title: Religious persecution

text: The ongoing Uyghur genocide is a series of human rights abuses perpetrated by the Chinese government against the majority-Muslim Uyghur people and other ethnic and religious minorities in and around the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of the People's Republic of China. Since 2014, the Chinese government, under the direction of the CCP during the administration of CCP general secretary Xi Jinping, has pursued policies leading to more than one million Muslims (the majority of them Uyghurs) being held in secretive internment camps without any legal process in what has become the largest-scale and most systematic detention of ethnic and religious minorities since the Holocaust. The Chinese Government has subjected hundreds of thousands of members of Muslim minority groups living in Xinjiang to forced abortions, forced sterilizations, and the forced administration of contraceptives (including contraceptive implants), methods of birth control that had exempted ethnic minorities up until that point. Uyghurs and members of other minority groups have been made subject to a widespread forced labor apparatus. Uyghurs and other religious minorities detained within the Xinjiang internment camps have also been subjected to systematic rape and torture.


title: Religious persecution

text: The persecution of the Serer people of Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania is multifaceted, and it includes both religious and ethnic elements. Religious and ethnic persecution of the Serer people dates back to the 11th century when King War Jabi usurped the throne of Tekrur (part of present-day Senegal) in 1030, and by 1035, introduced Sharia law and forced his subjects to submit to Islam. With the assistance of his son (Leb), their Almoravid allies and other African ethnic groups who have embraced Islam, the Muslim coalition army launched jihads against the Serer people of Tekrur who refused to abandon Serer religion in favour of Islam. The number of Serer deaths are unknown, but it triggered the exodus of the Serers of Tekrur to the south following their defeat, where they were granted asylum by the lamanes. Persecution of the Serer people continued from the medieval era to the 19th century, resulting in the Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune. From the 20th to the 21st centuries, persecution of the Serers is less obvious, nevertheless, they are the object of scorn and prejudice.


title: Religious persecution

text: Sikhism is a Dharmic religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent around the end of the 15th century CE. The Sikh religion developed and evolved in times of religious persecution, gaining converts from both Hinduism and Islam. Mughal rulers of India tortured and executed two of the Sikh gurus—Guru Arjan (1563–1605) and Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675)—after they refused to convert to Islam.


title: Religious persecution

text: The Islamic era persecution of Sikhs triggered the founding of the "Khalsa" by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699 as an order to protect the freedom of conscience and religion, with members expressing the qualities of a "Sant-Sipāhī"—a saint-soldier.


title: Religious persecution

text: According to Ashish Bose, a population research scholar, Sikhs and Hindus were well integrated in Afghanistan until the Soviet invasion when their economic condition worsened. Thereafter, they became a subject of "intense hate" with the rise of religious fundamentalism in Afghanistan. Their "targeted persecution" triggered an exodus and forced them to seek asylum. Many of them started arriving in and after 1992 as refugees in India, with some seeking asylum in the United Kingdom and other western countries. Unlike the arrivals in the West, the persecuted Sikh refugees who arrived in India have remained stateless and lived as refugees because India has historically lacked any refugee law or uniform policy for persecuted refugees, state Ashish Bose and Hafizullah Emadi.


title: Religious persecution

text: On 7 November 1947, thousands of Hindus and Sikhs were targeted in the Rajouri Massacre in the Jammu and Kashmir princely state. It is estimated 30,000+ Hindus and Sikhs were either killed, abducted or injured. In one instance, on 12 November 1947 alone between 3000 and 7000 were killed. A few weeks after on 25 November 1947, tribal forces began the 1947 Mirpur massacre of thousands more Hindus and Sikhs. An estimated 20,000+ died in the massacre.


title: Religious persecution

text: In June 1984, during Operation Blue Star, Indira Gandhi ordered the Indian Army to attack the Golden Temple and eliminate any insurgents, as it had been occupied by Sikh separatists who were stockpiling weapons. Later operations by Indian paramilitary forces were initiated to clear the separatists from the countryside of Punjab state.


title: Religious persecution

text: The 1984 anti-Sikhs riots were a series of pogroms directed against Sikhs in India, by anti-Sikh mobs, in response to the assassination of Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards. There were more than 8,000 deaths, including 3,000 in Delhi.


title: Religious persecution

text: The violence in Delhi was triggered by the assassination of Indira Gandhi, India's prime minister, on 31 October 1984, by two of her Sikh bodyguards in response to her actions authorising the military operation. After the assassination following Operation Blue Star, many Indian National Congress workers including Jagdish Tytler, Sajjan Kumar and Kamal Nath were accused of inciting and participating in riots targeting the Sikh population of the capital. The Indian government reported 2,700 deaths in the ensuing chaos. In the aftermath of the riots, the Indian government reported 20,000 had fled the city, however the People's Union for Civil Liberties reported "at least" 1,000 displaced persons. The most affected regions were the Sikh neighbourhoods in Delhi. The Central Bureau of Investigation, the main Indian investigating agency, is of the opinion that the acts of violence were organized with the support from the then Delhi police officials and the central government headed by Indira Gandhi's son, Rajiv Gandhi. Rajiv Gandhi was sworn in as Prime Minister after his mother's death and, when asked about the riots, said "when a big tree falls (Mrs. Gandhi's death), the earth shakes (occurrence of riots)" thus trying to justify communal strife.


title: Religious persecution

text: There are allegations that the Indian National Congress government at that time destroyed evidence and shielded the guilty. The "Asian Age" front-page story called the government actions "the Mother of all Cover-ups" There are allegations that the violence was led and often perpetrated by Indian National Congress activists and sympathisers during the riots. The government, then led by the Congress, was widely criticised for doing very little at the time, possibly acting as a conspirator. The conspiracy theory is supported by the fact that voting lists were used to identify Sikh families. Despite their communal conflict and riots record, the Indian National Congress claims to be a secular party.


title: Religious persecution

text: The Chittisinghpura massacre of 35 villagers of the Sikh faith that was carried out on 20 March 2000 in the Chittisinghpora (Chittisinghpura) village of Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir, India, on the eve of President Bill Clinton's state visit to India. The identity of the perpetrators remains unknown. The Indian government asserts that the massacre was conducted by Pakistan-based militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT). Pakistani accounts accuse the Indian Army and RSS of the massacre.


title: Religious persecution

text: On 25 March 2020, ISIS-Haqqani network Gunmen and Suicide bombers attacked the Gurdwara Har Rai Sahib (a Sikh shrine) in Kabul, Afghanistan.


title: Religious persecution

text: About 200 worshipers were reported to have been in the building, in which 25 Sikh worshippers were killed and leaving at least 8 wounded after an hour-long siege which ended in all assailants being killed by responding security forces. At least one child was said to have been among people who were killed, according to the ministry of interior's statement.


title: Religious persecution

text: The Persecution of Yazidis has been ongoing since at least the 10th century. The Yazidi religion is regarded as devil worship by Islamists. Yazidis have been persecuted by Muslim Kurdish tribes since the 10th century, and by the Ottoman Empire from the 17th to the 20th centuries. After the 2014 Sinjar massacre of thousands of Yazidis by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Yazidis still face violence from the Turkish Armed Forces and its ally the Syrian National Army, as well as discrimination from the Kurdistan Regional Government. According to Yazidi tradition (based on oral traditions and folk songs), estimated that 74 genocides against the Yazidis have been carried out in the past 800 years.


title: Religious persecution

text: Persecution of Zoroastrians is the religious persecution inflicted upon the followers of the Zoroastrian faith. The persecution of Zoroastrians occurred throughout the religion's history. The discrimination and harassment began in the form of sparse violence and forced conversions. Muslims are recorded to have destroyed fire temples. Zoroastrians living under Muslim rule were required to pay a tax called jizya.


title: Religious persecution

text: Zoroastrian places of worship were desecrated, fire temples were destroyed and mosques were built in their place. Many libraries were burned and much of their cultural heritage was lost. Gradually an increasing number of laws were passed which regulated Zoroastrian behavior and limited their ability to participate in society. Over time, the persecution of Zoroastrians became more common and widespread, and the number of believers decreased by force significantly.


title: Religious persecution

text: Most were forced to convert due to the systematic abuse and discrimination inflicted upon them by followers of Islam. Once a Zoroastrian family was forced to convert to Islam, the children were sent to an Islamic school to learn Arabic and study the teachings of Islam, as a result some of these people lost their Zoroastrian faith. However, under the Samanids, who were Zoroastrian converts to Islam, the Persian language flourished. On occasion, the Zoroastrian clergy assisted Muslims in attacks against those whom they deemed Zoroastrian heretics.


title: Religious persecution

text: A Zoroastrian astrologer named Mulla Gushtasp predicted the fall of the Zand dynasty to the Qajar army in Kerman. Because of Gushtasp's forecast, the Zoroastrians of Kerman were spared by the conquering army of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar. Despite the aforementioned favorable incident, the Zoroastrians during the Qajar dynasty remained in agony and their population continued to decline. Even during the rule of Agha Mohammad Khan, the founder of the dynasty, many Zoroastrians were killed and some were taken as captives to Azerbaijan. Zoroastrians regard the Qajar period as one of their worst. During the Qajar dynasty, religious persecution of the Zoroastrians was rampant. Due to the increasing contacts with influential Parsi philanthropists such as Maneckji Limji Hataria, many Zoroastrians left Iran for India. There, they formed the second major Indian Zoroastrian community known as the Iranis.


title: Religious persecution

text: Throughout the history of philosophy, philosophers have been imprisoned for various offenses by courts and tribunals, often as a result of their philosophical activities, and some of them have even been put to death. The most famous case in which a philosopher was put on trial is the case of Socrates, who was tried for, amongst other charges, corrupting the youth and impiety. Others include:


title: Alamodome

text: The Alamodome is a 64,000-seat domed indoor multi-purpose stadium in San Antonio, Texas. It is located on the southeastern fringe of downtown San Antonio. The facility opened on May 15, 1993, having been constructed at a cost of $186 million.


title: Alamodome

text: The multi-purpose facility was intended to increase the city's convention traffic and attract a professional football franchise. It also placated the San Antonio Spurs' demands for a larger arena. The Spurs played in the Alamodome for a decade, then became disenchanted with the facility and convinced Bexar County to construct a new arena for them, now called the AT&T Center. The Alamodome's regular tenants are currently the UTSA Roadrunners. Recent tenants include the San Antonio Commanders of the Alliance of American Football and the San Antonio Talons of the Arena Football League.


