title: Kevin Guthrie

text: In September 2020, Guthrie was charged with sexual assault. A trial before jury was set for January 2021 but was administratively adjourned due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and Guthrie remained on bail in the interim. On 16 April 2021, he was convicted following a four-day trial at Glasgow Sheriff Court of carrying out a sexual assault on a woman that took place at the residence of fellow actor Scott Reid in Kelvindale, Glasgow between 30 September and 1 October 2017. On 14 May 2021, he was sentenced to three years in prison and was placed on the sex offenders' register indefinitely. An attempted appeal of his conviction was rejected in November 2021.


title: Kevin Guthrie

text: Guthrie was released from HM Prison Dumfries in May 2022, having had term reduced to two years following a successful appeal to cut his prison time. He failed, however, in attempting to have his conviction quashed.


title: Kevin Guthrie

text: The son of a nurse and an electrician, Guthrie grew up in Neilston and has two older sisters. He attended St Luke's High School in Barrhead, and later Langside College in Glasgow. He has lived in north London and in Yorkhill, Glasgow.


title: Kevin Guthrie

text: † These roles were later played by Jamie Quinn and Kevin Mains respectively, when the shows were picked up for full series.


title: Lee Atwater

text: Harvey LeRoy "Lee" Atwater (February 27, 1951 – March 29, 1991) was an American political consultant and strategist for the Republican Party. He was an adviser to US presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush and chairman of the Republican National Committee. Atwater aroused controversy through his aggressive campaign tactics, especially the Southern strategy.


title: Lee Atwater

text: Atwater was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Alma "Toddy" (Page), a school teacher, and Harvey Dillard Atwater, an insurance adjustor. He had two siblings, Ann and Joe. He grew up in Aiken, South Carolina. When Lee was five, his three-year-old brother, Joe (who bore apparent little young resemblance to him besides "striking blue eyes"), died of third-degree burns when he pulled a deep fryer full of hot oil onto himself.


title: Lee Atwater

text: As a teenager in Columbia, South Carolina, Atwater played guitar in a rock band, The Upsetters Revue. Even at the height of his political power, he would often play concerts in clubs and church basements, solo or with B.B. King, in the Washington, D.C., area. He released an album called "Red Hot & Blue" on Curb Records, featuring Carla Thomas, Isaac Hayes, Sam Moore, Chuck Jackson, and King. Robert Hilburn wrote about the album in the "Los Angeles Times" on April 5, 1990: "The most entertaining thing about this ensemble salute to spicy Memphis-style 1950s and 1960s R&B is the way it lets you surprise your friends. Play a selection such as 'Knock on Wood' or 'Bad Boy' for someone without identifying the singer, then watch their eyes bulge when you reveal that it's the controversial national chairman of the Republican Party, Lee Atwater." During the 1960s, Atwater briefly played backup guitar for Percy Sledge.


title: Lee Atwater

text: Atwater attended A.C. Flora High School. In 1973, Atwater graduated from Newberry College, a small private Lutheran institution in Newberry, South Carolina, where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. At Newberry, Atwater served as the governor of the South Carolina Student Legislature. He earned a Master of Arts degree in communications from the University of South Carolina in 1977.


title: Lee Atwater

text: During the 1970s and the 1980 election, Atwater rose to prominence in the South Carolina Republican Party, actively participating in the campaigns of Governor Carroll Campbell and Senator Strom Thurmond. During his years in South Carolina, Atwater became well known for managing hard-edged campaigns based on emotional wedge issues.


title: Lee Atwater

text: Atwater's aggressive tactics were first demonstrated during the 1980 Congressional campaigns. He was a campaign consultant to Republican incumbent Floyd Spence in his campaign for Congress against Democratic nominee Tom Turnipseed. Atwater's tactics in that campaign included push polling in the form of fake surveys by so-called independent pollsters to inform white suburbanites that Turnipseed was a member of the NAACP. He also sent out last-minute letters from Senator Thurmond telling voters that Turnipseed would disarm the United States, and turn it over to liberals and Communists. At a press briefing, Atwater planted a fake reporter who rose and said, "We understand that Turnipseed has had psychiatric treatment". Atwater later told reporters off the record that Turnipseed "got hooked up to jumper cables", referring to electroconvulsive therapy that Turnipseed underwent as a teenager. Spence went on to win the race.


title: Lee Atwater

text: After the 1980 election, Atwater went to Washington and became an aide in the Ronald Reagan administration, working under political director Ed Rollins. In 1984, Rollins managed Reagan's re-election campaign, and Atwater became the campaign's deputy director and political director. Rollins mentions Atwater's work several times in his 1996 book "Bare Knuckles and Back Rooms". He states that Atwater ran a dirty tricks operation against Democratic vice-presidential nominee Geraldine Ferraro, including publicizing the fact that Ferraro's parents had been indicted on numbers running in the 1940s. Rollins also described Atwater as "ruthless", "Ollie North in civilian clothes", and someone who "just had to drive in one more stake".


title: Lee Atwater

text: Atwater became a senior partner at the political consulting firm of Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly the day after the 1984 presidential election.


title: Lee Atwater

text: During his years in Washington, Atwater became aligned with Vice President George H. W. Bush, who chose Atwater to manage his 1988 presidential campaign.


title: Lee Atwater

text: As a member of the Reagan administration in 1981, Atwater gave an anonymous interview to political scientist Alexander P. Lamis. Part of the interview was printed in Lamis' book "The Two-Party South", then reprinted in "Southern Politics in the 1990s" with Atwater's name revealed. Bob Herbert reported on the interview in the October 6, 2005, issue of "The New York Times". On November 13, 2012, "The Nation" magazine released a 42-minute audio recording of the interview. James Carter IV, grandson of former president Jimmy Carter, had asked and been granted access to these tapes by Lamis' widow. Atwater talked about the Republican Southern strategy:


title: Lee Atwater

text: "Atwater": As to the whole Southern strategy that Harry S. Dent, Sr. and others put together in 1968, opposition to the Voting Rights Act would have been a central part of keeping the South. Now you don't have to do that. All that you need to do to keep the South is for Reagan to run in place on the issues that he's campaigned on since 1964, and that's fiscal conservatism, balancing the budget, cut taxes, you know, the whole cluster.


title: Lee Atwater

text: "Questioner": But the fact is, isn't it, that Reagan does get to the Wallace voter and to the racist side of the Wallace voter by doing away with legal services, by cutting down on food stamps?


title: Lee Atwater

text: "Atwater:" Y'all don't quote me on this. You start out in 1954 by saying, "Nigger, nigger, nigger". By 1968, you can't say "nigger"—that hurts you. Backfires. So you say stuff like forced busing, states' rights and all that stuff. You're getting so abstract now [that] you're talking about cutting taxes, and all these things you're talking about are totally economic things and a byproduct of them is [that] blacks get hurt worse than whites. And subconsciously maybe that is part of it. I'm not saying that. But I'm saying that if it is getting that abstract, and that coded, that we are doing away with the racial problem one way or the other. You follow me—because obviously sitting around saying, "We want to cut this", is much more abstract than even the busing thing, and a hell of a lot more abstract than "Nigger, nigger". So, any way you look at it, race is coming on the back-burner.


title: Lee Atwater

text: Atwater also argued that Reagan did not need to make racial appeals, suggesting that Reagan's issues transcended the racial prism of the "Southern Strategy":


title: Lee Atwater

text: "Atwater:" But Reagan did not have to do a southern strategy for two reasons. Number one, race was not a dominant issue. And number two, the mainstream issues in this campaign had been, quote, southern issues since way back in the sixties. So Reagan goes out and campaigns on the issues of economics and of national defense. The whole campaign was devoid of any kind of racism, any kind of reference. And I'll tell you another thing you all need to think about, that even surprised me, is the lack of interest, really, the lack of knowledge right now in the South among white voters about the Voting Rights Act.


title: Lee Atwater

text: Atwater's most noteworthy campaign was the 1988 presidential election, when he served as the campaign manager for Republican nominee George H. W. Bush.


title: Lee Atwater

text: Dukakis supported a felon furlough program originally begun under Republican Governor Francis Sargent in 1972. In 1976, the Massachusetts legislature passed a measure to ban furloughs for first-degree murderers. Governor Dukakis vetoed the bill. Soon afterward, Willie Horton, who was serving a life sentence for first-degree murder for stabbing a boy to death during a robbery, was released on weekend furlough, during which he kidnapped a young couple, tortured the man, and repeatedly raped the woman. Horton then became the centerpiece of Atwater's ad campaign against Dukakis.


title: Lee Atwater

text: The issue of furlough for first-degree murderers was originally brought up by Democratic candidate Al Gore during a presidential primary debate. However, Gore never referred specifically to Horton. Dukakis had tried to portray himself as a moderate politician from the liberal state of Massachusetts. The Horton ad campaign only reinforced the public's general opinion that Dukakis was too liberal, which helped Bush overcome Dukakis' 17-percent lead in early public opinion polls, and win both the electoral and popular vote by landslide margins.


title: Lee Atwater

text: Although Atwater clearly approved of the use of the Willie Horton issue, the Bush campaign never ran any commercial with Horton's picture; instead they ran a similar but generic ad. The original commercial was produced by Americans for Bush, an independent group managed by Larry McCarthy, and Republicans benefited from the coverage it attracted in the national media. Referring to Dukakis, Atwater declared that he would "strip the bark off the little bastard" and "make Willie Horton his running mate". Atwater's challenge was to counter the "where was George?" campaign slogan Democrats were using as a rallying cry in an effort to create an impression that Bush was a relatively inexperienced and unaccomplished candidate. Furthermore, Bush had critics in the Republican base, who remembered his pro-choice positions in the 1980 primary, and that the harder the campaign pursued Dukakis's liberal positions, the bigger his base turnout would be.


