title: Paul Hausser

text: Paul Hausser's 1953 book "Waffen-SS im Einsatz" ("Waffen-SS in Action") was the first major work by one of the HIAG leaders. It was published by , owned by a right-wing politician and publisher . A foreword from the former Wehrmacht General Heinz Guderian provided an endorsement for the Waffen-SS troops and referred to them as "the first realization of the European idea".


title: Paul Hausser

text: The book described the growth of Waffen-SS into a multinational force where foreign volunteers fought heroically as a "militant example of the great European idea". Historians have refuted this characterisation, arguing that it was largely Nazi propaganda employed to bolster the ranks of the Waffen-SS with foreign volunteers. The message was later repurposed by HIAG as it sought historical and legal rehabilitation of the force. "Waffen-SS in Action" was included in the index of objectionable war books maintained by West Germany's Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons. The index was created in the early 1960s to limit the sale of such works to minors due to their chauvinism and glorification of violence.


title: Paul Hausser

text: Hausser later wrote another book, published in 1966 by HIAG's imprint , under the title "Soldaten wie andere auch" ("Soldiers Like Any Other"). According to the military historian S.P. MacKenzie, the work epitomised how HIAG leaders wanted the Waffen-SS to be remembered, while the historian Charles Sydnor described it as "equally tendentious".


title: Paul Hausser

text: Hausser's books, along with those by other key HIAG members and former Waffen-SS Generals Felix Steiner and Kurt Meyer, have been characterised by the historian Charles Sydnor as the "most important works of [Waffen-SS] apologist literature." These works demanded rehabilitation of the military branch of the Nazi Party and presented Waffen-SS members as both victims and misunderstood heroes.


title: Paul Hausser

text: By the mid-1950s, under Hausser's guidance, HIAG attempted to establish a position that separated the Waffen-SS from other SS formations and shifted responsibility for crimes that could not be denied to the "Allgemeine-SS" (security and police), the "SS-Totenkopfverbände" (concentration camp organisation, "Death's Head troops") and the "Einsatzgruppen" (mobile killing units). The Waffen-SS, according to this position, could thus be successfully integrated into the parallel myth of the clean Wehrmacht.


title: Paul Hausser

text: Hausser continued to deny that there was any connection between the Waffen-SS and Nazi atrocities. In 1957, he wrote an open letter in "Der Freiwillige", HIAG's official publication, to West Germany's minister of defence, stating that Death's Head troops "merely served as external guards in the concentration camps without the possibility of interfering with the internal procedure". He did not mention that the guards accompanied prisoners on external labor details and that commanders of concentration camps generally came from the Waffen-SS. This apologist position also ignored the fact that the organizational structure of the SS tied the Waffen-SS to the Nazi annihilation machine through transfer of personnel between various SS units and the shifting responsibilities of the units themselves, as they may perform frontline duties at one time and then be reassigned to "pacification actions", the Nazi term for punitive operations in the rear.


title: Paul Hausser

text: The German historian Karsten Wilke, who wrote a book on HIAG, "Die "Hilfsgemeinschaft auf Gegenseitigkeit" (HIAG) 1950–1990: Veteranen der Waffen-SS in der Bundesrepublik" ("HIAG 1950–1990: Waffen-SS veterans in the Federal Republic"), notes that, by the 1970s, HIAG attained a monopoly on the historical representation of the Waffen-SS. Its recipe was simple and contained just four ingredients:


title: Paul Hausser

text: Historians dismiss, and even ridicule, HIAG's characterisation. The French author Jean-Paul Picaper labels it as a "self-panegyric", while David Clay Large uses the words "extravagant fantasies about [Waffen-SS's] past and future". The historian James M. Diehl describes HIAG's claims of the Waffen-SS being the "fourth branch of the Wehrmacht" as "false", and HIAG's insistence that the force was a precursor to NATO as "even more outrageous".


title: Paul Hausser

text: Hausser's last project within HIAG was the five-hundred page SS picture tome under the nostalgic title "Wenn alle Brüder schweigen" ("When All Our Brothers Are Silent"); the project was spearheaded by Hausser, with Joachim Peiper, another prominent Waffen-SS figure, as a contributor. The publication was released in 1973.


title: Imidazole

text: Imidazole (ImH) is an organic compound with the formula CNH. It is a white or colourless solid that is soluble in water, producing a mildly alkaline solution. In chemistry, it is an aromatic heterocycle, classified as a diazole, and has non-adjacent nitrogen atoms in meta-substitution.


title: Imidazole

text: Many natural products, especially alkaloids, contain the imidazole ring. These imidazoles share the 1,3-CN ring but feature varied substituents. This ring system is present in important biological building blocks, such as histidine and the related hormone histamine. Many drugs contain an imidazole ring, such as certain antifungal drugs, the nitroimidazole series of antibiotics, and the sedative midazolam.


title: Imidazole

text: When fused to a pyrimidine ring, it forms a purine, which is the most widely occurring nitrogen-containing heterocycle in nature.


title: Imidazole

text: Imidazole is a planar 5-membered ring, that exists in two equivalent tautomeric forms because hydrogen can be bound to one or another nitrogen atom. Imidazole is a highly polar compound, as evidenced by its electric dipole moment of 3.67 D, and is highly soluble in water. The compound is classified as aromatic due to the presence of a planar ring containing 6 π-electrons (a pair of electrons from the protonated nitrogen atom and one from each of the remaining four atoms of the ring). Some resonance structures of imidazole are shown below:


title: Imidazole

text: Imidazole is amphoteric, which is to say that it can function both as an acid and as a base. As an acid, the p"K" of imidazole is 14.5, making it less acidic than carboxylic acids, phenols, and imides, but slightly more acidic than alcohols. The acidic proton is the one bound to nitrogen. Deprotonation gives the imidazolide anion, which is symmetrical. As a base, the p"K" of the conjugate acid (cited as p"K" to avoid confusion between the two) is approximately 7, making imidazole approximately sixty times more basic than pyridine. The basic site is the nitrogen with the lone pair (and not bound to hydrogen). Protonation gives the imidazolium cation, which is symmetrical.


title: Imidazole

text: Imidazole was first reported in 1858 by the German chemist Heinrich Debus, although various imidazole derivatives had been discovered as early as the 1840s. It was shown that glyoxal, formaldehyde, and ammonia condense to form imidazole (glyoxaline, as it was originally named). This synthesis, while producing relatively low yields, is still used for generating "C"-substituted imidazoles.


title: Imidazole

text: In one microwave modification, the reactants are benzil, benzaldehyde and ammonia in glacial acetic acid, forming 2,4,5-triphenylimidazole ("lophine").


title: Imidazole

text: Imidazole can be synthesized by numerous methods besides the Debus method. Many of these syntheses can also be applied to different substituted imidazoles and imidazole derivatives by varying the functional groups on the reactants. These methods are commonly categorized by which and how many bonds form to make the imidazole rings. For example, the Debus method forms the (1,2), (3,4), and (1,5) bonds in imidazole, using each reactant as a fragment of the ring, and thus this method would be a three-bond-forming synthesis. A small sampling of these methods is presented below.


title: Imidazole

text: The (1,5) or (3,4) bond can be formed by the reaction of an imidate and an α-aminoaldehyde or α-aminoacetal. The example below applies to imidazole when R = R = hydrogen.


title: Imidazole

text: The (1,2) and (2,3) bonds can be formed by treating a 1,2-diaminoalkane, at high temperatures, with an alcohol, aldehyde, or carboxylic acid. A dehydrogenating catalyst, such as platinum on alumina, is required.


title: Imidazole

text: The (1,2) and (3,4) bonds can also be formed from "N"-substituted α-aminoketones and formamide with heat. The product will be a 1,4-disubstituted imidazole, but here since R = R = hydrogen, imidazole itself is the product. The yield of this reaction is moderate, but it seems to be the most effective method of making the 1,4 substitution.


title: Imidazole

text: This is a general method that is able to give good yields for substituted imidazoles. In essence, it is an adaptation of the Debus method called the Debus-Radziszewski imidazole synthesis. The starting materials are substituted glyoxal, aldehyde, amine, and ammonia or an ammonium salt.


title: Imidazole

text: Imidazole can be synthesized by the photolysis of 1-vinyltetrazole. This reaction will give substantial yields only if the 1-vinyltetrazole is made efficiently from an organotin compound, such as 2-tributylstannyltetrazole. The reaction, shown below, produces imidazole when R = R = R = hydrogen.


title: Imidazole

text: Imidazole can also be formed in a vapor-phase reaction. The reaction occurs with formamide, ethylenediamine, and hydrogen over platinum on alumina, and it must take place between 340 and 480 °C. This forms a very pure imidazole product.


title: Imidazole

text: The Van Leusen reaction can also be employed to form imidazoles starting from TosMIC and an aldimine. The Van Leusen Imidazole Synthesis allows the preparation of imidazoles from aldimines by reaction with tosylmethyl isocyanide (TosMIC). The reaction has later been expanded to a two-step synthesis in which the aldimine is generated in situ: the Van Leusen Three-Component Reaction (vL-3CR).


title: Imidazole

text: Imidazole is incorporated into many important biological compounds. The most pervasive is the amino acid histidine, which has an imidazole side-chain. Histidine is present in many proteins and enzymes, e.g. by binding metal cofactors, as seen in hemoglobin.


title: Imidazole

text: Imidazole-based histidine compounds play a very important role in intracellular buffering. Histidine can be decarboxylated to histamine. Histamine can cause urticaria (hives) when it is produced during allergic reaction.


title: Imidazole

text: Imidazole substituents are found in many pharmaceuticals. Synthetic imidazoles are present in many fungicides and antifungal, antiprotozoal, and antihypertensive medications. Imidazole is part of the theophylline molecule, found in tea leaves and coffee beans, that stimulates the central nervous system. It is present in the anticancer medication mercaptopurine, which combats leukemia by interfering with DNA activities.


title: Imidazole

text: A number of substituted imidazoles, including clotrimazole, are selective inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase, which makes them interesting drug targets in inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases and tumors of the nervous system. Other biological activities of the imidazole pharmacophore relate to the downregulation of intracellular Ca and K fluxes, and interference with translation initiation.