title: Alamodome

text: The facility is a rectilinear 5-level stadium which can seat up to 64,000 spectators for a typical football game and is expandable to hold 72,000 spectators.


title: Alamodome

text: The stadium was designed to easily convert into a basketball or hockey arena. Converting the stadium for basketball and hockey takes 12–18 hours to set up retractable seating and installing the playing surface. In this configuration, typically only the two lower levels at one or both ends are used. The arena configuration seats 20,662 spectators, but is expandable to 39,500 when the upper level is opened. The stadium can also be adapted into a smaller auditorium space (branded as the "Illusions Theater"), with an intimate, enclosed setting, seating upwards of 11,000 using floor space and the north grandstand.


title: Alamodome

text: The Alamodome opened with 38 luxury suites and 6,000 club level seats. The original design specifications called for 66 luxury suites. However, since the Spurs were the only full-time tenant at the time, only 38 luxury suites in the north end of the facility were built. The footprints for the 28 unbuilt luxury suites were open floor space just behind the club level seats that surround the south end of the facility. In 2006, the Alamodome underwent an expansion to accommodate 14 new luxury suites. The Sports Club and the Top of the Dome restaurant also received renovations in 2004.


title: Alamodome

text: The Alamodome has two permanent Olympic-size ice rinks that can be used for NHL games, figure skating and speed skating. The facility also contains of meeting rooms and of continuous exhibit space.


title: Alamodome

text: The Alamodome is currently the home of the University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) Roadrunners. Previously, it was home to the San Antonio Spurs of the NBA from 1993 to 2002, the San Antonio Texans of the CFL in 1995, and the San Antonio Commanders of the Alliance of American Football (AAF) in 2019.


title: Alamodome

text: The facility also hosts special events such as the annual Alamo Bowl football game, UTSA's graduation ceremonies, as well as most of Northside ISD's high school graduation ceremonies.


title: Alamodome

text: UIL State Football Playoff games are regularly held in the Alamodome, including State Quarterfinals/Region 4 Finals and championship games in 2006, 2007, and 2009.


title: Alamodome

text: The Alamodome's ability to easily accommodate basketball made it attractive to then-Spurs owner Red McCombs, who had been looking for some time for a larger arena to replace their longtime home, HemisFair Arena. The Spurs moved to the Alamodome after the 1992–93 NBA season. They played nine seasons in the Alamodome from 1993 to 2002, including their first NBA championship season, which was played against the New York Knicks in 1999.


title: Alamodome

text: During the regular season, most of the upper level was curtained off. However, on certain weekends and when popular opponents came to town, the Spurs expanded the Alamodome's capacity to 35,000 by opening three portions of the upper level. More sections of the upper level were opened for the playoffs, expanding capacity to 39,500. Attendance was 39,514 for Game 1 of the 1999 NBA Finals and 39,554 for Game 2.


title: Alamodome

text: Though the late 1990s saw the Spurs soar in popularity, the decision was made to move the team out of the spacious stadium and build a new arena. While the Alamodome had been designed to accommodate basketball, it was primarily a football stadium. As the years passed, Spurs management and fans grew increasingly dissatisfied with its poor sight lines and cavernous feel. Part of the problem was the manner in which the Alamodome was configured for basketball. The basketball court was at one end of the venue with temporary stands on one side of the court, leaving over half of the stadium curtained off (the same problem and configuration existed for the Detroit Pistons in the mid-1980s during their tenancy at the Pontiac Silverdome). Television broadcast trucks were usually set up on the unused half of the playing surface. By comparison, more modern domed stadiums that can accommodate basketball, such as AT&T Stadium in Arlington, place the basketball court in the center of where the football field would be, allowing for much larger attendances. Additionally, the Spurs tied up the Alamodome for most of the winter and spring due to their deep playoff runs (they only missed the playoffs once in their nine years there). With the Alamodome booked solid well into April, it was difficult to accommodate conventions, concerts or even a prospective football team. Moving the Spurs out of the Alamodome opened up more contiguous dates allowing the facility to schedule more events, though it has yet to host a Super Bowl. The Spurs moved to the new SBC Center after the 2001–02 season.


title: Alamodome

text: The Spurs will host the Golden State Warriors at the Alamodome to celebrate their 50th anniversary in San Antonio on January 13th, 2023, marking the first NBA game held at the Dome since game 4 of the 2002 Western conference semifinals.


title: Alamodome

text: The Alamodome is the site of the annual Alamo Bowl, which matches the second-choice teams from the Pac-12 Conference and the Big 12 Conference. The 2006 Alamo Bowl between the Texas Longhorns and the Iowa Hawkeyes was attended by 65,875, which set a facility-record crowd for a sporting event, only to have that record broken by an Alamo Bowl event the next year between Texas A&M and Penn State, which drew 66,166 attendees.


title: Alamodome

text: September 16, 2006, marked the first game in a college football "home and home" series, known as the AT&T Corps Classic, between the Texas A&M Aggies and the Army Black Knights. Army has elected to play its "home" game at the Alamodome in order to increase the program's exposure around the nation, as it competes as an independent. A sell-out crowd of 64,583 watched the Aggies defeat the Black Knights 28–24. The second game was played at Kyle Field in College Station in 2008.


title: Alamodome

text: The 2006 East–West Shrine Game was played in the Alamodome on January 21, 2006. The game is an annual post-season college football all-star game. For most of its history, the game has been played in the San Francisco Bay Area, at San Francisco's Kezar Stadium and at Stanford Stadium. In recent years it has been played at AT&T Park. In 2006, the game was played in the Alamodome, moving out of the San Francisco Bay Area for the first time in decades. The Shrine Game was moved once again for its 2007 event, to Robertson Stadium in Houston.


title: Alamodome

text: From 1999 to 2011, the Alamodome has been home to the Texas Football Classic, which kicks off the high school football season in Texas. Now in its 13th year, the event has expanded to five games, featuring prominent high school programs from across the state. Former participants include former Chicago Bears and University of Texas running back Cedric Benson, University of Iowa quarterback Drew Tate, University of Houston quarterback Kevin Kolb, and University of Missouri quarterback Chase Daniel.


title: Alamodome

text: Since 2002, the Alamodome has hosted the All-American Bowl—a national all-star game for U.S. high school football. Played in early-January, the game features teams representing the eastern and western United States. The 2017 edition hosted a record 40,568 spectators.


title: Alamodome

text: In 2011, the Texas vs. The Nation game was moved to San Antonio and was renamed the NFLPA Game, after the new sponsor of the event. The concept of The NFLPA Game remained "Texas vs. the Nation" with seniors having ties to the state of Texas taking on top seniors from across the Nation. That was a one-year deal; the game became the NFLPA Collegiate Bowl in 2012.


title: Alamodome

text: The UTSA Roadrunners football program began using the stadium in 2011. The Roadrunners set records for largest attendance at an initial game for a start-up NCAA college football program at 56,743, and largest average attendance for a start-up program's first season at 35,521. With a total capacity of 72,000 for football the Alamodome is currently the largest football stadium in Conference USA.


title: Alamodome

text: The Alamodome hosted the Conference USA Football Championship Game in 2021 and 2022 with UTSA defeating Western Kentucky 49-41 and North Texas 48-27.


title: Alamodome

text: The Alamodome has played host to six National Football League preseason games. Two each were played in 1993 and 1994, one in 1995, and one in 2001.


title: Alamodome

text: In 2005, the NFL announced that the Alamodome would host three of the New Orleans Saints' regular season "home" games due to the damage caused to the Louisiana Superdome by Hurricane Katrina. The Saints played the Buffalo Bills (week 4), the Atlanta Falcons (week 6), and the Detroit Lions (week 16) at the Alamodome. Although there have been many NFL preseason games held in San Antonio over the years, these games were the first NFL regular season games played in the city. The Saints also played one 2005 season "home" game in Giants Stadium (against the New York Giants) in East Rutherford, New Jersey, and four others in LSU's Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Overall, the Saints averaged 62,665 fans in the 64,000-seat Alamodome for the three games held there, a solid showing despite the short notice to sell tickets due to the hurricane. The Saints and the NFL announced that the team would return to Louisiana for the 2006 season even though at the time the NFL was uncertain where they would play their home games.


title: Alamodome

text: Additionally, former NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue indicated that if the NFL expands again, San Antonio would be on the short list of candidate cities. Cowboys owner Jerry Jones has acknowledged his support for the city's efforts to become home to an NFL franchise even though public opinion is that he would never let go of his team's presence in the San Antonio market.


title: Alamodome

text: The Dallas Cowboys held their 2002, 2003, 2007, 2009, 2010, and 2011 preseason training camps at the Alamodome.


title: Alamodome

text: On July 29, 2014, it was reported by the "San Antonio Express-News" that Mark Davis met with officials from the city of San Antonio, Texas, to discuss the possibility of relocating the Raiders to San Antonio. Davis confirmed that he did speak with San Antonio city officials while visiting San Antonio to honor former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch's induction into a local Hall of Fame, but did not comment on whether he was considering relocation to San Antonio. If the Raiders had relocated to San Antonio, the Alamodome would almost certainly have been used as a temporary home until a new NFL stadium was built. The Raiders decided against moving to San Antonio, first proposing unsuccessfully to return to its previous home in Los Angeles, then ultimately receiving permission to relocate to Las Vegas in 2020 by constructing Allegiant Stadium.


title: Alamodome

text: The Alamodome was also home to the San Antonio Texans for the 1995 CFL season. The stadium was attractive to the Canadian Football League (which made an ill-fated attempt to expand to the U.S. between 1993 and 1995) since it was one of the rare American facilities that could fully accommodate the CFL's larger playing field and, having just recently opened, was one of the most modern facilities in a league where the majority of its teams were playing in decades-old or poorly fit stadiums. Its seating could be retracted to fit the full 65-yard width and 150-yard length of a regulation Canadian football field (which is 34% larger than the American field).