title: Lee Atwater

text: During the election, a number of allegations were made in the media about Dukakis' personal life, including the unsubstantiated claim that his wife Kitty had burned a United States flag to protest the Vietnam War, and that Dukakis had been treated for a mental illness. In the film "", Robert Novak reveals for the first time that Atwater personally tried, but failed, to get him to spread these mental-health rumors.


title: Lee Atwater

text: During that campaign, future President George W. Bush took an office across the hall from Atwater's, where his job was to serve as his father's eyes and ears. Bush wrote in his autobiography, "I was an allegiance enforcer and a listening ear." In her memoir, Barbara Bush said the younger Bush (whom Atwater called "Junior") and Atwater became "great friends."


title: Lee Atwater

text: After the election, Atwater was named chairman of the Republican National Committee. Shortly after Atwater took over the RNC, Jim Wright, a Democrat, was forced to resign as Speaker of the House and was succeeded by Tom Foley.


title: Lee Atwater

text: On the day that Foley officially became speaker, the RNC began circulating a memo to Republican congresspeople and state party chairpeople called "Tom Foley: Out of the Liberal Closet". The memo compared Foley's voting record with that of openly gay Congressman Barney Frank, with a subtle implication that Foley, too, was gay. It had been crafted by RNC communications director Mark Goodin and by House Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. In fact, Gingrich had been attempting to convince several reporters to print it. The memo was harshly condemned by both political parties. Republican Senate leader Bob Dole, for instance, said in a speech in the Senate chamber, "This is not politics. This is garbage".


title: Lee Atwater

text: Atwater initially defended the memo, calling it "no big deal" and "factually accurate". However, some days later, he claimed that he had not approved the memo. Under pressure from Bush, Atwater fired Goodin, replacing him with B. Jay Cooper.


title: Lee Atwater

text: Following Bush's victory, Atwater focused on organizing a public relations campaign against Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton. Atwater viewed Clinton as a serious potential threat to Bush in the 1992 presidential election. At the time of Atwater's illness, he was supporting the bid of Representative Tommy Robinson for the Republican gubernatorial nomination to oppose Clinton in the fall. Robinson lost the primary to former Arkla Gas CEO Sheffield Nelson.


title: Lee Atwater

text: In 1989, Atwater became a member of the historically black Howard University Board of Trustees. The university gained national attention when students rose up in protest against Atwater's appointment. Student activists disrupted Howard's 122nd anniversary celebrations and eventually occupied the university's administration building. Within days, both Atwater and Howard President James E. Cheek resigned.


title: Lee Atwater

text: Also in 1989, Atwater strongly criticized the candidacy of David Duke for the Louisiana House of Representatives. He said: "David Duke is not a Republican as far as I am concerned...He is a pretender, a charlatan, and a political opportunist who is looking for any organization he can find to legitimate his views of racial and religious bigotry and intolerance...We repudiate him and his views and we are taking steps to see that he is disenfranchised from our party."


title: Lee Atwater

text: In 1988, Atwater and several friends founded a restaurant named Red Hot & Blue in Arlington, Virginia. The restaurant, which has since grown into a chain, served Memphis BBQ and played Memphis blues music in the dining room.


title: Lee Atwater

text: Atwater recorded a 1990 album with B.B. King and others on Curb Records, titled "Red Hot & Blue". He also performed with Paul Shaffer and his band in an episode of "Late Night with David Letterman".


title: Lee Atwater

text: Atwater married Sally Dunbar (1951–2021) in 1978. They had three children, Sara Lee, Ashley Page, and Sally Theodosia. His widow ran for Superintendent of Education for South Carolina in 2014. She was endorsed by former President George H.W. Bush.


title: Lee Atwater

text: On March 5, 1990, Atwater suffered a seizure during a fundraising breakfast for Senator Phil Gramm. Doctors discovered a grade 3 astrocytoma, an aggressive form of brain cancer, in his right parietal lobe. He underwent interstitial implant radiationthen a new treatmentat Montefiore Medical Center in New York City, followed by conventional radiation therapy at George Washington University Hospital in Washington, D.C. The treatment left him paralyzed on his left side, disabled his tone discrimination, and swelled his face and body.


title: Lee Atwater

text: In the months after the severity of his illness became apparent, Atwater said he had converted to Catholicism, through the help of Fr John Hardon. In an act of repentance, Atwater issued a number of public and written letters to individuals to whom he had been opposed during his political career. In a June 28, 1990, letter to Tom Turnipseed, he stated, "It is very important to me that I let you know that out of everything that has happened in my career, one of the low points remains the so-called 'jumper cable' episode", adding, "My illness has taught me something about the nature of humanity, love, brotherhood, and relationships that I never understood, and probably never would have. So, from that standpoint, there is some truth and good in everything."


title: Lee Atwater

text: In the article Atwater apologized to Michael Dukakis for the "naked cruelty" of the 1988 presidential election campaign.


title: Lee Atwater

text: Funeral services were held at the Trinity Cathedral Church in Atwater's final residence, Columbia, South Carolina. A memorial service was held at the Washington National Cathedral on April 4, 1991.


title: Lee Atwater

text: Sidney Blumenthal has speculated that, had Atwater lived, he would have run a stronger re-election campaign for Bush than the President's unsuccessful 1992 effort against Bill Clinton and Ross Perot.


title: Lee Atwater

text: Atwater appears in the second season of the 2019 alternate history web television series "For All Mankind", where he is played by Dustin Seavey.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: In linear algebra and functional analysis, a projection is a linear transformation formula_1 from a vector space to itself (an endomorphism) such that formula_2. That is, whenever formula_1 is applied twice to any vector, it gives the same result as if it were applied once (i.e. formula_1 is idempotent). It leaves its image unchanged. This definition of "projection" formalizes and generalizes the idea of graphical projection. One can also consider the effect of a projection on a geometrical object by examining the effect of the projection on points in the object.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: When formula_5 has an inner product and is complete (i.e. when formula_5 is a Hilbert space) the concept of orthogonality can be used. A projection formula_1 on a Hilbert space formula_5 is called an orthogonal projection if it satisfies formula_12 for all formula_13. A projection on a Hilbert space that is not orthogonal is called an oblique projection.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: For example, the function which maps the point formula_23 in three-dimensional space formula_24 to the point formula_25 is an orthogonal projection onto the "xy"-plane. This function is represented by the matrix


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: Every projection is an open map, meaning that it maps each open set in the domain to an open set in the subspace topology of the image. That is, for any vector formula_40 and any ball formula_41 (with positive radius) centered on formula_40, there exists a ball formula_43 (with positive radius) centered on formula_44 that is wholly contained in the image formula_45.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: Let formula_46 be a finite-dimensional vector space and formula_1 be a projection on formula_46. Suppose the subspaces formula_49 and formula_5 are the image and kernel of formula_1 respectively. Then formula_1 has the following properties:


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: The image and kernel of a projection are "complementary", as are formula_1 and formula_64. The operator formula_65 is also a projection as the image and kernel of formula_1 become the kernel and image of formula_65 and vice versa. We say formula_1 is a projection along formula_5 onto formula_49 (kernel/image) and formula_65 is a projection along formula_49 onto formula_5.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: Only 0 or 1 can be an eigenvalue of a projection. This implies that an orthogonal projection formula_1 is always a positive semi-definite matrix. In general, the corresponding eigenspaces are (respectively) the kernel and range of the projection. Decomposition of a vector space into direct sums is not unique. Therefore, given a subspace formula_5, there may be many projections whose range (or kernel) is formula_5.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: If a projection is nontrivial it has minimal polynomial formula_79, which factors into distinct linear factors, and thus formula_1 is diagonalizable.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: The product of projections is not in general a projection, even if they are orthogonal. If two projections commute then their product is a projection, but the converse is false: the product of two non-commuting projections may be a projection.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: If two orthogonal projections commute then their product is an orthogonal projection. If the product of two orthogonal projections is an orthogonal projection, then the two orthogonal projections commute (more generally: two self-adjoint endomorphisms commute if and only if their product is self-adjoint).


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: When the vector space formula_46 has an inner product and is complete (is a Hilbert space) the concept of orthogonality can be used. An orthogonal projection is a projection for which the range formula_49 and the null space formula_5 are orthogonal subspaces. Thus, for every formula_84 and formula_85 in formula_46, formula_87. Equivalently:


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: A projection is orthogonal if and only if it is self-adjoint. Using the self-adjoint and idempotent properties of formula_1, for any formula_84 and formula_85 in formula_46 we have formula_93, formula_94, and


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: where formula_96 is the inner product associated with formula_46. Therefore, formula_98 and formula_99 are orthogonal projections. The other direction, namely that if formula_1 is orthogonal then it is self-adjoint, follows from


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: A)^{-1} B^{\mathsf{T}} \mathbf{x}.</math> In this way, formula_106 for any vector formula_107 and hence formula_108.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: In the case that formula_1 is an orthogonal projection, we can take formula_110, and it follows that formula_111. By using this formula, one can easily check that formula_112. In general, if the vector space is over complex number field, one then uses the Hermitian transpose formula_113 and has the formula formula_114. Recall that one can define the Moore–Penrose inverse of the matrix formula_115 by formula_116 since formula_115 has full column rank, so formula_118.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: Note that formula_119 is also an oblique projection. The singular values of formula_1 and formula_119 can be computed by an orthonormal basis of formula_115. Let


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: formula_123 be an orthonormal basis of formula_115 and let formula_125 be the orthogonal complement of formula_123. Denote the singular values of the matrix


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: This implies that the largest singular values of formula_1 and formula_119 are equal, and thus that the matrix norm of the oblique projections are the same.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: However, the condition number satisfies the relation formula_135, and is therefore not necessarily equal.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: Let formula_5 be a vector space (in this case a plane) spanned by orthogonal vectors formula_137. Let formula_103 be a vector. One can define a projection of formula_85 onto formula_5 as


