made several loans to the Stardust. A nine-story hotel addition was completed in 1964. A year later, the Stardust was purchased by Lodestar, Inc., which consisted of major Desert Inn stockholders such as Moe Dalitz, who had affiliations with organized crime.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: By the end of 1967, there were reports that Howard Hughes made a deal to purchase the Stardust for $40 million, although the agreement later fell apart. Negotiations were underway again in March 1968, despite monopoly concerns; Hughes already owned several other Las Vegas casinos. Hughes received preliminary approval from the Nevada Gaming Control Board, which stated that his purchase would not give him a monopoly on Las Vegas gaming. However, a federal antitrust investigation was launched days before the purchase would have been finalized. Hughes eventually dropped his purchase plans in August 1968. Nevada governor Paul Laxalt criticized the investigation and denied that Hughes' purchase would have constituted a monopoly.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: In 1969, Parvin-Dohrmann Corporation purchased the Stardust from Lodestar for nearly $40 million. Parvin-Dohrmann, based in Los Angeles, also operated the Fremont and Aladdin resorts in Las Vegas. Parvin-Dohrmann was renamed as Recrion Corporation in 1970, and Al Sachs was chosen as the new general manager for the Stardust, after serving as the casino manager there. During 1970, NASA loaned a moon rock to the Stardust for display in the resort. A fire broke out at the Stardust two weeks later. The moon rock was secured, and 500 people were evacuated. A fireman was killed, and several guests had to be treated for smoke inhalation. Arson was ruled out as the cause of the fire, which began in a first-floor supply room full of flammable cleaning fluids.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: In 1972, hotel company Hyatt began negotiations to purchase Recrion and its properties. However, Recrion soon canceled plans to sell the Stardust. Allen Glick, a San Diego developer, purchased the Stardust in 1974, using money borrowed from the Teamsters Union Pension Fund. Glick made the purchase through his company, Argent Corporation.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: In 1975, concerns were raised that Argent executive Frank Rosenthal was involved in the company's casino operations, despite not being licensed. In May 1976, the Nevada Gaming Control Board launched an investigation into a slot cheating operation at the Stardust, possibly dating back to 1968. Dozens of former and current employees were questioned as the board sought to determine their involvement in the operation. The investigation soon widened to look at Argent's other casino properties, leading to the discovery of a skimming operation at the resorts. It was among the city's biggest skimming scandals. Jay Vandermark, the Stardust's slot machine boss, oversaw the skimming. He disappeared once the operation was uncovered, and he was later presumed dead. Rosenthal was never charged in connection with the skimming.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: By 1978, a special grand jury was formed to investigate organized crime connections with the Stardust. Glick grew tired of state and federal investigations regarding his casinos, and he announced in June 1978 that he would lease out and eventually sell the Stardust.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Sachs, along with Herb Tobman, took over operations in 1979, through a management contract with Glick. Tobman, like Sachs, had previously operated the Stardust years earlier. While Sachs and Tobman were handling operations again, Glick was negotiating to sell the resort to brothers Fred and Ed Doumani, although this did not proceed. An attorney for the Doumanis said that Argent had failed to provide necessary information to complete the sale. Glick eventually sold the Stardust to Sachs at the end of 1979.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Sachs was licensed by the state despite alleged affiliations with the Chicago mob. It was later discovered that Richard Bunker, the former chairman of the Nevada Gaming Control Board, had withheld an investigative report from the board during Sachs' licensing. The report documented the 1970s skimming operation and concluded that Sachs had hired Rosenthal and Vandermark. However. Bunker said he withheld the report because the evidence of Sachs' involvement was actually inconclusive. Tobman would later become a co-owner of the Stardust, although he said that he was never required to be licensed.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: In 1982, federal authorities accused Sachs and Tobman of providing skimmed money to the Chicago mob. On December 4, 1983, after a two-year investigation, the gaming commission ordered the suspension of the Stardust's gaming license, using new emergency powers for the first time to remove casino management. An 18-count complaint was filed against Sachs and Tobman, stating that they failed to take appropriate action to stop this latest skimming operation, which totaled more than $1.5 million. The men themselves were not accused of skimming. Gaming officials sought a record $3.5 million fine for 222 alleged gaming violations. This latest investigation was part of an effort to remove Mafia figures from Nevada gaming operations. The Stardust had become infamous for its mob affiliations. A federal agent described it as "the flagship of organized crime on the Strip".


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Constellation Inc, led by a trio that included Bill Boyd, was chosen by the gaming control board to temporarily manage the casino. Sachs fought to regain control of the Stardust, but was rejected. In January 1984, he and Tobman agreed to sell the Stardust and pay the fines. A 130-day period was granted to keep the gaming license intact while the men tried to sell the resort. Meanwhile, a federal grand jury indicted five former Stardust employees for their role in the latest skimming operation. Trans-Sterling Inc, the resort's operating company owned by Sachs and Tobman, was also indicted for its role. Charges against one of the five employees were later dismissed, due to a lack of conclusive evidence.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Several prospective buyers emerged for the Stardust, including William Morris, who owned the nearby Landmark hotel-casino. Wayne Newton was another candidate, and Sachs and Tobman ultimately chose him, although he encountered problems in acquiring the necessary funds. The gaming control board became concerned that Newton was chosen merely to delay the sale of the Stardust. The 130-day deadline passed without a sale. Sachs and Tobman filed a suit against the state, seeking a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction to maintain the gaming license. However, a judge ruled against them.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: In September 1984, Sachs and Tobman alleged that Constellation had diverted revenue from the Stardust to benefit its other casinos. Meanwhile, four groups were in discussions to purchase the Stardust. Morris began negotiations with Imperial Palace owner Ralph Engelstad to become equal partners in a purchase of the Stardust. Stuart and Clifford S. Perlman were also in discussions to buy the resort.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: California Hotel and Casinos, led by the Boyd family, agreed in November 1984 to purchase the Stardust. The sale was finalized on March 1, 1985. Meanwhile, Sachs and Tobman would make several attempts to reclaim the money that they paid in fines, stating that they were forced to sign a settlement with the state to sell the Stardust. Their efforts were unsuccessful, although the state did agree to pay Sachs $450,000, resolving a dispute over casino entertainment taxes.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The Boyd purchase helped to end the era of mob control in Las Vegas casinos. Prior to that point, Bill Boyd had never considered owning a Las Vegas Strip property. The Boyd family were surprised to see how profitable the Stardust actually was, now that skimming was no longer being practiced there. The Boyds introduced a personal style of customer service. According to Bill Boyd, "When we took over the dealers weren't even allowed to talk to customers. We're more of a family-type company."