title: Alamodome

text: In the first CFL playoff game ever played between two U.S.-based franchises, the Texans defeated the Birmingham Barracudas 52–9 at the Alamodome on November 5, in front of 13,031 fans. The team then lost to the eventual champion Baltimore Stallions, 21–11, in Baltimore six days later, ending their season. This also proved to be the last game in franchise history; despite respectable attendance (15,573 average for ten home games) and manageable financial losses, widespread dysfunction among most of the rest of new American franchises led to the Texans' demise. (This made the Texans-Stallions game the last significant CFL game to be played in the United States.)


title: Alamodome

text: From 2012 to 2014, the Alamodome was home to the San Antonio Talons of the Arena Football League. The Talons, who relocated from Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 2011, won the Central Division title in 2012 with a 14-4 record but were upset in the first round of the playoffs by Utah. The team slipped to 10-8 in 2013, missing the playoffs, then to 3-15 the following year, after which they folded. Attendance at the Dome for the Talons was mediocre at best, averaging 7,209 for 28 home games.


title: Alamodome

text: In 2019, the Alamodome was the home of the San Antonio Commanders of the Alliance of American Football, with the Commanders playing the AAF's inaugural game on February 9, 2019 against the San Diego Fleet. The Alamodome hosted each of the fledgling league's four best crowds, averaging 27,391 per contest (more than double that of the league's other seven teams, who averaged 13,524) before the AAF was shuttered in April 2019.


title: Alamodome

text: In October 2020, Fox Sports 1 reached a multi-year agreement to televise The Spring League along with the option to acquire a minority stake in TSL. The initial agreement was to play a mini-season in late October and November 2020. The league began its fall season October 27 with six teams competing in a 12-game format over four weeks in a bubble environment, based out of the Alamodome. After experiencing problem with the COVID-19 virus at the Dome, however, the final week's games were rescheduled for a high school field in San Antonio, then cancelled. The TSL championship game, also originally scheduled to be played at the Alamodome, was held at Camping World Stadium in Orlando on December 15, 2020.


title: Alamodome

text: The NCAA Final Four was first hosted at the Alamodome in 1998, Kentucky won the tournament. Then in 2004, it hosted when Connecticut defeated Georgia Tech in the championship game. It again hosted in 2008, with Kansas defeating Memphis. The Final Four returned in 2018; this time, the event used the current "center court" configuration mandated by the NCAA, where the game is played on an elevated court and all seating is utilized, allowing a crowd of over 70,000. The Final Four will be hosted again in 2025.


title: Alamodome

text: The Alamodome has also hosted the Women's Final Four in 2002, 2010, and 2021 (will be hosted again in 2029), as well as the 2011 NCAA women's volleyball Final Four.


title: Alamodome

text: From 2013 to 2017, the Texas Rangers played exhibition games at the Alamodome to close out their spring training camp, the only time baseball has been played there. The Rangers took on the San Diego Padres in 2013, the Houston Astros in 2014, the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2015, the Kansas City Royals in 2016, and the Cleveland Indians in 2017.


title: Alamodome

text: The stadium is considered unsuitable for regular baseball use, since the right-field fence is only 272 feet from home plate, well below the required 325 feet.


title: Alamodome

text: Due to San Antonio's proximity to Mexico, the Alamodome has hosted Mexican soccer teams in various events since the mid-2000s in addition to American teams.


title: Alamodome

text: The Mexican national soccer team first played in the Alamodome on June 19, 2004, in a FIFA World Cup qualifier, defeating Dominica 10–0 in front of 37,642 fans. Mexico returned on November 10 for an friendly against Guatemala, winning 2–0 in front of 22,000 fans. Mexico played an exhibition match against South Korea on January 29, 2014, attended by 54,313 people. An exhibition match between Mexico and the United States on April 15, 2015, sold out the stadium, attracting a crowd of 64,369. The US won the game 2-0, thanks to goals from Jordan Morris and Juan Agudelo. The match was marred by Mexico's displeasure with the temporary grass field laid on the Alamodome floor, which was described as "uneven" and "full of patches".


title: Alamodome

text: The United States women's national soccer team played an exhibition match against Trinidad and Tobago at the Alamodome on December 11, 2015, as part of their "Victory Tour" following the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. The match was attended by 10,690 people.


title: Alamodome

text: The Alamodome was announced as a host venue for a doubleheader at the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup, and played host to a double-header on July 16, 2017, between Mexico and Curaçao and El Salvador and Jamaica.


title: Alamodome

text: Two matches in the 2005 InterLiga series were played on the Alamodome on January 6, 2005, featuring Mexican club teams Club América, Chiapas F.C., Deportivo Toluca F.C., and Club Necaxa. Club América returned for an exhibition match against Santos Laguna on July 9, 2016.


title: Alamodome

text: The Alamodome was to be the home venue of a planned Major League Soccer (MLS) franchise in 2005, but the league was unable to come to an agreement with the city. A new expansion bid plans to use Toyota Field, a soccer-specific stadium used by San Antonio FC, for the MLS team instead of the Alamodome.


title: Alamodome

text: The 1993 U.S. Olympic Festival held some of the first paid events in the Alamodome in July and August 1993, including the opening and closing ceremonies and ice skating events.


title: Alamodome

text: The now-defunct San Antonio Dragons of the International Hockey League played some games in 1997 and 1998 at the Alamodome when its home, Freeman Coliseum, was unavailable during the annual San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo (a similar scheduling conflict the Spurs now face at the new AT&T Center). The Professional Bull Riders (PBR) has held two Built Ford Tough Series events in the Alamodome (2007, 2008).


title: Alamodome

text: Two NHL pre-season games were held at the Alamodome. The Dallas Stars faced off against the Los Angeles Kings in back-to-back seasons at the Alamodome in 1994 and 1995. The Stars defeated the Kings 3-2 on September 27, 1994, with 14,342 fans in attendance (this was one of the last hockey games to take place before the 1994–95 NHL lockout). The following year Dallas claimed a 4-2 victory over the Kings in front of 8,122 hockey fans on September 26, 1995. Hockey Hall of Fame forward Wayne Gretzky participated in both preseason matchups.


title: Alamodome

text: In college football, Notre Dame has played two Shamrock Series (home-away-from-home) games here against Washington State in 2009 and Army in 2016.


title: Alamodome

text: After the opening ceremonies, the first major event held at the facility was Paul McCartney's The New World Tour concert, which took place on May 29, 1993.


title: Alamodome

text: The Alamodome has played host to music festivals, including Ozzfest. It has also hosted concerts to artists such as Britney Spears, Guns N' Roses, *NSYNC, Backstreet Boys, Metallica, Pink Floyd, Def Leppard, Mötley Crüe, Rammstein and many more.


title: Alamodome

text: Every summer, Drum Corps International hosts its DCI San Antonio – Southwestern Championships at the Alamodome.


title: Alamodome

text: The Alamodome also hosts the Bands of America Super-Regional Championships every year in November, as well as the University Interscholastic League State Marching Band Contest.


title: Alamodome

text: The Alamodome was used as a filming location for the film "Selena", a biographical film chronicling the life of Tejano musician Selena. It was used as a stand-in for the Astrodome in Houston.


title: Alamodome

text: From July 5 to July 16, 2006, the Alamodome hosted the ELCA Youth Gathering. Approximately 40,000 youth and adult leaders attended the event, between the two weeks it was spread.


title: Alamodome

text: On September 10, 1993, Julio César Chávez Sr. challenged Pernell Whitaker for the WBC welterweight boxing championship title. The match, infamously, ended in a draw. In April 2013, Austin Trout fought the undefeated Canelo Alvarez at the Alamodome.


title: Alamodome

text: The Alamodome has twice hosted WWE's Royal Rumble pay-per-view event. The first occurrence took place on January 19, 1997 in front of a packed crowd of just over 60,000 and saw San Antonio native Shawn Michaels defeat Sycho Sid for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship in the main event. The event also saw Texas native Stone Cold Steve Austin win the first of his record-setting three Royal Rumble matches. The second Royal Rumble to be held at the Alamodome took place 20 years later on January 29, 2017 in front of just over 52,000 fans in attendance. Randy Orton last eliminated Roman Reigns to win the Royal Rumble match in the night's main event. Five years later in September 2022, WWE announced the Royal Rumble would return to the Alamodome for the 2023 event on January 28. In 2022, it was used for the Qualifying Rounds of American Ninja Warrior's Season 14.


title: Alamodome

text: On April 15, 2005, the San Antonio City Council voted to spend close to $6.5 million to renovate the Alamodome in an effort to lure a Major League Soccer franchise to the city. After the election of Phil Hardberger as the new mayor, those efforts were abandoned, though the approved renovations to the facility continued as planned. The city administration and local business leaders have re-focused their efforts to bringing an NFL franchise to San Antonio.


title: Alamodome

text: On April 19, 2007, the San Antonio City Council unanimously approved an additional $8.3 million to fund renovations and enhancements to the facility.


title: Alamodome

text: Although when the Alamodome was built it was an ideal state-of-the-art NFL stadium, by today's standards the facility would have to undergo renovations and add a considerable number of luxury suites in order to make it a profitable venue for an NFL team. Preliminary estimates put the cost of improvements at $100–150 million.


title: Alamodome

text: In 2011, the Alamodome introduced a new configuration branded as the Illusions Theater, wherein the north end of the stadium can be partitioned into a smaller, pop-up auditorium setting with a ceiling, carpeting, and stage. The configuration includes up to 1,000 seats of floor space, and can seat up to 11,600 when using the existing grandstand. The configuration was designed to host mid-sized events (which, prior to its closure and renovation, were primarily held at the San Antonio Municipal Auditorium), including concerts, conventions, and graduation ceremonies. The project had a budget of $1 million.


title: Alamodome

text: In 2016, the San Antonio City Council approved $50 million worth of upgrades to modernize the facilities to keep it competitive for NCAA events. The improvements include a new media center, upgrades to the locker rooms, expanded concourses and added concessions, 4 new video screens and ribbon boards wrapping the 5th level, a new sound system, and other technology upgrades, and upgraded lighting.


title: RVCA

text: The logotype for RVCA portrays the letter A without a crossbar, resembling an uppercase lambda (Λ). The 'V' character is really a "U". Occasionally "RVCA" is written in a different script or appears in art where it is clear that the true name is 'Ruca'. The name resembles the Greek "ρούχα" (uppercase: "ΡΟὙΧΑ"), pronounced , which means 'clothes' in English. The RVCA logo is based on the two chevrons, the V & the A, representing the brand's ethos "The Balance of Opposites" as stated by RVCA founder PM Tenore.