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: where repeated indices are summed over (Einstein sum notation). The vector formula_85 can be written as an orthogonal sum such that formula_143. formula_144 is sometimes denoted as formula_145. There is a theorem in linear algebra that states that this formula_146 is the smallest distance (the "orthogonal distance") from formula_85 to formula_5 and is commonly used in areas such as machine learning.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: Any projection formula_149 on a vector space of dimension formula_150 over a field is a diagonalizable matrix, since its minimal polynomial divides formula_151, which splits into distinct linear factors. Thus there exists a basis in which formula_1 has the form


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: where formula_154 is the rank of formula_1. Here formula_156 is the identity matrix of size formula_154, and formula_158 is the zero matrix of size formula_159. If the vector space is complex and equipped with an inner product, then there is an "orthonormal" basis in which the matrix of "P" is


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: where formula_161. The integers formula_162 and the real numbers formula_163 are uniquely determined. Note that formula_164. The factor formula_165 corresponds to the maximal invariant subspace on which formula_1 acts as an "orthogonal" projection (so that "P" itself is orthogonal if and only if formula_167) and the formula_163-blocks correspond to the "oblique" components.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: When the underlying vector space formula_169 is a (not necessarily finite-dimensional) normed vector space, analytic questions, irrelevant in the finite-dimensional case, need to be considered. Assume now formula_169 is a Banach space.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: Many of the algebraic results discussed above survive the passage to this context. A given direct sum decomposition of formula_169 into complementary subspaces still specifies a projection, and vice versa. If formula_169 is the direct sum formula_173, then the operator defined by formula_174 is still a projection with range formula_49 and kernel formula_5. It is also clear that formula_7. Conversely, if formula_1 is projection on formula_169, i.e. formula_7, then it is easily verified that formula_181. In other words, formula_182 is also a projection. The relation formula_7 implies formula_184 and formula_169 is the direct sum formula_186.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: However, in contrast to the finite-dimensional case, projections need not be continuous in general. If a subspace formula_49 of formula_169 is not closed in the norm topology, then the projection onto formula_49 is not continuous. In other words, the range of a continuous projection formula_1 must be a closed subspace. Furthermore, the kernel of a continuous projection (in fact, a continuous linear operator in general) is closed. Thus a "continuous" projection formula_1 gives a decomposition of formula_169 into two complementary "closed" subspaces: formula_193.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: The converse holds also, with an additional assumption. Suppose formula_49 is a closed subspace of formula_169. If there exists a closed subspace formula_5 such that , then the projection formula_1 with range formula_49 and kernel formula_5 is continuous. This follows from the closed graph theorem. Suppose and . One needs to show that formula_200. Since formula_49 is closed and , "y" lies in formula_49, i.e. . Also, . Because formula_5 is closed and , we have formula_204, i.e. formula_205, which proves the claim.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: The above argument makes use of the assumption that both formula_49 and formula_5 are closed. In general, given a closed subspace formula_49, there need not exist a complementary closed subspace formula_5, although for Hilbert spaces this can always be done by taking the orthogonal complement. For Banach spaces, a one-dimensional subspace always has a closed complementary subspace. This is an immediate consequence of Hahn–Banach theorem. Let formula_49 be the linear span of formula_211. By Hahn–Banach, there exists a bounded linear functional formula_212 such that . The operator formula_213 satisfies formula_214, i.e. it is a projection. Boundedness of formula_212 implies continuity of formula_1 and therefore formula_217 is a closed complementary subspace of formula_49.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: Projections (orthogonal and otherwise) play a major role in algorithms for certain linear algebra problems:


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: As stated above, projections are a special case of idempotents. Analytically, orthogonal projections are non-commutative generalizations of characteristic functions. Idempotents are used in classifying, for instance, semisimple algebras, while measure theory begins with considering characteristic functions of measurable sets. Therefore, as one can imagine, projections are very often encountered in the context of operator algebras. In particular, a von Neumann algebra is generated by its complete lattice of projections.


title: Projection (linear algebra)

text: More generally, given a map between normed vector spaces formula_219 one can analogously ask for this map to be an isometry on the orthogonal complement of the kernel: that formula_220 be an isometry (compare Partial isometry); in particular it must be onto. The case of an orthogonal projection is when "W" is a subspace of "V." In Riemannian geometry, this is used in the definition of a Riemannian submersion.


title: Stuber (film)

text: Stuber is a 2019 American buddy cop action comedy film directed by Michael Dowse and written by Tripper Clancy. Its plot follows a mild-mannered Uber driver named Stu (Kumail Nanjiani) who picks up a passenger (Dave Bautista) who turns out to be a cop hot on the trail of a brutal killer. Iko Uwais, Natalie Morales, Betty Gilpin, Jimmy Tatro, Mira Sorvino, and Karen Gillan also star.


title: Stuber (film)

text: The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 13, 2019 and was theatrically released in the United States by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures under it's 20th Century Fox Banner on July 12, 2019. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who criticized it for not taking full advantage of its potential but praised Nanjiani and Bautista's chemistry.


title: Stuber (film)

text: Vic Manning, an aggressive Los Angeles Police Department detective, is in pursuit of notorious drug lord Oka Tedjo, who six months earlier murdered Vic's partner, Sara Morris, after which Vic's superior, Captain McHenry, places him on leave. Because his pursuit of Tedjo during that encounter was hampered when his glasses were knocked off his face, Vic undergoes corrective laser eye surgery. This requires him to remain off duty for an additional day or two, due to his reduced vision as his eyes heal. However, when an informant contacts him with a lead on Tedjo's current whereabouts, he calls for an Uber and is picked up by Stu Prasad, an unassuming driver who diligently performs his job with an eye on the reviews he receives on the Uber app.


title: Stuber (film)

text: Vic's investigation leads him and a reluctant Stu around Los Angeles. Along the way, Stu deals with both Vic's violent and reckless behavior and his own feelings for a woman named Becca, a close friend and business partner with whom he plans to open a spin biking business. Becca, having broken up with her boyfriend, wants Stu to come over for casual sex, but Stu is genuinely in love with her and wants a more serious relationship. As Stu and Vic get to know one another, they confront each other about Stu's lack of courage with Becca, while Stu criticizes Vic for his toxic masculinity and his insensitive treatment of his daughter Nicole, a sculptor.


title: Stuber (film)

text: At a house in Long Beach, Vic detains Amo, a key suspect of his investigation, and rescues a Pit Bull Terrier named Pico from being fed packets of drugs. After Stu accidentally shoots Amo in the leg, Vic leads them to an animal hospital, where both Amo and Pico receive medical attention from the vet. After Vic learns from Amo that Tedjo will be making a drug drop later that night, they are ambushed by a group of Tedjo's men, who taunt Vic about his daughter's art exhibition that same evening. With Stu's help, Vic dispatches the thugs and races to Nicole's exhibition to warn her about the potential danger, but she is fed up with her father's obsession with hunting down Tedjo. Afterwards, Stu drops off Vic near the drop location and calls Becca, admitting to her his feelings for her, but then telling her they cannot be friends anymore since he knows she does not feel the same way. At the drop Vic calls for backup but Stu notices only a lone police car heading his way.


title: Stuber (film)

text: As he waits for Tedjo, McHenry arrives and Vic finds out that she is a dirty cop who has been working with Tedjo and was planning to frame Vic for murder to get him off their trail. However, before she can kill Vic, Stu runs her over and the two unsuccessfully attempt to escape from Tedjo in his car. As they struggle against him, Nicole arrives having tracked down Stu using the Uber app and is nearly shot by Tedjo. Stu takes the bullet however, and Vic almost kills Tedjo before Nicole stops him. The police arrive to bring Tedjo to justice.


title: Stuber (film)

text: As Stu and Vic recover in the hospital, Vic gives Stu a five-star Uber review (despite the $5534.95 fare he has to pay him), while Becca has started up a successful spin biking business on her own. That Christmas, Vic arrives at Nicole's home with Pico, only to discover that Nicole is dating Stu.


title: Stuber (film)

text: In April 2016, 20th Century Fox bought the spec script "Stuber" from Tripper Clancy for a mid-six figure deal, with Jonathan Goldstein and John Francis Daley set to produce the film.


title: Stuber (film)

text: In December 2017, Dave Bautista was cast as a "detective who commandeers an unsuspecting Uber driver named Stu" while Michael Dowse was announced as the director of the film. In March 2018, Kumail Nanjiani signed on to costar with Bautista. In April 2018, Iko Uwais joined the cast. In May 2018, Betty Gilpin, Natalie Morales, Mira Sorvino, Steve Howey, and Amin Joseph joined the cast.


title: Stuber (film)

text: "Stuber" had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 13, 2019 and was released on July 12, 2019. Following their acquisition of 20th Century Fox, which closed a week after the film’s premiere, the film was Walt Disney Studios' first film to receive an R-rating by the Motion Picture Association since "The Fifth Estate" (2013).


title: Stuber (film)

text: "Stuber" was released on Digital HD on October 1, 2019, and was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and 4K Ultra HD on October 15, 2019.


title: Stuber (film)

text: "Stuber" has grossed $22.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $9.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $32.2 million.


title: Stuber (film)

text: In the United States and Canada, the film was projected to gross $7–15 million from 3,050 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $3.1 million on its first day, including $750,000 from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $8 million, finishing fourth at the box office. In its second weekend the film made $4.1 million, dropping 50% and finishing sixth.


title: Stuber (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "Though it makes a strong case for future collaborations between Kumail Nanjiani and Dave Bautista, "Stuber" fails to mesh its contrasting genres, settling for an overtly violent, mildly entertaining diversion that's far from a five-star ride." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 42 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an average 3.5 out of 5 stars and a 51% "definite recommend".


title: Stuber (film)

text: Peter Debruge of "Variety" gave the film a positive review and wrote: "It's both funny and familiar to see these two incredibly different personalities thrust together for what's meant to be a short ride."


title: Stuber (film)

text: Glenn Kenny, writing for "RogerEbert.com", said "The only thing worse than hot garbage is elaborately lukewarm mediocrity, and for too much of its running time, the new comedy "Stuber" is just that." Simon Thompson of IGN wrote: ""Stuber" is an awkward, uneven action-comedy that never realizes its full potential. It squanders a good premise and an odd couple pairing with potential that could have delivered something special." A. A. Dowd of "The A.V. Club" gave the film a grade C−, calling it "a big waste of talent".