title: Imidazole

text: The substituted imidazole derivatives are valuable in treatment of many systemic fungal infections. Imidazoles belong to the class of azole antifungals, which includes ketoconazole, miconazole, and clotrimazole.


title: Imidazole

text: For comparison, another group of azoles is the triazoles, which includes fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole. The difference between the imidazoles and the triazoles involves the mechanism of inhibition of the cytochrome P450 enzyme. The N3 of the imidazole compound binds to the heme iron atom of ferric cytochrome P450, whereas the N4 of the triazoles bind to the heme group. The triazoles have been shown to have a higher specificity for the cytochrome P450 than imidazoles, thereby making them more potent than the imidazoles.


title: Imidazole

text: Some imidazole derivatives show effects on insects, for example sulconazole nitrate exhibits a strong anti-feeding effect on the keratin-digesting Australian carpet beetle larvae "Anthrenocerus australis", as does econazole nitrate with the common clothes moth "Tineola bisselliella".


title: Imidazole

text: Imidazole itself has few direct applications. It is instead a precursor to a variety of agrichemicals, including enilconazole, climbazole, clotrimazole, prochloraz, and bifonazole.


title: Imidazole

text: Imidazole and its derivatives have high affinity for metal cations. One of the applications of imidazole is in the purification of His-tagged proteins in immobilised metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). Imidazole is used to elute tagged proteins bound to nickel ions attached to the surface of beads in the chromatography column. An excess of imidazole is passed through the column, which displaces the His-tag from nickel coordination, freeing the His-tagged proteins.


title: Imidazole

text: Imidazole is a suitable buffer for pH 6.2-7.8. Pure imidazole has essentially no absorbance at protein relevant wavelenths (280 nm), however lower purities of imidazole can give notable absorbance at 280 nm. Imidazole can interfere with the Lowry protein assay.


title: Imidazole

text: Salts of imidazole where the imidazole ring is the cation are known as imidazolium salts (for example, imidazolium chloride or nitrate). These salts are formed from the protonation or substitution at nitrogen of imidazole. These salts have been used as ionic liquids and precursors to stable carbenes. Salts where a deprotonated imidazole is an anion are also well known; these salts are known as imidazolates (for example, sodium imidazolate, NaCHN).


title: Jeremy Ray Taylor

text: Jeremy Raymond Taylor (born June 2, 2003) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Ben Hanscom in the 2017 adaptation of Stephen King's novel "It" and its 2019 sequel, as well as the role of Sonny Quinn in "" (2018).


title: Jeremy Ray Taylor

text: Taylor was raised in Bluff City, Tennessee, the youngest of four boys of Tracy, a band manager, and Michael Taylor. He traveled with his mother and developed a stage persona that intrigued his family. At the age of 8, he was signed to a talent manager and began his acting career.


title: Chimaera

text: Chimaeras are cartilaginous fish in the order Chimaeriformes , known informally as ghost sharks, rat fish, spookfish, or rabbit fish; the last three names are not to be confused with rattails, Opisthoproctidae, or Siganidae, respectively.


title: Chimaera

text: At one time a "diverse and abundant" group (based on the fossil record), their closest living relatives are sharks and rays, though their last common ancestor with them lived nearly 400 million years ago. Today, they are largely confined to deep water.


title: Chimaera

text: Chimaeras live in temperate ocean floors down to deep, with few occurring at depths shallower than . Exceptions include the members of the genus "Callorhinchus", the rabbit fish and the spotted ratfish, which locally or periodically can be found at shallower depths. Consequently, these are also among the few species from the chimaera order kept in public aquaria. They live in all the oceans except for the Arctic and Antarctic oceans.


title: Chimaera

text: They have elongated, soft bodies, with a bulky head and a single gill-opening. They grow up to in length, although this includes the lengthy tail found in some species. In many species, the snout is modified into an elongated sensory organ.


title: Chimaera

text: Like other members of the class Chondrichthyes, chimaera skeletons are composed of cartilage. Their skin is smooth and naked, lacking placoid scales (except in the claspers), and their color can range from black to brownish gray. For defense, most chimaeras have a venomous spine in front of the dorsal fin. They use these fins to "fly" through water.


title: Chimaera

text: The usual diet of chimaeras consist of crustaceans, and more specifically, they include ophiurans and molluscs.


title: Chimaera

text: Chimaeras resemble sharks in some ways: they employ claspers for internal fertilization of females and they lay eggs with leathery cases. They also use electroreception to find their prey. However, unlike sharks, male chimaeras also have retractable sexual appendages on the forehead (a type of tentaculum) and in front of the pelvic fins. The females lay eggs in spindle-shaped, leathery egg cases.


title: Chimaera

text: They also differ from sharks in that their upper jaws are fused with their skulls and they have separate anal and urogenital openings. They also have gill covers or opercula like bony fishes. Instead of sharks' many sharp and replaceable teeth, they have just three pairs of large permanent grinding tooth plates. These are unique among vertebrates due to their mineralization. They are made of osteodentin and is covered by an enamel called pleromin formed by mesenchyme-derived cells and made by the mineral whitlockite. Most vertebrates have an enamel of apatite.


title: Chimaera

text: Tracing the evolution of these species has been problematic given the paucity of good fossils. DNA sequencing has become the preferred approach to understanding speciation.


title: Chimaera

text: The group containing Chimeras and their close relatives (Holocephali) is thought to have originated about 420 million years ago during the Silurian. The oldest known Chimaeriform is "Protochimaera" from the Early Carboniferous (338-332 million years ago) of Russia, which is more closely related to modern chimeras (Chimaeroidei) than any other known extinct groups of Chimaeriformes. The earliest known remains attributable to modern chimaeras are known from the Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Europe, but egg cases from the Late Triassic of Yakutia, Russia and New Zealand that resemble those of rhinochimaerids and callorhinchids respectively indicates that they had a global distribution prior to the end of the Triassic. Unlike modern chimaeras, Mesozoic representatives are often found in shallow water settings. The extant species fall into three families—the Callorhinchidae, Rhinochimaeridae and Chimaeridae with the callorhinchids being the most basal clade.


title: Chimaera

text: As other fish, chimaeras have a number of parasites. "Chimaericola leptogaster" (Chimaericolidae) is a monogenean parasite of the gills of "Chimaera monstrosa"; the species can attain in length.


title: Chimaera

text: In some classifications, the chimaeras are included (as subclass Holocephali) in the class Chondrichthyes of cartilaginous fishes; in other systems, this distinction may be raised to the level of class. Chimaeras also have some characteristics of bony fishes.


title: Chimaera

text: A renewed effort to explore deep water and to undertake taxonomic analysis of specimens in museum collections led to a boom during the first decade of the 21st century in the number of new species identified. A preliminary study found 8% of species to be threatened. There are 50 extant species in six genera and four families are described; an additional three genera and two families are only known from fossils):


title: Krunal Pandya

text: Krunal Himanshu Pandya (born 24 March 1991) is an Indian international cricketer who has played for Indian cricket team but currently plays for Baroda in domestic cricket and Lucknow Super Giants in the IPL. He is an all-rounder who bats left-handed and bowls slow left-arm orthodox. He made his international debut for the Indian cricket team in November 2018. In 2021, he scored the fastest half-century by a cricketer on ODI debut.


title: Krunal Pandya

text: Pandya made his first-class debut on 6 October 2016, playing for Baroda during the 2016–17 Ranji Trophy tournament. Within the next few months, he became the leading run scorer and leading wicket taker for Baroda in 2016-17 Vijay Hazare Trophy. He scored 366 runs in 8 matches, making for an average of 45.75 and strike rate of 81.33. This included three half centuries, with a high score of 78. In bowling, he took 11 wickets in 8 matches with economy rate of 4.82, an average of 25.09 and strike rate of 31.10. His best bowling score during the eight matches was 4/20. In 2017 he featured in an India A tri-series victory over South Africa A and Afghanistan A.


title: Krunal Pandya

text: He was the leading run-scorer for Baroda in the 2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy, with 366 runs in eight matches. In October 2018, he was named in India A's squad for the 2018–19 Deodhar Trophy. Pandya was named as the captain of Baroda for the Vijay Hazare Trophy 2019-2020.


title: Krunal Pandya

text: He was selected to play for the Warwickshire County Cricket Club in the 2022 Royal London One-Day Cup.


title: Krunal Pandya

text: At the 2016 IPL auction, Mumbai Indians purchased Pandya for 2 crore. He made his IPL debut in April 2016, playing against Gujarat Lions at Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai. For his performances in the 2016 IPL season, he was named in the Cricinfo and Cricbuzz IPL XI.


title: Krunal Pandya

text: In 2016, he scored 86 from 37 balls and took the wickets of Quinton De Kock and Zaheer Khan and was adjudged to be the Player of the Match against Delhi Daredevils at ACA-VDCA Stadium, Visakhapatnam. He continued to produce consistent performances with the bat and ball throughout the tournament. He was declared as the Player of the Match for his performance of 47 in a final victory against Rising Pune Supergiant. For his performances in the 2017 IPL season, he was named in the Cricinfo and Cricbuzz IPL XI.


title: Krunal Pandya

text: In January 2018, Pandya was signed up by the Mumbai Indians in the 2018 IPL auction. He had scored 160 against Railways in Ranji trophy with 21 boundaries and he was the highest run scorer in the first innings for Baroda with a strike rate of 73.06 in his second first class game.


title: Krunal Pandya

text: In IPL 2021, Pandya's over-aggressive reactions over the field took center stage. A lot of times, he was seen getting angry on the fielders when there was no chance that the ball could be stopped. While some slammed Krunal for his behavior, few have turned him into a meme material trolling him. Later in the tournament, Pandya grabbed the attention over his questionable behavior again after being caught throwing moisturizer bottle towards Anukul Roy during the match against Rajasthan Royals.


title: Krunal Pandya

text: In October 2018, Pandya was named in India's Twenty20 International (T20I) squads for their tours against the West Indies and Australia. He made his T20I debut for India against the West Indies on 4 November 2018, taking one wicket and scoring an unbeaten 21 runs off 9 balls. He was selected for India Twenty20 International team against Australia and played all three matches. In the first match he conceded 55 runs in four overs, but took 1/26 in the second T20I and won the Player of the Match award in the third match for his bowling performance of 4/36 in 4 overs.


title: Krunal Pandya

text: In March 2021, he was named in India's One Day International (ODI) squad for their series against England. He made his ODI debut for India on 23 March 2021, against England, scoring 58 not out. His fifty was the fastest on debut in an ODI match, coming from 26 balls.


title: Krunal Pandya

text: He is the elder brother of fellow Indian cricketer Hardik Pandya. On 27 December 2017, he married Pankhuri Sharma. The couple have a son, Kavir Krunal Pandya, born on 24 July 2022.


title: Krunal Pandya

text: In January 2021, Indian cricketer Deepak Hooda wrote a scathing letter addressed to the Baroda Cricket Association accusing Krunal Pandya of using ‘abusive language’ and ‘threats to end his career’ and Hooda pulled himself out of the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2021.


title: Krunal Pandya

text: In January 2022, Pandya's Twitter account was hacked, and suspicious tweets were posted from an alleged bitcoin scammer. Later in the day, all of the hacker's tweets were deleted and Pandya posted a tweet apologizing.