title: RVCA

text: RVCA was founded in 1999 by Pat Tenore and Conan Hayes, a professional surfer from Hawaii. Billabong International Limited purchased RVCA in July 2010. In 2018 Boardriders acquired Billabong International Limited, gaining the Billabong, Element, Von Zipper, RVCA and XCEL brands.


title: RVCA

text: RVCA is closely associated with skateboard, surf culture, Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ), and MMA. The company sponsors a skateboard and surf team. They also sponsor prominent BJJ competitors and prominent MMA fighters. RVCA clothing is found in skateboard/surf shops and numerous other shops.


title: RVCA

text: Because of its art focus, RVCA is also associated with the street graffiti subculture. RVCA is involved with various contemporary art galleries such as KNOWN Gallery.


title: RVCA

text: Because of its Brazilian Jiu Jitsu and MMA focus, RVCA founder Pat Tenore (who holds a black belt in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu) built a BJJ/MMA gym known as "The RVCA Training Center". The training facility is located in Costa Mesa, California. The Head Coach is currently Jason Parillo.


title: RVCA

text: Among the artists sponsored by RVCA as part of the Artist Network Program (ANP) are Mark OBlow, Mark Mothersbaugh, Barry McGee, C. R. Stecyk, III, David Choe, Kelsey Brookes, KRK Ryden, Matt Gordon, Marlon Vera, and Tommy Guerrero.


title: Algiz

text: Algiz (also Elhaz) is the name conventionally given to the ""z"-rune" of the Elder Futhark runic alphabet. Its transliteration is "z", understood as a phoneme of the Proto-Germanic language, the terminal "*z" continuing Proto-Indo-European terminal "*s".


title: Algiz

text: It is one of two runes which express a phoneme that does not occur word-initially, and thus could not be named acrophonically, the other being the "ŋ"-rune Ingwaz . As the terminal "*-z" phoneme marks the nominative singular suffix of masculine nouns, the rune occurs comparatively frequently in early epigraphy.


title: Algiz

text: Because this specific phoneme was lost at an early time, the Elder Futhark rune underwent changes in the medieval runic alphabets. In the Anglo-Saxon futhorc it retained its shape, but it was given the sound value of Latin "x". This is a secondary development, possibly due to runic manuscript tradition, and there is no known instance of the rune being used in an Old English inscription.


title: Algiz

text: In Proto-Norse and Old Norse, the Germanic "*z" phoneme developed into an R sound, perhaps realized as a retroflex approximant , which is usually transcribed as "ʀ". This sound was written in the Younger Futhark using the Yr rune , the Algiz rune turned upside down, from about the 7th century. This phoneme eventually became indistinguishable from the regular "r" sound in the later stages of Old Norse, at about the 11th or 12th century.


title: Algiz

text: The shape of the rune may be derived from that a letter expressing /x/ in certain Old Italic alphabets (), which was in turn derived from the Greek letter Ψ which had the value of /kʰ/ (rather than /ps/) in the Western Greek alphabet.


title: Algiz

text: The Elder Futhark rune is conventionally called "Algiz" or "Elhaz", from the Common Germanic word for "elk".


title: Algiz

text: There is wide agreement that this is most likely not the historical name of the rune, but in the absence of any positive evidence of what the historical name may have been, the conventional name is simply based on a reading of the rune name in the Anglo-Saxon rune poem, first suggested by Wilhelm Grimm ("Über deutsche Runen", 1821), as "eolh" or "eolug" "elk".


title: Algiz

text: Like the "ng"-rune, the "z"-rune is a special case inasmuch as it could not have been named acrophonically, since the sound it represents did not occur in word-initial position. Choosing a name that terminates in "-z" would have been more or less arbitrary, as this was the nominative singular suffix of almost every masculine noun of the language. Since the name "eolh", or more accurately "eolh-secg" "elk-sedge" in the Anglo-Saxon rune poem represents not the rune's original sound value, but rather the sound of Latin "x" (/ks/), it becomes highly arbitrary to suggest that the original rune should have been named after the elk.


title: Algiz

text: There are a number of speculative suggestions surrounding the history of the rune's name. The difficulty lies in the circumstance that the Younger Futhark rune did not inherit this name at all, but acquired the name of the obsolete Eihwaz rune, as "yr". The only independent evidence of the Elder Futhark rune's name would be the name of the corresponding Gothic letter, "ezec". The Gothic letter was an adoption of Greek Zeta, and while it did express the /z/ phoneme, this Gothic sound only rarely occurred terminally. Instead, it is found mostly in positions where West and North Germanic have "r", e.g. Gothic "máiza" "greater" (Old Norse "meira", English "more").


title: Algiz

text: The name of the Anglo-Saxon rune is variously recorded as "eolx, eolhx, ilcs, ilx, iolx, ilix, elux".


title: Algiz

text: Manuscript tradition gives its sound value as Latin "x", i.e. /ks/, or alternatively as "il", or yet again as ""l" and "x"". The reading of this opaque name as "eolh" "elk" is entirely due to the reading of the Anglo-Saxon rune poem's secg as "eolh-secg" ("eolx-secg", "eolug-secg", "eolxecg") "elk-sedge", apparently the name of a species of sedge ("Carex"). This reading of the poem is due to Wilhelm Grimm (1821), and remains standard. The suggestion is that this compound is realized as "eolk-secg", thus containing the Latin "x" (/ks/) sound sequence. The manuscript testimony that the rune is to be read as "il" would then be simply a mistaken assumption that its name must be acrophonic.


title: Algiz

text: The name of the corresponding Gothic letter "ezec", however, suggests that the old name of this rune was not just "eolx", but the full "eolh-secg". This is puzzling, because the sound value of the rune was clearly not /ks/ in the Elder Futhark period (2nd to 4th centuries). Furthermore, the name of the sedge in question is recorded in the older Epinal-Erfurt glossary as "ilugsegg" (glossing "papiluus", probably for "papyrus"), which cannot be derived from the word for elk.


title: Algiz

text: A suggestion by Warren and Elliott takes the Old English "eolh" at face value, and reconstructs a Common Germanic form of either "*algiz" or "*alhiz". They cite a "more fanciful school" which assumes an original meaning of "elk" based on a theonym "Alcis" recorded by Tacitus (suggesting that the name would have been theophoric in origin, referring to an "elk-god"). The authors dismiss the Old English "elk-sedge" as a late attempt to give the then-obsolete rune a value of Latin "x". Instead, they suggest that the original name of the rune could have been Common Germanic "*algiz" ('Algie'), meaning not "elk" but "protection, defence".


title: Algiz

text: Redbond (1936) suggested that the "eolhx" (etc.) may have been a corruption of "helix". Seebold (1991) took this up to suggest that the name of the rune may be connected to the use of "elux" for "helix" by Notker to describe the constellation of Ursa major (as turning around the celestial pole).


title: Algiz

text: An earlier suggestion is that of Zacher (1855), to the effect that the earliest value of this rune was the labiovelar /hw/, and that its name may have been "hweol" "wheel".


title: Algiz

text: In the Elder Futhark, Algiz represents the Germanic phoneme "*z", which does not occur word-initially.


title: Algiz

text: It is attested in final position in the earliest inscriptions, e.g. in "ansuz" (Vimose buckle), "þewaz" (Thorsberg chape). It was presumably present in the Ovre Stabu spearhead inscription (ca. AD 180), reading "raunija[z]", but is hardly legible now. The Nydam axe-handle (4th century) has the name "wagagastiz". The Golden Horns of Gallehus (early 5th century) had the personal name "hlewagastiz holtijaz".


title: Algiz

text: In the earliest inscriptions, the rune invariably has its standard Ψ-shape. From the 5th century or so, the rune appears optionally in its upside-down variant which would become the standard Younger Futhark "yr" shape. There are also other graphical variants; for example, the Charnay Fibula has a superposition of these two variants, resulting in an "asterisk" shape ().


title: Algiz

text: The name of the Anglo-Saxon rune is variously recorded as "eolx, ilcs, ilix, elux, eolhx". Manuscript tradition gives its sound value as Latin "x", i.e. /ks/, or alternatively as "il", or yet again as ""l" and "x"". The relevant stanza of the Anglo-Saxon rune poem reads:


title: Algiz

text: Reading the rune as "eolhx" (as discussed above), and with the emendation of "seccard" to "secg eard" due to Grimm (1821), the stanza becomes about a species of sedge ("Cladium mariscus") called "elk-sedge". In the translation of Page (1999):


title: Algiz

text: The 9th-century "abecedarium anguliscum" in Codex Sangallensis 878 shows "eolh" as a peculiar shape, as it were a bindrune of the older with the Younger Futhark , resulting in an "asterisk" shape similar to "ior" .


title: Algiz

text: The only known instance where the rune does take the sound value of Latin "x" in epigraphy is the spelling of "rex" "king" on the interlace coin dies of king Beonna (mid 8th century). Furthermore, it appears in the inscription on St Cuthbert's coffin (late 7th century) in the abbreviation of the name Christ, where Greek ΧΡϹ is taken as Latin "xps" and rendered as runic .


title: Algiz

text: In the 6th and 7th centuries, the Elder Futhark began to be replaced by the Younger Futhark in Scandinavia. By the 8th century, the Elder Futhark was extinct, and Scandinavian runic inscriptions were exclusively written in Younger Futhark.


title: Algiz

text: The Yr rune is a rune of the Younger Futhark. Its common transliteration is a small capital "ʀ". The shape of the "Yr" rune in the Younger Futhark is the inverted shape of the Elder Futhark rune (). Its name "yr" ("yew") is taken from the name of the Elder Futhark Eihwaz rune.


title: Algiz

text: Its phonological value is the continuation of the phoneme represented by Algiz, the word-final "*-z" in Proto Germanic. In Proto-Norse it is pronounced closer to , perhaps . Within later Old Norse, the Proto-Norse phoneme collapses with by the 12th century.


title: Algiz

text: Unicode has "Latin Small Capital Letter R" at code point U+0280 ʀ (IPA’s symbol for the uvular trill). A corresponding capital letter is at U+01A6 Ʀ, called "Latin Letter Yr". The rune itself is encoded at U+16E6 "Long Branch Yr". Variants are "Short Twig Yr" at U+16E7 and "Icelandic Yr" at U+16E8 .