title: Lavender (color)

text: Lavender is a light shade of purple or violet. It applies particularly to the color of the flower of the same name. The web color called lavender is displayed at right—it matches the color of the very palest part of the lavender flower; however, the more saturated color shown below as "floral lavender" more closely matches the average color of the lavender flower as shown in the picture and is the tone of lavender historically and traditionally considered "lavender" by the average person as opposed to those who are website designers. The color lavender might be described as a "medium purple" or a "light pinkish-purple".


title: Lavender (color)

text: The term "lavender" may be used in general to apply to a wide range of pale, light or grayish-purples but only on the blue side. Lilac is pale purple on the pink side. In paints, the color lavender is made by mixing purple and white paint.


title: Lavender (color)

text: Originally, the name "lavender" only applied to flowers. By 1930, the book "A Dictionary of Color" identified three major shades of lavender—"[floral] lavender", "lavender gray", and "lavender blue", and in addition a fourth shade of lavender called "old lavender" (a dark lavender gray) (all four of these shades of lavender are shown below). By 1955, the publication of the ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names (a color dictionary used by stamp collectors to identify the colors of stamps), now on the Internet, listed dozens of different shades of lavender. Today, although the color floral lavender (the color of the flower of the lavender plant) remains the standard for lavender, just as there are many shades of pink (light red, light rose, and light magenta colors), there are many shades of lavender (some light magenta, some light purple, [mostly] light violet [as well as some grayish-violet], and some light indigo colors).


title: Lavender (color)

text: The color designated as the web color lavender is a very pale tint of lavender that in other (artistic) contexts may be described as lavender mist.


title: Lavender (color)

text: Displayed at right is the color languid lavender. The source of this color is the "Plochere Color System", a color system formulated in 1948 that is widely used by interior designers.


title: Lavender (color)

text: The historical name for this color is lavender gray. It is listed in "A Dictionary of Color" as one of the three major variations of lavender in 1930 along with "lavender blue" (shown below) and [floral] "lavender" (also shown below). (This book also designates a fourth shade of lavender, called "old lavender", also shown below). This color is similar to Prismacolor colored pencil PC 1026, "Greyed Lavender".


title: Lavender (color)

text: The color soap is displayed at right. "Soap" is a color formulated by Crayola in 1994 as one of the colors in its Magic Scent specialty box of colors.


title: Lavender (color)

text: This color is a representation of soap scented with lavender, one of the most popular scents for soap.


title: Lavender (color)

text: At right is displayed the pale tint of lavender shown as "lavender" in sample 209 in the ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names.


title: Lavender (color)

text: Lavender blue was listed in "A Dictionary of Color" as one of the three major variations of lavender in 1930 along with "lavender gray" (shown above) and [floral] "lavender" (shown below). It is identified as being the same color as periwinkle. The first use of the term "lavender blue" as a color term was in 1926.


title: Lavender (color)

text: The color wisteria is displayed at right. "Wisteria", a "light medium violet" color is equivalent to light lavender.


title: Lavender (color)

text: The Prismacolor colored pencil PC 956, which used to be called "light violet" and is now called "lilac" (the actual color of the colored pencil is equivalent to wisteria rather than lilac) is this color.


title: Lavender (color)

text: Wisteria in this exact shade is one of the Crayola crayon colors on the list of Crayola crayon colors. It was formulated as a Crayola color in 1993. The first recorded use of "wisteria" as a color name in English was in 1892.


title: Lavender (color)

text: The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #14-3207 TPX—Pink Lavender.


title: Lavender (color)

text: After the introduction of the Munsell color system, in which purple, described as equivalent to red-violet, is described as one of the five psychological primary colors along with red, yellow, green, and blue, some people began to think of lavender as being somewhat more pinkish color. This color can be described as lavender pink or "pale pinkish-purple" when purple is defined as equivalent to "red-violet" as artists do.


title: Lavender (color)

text: This tone of lavender, displayed at right, is the color designated as "lavender" (color #74) in the list of Crayola crayon colors. This version of "lavender" is a lot pinker than the other shades of lavender shown here.


title: Lavender (color)

text: Before 1958, the color shown below as "medium lavender gray" and now called "purple mountain majesty" by Crayola was called "lavender" in Crayola crayons.


title: Lavender (color)

text: At right is displayed the color medium lavender magenta which is equivalent to the web color version of plum ("pale plum").


title: Lavender (color)

text: This color may be regarded both as a tone of lavender since it is a light color between rose and blue and as a light medium tone of magenta because its red and blue values are equal (the color signature of a tone of magenta for computer display).


title: Lavender (color)

text: The color heliotrope is shown at right. Another name for this color is "psychedelic lavender" because this color was a popular color often used in the hippie psychedelic poster art of the late 1960s for the Fillmore Auditorium and the Avalon Ballroom in San Francisco. These posters were sold in the head shops of the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood and were drawn and produced by such artists as Wes Wilson, Stanley Mouse, Rick Griffin, and Victor Moscoso.


title: Lavender (color)

text: At right is displayed the color Lavender (floral). This color matches the color shown as "lavender" (viewed under a full-spectrum fluorescent lamp) in the 1930 book "A Dictionary of Color" (reference below), the world standard for color names before the introduction of computers. This color may also be called floral lavender. It is a "medium violet".


title: Lavender (color)

text: This tone of lavender would be the approximate color you would get if you mix 50% violet paint and 50% white paint.


title: Lavender (color)

text: This tone of lavender may be regarded as actual lavender and the other tones displayed in this article can be regarded as all variations on this shade.


title: Lavender (color)

text: The color amethyst is a moderate, transparent violet. Its name is derived from the stone amethyst, a form of quartz. Amethyst is the birthstone for those born in February.


title: Lavender (color)

text: Though the color of natural amethyst varies from purple to yellow, the amethyst color referred to here is the moderate purple color most commonly associated with amethyst stones. There is disagreement as to the cause of the purple color of the amethyst stone. Some believe that the color is due to the presence of manganese, while others have suggested that the amethyst color could be from ferric thiocyanate or sulfur found in amethyst stones.


title: Lavender (color)

text: Displayed at right is the web color medium purple which is equivalent to "deep medium violet" or deep lavender.


title: Lavender (color)

text: Displayed at right is the color purple mountain majesty, a Crayola color since 1993. This color may be regarded as a "medium lavender gray".


title: Lavender (color)

text: This color was the color called "lavender" in Crayola crayons before 1958, when Crayola switched to calling the color shown above as "lavender pink" as being "lavender". See the website "Lost Crayola Crayon Colors". Because of that, another name for this color is lavender purple.


title: Lavender (color)

text: The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #17-3617 TPX—English Lavender.


title: Lavender (color)

text: The color twilight lavender is displayed at right. "Twilight lavender" is a color formulated by Crayola in 1990 as one of the colors in its Silver Swirls specialty box of metallic colors.


title: Lavender (color)

text: Although this is supposed to be a "metallic" color, there is no mechanism for displaying metallic colors on a computer.


title: Lavender (color)

text: The dark lavender gray color displayed at right is called old lavender. It is a "dark grayish-violet".


title: Lavender (color)

text: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issued a lavender colored banknote of ₹100 denomination under Mahatma Gandhi New Series. The bank note measures 142 mm × 66 mm.


title: Anandabazar Patrika

text: Anandabazar Patrika (Bengali: আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা, ) is an Indian Bengali-language daily newspaper owned by the ABP Group. According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, it has a circulation of 1 million copies as of December 2019. Its main competitors are "Bartaman", "Ei Samay", and "Sangbad Pratidin".


title: Anandabazar Patrika

text: A Bengali newspaper was published in 1876 in a small village of Magura at Jessore District in British India (now Bangladesh) by Tushar Kanti Ghosh and his father Sisir Kumar Ghosh. They named it "Ananda Bazar" after Tusharkanti's grandmother's sister Anandomayee. However, soon the newspaper died. In 1886, Ghosh published another newspaper, named after his grandmother Amritamoyee: "Amrita Bazar Patrika".


title: Anandabazar Patrika

text: Later in 1922, the "Anandabazar Patrika" was relaunched by proprietor Suresh Chandra Majumdar and editor Prafulla Kumar Sarkar. It was first printed on 13 March 1922 under their ownership and was against British rule. In 1922 it first published as a four-page evening daily. The first colour printing was the features section. The internet edition of the newspaper was launched in 2001, which publishes news among the community. Also provides advertisement in the printed newspaper. In 2010, Time Inc. entered into a license agreement with ABP Group to publish "Fortune India" magazine. This magazine publishes the Fortune India 500 list every year.


title: Highwayman

text: A highwayman was a robber who stole from travellers. This type of thief usually travelled and robbed by horse as compared to a footpad who travelled and robbed on foot; mounted highwaymen were widely considered to be socially superior to footpads. Such criminals operated until the mid or late 19th century. Highwaywomen, such as Katherine Ferrers, were said to also exist, often dressing as men, especially in fiction.


title: Highwayman

text: The first attestation of the word "highwayman" is from 1617. Euphemisms such as "knights of the road" and "gentlemen of the road" were sometimes used by people interested in romanticizing (with a Robin Hood–esque slant) what was often an especially violent form of stealing. In the 19th-century American West, highwaymen were sometimes known as "road agents". In Australia, they were known as bushrangers.


title: Highwayman

text: The great age of highwaymen was the period from the Restoration in 1660 to the death of Queen Anne in 1714. Some of them are known to have been disbanded soldiers and even officers of the English Civil War and French wars. What favoured them most was the lack of governance and absence of a police force: parish constables were almost wholly ineffective and commonplace detection and arrest were very difficult. Most of the highwaymen held up travellers and took their money. Some had channels by which they could dispose of bills of exchange. Others had a 'racket' on the road transport of an extensive district; carriers regularly paid them a ransom to go unmolested.