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Steve Wynn's new Mirage resort was opened in 1989. It marked the start of a building boom on the Las Vegas Strip, creating new competition for the Stardust. A 32-story hotel tower was added to the Stardust in 1990, and the resort saw its highest revenue in the mid-1990s, after the completion of the tower.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: A robbery occurred at the Stardust in 1992, when two men used smoke bombs to steal $1.1 million from a guard, who was bringing the money to an armored truck. A former Stardust security guard was later arrested in connection with the robbery. Later in 1992, a Stardust sportsbook cashier covertly managed to steal $225,000 in cash and casino chips; he disappeared and was never apprehended by authorities.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: A lengthy dispute, between the Stardust and a carpenters trade union, was settled in 1998. The Stardust carpenters had gone 11 years without a raise, and the National Labor Relations Board eventually filed a complaint against Boyd Gaming, which ultimately agreed to provide raises for the employees.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: A murder occurred in the sportsbook in 2000, when one man shot another. The suspect, who was ultimately convicted of the murder, claimed that the victim was a mob enforcer sent to kill him.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: In the late 1990s, Boyd Gaming delayed plans to redevelop the Stardust property, choosing instead to focus on its Borgata hotel-casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The Stardust experienced weak revenue during 2001, and approximately 200 employees were laid off. The resort suffered further due to the economic impact of the September 11 attacks. In 2002, new projects were underway in the area around the Stardust, including a new resort by Wynn. As a result, Boyd Gaming announced that it was considering the construction of a new resort to replace the Stardust, although such plans were still years away from happening.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The Stardust celebrated its 45th anniversary in July 2003. Past entertainers at the resort were invited as VIPs for a celebration held there, and a time capsule was created for Stardust memorabilia. A new cocktail was also created and served at the Stardust to commemorate the anniversary. Bill Boyd said that the Stardust provided a retro experience for those seeking it, saying, "It's Old Las Vegas, and we have a lot of customers who enjoy the classic Las Vegas experience." However, the resort was no longer a top-earner for Boyd Gaming, and increased marketing of the resort failed to produce additional revenue. The Stardust site, consisting of , was considered a prime piece of land for redevelopment.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Future redevelopment possibilities would include the demolition of the Stardust for a new resort, or the construction of an adjacent resort on property located behind the Stardust. In 2004, Boyd Gaming purchased 13 acres of property located next to the Stardust, as part of its eventual redevelopment plans for the site. The property was occupied by a 639-room Budget Suites hotel. Revenue at the Stardust was helped by the opening of the nearby Wynn Las Vegas in 2005, but fell throughout 2006. In its final years, the Stardust struggled to attract younger customers and convention-goers.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: On January 3, 2006, Boyd Gaming announced plans to close the Stardust within a year and replace it with a mixed-use project called Echelon Place, scheduled to open in 2010. Boyd Gaming planned to relocate some of the Stardust employees to other Boyd properties in Las Vegas. Some employees expressed sadness about the impending closure. Boyd announced on September 5, 2006 that the Stardust would close in two months. The closure was earlier than Boyd had expected, as some employees had left the resort early for new jobs, making it difficult to continue operations at the Stardust.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The Stardust closed on November 1, 2006. Gaming operations began to shut down that morning, followed by the full closure at 12:00 p.m. It was the largest resort to close on the Las Vegas Strip since the Sands Hotel and Casino in 1996. Long-time customers found the Stardust more personable compared to newer resorts, and they turned out in thousands for the resort's final days. Bill Boyd said about employees, "They're leaving as if they're losing their closest friends. That's why we had such a great place: The employees were loyal and made our customers feel at home. The way Boyd Gaming operates, it's much more of a family atmosphere than many other places."