title: Algiz

text: The Anglo-Saxon "calc" rune ᛣ has the same shape as Younger Futhark "yr", but is unrelated in origin (being a modification or "doubling" of "cen" ᚳ).


title: Algiz

text: Independently, the shape of the Elder Futhark Algiz rune reappears in the Younger Futhark "Maðr" rune , continuing the Elder Futhark rune "*Mannaz".


title: Algiz

text: The "Man" and "Yr" runes in Guido von List's Armanen Futharkh were based on the Younger Futhark. List's runes were later adopted and modified by Karl Maria Wiligut who was responsible for their adoptions in Nazi occultism. Both List and Wiligut have an "Yr" rune of the same shape as the Younger Futhark "Yr" rune.


title: Algiz

text: In this context, the "Man" rune (identical in shape to the Elder Futhark "Algiz") came to be understood in the Germanic mysticism of the early 20th century as symbolizing "life" and called the "life rune" (). This term occurs as early as the 1920s in the literature of Germanic mysticism, and it came to be widely used within the Nazi Party and Nazi Germany, e.g. in official prescriptions for the various uniforms of the "".


title: Algiz

text: The "Yr" rune came to be seen as the "life rune" inverted and interpreted as "death rune" ("") During the World War II era, these two runes ( for "born", for "died") came to be used in obituaries and on tomb stones as marking birth and death dates, replacing asterisk and cross symbols (* for "born", † for "died") conventionally used in this context in Germany. It has always been clear that this association is an innovation of modern esotericism, without direct precedent in the medieval usage of the Younger Futhark alphabet. This fact was pointed out in an article in the German journal "Stimmen der Zeit" as early as in 1940.


title: Algiz

text: After 1945, the term "life rune" continued to be used as "völkisch" nationalism. Contemporary examples include use by the American National Alliance (as of 2007), and in reference to the Algiz rune in the logo of the Flemish nationalist as "levensrune" (as of 2016).


title: Algiz

text: The term "death rune" has been used in the context of esotericist or occultist aesthetics associated with black metal, in the name of "Deathrune Records" (as of 2011), formerly " Records", a minor black metal record label.


title: Algiz

text: Following Ralph Blum (1982), the Algiz rune is given a sense of "protection" in some modern systems of runic divination.


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: Man with a Movie Camera () is an experimental 1929 Soviet silent documentary film, directed by Dziga Vertov, filmed by his brother Mikhail Kaufman, and edited by Vertov's wife Yelizaveta Svilova. Kaufman also appears as the eponymous Man of the film.


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: Vertov's feature film, produced by the film studio All-Ukrainian Photo Cinema Administration (VUFKU), presents urban life in Moscow, Kyiv and Odesa during the late-1920s. It has no actors. From dawn to dusk Soviet citizens are shown at work and at play, and interacting with the machinery of modern life. To the extent that it can be said to have "characters", they are the cameramen of the title, the film editor, and the modern Soviet Union they discover and present in the film.


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: "Man with a Movie Camera" is famous for the range of cinematic techniques Vertov invented, employed or developed, such as multiple exposure, fast motion, slow motion, freeze frames, match cuts, jump cuts, split screens, Dutch angles, extreme close-ups, tracking shots, reversed footage, stop motion animations and self-reflexive visuals (at one point it features a split-screen tracking shot; the sides have opposite Dutch angles).


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: "Man with a Movie Camera" was largely dismissed upon its initial release; the work's fast cutting, self-reflexivity, and emphasis on form over content were all subjects of criticism. In the British Film Institute's 2012 "Sight & Sound" poll, however, film critics voted it the 8th greatest film ever made, the 9th greatest in the 2022 poll, and in 2014 it was named the best documentary of all time in the same magazine. The National Oleksandr Dovzhenko Film Centre placed it in 2021 at number three of their list of the 100 best films in the history of Ukrainian cinema.


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: The film is divided into six separate parts, one for each film reel on which it would have originally been printed. Each part begins with a number appearing on screen and falling down flat. The film makes use of many editing techniques, such as superimposition, slow motion, fast motion, rapid cross-cutting, and montage.


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: The film has an unabashedly avant-garde style, and the subject matter varies greatly. The titular man with the movie camera (Mikhail Kaufman, Vertov's brother) travels to diverse locations to capture a variety of shots. He appears in artistic images such as a superimposed shot of the cameraman setting up his camera atop a second, mountainous camera, and another superimposed shot of the cameraman inside a beer glass. General images include laborers at work, sporting events, couples getting married and divorced, a woman giving birth, and a funeral procession. Much of the film is concerned with people of varying economic classes navigating urban environments. On occasion, the film's editor (Svilova) is shown working with strips of film and various pieces of editing equipment.


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: Despite claiming to be without actors, the film features a few staged situations. This includes some of the cameraman's actions, the scene of a woman getting dressed, and chess pieces being swept to the center of the board (a shot spliced in backwards so the pieces expand outward and stand in position). Stop-motion is used for several shots, including an unmanned camera on a tripod standing up, showing off its mechanical parts, and then walking off screen.


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: Vertov was an early pioneer in documentary film-making during the late 1920s. He belonged to a movement of filmmakers known as the kinoks, or kino-oki (kino-eyes). Vertov, along with other kino artists declared it their mission to abolish all non-documentary styles of film-making, a radical approach to movie making. Most of Vertov's films were highly controversial, and the kinok movement was despised by many filmmakers.


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: Vertov's crowning achievement, "Man with a Movie Camera", was his response to critics who rejected his previous film, "A Sixth Part of the World". Critics had declared that Vertov's overuse of "intertitles" was inconsistent with the film-making style to which the "kinoks" subscribed. Working within that context, Vertov dealt with a lot of fear in anticipation of the film's release. He requested a warning to be printed in the Soviet central Communist newspaper "Pravda", which spoke directly of the film's experimental, controversial nature. Vertov was worried that the film would be either destroyed or ignored by the public. Upon the official release of "Man with a Movie Camera", Vertov issued a statement at the beginning of the film, which read:


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: This new experimentation work by Kino-Eye is directed towards the creation of an authentically international absolute language of cinema on the basis of its complete separation from the language of theatre and literature.


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: This manifesto echoes an earlier one that Vertov wrote in 1922, in which he disavowed popular films he felt were indebted to literature and theater.


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: Working within a Marxist ideology, Vertov strove to create a futuristic city that would serve as a commentary on existing ideals in the Soviet world. This artificial city's purpose was to awaken the Soviet citizen through truth and to ultimately bring about understanding and action. The kino's aesthetic shone through in his portrayal of electrification, industrialization, and the achievements of workers through hard labour. This could also be viewed as early modernism in film.


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: Some have mistakenly stated that many visual ideas, such as the quick editing, the close-ups of machinery, the store window displays, even the shots of a typewriter keyboard are borrowed from Walter Ruttmann's "" (1927), which predates "Man with a Movie Camera" by two years, but as Vertov wrote to the German press in 1929, these techniques and images had been developed and employed by him in his Kino-Pravda newsreels and documentaries for previous ten years, all of which predate "Berlin". Vertov's pioneering cinematic concepts actually inspired other abstract films by Ruttmann and others, including writer, translator, filmmaker and critic Liu Na'ou (1905–1940), whose "The Man Who Has a Camera" (1933) pays explicit homage to Vertov's "Man with a Movie Camera".


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: "Man with a Movie Camera"s usage of double exposure and seemingly "hidden" cameras made the movie come across as a surreal montage rather than a linear motion picture. Many of the scenes in the film contain people, which change size or appear underneath other objects (double exposure). Because of these aspects, the movie is fast-moving. The sequences and close-ups capture emotional qualities that could not be fully portrayed through the use of words. The film's lack of "actors" and "sets" makes for a unique view of the everyday world; one that, according to a title card, is directed toward the creation of a new cinematic language that is "[separated] from the language of theatre and literature".


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: It was filmed over a period of about 3 years. Four cities – Moscow, Kyiv, Kharkiv and Odesa – were the shooting locations.


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: "Man with a Movie Camera" was not always a highly regarded work. The film was criticized for both the stagings and the stark experimentation, possibly as a result of its director's frequent assailing of fiction film as a new "opiate of the masses".


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: Vertov's Soviet contemporaries criticized its focus on form over content, with Sergei Eisenstein even deriding the film as "pointless camera hooliganism". The work was largely dismissed in the West as well. Documentary filmmaker Paul Rotha said that in Britain, Vertov was "regarded really as rather a joke, you know. All this cutting, and one camera photographing another camera – it was all trickery, and we didn't take it seriously." The pace of the film's editing – more than four times faster than a typical 1929 feature, with approximately 1,775 separate shots – also perturbed some viewers, including "The New York Times" reviewer Mordaunt Hall: "The producer, Dziga Vertov, does not take into consideration the fact that the human eye fixes for a certain space of time that which holds the attention."


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: "Man with a Movie Camera" is now regarded by many as one of the greatest films ever made, ranking 9th in the 2022 "Sight & Sound" poll of the world's best films. In 2009, Roger Ebert wrote: "It made explicit and poetic the astonishing gift the cinema made possible, of arranging what we see, ordering it, imposing a rhythm and language on it, and transcending it." The National Oleksandr Dovzhenko Film Centre placed it in 2021 at number three of their list of the 100 best films in the history of Ukrainian cinema.