title: Highwayman

text: They often attacked coaches for their lack of protection, including public stagecoaches; the postboys who carried the mail were also frequently held up. The demand to "Stand and deliver!" (sometimes in forms such as "Stand and deliver your purse!" "Stand and deliver your money!") was in use from the 17th century to the 19th century.


title: Highwayman

text: Victims of highwaymen included the Prime Minister Lord North, who wrote in 1774: "I was robbed last night as I expected, our loss was not great, but as the postilion did not stop immediately one of the two highwaymen fired at him (They had guns at the time) – It was at the end of Gunnersbury Lane." Horace Walpole, who was shot at in Hyde Park, wrote that "One is forced to travel, even at noon, as if one was going to battle." During this period, crime was rife and encounters with highwaymen or women could be bloody if the victim attempted to resist. The historian Roy Porter described the use of direct, physical action as a hallmark of public and political life: "From the rough-house of the crowd to the dragoons' musket volley, violence was as English as plum pudding. Force was used not just criminally, but as a matter of routine to achieve social and political goals, smudging hard-and-fast distinctions between the worlds of criminality and politics... Highwaymen were romanticized, with a hidden irony, as 'gentlemen of the road."


title: Highwayman

text: There is a long history of treating highway robbers as heroes. Originally they were admired by many as bold men who confronted their victims face-to-face and were ready to fight for what they wanted. Medieval outlaw Robin Hood is regarded as an English folk hero. Later robber heroes included the Cavalier highwayman James Hind, the French-born gentleman highwayman Claude Du Vall, John Nevison, Dick Turpin, Sixteen String Jack, William Plunkett and his partner the "Gentleman Highwayman" James MacLaine, the Slovak Juraj Jánošík, and Indians including Kayamkulam Kochunni, Veerappan, and Phoolan Devi. In the same way, the Puerto Rican pirate Roberto Cofresí also came to be venerated as a hero.


title: Highwayman

text: In the 17th- through early-19th-century Ireland, acts of robbery were often part of a tradition of Irish resistance to British authority and the Protestant ascendancy in Ireland. From the mid-17th century onwards, highwaymen who harassed the British authorities were known as 'tories' (from Irish "tóraidhe", raider; "tóraí" in modern spelling). Later in the century, they became known as rapparees. Their ranks included James Freney, Redmond O'Hanlon, Willy Brennan, and Jeremiah Grant.


title: Highwayman

text: English highwaymen often laid in wait on the main roads radiating from London. They usually chose lonely areas of heathland or woodland. Hounslow Heath was a favourite haunt: it was crossed by the roads to Bath and Exeter. Bagshot Heath in Surrey was another dangerous place on the road to Exeter. One of the most notorious places in England was Shooter's Hill on the Great Dover Road. Finchley Common, on the Great North Road, was nearly as bad.


title: Highwayman

text: To the south of London, highwaymen sought to attack wealthy travellers on the roads leading to and from the Channel ports and aristocratic areas like Epsom, which became a fashionable spa town in 1620, and Banstead Downs where horse races and sporting events became popular with the elite from 1625. Later in the 18th century the road from London to Reigate and Brighton through Sutton attracted highwaymen. Commons and heaths considered to be dangerous included Blackheath, Putney Heath, Streatham Common, Mitcham Common, Thornton Heath – also the site of a gallows known as "Hangman's Acre" or "Gallows Green" – Sutton Common, Banstead Downs and Reigate Heath.


title: Highwayman

text: During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, highwaymen in Hyde Park were sufficiently common for King William III to have the route between St James's Palace and Kensington Palace (Rotten Row) lit at night with oil lamps as a precaution against them. This made it the first artificially lit highway in Britain.


title: Highwayman

text: The penalty for robbery with violence was hanging, and most notorious English highwaymen ended on the gallows. The chief place of execution for London and Middlesex was Tyburn Tree. Highwaymen whose lives ended there include Claude Du Vall, James MacLaine, and Sixteen-string Jack. Highwaymen who went to the gallows laughing and joking, or at least showing no fear, are said to have been admired by many of the people who came to watch.


title: Highwayman

text: During the 18th century French rural roads were generally safer from highwaymen than those of England, an advantage credited by the historian Alexis de Tocqueville to the existence of a uniformed and disciplined mounted constabulary known as the Maréchaussée. In England this force was often confused with the regular army and as such cited as an instrument of royal tyranny not to be imitated.


title: Highwayman

text: In England the causes of the decline are more controversial. After about 1815, mounted robbers are recorded only rarely, the last recorded robbery by a mounted highwayman having occurred in 1831. The decline in highwayman activity also occurred during the period in which repeating handguns, notably the pepper-box and the percussion revolver, became increasingly available and affordable to the average citizen. The development of the railways is sometimes cited as a factor, but highwaymen were already obsolete before the railway network was built. The expansion of the system of turnpikes, manned and gated toll-roads, made it all but impossible for a highwayman to escape notice while making his getaway, but he could easily avoid such systems and use other roads, almost all of which outside the cities were flanked by open country.


title: Highwayman

text: Cities such as London were becoming much better policed: in 1805 a body of mounted police began to patrol the districts around the city at night. London was growing rapidly, and some of the most dangerous open spaces near the city, such as Finchley Common, were being covered with buildings. However this only moved the robbers' operating area further out, to the new exterior of an expanded city, and does not therefore explain decline. A greater use of banknotes, more traceable than gold coins, also made life more difficult for robbers, but the Inclosure Act of 1773 was followed by a sharp decline in highway robberies; stone walls falling over the open range like a net, confined the escaping highwaymen to the roads themselves, which now had walls on both sides and were better patrolled.


title: Highwayman

text: The dramatic population increase which began with the Industrial Revolution also meant, quite simply, that there were more eyes around, and the concept of remote place became a thing of the past in England.


title: Highwayman

text: The bandits in Greece under Ottoman rule were the Klephts (κλέφτες), Greeks who had taken refuge in the inaccessible mountains. The klephts, who acted as a guerilla force, were instrumental in the Greek War of Independence.


title: Highwayman

text: The highwaymen of the 17th- to 19th-century Kingdom of Hungary were the "betyárs" (Slovak: "zbojník", pl. "zbojníci"). Until the 1830s they were mainly simply regarded as criminals but an increasing public appetite for betyar songs, ballads and stories gradually gave a romantic image to these armed and usually mounted robbers. Several of the betyárs have become legendary figures who in the public mind fought for social justice. Hungarian betyárs included Sándor Rózsa (), Jóska Sobri, Márton Vidróczki, Jóska Savanyú. Juraj Jánošík (), who was born and operated in Upper Hungary (now Slovakia), is still regarded as the Slovak version of Robin Hood.


title: Highwayman

text: The Indian Subcontinent has had a long and documented history of organised robbery for millennia. These included the Thuggees, a quasi-religious group that robbed travellers on Indian roads until the cult was systematically eradicated in the mid-1800s by British colonial administrators. Thugees would befriend large road caravans and gain their confidence, before strangling them to death and robbing their valuables. According to some estimates the Thuggees murdered a million people between 1740 and 1840. More generally, armed bands known colloquially as "dacoits" have long wreaked havoc on many parts of the country. In recent times this has often served as a way to fund various regional and political insurgencies that includes the Maoist Naxalite movement.


title: Highwayman

text: Kayamkulam Kochunni was also a famed highwayman who was active in Central Travancore in the early 19th century. Along with his close friend Ithikkarappkki from the nearby Ithikkara village, he is said to have stolen from the rich and given to the poor. With the help of an Ezhava warrior called Arattupuzha Velayudha Panicker, Kochunni was arrested and sent to Poojappura Central Jail. Legends of his works are compiled in folklore and are still read and heard today.


title: Highwayman

text: The bandits in Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia and Bulgaria under Ottoman rule were the Hajduks (Hajduci, Хајдуци, Хайдути), rebels who opposed Ottoman rule and acted as a guerilla force, also instrumental in the many wars against the Ottomans and especially the Serbian revolution. Serbian and Croatian refugees in Austro-Hungarian (and Habsburg) lands were also part of the Uskoci. Notable freedom fighters include Starina Novak, a notable outlaw was Jovo Stanisavljević Čaruga.


title: Highwayman

text: In medieval Vlachia, Moldavia, Transylvania, and Ukraine, the Haiduks (Romanian – Haiduci) or Gaiduks (Ukrainian – Гайдуки) were bandits and deserters who lived in forests and robbed local Boyars or other travelers along roads. Sometimes they would help the poor peasants. In the 1800s, betyárs became common in Hungary.


title: Highwayman

text: In Shakespeare's "Henry IV, Part 1" Falstaff is a highwayman, and part of the action of the play concerns a robbery committed by him and his companions. Another highwayman in English drama is Captain Macheath, hero of John Gay's 18th-century ballad opera "The Beggar's Opera". The legend of Dick Turpin was significantly boosted by "Rookwood" (1834), in which a heavily fictionalised Turpin is one of the main characters. Alfred Noyes's narrative poem "The Highwayman" has been immensely popular ever since its publication in 1906.


title: Highwayman

text: From the early 18th century, collections of short stories of highwaymen and other notorious criminals became very popular. The earliest of these is Captain Alexander Smith's "Complete History of the Lives and Robberies of the Most Notorious Highwaymen" (1714). Some later collections of this type had the words The Newgate Calendar in their titles and this has become a general name for this kind of publication.


title: Highwayman

text: In the later 19th century, highwaymen such as Dick Turpin were the heroes of a number of penny dreadfuls, stories for boys published in serial form. In the 20th century the handsome highwayman became a stock character in historical love romances, including books by Baroness Orczy and Georgette Heyer.


title: Highwayman

text: Sir Walter Scott's romance "The Heart of Midlothian" (1818) recounts the heroine waylaid by highwaymen while travelling from Scotland to London.