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The hotel was sold out for the final night before the closure. The Stardust had nearly 1,600 employees at the time, down about 200 from usual. Prior to the closure, a year had been spent cataloging more than 70,000 Stardust items to be auctioned off, including furniture, carpets, artwork, and palm trees. The five-day auction took place in the Stardust convention space a few weeks after the resort closed, and it attracted thousands of people.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Boyd Gaming had considered preserving the 32-story tower and incorporating it into the Echelon project, but the company decided that a completely vacant parcel of land would be better. The 32-story and 9-story hotel towers would be demolished through implosion; they were stripped of their interior to minimize debris, leaving behind only the concrete and steel that made up the buildings. This process took several months to complete. Demolition crews worked on a total of 27 Stardust structures in the months after the closure. Pipes, wires, and glass were removed from the property, along with of asbestos.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Smaller buildings were demolished in early 2007, and the two towers were imploded at 2:34 a.m. on March 13, 2007, after a four-minute fireworks show. Thousands of spectators watched the implosion from nearby areas. The towers contained more than 500,000 tons of concrete and steel, and it took more than 20 minutes for the resulting dust to disappear. The debris clean-up was expected to take two months. The implosion was overseen by Controlled Demolition, Inc., which had handled every prior resort implosion on the Las Vegas Strip. The 32-story tower is the tallest building to ever be imploded on the Strip.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Boyd postponed the Echelon project in 2008, amid poor economic conditions caused by the Great Recession. In March 2013, Boyd sold the unfinished Echelon project to Genting Group, which planned to complete the project as a new property called Resorts World Las Vegas. It was initially expected to open in 2016, but was delayed several times because of design changes. It opened in June 2021.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The Stardust name would continue to be used for other Boyd properties, including the Stardust Suite at the Orleans resort in Las Vegas, and the Stardust Event Center at the Blue Chip resort in Indiana. As of 2020, the Stardust name retains its wide name recognition, spanning across multiple generations and throughout the United States. Boyd Gaming, surprised by the brand's lasting popularity, launched an online casino game in 2020 called "Stardust Social Casino". In March 2021, Boyd partnered with FanDuel to create online casinos in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, under the Stardust name. They launched in April 2021, for Android and iOS computers.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The Stardust was the largest hotel in the world when it opened, with 1,065 rooms. The rooms were located across six motel-like buildings, each named after a planet: Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Neptune, Saturn, and Venus. Parking was provided outside each building. The casino measured , and the resort interior featured rich red and deep brown coloring. The hotel included the Big Dipper swimming pool, measuring long and containing . It also featured the Stardust Drive-In movie theater, located behind the resort. It was originally called the Motor-Vu. It predated the Stardust's opening, and was later replaced by the Budget Suites motel. The Stardust also had its own barbershop, which operated for more than 40 years, until the resort's closure.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The Stardust took over the adjacent Royal Nevada hotel-casino in 1958, and joined it with the Stardust a year later. The casino, showroom, and restaurant at the Royal Nevada were converted into convention space and operated as the Stardust Auditorium. The Stardust heavily marketed its convention facilities. The Royal Nevada's hotel also became part of the Stardust, providing additional rooms. In November 1959, construction began on an additional hotel building. The $1 million structure would be three stories high and contain 160 rooms, with completion expected within five months. The nine-story hotel tower was added in 1964.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The Stardust Country Club, located a few miles east of the resort, was added in 1961. The resort also owned and operated the off-site Stardust International Raceway, which held races from 1965 to 1968. The racetrack was created to attract high rollers to the resort. The track was located west of the resort, in an area that would later become Spring Valley, Nevada. When Parvin-Dohrmann purchased the Stardust in 1969, the company had little interest in the Stardust racetrack and soon sold it. The company also ended its lease of the golf course.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: In 1967, the Stardust opened Horseman's Park, which was located behind the resort and hosted horse events. It was the only horse show arena on the Las Vegas Strip. A 142-space RV park, called Camperland, was opened behind the hotel in 1972, on less than 10 acres. Stardust manager Al Sachs conceived the idea after realizing the high number of RV tourists in Las Vegas. The Stardust was the first resort on the Las Vegas Strip to offer an RV park, although other resort owners were skeptical that such a concept could work. Camperland included its own swimming pool, playground, and recreational hall. It was an immediate success, and plans were quickly announced to expand the site to 400 spaces. The Camperland expansion was completed in 1973, and plans were announced for a 17-story hotel tower, although it ultimately would not be until 1990 that the resort added a high-rise tower.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Under Argent's ownership, the casino was enlarged and a sportsbook was added during 1975. Argent also sought approval to build a 19-story hotel tower. The first phase of a $70 million expansion was finished in July 1976. The casino, at , was the largest in the world according to Glick. Among the new features was an expanded sportsbook. Glick also still planned to add additional hotel rooms, which would be built behind the Stardust. Portions of the existing resort would have to be demolished to accommodate the proposed hotel expansion.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: In 1981, the resort launched "Stardust Line", a radio sports show that broadcast across the United States. It continued airing for the next 25 years. The Stardust sportsbook became popular across the United States in the late 1980s, after being featured in various media such as television news and magazines. The sportsbook offered Las Vegas' first line in betting, and was popular among professional bettors. The sportsbook offered unique betting rules during its peak, before adopting a more conventional approach in 1991. During its final decade, the Stardust offered a popular head-to-head football handicapping contest, held each Friday night. The sportsbook also allowed betting on any kind of sport.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: After taking ownership, the Boyds spent $6 million on room renovations, and plans were announced in 1986 for another $26 million in renovations. A $50 million renovation project was finished in 1987, adding a shopping mall and other features, including a new resort entrance. The renovation also added the Olde-Tyme Gambling Museum, featuring antique slot machines.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The Stardust was one of the few Strip properties without a high-rise hotel tower, and there were plans to eventually add one. In early 1990, construction was underway on the 32-story tower and a conference center. The RV park closed that year to make room for the expansion. The first 700 rooms of the tower were opened on December 21, 1990, along with the conference center. The tower faced southwest to northeast, and the exterior featured horizontal, red-colored neon lights, located in between each floor. During the 1990s, the Stardust had its own in-house direct marketing department, an uncommon feature for a hotel-casino.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: By 1997, there were plans to remodel and expand the Stardust. A $9 million renovation of the Stardust suites took place in 1998, and plans were announced for a separate $24 million renovation project. The latter would include new signs, and minor remodeling of hotel rooms and the casino. The project was underway in 1999, with improvements being made to the façade.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: By the end of 1999, demolition was set to begin soon on the remaining 537 hotel rooms left from the resort's opening in 1958. The rooms were contained across four motel buildings, each of them two stories in height. Boyd Gaming considered using the property for an expansion of the Stardust convention facilities. In 2001, despite fears of an economic slowdown, Boyd Gaming announced plans to expand its convention space. The new Stardust Pavilion and Exhibit Center would add , and would be built next to the existing conference center, which had .