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH is a 1971 children's science fiction/fantasy book by Robert C. O'Brien, with illustrations by Zena Bernstein. The novel was published by the New York City publishing house Atheneum Books.


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: This book was the winner of numerous awards including the 1972 Newbery Medal. Ten years following its publication, the story was adapted for film as "The Secret of NIMH" (1982).


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: The novel centers around a colony of escaped lab rats–the rats of NIMH–who live in a technologically sophisticated and literate society mimicking that of humans. They come to the aid of Mrs. Frisby, a widowed field mouse who seeks to protect her children and home from destruction by a farmer’s plow.


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: The rats of NIMH were inspired by the research of John B. Calhoun on mouse and rat population dynamics at the National Institute of Mental Health from the 1940s to the 1960s.


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: After O’Brien’s death in 1973, his daughter Jane Leslie Conly wrote two sequels to "Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH".


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: Mrs. Frisby, a recently widowed mouse, lives with her four children in a cinder block, in a field belonging to a farmer named Mr. Fitzgibbon. Her son Timothy falls ill with pneumonia just as the farmer begins planning for spring plowing, which will destroy their home. Normally, the family would move to their summer home to avoid being uprooted, but Timothy is too ill to move. An older mouse named Mr. Ages, who was a friend of Mrs. Frisby’s late husband Jonathan, gives her some medicine for Timothy. On her way home, she saves the life of a young crow named Jeremy from the farmer’s cat, Dragon. In return, Jeremy flies Mrs. Frisby to an owl’s tree so that she can ask for help moving her family. When the owl finds out that Mrs. Frisby is the widow of his old friend Jonathan, he suggests that she seek help from the rats who live in a rosebush on the farm.


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: Frisby discovers that the rats have a literate and mechanized society. They have technology such as elevators, have tapped the electricity grid to provide lighting and heating, and have acquired other human skills, such as storing food for the winter. Their leader, Nicodemus, tells Frisby of the rats' capture by scientists working for a laboratory located at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the experiments that were performed on the rats, which increased the rats' intelligence to the point of being able to read, write and operate complicated machines, as well as enhancing their longevity and strength. Their increased intelligence and strength allowed them to escape from NIMH and migrate to their present location on the farm. Jonathan and Ages were the only two survivors of a group of eight mice who had been part of the experiments at NIMH and made the rats' escape possible.


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: Out of respect for Jonathan, the rats agree to move Frisby's house to a location safe from the plow. Nicodemus also tells Frisby that the rats have recently decided to abandon their lifestyle of dependence on humans, which some rats regard as theft. Instead, the rats aim to live independently. A group of rats, led by one named Jenner, rejected this plan and left the nest at some point before Frisby's arrival.


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: In order for the rats to move the Frisby home, the cat Dragon must be drugged, but the rats are too big to be able to do so. Mrs. Frisby volunteers to go, even though she learns that Jonathan was killed by Dragon while attempting to drug him. She is caught by the farmer's son, Billy, who puts her in a birdcage. While captured, Frisby overhears the farmer and his family discussing an incident at a nearby hardware store in which a group of rats was electrocuted after seemingly attempting to steal a small motor. This has attracted the attention of a group of men who have offered to exterminate the rats on the farmer's land free of charge. At night, the rat Justin comes to save Frisby and manages to get her out of the cage. The rats manage to move the Frisby house out of the way of the plow using a pulley and scaffolding system.


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: The successful house move allows the mouse family to remain so that Timothy has time to recover before moving to their summer home. Mrs. Frisby warns the rats of what she learned while captured; they assume that the rats at the hardware store were Jenner's group, and that the group of men were from NIMH and are looking for them specifically. To fool the exterminators, the rats get rid of all their human-like technology and make their tunnels under the rosebush look like a normal rats' nest. As the others move, ten rats stay behind so the exterminators will not think the rat hole has been abandoned. When the exterminators fill the rat hole with poisonous gas, eight of the ten rats manage to escape, while the remaining two die in the hole. Once Timothy recovers, Frisby and her family move to their summer home.


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: Since its release, "Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH" has received widespread praise from scholars, critics of children’s literature, and children themselves. In 1985, Alethea K Helbig called "Mrs. Frisby" "a combination of science fiction and animal fantasy" that described "fantastic situations with scientific accuracy." Scholar Paula T. Connolly noted the book for Conly's "gradations of moral understanding and culpability" while dealing with "such problematic issues as the roles of science and technology, identity, idealism, family life, forms of community and means of survival."


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: In a paper titled "The Critical Reader in Children’s Metafiction", literary scholar Joe Sanders wrote that the book's emphasis on the rats' abilities to read mirrors the "growing reading abilities of the novel's own target audience." Sanders argues that the book portrays "the act of reading" as "clearly liberatory." Reading allows the rats to create a thriving human-like society once escaping from NIMH. Furthermore, reading serves as a gateway for the rats to discover that humans dislike them because they steal. "Scientific and philosophical treatises help the rats understand what their role is in the world and that if they are to be anything more than thieves, they must become a self-sustaining community." In essence, Sanders finds that O'Brien promotes reading as an empowering tool which is an important lesson that children learn through reading this book.


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: In a retrospective essay about the Newbery Medal-winning books from 1966 to 1975, children's author John Rowe Townsend wrote: "It seems to me that the fact that all the animals talk and behave intelligently from the beginning of the story detracts from the spectacular development of the laboratory rats... "Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH" is a pleasing book, but I find it mildly frustrating; it might have been something more than it is".


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: In 2012 it was ranked number 33 on a list of the top 100 children's novels published by "School Library Journal".


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: "Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH" won numerous awards including the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award, Newbery Medal, and the runner-up National Book Award in 1972; the Mark Twain Award in 1973; the Pacific Northwest Library Association Young Readers’ Choice Award and the William Allan White Children’s Book Award in 1974.


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: In a 2019 essay, American studies scholar Arahshiel Rose Silver wrote that "Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH" "reflect the many scientific and technological anxieties present in 1960s American culture." During this period, scientific advancements–especially in the field of genetics–increased fears about the pervasiveness of technology in everyday life. A culture of fear began to grow surrounding unethical medical and scientific practices, which are heavily reflected in the book. Silver argued that Conly's book lays out an example of technological development ending poorly, giving both children reading the book and their parents a lot to think about.


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: After his death, O'Brien's daughter, Jane Leslie Conly, wrote two other novels based on the rats of NIMH. "Racso and the Rats of NIMH" (1986) tells the story of a city rat who runs away to join the new colony, befriending Timothy, while saving the colony from a flood along the way. In "R-T, Margaret, and the Rats of NIMH" (1990), the rats rescue two lost human children who in turn help to save the colony before winter. “Conly’s books continue her father’s emphasis on the theme of social responsibility while weaving in new characters with more personal problems”.


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: In 1982, the animated film "The Secret of NIMH" was released, directed by Don Bluth; it was his first feature film outside of Walt Disney Animation Studios. The film adds a mystical element completely absent from the novel, with Nicodemus portrayed as a wise, bearded old wizard with magic powers and an enchanted amulet, rather than an equal of the other rats. The character of Jenner is made a villain who is still present with the rats, rather than having left them before the story begins. The crow Jeremy has much greater prominence as comic relief in the film than he has in the book. Additionally, the Frisby family name was changed to "Brisby" to avoid trademark infringement with the Frisbee.


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: In July 2009, Paramount Pictures set Neil Burger to write the script and Cary Granat to produce the film based on the book. Nothing has materialised since and the rights to the book lapsed.


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: In March 2015, MGM, which had released the 1982 film, acquired the rights to the book to adapt it into a live-action/animated film. Michael Berg was set to adapt it, while Daniel Bobker and Ehren Kruger would produce.


title: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH

text: A television series based on the books was in development at Fox as an event series in September 2021.


title: Farce

text: Farce is a comedy that seeks to entertain an audience through situations that are highly exaggerated, extravagant, ridiculous, absurd, and improbable. Farce is also characterized by heavy use of physical humor; the use of deliberate absurdity or nonsense; satire, parody, and mockery of real-life situations, people, events, and interactions; unlikely and humorous instances of miscommunication; ludicrous, improbable, and exaggerated characters; and broadly stylized performances.


title: Farce

text: Despite involving absurd situations and characters, the genre generally maintains at least a slight degree of realism and narrative continuity within the context of the irrational or ludicrous situations, often distinguishing it from completely absurdist or fantastical genres. Farces are often episodic or short in duration, often being set in one specific location where all events occur. Farces have historically been performed for the stage and film.


title: Farce

text: The term "farce" is derived from the French word for "stuffing", in reference to improvisations applied by actors to medieval religious dramas. Later forms of this drama were performed as comical interludes during the 15th and 16th centuries. The oldest surviving farce may be "Le Garçon et l'aveugle" ("The Boy and the Blind Man") from after 1266, although the earliest farces that can be dated come from between 1450 and 1550. The best known farce is "La Farce de maître Pathelin" ("The Farce of Master Pathelin") from c. 1460. Spoof films such as "Spaceballs", a comedy based on the "Star Wars" movies, are farces.


title: Farce

text: Sir George Grove opined that the "farce" began as a canticle in the common French tongue intermixed with Latin. It became a vehicle for satire and fun, and thus led to the modern Farsa or Farce, a piece in one act, the subject of which is extravagant and the action ludicrous.