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: "Man with a Movie Camera" has been interpreted as an optimistic work. Jonathan Romney called it "an exuberant manifesto that celebrates the infinite possibilities of what cinema can be". Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" wrote that the work "is visibly excited about the new medium's possibility, dense with ideas, packed with energy: it echoes "Un Chien Andalou", anticipates Vigo's "À propos de Nice" and the New Wave generally, and even Riefenstahl's "Olympia"".


title: Man with a Movie Camera

text: The film, originally released in 1929, was silent and accompanied in theaters with live music. It has since been released a number of times with different soundtracks:


title: Elite theory

text: In political science and sociology, elite theory is a theory of the State that seeks to describe and explain power relationships in contemporary society. The theory posits that a small minority, consisting of members of the economic elite and policy-planning networks, holds the most power—and that this power is independent of democratic elections.


title: Elite theory

text: Through positions in corporations or on corporate boards, and influence over policy-planning networks through the financial support of foundations or positions with think tanks or policy-discussion groups, members of the "elite" exert significant power over corporate and government decisions.


title: Elite theory

text: The basic characteristics of this theory are that power is concentrated, the elites are unified, the non-elites are diverse and powerless, elites' interests are unified due to common backgrounds and positions and the defining characteristic of power is institutional position.


title: Elite theory

text: Elite theory opposes pluralism (more than one system of power), a tradition that emphasized how multiple major social groups and interests have an influence upon and various forms of representation within more powerful sets of rulers, contributing to decently representative political outcomes that reflect the collective needs of society.


title: Elite theory

text: Even when entire groups are ostensibly completely excluded from the state's traditional networks of power (on the basis of arbitrary criteria such as nobility, race, gender, or religion), elite theory recognizes that "counter-elites" frequently develop within such excluded groups. Negotiations between such disenfranchised groups and the state can be analyzed as negotiations between elites and counter-elites. A major problem, in turn, is the ability of elites to co-opt counter-elites.


title: Elite theory

text: Democratic systems function on the premise that voting behavior has a direct, noticeable effect on policy outcomes, and that these outcomes are preferred by the largest portion of voters. Strikingly, a study published in 2014, which correlated voters' preferences to policy outcomes, found that the statistical correlation between the two is heavily dependent on the income brackets of the voting groups. At the lowest income sampled in the data, the correlation coefficient reached zero, whereas the highest income returned a correlation coefficient above 0.6. The conclusion of this research was that there is a strong, linear correlation between the income of voters and how often their policy preferences become reality. The causation for this correlation has not yet been proven in subsequent studies, but is an active area of research.


title: Elite theory

text: Polybius (~150 B.C.) referred to what we call today Elite Theory as simply "autocracy". He posited with great confidence that all 3 originating forms of sources of political power: one man (monarchy/executive), few men (autocracy), many (democracy) would eventually be corrupted into a debased form of itself, if not balanced in a "mixed government". Monarchy would become "tyranny", democracy would become "mob rule", and rule by elites (autocracy) would become corrupted in what he called "oligarchy". Polybius effectively said this is due to a failure to properly apply checks and balances between the three mentioned forms as well as subsequent political institutions.


title: Elite theory

text: Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), Gaetano Mosca (1858–1941), and Robert Michels (1876–1936), were cofounders of the Italian school of elitism, which influenced subsequent elite theory in the Western tradition.


title: Elite theory

text: Pareto emphasized the psychological and intellectual superiority of elites, believing that they were the highest accomplishers in any field. He discussed the existence of two types of elites:


title: Elite theory

text: He also extended the idea that a whole elite can be replaced by a new one and how one can circulate from being elite to non-elite.


title: Elite theory

text: Mosca emphasized the sociological and personal characteristics of elites. He said elites are an organized minority and that the masses are an unorganized majority. The ruling class is composed of the ruling elite and the sub-elites. He divides the world into two group:


title: Elite theory

text: Mosca asserts that elites have intellectual, moral, and material superiority that is highly esteemed and influential.


title: Elite theory

text: Sociologist Michels developed the iron law of oligarchy where, he asserts, social and political organizations are run by few individuals, and social organization and labor division are key. He believed that all organizations were elitist and that elites have three basic principles that help in the bureaucratic structure of political organization:


title: Elite theory

text: Elmer Eric Schattschneider offered a strong critique of the American political theory of pluralism: Rather than an essentially democratic system in which the many competing interests of citizens are amply represented, if not advanced, by equally many competing interest groups, Schattschneider argued the pressure system is biased in favor of "the most educated and highest-income members of society", and showed that "the difference between those who participate in interest group activity and those who stand at the sidelines is much greater than between voters and nonvoters".


title: Elite theory

text: In "The Semisovereign People", Schattschneider argued the scope of the pressure system is really quite small: The "range of organized, identifiable, known groups is amazingly narrow; there is nothing remotely universal about it" and the "business or upper-class bias of the pressure system shows up everywhere". He says the "notion that the pressure system is automatically representative of the whole community is a myth" and, instead, the "system is skewed, loaded and unbalanced in favor of a fraction of a minority".


title: Elite theory

text: Mills published his book "The Power Elite" in 1956, in which he claimed to present a new sociological perspective on systems of power in the United States. He identified a triumvirate of power groups—political, economic and military—which form a distinguishable, although not unified, power-wielding body in the United States.


title: Elite theory

text: Mills proposed that this group had been generated through a process of rationalization at work in all advanced industrial societies whereby the mechanisms of power became concentrated, funneling overall control into the hands of a limited, somewhat corrupt group. This reflected a decline in politics as an arena for debate and relegation to a merely formal level of discourse. This macro-scale analysis sought to point out the degradation of democracy in "advanced" societies and the fact that power generally lies outside the boundaries of elected representatives.


title: Elite theory

text: A main influence for the study was Franz Leopold Neumann's book, "Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism, 1933–1944", a study of how Nazism came to power in the German democratic state. It provided the tools to analyze the structure of a political system and served as a warning of what could happen in a modern capitalistic democracy.


title: Elite theory

text: The elite theory analysis of power was also applied on the micro scale in community power studies such as that by Floyd Hunter (1953). Hunter examined in detail the power of relationships evident in his "Regional City" looking for the "real" holders of power rather than those in obvious official positions. He posited a structural-functional approach that mapped hierarchies and webs of interconnection within the city—mapping relationships of power between businessmen, politicians, clergy etc. The study was promoted to debunk current concepts of any "democracy" present within urban politics and reaffirm the arguments for a true representative democracy. This type of analysis was also used in later, larger scale, studies such as that carried out by M. Schwartz examining the power structures within the sphere of the corporate elite in the United States.


title: Elite theory

text: In his controversial 1967 book "Who Rules America?", G. William Domhoff researched local and national decision-making process networks seeking to illustrate the power structure in the United States. He asserts, much like Hunter, that an elite class that owns and manages large income-producing properties (like banks and corporations) dominate the American power structure politically and economically.


title: Elite theory

text: Burnham's early work "The Managerial Revolution" sought to express the movement of all functional power into the hands of managers rather than politicians or businessmen—separating ownership and control.


title: Elite theory

text: Putnam saw the development of technical and exclusive knowledge among administrators and other specialist groups as a mechanism that strips power from the democratic process and slips it to the advisors and specialists who influence the decision process.


title: Elite theory

text: "If the dominant figures of the past hundred years have been the entrepreneur, the businessman, and the industrial executive, the ‘new men’ are the scientists, the mathematicians, the economists, and the engineers of the new intellectual technology."


title: Elite theory

text: Dye in his book "Top Down Policymaking", argues that U.S. public policy does not result from the "demands of the people", but rather from elite consensus found in Washington, D.C.-based non-profit foundations, think tanks, special-interest groups, and prominent lobbying and law firms. Dye's thesis is further expanded upon in his works: "The Irony of Democracy," "Politics in America," "Understanding Public Policy," and "Who's Running America?".


title: Elite theory

text: In his book "Corporate Power and the Environment," George A. Gonzalez writes on the power of U.S. economic elites to shape environmental policy for their own advantage. In "The Politics of Air Pollution: Urban Growth, Ecological Modernization and Symbolic Inclusion" and also in "Urban Sprawl, Global Warming, and the Empire of Capital" Gonzalez employs elite theory to explain the interrelationship between environmental policy and urban sprawl in America. His most recent work, "Energy and Empire: The Politics of Nuclear and Solar Power in the United States" demonstrates that economic elites tied their advocacy of the nuclear energy option to post-1945 American foreign policy goals, while at the same time these elites opposed government support for other forms of energy, such as solar, that cannot be dominated by one nation.


title: Elite theory

text: In his book "Reflections on the Revolution in Europe", Ralf Dahrendorf asserts that, due to advanced level of competence required for political activity, a political party tends to become, actually, a provider of "political services", that is, the administration of local and governmental public offices. During the electoral campaign, each party tries to convince voters it is the most suitable for managing the state business. The logical consequence would be to acknowledge this character and openly register the parties as service providing companies. In this way, the ruling class would include the members and associates of legally acknowledged companies and the "class that is ruled" would select by election the state administration company that best fits its interests.


title: Elite theory

text: In their statistical analysis of 1,779 policy issues professors Martin Gilens and Benjamin Page found that "economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence." Critics cited by Vox.com argued, using the same dataset, that when the rich and middle class disagreed, the rich got their preferred outcome 53 percent of the time and the middle class got what they wanted 47 percent of the time. Some critics disagree with Gilens and Pages' headline conclusion, but do believe that the dataset confirms "the rich and middle (class) are effective at blocking policies that the poor want".


title: Elite theory

text: The political scientist Thomas Ferguson's Investment Theory of Party Competition can be thought of as an elite theory. Set out most extensively in his 1995 book "Golden Rule: The Investment Theory of Party Competition and the Logic of Money-driven Political Systems", the theory begins by noting that in modern political systems the cost of acquiring political awareness is so great that no citizen can afford it. As a consequence, these systems tend be dominated by those who can, most typically elites and corporations. These elites then seek to influence politics by 'investing' in the parties or policies they support through political contributions and other means such as endorsements in the media.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Cornel Wilde (born Kornél Lajos Weisz; October 13, 1912 – October 16, 1989) was a Hungarian-American actor and filmmaker.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Wilde's acting career began in 1935, when he made his debut on Broadway. In 1936 he began making small, uncredited appearances in films. By the 1940s he had signed a contract with 20th Century Fox, and by the mid-1940s he was a major leading man. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in 1945's "A Song to Remember". In the 1950s he moved to writing, producing and directing films, and still continued his career as an actor. He also went into songwriting during his career.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Wilde was born in 1912 in Privigye, Kingdom of Hungary (now Prievidza, Slovakia), although his year and place of birth are usually and inaccurately given as 1915 in New York City. His Hungarian Jewish parents were Vojtech Béla Weisz (anglicized to Louis Bela Wilde) and Renée Mary Vid (Rayna Miryam). He was named for his paternal grandfather, and upon arrival in the United States at the age of seven in 1920, his name was Anglicized to Cornelius Louis Wilde.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: A talented linguist and an astute mimic, he had an ear for languages which became apparent later in his acting career. Wilde attended the City College of New York as a pre-med student, completing the four-year course in three years and winning a scholarship to the Physicians and Surgeons College at Columbia University. Wilde entered Columbia University, class of 1933, as one of the youngest undergraduates. He fenced for the Columbia Lions fencing team. He won the National Novice Foils Championship held at the New York Athletic Club in 1929.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: He qualified for the United States fencing team for the 1936 Summer Olympic Games, but quit the team before the games in order to take a role in the theater. In preparation for an acting career, he and his new wife Marjory Heinzen (later to be known as Patricia Knight) shaved years off their ages, three for him and five for her. As a result, most publicity records and subsequent sources wrongly indicate a 1915 birth for Wilde.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: After studying at Theodora Irvine's Studio of the Theatre, Wilde began appearing in plays in stock and in New York. He made his Broadway debut in 1935 in "Moon Over Mulberry Street". He also appeared in "Love Is Not So Simple", "Daughters of Etreus", and "Having Wonderful Time".