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: At the time of its closure, the Stardust was among the smallest resorts on the Las Vegas Strip, with 1,552 rooms, and an casino. The "Los Angeles Times" wrote that the resort went from being "the world's largest hotel to one of the smallest on the Strip, from glamour to infamy to middle-class normalcy." The Stardust primarily catered to a middle class clientele for much of its history, and at the time of its closing, it was one of the few remaining Strip resorts to still offer affordable amenities; newer resorts were becoming increasingly upscale.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The 1958 Stardust façade sign was long and high, wrapping around two sides of the building, and was lit with of neon tubing and 11,000 incandescent bulbs. It weighed , contained of wiring, and drew 3,000 amps. At the bend in the sign was a diameter plastic model of the Earth. Cosmic rays of neon and electric light bulbs beamed from behind the model Earth in all directions. Three-dimensional acrylic glass planets spun alongside 20 sparkling neon starbursts. Across the universe was a jagged galaxy of electric lettering spelling out "Stardust". The "S" alone contained 975 lamps. At night, the neon constellation was reportedly visible from over away. The façade signage was designed by Kermit Wayne.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: A new roadside sign, created by Ad Art Company, was installed in February 1968. It was 188 feet tall and 93 feet wide, and was among the most popular neon signs in Las Vegas. In 1977, the façade was revamped to remove the space theme and signage, instead adding a series of blue and magenta mirror panels along the front of the resort. The Stardust's roadside sign was retained, although its lettering was eventually replaced with the Helvetica font in 1991. The original lettering was given to the city's Neon Museum, and was eventually refurbished in 2020. The Stardust roadside sign was dismantled in February 2007, and was also given to the Neon Museum.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Aku Aku, a Polynesian restaurant, opened on the Stardust property in January 1960. However, a fire occurred in the restaurant's attic just days after the opening, and the nearby casino was briefly closed because of smoke. Natural gas was the cause of the fire. Aku Aku reopened several weeks later. The restaurant included a tiki bar and a large stone tiki head (moai) marking the entrance from the outside. Another new restaurant, the Plantation Kitchen, was opened in 1966. The Palm Room restaurant was renovated in 1969, and a new restaurant was added in 1975.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Aku Aku closed in 1980, and one of the moai heads was relocated to an island pond at Sunset Park, located in the Las Vegas Valley. Various restaurants were added during the renovations in the late 1980s, including a Tony Roma's, and William B's Steakhouse, named after Bill Boyd. A 340-seat buffet and a Japanese restaurant were added in the late 1990s, as part of the resort's latest renovations. As of 2002, the Stardust had five restaurants, including Tony Roma's.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: When the Stardust opened in 1958, it included the Cafe Continental dinner showroom, which had seating for 700 people. It included a rising stage capable of sinking below and rising above the floor. The stage was billed as larger than a basketball court, held a swimming tank and ice skating rink, and was capable of generating rain and snow on demand. Topless showgirls performed on opening night in a production known as "Lido de Paris", a show that was imported from the European city. The Las Vegas version ran at the Stardust for several decades. When it premiered, the show cost $250,000 to put on.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Valerie Perrine was a showgirl in "Lido de Paris" in the late 1960s. In addition to showgirls, "Lido de Paris" also featured comedy and live animals. Siegfried & Roy, along with their animals, were among performers in the show during the 1970s. Other notable performers at the Stardust included Tim Conway, Harvey Korman, Phyllis Diller, Robert Goulet, Don Rickles, Billy Daniels, Chicago, Steve and Eydie, The Temptations, the Four Tops, George Carlin, Bobby Berosini, Andrew Dice Clay, and Bob Newhart.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Aside from the main showroom, the Stardust also had entertainers perform in its lounge, which was expanded in 1969. The lounge, present since the resort's opening, was replaced with new casino space during renovations in 1975. The $1 million, 650-seat Starlight theater lounge was opened on October 1, 1976, replacing the one that had closed a year earlier. According to the "Las Vegas Sun" in 1977, Argent Corporation "took out the best lounge in town at the Stardust, replaced it with a mini-main showroom, treated it as a lounge, over priced it, then closed it." The Starlight Lounge reopened at the end of 1977.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: "Lido de Paris" continued to run until 1991, when it was replaced by a modernized show that also featured topless showgirls. The new show was part of an effort by Boyd Group to modernize the Stardust. Another reason for the original show's closure was the high cost of production. "Lido de Paris" ran for more than 32 years, putting on 22,000 performances. The new show, "Enter the Night", opened in July 1991. The show was updated with new costumes and cast members in 1997, and figure skater Dorothy Hamill briefly performed in the show during 1998. Thunder from Down Under, a male revue, did several shows at the Stardust in the 1990s.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: In October 1999, the Stardust hired Wayne Newton as its resident headliner for a reported $25 million per year. Newton would perform in the 920-seat Stardust Theater, which would be renamed the Wayne Newton Theater. "Enter the Night" ended in December 1999, and Newton began performing in the same theater space a month later. Newton helped to keep the Stardust competitive during its final years. Bob Anderson performed at the Stardust in 2000, and began a three-month residency two years later, in the Starlight Lounge. Gene Pitney made his Las Vegas Strip debut at the Stardust in 2003, and hypnotist Anthony Cools began a six-month run at the resort that year.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: "Havana Night Club" premiered at the Stardust in 2004, featuring more than 50 Cuban dancers, musicians, and singers, It was directed by Kenny Ortega, and co-produced by Siegfried & Roy. The show previously premiered in 1999 and toured around the world, but the Las Vegas version was modified extensively by Ortega, who spent a year working on it. The show's Las Vegas debut was postponed because of issues concerning travel visas, and the Stardust briefly considered hiring a replacement act. "Havana Night Club" eventually opened in August 2004, after a three-week delay.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: Magician Rick Thomas began performing at the Stardust in March 2005, and Newton ended his show a month later, saying that he wanted to move on. Newton's commitment to USO tours was a factor in his Stardust departure. Steve and Eydie were the final entertainers to perform at the Stardust, on October 28, 2006.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: In 1977, Rosenthal debuted a live talk show that was taped inside the Stardust. The resort was also a regular filming location for the 1980s television series "Crime Story". The Stardust sign makes brief appearances in the music video for "House of Mystic Lights", a 1988 song by C. C. Catch. Several films were shot at the Stardust in the 1990s, including "", "Showgirls", and "Swingers".