title: Highwayman

text: "Ronia, the Robber's Daughter" (1981) is a children's fantasy book by Astrid Lindgren, which portrays the adventures of Ronia, the daughter of the leader of a gang of highwaymen.


title: Highwayman

text: The Belgian comics series "Robin Dubois" by Turk and De Groot is a gag-a-day series about Robin Hood's attempts at robbing travellers in the forest.


title: Highwayman

text: The Dutch comics series "Gilles de Geus" by Hanco Kolk and Peter de Wit was originally a gag-a-day about a failed highwayman called Gilles, but the character later evolved into a resistance fighter with the Geuzen against the Spanish army.


title: Highwayman

text: "Ithikkara Pakki", a graphic children's story book about the Indian highwayman Ithikkara Pakki, was published in April 2010 in Malayalam. The life of the Indian highwayman Kayamkulam Kochunni was adapted as a comic by Radha M. Nair in the 794th issue of the Indian comic book series, Amar Chitra Katha.


title: Highwayman

text: There were many broadsheet ballads about highwaymen; these were often written to be sold on the occasion of a famous robber's execution. A number of highwaymen ballads have remained current in oral tradition in England and Ireland.


title: Highwayman

text: The traditional Irish song "Whiskey in the Jar" tells the story of an Irish highwayman who robs an army captain, and includes the lines "I first produced me pistol, then I drew me rapier. Said 'Stand and deliver, for you are a bold deceiver'." The hit single version recorded in 1973 by Irish rock band Thin Lizzy renders this last line "I said 'Stand-oh and deliver, or the devil he may take ya'."


title: Highwayman

text: The traditional Irish song "The Newry Highwayman" recounts the deeds and death of a highwayman who robbed "the lords and ladies bright". The traditional Irish song "Brennan on the Moor" describes an escapade of the "bold, undaunted robber".


title: Highwayman

text: Adam and the Ants had a number one song for five weeks in 1981 in the UK with "Stand and Deliver". The video featured Adam Ant as an English highwayman.


title: Highwayman

text: The contemporary folk song "On the Road to Fairfax County" by David Massengill, recorded by The Roches and by Joan Baez, recounts a romantic encounter between a highwayman and his female victim. In the end, the highwayman is hanged over the objections of his victim.


title: Highwayman

text: Musician Jimmy Webb penned and recorded a song entitled "Highwayman" in 1977 about a soul with incarnations in four different places in time and history, a highwayman, a sailor, a construction worker on the Hoover Dam, and finally as a star ship captain. Glen Campbell recorded a version of the song in 1978, but the most popular incarnation of the song was recorded by Willie Nelson, Kris Kristofferson, Waylon Jennings and Johnny Cash in 1984, who as a group called themselves The Highwaymen.


title: Highwayman

text: The Canadian singer Loreena McKennit adapted the narrative poem, "The Highwayman" written by Alfred Noyes, as a song by the same title in her 1997 album The Book of Secrets.


title: Highwayman

text: The Carry On films included a highwayman spoof in "Carry On Dick" (1974). Monty Python sent up the highwayman legends in the Dennis Moore sketch in Episode 37 of "Monty Python's Flying Circus", in which John Cleese played the titular criminal who stole only lupins. In a linking sketch in an episode of "Not the Nine O'Clock News" a highwayman holds up a stagecoach with pistols - in order to wash the coach in exchange for small monies in the manner of a modern-day unsolicited car window washer in traffic. In "Blackadder the Third", Mr. E. Blackadder turns highwayman in the episode "Amy and Amiability". In the British children's television series "Dick Turpin", starring Richard O'Sullivan, the highwayman was depicted as an 18th-century Robin Hood figure. Additionally the actor Mathew Baynton played Dick Turpin in "Horrible Histories". A singing highwayman appears in the fourth episode of the animated mini-series, "Over the Garden Wall", "Songs of the Dark Lantern".


title: Highwayman

text: The highwayman known as Juraj Jánošík (1688–1713) became a hero of many folk legends in the Slovak, Czech, and Polish cultures by the 19th century and hundreds of literary works about him have since been published. The first Slovak feature film was "Jánošík", made in 1921, followed by seven more Slovak and Polish films about him.


title: Highwayman

text: "Curro Jiménez", a Spanish TV series which aired from 1976 to 1979, starred a group of 19th-century highwaymen or "bandoleros" in the mountains of Ronda in the south of Spain.


title: Highwayman

text: "Ronia, the Robber's Daughter" (aka "Ronja Robbersdaughter" in the USA) is a 1984 Swedish fantasy film, based on the 1981 novel of the same title by Astrid Lindgren, and narrating the adventures of Ronia, the daughter of the leader of a gang of highwaymen.


title: Highwayman

text: "Ronja, the Robber's Daughter" (Japanese: 山賊の娘ローニャ, Hepburn: "Sanzoku no Musume Rōnya") is a Japanese computer-animated television series, also based on Lindgren's novel "Ronia, the Robber's Daughter," and directed and storyboarded by Gorō Miyazaki.


title: Highwayman

text: The lives of numerous Indian highwaymen including Arattupuzha Velayudha Panicker, Ithikkara Pakki, Jambulingam Nadar, Kayamkulam Kochunni and Papadu have been adapted for cinema and television multiple times.


title: Highwayman

text: Season two, episode 20, of Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated, the main villain (voiced by James Marsters) disguises himself as a highwayman.


title: Highwayman

text: In "Fable II", Highwaymen appear as an elite type of enemy which works alongside bandits and makes use of speed and agility over brute strength. It is also possible for players to dress as Highwaymen. There is an enemy type in "" called the "bandit highwayman" that acts as one of the higher-level bandit enemies. In "World of Warcraft" one can encounter the Defias Highwaymen, the strongest members of the Defias Brotherhood. In "Darkest Dungeon" the Highwayman is a class of hero who wields a dirk and flintlock to fight. In "Runescape", highwaymen attack lower-leveled players on a route between two cities. In "Bushido Blade 2" there is a playable character named Highwayman who is dressed in Victorian clothing and represents the hero archetype. In "Bloodborne" many articles of clothing obtained by "The Hunter" are inspired by Highwaymen attire.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: Johnson City is a city in Washington, Carter, and Sullivan counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee, mostly in Washington County. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 71,046, making it the eighth largest city in Tennessee. Johnson City is the principal city of the Johnson City Metropolitan Statistical Area, which covers Carter, Unicoi, and Washington counties and had a combined population of 200,966 as of 2013. The MSA is also a component of the Johnson City–Kingsport–Bristol, Tennessee–Virginia Combined Statistical Area – commonly known as the "Tri-Cities" region. This CSA is the fifth-largest in Tennessee with an estimated 500,530 residents.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: William Bean, traditionally recognized as Tennessee's first white settler, built his cabin along Boone's Creek near Johnson City in 1769. In the 1780s, Colonel John Tipton (1730–1813) established a farm (now the Tipton-Haynes State Historic Site) just outside what is now Johnson City. During the State of Franklin movement, Tipton was a leader of the loyalist faction, residents of the region who wanted to remain part of North Carolina rather than form a separate state. In February 1788, an armed engagement took place at Tipton's farm between Tipton and his men and the forces led by John Sevier, the leader of the Franklin faction.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: Founded in 1856 by Henry Johnson as a railroad station called "Johnson's Depot", Johnson City became a major rail hub for the Southeast, as three railway lines crossed in the downtown area.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Johnson City served as headquarters for the narrow gauge East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad (the "ET&WNC", nicknamed "Tweetsie") and the standard gauge Clinchfield Railroad. Both rail systems featured excursion trips through scenic portions of the Blue Ridge Mountains and were engineering marvels of railway construction. The Southern Railway (now Norfolk Southern) also passes through the city.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: During the American Civil War, before it was formally incorporated in 1869, the name of the town was briefly changed to "Haynesville" in honor of Confederate Senator Landon Carter Haynes.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: Henry Johnson's name was quickly restored following the war, with Johnson elected as the city's first mayor on January 3, 1870. The town grew rapidly from 1870 until 1890 as railroad and mining interests flourished. However, the national depression of 1893, which caused many railway failures (including the Charleston, Cincinnati and Chicago Railroad or "3-Cs", a predecessor of the Clinchfield) and resulting financial panic, halted Johnson City's boom town momentum.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: In 1901, the Mountain Branch of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers (now the U.S. Veterans Affairs Medical Center and National Cemetery), Mountain Home, Tennessee was created by an act of Congress introduced by Walter P. Brownlow. Johnson City began growing rapidly and became the fifth-largest city in Tennessee by 1930.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: Together with neighboring Bristol, Johnson City was a hotbed for old-time music. It hosted noteworthy Columbia Records recording sessions in 1928 known as the Johnson City Sessions. Native son "Fiddlin' Charlie" Bowman became a national recording star via these sessions. The Fountain Square area in downtown featured a host of local and traveling street entertainers including Blind Lemon Jefferson.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: During the 1920s and the Prohibition era, Johnson City's ties to the bootlegging activity of the Appalachian Mountains earned the city the nickname of "Little Chicago".


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: For many years, the city had a municipal "privilege tax" on carnival shows, in an attempt to dissuade traveling circuses and other transient entertainment businesses from doing business in town. The use of drums by merchants to draw attention to their goods is prohibited. Title Six, Section 106 of the city's municipal code, the so-called "Barney Fife" ordinance, empowers the city's police force to draft into involuntary service as many of the town's citizens as necessary to aid police in making arrests and in preventing or quelling any riot, unlawful assembly or breach of peace.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of , of which is land and , or 0.75 percent, is water.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: Johnson City has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cfa"), with warm summers and cool winters. Temperatures in Johnson City are moderated somewhat by its elevation and proximity to the Appalachian Mountains. Precipitation is abundant, with an average of . Summer is typically the wettest part of the year, while early autumn is considerably drier. Snowfall is moderate and sporadic, with an average of .