title: Cornel Wilde

text: He did the illustrations for "Fencing", a 1936 textbook on fencing and wrote a fencing play, "Touché", under the pseudonym of Clark Wales in 1937. He toured with Tallulah Bankhead in a production of "Antony and Cleopatra"; during the run he married his co-star Patricia Knight.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Acting jobs were sporadic over the next few years. Wilde supplemented his income with exhibition fencing matches; his wife also did modelling work. Wilde wrote plays, some of which were performed by the New York Drama Guild.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Wilde was hired as a fencing teacher by Laurence Olivier for his 1940 Broadway production of "Romeo and Juliet" and was given the role of Tybalt in the production. Although the show only had a small run, his performance in this role netted him a Hollywood film contract with Warner Bros.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Wilde had an uncredited bit part in "Lady with Red Hair" (1940), then got a small part in "High Sierra" (1941), which included a scene with Humphrey Bogart. He also had small roles in "Knockout" (1941) and "Kisses for Breakfast" (1941).


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Wilde was then signed by 20th Century Fox who gave him a good role in a B picture "The Perfect Snob" (1941). It was followed by a war movie "Manila Calling" (1942).


title: Cornel Wilde

text: He was the romantic male lead in "Life Begins at Eight-Thirty" (1942), supporting Monty Woolley, and supported Sonja Henie in "Wintertime" (1943).


title: Cornel Wilde

text: In 1945, Columbia Pictures began a search for someone to play the role of Frédéric Chopin in "A Song to Remember". They eventually tested Wilde, and agreed to cast him in the role after some negotiation with Fox, who agreed to lend him to Columbia and one film a year for several years. Part of the deal involved Fox borrowing Alexander Knox from Columbia to appear in "Wilson" (1944). "A Song to Remember" was a big hit, made Wilde a star and earned him a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Actor.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Columbia promptly used him in two more films, both swashbucklers: as Aladdin in "A Thousand and One Nights" with Evelyn Keyes and as the son of Robin Hood in "The Bandit of Sherwood Forest" (made 1945, released 1946).


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Back at Fox, he played the male lead in "Leave Her to Heaven" (1945), with Gene Tierney and Jeanne Crain, an enormous hit at the box office. So too when it was released was "Bandit".


title: Cornel Wilde

text: In 1946, Wilde was voted the 18th-most popular star in the United States, and in 1947 the 25th-. Fox announced him for "Enchanted Voyage". It ended up not being made; instead he was reunited with Crain in Fox's musical "Centennial Summer" (1946).


title: Cornel Wilde

text: In January 1946, Wilde was suspended by Fox for refusing the male lead in "Margie" (1946). This suspension was soon lifted so Wilde could play the male lead in the studio's big budget version of "Forever Amber" (1947). Filming started, then was halted when the studio decided to replace Peggy Cummins, the female star. In October 1946, Wilde refused to return to work unless he was paid more; his salary was $3,000 a week, with six years to run – he wanted $150,000 per film for two films per year. The parties came to an agreement and filming resumed. Wilde also appeared with Maureen O'Hara in "The Homestretch" (1947).


title: Cornel Wilde

text: He was in a comedy at Columbia with Ginger Rogers, "It Had to Be You" (1947). At Fox he turned down a role in "That Lady in Ermine" (1948). Not wanting to go on suspension again he agreed to make "The Walls of Jericho" (1948), from the same director as "Leave Her to Heaven" but less popular. "Road House" (1948), for Fox, was a highly regarded noir and a decent-sized hit. He then left Fox, which he later regarded as a mistake.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: At Columbia, Wilde was in "Shockproof" (1949), another noir, with his then-wife Patricia Knight. They appeared together in "Western Wind", a play at the Cape Playhouse.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Wilde made "Swiss Tour", aka "Four Days Leave" (1949), an independent film in Switzerland. He returned to Fox for "Two Flags West" (1950), then went to RKO for "At Sword's Point" (filmed in 1949, but not released until 1952), a swashbuckler with Maureen O'Hara.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: He played a trapeze artist in "The Greatest Show on Earth" (1952) for Cecil B. de Mille, an enormous hit, though Wilde was one of several stars in the movie.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: At Columbia, he was in "California Conquest" (1952), a Western for producer Sam Katzman. He went over to Warner Bros. for "Operation Secret" (1952), then was back at Fox for "Treasure of the Golden Condor" (1952).


title: Cornel Wilde

text: He focused on adventure stories: "Saadia" (1953) for MGM, "Star of India" (1954) for United Artists. He had a part in the all-star executive drama "Woman's World" (1954) for Fox, then went back to action and adventure with "Passion" (1954) for RKO.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: In the 1950s Wilde and his second wife, Jean Wallace, formed their own film production company, Theodora, named after Theodora Irvine. Their first movie was the film noir "The Big Combo" (1955), a co production with Security Pictures that was released through Allied Artists. Wilde and Wallace played the leads. That year he also directed an episode of "General Electric Theatre".


title: Cornel Wilde

text: That same year, he appeared in an episode of "I Love Lucy" as himself and starred in "The Scarlet Coat" (1956) for MGM.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Wilde produced and starred in another for Theodora with Wallace, "Storm Fear" (1956) from a script by Horton Foote. This time Wilde also directed "to save money".


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Theodora announced Wilde would play Lord Byron, but the film was never made. Other announced projects included "Curly" and "Second Act Curtin".


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Wilde was meant to appear as Joshua in de Mille's "The Ten Commandments" but was not in the final film – he turned down the role, saying it was too small and the pay was too little (John Derek ended up playing it). Wilde later said it was his worst mistake because having even a small role in a big blockbuster would have given him career momentum.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: As an actor only, he appeared in "Hot Blood" (1956) with Jane Russell for director Nicholas Ray, and "Beyond Mombasa" (1956), shot in Kenya; both were released by Columbia. In 1957, he guest-starred in an episode of "Father Knows Best" as himself. Also in 1957, he played the role of the 13th century Persian poet Omar Khayyám in the film "Omar Khayyam".


title: Cornel Wilde

text: He produced, directed and starred in two films for Theodora that were released through Paramount: "The Devil's Hairpin" (1957), a car-racing drama, and "Maracaibo" (1958). Wilde called them "an acceptable A-B, meaning a picture with B budget but A pretensions".


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Wilde went to Italy to star in "Constantine and the Cross" (1962). In Britain, he wrote, produced, directed and starred in "Lancelot and Guinevere" (1963).


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Wilde produced, directed, and starred in "The Naked Prey" (1965), in which he played a man stripped naked and chased by hunters from an African tribe affronted by the behavior of other members of his safari party. The original script was largely based on a true historical incident about a trapper named John Colter being pursued by Blackfeet Indians in Wyoming. Lower shooting costs, tax breaks, and material and logistical assistance offered by Rhodesia persuaded Wilde and the other producers to shoot the film on location in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). It is probably his most highly regarded film as director.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Wilde followed this with a war movie, "Beach Red" (1967). He announced "Namugongo", another movie in Africa, about the White Fathers missionaries in the Kingdom of Buganda, but it was never made. He had a supporting role in "The Comic" (1969), directed by Carl Reiner.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: He returned to film shortly thereafter and wrote, directed, and starred in the exploitation film "Sharks' Treasure", a 1975 film intended to capitalize on the "Shark Fever" popular in the mid-1970s in the wake of the success of Peter Benchley's "Jaws". He acted in "The Norseman" (1978) and "The Fifth Musketeer" (1979).


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Cornel Wilde played himself in the 1955 "I Love Lucy" episode "The Star Upstairs." He also appeared in the 1957 episode of Father Knows Best "An Evening to Remember". He appeared as an unethical surgeon in the 1971 "Night Gallery" episode "Deliveries in the Rear" and portrayed an anthropologist in the 1972 TV movie "Gargoyles".


title: Cornel Wilde

text: In 1937, he married the actress Patricia Knight. She starred alongside him in "Shockproof" (1949). Their daughter, Wendy, was born on February 22, 1943. The family lived at Country House on Deep Canyon Road, Los Angeles. They divorced in 1951.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Five days after his divorce, he married the actress Jean Wallace. Wilde became stepfather to Wallace's two sons, Pascal and Thomas, from her marriage to Franchot Tone. Their son, Cornel Wallace Wilde, was born on December 19, 1967. Wilde senior and Wallace starred together in several films including "The Big Combo" (1955), "Lancelot and Guinevere" (1963), and "Beach Red" (1967). They divorced in 1981.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: Wilde died of leukemia on October 16, 1989, three days after his 77th birthday. He is interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Westwood, Los Angeles.


title: Cornel Wilde

text: For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Cornel Wilde has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1635 Vine Street.


title: Capital of Sri Lanka

text: The current capital of Sri Lanka is Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte. In the course of history, the national capital has been in many locations other than Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte.


title: Capital of Sri Lanka

text: When the island was divided during the Transitional period, multiple capital cities existed at one time.


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: "The Last Day" is the two-part series finale of the American television police sitcom series "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" and the ninth and tenth episodes of its eighth season. The first part was written by Luke Del Tredici and Audrey Goodman and directed by Linda Mendoza, while the second part was written by series co-creator Dan Goor and directed by Claire Scanlon. The episodes aired on September 16, 2021 on NBC.