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: "Casino", the 1995 film adaptation of Pileggi's book, features two characters who are largely based on Rosenthal and Spilotro. The casino's name was changed for legal purposes, from the Stardust to the "Tangiers Hotel and Casino". However, snippets of the Hoagy Carmichael song "Stardust" can be heard on the soundtrack, giving a subtle hint as to the casino's true identity.


title: Stardust Resort and Casino

text: The Stardust was a filming location for the 1998 film "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas", in which it is portrayed as the fictional Bazooko Circus casino. Subsequent films shot at the Stardust include "The Debtors" and "Pasty Faces". The resort was also featured in commercials for Miller Lite and Aflac, during the early 2000s. A television pilot for a failed reality show, titled "So You Wanna Be an Actor", was shot at the Stardust in September 2006, becoming the last production project to shoot there.


title: Deep frying

text: Deep frying (also referred to as deep fat frying) is a cooking method in which food is submerged in hot fat, traditionally lard but today most commonly oil, as opposed to the shallow oil used in conventional frying done in a frying pan. Normally, a deep fryer or chip pan is used for this; industrially, a pressure fryer or vacuum fryer may be used. Deep frying may also be performed using oil that is heated in a pot. Deep frying is classified as a hot-fat cooking method. Typically, deep frying foods cook quickly: all sides of the food are cooked simultaneously as oil has a high rate of heat conduction.


title: Deep frying

text: The term "deep frying" and many modern deep-fried foods were not invented until the 19th century, but the practice has been around for millennia. Early records and cookbooks suggest that the practice began in certain European countries before other countries adopted the practice.


title: Deep frying

text: Deep frying is popular worldwide, with deep-fried foods accounting for a large portion of global caloric consumption. Many foods are deep-fried and cultures surrounding deep frying have developed, most notably in the Southern United States and the United Kingdom, where many events and records are held relating to deep frying food and non-edible items.


title: Deep frying

text: Deep-fried dough known as Zalabiyeh was eaten as early as the late 2nd millennium BC in Canaan. Recipes for the dessert also exist in 10th and 13th century cook books by Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq and Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi, respectively. Frying food in olive oil is attested in Classical Greece from about the 5th century BCE. The practice of deep frying spread to other parts of Europe and Arabia in the following centuries. Deep-fried foods such as funnel cakes arrived in northern Europe by the 13th century, and deep-fried fish recipes have been found in cookbooks in Spain and Portugal at around the same time. Falafel arrived in the Middle East from Egypt as early as the 14th century.


title: Deep frying

text: French fries, invented in the late 18th century, became popular in the early 19th century western Europe. In 1860, Joseph Malin combined deep fried fish with chips (french fries) to open the first fish and chip shop in London.


title: Deep frying

text: Modern deep frying in the United States began in the 19th century with the growing popularity of cast iron, particularly around the American South which led to the development of many modern deep-fried dishes. Doughnuts were invented in the mid-19th century, with foods such as onion rings, deep-fried turkey, and corn dogs all being invented in the early 20th century. In recent years, the growth of fast food has expanded the reach of deep-fried foods, especially french fries.


title: Deep frying

text: Deep frying food is defined as a process where food is completely submerged in hot oil at temperatures typically between and , but deep frying oil can reach temperatures of over 400 °F (205 °C).  One common method for preparing food for deep frying involves adding multiple layers of batter around the food, such as cornmeal, flour, or tempura; breadcrumbs may also be used.


title: Deep frying

text: While most foods need batter coatings for protection, it is not as necessary for cooked noodles and potatoes because their high starch content enables them to hold more moisture and resist shrinking. Meats may be cooked before deep frying to ensure that they are done inside while keeping juiciness.


title: Deep frying

text: When performed properly, deep frying does not make food excessively greasy, because the moisture in the food repels the oil. The hot oil heats the water within the food, steaming it; oil cannot go against the direction of this powerful flow because (due to its high temperature) the water vapor pushes the bubbles toward the surface. As long as the oil is hot enough and the food is not immersed in the oil for too long, oil penetration will be confined to the outer surface. Foods deep-fried at proper temperatures typically absorb "no more than a couple of tablespoons per cups of oil" used. This oil absorption rate is around the same as occurs with shallow frying, such as in a pan.


title: Deep frying

text: However, if the food is cooked in the oil for too long, much of the water will be lost and the oil will begin to penetrate the food. The correct frying temperature depends on the thickness and type of food, but in most cases it lies between . An informal test for a temperature close to this range involves adding a tiny amount of flour into the oil and watching to see if it sizzles without immediately burning. A second test involves adding one piece of food to deep fry and watching it sink somewhat and rise back up. Sinking without resurfacing indicates that the oil is too cold; not sinking at all indicates that the oil is too hot.


title: Deep frying

text: It is recommended that deep fryers be cleaned often to prevent contamination. The process of cooking with oil can also contaminate nearby surfaces as oil may splatter on adjacent areas. Oil vapors can also condense on more distant surfaces such as walls and ceilings. Supplies such as dish detergent and baking soda can effectively clean affected surfaces.


title: Deep frying

text: Deep frying is done with a deep fryer, a pan such as a wok or chip pan, a Dutch oven, or a cast-iron pot. Additional tools include fry baskets, which are used to contain foods in a deep fryer and to strain foods when removed from the oil, and cooking thermometers, used to gauge oil temperature. Tongs, slotted spoons, wooden spoons, and sieves may be used to remove or separate foods from the hot oil.