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 71,046 people, 30,724 households, and 15,904 families residing in the city.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 55,469 people, 23,720 households, and 14,018 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,412.4 per square mile. There were 25,730 housing units at an average density of 655.1 per square mile (253.0/km). The racial makeup of the city was 90.09 percent white, 6.40 percent African American, 0.26% Native American, 1.22 percent Asian, 0.02 percent Pacific Islander, 0.69 percent from other races, and 1.32 percent from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.89 percent of the population.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: There were 23,720 households, out of which 25.0 percent had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.1 percent were married couples living together, 11.6 percent had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.9 percent were non-families. 33.9 percent of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20, and the average family size was 2.82.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.8 percent under the age of 18, 13.7 percent from 18 to 24, 28.1 percent from 25 to 44, 22.5 percent from 45 to 64, and 15.9 percent who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: The median income for a household in the city was $30,835, and the median income for a family was $40,977. Males had a median income of $31,326 versus $22,150 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,364. About 11.4 percent of families and 15.9 percent of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.9 percent of those under age 18 and 12.7 percent of those age 65 or over.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: Johnson City is an economic hub largely fueled by East Tennessee State University and the medical "Med-Tech" corridor, anchored by the Johnson City Medical Center and Niswonger Children's Hospital (of Ballad Health), Franklin Woods Community Hospital (also of Ballad Health), ETSU's Gatton College of Pharmacy and ETSU's Quillen College of Medicine.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: The popular citrus soda Mountain Dew traces its origins to Johnson City. In July 2012, PepsiCo announced a new malt-flavored version of the drink named "Mountain Dew Johnson City Gold" in honor of the city. The drink was test marketed in the Chicago metropolitan area, Denver, and Charlotte, beginning in late August.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: As a regional hub for a four-state area, Johnson City is home to a large variety of retail businesses, from well-known national chains to local boutiques and galleries.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: The Mall at Johnson City is the city's only enclosed shopping mall. California-based Forever 21 opened an XXI Forever flagship store on the mall's upper level, and Express opened in late 2010. The nearby Target Center houses Target, T.J.Maxx, and Books-A-Million.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: Much of the new retail development is in North Johnson City, along State of Franklin Road. Johnson City Crossings is the largest of these developments and houses Michael's, Ross, Old Navy, Bed Bath and Beyond, Shoe Carnival, and more. On the other side of the highway are retailers Kohl's, Lowe's, Sam's Club and Barnes & Noble.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: Several Minor League Baseball teams have been based in Johnson City. Professional baseball was first played in the city by the Johnson City Soldiers in the Southeastern League in 1910. The city's longest-running team was the Johnson City Cardinals, who played in the Appalachian League as the Rookie affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals from 1975 to 2020. In conjunction with a contraction of Minor League Baseball beginning with the 2021 season, the Appalachian League was reorganized as a collegiate summer baseball league, and the Cardinals were replaced by the Johnson City Doughboys, a new franchise in the revamped league designed for rising college freshman and sophomores.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: In the United States House of Representatives, Johnson City is represented by Republican Diana Harshbarger of the 1st district.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: East Tennessee State University has around 16,000 students in addition to a K-12 University School, a laboratory school of about 540 students. University School was the first laboratory school in the nation to adopt a year-round academic schedule.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: Milligan College (which changed its name to Milligan University in June, 2020) is just outside the city limits in Carter County, and has about 1,200 students in undergraduate and graduate programs.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: Northeast State Community College has renovated a building in downtown Johnson City for use as a new satellite teaching site.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: Johnson City is served by Tri-Cities Regional Airport (IATA Code TRI) and Johnson City Airport (0A4) in Watauga.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: Johnson City is bisected by Interstate 26, which connects the city to Kingsport to the north and Asheville, North Carolina, and Spartanburg, South Carolina, to the south. Interstate 81 intersects I-26 northwest of the city center and carries drivers to Knoxville to the southwest and Bristol to the northeast.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: Johnson City Transit (JCT) operates a system of buses inside the city limits, including a route every fifteen minutes along Roan Street. Main transit routes operate 6:15 a.m. to 6:15 p.m. Monday through Friday, and 8:15 a.m. to 5:15 p.m. on Saturdays. JCT also has an evening route that operates weeknights between 6:15 p.m. and 11:00 p.m. The Johnson City Transit Center, downtown on West Market Street, also serves as the transfer point for Greyhound lines running through the city. JCT operates the BucShot, a system serving the greater ETSU campus.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: The Southern Railway used to serve Johnson City with several trains: the "Birmingham Special" (ended, 1970), the "Pelican" (ended, 1970) and the "Tennessean" (ended, 1968).


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: Johnson City serves as a regional medical center for northeast Tennessee and southwest Virginia, along with parts of western North Carolina and southeastern Kentucky.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: The Johnson City Medical Center, designated a Level 1 Trauma Center by the State of Tennessee, is one of Ballad Health's three tertiary hospitals. Also affiliated with the center are the Niswonger Children's Hospital, a domestic affiliate of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Woodridge Hospital, a mental health and chemical dependency facility.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: Franklin Woods Community Hospital is a LEED-certified facility in North Johnson City. The "green" hospital (opened July 12, 2010) encloses approximately on a lot adjacent to The Wellness Center inside MedTech Park. The hospital has 80 licensed beds and a 22-room Emergency Department. Of the licensed beds, 20 are dedicated to Women's and Children's Services.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: The James H. & Cecile C. Quillen Rehabilitation Hospital, also in North Johnson City, serves patients who have suffered debilitating trauma, including stroke and brain-spine injuries.


title: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: Additionally, the James H. Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, in the Mountain Home community in Johnson City's southside, serves veterans in the four-state region. The center is closely involved with the East Tennessee State University James H. Quillen College of Medicine.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: My Favorite Martian is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from September 29, 1963, to May 1, 1966, for 107 episodes. The show stars Ray Walston as "Uncle Martin" (the Martian) and Bill Bixby as Tim O'Hara. The first two seasons, totaling 75 episodes, were in black and white, while the 32 episodes of the third and final season were filmed in color.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: John L. Greene created the central characters and developed the core format of the series, which was produced by Jack Chertok.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: A human-looking extraterrestrial in a one-man spaceship nearly collides at high altitude with the U.S. Air Force's rocket plane, the North American X-15. The spaceship's pilot is a 450-year-old anthropologist from Mars. Tim O'Hara, a young newspaper reporter for "The Los Angeles Sun", is on his way home from Edwards Air Force Base, where he had gone to report on the flight of the X-15. Returning home to Los Angeles, O'Hara spots the same silver spaceship coming down quickly, after which it crash lands nearby.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: Tim takes in the Martian, saying to other people that he is Tim's Uncle Martin. The Martian refuses to reveal any of his special traits to humans, other than Tim, to avoid both publicity and human panic. Tim agrees to keep the Martian's Earth identity a secret while he attempts to repair his spaceship. Uncle Martin has various unusual powers: He can raise two retractable antennae from the back of his head and become invisible; he is telepathic and can read and influence minds; he can levitate objects with the motion of his index finger; he can communicate with animals; he can freeze people or objects, and he can speed himself (and other people) up to do any kind of work.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: Also an inventor, Uncle Martin builds several advanced devices, such as a time machine that transports Tim and the Martian to England in the Middle Ages and other times and places, such as St. Louis in 1849 and the early days of Hollywood, and brings Leonardo da Vinci and Jesse James into the present. Another device he builds is a "molecular separator" that can take apart the molecules of a physical object, or rearrange them (a squirrel is made into a human). Another device can take memories and store them in pill form to "relearn" them later. Other devices create temporary duplicates, or levitate Martin and others without the need of his index finger.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: Tim and Uncle Martin live in a garage apartment owned by a congenial but scatterbrained landlady, Mrs. Lorelei Brown (a former WAVE as revealed in the first episode of season one) who often shows up when not wanted. The Martian and she have an awkward romance from time to time, but Uncle Martin never gets serious for fear of his ultimately going home to Mars. She later dates a vain, cold-hearted, plain-clothes police officer, Detective Bill Brennan, who dislikes Uncle Martin and is highly suspicious of him and his activities.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: "Martin O'Hara's" real name is actually Exigius 12. Revealed in the episode "We Love You, Miss Pringle", it was heard again when his real nephew, Andromeda (played by young actor Wayne Stam), crash-landed on Earth late in the show's third season. Andromeda, originally devised to bring younger viewers to the show, disappeared without explanation after this single episode, and was not referred to again in the live-action series' eight remaining episodes. Andromeda was, however, a regular on the later "My Favorite Martians" animated series. Andromeda had a single antenna, which Martin explained was because his baby antennae had fallen out and only one adult antenna had come in so far. Uncle Martin also reveals that on Mars he lives on Fulton Canal, which ultimately leads to comedic mix-ups and confusion with Canal Fulton, Ohio.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: The series was produced by Jack Chertok Television in association with CBS Productions. The show was originally syndicated by Wolper Pictures, then it moved to syndicator Telepictures, and finally by successor-in-interest to Warner Bros. Television Distribution. The Chertok Company retained ownership of all copyrights for the series; Rhino Entertainment held U.S. video distribution rights until August 2008. Australian entertainment company Umbrella Entertainment acquired distribution rights for Australia and New Zealand and released seasons one through three (the last in full color) in 2007 and 2008 on region free DVD. Those rights, together with video streaming, were acquired by Shock Video; in November 2017 Shock released a new complete boxed set of the series using restored show elements. In 2010, MPI Home Video acquired the series distribution rights for home video. In 2018, Pidax Video Germany acquired both streaming and DVD distribution rights for Germany and released the series the same year under its German title "Mein Onkel vom Mars"; As of early July 2013, Warner Bros. held domestic and international syndication rights for the series. Those rights have since returned to the Chertok Trust.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: The theme music for the series was composed by George Greeley and performed in part on an Electro-Theremin by Paul Tanner, a former member of Glenn Miller's band. It was influential in Brian Wilson's engagement of Tanner in 1965 and 1966 to work with the Beach Boys on their landmark hit, "Good Vibrations". Greeley also scored the series; an album of his music from the first two seasons was released by La-La Land Records in 2007 (dedicated to the composer, who died while the album was being prepared).