title: Divergent boundary

text: In plate tectonics, a divergent boundary or divergent plate boundary (also known as a constructive boundary or an extensional boundary) is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other. Divergent boundaries within continents initially produce rifts, which eventually become rift valleys. Most active divergent plate boundaries occur between oceanic plates and exist as mid-oceanic ridges.


title: Divergent boundary

text: Current research indicates that complex convection within the Earth's mantle allows material to rise to the base of the lithosphere beneath each divergent plate boundary.


title: Divergent boundary

text: This supplies the area with huge amounts of heat and a reduction in pressure that melts rock from the asthenosphere (or upper mantle) beneath the rift area, forming large flood basalt or lava flows. Each eruption occurs in only a part of the plate boundary at any one time, but when it does occur, it fills in the opening gap as the two opposing plates move away from each other.


title: Divergent boundary

text: Over millions of years, tectonic plates may move many hundreds of kilometers away from both sides of a divergent plate boundary. Because of this, rocks closest to a boundary are younger than rocks further away on the same plate.


title: Divergent boundary

text: At divergent boundaries, two plates move away from each other and the space that this creates is filled with new crustal material sourced from molten magma that forms below. The origin of new divergent boundaries at triple junctions is sometimes thought to be associated with the phenomenon known as hotspots. Here, exceedingly large convective cells bring very large quantities of hot asthenospheric material near the surface, and the kinetic energy is thought to be sufficient to break apart the lithosphere.


title: Divergent boundary

text: Divergent boundaries are typified in the oceanic lithosphere by the rifts of the oceanic ridge system, including the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise, and in the continental lithosphere by rift valleys such as the famous East African Great Rift Valley. Divergent boundaries can create massive fault zones in the oceanic ridge system. Spreading is generally not uniform, so where spreading rates of adjacent ridge blocks are different, massive transform faults occur. These are the fracture zones, many bearing names, that are a major source of submarine earthquakes. A seafloor map will show a rather strange pattern of blocky structures that are separated by perpendicular to the ridge axis. If one views the seafloor between the fracture zones as conveyor belts carrying the ridge on each side of the rift away from the spreading center the action becomes clear. Crest depths of the old ridges, parallel to the current spreading center, will be older and deeper... (from thermal contraction and subsidence).


title: Divergent boundary

text: It is at mid-ocean ridges that one of the key pieces of evidence forcing acceptance of the seafloor spreading hypothesis was found. Airborne geomagnetic surveys showed a strange pattern of symmetrical magnetic reversals on opposite sides of ridge centers. The pattern was far too regular to be coincidental as the widths of the opposing bands were too closely matched. Scientists had been studying polar reversals and the link was made by Lawrence W. Morley, Frederick John Vine and Drummond Hoyle Matthews in the Morley–Vine–Matthews hypothesis. The magnetic banding directly corresponds with the Earth's polar reversals. This was confirmed by measuring the ages of the rocks within each band. The banding furnishes a map in time and space of both spreading rate and polar reversals.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Evan Michael Longoria (born October 7, 1985), nicknamed "Longo", is an American professional baseball third baseman who is a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Rays from 2008 through 2017, and the San Francisco Giants from 2018 through 2022.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Longoria played for the Long Beach State University baseball team, was the CSN Bay Area Cape Cod League MVP, and was named the Big West Conference Co-Player of the Year. He was drafted by the Rays in the first round as the third overall pick in the 2006 MLB draft. After two seasons in the minors, he made his major league debut for the Rays in , and was named to the American League team for the 2008 MLB All Star Game. Longoria was also named the 2008 American League Rookie of the Year. He has made the All-Star team three times, being selected from 2008 to 2010. He had one of the biggest hits in Rays' history when he hit a 12th-inning walk-off home run in the last game of the 2011 season, snapping a tie with the Boston Red Sox in the race for the American League wild card spot, and sending his team into the postseason.


title: Evan Longoria

text: He is also known for his acrobatic defense, having won three Gold Glove Awards at third base, in 2009, 2010, and 2017. Longoria owns many Rays franchise records, including the career records for games played, runs, doubles, home runs, RBIs, walks, and Wins Above Replacement.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Longoria's father is of Mexican descent, and his mother is of Ukrainian descent. He attended St. Raymond Catholic School in Downey, California, which did not have a baseball team. He graduated from Saint John Bosco High School in Bellflower, California. He was a two-year letterman in baseball, and as a senior was a first team All-League selection. Longoria did not receive any scholarship offers to play college baseball.


title: Evan Longoria

text: The University of Southern California was the only program to consider him, but eventually backed out of recruiting him. At and , many baseball recruiters felt Longoria was too slim by NCAA Division I baseball standards. As a result, he attended Rio Hondo Community College during his freshman season, before Long Beach State offered him a scholarship.


title: Evan Longoria

text: After high school, Longoria attended Rio Hondo Community College, where he played shortstop. In his freshman season, Longoria earned first-team All-State honors and was offered a scholarship by Long Beach State University. He transferred to Long Beach for his sophomore year and hit .320, earning All-Conference honors. Because Long Beach State already had an established shortstop, Troy Tulowitzki (who became a four-time all-star over a 13-year MLB career), Longoria played third base.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Following a successful MVP summer in 2005 in the Cape Cod League with the Chatham A's where he played second base, Longoria shared the Big West Conference Player of the Year honors (with Justin Turner) during his junior year at Long Beach State. When he first started attending Long Beach State University, he majored in kinesiology. However, he switched to the department of criminal justice because it was somewhat less time-consuming and, therefore, would not interfere with the baseball schedule as much.


title: Evan Longoria

text: In just two years, Longoria transformed his thin stature into a 6-foot-2 and 210-pounds by the end of his LBSU tenure.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Longoria was selected by the Tampa Bay Rays as the third overall pick in the 2006 Major League Baseball draft. Longoria was called the "best pure hitter" among college players in the 2006 draft class by "Baseball America". He was the highest draft selection in school history. Tampa Bay gave him a $3 million signing bonus.


title: Evan Longoria

text: After signing with the Rays, Longoria tore through his first assignments in the minor leagues. In 2006, after just eight games with the short season Single-A Hudson Valley Renegades, Longoria was promoted to the Visalia Oaks and impressed the organization with his quick success, hitting .327/.402/.618 with eight home runs and 28 RBIs in 28 games. This earned him a promotion to the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits, where he hit .267/.266/.486 with six home runs through the end of the season, and hit .345 in the postseason, including a walk-off two-run home run in the Southern League Division Playoffs to put Montgomery into the championship. He was the 2007 Most Valuable Player with the Biscuits as well as a postseason all-star. On top of that he won a player of the week award. He was widely considered the top third base prospect in the minors and one of the top prospects at any position.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Longoria followed up his successful debut with another stellar year in . Starting the year with Montgomery, Longoria hit .307/.403/.528 with 21 home runs and 76s RBI in 105 games for the Biscuits before a late-season promotion to the Triple-A Durham Bulls. In 31 games with the Bulls, he hit .269/.398/.490 with five home runs and 19 RBIs, but also had 29 strikeouts. He finished 2007 with a combined average of .299/.402/.520, 26 home runs, 95 RBIs, 110 strikeouts, and 73 walks for an OBP of .402.


title: Evan Longoria

text: In October 2007, sportswriter Ken Rosenthal opined that Longoria "might be next season's Ryan Braun, making a rapid ascent to the majors." Some scouts in particular said that the way that the ball "explodes off his bat" reminded them of Braun. He was expected to start at third for Tampa Bay in 2008 with the move of Akinori Iwamura to second base, but ultimately failed to make the opening day roster and was optioned to Triple-A Durham. According to reports, the Rays elected to send him down to complete his development, citing his short 31-game stint in Durham and drawing comparisons to the seasons of two other highly heralded third-base prospects.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On April 12, 2008, the Rays placed Willy Aybar on the disabled list and called up Longoria from Triple-A Durham to replace him on the major league roster and on the 40-man roster. Longoria made his major league debut that night going 1-for-3 with an RBI.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Longoria hit his first career home run on April 14, against the New York Yankees at Tropicana Field. He had his first career two-homer game on May 24, and drove in six runs as the Rays defeated the Baltimore Orioles 11–4. Both of the homers came off the Orioles' Steve Trachsel, also a Long Beach State alumnus. On July 19, 2008, Longoria hit his first career grand slam off Toronto's Roy Halladay in the fifth inning as part of a 6–4 winning effort.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On April 18, the Rays signed him to a six-year, $17.5 million contract with options for 2014, 2015, and 2016. The first six years of the contract covered his arbitration years, with three more years added by team options. If the team exercised its one-year option for 2014, and then its two-year option for the 2015 and 2016 seasons, the deal could be worth up to $44 million. There was a general consensus that this contract was among the most team-friendly, in terms of dollars per Wins Above Replacement, in Major League Baseball.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On July 10, Longoria won the 2008 All-Star game AL Final Fan vote over outfielder Jermaine Dye of the Chicago White Sox, outfielder José Guillén of the Kansas City Royals, first baseman Jason Giambi of the New York Yankees, and second baseman Brian Roberts of the Baltimore Orioles. Longoria went 1–4 in the game and hit a game-tying ground-rule double in the bottom of the eighth inning. He also participated in the Home Run Derby that year. He hit 3 home runs. On August 11, Longoria was placed on the disabled list with a fractured wrist.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On September 18, Longoria had his first three home run game against the Minnesota Twins at Tropicana Field. On September 20, Longoria caught the game-ending out, from Joe Mauer in foul territory as the Rays clinched their first playoff spot in team history.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On October 2, in the first postseason game for both Longoria and Tampa Bay, Longoria hit two home runs in his first two at-bats to help lead the Rays past the Chicago White Sox 6–4. Longoria was the first rookie and second player overall to homer in his first two postseason at bats. The first to do so was Longoria's hitting coach at Triple-A Durham, Gary Gaetti, who did it with the Minnesota Twins in 1987.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On October 14, 2008, Longoria set the rookie mark for most home runs (4) hit in a postseason series, breaking Miguel Cabrera's record set in 2003. The Rays made it to the 2008 World Series (their first in franchise history) but were defeated by the Philadelphia Phillies.


title: Evan Longoria

text: After the 2008 season, Longoria was honored with Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award for the American League, as well as the American League Rookie of the Year Award. He became the fourth third baseman to win the award. He also became the sixth player and the first since Nomar Garciaparra in 1997 to win a Rookie of the Year Award unanimously. He was also named the third baseman on the Topps Rookie All-Star Team.