title: Deep frying

text: Japanese deep frying tools include long metal chopsticks; the "agemono-nabe" deep frying pot, which is heavy for retaining heat and deep for holding oil; the "ami-shakushi" net ladle used for scooping out batter debris; and the "abura-kiri" oil drying rack pan.


title: Deep frying

text: Deep-fried foods are common in many countries, and have also been described as "a staple of almost all street cuisines on all continents". There are hundreds of dishes that are associated with deep frying as most foods can be deep-fried. Examples of food that can be deep-fried include meat, poultry, fish and vegetables. Fish and chips, for instance, combines deep-fried fish and deep-fried potatoes. French fries, doughnuts, onion rings, and hushpuppies are common deep-fried foods. Other common deep-fried foods include Chinese "you bing" deep-fried pancakes, Southeast Asian "jin deui", and Japanese tempura. Less common deep-fried foods include maple leaves, peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, pizza, and Snickers bars.


title: Deep frying

text: In the United States, the "Chicago Tribune" notes that "you can deep fry almost anything". The American South has been noted as a modern center of innovation in the area of deep-fried food. According to the owner of a deep frying restaurant in the South, "If something is edible, you can bet that someone south of the Mason-Dixon line has tried to cook it in oil".


title: Deep frying

text: In Northern Africa, deep-fried dishes are a part of the cuisine. A common food in this region is the deep-fried fritter, also referred to as "sponges". In East Africa deep fried food is common, cooked in cast iron or earthenware pots. Frying in batter is common. A Ugandan speciality is a kind of doughnut called Mandazi. In areas of Southern Africa, street foods include deep-fried potato and cassava chips. Deep-fried foods in the country of South Africa include fish and chips, "vetkoek" and "koeksisters", among others.


title: Deep frying

text: Japanese tempura is a popular deep-fried food that generally consists of battered and fried seafood and vegetables. Japanese deep-fried dishes, or Agemono, include other styles besides tempura, such as Karaage, Korokke, Kushikatsu, and Tonkatsu.


title: Deep frying

text: In areas of Southeast Asia such as Thailand, insects are commonly deep-fried for human consumption. Western-style fast food items such as donuts, deep-fried chicken, and deep-fried potatoes are also becoming popular in Asia.


title: Deep frying

text: In Indonesia deep fried food is quite common, serving as either a main dish or a snack. The ingredients are usually deep fried in palm oil, the most widely used cooking oil in the country. Some popular deep fried foods include "ayam goreng" (chicken), "pecel lele" (catfish), "pempek" (fishcake) and tempeh. Fritters in Indonesia is generally identified as "gorengan", the most popular one including "pisang goreng" (banana fritter), "bakwan jagung" (corn) and "tahu goreng" (tofu).


title: Deep frying

text: Deep-fried fish, tofu, and ' are commonly eaten in Vietnamese cuisine. Deep frying is also used to make several kinds of ', including ' (fried rice ball), ' (sesame ball), ' (hollow doughnut), ' (sweet potato pancake), ' (banana fritter), Hồ Tây–style ' (shrimp fritter), and "" (pillow cake).


title: Deep frying

text: Deep-fried sticks of dough, known as youtiao in Chinese, are eaten in many East and Southeast Asian cuisines.


title: Deep frying

text: Many countries in Europe use pure or hydrogenated rapeseed oil for deep-frying. The deep-fried Mars bar originated in Scotland, with The Carron Fish Bar in Stonehaven claiming to have invented it in the early 1990s. Fish and chips is a very popular deep-fried dish in England since it originated in London in the 19th century and became popular among the working class. Its popularity continues with 229 million portions of fish and chips being sold annually in England.


title: Deep frying

text: There is an annual trade fair devoted to deep-fried foods called the International Symposium on Deep-Fat Frying which features discussions on deep fat frying as well as exhibitions by companies involved with the process.


title: Deep frying

text: Belgian tradition requires French fries to be deep-fried in filtered fat of cattle, locally called "blanc de boeuf" or "ossewit".


title: Deep frying

text: The Mediterranean diets traditionally use olive oil for deep-frying, which it is absorbed by the food in the process. Research indicates that virgin olive oil is unique among other cooking oils because it is very rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and contains beneficial micronutrients.


title: Deep frying

text: In the United States, soybean oil is often used for deep-frying. Beignets, originally a French dish, are a popular deep-fried pastry in the U.S. city of New Orleans. Deep-fried food has been a core part of the culture of the American South with many restaurants solely serving deep-fried foods. The owner of one such restaurant has said of deep-fried food that "in the South it's a way of life". Fast food is one of the most common ways to consume deep-fried food in North America.


title: Deep frying

text: Novelty deep-fried foods are popular today in American fairs, especially those in the American South. Hundreds of items are served at these fairs. Some of them include deep-fried beer, butter, and bubblegum. Additionally, deep frying can be used as a form of artwork by frying non-edible objects, such as electronics. Artists such as Henry Hargreaves have deep-fried replicas of electronic items such as iPads, Game Boys, and laptops.


title: Deep frying

text: Deep-fried food contests are frequently held at fairs such as the Texas State Fair, where they hold an annual contest for the most creative deep-fried food. Notable past winners have included fried Coke and deep-fried butter, both invented by Abel Gonzales. Since 2013, an American reality competition show called "deep-fried Masters", produced by Discovery Networks, holds deep frying competitions at several state fairs across the country.


title: Deep frying

text: Fish and chip shops in Australia may purvey several types of deep-fried foods, along with other food types.