title: My Favorite Martian

text: Unhappy with early script submissions from creator/producer Jack Chertok, the network hired script doctor Sherwood Schwartz to lend a hand. Schwartz changed the Tim-centric scripts to focus more on the Martian, as a fish out of water, on, as he termed it “this backwards planet.” The pilot featured Mrs. Brown's daughter Annabelle as Tim's love interest, but she was dropped to allow Tim to become more of a playboy. In a major change, Mrs. Brown, who was multi-talented, intelligent and suspicious in the pilot, became decidedly more scatterbrained.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: The first two seasons were filmed in black-and-white (at Desilu), but the final season was shot in color (at MGM), resulting in minor changes in the set and the format of the show. In addition to the extraterrestrial powers indicated in the first two seasons, Martin was able to do much more in the final season, such as stimulating mustache growth to provide Tim and himself with quick disguises, and levitating using his nose. Brennan's boss, the police chief, was involved in many episodes in the third season, generally as a device to humiliate the overzealous detective Brennan.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: "My Favorite Martian", which premiered in the fall of 1963, was the first of "fantasy" situation comedies prevalent on American television in the mid-1960s featuring characters who could do extraordinary things, predating "My Living Doll" (1964–1965), "Bewitched" (1964–1972), and "I Dream of Jeannie" (1965–1970).


title: My Favorite Martian

text: Rhino Entertainment released the first two seasons on Region 1 DVD in 2004–2005. Rhino never released the third season. However, the season 3 release from Australia's Umbrella Entertainment, on February 5, 2008, was as an import to North America. This release is classified as "Region 0", making it viewable around the world on any region-free DVD player. Rhino also released a 3-DVD box of "The Best of My Favorite Martian" in 2007, comprising episodes 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 16, 18, 22, 24, 29, 31, 34, and 37.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: In January 2010, MPI Home Video acquired the series' Region 1 rights under license from Jack Chertok Productions. At the time, it was announced that they planned on releasing season 3 on DVD in the summer of 2010. This release, however, never materialized and was postponed. It was subsequently released on October 30, 2012.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: On October 20, 2015, MPI Home Video released "My Favorite Martian- The Complete Series"' on Region 1 DVD.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: In Region 4 (Australia), Umbrella Entertainment released all 3 seasons on DVD. These releases are all Region Free. The season 1 release includes special features, such as audio commentary with Ann Marshall, a stills gallery, script, and interview with Ann Marshall. The season 3 release also includes special features, such as an unaired version of the series pilot, behind the scenes home movies, interviews with Stan Frazen, Ted Rich, James Hulsey, and Wayne Stam, as well as audio commentary by James's Hulsey and Chertok historian and licensing manager Peter Greenwood. In addition, there are also scans of the original comic series, scripts, and the shooting schedule.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: In its first season, "My Favorite Martian" did extremely well in the Nielsen ratings, ranking at No. 10. However, by the end of the second season the show had dipped to No. 24. Still, the series was doing well enough to be renewed for a third season. Ratings dipped even further in the third season due to repetitive story lines involving Martin's time machine, and the series was canceled.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: An animated series, "My Favorite Martians", was made by Filmation and was broadcast as part of the Saturday morning programming on CBS from September 8, 1973, to December 22, 1973, for a total of sixteen episodes. The series features Tim, Martin, Mrs. Brown and Detective Brennan (Brennan is considerably different). To appeal to a younger audience, Uncle Martin is joined by his Martian nephew named Andromeda, nicknamed "Andy", who only has one antenna and thus lesser powers than Uncle Martin and did appear in one episode of the live-action series. The pair also have a Martian pet named Okey, a sort of bouncing sheepdog with antennae. Tim also had a niece of his own, named Katie, living with them. Brennan also had a teenage son named Brad living with him and a pet chimpanzee named Chump. None of the characters were voiced by the original actors; Bixby was at the time committed to his latest project, "The Magician", and Walston tried to distance himself from the role. As a result, Jonathan Harris voiced Martin and Jane Webb voiced Mrs. Brown.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: The cartoon utilized a number of scripts from what would have been season four of the live action show; as of early July 2013, Jack Chertok Television co-owned it, with the Chertok company retaining all merchandising rights to the show.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: At least two VHS tape volumes were released of the cartoon series in 1989 by UAV. Distribution rights were held, as of April 2013, by Classic Media as part of their Filmation holdings.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: The series was also remade as a feature film in 1999 starring Christopher Lloyd as the Martian and Jeff Daniels as Tim. This film was released and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. Ray Walston was featured in the film (both Bill Bixby and Pamela Britton had since died; the former in 1993 and the latter in 1974) and played another Martian who had been trapped on Earth since the time of the first series and wore a similar space suit from the series; his cover was now that of a Government investigator of unidentified flying objects. However, the premise was changed: Martians such as Lloyd's Uncle Martin are now non-humanoids with four arms, four legs, and three eyes who use a gumball (which they call "nerplex") to assume human form. The "nerplex" comes in a selection that will turn the person ingesting it into assorted life forms, including Martian, Venusian and one to "never use" (Venox 7).


title: My Favorite Martian

text: The TV series was adapted into comic book form by Dan Spiegle and was distributed by Gold Key Comics; it lasted nine issues and ran from 1963 through 1966. Gerry Anderson's company Century 21 acquired the rights to produce a comic strip adaption; it ran in their weekly newspaper, formatted comic TV21, for two years (1965–66) and was featured in three of the British Christmas comics annuals. Unlike the Gold Key Comics adaption, the British strip, in its later run, featured Martin's nephew Andromeda. Due to a lack of reference he was depicted as a chubby freckled British schoolboy.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: The comic rights returned to the Chertok company, who licensed a reprint of the Gold Key title produced by Hermes Press. Hermes Press put out one volume of a two volume set that covered issues #1-7 of the Gold Key series. The planned second would complete the Gold Key run and include the TV21 material. They also subsequently issued a special single issue edition reprint for the national free comic book day. That reprint is the only instance of a 1960s television comic reprint being used for this event. Subsequently, during the event, the books, in almost every venue, were the first to sell out. The Chertok Company is actively looking to reprint, for the first time, the British comic adaption in a single, stand-alone volume. However, the TV21 Martian pages have been used as special features on the US DVD release of the TV series from MPI, for the Australian DVD release from Umbrella Entertainment, and more recently on the Australia New Zealand DVD release from Shock Entertainment.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: During the show's initial run, several products were produced resulting in a board game, a magic set, a paint by numbers set, and a springs with bells beanie hat.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: Licensing resumed in 2012 on the "My Favorite Martian" property, resulting in both a scale plastic model kit of Uncle Martin's spaceship and a built up version, both from Pegasus Hobbies. Due to the success of the model kit, the Chertok company subsequently has extended the Pegasus license.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: The Pegasus model kit is in fact a scale replica based on the Martian spaceship's appearance as seen in the series episode "Crash Diet", where the spaceship is shrunken down in size; the initial version of the shrunken spaceship is in the same scale used for the Pegasus model. A still of Uncle Martin holding that scaled space ship was placed on the back of the product carton for the assembled, non-kit spaceship.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: An after-market photo-etched metal detail parts kit from the Paragrafix Company gives modelers the ability to seriously upgrade the model kit's cockpit detail. They also for the first time created a scale version of the time machine suitcase, along with offering Uncle Martin's flight log book reproduced in both English and Martian text.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: Factory Entertainment produced a shake ems version of both Uncle Martin and his spaceship. They also offered a special edition black-and-white version of their Uncle Martin statue as a San Diego Comic Con International exclusive.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: In 2015 Greenlight Collectibles produced a prototype "My Favorite Martian" boxed set featuring the second season's Plymouth Fury, as seen in the show.


title: My Favorite Martian

text: In November 2017 Zynga Entertainment added "My Favorite Martian" to its cell phone game "Black Diamond Casino".


title: Air pollution in India

text: Air pollution in India is a serious environmental issue. Of the 30 most polluted cities in the world, 21 were in India in 2019. As per a study based on 2016 data, at least 140 million people in India breathe air that is 10 times or more over the WHO safe limit and 13 of the world's 20 cities with the highest annual levels of air pollution are in India. 51% of the pollution is caused by industrial pollution, 27 % by vehicles, 17% by crop burning and 5% by other sources. Air pollution contributes to the premature deaths of 2 million Indians every year. Emissions come from vehicles and industry, whereas in rural areas, much of the pollution stems from biomass burning for cooking and keeping warm. In autumn and spring months, large scale crop residue burning in agriculture fields – a cheaper alternative to mechanical tilling – is a major source of smoke, smog and particulate pollution. India has a low per capita emissions of greenhouse gases but the country as a whole is the third largest greenhouse gas producer after China and the United States. A 2013 study on non-smokers has found that Indians have 30% weaker lung function than Europeans.


title: Air pollution in India

text: The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was passed in 1981 to regulate air pollution but has failed to reduce pollution because of poor enforcement of the rules.


title: Air pollution in India

text: In 2015, Government of India, together with IIT Kanpur launched the National Air Quality Index. In 2019, India launched 'The National Clean Air Programme' with tentative national target of 20%-30% reduction in PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations by 2024, considering 2017 as the base year for comparison. It will be rolled out in 102 cities that are considered to have air quality worse than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. There are other initiatives such as a 1,600-kilometre-long and 5-kilometre-wide The Great Green Wall of Aravalli green ecological corridor along Aravalli range from Gujarat to Delhi which will also connect to Shivalik hill range with planting of 1.35 billion (135 crore) new native trees over 10 years to combat the pollution. In December 2019, IIT Bombay, in partnership with the McKelvey School of Engineering of Washington University in St. Louis, launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in India. According to a "Lancet" study, nearly 1.67 million deaths and an estimated loss of USD 28.8 billion worth of output were India's prices for worsening air pollution in 2019.