title: Evan Longoria

text: In April, Longoria knocked in his 100th career RBI, in his 135th game. The only then-active players to get to 100 RBIs more quickly were Ryan Braun (118 games) and Albert Pujols (131 games). At the end of April, Longoria became the first player in Rays franchise history to be named the AL Player of the Month. He had also won two of the four Player of the Week awards for the month of April. Longoria drove in 131 runs in his first 162 games in the majors, the third-highest total through May 2009 of any active player. Longoria was selected by the fans to start the 2009 MLB All Star Game on July 5, 2009. Due to a finger injury, he was kept out of the lineup.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Longoria won the American League Gold Glove Award for his position on November 10. Two days later, he won a Silver Slugger Award.


title: Evan Longoria

text: In 2010, Longoria hit for the highest average of his career at .294 and was selected to play in the All Star Game for the third consecutive season. He performed well, getting a hit in his only official at-bat, in addition to having a walk and a run scored. Across the board, Longoria's 2010 season was statistically impressive, including 96 runs scored and 46 doubles as well as 5 triples. Surprisingly, though, his home run and RBI production fell from 33–113 in 2009 to 22–104 in 2010. After the season, Longoria won the Gold Glove Award at third base for the second straight year.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On September 28, 2011, Longoria hit a walk-off home run in extra innings against the New York Yankees to give the Rays an 8–7 victory, and more importantly, a spot in the playoffs. Earlier in the month, the Rays were facing a deficit of nine games in the wild card race to the Boston Red Sox. However, an epic collapse of the Red Sox, where they went 7–20 in the final games of the year, and a surge of the Rays, allowed them to overtake the Red Sox and eliminate them on the final day of the regular season. Longoria's home run came just three minutes after the Red Sox suffered a walk-off loss to the Baltimore Orioles.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On April 30, 2012, Longoria suffered a partially torn hamstring after sliding to second base when being caught stealing. His injury placed him on the 60-day disabled list as Longoria was expected to miss from 6–8 weeks. He missed 13 weeks and returned to the lineup on August 7, 2012. In the 85 games Longoria missed, the Rays earned a record of 41–44. The rest of the season, the Rays were 49–28, for a 63.6% winning percentage.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On November 26, 2012, Longoria was signed to a six-year, $100 million contract extension that could keep him in Tampa Bay through 2023.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On August 19, 2013, Longoria hit his 25th home run of the season, giving him his fourth 25-homer season, which tied him with Carlos Peña for the most such seasons in Tampa Bay history.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Longoria drove in his 500th career RBI after hitting a sacrifice fly vs. the New York Yankees on June 20, 2013, to plate Sean Rodriguez. He also hit two home runs in the 8-3 win.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Longoria hit two home runs on September 25, 2013 against the Yankees at Yankee Stadium. These home runs gave him No. 30 and No. 31 on the year, also giving him his third career season with 30 home runs. The Rays won the game 8–3.


title: Evan Longoria

text: During the 2013 American League Wild Card tie-breaker game vs. the Texas Rangers, Longoria hit a two-run home run in the third inning. It would eventually be the go-ahead run, giving the Rays a fourth playoff berth in franchise history.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Some of his 2013 highlights included playing in the most games of his career with 160; he missed two with a foot injury. He had a walk-off home run vs. the San Diego Padres on May 11 when the Rays were down, 6–7. It was his first walk-off home run since the Game 162 walk-off against the New York Yankees in 2011.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On Opening Day, Longoria went 0–4, but quickly got on pace and on April 4, 2014, Longoria hit the 163rd home run of his career to tie the Rays franchise record of most home runs, a record which was held for many years by Carlos Peña.


title: Evan Longoria

text: During a 14-game stretch after his first home run, Evan had no home runs, until April 19, 2014, Longoria hit his career homer No. 164, shattering the all-time Rays record for home runs, passing Carlos Peña.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Longoria suffered a power stroke in the first half, going only .257 with 11 home runs and 44 RBI. On July 18, the Rays started the second half playing the Minnesota Twins after the All-Star Break (which was hosted by the Twins), and in the game, Longoria had a bases clearing double which would seal the win for the Rays. On July 20 in the same series, Longoria hit a double off of Kevin Correia in the third inning, tying the franchise record in doubles, held by Carl Crawford with 215. In the same game, he hit his second double of the game, driving in Matt Joyce, breaking the doubles record held by Crawford, along with tying the RBI mark on the team, also held by Crawford.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Facing St. Louis Cardinals reliever Jason Motte, Longoria hit a solo home run off a 1–1 fastball, making Longoria the team's all-time RBI leader.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On September 2, Longoria hit his 200th career home run. Longoria finished the season with a .270 average, 21 home runs, and 73 runs batted in over 160 games played. Longoria was also a finalist for the Gold Glove Award at third base for the American League.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Longoria came out of the gate swinging, belting 19 first half home runs with a .526 slugging percentage. His first half performance earned him a spot in the 2016 All-Star Final Vote. In the end, the three time All-Star would lose out to Michael Saunders of the Toronto Blue Jays.


title: Evan Longoria

text: For the second consecutive year, Longoria appeared in all but two of the Rays regular season games. He would finish 2016 hitting .273/.318/.521 with a career-high 36 home runs and 98 RBIs over 685 plate appearances.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Entering August 1, Longoria was hitting .328 with a .919 OPS after the All Star Break. That night, he would continue his hot streak, becoming just the second Tampa Bay Ray to hit for the cycle, the first having been B. J. Upton in 2009. Longoria homered in the first, tripled in the third, singled in the seventh, and doubled in the ninth. In the ninth, Longoria was originally called out at second before replay overturned the call. Per Elias Sports Bureau, Longoria became the first player to hit for the cycle while having one of his hits reviewed. Offensively, Longoria had a down year, slashing .261/.313/.414 with 20 home runs, however he excelled defensively, and won his third career Gold Glove Award.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On December 20, 2017, the Rays traded Longoria and cash considerations to the San Francisco Giants for Christian Arroyo, Denard Span, Matt Krook, and Stephen Woods.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On May 5, 2018, Longoria hit a double to mark his 1,500th career hit in an 11–2 victory over the Atlanta Braves. On June 14, Longoria was hit by a pitch on his left hand and left the game. Soon after, it was revealed that there was a fractured fifth metacarpal in his left hand. Two days into his injury, it was revealed that Longoria was facing surgery, which would likely keep him out for 6–8 weeks. Longoria experienced a disappointing 2018 season with the Giants as he hit a career-low 16 home runs (which led the Giants), had a career low in runs batted in with 54 and tied his career low with a .244 batting average.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On August 21, 2020 at Oracle Park, in a 6–2 win over the Arizona Diamondbacks, Longoria hit his 300th career home run off of Robbie Ray with one out in the bottom of the third inning. He became the 150th player in Major League history to reach the milestone. In 2020, he batted .254/.297/.425 with 7 home runs and 28 RBIs in 193 at bats. He was 2nd among NL third basemen with a .984 fielding percentage.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On July 16, 2021, Longoria was placed on the 60-day injured list with a left shoulder sprain, and he missed half of the season. In the 2021 regular season, he batted .261/.351/.482 with 13 home runs and 46 RBIs in 253 at bats.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On March 30, 2022, it was announced that Longoria would miss Opening Day and be out six weeks following surgery to repair a torn ligament in his finger.


title: Evan Longoria

text: In 2022, in addition to a 24-at-bat stretch with AAA Sacramento in which he batted .333, with the Giants he batted .244/.315/.451 in 266 at bats with 14 home runs and 42 RBIs. He played 68 games at third base with the Giants, and 17 at DH.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On November 10, 2022, the Giants declined their $13 million contract option on Longoria, making him a free agent for the first time in his career.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Longoria was selected for the United States national baseball team at the 2007 Baseball World Cup and 2009 World Baseball Classic. He was called upon on March 19, 2009, to replace Chipper Jones in the World Baseball Classic.


title: Evan Longoria

text: The similarity of his name with actress Eva Longoria's has brought about playful comparisons between the two. Although both are Americans of Mexican descent, they are not related. When asked as a college baseball player in 2005 about the name similarity, he admitted that he got "ragged on it a lot, but I don't mind. My friends and I think she's hot." However, when asked about it again in 2008, Evan said that he was "done talking about that. I did it all through the minor leagues. That's all I had to hear was her name associated with mine. I think we're kind of past that. That's all." After he was named to the 2008 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Eva sent Evan a bottle of champagne and a note thanking him for "doing the Longoria name proud". In return, Evan sent Eva three signed jerseys. The name similarity between Evan and Eva has led to some heckling by opposing fans against him.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Longoria was named the cover athlete for "Major League Baseball 2K10", succeeding Tim Lincecum. Longoria also appears in a commercial for the game that advertises the $1 million prize given to the first person to pitch a perfect game in MLB 2K10. In the commercial, Longoria breaks up a perfect game with a home run. On August 8, 2010, Longoria broke up a no-hitter in the ninth inning with two outs. Longoria spoiled Brandon Morrow's attempt with a putt-shot to the Blue Jays' second baseman, who was unable to make a play on it. Brandon Morrow was left with a 17-strikeout one-hitter (which would have tied Nolan Ryan for most strikeouts in a no-hitter).


title: Evan Longoria

text: He was featured in a TV commercial for Gillette. Longoria has also appeared in a commercial for New Era hats that was aired during the 2010 season.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On March 8, 2011, his classic 1967 black and white Camaro RS, valued at $75,000, and a Buick GSX, valued at $125,000, were reported stolen from an Arizona lot. Longoria lives in California, but was having work done on the cars in Arizona.


title: Evan Longoria

text: On March 28, 2011, Longoria, David Price and Reid Brignac's rental property in Port Charlotte, Florida, was broken into, while they were away at the nearby Charlotte Sports Park stadium for a game. According to the "St. Petersburg Times", police estimated $56,000 in lost property from the burglary. Among the loot was Longoria's AK-47 rifle.


title: Evan Longoria

text: Longoria is an avid self-taught drummer and had a drum kit in Tropicana Field. He owns a drumhead signed by members of the Canadian rock band Rush.