title: Deep frying

text: The buñuelo, a fried dough ball popular in Central America and Greece, is a popular deep-fried snack and street food in South America. Picarone, a Peruvian dessert originated in the colonial period, are deep-fried doughs made with pumpkin and sweet potatoes, popular in Peru and Chile, especially during harvest festivals., a family of deep fried cakes is well known across, sopaipillas a Chilean bread are deep fried in oil or butter also made with pumpkin, cachangas a Peruvian bread made of flour, salt and yeast, known as chipá cuerito in Paraguay and Torta frita in Argentina and Uruguay, made of flour, salt and yeast, sometimes adittioned with milk and animal fat and fried in cow fat, the churro, a fried dough popular in Spain is a popular fried snack and street food in Argentina and Uruguay, milanesa a deep fried breaded veal beef from Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.


title: Deep frying

text: Deep fat frying involves heating oil to temperatures in excess of 180 °C in the presence of moisture and air. These conditions can induce a series of complex chemical reactions which may impact the quality of both the food and the oil it is cooked in. Examples of different chemical reactions include the production of free radicals, oxidation, hydrolysis, isomerization and polymerization. The exact reactions are dependent upon factors such as the oil type, frying conditions, and food being cooked. When frying, water can attack the ester linkage of triacylglycerols, resulting in mono- and diglycerols, glycerol, and free fatty acids (a type of hydrolysis reaction). The aforementioned hydrolysis reaction is enhanced by the produced fatty acids and other low molecular weight acid compounds.


title: Deep frying

text: Overheating or over-using the frying oil leads to formation of rancid-tasting products of oxidation, polymerization, and other deleterious, unintended or even toxic compounds such as acrylamide (from starchy foods). Recent research suggests fat deterioration may be worse when fat or oil is fried with food than when fat or oil is tested on its own in a laboratory. Deep-frying under vacuum helps to significantly reduce acrylamide formation, but this process is not widely used in the food industry due to the high investment cost involved.


title: Deep frying

text: Instruments that indicate total polar compounds, currently the best single gauge of how deep-fried an object is, are available with sufficient accuracy for restaurant and industry use.


title: Deep frying

text: Cooking oil is flammable, and fires may be caused by it igniting at too high a temperature. Further, attempts to extinguish an oil fire with water can cause an extremely dangerous condition, a boilover, as they cause the water to flash into steam due to the high heat of the oil, in turn sending the burning oil in all directions and thus aggravating the fire. This is the leading cause of house fires in the United Kingdom. Instead, oil fires must be extinguished with a non-water fire extinguisher or by smothering. Other means of extinguishing an oil fire include application of dry powder (e.g., baking soda, salt) or fire fighting foam. Most commercial deep fryers are equipped with automatic fire suppression systems using foam.


title: Deep frying

text: Spilled hot cooking oil can also cause severe third degree burns, In the worst-case scenario, severe burns can be fatal. The higher temperatures and tendency of oil to stick to the skin make spilled hot cooking oil far more dangerous than spilled hot water. Children can accidentally place their hands on top of the stove, playing with the materials while being cooked, or accidentally pull the pot down, which can cause significant injury. If children are present, the utmost care should be used when deep frying so that their safety can be protected at all times.


title: Deep frying

text: Deep frying produces large amounts of waste oil, which must be disposed of properly. Waste oil can contribute to the creation of fatbergs, overflow sewage systems, bind to the walls of sewage pipes, and interfere with sewage treatment. Waste oil from deep frying is increasingly being recycled and refined into biodiesel.


title: Deep frying

text: The heating element in a deep fryer consumes enormous energy, electricity or otherwise. According to one source, an average home appliance deep fryer draws 2,000 watts. Potatoes that are stored in artificially humidified warehouses contain more water, which makes the time required to deep fry them into chips longer. This increases the carbon dioxide footprint of commercially producing chips because more energy is required for frying over a longer time.


title: Deep frying

text: The process of deep frying food is generally detrimental to its nutritional value. The oils that foods absorb in their batter typically contain large amounts of saturated fats and trans fats. Consumption of large amounts of saturated and trans fats has been linked to a higher risk for some cancers.


title: Deep frying

text: Eating deep-fried foods has also been linked to higher cholesterol levels, obesity, heart attacks, and diabetes. Deep-fried foods cooked at certain temperatures can also contain acrylamide. This discovery in 2002 led to international health concerns. Subsequent research has however found that it is not likely that the acrylamides in burnt or well-cooked food cause cancer in humans; Cancer Research UK categorizes the idea that burnt food causes cancer as a "myth".


title: Deep frying

text: Additionally, fat degradation processes (lipid peroxidation) during deep frying results in the loss of nutritional value in deep-fried foods.


title: Deep frying

text: Cooking oil that has been used for too long may in addition cause blood pressure elevation and vascular hypertrophy.


title: Deep frying

text: Trans fats are used in shortenings for deep-frying in restaurants, as they can be used for longer than most conventional oils before becoming rancid. In the early 21st century, non-hydrogenated vegetable oils that have lifespans exceeding that of the frying shortenings became available. As fast-food chains routinely use different fats in different locations, trans fat levels in fast food can have large variations. The amount of trans fat that is formed during frying appears to increase with frying temperature, frying time, oil oxidation, and oil reuse.