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: The show revolves around the fictitious 99th precinct of the New York Police Department in Brooklyn and the officers and detectives that work in the precinct. In the finale, the precinct braces for a last "heist" before Holt and Amy leave the precinct. Jake also plans to reveal his plan: he is going to leave the precinct and wants to prepare for the "perfect goodbye".


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 1.88 million household viewers and gained a 0.4 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The finale received positive reviews from critics and audiences as they deemed the episode to be a satisfying conclusion to the series.


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: Jake (Andy Samberg) organizes a last "heist" before Holt (Andre Braugher) and Amy (Melissa Fumero) leave the precinct for their new roles as deputy commissioner and chief of the reform program. They decide to forget all previous heist winners and only the new winner will count and be crowned as "The Grand Champion of the Nine-Nine". Terry (Terry Crews) states he won't participate, as he has an interview for the precinct's Captain position.


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: While randomly selecting the teams, Jake rigs the results so that Holt is partnered with Hitchcock (Dirk Blocker) and Scully (Joel McKinnon Miller), Rosa (Stephanie Beatriz) is partnered with Amy, and Jake is partnered with Charles (Joe Lo Truglio). But this is part of a scheme orchestrated by Jake, who is actually collaborating with Amy and uses Boyle as a decoy. The target of the heist is a replica of Holt's Medal of Valor, which will be stored in a pneumatic tube. Jake reveals to Amy that the intent of the heist is for him to announce he will quit his job to become a stay-at-home dad, believing it's their best option to raise Mac so Amy can focus on her new job and his son doesn't have to grow up without a father as he did. Amy is shocked by Jake's choice but ultimately supports his decision.


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: The heist involves the teams getting clues that lead them to past locations and people they were with during the last eight years. These include visiting Caleb (Tim Meadows), Wuntch's grave and a clue involving the time Jake made inmates sing. However, the next clue is ruined when the janitor (Dan Goor) erases the text from the interrogation room before they can see it. They call Terry to ask him for the clue and he reluctantly reveals the clue in the middle of his interview, embarrassing him in front of Deputy Chief Williams (Jim Meskimen). They then head out to the location where Holt and Kevin kissed when they reconciled. Holt manages to distract the squad by revealing his tattoo: Kevin's head on Cheddar's body. He gets to the case containing the tube but they find it empty. Gina (Chelsea Peretti) suddenly appears holding the tube.


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: Gina takes the tube with her on an armored truck and leaves the scene. The teams eventually hijack the truck but their attempts at getting the tube result in many of the squad members turning against each other. Meanwhile, Terry discovers that the office his interview is in is fake and is convinced that he is part of the heist, which prompts him to destroy the office. He confronts Holt about this but Holt tells him the interview was not fake and the office's design was a result of relocating for the new reform. Holt temporarily leaves the heist to help Terry fix the situation. As Jake's team gets the advantage, he is confronted by Charles, who found Jake's letter of resignation in his locker, and angrily storms out.


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: Jake tries to find Charles, who went missing and won't answer his phone calls. Meanwhile, Terry and Holt visit Williams to ask for another chance for Terry to become Captain. However, Williams reveals that he is actually part of the heist and locks them in the office.


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: Rosa expresses her concerns to Amy about Adrian Pimento (Jason Mantzoukas), as he is heading back to Canada and thinks she still has feelings for him. Jake locates Charles at an abandoned house where they both deemed each other best friends nine years ago and explains his decision to leave. He reconciles with Charles by telling him they'll still be friends even after he leaves and gives him his gift: Their favorite magazine (Fancy Brudgom) with a picture of them on a page, delighting him. They then work on setting up fireworks for the final step. However, the fireworks accidentally set themselves off and Jake fails to turn them down as the timer hits zero.


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: Jake seemingly wakes up in the hospital and is told by Amy that he has been in a coma for 7 years. She tells him Boyle survived the incident and moved to Arizona out of guilt, where he became a Sheriff, and that she is back in a relationship with her ex-boyfriend Teddy (Kyle Bornheimer) to help her raise Mac. However, it was all a setup to get Jake to reveal the location of the real tube, as she put Jake's resignation letter in his locker, set up a fake hospital room in the precinct, and controlled the fireworks in the closet. The fireworks never blew up, as Amy just sedated Jake and Charles. She leaves Jake handcuffed to his bed and Charles locked in the supply closet as she tells Teddy she's throwing a goodbye party for Jake at Shaw's.


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: Holt and Terry manage to escape from the fake office by using a short circuit. Mlepnos (Fred Armisen) helps Jake and Charles escape and they confront Amy, but they find out that the tube is not where it was planned to be and that it is moving somewhere. As they go in their car to find it, Scully joins them and Charles reveals to Jake the plan that Amy had for his perfect goodbye. They drive to the location of the tube, followed by Holt and Terry. They arrive at the location: the location of the first case the squad had with Holt when he became Captain. Holt then reveals that he orchestrated it, as he planned his own "perfect goodbye". He also states Terry's interview was orchestrated by him and Terry got the promotion to Captain several weeks ago.


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: However, Holt finds out that he is carrying Jake's gift tubes. Rosa and Gina show up and are revealed to be holding tubes, having tricked Amy into thinking Rosa was going to leave with Pimento, only to discover that they have Holt and Amy's gift tubes. Bill (Winston Story) is revealed to have the real tube and locks them in the storage unit, as the heists are his only source of income. During this, Jake accidentally reveals that he is leaving the NYPD. Terry encourages the group to work together and helps them escape by crashing through the wall. They discover that Bill has fled to the precinct with the tube.


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: At the precinct, the squad is shocked to discover Hitchcock with the real tube. Hitchcock reveals he never retired or went to Brazil. He also states that he never had a complex plan for the heist and just bought the tube for $40 from Bill. Jake then unceremoniously crowns Hitchcock as "The Grand Champion of the Nine-Nine" and tells the squad he planned the heist as his goodbye so he wouldn't be so sad leaving his job. The crew enjoys their last night together and reflects on the previous years. Rosa tells Amy she doesn't plan to settle down anytime soon and wishes her luck with her new position. While Hitchcock and Scully reunite, Terry tells Charles he'll be relying on him as they're the only ones staying at the precinct. Holt reflects on Jake's growth throughout the years and further adds that if he had a son like Jake, he would feel very proud of him, moving him to tears. Everyone then leaves the precinct together in the elevator with Jake taking his nameplate with him.


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: Over a year later, the now Captain Terry addresses his bullpen on Halloween, which includes Charles, Hitchcock, Scully, and several new faces. Jake, Amy, Holt, Rosa, and Gina suddenly appear, wanting to continue with the Halloween Heist tradition as an annual reunion. Terry considers this for a moment before proclaiming, "Nine-Nine!", followed by the rest of the squad.


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: The eighth season was confirmed by NBC on November 14, 2019. On February 11, 2021, it was announced that the season would be the series' last and would comprise ten episodes. Lisa Katz, President of Scripted Content, NBCUniversal Television and Streaming, said "I still remember the palpable excitement that night in 2018 when we announced "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" would be returning to its rightful home at NBC. We've always loved these characters and the way they make us laugh while also masterfully weaving in storylines that make us reflect as well. A big thank you to our wonderful partners – Dan Goor, the writers, producers and the incredibly talented cast and crew – for a comedy whose legacy will stand the test of time." Series co-creator Dan Goor said, "I'm so thankful to NBC and Universal Television for allowing us to give these characters and our fans the ending they deserve. When Mike Schur and I first pitched the pilot episode to Andy, he said, 'I'm in, but I think the only way to tell this story is over exactly 153 episodes', which was crazy because that was exactly the number Mike and I had envisioned." He further added, "ending the show was a difficult decision, but ultimately, we felt it was the best way to honor the characters, the story and our viewers. I know some people will be disappointed it's ending so soon, but honestly, I'm grateful it lasted this long. Title of my sex tape."


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: In August 2021, it was announced that the ninth and tenth episode of the season would be titled "The Last Day" and that Luke Del Tredici and Audrey Goodman would serve as writers while Linda Mendoza would direct the first part. Series co-creator Dan Goor would serve as writer while Claire Scanlon would direct the second part.


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: Filming on the episodes ended in June 2021. According to Melissa Fumero, it was a very "emotional" last day, which involved the cast hugging and celebrating the success of the series.


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: The episodes aired the United States on September 16, 2021, on NBC. Multiple members of the cast appeared on the episode of "Late Night with Seth Meyers" airing the night of the episodes' release. In the United Kingdom, Channel 4's digital network E4 showed the last two episodes back-to-back on June 8, alongside a documentary called "Goodbye Brooklyn Nine Nine". Commissioned from Wise Owl Films, this one-off special included behind-the-scenes footage along with interviews with the cast and British comedians such as Nish Kumar and Catherine Bohart.


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 1.88 million household viewers and gained a 0.4 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. This means that 0.4 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a 43% increase over the previous episode, which was watched by 1.31 million viewers and a 0.3 ratings share. With these ratings, "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" was the highest rated show on NBC for the night, second on its timeslot and second for the night, behind "Big Brother".


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: "The Last Day" received very positive reviews from critics. Vikram Murthi of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode a "B+" rating, writing, "'The Last Day' is far from "Brooklyn Nine-Nine"s finest hour, but it deserves credit for checking off every series finale box while telling a fun story without going overboard on saccharine material. It runs through the series' greatest hits while reuniting the original core ensemble and bringing back numerous guest stars without any of it feeling too labored. It also succeeds in being pretty funny and decently affecting, which is tough for any sitcom running out its eighth year. Most importantly, though, it delivers on expectations while having a sense of humor about those expectations. It's the equivalent of someone dutifully following through on tradition as they smirk about the silliness of the tradition itself."


title: The Last Day (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

text: Alan Sepinwall from "Rolling Stone" would later put the episode on his "Top 10 Episodes of 2021" list, writing, "The cop comedy spent much of its final season grappling with policework in a post-George Floyd world, with mixed results. The hour-long series finale left those messy questions behind for one more heist story, this one revisiting significant characters like Chelsea Peretti's Gina (and not-so-significant characters like Fred Armisen's Mlepnos) and events from throughout the series. 'The Last Day' underlined that what made Nine-Nine special wasn't the cop stories, but the characters and the silliness they got up to every week."