title: Evan Longoria

text: In February 2012, Longoria confirmed he was dating January 2010 Playmate of the Month Jaime Edmondson, who was also a contestant on the 14th season and the 18th season of "The Amazing Race". Longoria and Edmondson married on December 31, 2015. They have three children.


title: Evan Longoria

text: A video showing Longoria being interviewed during batting practice when a foul ball flies in the direction of the reporter and is intercepted bare handed by him was published on YouTube on 6 May 2011. As of 16 May, 2011, the video had 1.2 million views. As of November 2021, videos of the clip on Youtube had as many 10 million views.


title: Evan Longoria

text: After the video was released, Longoria told the "Tampa Tribune" the video was real. 10 years later, however, Longoria acknowledged in the interview that the catch was staged. After release, many sources suspected that the video is probably fake. Mashable said the video is probably an ad for Gillette, because the logo of the company is shown clearly in the background of the video, and Longoria had done ads for the company before. CBS cites as evidence of the video being fake the fact that the reporter is not given a name, that there is no television channel logo anywhere in the video, and that no channels claim being the owners of the video, despite its popularity. Fact-checking website Snopes concluded the video was a fake, citing the absence of safety equipment, and the proximity of the reporter to the field. In addition to the ball, the Gillette logos in the background were also generated by computers. To date, Gillette has never publicly acknowledged if the video is real or was staged.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The Pontiac V8 engine is a family of overhead valve 90° V8 engines manufactured by the Pontiac Division of General Motors Corporation between 1955 and 1981. The engines feature a cast-iron block and head and two valves per cylinder. Engine block and cylinder heads were cast at Saginaw Metal Casting Operations then assembled at Tonawanda Engine before delivery to Pontiac Assembly for installation.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: Initially marketed as a , it went on to be manufactured in displacements between and in carburated, fuel injected, and turbocharged versions. In the 1960s the popular version, which had helped establish the Pontiac GTO as a premier muscle car, was cut in half to produce an unusual, high-torque inline four economy engine, the Trophy 4.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: Unusual for a major automaker, Pontiac did not have the customary "small-block" and "big-block" engine families common to other GM divisions, Ford, and Chrysler. Effectively, Pontiac's V8s were all small blocks, sharing the same connecting rod length 6.625 in (168.3 mm) (except for the later short deck 301 and 265 produced in the late 1970s and early 1980s before Pontiac adopted universal GM engines).


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The V8 was phased out in 1981, replaced by GM "corporate engines" such as the Chevrolet 305 cu in small block V8.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: Pontiac began as a "companion make" to the Oakland division of the General Motors line of automobiles in 1926. Pontiac successfully competed against more-expensive inline four-cylinder models with their inline flathead six-cylinder engines. After outselling Oakland, Pontiac became the sole survivor of the two by 1932. In addition to the inline 6, Pontiac used the Oakland V8 for one year, 1932, debuting the Pontiac straight-8 engine in 1933. The two inline engines were used through 1954, when Pontiac unveiled its OHV Strato Streak V8 in 1955. The development of this V8 dates back to 1946, when engineers began considering new engine designs for postwar cars. They came up with a L-head design. Pontiac engineers tested their V8 in 1949 or 1950 against an OHV Oldsmobile Rocket V8 downsized to . The results showed Pontiac that an L-head simply couldn't compete with an overhead valve engine.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: Despite their work, the division's conservative management saw no immediate need to replace the Pontiac Straight-8 until later in the 1950s. The concept car Pontiac Strato-Streak was used to introduce the V8 and in later years the engine was installed in Pontiac products.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: By 1949 work on a OHV V8 had begun, but moved along slowly. When Robert Critchfield took over as general manager in 1952, he launched an ambitious plan to move Pontiac into the upscale, mid-range market occupied by Oldsmobile, and that demanded V8 power. A new engine was fast-tracked, its relatively late start allowing it to take advantage of developments proven in the Oldsmobile V8 and Cadillac V8. As a result, it was remarkably free of teething problems. During 1951–1952, Pontiac had 23 V8-equipped 1953 model production prototypes running tests on the GM proving grounds. Pontiac planned to produce the 1953 models with the V8, but Buick and Oldsmobile appealed to GM management and earned a 2-year delay.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The main innovation of the Pontiac engine was reverse-flow cooling and the stamped rocker-arm system, which had been devised by Pontiac engineer Clayton Leach in 1948. At the request of Ed Cole, general manager of Chevrolet, the layout was also used by the Chevrolet V8 released in 1955, an exception to the customary GM policy of allowing a division one year of exclusive use of an internally developed advance.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: Displacement began at and grew as large as by 1970. Pontiac continued to manufacture its own engines, distinct from Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, or Oldsmobile, until 1981. Pontiac engines were used in its U.S.-market cars; Canadian-built Pontiac automobiles generally used Chevrolet engines. From 1955 through 1959, the Pontiac V8 was also used in some GMC pick-up trucks. Federal emissions standards and the drive towards "corporate" engines shared among all GM divisions led to the progressive demise of the Pontiac V8 through the late 1970s. The last "true" Pontiac V8s, a , ended production in early 1981.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The 1955-up Pontiac V8 that finally reached the public was an overhead valve engine with cast iron cylinder heads and block and wedge-shaped combustion chambers. An innovative design feature was mounting the rocker arms on ball pivots on studs set into the cylinder head, rather than using a separate rocker shaft. Along with being cheaper to build, this allowed more consistent valve action with less weight than a conventional shaft.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: All Pontiac V8s from 1955 to 1959 were reverse cooled, known as the "gusher" cooling system. It was removed from the design for the 1960 model year because designers moved the generator and the power steering pump from atop the front of the engine down to the front of the heads to accommodate a lower hoodline. However, the 1959 389 engines had the generator in front of the heads with reverse flow cooling still in use.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: Pontiac differed from other GM Divisions and most other manufacturers in producing only a single small block V8, rather than adding a larger big block to its line-up. The external dimensions of all their V8s, from were the same. Engine displacement is a function of bore and stroke. Pontiac's V8s share the same connecting rod length, with the exceptions of the later short deck 301, 265, and 303 Ram Air V.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: Most Pontiac V8s had an overall length (to the edge of the water pump pulley) of , an overall width of , and a height (not including air cleaner) of . Dry weight ranged from , depending on displacement and year. Most Pontiac engines were painted light blue. The 1958 370" engine and the 1959–60 389 version was named the "Tempest" V-8 and changed in 61 to the "Trophy" V8. Pontiac in the 1950s was one of a few US manufacturers that did not regularly identify their engine names and sizes with air-cleaner or valve-cover decals.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The V8 engine was introduced for the 1955 model year as the "Strato Streak". Not long before the model year introduction, Pontiac management decided that the entire line would be V8-powered. This was based on results of over 1 million test miles, which was unheard of at the time. The 287 was an "oversquare" engine with a bore and stroke of , for a total displacement of . Compression ratio was a modest 8.00:1, with valve diameters of (intake) and (exhaust). It was rated @ 4600 rpm and @ 2400 rpm with a two-barrel carburetor, @ 4600 rpm and @ 2800 rpm with the four-barrel carburetor.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: For 1956 the V8 was bored out to , increasing displacement to . It was offered in the following forms:


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: For 1957 the V8's stroke was increased to , for a displacement of . For the first time, Pontiac offered Tri-Power, three two-barrel carburetors with a sequential linkage (replacing the previous dual-quad set-up). Power ratings increased accordingly:


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: Several dealer-installed camshafts were optional to increase power further to . which was seen on the hood of the 1957 Daytona Grand National winning car driven by Cotton Owens.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: Standard only for the Pontiac Bonneville was Pontiac's first-ever fuel injection system. A mechanical system built by Rochester, it was similar in principle, but not identical, to the contemporary Chevrolet "fuelie". Pontiac did not release official power ratings for this engine, saying only that it had more than . Contemporary road tests suggest that it was actually somewhat inferior to the Tri-Power engines, although it did have better fuel economy. Only 630 Bonnevilles were produced for 1957, all of them fuel-injected.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: For 1958 the V8's bore was increased again to , increasing displacement to . The engine was dubbed the TEMPEST V-8, a nickname it retained until the end of 1960.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The fuel-injected engine became an option on any Pontiac model, carrying a staggering price tag of $500 (almost 15% of the car's base price). It was rated at @ 4800 rpm and @ 3,000 rpm on 10.5:1 compression. Only about 400 were produced before the fuel injection system was quietly dropped.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: For 1959 the V8's stroke was increased to , raising displacement to . This was the beginning of factory supplied performance items such as 4 bolt main bearings and windage trays to reduce friction from crankcase oil. The 389 would remain the standard Pontiac V8 engine through 1966, offered in a bewildering variety of outputs ranging from . The 389 was the standard engine for the Pontiac Grand Prix and Pontiac Bonneville and installed in the Pontiac GTO through 1966. Beginning in 1961 the Pontiac V-8 (389 and 421) was dubbed the Trophy V-8, due to its many victories in racing.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: Perhaps the most unusual variation of the Pontiac V8 was the 1961-63 "Trophy 4", which was a 45-degree inclined inline-4 created from the right bank of the 389 for the debut of the Tempest. With an identical bore and stroke of and it was precisely half the displacement of the 389 and shared numerous parts with the V8, yet weighed considerably more than half as the engine lower half and block casting were not simply divided down the middle.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: In 1963 Pontiac dropped the Buick division built 215 cu. in. aluminum V8 it had offered in the Tempest and replaced it with a small-bore version of the standard Pontiac V8. It shared the 389's stroke, but its bore was for a displacement of . It was rated at with 8.6:1 compression and at 10.25:1 compression. Both used a single two-barrel carburetor. In 1964 when the new "A" body intermediates came out there was a new corporate (GM) engine size limitation to anything less than . and so the 326 bore size was reduced to , giving a true . The 326 subsequently became the optional V8 engine for Tempests, and later the Pontiac Firebird, through 1967 and maintained the 17 degree cylinder head valve angle for its entire production run.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: A higher-output four-barrel carburetor version was offered, called the 326 HO (High Output). With higher compression and dual exhaust it produced for 1963–1964, and for 1965 through 1967, its final year.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: For 1967, Pontiac retired the and replaced it with the 400 cu in (), a 389 bored-out by + to a bore and stroke of . The 400 remained in production through the 1978 model year, with 1979 cars receiving engines produced the previous year.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: In basic 2-barrel form it produced 290 horsepower and 428 ft. pounds of torque in 1968. This was the engine installed in the Pontiac Executive line of large cars and its largest station wagon, the Pontiac Safari.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: In 1967, the cylinder head design was improved for the 400 4-barrel engine. The valve angle was reduced from 17 degrees to 14 degrees for better breathing. 1967 was the last year for closed-chambered heads. The "670" head was a 1967-only casting, and the only PMD head to have a closed chamber with the new 14 degree valve angle. The 400 2-barrel kept the 17 degree valve angles for '67; starting in '68 all Pontiac V8s went to the 14 degree valve angle. Pontiac went to open-chambered heads in some 1967 models and all 68 and up to improve power, engine breathing and reduce emissions. The valve size increased as well, to intake and exhaust valves on high-performance heads. Low-performance and two-barrel applications, the standard engine in full-sized Pontiacs, got intake and exhaust valves and pressed in rocker arm studs.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The four-barrel 400 was a popular performance option for many of Pontiac's cars. When fitted with other high-airflow components, it produced a good balance of low-end torque and higher-RPM power. In the 1968 Pontiac GTO it was given a 10.75:1 compression ratio and tuned to deliver 360 horsepower and 445 foot-pounds of torque.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: In 1968 the 326 was replaced by the similarly 389-derived 350, which used a bore and stroke for a total displacement of . Like the 326, it was offered in both 2-barrel and 4-barrel versions. In 1968, a HO option was offered in the Tempest and Firebird. The 1969 HO 350 HO was equipped with the 's large valve heads (# 48's) and the 400 HO camshaft and rated at . In 1974 it was used in the GTO and was rated at (net).