title: Deep frying

text: Some studies have found that deep frying in olive and sunflower oils has been found to be less of a detriment to health and in some cases have positive effects on insulin levels. Oil can be reused a few times after original use after straining out solids. However, excessive use of the same oil can cause it to break down and release compounds into the food that may be carcinogenic, affect liver health, or influence the body's ability to absorb vitamins. Some European countries have set public health standards for the safety of frying oil.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: Stephen Antunes Eustáquio (born 21 December 1996) is a Canadian professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Primeira Liga club Porto and the Canada national team.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: After starting out at Nazarenos, he has spent most of his club career in Portugal with Torreense, Leixões, Chaves, Paços de Ferreira and Porto. He also played briefly in Mexico with Cruz Azul.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: Born in Canada, Eustáquio represented Portugal at youth level. However, in 2019 he committed to play for Canada and debuted for them in November of that year. He was part of their squad that reached the semi-finals of the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup, also being selected for the 2022 World Cup.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: Born in Leamington, Ontario to Portuguese parents, Eustáquio first played soccer with Leamington Minor Soccer, moving to Portugal at age 7. After beginning with amateurs Nazarenos, he spent two seasons in the third division with Torreense.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: On 7 June 2017, Eustáquio signed with Leixões for an undisclosed fee. On 23 July he appeared in his first match as a professional in a 2–0 home win against Académico de Viseu in the first round of the Taça da Liga where he played the full 90 minutes, and his debut in the Segunda Liga was on 6 August in a 4–1 away loss to Real Massamá.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: Eustáquio joined Chaves on 31 January 2018, on a five-and-a-half-year deal after his buyout clause of €500,000 was paid. He made his Primeira Liga debut four days later, playing the entire 2–1 away victory over Feirense; he scored his first top-flight goal on 14 April, helping his team to come from behind to draw 3–3 at Boavista.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: On 14 September 2018, in a Portuguese League Cup match at the Estádio do Dragão, Eustáquio scored a late equalizer which helped Chaves draw 1–1 and record their first ever point at Porto's home ground.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: Eustáquio moved to Cruz Azul of the Mexican Liga MX on 15 January 2019. Vítor Severino, who worked as assistant to manager Luís Castro at Chaves, described him as "like the typical player from La Masia, from Barcelona". On his debut, against Tijuana, he was sent off mere minutes after taking the field as a substitute, but eventually the video assistant referee cautioned him with only a yellow card upon review; shortly after, however, he was stretchered off with an injury.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: After being sidelined for eight months, Eustáquio returned to the pitch on 22 September 2019, playing for the under-20 team in preparation for his full return.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: In December 2019, Eustáquio was loaned to Portuguese top-flight club Paços de Ferreira for the remainder of the season. He made his league debut on 11 January 2020, in a 0–0 away draw against Portimonense.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: Eustáquio agreed to another loan in September 2020. The following January, the move was made permanent for a fee of €2.5 million. He scored his first goal for them on 24 October, closing the 1–1 league draw at Nacional, and six days later he added another in a 3–2 win over Porto at the Estádio da Mata Real.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: On 10 April 2021, Eustáquio lasted only 22 minutes in a 5–0 home loss to Benfica, receiving a straight red card for a foul on Julian Weigl. He made his European debut on 5 August, and netted the third in the 4–0 home victory against Larne in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Europa Conference League.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: In January 2022, Eustáquio was loaned to Porto for the rest of the season, with an option to buy. He played his first match on 6 February, replacing Fábio Vieira late into a 2–0 away defeat of Arouca.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: On 31 May 2022, Porto exercised its purchase option, signing Eustáquio to a contract until 30 June 2027. Having become a starter for the Sérgio Conceição-led side, he scored his first goal on 30 September in the 4–1 home win over Braga. He added two more in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League to help his team to progress as group winners, at Club Brugge in a 4–0 victory and against Atlético Madrid in a 2–1 home win.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: Eligible to represent Canada and Portugal, Eustáquio appeared for Canada's under-17 side at the 2012 AGS Cup.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: In November 2017, Portugal under-21 manager Rui Jorge selected him for 2019 UEFA European Championship qualifiers against Romania and Switzerland to be held early in that month. He won his first cap against the former, playing 90 minutes and being booked in the 1–1 draw in Constanța.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: In February 2019, Eustáquio committed to play for Canada at senior level. Upon his return from his knee injury, he received his first call-up to the team on 1 October 2019 for a CONCACAF Nations League fixture against the United States. He made his debut on 15 November, coming from the bench for Mark-Anthony Kaye in the second half of the 4–1 away defeat.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: Eustáquio was named to a 60-man preliminary squad for the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup on 18 June, before being included in the final squad for the tournament. He scored his first international goal in the first group fixture on 11 July, a 4–1 win over Martinique in Kansas City, and added a direct free kick four days later to open a 4–1 defeat of Haiti at the same venue. Canada made the semi-finals, with him concluding the 2–0 victory against Costa Rica in the last eight.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: Eustáquio was called-up to the 2022 FIFA World Cup squad, playing two games in a group-stage elimination.


title: Stephen Eustáquio

text: Eustáquio's older brother, Mauro, is also a former professional soccer player. He represented Canada at under-20 and under-23 levels.


title: Pipette

text: A pipette (sometimes spelled as pipett) is a laboratory tool commonly used in chemistry, biology and medicine to transport a measured volume of liquid, often as a media dispenser. Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with differing levels of accuracy and precision, from single piece glass pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes. Many pipette types work by creating a partial vacuum above the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw up and dispense liquid. Measurement accuracy varies greatly depending on the instrument.


title: Pipette

text: The first simple pipettes were made in glass, such as Pasteur pipettes. Large pipettes continue to be made in glass; others are made in squeezable plastic for situations where an exact volume is not required.


title: Pipette

text: The first micropipette was patented in 1957 by Dr Heinrich Schnitger (Marburg, Germany). The founder of the company Eppendorf, Dr. Heinrich Netheler, inherited the rights and started the commercial production of micropipettes in 1961.


title: Pipette

text: The adjustable micropipette is a Wisconsin invention developed through interactions among several people, primarily inventor Warren Gilson and Henry Lardy, a professor of biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.


title: Pipette

text: Although specific descriptive names exist for each type of pipette, in practice any type of pipette will merely be referred to as a "pipette" and the desired device will be obvious from context. Sometimes, pipettes that dispense between 1 and 1000 μl are distinguished as micropipettes, while macropipettes dispense greater volumes.