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: In 1969, Pontiac unveiled its Trans Am model Firebird, and since racing rules required engines of less than , Pontiac unveiled the 303 for racing models only, never available to the public. Bore and stroke were . It was rated at .


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The 301 was offered from 1977 to 1981 and also installed in other GM cars during those years. The 301 had a bore and stroke of . Based in part on designs for the "short deck" engine designed for the 1970 racing season, it had a shorter deck than the big V8, and used thin-wall castings to reduce weight. The crankshafts were also unique in the fact that they featured only two counter weights instead of the usual five and also featured lightened connecting rod journals. This resulted in a lightweight design weighing less than the Chevrolet small-block V-8. Power output ranged from to . The heads were a new design featuring siamesed intake ports. The short-deck block and different intake ports also required the design of a new intake manifold. The Pontiac 301 EC (Electronic Controls) version offered in 1981 produced and , although it's rumoured that the actual output was closer to . Although it is much different from the original 1955-vintage Pontiac V-8 powerplant, the 301 has the distinction of being the last true Pontiac V-8 engine, as Pontiac ceased production of these engines effective April 1, 1981.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: For 1981 model year vehicles, the engine codes are the 8th digit of the VIN. The 2-barrel version was last offered in 1979. The 4-barrel version was available from 1978 to 1981 and the Turbo version was limited to the 1980 and 1981 model year, however, it was originally intended to be available for the 3rd generation Firebird before its cancellation by GM.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The 301 Turbo was unique since it had a beefier block than the 1977–79 versions (which carried on in the non-turbo versions in 1980 and 1981), a very mild camshaft with lift and 250 degrees gross duration, a oil pump to ensure adequate oil to the oil-cooled Garrett TBO-305 Turbocharger, a rolled fillet crankshaft, a fully baffled oil pan, and a specific Quadrajet carburetor. This had extra-rich "DX" secondary metering rods and a remote vacuum source for the primary metering rod enrichment circuit to allow the Power Enrichment Vacuum Regulator (PEVR) to release the primary metering rods to move to the up position (enrichment) anytime during boosted conditions. This was to ensure there was enough fuel to cool the cast offset dished pistons. Boost was wastegate limited to .


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The 301 Turbo package mandated air conditioning, the THM350 (sometimes referred to as the CBC350 in various literature) non-lockup automatic transmission (THM350C lockup in 1981 Trans Ams), and 3.08 rear axle gearing. The 1980 301 Turbo was rated at at 4400 rpm and @ 2800 rpm. The 1981 301 Turbo gained the electronic controls with an O sensor, feedback ECM and E4ME Quadrajet providing a slight reduction in output to and .The 301 Turbo was limited to Trans Am and Formula Firebird production only.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: Based on the same short-deck as the 301, the "LS5" was offered only in 1980 and 1981. It could only be ordered with a TH200 automatic transmission and a 2bbl configuration. It was implemented as further development of a cost-effective, more fuel efficient V8 derivative of the 301 V8 for the CAFE requirements. It featured a smaller bore of coupled with the same stroke of the 301 (same bore and stroke used by Chevrolet when the first small block motor was introduced in 1955). It produced After 1981, the Pontiac V8 was replaced entirely by the GM "corporate" V8's from Chevrolet and Oldsmobile.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The was introduced in 1961 as a dealer-installed Super Duty option. Unlike previous enlargements of Pontiac V8s, it did not replace the 389. The first of the "big journal" Pontiac V8s, it had a bore and stroke of and came with dual four-barrel carburetors. It featured main journals (which the legendary Smokey Yunick reputedly left Pontiac's engineering department over). The 421 SD became factory installed in 1962 and in 1963 a street version became available from the factory with a dual four-barrel or three two-barrel Tri-Power carburetion. Modified versions of this engine were extensively used in NASCAR stock car racing and drag racing competition. The premier SD 421 cylinder head was the late 1962-early 1963 casting #9771980 aka "980", featuring a larger intake port volume, flowing @ .


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The 421 also marked the end of the option for a forged-steel crankshaft. The Armasteel cast crankshaft was the standard hardened cast-iron crankshaft used throughout the entire Pontiac V-8 line until 1967. "Armasteel" referred to its "locking ball" cast-iron, as opposed to the "flaking" type found in other engines. In 1967, Pontiac out of concerns the public misunderstood the engineering terms, went to a nodular cast iron crankshaft, which they used until 1975.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: In 1967 the 421 was enlarged to by increasing its bore to . Both Chevy and Ford had 427 cu in performance engines, so Pontiac simply referred to its 427 as a 428 to one-up them. It retained the 421's stroke and main journal.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: Offered from 1967 to 1969, it produced in 1967, in 1968 and in 1969. The crankshaft in the 428 had a "N" cast on them (designating nodular steel) as opposed to the 421's Armasteel. In 1969, Pontiac also used a revised crankshaft out of a Pearlitic malleable-iron, although it still used the "N" casting letter. This new material had stronger alloys in the iron. All 428 cylinder heads received the 14 degree valve angle, closed chamber only in 67 and open chamber 68 and up.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The 428 was factory installed in large cars only. However, a few dealers would offer them in the GTO or Firebird and do their own installations, such as Royal Pontiac who offered the "Bobcat" conversion. It was replaced by the 455 for the 1970 model year.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The 428 was increased to in 1970. Again, its bore was expanded, this time to . The stroke increased to . It was rated at , but the Grand Prix with the same specifications was rated at .


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The horsepower ratings of this era were often dubious, with engines rated higher or lower in output for advertising, political, or insurance purposes. Though listed as slightly less powerful than some high-performance iterations of the 400 (such as the Ram-Air), the 455 had of torque, .


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The engine was available in all full-size Pontiacs. An HO version could be ordered in the GTO, as GM had lifted its restrictions on offering engines larger than in mid-sized cars (resulting in the Chevrolet Chevelle,


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: For 1971, Pontiac introduced another High Output (HO) version with standard internal parts, a reinforced block with four-bolt main bearing caps, and improved cylinder head design with intake ports and special round exhaust ports for better breathing, yet still making just gross (or in the more accurate SAE Net system). Standard in the Firebird Trans Am, it was still a rare engine.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: In 1973 a further refined and even stronger but less powerful version, the Super Duty (SD) engine, was planned for Firebird, Grand Am, Le Mans (GTO), and Grand Prix models. The SD-455 used round-port cylinder heads similar to those used on the 1971 and 1972 455 HO, with specific "LS-2" intake and cast-iron exhaust header manifolds. Still, it was the strongest American engine offered that year. Pontiac's initial plans were to use a camshaft with specs identical to the 041 Ram Air IV camshaft, but testing showed emissions, while technically compliant, did not have "cushion" to satisfy Pontiac's emissions engineers, to avoid production variation leading to any non-compliant engines being produced and sold. Though a change of camshaft would delay production, Pontiac decided to change camshaft, employing one with identical timing to the 744 camshaft, which had been used in the 400 Ram Air(aka Ram Air III) engine with manual transmissions. As a result, peak horsepower dropped from 310 to 290, though torque increased from 390 to 395 lb. ft. After the SD-455 was certified with the new cam, it was production-ready but was then further delayed by the EPA mandating Pontiac recertify all of its engines when the EPA discovered that part-throttle emissions exceeded the limits. Thus in March 1973 Pontiac eliminated a timing solenoid that gave full vacuum advance and disabled the EGR valve in high gear after a period of time that happened to exceed the running time of the EPA testing cycle. Once corrected the SD-455 was recertified and was released for production in late April 1973. Given how late in the model year it was, Pontiac decided not to incur the costs of recertifying the SD-455 for other models other than the Firebird. Ultimately Pontiac produced only 295 1973 SD-455 Firebirds (252 Trans Am, 43 Formula). For 1974 another 1,001 (943 Trans Am, 58 Formula) were built, after which the SD-455 was discontinued.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: An evolution of the RA IV and H.O. designs, the SD-455 was a much improved engine. In addition to the more refined cylinder heads, block casting reinforcements in the lifter galley and main bearing oil pan rail area, it had forged connecting rods with larger bolts. Made with a provision for dry sump oiling, it truly was a racing engine, detuned for use in passenger cars.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The 455 was used through 1976 when it, as with many other large displacement engines, was discontinued as manufacturers moved to smaller, more efficient models, even in their full size car lines.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: A higher-output version was offered, called the 326 HO (High Output). It had a four-barrel carburetor, dual exhaust, and higher compression, and was good for for 1963–1964, and for 1965 - 1966 and the final year, 1967.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: In 1968, there was also a 350 "HO" which had increased power with the addition of higher compression #18 heads (#17 and #46 were the most common 2-barrel heads), a four-barrel carburettor and matching intake that was also used on the 400 and 428 engines. There was also the addition of dual exhaust, and for vehicles equipped with a manual transmission, a slightly more aggressive camshaft.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: In 1969 the 350 HO was upgraded again with the addition of the 400 HO cam, commonly referred to by enthusiasts as the 068 cam. Also added was the #48 casting number heads with a chamber for higher compression, along with larger valves. Free-flowing exhaust manifolds from the 400 Ram Air were used late in the model year. This was underrated at .


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: Officially named the Quadra-Power 400 for 1967 and renamed 400 HO for 1968, the 400 HO was first offered for 1967 as the third engine in the GTO line after the automatic-only 400 2-barrel and the standard 400 4-barrel (the 400 HO would not be offered in the Firebird until the 1968 model year). For the 1967 GTO the engine was rated at and had the cast-iron headers. The camshaft was the HO cam with 288/301 duration. It was the top-of-the-line engine unless one opted for the "Ram Air" V-8 derived from it. As Pontiac's 1967 performance brochure said, "You can add the Ram Air induction hood scoop and new high output cam and valve springs to the Quadra-Power 400 for better top end breathing." But the "Ram Air" 400 also mandated steep 4.33:1 gears(or 3.90:1 in Firebird), making the Quadra-Power 400 (400 HO) the top practical street engine option for most drivers. Standard ratio with the 400 was 3.55:1(except 3.36:1 in Firebird for 1969) regardless of transmission(3.23:1 for cars with air conditioning). The 400 HO was offered as an option for 1967-1970 for GTO and 1968-1970 for Firebird. For 1969-1970 GTO the 400 HO included driver operable Ram Air induction and was renamed "400 Ram Air" for 1969 and just "Ram Air" for 1970. In the Firebird Ram Air induction for the 400 HO was a separate option for 1969(included with Trans Am) and included with the engine(optional in Formula; included with Trans Am) in 1970.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: At the end of 1976, Pontiac was no longer able to continue production of the 455 (7.5 L) V8 motor due to the tightening emissions requirements. As Pontiac still wanted to offer a performance motor to compete in the performance market, they looked back to the 400 Pontiac and how it could be improved to offer greater performance while meeting CAFE standards.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: In 1977 the T/A 6.6, (RPO code W72) was created to fulfil the performance engine gap in the Pontiac line-up. The W72 offered many improvements over the standard L78 400 Pontiac. One of the key upgrades were the 6x4 heads. The standard head seen on an L78 400 Pontiac was the low compression 6x8 head, while the 6x4 head seen on the W72 had hardened valve seats for a higher RPM operating range, improved air flow, and higher compression. These heads can be distinguished from 6x8 heads through a small stamped "4" on the top of the front boss. The head design was incorporated from the earlier 1970's 350 Pontiac heads, and could satisfy emissions in all states except for high-altitude emissions states and California. The W72 also featured a camshaft with a higher duration, finer tuned 800cfm Rochester Quadrajet, insulated fuel line, larger 60PSI oil pump, chrome valve covers, a larger harmonic balancer, and the "T/A 6.6" Shaker decal. All of these improvements provided the W72 with a power rating of at 3600 rpm and of torque at 2400 rpm, while the standard L78 400 only produced at 3600 rpm and of torque at 1600 rpm.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The W72 engine was standard in all 1977 Pontiac Can Ams (bar the 1977 Can Ams sold in California/High Altitude states which received the L80 Oldsmobile 403) and was optional in all 1977-79 Pontiac Firebird Formula and Trans Am models. The W72 package was a standalone option, and although was discounted when ordered in conjunction with the Y82/Y84/Y88 Special Appearance package, did not come included with Special Edition Trans Ams, it remained an extra cost option. With some WS6 "Trans Am Special Performance Package" bundles in 1978, the W72 engine was incorporated with the WS6 option group and not listed on the dealer order invoice. However, it can easily be determined by examining the cost price of the option, where the package excluding the W72 engine cost $251, and with the engine, cost extra at $324.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: All 1977-1978 Trans Ams ordered with the 4-speed Borg Warner Super T-10 manual transmission received the W72 T/A 6.6 engine. There are no manual transmission equipped Trans Ams that came factory with the standard L78 400 motor in 1977-79. The W72 Performance Package also included an upgrade to the rear differential ratio, setting the rear gear ratio to 3.23 for all 1977 and 1979 W72 Firebirds, with the exception being 3.42 for 4-speed equipped W72 Firebirds in 1978 only.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: All W72 equipped Trans Ams featured the "T/A 6.6" shaker decal. A common misconception made by enthusiasts was the notion that all Pontiac engine equipped Trans Ams featured the "T/A 6.6" decal on the shaker, however, it was exclusive to the W72 engine that was featured on less than half of all Trans Ams made during this period. All L78 Pontiac 400 equipped cars received the same shaker decal as the L80 Oldsmobile 403, being "6.6 LITRE". This may have been propagated by the only authorized company that is licensed to reproduce these decals not including the "6.6 LITRE" in the Trans Am decal kits, and only including "T/A 6.6" with no extra cost.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: For the 1978 model year, Pontiac re-incorporated the earlier thicker cast cast engine block denoted by the cast number 418988 and a "XX" cast into the side of the block. The earlier 1975-78 blocks had metal shaved from the journals and bottom end as well as a decrease in the nickel content of the block in an attempt to decrease the overall weight of the vehicle to help alleviate emissions and cost. The camshaft was also revised to have a slightly higher duration, the carburettor jets tuned and a dual exhaust was implemented allowing the power to increase to at 4000 rpm and of torque at 2800 rpm. By mid-1978, the W72 could no longer be ordered in conjunction with the MX1 3-speed Turbo-Hydramatic 350 automatic transmission, and could only be ordered with the 4-speed manual transmission.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: By 1979, Pontiac was no longer allowed to produce the 400 engine as emissions further tightened. Pontiac had prepared for the forthcoming cancellation of the venerable 400 by producing large volumes of the stronger cast "XX" 400 blocks in 1977 that were assembled in 1978, and stockpiled at a warehouse by the assembly plant for later use. The 1979 Firebird model line was the last year for the Pontiac 400, and by this point not only was it required with the 4-speed manual transmission, it also required the WS6 Special Handling Package as mandatory equipment. The W72 was only available for a very short time, with the majority of 1979 model year W72 Firebirds ordered in late 1978. By early 1979, orders for the W72 package were being rejected by dealers as they supply had run dry. Instead, they were substituted with the L80 Oldsmobile 403, or the L37 Pontiac 301 if they still requested a 4-speed transmission. On the invoicing for the 1979 model year Firebirds, they had the option listed as L78, however, every 1979 400 equipped car received a W72 engine.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: According to the June 2019 issue of "Muscle car Review" magazine, during dyno testing performed during that era, the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) rated this Pontiac W72 400 T/A 6.6 engine at 260 to 280 net horsepower instead of the 220-hp rating published by Pontiac. The 1979 W72/WS6 equipped Trans Am was considered to be one of the overall best performing cars of the decade due to having a powerplant that produced more power than any other competitor on the market at the time with handling equipment to supplement the performance.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: First offered as an option in 1963, the 421 HO came in a 4-barrel engine of and one Tri-Power H-O version with a hotter cam and efficient iron exhaust manifolds and rated at . Pontiac offered this to the public as a streetable version of the 421 SD. The engine came with 543797 (4-barrel) and 9770716 heads for the tri-power and special exhaust manifolds and a 7H cam with 292deg. intake duration and later 1964 L with 288deg intake essentially the same as the 068 cam. #9770716 aka "716" heads featured a 170cc intake port volume, and were considered a milder "street" version of the vaunted SD421 Super Duty heads. These same heads were also used on the 1964 GTO 389 tri-power engines. By 1965 and 1966 the same combinations would be rated at for the 4bbl and the two Tri-Power versions would be rated at and the H-O version at .


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: This engine was first offered in 1967 as the top engine option in full-size Pontiacs. It was rated at 376 bhp in 1967 and 390 bhp in 1968 and 1969. For 1967 only Pontiac called this engine the Quadra-Power 428. It was renamed 428 HO for 1968.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The 455 HO designation made its debut in 1970; Rated at (depending on which vehicle it was installed into) & of torque, it differed from the regular full sized car 455 by large valve heads with smaller combustion chambers, and a larger camshaft.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The 455 HO moniker was again carried over, this time as a near-exact repeat of the 1971 offering, the only changes were the carburetors (they used a conventional unit this year), and the head castings (casting #7F6).


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: The L75 455 engine continued as an option into the 1976 model year for the Trans Am, however, Pontiac opted to drop the "H.O." moniker from the shaker due to the disappointing public approval as the motor was not deemed to be "High Output".


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: While not related to the 400 W72, the concept was the same. The W72 301 was a tuned L37 301 Pontiac V8 with some minor upgrades. All 1980 Trans Ams received this engine as standard with the option to delete this engine choice as a credit option for the standard L37 301. The main upgrade for the engine was the ESC, (Electronic Spark Control) which provided slightly more power at with for the 1980–1981 model years. The 1981 rendition of this engine was officially called the 301-EC [EC standing for Electronic Controls] in the 1981 GM factory service manual, removing the need for a W72 option separately as it was now the standard motor, similar to how all W72 engines in 1979 were coded L78.


title: Pontiac V8 engine

text: One of the key modifications over the standard 301 4-barrel was the 301 Turbo block. The 301T block was significantly more durable than the standard 301 block and received a thicker bottom end. This included the ESC (Electronic Spark Control) distributor and controller borrowed from the 301 Turbo, which allowed for higher timing without the penalty of engine damaging pinging or preignition. A larger ram air flex duct to the air cleaner from the left-hand fender, specific carburettor calibration for the Rochester Quadrajet, a "T/A 4.9" callout on the shaker, 60 psi oil pump, and cam similar in grind to the 400 from the 1978–1979 model year were also included. Unfortunately, there were no improvements in the casting number "01" small-valve high-velocity heads, which would have yielded greater improvements in power. Additionally, the 301 W72 never received the option to come equipped with a manual transmission like the standard 301 received in 1979, and disappointingly, production for all Pontiac V8's ended soon after as GM sought to "corporatize" engine production.